Glass r z^i Bonk -¥7 A GEOGRAPHICAL AND POLITICAL SUMMARY, EMBRACING /¥f A DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE, ITS GEOLOGY, SOILS, MINERALS AND CLIMATE; ITS ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS; MANUFACTURING AND COMMERCIAL FACILITIES; RELIGIOTTS AND EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES; INTLLNAL IMPROVEMENTS, AND FORM OF GOVERNMENT. PREPAEED AND PUBLISHED 1 1 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE BOARD OF 'IMMIGRATION, AND BY AUTHORITY OF LAW. RICHMOND, VIRGINIA: R. F. WALKER, SUPERIFTE]SrDE]^rr OF PUBLIC PRINTING. 1876. The work in its successive stages was submitted to the Board, and underwent their careful supervision and criticism. When it was completed they gave it their endorsement in the following language, embraced in their report to the Legislature : " The Board feel warranted in saying that the work will prove itself, upon exam- ination, to be of the very highest value and interest to the State; that it embodies and exhibits in accurate, lucid and comprehensive form complete information upon all the important topics treated ; and that it constitutes a repository of most valuable information not to be found in any existing publication. The statistical tables com- prise the results of laborious research through many scattered sources of inform- ation, and exhibit facts as to the actual production and the varied industrial capa- bilities of the State, which are instructive and gratifying. Maps accompany the work, prepared specially for its illustration ; and the section which treats of the geological and mineral characteristics of each grand division presents, in a carefully condensed form, the results of the geological survey made by Professor Wm. B. RoGEES, with the additional information obtained by Major Hotchkiss, through his investigation in the same field." This work is now submitted to the public in the following pages. TABLE OF CONTENTS. | ij PART I.— GEOGRAPHICAL SUMMARY. CHAPTER I.— TOPOGRAPHICAL. PAGES, General DescriiJtion of Virgmia 3-19 CHAPTER H.— GEOLOGICAL. The Formations 20-29 The Soils 29-33 The Minerals 33-47 CHAPTER HI.— CLIMATIC. The Climate 48-64 CHAPTER IV.— PRODUCTIONS. Animal Pi'oducts 65-76 Vegetable Prodncts 76-91 . CHAPTER v.— MANUFACTURES. Results of Manufacturing 92-109 Facilities for Manufacturing 109-120 CHAPTER VI.— COMJklERCE. Commercial Results 121-152 Commercial Advantages 153-161 Cotton Trade 161-172 PART II.— POLITICAL SUMMARY. CHAPTER VII. Population 175-194 CHAPTER VIII. Religious Advantages 195-198 CHAPTER IX. Provision for Education 199-217 CHAPTER. X. Internal Improvements and Transportation 218-239 CHAPTER XI. Form of Government and Laws 240-249 APPENDIX A. Hailroads and Oknals 251-260 APPENDIX B. Population, by Counties 261-272 VIRGINIA. FAJZT I—aEOGRAFS:iCA.Li STIMMJ^RY'. CHAPTER I — General Description of the State. r Section 1. THE FORMATIONS. CHAPTER II— Geological. \ Section 2. THE SOILS. [Sections. THE MINERALS. CHAPTER III— The Climate. r Section 1. ANIMAL. CHAPTER IV— The Productions. \ (Section 2. VEGETABLE. (■ Section 1. RESULTS. CHAPTER V— Manufactures. ^ (.Section 2. FACILITIES. r Section 1. RESULTS. CHAPTER VI— Commerce. \ (section 2. ADVANTAGES. Hotchkiss' Virginia Plate. 4 T ' *'■ .^ c %-■ > " ^o''^^\^o>/<^w>^--- Uotchkiss' Virginia Plate. 4 . / - / / .; f ^7~T~7" ..l VIRGINIA. PART I— GEOGRAPHIOAL SUMMARY. CHAPTER I. A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OP THE STATE. Location. — Virginia is one of the Middle xitlantic States* of the United States of America, lying midway between Maine on the north and Florida on the south. It is also in the belt of Central States, across the continent from east to west. Its latitude is from 36° 31' to 39° 27' K, corresponding to Southern Europe, Central Asia, Southern Japan, and California. Its longitude is from 75° 13' to 83° 37' west from Greenwich. It extends 2° 57' north and south, and 9° 24' east and west. Boundaries. — On the south it adjoins North Carolina for 326 miles, and Ten- nessee for 114 miles, making the line of the State from the Atlantic west 440 miles; on the west and northwest, Kentucky for 115 and ^¥est Virginia (by a very irregu- lar line) for 450 miles, form the boundary. Maryland is northeast and north, separated by the Potomac and Chesapeake bay for 205 miles from Virginia (to which these waters belong), and by a line of 25 miles across the Eastern Shore. East and southeast it is bordered by the Atlantic for 125 miles. The boundary lines of the State measure about 1,400 miles : on the northwest they are mostly m.ountain ranges ; on the northeast and east, water. Dimensions. — The longest line in the State, from the Atlantic southwest to Ken- tucky, is 476 miles ; the longest from N. to S. is 192 miles. The longest line in Eng- land (N. E. to S. W.) is 372 miles, and the longest from N. to S. is 360 miles. * Guyot classes ISTew York, New Jersej^, Pennsylvania, DelaAvare, Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia as Middle Atlantic States. Maury follovrs the same classification. 4 I m. j:: «v- ^ ? Cn O 1 ^ O o 3 O o o o Greenbrier r, ^^,yv'HiTE Sulphur ^^Warm Sp.Mt, IN FOROE JTURE Griffith's Knobs Mill Mt. Elliots Knob 2= North Mt. Blue: Ridge: South West Mt» Gordonsville: Louisa C.H. Hanover JuNcrieS Richmond Williamsburg yorktown Newport's News Fort Monroe Chesa peake: Ba y I Cape Henry Atlantic Ocean Natural Divisions. — There are six great Natural Divisions of tlie territory of Vir- ginia; belts of country extending across the State from northeast to southwest, as a general direction, nearly parallel to each other, and corresponding to the trend of the Atlantic coast on the east, and of the ranges of the Appalachian system of moun- tains on the northwest. These Grand Divisions are, taken in the order of succession from the ocean north- west across the State : 1st. The Tidewater Country, or Tide- water. 2nd. The Middle Country, or Middle Virginia. 3rd. The Piedmont Country, or Pied- mont. 4th. The Blue Ridge Country, or The Blue Ridge. 5th. The Great Valley of Virginia, or The Valley. 6th. The Appalachian Countr37-, or Ap- pal achi a. These Divisions not only succeed each other geographically, as shown upon the map, but they occupy different levels above the sea, rimxg to the west like a grand stair- way, as shown by the section.* They differ geologically also ; therefore they have dif- ferences of climate, soil, productions, &c., and require a separate consideration, in every respect, in a description of the State. * Copied by permission from Scribner's Magazine — article on Virginia by Jed. Hotcliidss, December, 1872. GEOUPING OF COUNTIES IN ITATUEAL GEAND DIVISIONS OF VIKGmiA, GBAND DIVISIONS OF STATE. (1). Tidewater (3), The Piedmont Coun- try natural sub-divisions. The first peninsula^ or "The Northern Neck." The second^ or Middlesex Peninsula, The thirds or Gloucester Peninsula.. The fourth — the King William or Pa- MUNKEY Peninsula The fiftJi, or " The Peninsula" The sixth — Eichmond or Chick ahomi- NY Peninsula The seventh, or Southside Peninsula, - The eighth, or Norfolk Peninsula | The ninth peninsula — "The Eastern Shore" , r NoRTiisiDE Group. - 2). The Middle Country. . James-Appo- mattox Basin. Appomattox Basin Nottoway Ba- Southside Group. \ sin Meherrin Ba- PoTOMAC Basin Pamunk:ey Ba- sin ., James Basin. SIN. EoANOKE Basin Potomac Waters. Eappahannock Waters- James Waters. Staunton Waters. Dan Waters counties. f King George. Westraorelancl. Richmond, i Northumberland. [ Lancaster /Essex. \ Middlesex. fKing & Queen. Mathews. Gloucester, f Caroline, t King- William. Hanover. New Kent. James City. York. Warwick. Elizabeth City, f Henrico. t Charles City, f Prince George. Surry. Sussex. Soutiiampton. Isle of Wight. Nansemond. Norfolk. Princess Anne. Accomac. \ Northampton. [■Fairfax. j Alexandi'ia. "1 Prince William. [Stafford. / Spotsj'lvania. \ Louisa, j Fluvanna. \ Goochland, f Buckingham. Cumberland. Powhatan. Cliesterfield. Appomattox. / Prince Edward. \ Amelia. Dinwiddle. Nottoway. Lunenburg. Brunswick. Greensville. Campbell. Charlotte. Pittsylvania. Halifax. Mecklenburg, f Loudoun . t Fauquier. ' Culpeper. Rappahannock. Madison. Greene. Orange, Albemarle. Nelson. Amherst. / Bedford. \ Franklin, r Henry. 1 Patrick. rDi INc GRAND DIVISIONS OF STATE. NATURAL SUB-DIVISIONS. (4), The Blub Bidge. New Eiver Plateau. The Shenandoah Yalley. ^"^- VfSrJ'^^'''' '''' ^''''"" -I 'J^HE JAMES RiVER VALLEY. GINIA , i'^ The Roanoke Valley. (6). Appalachia. The New River or Kanawha Val- ley The Holston or Tennessee Valley. Sources of Jasies New River Country..., Clinch River Country Sources of Sandy River, or Trans- Appalachia counties. Floyd. Carroll. .Grayson. ' Frederick. Clarke. Warren. Shenandoah. Page. Rockingham. Augusta. / Rockbridge. t Botetourt. < Roanoke. {Montgomery. Pnlaski. Wythe. /Smyth. \ Washington, f Highland. J Bath. I Alleghany. L Craig, f Giles. 1 Bland, f Tazewell, j Russell. I Scott. [Lee. / Buchanan. tWise. Areas and Population. — Before describing these Divisions, or even the State as a whole, it is best to present the facts of area and population, so that proper ideas may be formed of the relative size and present condition of each and of the whole; also comparative statistics concerning other well known countries. TABLE I— AREAS AND POPULATION. Combined Natural and Political Akeas, &c. Natural Areas. 03 S J . Ol 'SB m CO s O ■^ 32 5°^ K a a fl CO ^ 1 •M g < <(H 05 CD eS S.; o s °o ^ U 3 ss ri ci cS to ^ r3 QJ'S O o CO CO dn fLi Ti< tH < " Tidewater 11,350 12,4(0 6,6S0 1,230 7,550 5,720 5,664,000 7,980,800 4,276,200 787,200 4,832,000 3,660,800 346,305 363,932 207,204 28,558 197,967 81,197 30.5 29.2 32.5 23.2 26.2 14.2 11 12 7 1 8 6 *.2£2 .277 .149 .027 .168 .127 11,350 12,470 6,000 2,500 5,000 7,680 .252 Middle .277 Piedmont .133 Blue Eidge .056 The Valley .111 Appalachia .171 Virginia 45,000 27,201,000 1,225,163 27.2 45 1.000 45,000 1.009 The area of Tidewater includes 2,500 square miles of tidal waters; that of Piedmont all the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge ; in that of the Blue Ridge, only the southwestern expansion of this mountain range is included; that of the Valley embraces the western slope of the Blue Ridge, and a strip along the western side of the Valley from Appalachia; the latter does not include the strip just named; in short, the first column gives the area of each section, as nearly as may be, as the aggregate of its counties. In the last two columns an effort is made to give the areas of each according to natural bounds. The first is given because all the statis- tics are gathered for counties, and must be so used in comparisons. The fifth col- umn gives an approximation of relative areas, the Blue Ridge being the unit of comparison. The sixth column gives the actual proportion of the divisions as used in this summary. The sections, arranged by natural areas in 100-ths, would stand: 1st. Blue Ridge, Q; 2nd. Valley, 11; 3rd. Piedmont, 13; 4th. Appalachia, 17; 5th. Tidewater, 25; 6th. Middle, 28. So nearly one-fourth of the State is moun- tain region, and one-fourth is Tidewater, leaving one-fourth for the plains of the Middle Country, and one-fourth for the rolling regions of the Valley and Piedmont. As presented in this summary, one-fourth of the State is Tidewater, over one- fourth Middle, nearly one-seventh Piedmont, over one-thirty -third Blue Ridge; one-eighth is Appalachian, and one-sixth Valley country. Tidewater and Middle are each nearly twice the size of Appalachia or Piedmont. Comparisons. — The following table presents some of the same facts in regard to other states and countries : ' TABLE II. STATE. England Scotland Belgium Holland New York...... Pennsylvania.. Massachusetts Connecticut.... Saxony Brunswick Wiirtemberg... Maryland Switzerland ... Square Miles. (=) 50,922 (2) 38,720 (^) 11,372 (i) 12,GS0 (3) 47,000 (3) 46,000 (3) 7,800 4,750 5,779 1,425 7,532 11,124 15,722 Population. 22,704,108 (^) 3,358,013 4,984,500 3,552,700 (3) 4,382,759 3,521,551 1,457,351 537,454 (^) 2,426,200 {■) 303,401 (0 1,778,500 (3) 780,894 2,510,494 Population to Square Mile. 445.8 86.7 438.2 280.2 93.3 76.6 186.8 113.2 419.3 212.9 236.1 70.2 159.6 (l)Guyot; (2) Reynolds; (3) U. S. Census 1870 ; (4) in 1871; (5)1865; (6)1866; (7)1867. Table II. shows that Tidewater and Belgium, Middle and Holland, Piedmont and Wtirtemberg, Blue Ridge and Brunswick, The Valley and Massachusetts^ Ap- 8' palachia and Saxony do not differ miicli in area, although very materially in den- sity of population. If Virginia were peopled like England, it would have 19,600,000 inhabitants, one-half the present (1870) population of the United States ; — it has a capacity for production equal to their support. SuKFACE. — (1). Tidewater Virginia is divided by the waters of Chesapeake bay and the large tidal rivers that flow into that great estuary, into nine principal and a large number of secondary peninsulas. This is mainly an alluvial country, a portion of the Tertiary, Atlantic tidewater plain, and its surface, composed of sands and clays, is thrown into low flat ridges forming the water-shed of the penin- sulas, succeeded by terraces and plains down to the water's edge, where they meet the swamps and salt marshes that always accompany well developed, land-locked, tidal waters. But little of this section is as much as 100 feet above the sea. This is the clay, marl and sand region. (2). The Middle Country is a wide, undulating plain, crossed by many rivers that have cut their channels to a considerable depth, and are bordered by alluvial bottom lands. Sandstones and granitic rocks abound. (3). Piedmont is a diversified region, with many broken ranges of hills and mountains, enclosing valleys of many forms, or with streams bordered by narrow bottom lands winding among them ; its hills are generally rounded in outline. In many places there are extensive plains. The crumbling greenstone and granite occur here. (4). The Blue Ridge is a many-branched mountain range, expanding into plateaus or rising into domes, extending across the whole length of the State and forming one of its most prominent features. This is ribbed with hard sandstones- and soft epidotic rocks. (5). The Valley is a portion of the Great Central Appalachian Valley that extends for hundreds of miles from Canada to Alabama — a broad belt of rolling country, enclosed between lofty mountain ranges, diversified by hills and valleys, with many winding streams of water. The Bine Ridge is on the east, and the Kitatinny, or "Endless Mountains," on the west. This is a region of limestone rocks, shales, slates and clays. (6). The Appalachian Country is made up of a number of parallel mountain chains, with trough-like valleys between them, the mountains often running for fifty or more miles as an unbroken, single, straight, lofty ridge, with an equally uni- form valley alongside : sometimes the mountains die out and the valleys widen. Some of the mountain ranges and valleys are of sandstone, some of slates and shales, others of limestone; so there is here great variety of surface. Some portions of the State are but little above the sea level; others are wide table lands, over 2,000 feet above the sea. No country can have more variety of surface. Inland Waters. — The State has tAvo systems of inland waters — (1) the Atlantic, and (2) the Ohio or Mississippi. (1). The waters of the State, from Tidewater, Middle, Piedmont, the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge and the central part of the Valley, flow southeast to Chesa- peake bay and Albemarle sound, following the inclination of the "Atlantic slope ; " those from the northern portions of the Valley and Appalachia follow the moun- 9 tain ranges northeast to the Potomac, which river follows the southeasterly course before mentioned. (2). The waters from the southwestern part of the Blue Ridge, the middle of the southwestern half of the Valley and Appalachia, flow northwest and north to the Ohio; those of the southwestern portions of the Valley and Appalachia flow southwest to the Tennessee. So the waters of the State flow in all directions. Principal Rivers and Branches. — The waters belonging to the Atlantic sys- tem drain six-sevenths of the State. The principal streams of this system are: the Potomac, with its large branches — the Shenandoah and the South Branch, and its prominent smaller ones — Potomac creek, Occoquan river, Broad Run, Goose, Kit- toctin and Opequon creeks — draining a large area of each of the sections of the State; the Rappahannock, with its Rapid Anne and numerous other branches flow- ing from the Blue Ridge across Piedmont, Middle and Tidewater, irrigating a large territory; the Pianketank, draining only a portion of Tidewater; the York, with its Pamunkey and Mattapony branches, and many tributaries flowing from a consid- erable area of Middle and Tidewater; the James, with the Chickahominy, Elizabeth, Nansemond, Appomattox, Rivanna, Willis', Slate, Rockfish, Tye, Pedlar, South, Cow- pasture, Jackson's, and many other inflowing rivers and streams of all kinds, gathers from a large territory in all the Divisions, draining more of the State than any other river. All tnese flow into Chesapeake bay. The Chowan, through its Blackwater, Nottoway and Meherrin branches and their affluents, waters portions of Middle and Tidewater. The Roanoke receives the Dan, Otter, Pig and many other streams, from the Valley, Piedmont and Middle Virginia, and then flows through North Carolina to Albemarle sound, joining the Chowan. The sources of the Yadkin are in the Blue Ridge. The waters of the Ohio, a part of the Mississippi system, drain the remaining seventh of the State ; but they reach the Ohio by three diverse ways. The rivers are : The Kanawha or New River, that rises in North Carolina, in the most elevated portion of the United States east of the Mississippi, flows through the plateau of the Blue Ridge, from which it receives Chestnut, Poplar Camp, Reed Island and other creeks, and Little river; across the Valley, where Cripple, Reed and Peak's creeks join it; across Appalachia, from which Walker's, Sinking, Big and Little Stony and Wolf creeks, and East and Bluestone rivers flow into it; and then through West Virginia into the Ohio, having cut through the whole Appalachian system of mountains except its eastern barrier, the Blue Ridge. The Holston, through its South, Middle and North Forks, Moccason creek, &c., drains the south- western portions of the Valley and Ajopalachia; and the Clinch, by its North and South Forks, Copper creek, Guest's and Powell's rivers, and many other tributaries, waters the extreme southwest of the Appalachian country. These flow into the Tennessee. A portion of the mountain country gives rise to the Louisa and Rus- sell's Forks of the Big Sandy river, and to some branches of the Tug Fork of the same river, the Tug forming the Virginia line for a space : these flow into the Ohio by the Big Sandy. These are but a few of the thousand or more named and valuable streams ol Virginia. They abound in all portions of the State, giving a vast quantity of water power, irrigating the country, furnishing waters suited to every species of fish, giv- 2 10 ing channels for tide and inland navigation, and enlivening the landscapes. Springs are very numerous, many of them of large size. Nearly every portion of the State is well watered. THE NATURAL GRAND DIVISIONS. (1). Tidewater Vieginia is the eastern and southeastern part of the State that on the south borders North Carolina 104 miles ; on the east has an air-line border of 120 miles along the Atlantic; on the west is bounded by 150 miles of the irregular outline of the Middle countr}^, (this would be 164 miles if it took in the mere edge of Tidewater along the Potomac up to Georgetown). The shore line of the Potomac and Chesapeake bay for 140 miles, and a line of 25 miles across the Eastern Shore, sejDarate it from Maryland on the north. The whole forms an irre- gular quadrilateral, averaging 114 miles in length from north to south, and 90 in width from east to west, making an area of some 11,350* square miles, including some 2,500 square miles of valuable tidal waters. The latitude is from 36° 30' to 38° 54' north, corresponding to that of the coun- tries bordering on the northern shores of the Mediterranean in Europe; to Asia Minor, China and Japan in Asia; and to the central belt of States — Kentucky, Missouri, California, &c. — in the United States. The longitude is from 75° 13' to 77° 30' west from Greenwich — that of Maryland, central Pennsylvania and New York in the United States, and Ontario in Canada on the north, and of North Caro- lina, the Bahamas, Cuba, &c., on the south. This is, emphatically, a Tidewater country, since every portion of it is penetrated by the tidal waters of Chesapeake bay and its tributary rivers, creeks, bays, inlets, &c., which cover some 2,500 square miles of surface, and give nearly 1,500 miles of tidal shore line. The united waters of nearly all this section, with those that drain 40,000 more square miles of country, or the drainage of 50,000 square miles (an area equal to that of England), flow out through the channel, 12 miles wide, be- tween capes Charles and Henry — the " Virginia Capes " — into the Virginian Sea of Captain John Smith, aloi^g the eastern border of which, 50 or 60 miles from the land, runs the ever-flowing Gulf Stream, that great highway of the Atlantic, bearing the waters and inviting the commerce of Virginia to the British Isles and Western Europe. The size of Tidewater Virginia is about the same as the State of Maryland or the Kingdom of Belgium; it would make 15 counties of the dimensions of Surrey in England. Belgium has a population of five millions, while this section has one- third of one. There were 30 people to a square mile in Tidewater in 1870, or over 31 acres for each : in Great Britain and Ireland in 1867 it was 250 to the square mile, and in Belgium in 1865 it was 438. Tidewater is naturally divided into nine imncipal 'peninsulas, and these are sub- divided into a great number of smaller ones, giving a wealth of outline not even surpassed by the famous Morea of Greece— in truth, there are here dozens of Mo- reas. These peninsulas are, •politically, each divided into counties (thirty in all) — most of them laid out and named Avhen this, the first settled portion of English- * In the absence of actual surveys the areas can only be approximated. 11 speaking America, was a British colony — and the names given them were those of the counties' or worthies of England, the "Mother Country," at the time. The first peninsula — taking them from the north to the south — is The North- ern Neck, 75 miles long and from 6 to 20 wide, extending southeast, from the Middle Country to the bay, between the Potomac and Rappahannock. Its counties ^re King George, Westmoreland, Richmond, Northumberland and Lancaster. This peninsula is almost surrounded by navigable waters. The second, or Middlesex Peninsula, extends southeast for 60 miles, with a breadth of from 3 to 10, between the Rappahannock and the Pianketank rivers, including Essex and Middlesex counties. The Rappahannock is navigable all along one side and the Pianketank nearly half of the other. This is one of the short peninsulas succeeding a long one. The third, or Gloucester Peninsula, reaches southeast from the Middle Coun- try, between the Pianketank and the York and its extension, the Mattapony, some 70 miles to the Bay, where it is "forked " by the Mobjack bay. Its width is from 6 to 18 miles. It includes King & Q.iieen, Mathews and Gloucester counties. The fourth, the King William or Pamunkey Peninsula, a short one, extends 60 miles southeast, between the Mattapony and the Pamunkey (the streams that form the York). This is from 3 to 14 miles wide, and includes the counties of Caroline and King William, although the former extends across the neck of the thi7^d penin- sula to the Rappahannock. The fifth, a long one, is known as "The Peninsula," by way of eminence, as it was the first settled, and Williamsburg, its chief town, was the Colonial capital of Virginia. This stretches 100 miles to the southeast, with a width of from 5 to 15 miles, between the Pamunkey and its extension the York on the north and the Chickahominy and the continuing James on the south. This large peninsula ex- tends from the Middle Country to the Bay, and looks out between " The Capes." Its counties are Hanover, New Kent, James City, York, Warwick and Elizabeth City. The sixth, the short, Richmond or Chickahominy Peninsula, between the Chick- ahominy and the James, is 50 miles long and from 5 to 15 wide, divided into Hen- rico and Charles City counties — the former contains Richmond, the capital of Vir- ginia, a flourishing commercial and manufacturing city. The seventh, or Southside Peninsula, embraces all the country south of the James and between it and the Nansemond river and the North Carolina line. This is the last peninsula trending to the Southeast, which it does for 64 miles, with a width of from 35 to 40. Its counties are Prince George, Surry, Sussex, Southampton, Isle of Wight and Nansemond. The eighth is the Norfolk Peninsula, including the counties of Norfolk and Princess Anne, the territory between the Nansemond river, Hampton Roads, Chesa- peake bay and the Atlantic, some 30 by 35 miles in extent, protruding northward. The ninth. The Eastern Shore, is the peninsula extending to the south be- tween Chesapeake bay and the Atlantic, divided between the large counties of Accomac and Northampton. The last two are the Upper Tertiary Plain, raised but from twenty to thirty feet above the sea level, composed of north and south-lying belts of smaller penin- 12 sulas and islands, with tlie " pocoson " ends of the other peninsulas, forming the first step of the ascending stairway, or terraces of Virginia, to the westward. The shifting sands of its ocean shore are often elevated into dunes more than a hundred feet high. The seven other peninsulas, with all their masses extended southeast and northwest, rise up as the second and third steps. The second step, corresponding in the main to the Middle Tertiary Formation, attains an elevation of from 80 to 120 feet above the sea. This is the widest tidewater terrace, gashed and broken by the broad estuaries that flow through it. The third step has its eastern edge just west of the meridian of 77°, and attains an elevation of from 90 to 150 feet above the sea, occupying the belt of Lower Tertiary country. Beyond this rises the fourth stepy the border of granite and sandstone elevated from 150 to 200 feet above the sea,. forming the rocky barrier over which the waters of the Middle or " upper country " fall, and up to which the tides of the "foiy country''^ come, making the "head of tide" for the Atlantic slope, and furnishing sites for manufacturing and commercial cities, where water power for manufacturing and tide power for commerce are found side by side. Here, half in Tidewater and lialf in Middle, on the fourth step and on the level of the first, on the hills and below them, are Petersburg, Richmond,. Fredericksburg and Alexandria. The Tidewater Plain, then, has an average width of nearly 100 miles, and rises in three successive terraces to an elevation of about 150 feet. An inspection of the map will give a better idea of the many-shaped, lobed, gashed, notched and sea-penetrated character of this plain than words can convey. It is a fine, rollings low country, with a surface diversified by salt water marshes and meadows, river bottoms, plains, upland, slopes and ridges, with a moderate proportion of " pocoson" or swamp country. (2). The Middle Country extends westward from the "head of tide" to the foot of the low, broken ranges that, under the names of Kittoctin, Bull Run, Yew, Clark's, Southwest, Carter's, Green, Findlay's, Buffalo, Chandler's, Smith's, &c., moun- tains and hills, extend across the State southwest, from the Potomac, near the northern corner of Fairfax county, to the North Carolina line, near the southwest corner of Pittsylvania, forming the eastern outliers of the Appalachian System,. and that may, Avith propriety, be called the Atlantic Coast Range. The general form of this section is that of a large right-angled triangle, its base resting on the North Carolina line for 120 miles ; its perpendicular, a line 174 miles long, extending from the Carolina line to the Potomac, just east of and parallel to the meridian of 77° 30' west, is the right line along the waving l order of Tide- water which lies east; the hypothenuse is the 216 miles along the Coast Range, before mentioned, the border of Piedmont, on the northwest — the area of the whole, including the irregular outline, being some 12,470 square miles, or about the same as the Kingdom of Holland. Holland had in 1866 over three and a half million people ; Middle Virginia in 1870 a little over one-third of a million— not 30 to the square mile in Middle Virginia, but 280 in Holland. The latitude of this section is from 36° 30' to 39° ; the longitude 70° to 79° 40' west. So its general situation and relations are nearly similar to those of Tide- water. i 13 The Middle Country is a great, moderately undulating plain, from 25 to 100 miles wide, rising to the northwest from an elevation of 150 to 200 feet above tide, at the rocky rim of its eastern margin, to from 300 to 500 along its northwestern. In general appearance this is more like a plain than any other portion of the State. The principal streams, as a rule, cross it at right angles ; so it is a succession of ridges and valleys running southeast and northwest, the valleys often narrow and deep, but the ridges generally not very prominent. The appearance of much of this ■country is somewhat monotonous, having many dark evergreen trees in its forests. It needs a denser population to enliven it. To many portions of the Middle Coun- try the mountain ranges to the west, of the deepest blue, form an agreeable and distant boundary to the otherwise sober landscape. There are a few prominences like Willis', Slate River and White Oak mountains farther east, only prominent because in a champaign countr}^ There can be but little natural grouping of the political divisions of the Middle Country, since there are but few great natural landmarks, unless James river, which crosses this section at right angles nearly midway, be considered as one, and the 25 counties of Middle Virginia be grouped as Northside and Southside ones. Many of these counties were laid out, named and settled in Colonial times also, and some of the oldest settled portions of the State are here. The Northside counties are Fairfax, Alexandria, Prince William and Stafford, bordering on the Potomac; Spotsylvania between the Rappahannock and the North Anna, Louisa on the south of the North Anna (portions of Caroline, Hanover and Henrico properly belong here), Fluvanna and Goochland on the James — making 8 northside counties. The 17 Southside counties are Buckingham, Cumberland, Powhatan and Ches- terfield, between the James and Appomattox rivers; Appomattox on the James, Prince Edward, Amelia and Dinwiddle south of the Appomattox, and the two latter between it and the Nottoway — Nottoway is north of the river of that name; Camp- bell between the James and Staunton (or Roanoke) rivers, Charlotte north of the Roanoke, Lunenburg between the Nottoway and Meherrin, Brunswick and Greens- ville extending from the Nottoway (see Map) across the Meherrin to the North Caro- lina line — a portion of the latter county is in Tidewater; Pittsylvania and Halifax reach from Staunton across the Banister and the Dan to the North Carolina line, and Mecklenburg extends from the Meherrin across the Roanoke to the same boundar3^ Portions of Fairfax, Prince William, Stafford, Spotsylvania, Caroline, Fauquier, Culpeper, Hanover, Henrico, Goochland, Powhatan, Chesterfield, Buckingham, Cumberland, Prince Edward, Campbell and Pittsylvania, which are on the Triassic, or New Red Sandstone formation, differ considerably in appearance from the rest of the Middle Country which is on the Eozoic, or granite, gneiss, &c., rocks. This section is essentially the same as the rest of the Eozoic belt that extends from the Alabama river to the St. Lawrence, embracing large portions of the best sections of Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland, Pennsyl- vania, New York and all the New England States. The cities of Atlanta, Raleigh, Petersburg, Richmond, Fredericksburg, Alexandria, Washington, Baltimore, Phila- delphia, New York, New Haven, &c., are situated, in whole or in part, on these rocks. 14 (3). Piedmont Vieginia is the long belt of country stretching for 244 miles frorn the banks of the Potomac and the Maryland line southwest, along the eastern base of the Blue Pidge mountains, and between them and the Coast Range, to the'banks of the Dan at the North Carolina line ; it varies in width from 20 to 30 miles, ave- raging about 25 ; its approximate area is 6,680 square miles. Its latitude corresponds with that of the State 36° 30' to 39° 27' north ; its lon- gitude is from 77° 20' to 80° 50' west. This Piedmont country is the fifth step of the great stairway ascending to the- west ; its eastern edge, along Middle Virginia, is from 300 to 500 feet above the sea ; then come the broken ranges of the Coast Mountains, rising as detached or con- nected knobs, in lines or groups, from 100 to 600 feet higher. These are succeeded by the numberless valleys, of all imaginable forms, some long, straight and wide^ others narrow and widening, others again oval and almost enclosed, locally known as "Coves," that extend across to and far into the Blue Ridge, the spurs of which often reach out southwardly for miles, ramifying in all directions. Portions of Piedmont form widely extended plains. The land west of the Coast ranges is gene- rally from 300 to 500 feet above the sea, and rises to the west, until at the foot of the Blue Ridge it attains an elevation of from 600 to 1,200 feet. The Blue Ridge rises to from 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea; at one point near the Tennessee line, it reaches a height of 5,530* feet: its general elevation is about 2,500, but its outline is very irregular. Numerous streams have their origin in the heads of the gorges of the Blue Ridge, and most of them then flow across Piedmont to the southeast until near its eastern border, where they unite and form one that runs for a considerable distance along and parallel to the Coast mountains, and takes the name of some of the well known rivers that cross Middle and even Tidewater Virginia, like the Roanoke or Staunton, and the James. Some of these rivers break through the Blue Ridge from the Valley, making water gaps in that formidable mountain barrier, as the Potomac, the James and the Roanoke ; but they all follow the rule above given in their way across this section. This is a genuine " Piedmont" country — one in which the mountains present themselves in their grand as well as in their diminutive forms— gradually sinking down into the plains, giving great diversity and picturesqueness to the landscape, with its wealth of forms of relief as varied as those of outline in Tidewater. Few countries surpass this in beauty of scenery and choice of prospect, so it has always been a favorite section with men of refinement in which to fix their homes. Its population is 31 to the square mile, giving some 21 acres for each. The 'political divisions of Piedmont are fourteen. Some of its counties have long been settled, and are highly improved. There are no natural groupings pos- sible for these counties ; they all, with three exceptions, run from the summit of the- Blue Ridge across this belt of country. Taking them fromjhe Potomac, the counties are : Loudoun, watered mostly by Goose and Kittoctin creeks and the Potomac ; Fauquier, drained by the Rappahannock waters, to which river it extends ; Rappa- hannock and Culpeper, on the southwest side of the same stream, Culpeper reach- * Guyot's measurements. 15 ing to the Rapid Anne, as does also Madison ; Greene and Orange, southwest of the Rapid Anne; Albemarle, drained by the Rivanna and Hardware branches of James, and reaching to the James ; Nelson and Amherst, bounded by the Blue Ridge and the James, Amherst by that river, both southeast and southwest ; Bed- ford and Franklin, southwest of the James, and drained chiefly by waters of the Roanoke or Staunton; Patrick and Henry, next the North Carolina line, furnishing many branches to the Dan. An inspection of the map will show that every por- tion of this section is penetrated by water courses. Every portion of it is well sup- plied with unfailing, bright, pure water, from springs and mountain rivulets. (4). The Blue Ridge, for two-thirds of its length of 310 miles, is embraced in the Valley and Piedmont counties that have their common lines upon its water- . shed; it is only the southwestern portion of it, where it expands into a plateau, with an area of some 1,230 square miles, that forms a separate political division : still the whole range and its numerous spurs, parallel ridges, detached knobs and foot hills, varying in width from 3 to 20 miles, embracing nearly 2,500 square miles of territory, is a distinct region, not only in appearance but in all essential particu- lars. The river, in the gorge where the Potomac breaks through the Blue Ridge, is 242 feet above tide. The Blue Ridge there attains an elevation of 1,460 feet. Mt. Marshall, near and south of Front Royal, is 3,369* feet high : the notch. Rock- fish Gap, at the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, is 1,996 feet, and James river, where it passes through the Ridge, is 706 feet above tide, or more than twice as high as the Potomac at its passage. The Peaks of Otter, in Bedford county, are 3,993t feet, and the Balsam mountain, in Grayson, is 5,700^ feet, and in North Carolina this range is nearly 7,000 feet above the sea level. These figures show that this range increases in elevation as we go southwest, and every portion of the country near rises in the same manner. At a little distance this range is generally of a deep blue color. The Vv^hole mountain range may be characterized as a series of swelling domes, connected by long ridges meeting between the high points in gaps or notches, and sending out long spurs in all directions from the general range, but more especially on the eastern side, these in turn sending out other spurs, giving a great development of surface and variety of exjoosure. The political divisions upon the plateau of the Blue Ridge are the counties of Floyd, Carroll and Grayson, all watered by the Kanawha, or New river, and its branches, a tributary of the Ohio, except the little valley in the southwest corner of Grayson, which sends its water to the Tennessee. The population of this ro- mantic section is 23 to the square mile. (5). The Great Valley of Virginia is the belt of limestone land west of the Blue Ridge, and between it and the numerous interrupted ranges of mountains, with various local names, that run parallel to it on the west at an average distance of some 20 miles, that collectively are called the Kitatinny or North Mountains. This valley extends in West Virginia and Virginia for more than 330 miles from the Potomac to the Tennessee line, and 305 miles of this splendid country are within the limits of Virginia. The county lines generally extend from the top of the Blue Ridge to the top of the second or third mountain range beyond the Valley proper, •=11. S. Coast Survey measurements. fGuyot's measurements. w 16 so that tlie political Valley is somewhat larger than the natural one, which has an area of about 6,000 square miles, while the former has 7,550, and a population of 26 to the square mile. The latitude of the Valley is from 36° 35' N. to 39° '26'; its longitude is from 77° 50' to 80° 16' W. 136 miles 50 a 38 u 54 a 52 a 330 miles PROFILE OF THE VALLEY (iF yiRGlM ALONG ITS LENGTH. While this is one continuous valley, clearly defined by its bounding moun- tains, it is not the valley of one river, or of one system of rivers, but of five; so that it has four water-sheds and four river troughs in its length, as shown in the above profile, along the Valley from the Potomac to the Tennessee line. These val- leys and their length in the Great Valley are, from the northeast — 1st. The Shenandoah Valley, ----- 2nd. The James River Valley, ----- 3rd. The Roanoke River Valley, - - - - - 4th. The Kanawha or New River Valley, - - - 5th. The Valley of the Holston or Tennessee, This profile shows that as a whole the Valley rises to the southwest, being 242 feet above the tide Avhere the Shenandoah enters the Potomac and the united rivers break through the Blue Ridge at Harper's Ferry, and 1,678 feet where the waters of the Holston leave the State and pass into Tennessee. The entire Valley appears then as a series of ascending and descending planes, sloping to the northeast or the southwest. That of the Shenandoah rises from 242 to 1,863 feet along the line of its main stream, in 136 miles, looking northeast; those of the James slope both ways, from the Shenandoah summit to the southwest, and from the Roanoke sum- mit to the northeast, and so on, as shown in the profile. This arrangement gives this seventh great step a variety of elevations above the sea from 242 to 2,594 feet, or even to 3,000, in a great enclosed valley, sub-divided into very many minor valleys, giving " facings " in all directions ; for the whole Valley has a very decided south- eastern inclination, to be considered in this connection, its western side being from 500 to 1,000 feet in surface elevation above its eastern, presenting its mass to the sun, giving its streams a tendency to flow across it toward the east, as the result of its combined slopes, and making the main drainage way hug the western base of the Blue Ridge. A moment's reflection and an inspection of the map will show that this is a well watered country, having a wealth of water power and drainage and irrigation resources almost beyond estimate. 17 The aspect of this region is exceedingly pleasant. The great width of the Val- ley; the singular coloring and wavy but bold outHne of the Blue Ridge; the long, uniform lines of the Kitatinny mountains, and the high knobs that rise up behind them in the distance; the detached ranges that often extend for many miles in the midst of the Valley, like huge lines of fortifications — all these for the outline, filled up with park-like forests, well cultivated farms, well built towns, and threaded by bright and abounding rivers, make this a charming and inviting region. The fifteen counties of the Valley— its political divisions— are naturally grouped by the river basins, to which their lines generally conform. The noted Shenandoah Valley has, in Virginia, in the northeast Frederick and Clarke counties, reaching from the North Mountains to the Blue Ridge across the Valley, watered by the Opequon creek and the Shenandoah river and branches ; Shenandoah county, extending from the mountains west to the Massanutton range, that for 50 miles divides the Valley into two, one watered by the North and the other by the South Fork of the Shenandoah ; Warren, that lies at the confluence of these forks and between the Massanutton and the Blue Ridge, and Page county, between the same mountains and intersected by the South Fork; Rockingham, a large and note'd county, reaching across the whole Valley, and holding the sources of the North Fork ; and Augusta, the largest county, also occupying the width of the Valley, and containing the head springs of the Shenandoah. These seven coun- ties occupy the whole of this well-known, fertile and wealthy valley. In the valley of the James are Rockbridge and Botetourt, two fine counties in the heart of the valley, both extending across it, the former watered by the North and South rivers of the James, and that river and other tributaries, and the latter by the much-developed James river and Catawba, Craig's and other creeks. The mountain scenery of Rockbridge is especially noted. In the valley of the Roanoke is the small but rich county of the same name : portions of Botetourt and Montgomery are drained by that river also. The Kanawha or New River valley has Montgomery, Pulaski and Wythe coun- ties, famous ones for grazing and stock, that reach from mountain to mountain. This is the most elevated portion of the Great Valley, and many people foolishly continue to call the water-shed between the Roanoke and New river, where that " divide " crosses the Valley, the Alleghany Mountain— saying that Christiansburg is on the top of the Alleghany — when there is no mountain there, only a " water di- vide " in the continuous limestone valley — because, before anything was known of the country or its peculiarities, it was supposed that the Alleghany Mountain wound its way everywhere, over and under mountains and valleys, to keep the waters of the Mississippi from those of the Atlantic. The Alleghany Mountain, as every well informed person knows, is a single, well-defined range, that begins just south of the White Sulphur Springs and runs northeast to and beyond the Potomac. In the valley of the Holston or Tennessee are the two fine counties of Smyth and Washington, with soils of rare fatness. (6): Appalachian Virginia, or Appalachia, succeeds the Valley on the west. It is a mountain country, traversed its whole length by the Appalachian or Alle- ghany System of mountains. It may be considered as a series of comparatively narrow, long, parallel valleys, running northeast and southwest, separated from 3 \ \ 18 each other by mountain ranges that are, generally, equally narrow, long and par- allel, and quite elevated. In crossing this section to the northwest, at right angles to its mountains and valleys, in 50 miles one will cross from 6 to 10 of these moun- tain ranges, and as many valleys. As before stated, a strip of this region is em- braced in the Valley counties, as they include the two or three front ranges that have drainage into the Valley ; so that some 900 square miles of Appalachia are politically classed with the Valley, leaving 5,720 square miles to be treated of here. This, in Virginia, is an irregular belt of country 260 miles long, varying in width from 10 to 50 miles. Its waters, generally, flow northeast and southwest, but it has basins that drain north and northwest, and south and southeast. The heads of the valleys are generally from 2,000 to 2,800 feet above tide, and the waters often flow from each way to a central depression — that is, from 600 to 1,200 feet above sea level — before they unite and break through the enclosing ranges. The map shows this arrangement, as in the case of Potts' creek and the Cow-pasture river. Potts' creek heads in Giles county, at 2,698 feet of altitude, flows northeast 42 miles, a portion of the way as Jackson's river, to 1,036 feet of elevation at Clifton Forge, where the river turns southeast : the Cow-pasture has its sources in Highland county, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet, and flows southwest 48 miles to near the same point, where it unites with Jackson's river and forms the James. The remarks made concerning the slopes of the Great Valley apply also to this section, except- that the Appalachian valleys are straighter. The twelve counties of this section group very well as follows : 1st. The James River Group, the waters from which flow into that river, in- cluding Highland, on the water-shed of the James and Potomac, the South Branch of the latter having several of its sources there, with the Cow-pasture and Jackson's river branches of the former; Bath, crossed by the same branches of the James; Alleghany, through a portion of which the same rivers flow, and in Avhich they unite, meeting the waters of Dunht^^'s and Potts' creeks from the southwest; and Craig, drained by Johns', Craig's and Barber's creeks, flowing from the southwest. Sinking creek of New river flows southwest from this county. All these waters but the last run into the James before it crosses the Valley. 2nd. The Kanawfia or New River Group includes Giles, which is intersected by New river, into which flow from the northeast Sinking and Big and Little Stony creeks, and from the southwest Walker's and Wolf creeks ; Bland, on the head waters of Walker's and Wolf creeks, just mentioned, and having also some of the springs of the Holston, that flows southwest. 3rd. The Tennessee River Group, on the waters of that river, embraces Taze- well, on the divide of New and Tennessee, (the lowest gaps of which are 2,116 feet above tide) ; Wolf creek, Bluestone and East rivers run from this county northeast into New river, while the North and the Maiden Spring Forks of Clinch flow south- west : Russell is southwest of Tazewell, and the Clinch and its Copper and Moccason creek branches run through it to the southwest : Scott is next, on the southwest, and the same streams pass through it from Russell, and the North Fork of the Holston besides, all running southwest: Lee is southwest of Scott, Powell's river and its numerous branches flowing southwest from it to the Clinch. All these 19 waters unite in the State of Tennessee, and form the river of that name. The I of the counties of this group is exceedingly fertile, large portions of it being li) stone, and its exposure to the southwest, and the situation and elevation of Its & rounding mountains, secure to it a very mild climate. 4th. The Sandy River Group includes Buchanan county, drained by the Ti Louisa and Russell's Forks of the Big Sandy, flowing northwest; and Wise count drained by Russell's and Pound Forks of the same river, and a portion by tl Guest's river branch of the Clinch, and some head springs of Powell's river. Thet two counties really belong to the Trans-Appalachian country, the great plain thj slopes from the parallel ranges of mountains to the northwest, from which th waters have eroded their deep channels. They cover Virginia's part of the Grea Carboniferous formation, and give her a most valuable coal field. Appalachia is noted as a grazing country, its elevation giving it a cool, moisi atmosphere, admirably adapted, with its fertile soil, to the growth of grass and ihi rearing of stock of all kinds. 20 •«*r CHAPTER II. THE GEOLOGY OF VIRGINIA. Section I. — The Geological Formations. The Geology of Virginia was determined by Professor William B. Rogers, the iistinguished Geologist of the State, in a survey conducted for that purpose from L835 to 1840, and much of the brief outline here given is condensed from his re- ports. The accompanying geological map of the Virginias was most kindly colored by Professor Rogers especially for this work. The geological formations found in Virginia, like its geographical divisions, succeed each other in belts, either complete or broken, nearly parallel to the coast )f the Atlantic. In fact the geographical divisions of the State that have already Deen given correspond in the main to the different geological formations, and have been suggested by them ; hence those divisions are natural. The formations developed in Virginia, taken in the order in which they succeed each other and cover the surface, or form the rocks found with the surface, from the Atlantic at the Virginia Capes to the northwest across the State, are as follows : GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER OP FORMATIONS. i ( 1. Quaternary. - \ \^ 4. Lower Tertiary. Mtddt t^ ^ ^" Ti'i^'Ssic and Jurassic. I 6. Azoic and Granitic. W^ Piedmont. \ 7. Azoic, Epidotic, &c. Blue Ridge. \ 8. Azoic and Cambrian. ri^, V-^" " " '~'a nx'nrian and Silurian. ferous and Devonian. 1 Sub-Carboni^^ 21 The Geological Order of these Formations, arranged according to the recog- nized age of the rocks, from tlie newest to the oldest, is this : Cenozoic, or Tertiary. Mesozoic, or Secondary. Paleozoic, or Transition. Eozoic, or Primary. Tidewater. 1. Quaternary (and Alluvium?) 2. Upper Tertiary. 3. Middle Tertiary. 4. Lower Tertiary. 5. Triassic and Jurassic (and Ore- 1 ivr-firjip taceous?) j * 6. Great Carboniferous Series. 7. Sub-Carboniferous. \ Appalachia. -i 8. Devonian. 9. Silurian and Cambrian. 10. Azoic, Granitic, &c. Valley and Appalachia. \ Middle, Piedmont and Blue Ridge. The chief Geological Sub-Divisions shown on the accompanying map,* are : (1). The Upper Tertiary, passing into Quaternary. (2). The Middle and Lower Tertiary. (3). The Triassic and Jurassic Beds. (4). The Great Carboniferous, down to the base of the Serai Conglomerate. (5). The •Sub-Carboniferous, including Umbral limestones, shales and slates, and at the base Vespertine sandstone, having coal in some places. (6). The Devonian sandstones, slates and shales, from top of Meridian to top of Ponent. (7). The Cambrian and Silurian — Primal to top of Meridian. (8). The Azoic and Granitic Group — Syenite; Mica, Talc and Hornblende Slates, Argillaceous Slates, Auriferous Quartz, &c. Professor William B. Rogers, in his Reports on the Geology of Virginia, de- scribed the formations of the State as folio wsf : (1). (2). (3). .(4). (5). (6). (7). (8). (9). (10). (11). (12). (13). (14). (15). (16). (17). (18). m ,• f Miocene=iThe Middle Tertiary). lertiary. j Eocene=:(TA6 Xo-ujer Teriiary). Middle and Upper Secondary=(rAe Triassic and Jurassic). Primary and Metamorphic Rocks (including beds of limestone)=(rAe' Azoic and Granitic Group). Formation No. Formation No. Formation No. Formation No. Formation No. Formation No. Formation No. Formation No. Formation No. Formation No. Formation No. Formation No. Formation No. Formation No. Formation No. I. II. III. IV. V. VL VII. VIII. IX. X. XL XIL XIII. XIV. XV. >{The Ckmbrian and Silurian). {The Devonian). (The 8uh-0arhoniferous). — Coarse Sandstones. — Lower Coal Group. — Lower Shale and Sandstone Group. — Upper Coal Group. {The Great Carbonife- rous). * As named and colored by Professor William B. Rogers. t The equivalents of the map are given in italics in parentheses. 22 The various geological formations have received different names, and been dif- ferently classified in various states and countries, and as it is desirable, for many reasons, to know the equivalent names, those of the more important systems are here given. SYSTEMS OF GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION COMPARED. Early- Writers Eras. Ages. Periods. New York System. Pennsylvania and Virginia Names— H. 1). & W. B. Rogers. Names used in Virginia Reports — W. B. Rogers. o o o o >>I Ph 01! a P4 a •a a ? be be <5 Quaternary. <0 1 o o o d 0) O Tertiary. Pliocene. Miocene. Eocene. ' 1 § a> 6 B o o Cretaceous. Jurassic. Middle and Upper Secondary. Trlasslc or New Red Sandstone. a i EH o IS) o a> Age of Coal Plants, Amphi- bians & Acro- gens. Permian. Carbonlferlous. Lower Carbonife- rous. Serai. Umbral. Vespertine. Formations No. XV. to No. X. In- clusive. CO DeTonlan or Old Red Sandstone. CatBklll. Chemung. Hamilton. Cornlferous. Ponent. Vergent. Cadent. Post-Meridian. Formations No. IX. and No. VIII. 1 1 _ so M <1 SUurlan. Cambrian. Oriskany. Helderberg. Salina. Niagara | Meridian. Pre-Meridian. Scalent. Surgent. Levant. Matinal. Auroral. Primal. Formations No. vn. to No. I. inclusive. ^ Qi ^ 3 Hudson. Trenton. Potsdam. 33 a -2 S o EH § MetamorpMo. Taconic or H u r - nian. Laurentian. Crystalline Schists. Azoic. Metamorphlc. Primary. 23 The first " dry land " of the State that appeared was the country between the western base of the Blue Ridge and the eastern side of the Middle country at the head of tide; its borders were the shores of the ocean east and west. So Middle, Piedmont and Blue Ridge Virginia are the oldest portions of the State ; they are based on Granite, Gneiss and Syenite ; Mica, Talc and Hornblende Slates, Argilla- ceous Slates, Auriferous Quartz, &c. ; the region is Eozoic or Primary. The second formed land was the Great Valley, a broad belt of seacoast along the shore of a subsiding ocean, where corals were abundant, making it a limestone region — the Cambrian and Lower and Upper Silurian — a country with sandstones and limestones of many varieties, together with slates and shales : a part of the Transition or Paleozoic period. So the Valley is the second oldest country in the State. These are followed by the Devonian rocks as third, and these in turn by the Sub-Carboniferous and Carboniferous as fourth and fifth, all in Appalachia. The sixth, the Triassic or New Red Sandstone, is only found as detached masses, deposits in depressions of the Primary, in the Middle country. The seventh, the last formed portion of the State, is the Tertiary, the entire Tidewater region, if we except the alluvium now forming on the shores. TiDEWATEK. — This is what the geologists call a Tertiary or lately formed region, one where the remains of plants and animals found in the rocks and soils do not differ greatly from the plants and animals now living — they belong to the .same families. The beds of mineral substances here found are rarely converted into real rocks, but lie as beds of sand, gravel, clay, &c., much the same as when they were deposited in shallow waters by the ocean and inflowing rivers. 1st. The Quaternary or Post- Tertiary"^' formation is the sandy shore, the mere margin, of the Atlantic and the Bay ; it is like the shore land of Lincolnshire and other eastern counties of England. 2d. The Upper Tertiary or Pliocene^ is the first step or terrace of the State above the ocean; it is the low plain of the Eastern Shore and Norfolk peninsulas, where the surface is composed of " light-colored sands and clays, generally of a fine texture, and never enclosing pebbles of large dimensions."t This is, geologically, a similar country to most of Suffolk in England, to the hills of Rome in Italy, and the terri- tory around Antwerp in Belgium. Underneath this are found the other formations, in order, and their valuable marls can be reached, at no great depth, by going through this. The immense piles of shells found along the shores, and the refuse fish, furnish fertilizers adapted to the soils of this section. 3d. The Middle Tertiary, % or Miocence, is the surface of the second step of country, extending from the western border of the last described formation, where this passes under that, to a line running southward from Mathias Point, on the Potomac, to Coggin's Point on the James — a line just west of the meridian of 77°; from the * These are together called Alluvium, in the recently published Statistical Atlas of the United States, by Professors Hitchcock and Blalie. t Rogers. I The Middle and Lower Tertiary are togetlier called Tertiary in the United States Statis- tical Atlas. 2i James south it inclines tq the west. This formation, generally, descending from the surface, consists of the following materials : 1. Beds of coarse sand and gravel just under the soil, sloping in position. 2. Horizontal beds of sand and clay. 3. Yellow marl, underlaid by a conglomerate of fragments, with shells nearly entire but water- worn. 4. Yellow marl with friable shells and tenacious clay. 5. Upper blue marl — a clay, bluish, of fine texture, rich in shells. 6. Lower blue marl — -clay with more sandy materials, more shells and more varieties. 7. A thin band of pebbles, with ferruginous matter : the bottom of the formation. In some parts of Tidewater some of these strata harden into a sort of lime- stone, or into sandstones, very good for building purposes. Of course the Lower Tertiary underlies this as this underlies the Upper, and is overlapped by it. This formation covers a large portion of the Atlantic plain and of the lower Mississippi valley of the United States ; it is the formation of the valley of the Columbia in Oregon and of the valleys of California ; in Europe it forms the Gironde and Landes of France and the basin of Vienna; in England it is the New Forest region of Hampshire and Dorset, the country around Portsmouth and Southampton. 4th. The Lotver Tertiary or Eocene. This formation underlies both the others and forms the surface of the remainder of Tidewater west of the line already de- scribed as forming the western boundary of the Middle Tertiary : it is a strijD ot country some 15 miles wide along the "head of tide." The fossils found in this, are more unlike the forms now existing. This gr eensand' maxl formation on the east- pushes its headlands into the Middle Tertiary, and on the west fills up the ravines between the headlands of sandstone, granite, &c., that protrude into it from the Middle country. The following section,* from the banks of the Potomac, below Aquia creek^ will give an insight into the composition of this group of "rocks": (1). The soil. (2). 20 feet of yellow clay, impregnated with suliDhates. (3). 5 feet of sulphur-colored clay, containing shells. (4). 3 feet of rock, resembling marl in color and composition. (5). 12 feet of yellowish gray marl, specked with greensand and abounding in shells. 40 feet, the level of the Potomac. In some places the marl of this Eocene contains so much carbonate of lime from the shells distributed through it, it has become a limestone. Here are also beds of blue marl, shell-roch, gypseous and acid clays, dark bluish clay and sand con- taining sulphates of iron and lime. There are also beds of sand and gravel, coarse and often cemented by iron. In all of these there is great variety of color and composition. The strata are slightly inclined, generally to the southeast. This is the formation on which the most of Essex, Middlesex, Kent, &c., (founties around London in England, are situated — the region of the noted London clay. (The same * As before stated, the data here used are from Professor Eogers' Eeports. 25 material abounds in Virginia.) The Isle of Wight, Dorset, Wilts, Hants, Suffolk, Norfolk Cambridge and Lincoln counties, the most productive in England, are in the Lower Tertiary ; the cities of Liverpool and Paris are also on it. 5th. The Triassic or New Red Sandstone is sometimes found as transported frag- ments from that formation, (which forms a part of the western boundary of this section,) scattered over the surface of some of the peninsulas southeast from where this rock is found in place. 6th. The Azoic or Primary Rocks, which underlie all the others and also form part of this western border, are sometimes found as headlands thrust into the Ter- ■ tiary or as islands in its surface. Middle Country. — The larger portion of this region is Azoic,* or Primary. The rocks contain no organic remains; they are crysttilline in their character, generally stratified, dip at a high angle either to the southeast or the northwest, or are nearly vertical, rarely horizontal, and their exposed edges, or "strike," run northeast and southwest. The strata vary in thickness from the fraction of an inch to many feet. The rocks of this formation are: Gneiss, (a name given to any crystalline, stratified rock composed of quartz and felspar, mixed with smaller quantities of hornblende, mica, or other simple minerals,) the most abundant, which along the east side of- the Middle country is a gray rock, consisting of quartz, felspar and black mica, with some spangles of white, and grains of hornblende — this is the fine Eichmond granite. In some of the layers. of this rock the felspar predominates, and the rock crumbles on exposure. The finer grained gneiss is generally called granite, the coarser Syenite, or Syenitic granite; the former are quartzose, the latter felspathic. Next, going westward, are other varieties of gneiss more slaty in struc- ture, containing more felspar and hornblende, (quartz is the flint rock, felspar is softer and duller in color, hornblende is dark green or black,) and are more decayed, sometimes into beds of porcelain clay or kaolin. These are succeeded, on the western border of this section, by a broad belt of micaceous, talcose and argillaceous slates, according to the ingredient predominant in the rock, whether mica, talc or soapstone, or alumina. The rocks on the east side of this slaty belt are most mica- ceous on the west talcose. In these belts are some beds or small tracts of chloritic gneiss, slate, steatite, serpentine, &c., making spots noted for fertility like the Green Spring country in Louisa county. In the more argillaceous part of this belt, the western side next to Piedmont, some of the slates become so sandy they pass as sandstones or conglomerates, (gneissoid sandstones,) and among these are found roofing slates and a fragmentary belt of limestone. Through the centre of this region runs the "gold belt," where gold is found in quartz veins, interstratified with the other rocks ; here are also veins of various kinds of iron and copper ores. This formation covers large areas of valuable country in all parts of the world. In this Middle section, as before stated, laid over the other rocks, (the granitic ones,) or filling depressions in them, are a number of patches of the Triassicf and Jurassic, or New Red sandstone rocks, sometimes called the Middle Secondary, and * Called Eozoic in the U, S. Statistical Atlas of 1874. t Classed with the Cretaceous as Mesozoic in U. S. Statistical Atlas. 4 26 generally known as ^^ brown stoned The localities of this are: (a) the "Richmond coal-field," a large oval area in Chesterfield, Powhatan, Goochland and Henrico counties, inside Middle Virginia; (h) a small oval territory bordering Tidewater between Ashland and Milford stations on the Richmond and Fredericksburg rail- road, and nearly divided by it; (c) a long, narrow strip, bordering Tidewater from several miles south of Fredericksburg, on, along the west bank of the Potomac, to near Mount Vernon; (cZ) a large wedge, nearly 600 square miles, resting for some twenty miles on the Potomac and extending southwest, between tlie Middle and Piedmont sections, to its apex on the Rapid Anne near Orange Courthouse, with a small outlying portion near that place, and extending beyond it towards Gor- dons ville; (e) a curved portion of land extending from Hampden Sidney College north through Farm ville to Willis' river, and northeast along that river to near Cum- ])erland Courthouse; (/) a narrow belt along James river from Scottsville, some 15 miles to the southwest; (g) a band of country some 60 miles long, extending from a point southeast of Campbell Courthouse southwest to the North Carolina line near Danville. These roclis are of the kind known as sedimentary — composed of particles of sand and earth, and of pebbles derived from other rocks, and deposited by water where they now are. They are in strata, some of coarse conglomerate, with very large pebbles ; others of finer material, making sandstones, slates and shales, gen- erally dark brown or red in color, but sometimes gray, brownish gray or yellow, and greenish gray. They generally dip but little, being nearly horizontal. The "brec- ciatcd marble " of the Potomac is from this formation, as is also the " brown stone " from Manassas. In this formation are found remains of plants, as lignite or coaly matter, and of fishes; and in the Richmond, Danville and Farmville portions are valuable beds of rich bituminous coal. Piedmont is in the same region of Primary'', Azoic or Transition rocks as Mid- dle, but they differ much in their characteristics. The gneiss of Piedmont, from the Blue Ridge to the Southwest Mountain, is usually of a darker color and coarser texture than that of Middle Virginia, and it lias much more variety in its structure and composition. Generally it contains more or less talce, or chlorite, not much mica, and very often hornblende and iron pyrites, the latter a powerful agent in decomposing rocks, and with hornblende giving a red tinge to the soil; so that this is often called the "Red-land" district. Near the base of the Blue Bidge are belts of granitic gneiss: also belts of mi- caceous, chloritic, argillaceous and talcose slates, generally narrow, with bands and patches of limestone. The epidotic^ or greenstone rocks, form the chief mass of the broken Southwest Mountain, or Coast Range Chain, the eastern border of Pied- mont. These rocks are of a greenish hue, with crystals of epidote and quartz. They weather into a yellowish soil that changes into orange and red, and is always fertile. Bands of iron ores of various kinds, slates, soapstone, &c., are found throughout this section. The Blue Ridge is the border land between the Azoic, Primary or Transition rocks, and the fossiliferous ones. Generally its eastern flank and summit, and sometimes a good portion of the western slope, are composed of the epidotic rocks 27 before mentioned, more highly epidotic than even those of Piedmont; and so it acquires peculiar geological characteristics. The epidote is found there compact, with quartz imbedded, as amygdaloid, &c. Here are also beds of epidotic granite, of whitish granite and of Syenite, with sandstones and slates of various kinds; but epidote is here more abundant than elsewhere, and this by decomposing makes the wonderful soil of this mountain range. The western flank of the Blue Ridge is composed of the rocks of the Cambrian, Potsdam Sandstone, Primal, or Formation I. of Professor Rogers ; for by all these names is known the " close-grained white or light gray sandstone," with beds of coarse conglomerate, brown sandstones and brownish olive-colored shales here found, that once made the eastern shore of a great ocean. In this formation are bands of specular iron ore and beds of hematite. The Valley is the region of Cambrian and Lower Silurian rocks — Form- ations I., II. and III., of Rogers, or from Potsdam to Hudson River formations, of New York, inclusive — a country mainly of limestone, slate and shale rocks, with a fertile soil and undulating surface. The section across the Valley through Staun- ton gives some 30 alternating bands of slates and limestones of various kinds, some magnesian, others silicious, or rich carbonates ; some compact, others flaggy or slaty, &c. Among these are beds of chert, iron ore, umber, lead, zinc, &c. This formation extends northward, and forms the rich Cumberland, Lebanon, and other valleys of Maryland, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the Hudson and Mohawk valleys of New York, and the Champlain valley of Vermont. Southwest it becomes the valley of East Tennessee, and extends into Alabama, making a great Central Valley, some 1,500 miles in length, of unsurpassed fertility and productiveness. This formation underlies a large portion of Scotland, especially the southern and central parts; much of the area of Wales, and large districts in the west, southwest and northwest of England. It covers an extensive tract in Russia ; is found in Spain, &c. The most fertile portions of New York, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Wisconsin and Missouri are also underlaid by this rock. Belonging to the Valley counties (the lines of which extend to the summit of the Blue Ridge, and cross, often, several ranges of the mountains west), of course we have the half of the summit and all the western slope of the Blue Ridge, already described. To it also, politically, will belong parts of the Upper Silurian and De- vonian Systems, that are more especially referred to in the account of the Appal- achian Country. These form long ridges that rise up and run for great distances in the Valley, like the Massanutton and other mountain ranges — making barriers that divide the Valley lengthways into two parallel valleys. The rocks of the Valley generally dip to the southeast at a high angle. In some places there runs an axis through the Valley from which the rocks dip both ways, to the southeast and to the northwest, making an anticlinal. The upturned edges of the rocks strike, or run, northeast and southwest with the Valley. Fragments of the Sub-Carboniferous formation are found along the western margin of the Valley, sometimes containing valuable beds of semi-anthracite coal, 28 • . as in Montgomery, Augusta and other counties. This formation consists of con- glomerates, shales, sandstones, &g The Appalachian Country, beginning with the mountains on the west side of the Great Valley, is occupied chiefly by the Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks from IV. to IX. inclusive. It also shows narrow outcrops of Lower Silurian and important areas of Carboniferous rocks, comprising sandstones, slates, limestones, coal seams, &c. The sandstones hold up the high, parallel ridges or chains of mountains that run unbroken for such long distances ; the slates and limestones form the rich valleys between. In these rocks are great continuous bands of hematite and fossil iron ores, among the most abundant and valuable in the world. The Devonian Rocks (or Old Red Sandstone — Rogers' VIII. and IX.; the Corn- iferous, Hamilton, Chemung and Catskill groups of New York) are found among those that have already been described, the convulsions of nature having exposed in successive ridges and valleys the different formations. Formation VIII. is com- posed of slates and slaty sandstones that often appear as low serrated ridges ; the slates are black, olive, green and reddish, sometimes with calcareous bands; some of the shales contain copperas, alum and iron ore. Formation IX. is known by its red slates and sandstones alternating with green, yellow, brown and dark gray shales and slaty sandstones, with some iron ore. The Sub-Carboniferious Rocks in Virginia, formations X. and XI., mce con- fined to narrow belts made up of conglomerates, slates, shales and limestones^ running along the southeast flanks of the North mountains. It is in Formation X. (Vespertine) that Rogers locates the coal of Augusta, Botetourt, Montgomery, &c. Formation XI. is very calcareous, and is the repository of the Gypsum and Rock- salt of Southwest Virginia (Rogers). This is the equivalent of the Carboniferous limestone of England. Great down-throws and upheavals of the rocks have brought the Carboniferous and Silurian formations in the southwestern portion of Appalachia side by side, and all the intervening formations are often wanting. Iron ore of good quality is found in the shales of this group. The Carboniferous or true coal-bearing rocks, Rogers' XII. to XV., cover but a moderate area in Virginia, when compared with that occupied by the other form- ations; still the State has nearly a thousand square miles of territory that belongs to the great Carboniferous, in the Southwest, in that portion of it lying north of the Clinch river and drained by its western branches, and in the Virginia territory drained by the Sandy river, with some small adjacent areas. This formation is a group of sandstones, slates, bands of limestone and seams of coal that together make the great Appalachian coal field — one of the most remarkable in the world for the number, thickness, quality and variety of its seams of bituminous coal, and for their accessibility above water level. The formations of Appalachia are the same as those that cover large portions of the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and Iowa. In Europe this formation occupies the Lowland region of Scotland, the country of 29 Edinburg and Glasgow, also the Cromarty and Caithness region; in England it underlies large areas in the northwest and southwest and in Wales. Section II. — The Soils of Virginia. The Character of the Soils of Virginia, as of other countries, is dependent on its geology : that understood, this becomes easy of comprehension. Tidewater is a Tertiary region; its soils are the alluvial deposits, the sands and clays peculiar to that formation. The soil of the low, flat, sandy shores and islands is, naturally, thin, light and soft: at the same time it is warm, and under the influences of a mild climate, a near ocean and bay, and the dense crops of wild bent-grass, magothy bay -beans, &c., that grow and decay upon it, it becomes very productive and " quick.'''' The salt-marshes of this region are rich in the elements ■of fertility, as is evidenced by the crops of grass they j)roduce. The soil of the Eastern Shore j)eninsula is like that already described, only it rests upon a stiff clay, and so retains fertilizers applied to it and is easily improved. The soils of "the Norfolk peninsula also belong to this class ; they are light, warm, easily tilled, •and respond quickly to the influence of fertilizers — all these may be characterized as garden soils, adapted to the hoe. In all this Upper Tertiary country there is much salt marsh and swamp land that, when properly drained, becomes exceed- ingly j3roductive. In every portion of Tidewater along the streams are "^rs^" or alluvial bottoms, •composed of mixed materials, the sediment of the waters — these, where above tide, ■or where protected by embankments, have a perpetual fertility. The second bottoms, or second terrace above the waters, are called the " rich lands" of the country — they "are composed of -loams of various qualities, but all highly valuable, and the best soils are scarcely to be surpassed in their original fer- tility and durability under severe tillage."* The subsoil is a dark red or yellow ■clay — the yellow becoming of a chocolate color on exposure — lying not very deep. These soils are drier and stiffer than those of the first bottom ; sometimes they are ■sandy, but all are susceptible of improvement. In some places there are spots of " shelly " soil, where the remains of oysters, aaussels, &c., have decomposed and mingled with the loam and sand. These are permanently fertile, bringing forth abundantly. "Shelly" soils could be made anywhere in this region, for Providence has bountifully supplied the means by which this "hint" may be taken advantage of The first and second bottoms are not far above the water level, and form a com- paratively small portion of the country. They are succeeded by the "slope," the Incline that reaches back to the ridge or water-shed of the peninsulas. The soil of these slopes — compared with that on the flat ridges — " is of a higher grade of fer- tility, though still far from valuable," * * " generally more sandy than the poorer ridge land,"* and, when exhausted by injudicious cultivation, inclined to wash * Edmund Kuffin's Calcareous Manures. 30 during rains. " The washing away of three or four inches in depth exposes a sterile sub-soil." Sometimes these soils are productive, but as a rule, do not wear. That they are not wanting in some of the elements of fertility, is well shown by the dense growth of pine trees that speedily covers them when abandoned by severe cultivation. Though thin, sandy and poor, and considered as almost valueless, these lands have been made fertile by using the marls and shells that are near by. The same can be done again. There is a large area of this land. " The ridge lands are always level, and very poor, sometimes clayey, more gen- erally sandy, but stiffer than would be inferred from the proportion of silicious earth they contain, which is caused by the fineness of its particles."* These evils "vary between sandy loam and clayey loam." Numerous shallow basins are found in these soils, which are filled with rain water in winter, and are dry in summer. The quantity of land in all the Tidewater country that pertains to the "slopes" and "ridges" is very large, but Mr. Ruffin has shown, by his cultivation and experi- ments, using the marls of the country as fertilizers, that they can be readily made productive. Captain John Smith observes of the soil of Tidewater, which he knew when in a state of nature, in 1607 : " The vesture of the earth in most places doth manifestly prove the nature of the soyle to be lusty and very rich." * * "Generally for the most part it is a blacke sandy mould, in some places a fat shiney clay, and in other places a very barren gravell." The soils of the Middle Country vary of course as the rocks do which they overlie. In the recently published Geology of New Jersey, speaking of a similar region in that State (page 68), it says: "Hitherto the country in which theyf are found, has been considered poor and little capable of improvement. But gradually the farmer has been encroaching upon them, and turning these unpromising hills into fruitful fields. It is observed that the rocks are in many places subject to rapid decay, and that in such localities the soil is susceptible of high cultivation.^' This re- port then gives an analysis of three varieties of felspar, common in the composition of the rocks there, and also in Middle Virginia, with the following results : Silica Alumina. Soda Potash ... Lime Soda Felspar. Potash Felspar. Soda and Lime Felspar. 68.6 64.6 - 62.1 19.6 18.5 23.7 11.8 16.9 14.2 100. 100.0 100.0 It has been found that the soda, and the soda and lime felspars, are more easily decomposed than the potash ones. It will readily appear that a soil containing the ingredients shown in the table must have the elements of fertility, and since there are numerous and wide belts of these in this section, we find here, upon these, fertile and productive soils. Along the streams, also, the transported materials of these easily decomposed rocks have been deposited, giving everywhere rich soils in the "bottom" lands. Where the beds of gray or light brown slate occur, the soil is not *Euffin. fThe Azoic rocks. 31 productive, but it has been found that lime renders the soil from these fertile. Wherever the rocks contain epidote, they decompose into a very fertile soil of a deep red hue. Sometimes these rocks cover considerable areas, and we find these noted for their fertility, like portions of Louisa, Buckingham, and the other coun- ties of this section. There are also calcareous soils found in various portions of the Middle Country, where the patches of limestone before mentioned occur. Theso are always fertile. Some of the red soils of this section are derived from gneiss rocks containing sulphuret of iron, hut not epidote. Such soils are as noted for sterility as the epidotic ones are for fertility. The soils of the Triassic or New Red Sandstone belts are generally fertile, and easily worked. The composition of these rocks in New Jersey shows what they furnish to make a good soil. The Red Shale of the Triassic at Brunswick, N. J., gave, by analysis,* the following results : Silicic acid and quartz 73.00 Peroxide of iron 10.00 Alumina 3.20 Lime ; 4.93 Magnesia 0.90 Potash 0.73 Soda 0.97 Sulphuric acid a trace Water 1.00 Other analyses of other rocks from this formation indicate the presence of a considerable percentage of lime, potash, soda, sulphuric acid, alumina, silica, &c., &c., all valuable ingredients of fertile soils. As a rule, the soils on the areas of this formation are among the best in this section. The soils of Piedmont, and of its Southwest Mountain border, as remarked in Section I., are much more epidotic in their character, and therefore naturally more fertile than most of those farther east. The red or chocolate colored soils of this section, formed from the decomposed, dark, greenish-blue sandstone here found, is generally considered the most fertile. This sandstone contains several per cent, of carbonate of lime. The other soils of this region are grayish or yellowish. These are by no means as fertile as the darker soils; but there are red soils here, as in Middle Virginia, that are also poor ones, and for the same reasons. The epidote rocks, from which the best soils of this region are formed, often contain, says Rogers, 24 per cent, of lime. Hornblende, in decomposing, forms a red soil also that is very fertile, but it contains magnesia, and less lime and alumina. The soils of Piedmont are, many of them, undoubtedly among the most fertile known, and can be made to produce a great variety and abundance of crops. They are loose and easily worked, but care must be exercised in their management, since they are easily washed away by heavy rains. If neglected, they are soon covered by a growth of underbrush. The Blue Ridge is composed of much the same materials as Piedmont, only * State Report. 32 they are richer in their abundance of greenstone rocks, which impart to the soils of this much expanded mountain range a wonderful fertility, and adapt them to the growth of rich grasses, vines, orchards and all the usual crops of the country wherever the character of the surface admits of cultivation. The soils in the sandstone belt of the western slope of this range are sandy and poor. Tiie soils of the Great Valley are quite numerous ; they are generally called limestone soils, as, this is '^ limestone region. The prevailing soil is a stiff, clayey loam, a durable and fertile soil well adapted to the growth of grass and grain. In the slaty belts tl^e admixture of the decomposed aluminous rocks makes a lighter and warmer soil. There are also belts of sandy or gravelly soil that are cold and require cultivation and fertilizers to make them productive, but once redeemed they yield very well. Much the larger portion of the Valley has, naturally, a good soil, rich in the elements of fertility. The soil, like the rocks, runs in belts, with the Valley, and the lean ones are the smaller number. The streams, as in all limestone regions, are very winding, so there is here a considerable area of bottom lands. Washington''' said of this section that "in soil, climate and productions, and in my opinion will be considered, if it is not considered so already, as the Garden of America." The soils of the Appalachian region are very marked in their character; the sandstone ridges and mountains are very poor, while those made up of limestones and some of the shales are very rich ; some of the slate valleys have a thin and poor soil, others on limestone or certain red sandstones are very rich : indeed, the natural exuberant fertility of some of these broad ridges and narrow valleys is something wonderful. Some of the little valleys are appropriately called " gardens." This region is so penetrated by streams that it has everywhere alluvial lands. Thus it appears that there are soils of every variety, in Virginia, suited to all kinds of productions. In Tidewater : peat-bottom, or swamp and savanna lands, for cranberry culture ; salt marshes and meadows for grass and cheap grazing; river marshes that reclaimed are fine hemp lands; plains with soft and warm soil for great market gardens and the rearing of delicate fruits ; river bottoms, marly alluvial lands, excellent for cotton, corn, wheat, oats or meadows;' thin, sandy uplands, for great sheep pastures and for forest planting. ' In Middle: day soils that produce the finest of wheat; mixed sand and clay well suited to general agriculture; thin lands, where fruit-growing would be remunerative; river low-grounds, where great crops of Indian corn and rank tobacco grow from year to year without exhausting their fertility ; light soils, where the finer kinds of tobacco are produced; lands for Swedes, Mangolds, &c., and improved sheep husbandry. In Piedmont : rich upland loams, unsurpassed as wheat or tobacco lands, and producing heavy crops of cultivated grasses; low grounds, where the corn crop is always good, and where heavy shipping tobacco comes to perfection ; lighter soils, where the vine and the apj)le produce abundantly; the best of lands for dairies and for sheep and cattle rearing. * Letter to Sir John Sinclair, 1796. 33 In the Blue Ridge, where the natural grasses invite to sheep and cattle grazing, and the rich, warm soil and sunny exposures are adapted to fruit culture on lands that elsewhere would be too valuable for the plow. In the Valley : the natural blue grass lands, the home of the stock-raiser and dairyman ; the heavy clay lands, fat in fertilizing ingredients, always repaying the labor spent on them in crops of corn or wheat; the lighter slaty lands, famous for wheat crops; the poorer ridge lands, where sheep rearing should be followed. In the Mountain Region are great cattle ranges — lands where grass grows naturally as soon as the trees are cleared away and !"^e sunlight admitted; rich meadow lands in the valleys well suited to dairying ; fat corn or tobacco lands along the. streams ; lands for root crops along the slopes and on tJie plateaus. Section III. — The Minerals of Virginia. The Mineral Resources of Virginia are very great, though as yet mostly un- ■developed. They comprise gold, iron, copper, lead and zinc; semi-bituminous and bituminous coals ; granite, limestone, marble, freestone, greenstone and brownstone ; brick and fire-clays, glass sand, plumbago, manganese, gypsum, salt, &c., &c. The Tidewater Country can hardly be called a mineral region, and yet it abounds in agricultural minerals, which to it, a country so well adapted to agricul- ture, are invaluable. The use of these can make this region everywhere fertile. Among the Agricultural Minerals, the greensand marl is first in importance. This mineral, so rich in carbonate and sulphate of lime, alumina, potash, &c., is found in extensive deposits in the Lower' Tertiary formation, very accessible and convenient to navigation and railway transportation. The use of marls in the State of New Jersey has revolutionized its agriculture. More than a million tons of it were there applied in 1868. The blue marl is hardly less valuable, containing often 40 per cent, of carbonate of lime; it is full of decomposed shells. This abounds everywhere in the Middle Tertiary, its beds being found near the level of the rivers. White, chalky-looking marl is abundant in portions of the Middle Tertiary. This is rich in calcareous matter, sometimes containing 75 to 95 per cent, of carbonate of lime. Yellow marls are also common. These are valuable for some soils. The iron in these often ce- ments them into a kind of limestone. The noted "phosphate beds." of South Caro- lina are in a formation similar to that on the shores of Virginia, and such may yet be found here. Peat, valuable as a fuel and fertilizer, exists in the swampy plains. The Architectural Minerals of Tidewater are : the best of clay for brick making, like the London clay, found in all sections ; shell marl, often in beds hard enough for building purposes, and that can be easily rought; TertiEir y limestones are frequent, and furnish a very good building material; the ferruginous sandstones are sometimes used. The materials for concrete, sand and pebbles, and shells for lime, are in all parts. The gray granites, at the head of tide, are among the best known. The brownstone is also on the border. These can be shipped directly from tlie qiiarries to all parts of this water-penetrated region. 5 34 Some bands of iron ore are found among the strata of the marls, &c., in various parts of Tidewater, some of them a foot thick. A specimen from Surry county yielded Professor Rogers 72.4 per cent, of peroxide. The architectural minerals of the Middle Country are the fine gray granite^ found in its eastern border at the head of tide, at . Richmond, Petersburg, Frede- ricksburg and elsewhere. This is of an even texture, easily wrought to a smooth surface, can be obtained in large slabs or blocks, is strong and durable, and has a pleasant tint. The trade in this fine building stone is increasing. It is being used in the construction of public buildings at Washington and elsewhere. The brown- stone of the Triassic is an esteemed building material, and is extensively used locally. Where that formation is crossed by the Midland railroad near Manassas, this rock is quarried and shipped to market. The Potomac oy brecciated marble, found not far from Leesburg, is used for inside columns and ornamental work. A modified va- riety of this is found in Fauquier and other counties. Gh^eenish and bluish slates, compact and separating into slabs suitable for building, are also found in this Tri- assic in Culpeper and elsewhere. In numerous localities, interstratified with the gneiss, are beds of soapstone, as in Amelia, valuable for hearths, furnaces, &c. Clays for brick are found in very many localities, and kaolin for fire bricks is often met with, as in Prince Edward, Cumberland, &c. Granite, stratified and unstratified, exists throughout the region. Gneiss, of a granitic character, laminated so that it is easily split into slabs, is found, as at the valuable quarries at Columbia on the James. A wide belt of this runs through the country. A syenite, found in Camp- bell county, is used for mill-stones, cut out in a single piece. Asbestus, used in making a fire-proof roofing, is found in Pittsylvania and elsewhere. Roofing slate, of the very best quality, is found in great abundance in Buckingham and other counties. Several companies are engaged in quarrying it. In the western border of this section, in Albemarle, &c., is a fine slate for mantels, hearth-stones, &c., being soft and easily cut. 3Iica is obtained in Hanover, Goochland, Louisa, &c., of a quality suitable for stove windows. A great variety and abundance of building materials are found everywhere. The agricultural minerals of the Middle Country are the beds of limestone, dis- posed in lenticular masses along its western border, and the epidotic rocks, that ex- tend through its whole territory. Both of these can be used to great advantage on the lands here. The ores and metals of Middle Virginia are : gold, which is found in a belt some 15 or 25 miles in widtb, that runs for 200 miles through this section from Wash- ington city to Halifax Courthouse. This is known as the "Gold Belt" of Virginia. It is composed of a series of granitic, syenitic. steatitic, chloritic and other rocks peculiar to this section, striking northeast and southwest with the belt, and dipping at high angles, or standing nearly vertical. Stratified with these are numerous veins of gold-bearing quartz, seams of magnetic, specular, hematite and other ores of iron, trap dykes, &c. The gold found in these materials varies in value from $1.30 to $1,000 to the ton; an average 100 tons, from the surface downward, is estimated as worth $939.32.* Assays of samples from the Franldin mine, in Fauquier county, made * Keport of Kiclimond Chamber of Commerce for 1871. Article on "Gold Belt." 35 by R. D. Irving, of New York, in 1870, gave for 200 pounds of materials from the veins, as an average value, in one sample, $46.40 of gold and $1.48 of silver; in another, $72.55 of gold and $0.41 of silver, while another gave but $2.32 of gold. The mean value of the assays of 10 samples was $24.44 to the ton of 2,000 pounds. Large num- bers of mines have been opened along the " belt," notably in Fauquier, Culpeper, Spotsylvania, Orange, Fluvanna and Buckingham counties, and from these and gath- erings from the surface and soils, $1,662,627 worth of gold had reached the U. S. Mint up to June 30th, 1871.* If the same skill and capital were employed here as in California, these mines, in the opinion of practical miners, would yield as well as those of that noted gold-producing State. Silver is associated with some of the gold- bearing rocks above nanied, especially the chloritic slate. Cop-per pyrites are abun- dant in all the "gold belt;" carbonate of copper is also found. The excellent character of the sulphurets of copper of this region is becoming known, and large quantities of this ore are now shipped from Tolersville in Louisa county. An analysis of a sample of the Tolersville pyrites, by Pattinson, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, England, gave — . Sulphur 43.00 per cent. Copper 5.89 " Silicious Matter 8.73 " Moisture 0.38 " Another analysis, by Gibb, of Jarrow, gave — ■ Sulphur..., , 48.25 per cent. Copper 0.60 " Silica 5.60 •' Plumbago, of good quality, occurs in Halifax, Amelia and other counties. Iron ores are found in great plenty, and the first successful furnaces in America were on. the hematite beds of this section. In the "gold belt" are seams of specular iron ore, from 10 to 15 feet in thickness, extending with the belt. Sulphuret of iron is very plentiful in the same range, and extensive deposits of brown hematite ores are well known, both in the belt and along its eastern border. Magnetic iron ores are found in thick veins in many localities, as in Buckingham, Spotsylvania, &c. It may be stated as a general fact, that any section across the 200 miles of the length of Mid- dle Virginia will embrace a dozen valuable seams of iron ore — including Umonites or hydrous peroxides, magnetites, chromates, sulphurets, micaceous, specular, &c., where the ores are abundant and can be easily mined. The introduction of cheap coal, now inaugurated, will bring these into use. Prof. Rogers gives the following analyses of ores here found : LOCALITY. COUNTY. Composition in 100 Parts. 4^' "^ Peroxide of Iron. Alumina. Silica, &c. Water. Loss. ^^2 1. Ross Furnace Campbell 81.11 76.00 84.00 84.20 72.00 85.15 0.28 0.50 0.85 0.56 1.33 4.00 6.54 13.00 7.60 4.50 16.47 4.20 11.10 10.00 7.10 10.00 10.04 6.50 0.97 0.50 0.45 0.74 56 77 2. stonewall Creek 53 20 S. Elk Creek 58 80 4. Falling River Campbell 58 94 5. Neiv Canton 50 40 6. Chesterfield County Mej'chants and Bankers Almanac, 1872. Bituminous coal and natural coke are found in extensive beds in the Triassic or New Eed Sandstone — especially in the " Richmond coal field " portion, where the coal-bearing rocks cover 150 square miles of surface. Over a million* tons were taken from this field in the 20 years, from 1822 to 1842. It has been longer known and Avorked than any other field in America, but never to the extent that the value of its coals would seem to justify. t " In the part of this field upon the north side of James river five seams of €oal have been opened, varying in thickness from two and a half to eight feet, giv- ing an aggregate of more than 20 feet, as at Carbon Hill. On the south side of the river, at Midlothian, three seams have been opened, varying in thickness from 4 feet ■to 40, making from 50 to 60 feet of coal. One of the seams on the north side, from two and a half to six feet thick, is a natural coke (the coal having been coked by the intrusion of a trap dyke), known as carbonite ; the other seams are coking coals, highly bituminous, as they should be, for they are young coals, and therefore fat, as the adage says, and admirably adapted to gas making. For this purpose the mines are extensively worked. "Professor Hull, in the last edition of his work on the 'Coal-Fields of Great Britain,' says: 'The Richmond coal-field contains several beds of valuable coal, one of which is from thirty to forty feet in thickness, highly bituminous, and equal to the best coal of Newcastle.' "These mines are admirably located for commercial purposes, and the coals are highly commended by all that have used them." The analyses of these coals, bj^ Prof Rogers, give from 55.20 to 70.80 per cent, of carbon, from 22.83 to 38.60 of volatile matter, with from 2 to 22.60 per cent, of ash (most of the samples contain a small percentage of ash). A recent analysis J (1873) made in Glasgow, Scotland, gives the following results from seven analyses of samples from diff'erent seams and localities : Volatile matter, 14.26 to 34.57 per cent. (Fixed Carbon, 56.23 to 81.61 per cent. ColiC \ Sulpbnr, 0.04 to 1.10 per cent, L Ash, 2.24 to 8.88 per cent. Water (at 212= Fahr.), 0.82 to 1.80 per cent. Dry Coke, per ton of Coal, 12 cwt. 3 qrs. 13 lbs. to 16 cwt. 3 qrs. 10 lbs. Coke, per cent., 64,33 to 84.18, Sulphur ill volatile matter, 1,14 to 0,78, or in all 0.18 to 1.83. Heating power calculated, 8.35 to 11.04. Specific gravity, 1.219 to 1.321. Weight of a cubic foot, 77.6 to 82.3 pounds. Weight per inch per acre, 123 to 133 tons. The most important element in coals is the fixed carbon, and Dr. Wallace says: "In this respect the whole of the coals are of excellent quality, and are considerably superior to the average of the Newcastle coal, which, in many respects, they resem- ble." The Carbonite, or natural coke, the same authority says, "is a material admi- * E, C, Taylor— Statistics of Coal, I Address of Maj, Jed. Hotchldss before Society of Arts, London, 1873, t Dr. William Wallace's. 37 raWy adapted for stoves,* having a high heating power, and containing very little ash or sulphur." The census of 1870 reports 61,803 tons mined. Danaf says: " The coal is of good quality, and resembles the bituminous coal of the Carboniferous era ;" and MacfarlaneJ — " This oldest of our coal fields is yet to- see its best daj^s." And why should it not, when it has a capacity for an annual production of millions of tons, is but a few miles from .tidewater, and can be water-borne to all the Atlantic cities. The Triassic coal has been partially opened in the field near Farmville; also, in the one near the North Carolina line. It is not likely that it is worth mining to any extent in the other Triassic beds — they are too shallow. Piedmont has, for architectural purposes, an abundance, in all portions of it, of the best of hrich clay ; good roofing and heavier slates are found in Amherst and other localities; soapstone is found in Madison and elsewhere; variegated r)iarhle in Fau- quier, and kaolin in numerous localities. The various gneissoid rocks, greenstone, &c., afford excellent and beautiful building stones. For agricultural purposes this, like Middle Virginia, has the epidote rocks, the decay of which constantly renews its fertility. The ores of Piedmont are very valuable ; its beds of magnetic iron ore are nume- rous throughout its extent, notably in Nelson, Amherst, Albemarle, &c. The quantity of magnetic ore, of the best quality, in this section, is very large, and now that coal is accessible, these most valuable ores must come into use, espe- cially for mixing with other ores of iron. Prof Kogers mentions the S. W. Moun- tain and Buffalo Ridge, its prolongation S. W., as containing deposits of this, with micaceous iron ore. Recent§ operations in Amherst and Nelson counties, along James river and between it and Buffalo Ridge, have exposed some 25 parallel veins of iron ore, vary- ing in width from 5 to 60 feet. The ores are the specular, magnetic, brown 'hema- tite, micaceous and manganiferous. The following analyses of these ores indicate fully their character : Analysis of Magnetic and Specular Ores from Virginia, made ly Prof. F. A. Gently Bee, 1874. * Meaning those of blast furnaces. X Coal Eegions of America — 1873. f Manual of Geology— 1871. § Keport of Iron Company. ii o 32 d d • fco O a3 B o ft No. 10 J^. Magnetic. . d fe CD No. 18. Specular. d s Silicic Acid (Quartz) 30.86 0.20 0.3T 55.04 0.17 10.24 0.88 0.9T 1.2T 4.10 0.15 0.02 90.74 0.11 4.43 0.12 0.29 0.04 14.67 0.22 0.08 82.38 0.32 1.96 0.06 0.23 0.18 3.04 0.10 0.11 91.39 0.17 4.20 0.15 0.20 0.64 16.60 0.18 0.54 75.69 0.29 3.76 0.25 1.29 1.40 11.32 0.22 0.70 81.86 0.20 3.06 0.18 1.38 1.08 3.29 Trace 0.08 95.24 0.09 0.53 0.07 0.04 0.66 25.08 0.43 0.55 64.40 0.27 7.07 0.45 0.71 1.04 24 03 Titanic Acid Phosphoric Acid 93 Ferric Oxide ; . 62.29 Manganic Oxide 19 Alumina 3.03 Magnesia 10 Lime 0.20 Water 9.24 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 lOO.OO 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Metallic Iron 38.53 0.16 65.71 0.009 57.68 0.035 63.97 0.048 52.98 0.237 57.30 0.307 66.32 0.035 45.08 0.24 43 60 Phosphorus 41 38 The manganiferous ore here found was also analyzed by Prof. Genth, with the following results : Silicic Acid 2.74 Phosphoric Acid 0.76 Binoxide of Manganese ; 66.91 Binoxide of Cobalt 0.79 Ferric Oxide , 18.34 Alumina , 1.50 Magnesia , 0.40 Lime 0.93 Water 5.00 Baryta 2.63 100.00 Manganese 42.34 Phosphorus 0.33 A comparison of these analyses with those of the ores of Lake Superior and other portions of the United States, and with those of Europe, is very favorable to these ores, and shows that some of them, from their freedom from impurities, are especially adapted to the manufacture of Bessemer steel and the most valuable grades of iron. The best Lake Superior ores contain from 50.40 to 65.94 per cent, of metallic iron, 0.03 to 0.22 per cent, of phosphorus, and from 0.01 to 0.35 per cent, of sulphur. The magnetic ores of New York contain from 58.31 to 64.31 per cent, of metallic iron, from 0.022 to 0.723 per cent, of phosphorus, and from 0.002 to 1.502 per cent, of sulphur. A test of the strength of pig iron recently made by the United States showed that the iron from No. 11 of above table resisted a pressure of 20,600 pounds to the square inch, while that of the Thomas Iron Company, of Pennsylvania, stood but 18,000, and that of the Cold Spring Furnace, of Hudson, New York, 17,000 pounds. The President of the Virginia Midland Railway, Col. J. S. Barbour, in his re- port* to the State in 1874, mentions the opening of deposits of magnetic ore, for 30 miles along his railway, in Albemarle and Nelson 'counties. Some ore from Albemarle is "regarded as suitable for the manufacture of Bessemer pig iron." Deposits of ore have also been opened in Orange county, and a vein of specular ore, that has been traced for 30 miles through Culpeper, Orange and Albemarle, has been found to contain over " 60 per cent, of metallic iron, and to be free from sul- phur and phosphorus." This ore is of an excellent quality for making steel, and is so situated that it can be cheaply mined and transported to Pennsylvania and other Atlantic States, where it is needed to mix with local ores to produce the best results. In Franklin county, Prof Rogers mentions a bed of magnetic oxide from 4 to 6 feet thick, and another in Patrick from 3 to 6 feet wide — "a fine-grained, generally black ore." These ores yield from 70 to 72.4 per cent, of metallic iron, noted for purity and tenacity. Specular, magnetic and hematite and other iron ores exist in gx- * Report of Virginia Board of Public Works for 1874, page 31. 39 tensive beds throughout Piedmont. Green carbonate of copper is found in small quantities in several counties, but little is known concerning it. Lead has been mined in Nelson county, the ore yielding some 52 per cent, of metallic lead and forty-five dollars worth of silver to the ton; lead is also found in Franklin and other counties. Brown oxide of titanium is known near Lynchburg. Manganese is extensively mined in Nelson county, and evidences of its existence in otlwr locali- ties are numerous. The Blue Ridge has beautiful greenstones and some granitic rocks that answer for building stones, though, as a rule, these rocks are too soft or decay too readily, making good soil but poor walls ; the reliance for the latter must be on the harder sandstones of the western slope. V/here the greenstones are hard, nothing is pret- tier, or more agreeable in color for building purposes. Mention has been made several times of the valuable properties of the ejndote of this mountain range for enriching the soil. Prof T. Sterry Hunt (formerly of the Geological Survey of Canada), in a recent article,* speaking of the southwestern por- tion of the Blue Ridge, says: "The traveler from New England, who expects ledges of rock, beds of sand and gravel, and huge boulders scattered over the "land, the marks of what is called glacial action, is surprised to find nothing of all this here. The hills to their very summits are covered not only ivith dense forests, hut with a deep and strong soil, which is, however, very unlike the layers of clay and loam with which he is familiar. The rocks themselves, although of gneiss and mica slate, like that which prevails over so great a part of New England, have undergone a process of decay which has rendered them so soft that they may be readily cut by a spade or pick, although retaining all the veins and layers which marked their original stratifica- tion. Without having been broken or ground up, these hard rocks have moldered into a soft clayey mass, forming a soil 20 feet, and often much more, in depth, which from its peculiar structure has a natural drainage, and possesses, moreover, great fertility." These observations could be made in regard to nearly all the 300 miles of the length of this most fertile region. The ores of the Blue Ridge are: copper, more or less, the whole length of the range, as carbonates, sulphurets, &c., chiefly in the latter form. In Floj^d, Carroll and Grayson, a dozen mines were once opened and several thousand tons of ore, yield- from 6 to 30 per cent, of metal, were sent to market. Prof T. S. Hunt, at the 1872 meeting of the American Science Congress, called attention to these Blue Ridge mines as sources from which abundant supplies of copper and sulphur could be obtained. . Stating that England imports from Spain sulphurets of iron for sulphuric acid with which to treat the South Carolina phosphates, and we bring native sulphur from Sicily for the same purpose, "while the mountains of the Blue Ridge contain deposits of sulphur ore as abundant as those of Spain." England draws annually a half million tons of sulphurets from Spain, and 5 to 6,000 tons of Sicily sulphur are yearly used at Charleston, S. C In a letter to the Eng. anJ ..lining Journal, of N. Y., Aug. 12th, 1873, Prof. Hunt states that he traced a belt of copper in Carroll county 7 miles N. E. and S. W.; it was from 20 to 200 feet wide— adding, "The supply of sulphur ores which *In New York Tribune. 40 the region could be made to supply is enormous— only 17 miles, by good road, to near Meadows* Station." Some of the ore yields 26 to 29 per cent, of copper. The manufacture of alkalies, soda-ash, &c. — one of the most important of indus- tries, but not found in the whole United States — is dependent upon such sulphurets. The salt, the coal, and the copper ores of Southwest Virginia, offer the finest field in the world for this industry. More than half the copper furnished to the world comes from the 6 to 8 per cent, ores of Chili. Space forbids more on this important subject. Iron ores of great value are found in these same Blue Ridge counties. Prof- Rogers says of some. iron ore in Grayson county, that it often yields, "by the usual smelting process, a metal having all the qualities of steel." Limonite the yellow,, hematite the red, and magnetite the hlach iron ores, are found in this region, though it has been poorly explored. Pleavy strata of specular iron ore, many feet thick, are often found on the western flanks of this range, near the dividing line of the Azoic and Potsdam formations — it gives from 30 to 40 per cent, of iron, and is valuable for mixing with the richer ores near by. The following analysis of specular ore from this range, in Augusta county, is. by Prof. Mallett, of the University of Virginia : Peroxide of iron , 2.G4 Sesquioxide of iron 51 .33 Alumina = 1.73 Maocnesia 1.93 Silicic acid, as fine quartz 42.69 Trace of magnetite. Metallic ii'on 37.98 Among the foot-hills at the western base of the Blue Ridge, in the red shales of the Potsdam, or Formation I., often adjacent to the Valley limestone itself, is the remarkable deposit of broivn hematite or hydrated peroxide of iron, that for nearly 30Q miles offers its great beds, of the best quality, of this valuable ore to the manufacturer. This ore is often found in beds from 10 to 100 feet thick, and these, especially to the southwest, often extend unbroken for miles. The quantity and quality of this ore is a constant theme of remark in Prof. Rogers' Reports. These ores often yield, as the "run of the furnace," some 60 per cent, of i:;:xetallic iron, noted for its general excellence. The following analysis, by Booth and Garrett, in 1868, of ore from the Fox Mountain bank, of Hon. Wm. Milnes, Page county, shows the character of these ores: Peroxide of iron 79.77 Oxide of manganese Trace. Silica , . 6.75 Alumina 80 Magnesia 05 Lime , Sulphur Phosphoric acid Water - ~ Metallic iron 55. ft* Phosphorus 06 *Max Meadows, Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Kailroad, Wythe county. 41 The analysts state that this ore is noteworthy — (1), for its percentage of iron; (2), for the small amount of silex, with ample alumina to slag it off; (^3), for the small percentage of sulphur and phosphorus; (4), for containing one-eighth water, making it more reducible in the bosh of the furnace ; and from the proportion the small amount of sulphur and phosphorus bear to each other, they should neutralize the respective cold and hot short properties they impart to iron. They consider this adapted to making Bessemer steel. The furnace that used this ore, a common cold-blast^ charcoal one, from June 18 to Dec. 19, 1866, made 799 tons (2,240 lbs.) of pig iron, from 3,300,194 lbs. of ore, 367,500 lbs. of limestone, and 104,125 bushels of charcoal — a yield of over 54 per cent, of metallic iron. Fine beds of manganese are found in the Blue Ridge also. The Gkeat Valley has many varieties of limestone — magnesian, silicious, flaggy, coralline, &c., for building purposes, and it is difficult to find better, all things considered ; the best of lime, both common and hydraulic, is burned from them; there are also excellent /reestowes. Clay, for brick making, of good quality, abounds; and beds of kaolin are common near the foot of the Blue Ridge. Several varieties of marble, most of them dark or mottled, are often found. The limestone gives a choice for almost any quality of lime for agricultural pur- poses; calcareous marls are plentiful in the beds of the smaller streams; the caves, which are numerous, are rich in nitrous earth. Iron ores, brown hematites, are found in " pockets " in all portions of the Val- ley. These can supply large quantities of fine ores. Umber exists in many places. In the mountain ranges that rise up in the Valley are very extensive beds of several varieties of iron ore. The Valley limestones make an excellent /mx for iron; they are carried east for that purpose. Lead/^ is found in many parts of this region. The mines in Wythe county have been worked since 1763, and some 25,000,000 pounds have been taken from them. The crude ore, sulphuret and carbonate generally, is found in veins in the limestone, and gives an average yield of 5 per cent, of metal, though some ores produce from 12 to 15 per cent. This metal could be mined hero very extensively. 2^mc, sillicate and carbonate mostly, and sulphuret, abounds in the same locality in Wythe courty. The ores are shipped to other States for smelt- ing at present. Zinc is found co-extensive with the lead. Fine sand is abundant along the eastern side of the Valley. The large deposit of pure kaolin in Augusta, has been used in the manufacture of " stone china " and " Rockingham " wares, and is now made into terra-cotta pipes and tiles, fire bricks, &c. Barytes are mined ex- tensively in Smyth. Beds of semi-anthracite or semi-bituminous coal are found all along the western side of the Valley throughout its whole extent. These are detached and broken fragments of what some call the proto-carboniferous, and others the false coal-measures (overlying the old red sandstone it is said), brought into these topographical rela- tions by a great downthrow c-*" ]\/." gher formations. These fragments are gene- rally of small extent, yet they furnish two or more seams of good semi-anthra- cite coal, but so disturbed and crushed as to be of little value. In the New river basin is found, on the contrary, a very well developed coal-field of this era, *Most of the lead is now (1875) made into shot at the mines. 42 containing, among others, two very accessible seams of good coal, varying in thick- ness from two to three and a half, and from six to nine feet. The better part of the field is thought to be the thirty miles of the length of it lying north of New river in Montgomery county; hence the whole is often spoken of as the Montgomery coal field, but very good openings have been made through 100 miles in length of a somewhat narrow belt along the west side of the Valley. These coals have only been used for domestic purposes, but the proximity of the great hematite iron de- posits must soon lead to their trial for manufacturing purposes. The profitable area of this field may be roughly estimated at 100 square miles. Professor Refers gives this analysis of the Montgomery county coal: Carbon 80.20 Bitumen, &c 13.60 Ash 6.20 And adds : The combustible value or calorific power of 100 parts of this coal is equivalent to that of 92.5 parts of carbon. A sample from Botetourt county gave : Carbon 78.50 Bitumen 16.50 Ash 5.00 Calorific power 89.04 The Dora mines are in these measures in Augusta county. The Appalachian region has a great variety and abundance of excellent build- ing stones in the numerous seams of limestone, sandstone, freestone, &c., extending through it. The beautiful variegated broivn marbles, known as "Tennessee," are found in Scott county. In other localities encrinal marbles, having a great variety of colors, are found. The limestones are, many of them, easily wrought, and have a pleasant tint. The heavy, fine-grained sandstones are highly esteemed for the construction of furnaces. Brick clay is found in all the limestone valleys, and fire day in connection with the extensive ranges of iron ore deposits. The limestones of this region are of the best character for burning into agri- cultural lime. Marls are found along the streams of the numerous limestone valleys ; and in the caves and fissures of the limestone ridges nitrous earths are abundant. This Appalachian Country includes the great "iron beW' of Virginia, in which ure found vast quantities of the red and brown iron ores, limonites, hematites, and ■sorne that resemble magnetites, spoken of as red or broivn hematites, fossil ore, red shale ore, dyestone ore, &c. Professor Rogers says: "Of the twelve rocks, each marked by certain distinctive characters, composiag the mountains and valleys of this region, it has been determined that at least eight are accompanied by beds of iron ore. Each ore has distinctive marks by which it may be recognized, and peculiarities of com- position, fitting it for certain uses to which others would be less happily adapted. Thus, in the quantity and variety of this material in all its valuable forms, our State is now proved to have no rival."* * * Again, speaking of smelting iron with raw coals, (now, 1873, being done) — "Should these improvements be brought into extensive operation, as in process of time they most assuredly will, the pros- perity of this vast and almost forgotten portion of the State will outstrip anything that the imagination of its present inhabitants can conceive."* Speakingf of For- *Eeportof 1836. fEeport of 1837, 43 mation No. VII. : " Indeed this part of it, throughout a large portion of the Appa- lachian region, is the repository of continuous beds of iron ore of imviense extent, which often replace the sandstone for a great depth." In the first ranges of the mountains west of the Valley, called by various names. Little North Mountain, &c., but as a range known as the Kitatinny, on their eastern and western slopes are found solid masses of hroion hematite iron ore, presenting the appearance of a thick stratum be- tween the sandstone and limestone rocks that form the mountains and dip, generally, at a considerable angle. These ores extend to unknown depths between these rocks, and often stand out as huge bluffs, along the sides of the ridges, frovfi 10 to 50 feet high. As the same formation is repeated in a number of successive ranges of mountains, so, also, is the deposit of this ore. The following analyses, by 0. J. Heinrich, of two samples from the largest bluff deposits, at Elizabeth Furnace, in Augusta county, show the general character of these ores : Water 10.33 14.656 Peroxide of iron , 73.33 83.310 Oxide of alumina 2.00 .500 Oxide of lime 1.00 Oxide of magnesia 30 .066 Silicic acid 12.20 1.466 Carbonic acid ■ .83 Loss 01 .002 100.00 100.000 Metallic iron 51.33 58.32 Analyses by Britton, of hematite ores from Callie Furnace, near Clifton Forge, Alleghany county, give a yield of 58.60 per cent, of metallic iron. The manganese found in some of these ores gives them a special value for use in the manufacture of Bessemer steel. In the same ranges of mountains the poorer, but, for many purposes, not less valuable, red shale ores are found ; their seams are not as thick, but they are veiy abundant. The Fossil-ore of Formation V. — the Clinton ore of New York and the Paint or Dyestone ore of Tennessee — is notably developed in the southwestern portion of this region, where it runs for a hundred miles or more in persistent strata, some of them from two to five feet in thickness; these ores are generally found in low ridges. At Cumberland Gap the Dyestone seam, in Poor Valley Ridge, a low range in Virginia, parallel to the Cumberland Mountain, is from 24 to 30* inches thick, regularly stratified and quarried in blocks. Prof Rogers gives this analysisf of the ore at Cumberland Gap : Peroxide of iron 76.60 Alumina 7.60 Carbonate of lime 1.00 Water 3.00 Silica and insoluble matter 11.30 Loss 0.60 100.00 Metallic iron 53.55 per cent. It also contained traces of oxide of manganese and of magnesia. * Saflford — Geology of Tennessee. ] Eeport of 1840. 44 This"^ ore, when 'pure, can yield 70 per cent, of metallic iron. As the formation in which this ore is found is repeated in many parallel ridges, so, in like manner, the beds of ore are multipled. This ore, in the southwest of Appalachia, has the advantage of being within 8 or 10 miles, sometimes nearer, of the eastern edge of the great Appalachian coal field, as in Lee, Scott, Russell and Tazewell counties. It is difficult to find another belt of country, 300 miles long and averaging 15 miles in tvidth, that is as well supplied with immense deposits of numerous kinds of the ores of this most valuable metal as this Appalachian iron belt of Virginia. Gypsum, or plaster (sulphate of lime), is found in beds that have been opened for more than twenty miles along the North Fork of Holston river, in Washington and Smyth counties. In some places shafts have been sunk in the plaster for 500 feet without going through it. The width of the deposit is unknown — often over 50 yards — giving a quantity of this most valuable specific manure almost beyond calculation. An analysis of two specimens, made at the Virginia Military Institute, gave 78.86 and 76.81 per cent, of sulphate of lime in this plaster; pitre sulphate would contain 79.07, showing the excellent quality of the Holston plaster. This plaster is sold at the mines at $2.50t per ton; it reaches market by the railroad from Saltville. " Itsf virtues are well known and highly prized. It doubles the grass crop and grain, and greatly improves corn. One bushel of 100 pounds is sown to the acre." Salt is found in the same region with the plaster, at Saltville, on the North Fork of Holston; brine is drawn from Artesian wells about 200 feet deep, the water rising to within 40 feet of the surface. This brine comes from a solid bed of rock salt, 200 feet below the level of the Holston, and borings have been made into it 176 feet without passing through it. The supply of brine is not affected by any operations yet car- ried on, and at one time, during the Confederate war, 10,000 bushels of salt were made there each day for some six months. The present yield is about 360,000 J bushels a year, using wood for fuel. When improvements contemplated bring the coal, that is but 40 miles off, to these works, there will be a very large amount of salt made here, as it has the advantage by being so far inland. The copper ores of Floyd, before mentioned, make it possible to here locate, successfully, alkali works-. Professor Lesley, in the report before referred to, mentions the fact that a salt well has been bored in Tazewell county, and adds : "It must be borne in mind that the salt wells of Eastern Kentucky get their water from the conglomerate at the base of the Coal Measures. There must, therefore, be a salt water bearing forma- tion several hundred feet below the coal bed at the bottom of this well." Salt has been made at works in the southeastern part of Lee county, on the waters of Clinch river. There is, no doubt, an abundance of brine throughout this region in the formation above named. * SaflforcT — Geology of Tennessee t Prof. Lesley — 1871 — Report on this Eegion to Am. Phil. Soc. I Lesley— 1871. 45 The following table, from the Report of the Superintendent of the New York Salt Works, at Syracuse, for 1854, gives the character of the Saltville salt, compared with that from other localities : Chloride of Sodium, Sulphate of Lime. rft 00 5 oo to -* 00 • « CO era m to to m i-l ; 1 1 P>s ^_^ s s in 00 to : in tH t- o- to . to to ^ t- t- in 00 ^ ■* ^ CO OS 1 t- CO t- IN t- to b- ■ % ,_( ,_j CO S Tt Tji co '"' « in tc m t- t- t- t- in Tj( 1 in u. OS S ? to in 3 to ^ OS CO § : in s r-t 8 g ^ m to • OS oc 00 t- to • to to (M OS 5C to ^ m CO ^ 00 m e- 00 ^ ■^ OS in t- ^ CO IS to 00 in to in It- t- t- Tl m T]H O m CO § 2 to to 3 CO 10 ^ 1 OS § ^ ^ OJ to rr ffl IM CO w IX Oi OS 00 t- tc to to to X3 IN ■* -tt t- OS to t- t- OS a OS CO TH to t- "^ (S (IS to •* ■<* to to 3 jM IM to' CO CO tc m t- t- 4J ^ s <- ff> 00 to Oi T* to Eh ^ 3 HH «o 05 oc O! OS OS t- 0) m 00 tc 3 =3 ^ m S ro ^ CO ■* rH j-i 02 3 m ca oa f-n ^_, 00 oc OS CO t- to 1-1 50 !fj o in tH OS «J ^ (S Ti OS to 00 rH s§ s c O: 00 OS o o 1-1 00 OS S 00 t- 2 s g 03 >a OJ t- ■* to in t- CO OS c t- e» 00 to tH 00 m (?» CO ■« OS l- t- ^_j ,_( ? ^ ,_, ^ t- t- to to TH CO in m S s s s s to in ^ g OS 00 to P? i-H 00 TH s 1 OS 00 00 t- to I?- « ^ pi m 00 +3 ft ■»1 > !3 (a ■3 to 3 <1 05 a > c 0) R 1 a ►-5 [if '1 "l 1 i '3 § i p Ph* ^1 K H OS 02 ^ ^. i 1 52 The Tidewater stations are, probably, none of them as much as 100* feet above the sea. Johnsontown is in Northampton county, on the " Eastern Shore " penin- sula, and gives the conditions for that almost insular region, where the influence of the ocean is most felt in preserving a mean temperature and equalizing the seasons. The extremes and average temperature are decidedly less than at the other stations even much less than at Hampton, on the opposite side of the Bay, but more inland. Hampton, in Elizabeth City county, is open to the sea on one side only; it gives the type of climate for the interior or bay-coast line ; its extremes and means are greater than those of Johnsontown. Bacon's Castle in Surry and Zuni in Isle of Wifht county, stations not far apart, give the representative climate for the midland of Tidewater, especially for the Southside peninsula, where the season temperatures are greater than in any other portions of the State, making this the cotton belt. CoMORN, in King George county, is still farther from the sea; it represents the western portion of the Tidewater plain, as Hampton does the eastern: and, of course, has greater extremes and lower ineans. Taking the averages for the year 1869-70 at these Tidewater stations; that is — Johnsontown •. 56°.4 Hampton 58 .] Bacon's Castle, &c 59 .5 Comorn 5(3 .3 Average J 57^.6 We have 57°.6 as the mean temperature of that year. Vienna, in Fairfax county, compared with Comorn, shows how small the differences of temperature are between western Tidewater and eastern Middle Virginia; Vienna is probably some 350 to 400 feet higher than Comorn above the sea, and, by the rule that each 333 feet of difference in elevation diminishes the temperature one degree for the higher place, we find that Vienna has, generally, this element lower than Comorn. Lynchburg, in Campbell county, though grouped in Piedmont, is the representative of the higher western por- tion of the Middle country, as it is 575 feet above tide ; it is far inland, and its means are higher than those of Vienna. Piedmont Station, in Fauquier county, some 650 or 700 feet above the sea, shows the temperature of northeastern Piedmont; its lower season means indicate the more elevated country and the proximity of the moun- tains. Staunton is 1,400 feet above the sea, in a valley bounded on each side by high mountain ranges, the western the higher, and the means and extremes of its temperature are those peculiar to the central portions of the Great Valley; the spring and summer means approximate, remarkably, those of Johnsontown by the seashore; those of autumn differ more, but they are more alike again in winter. Lexington is not as elevated as Staunton ; it represents the depressed portion of the Valley near the " troughs " of the rivers and the water-gaps of the Blue Ridge ; its means are greater than those of Staunton, but it offers the same resemblances. V/ytheville is 2,300 feet above the sea, and fairly typifies the elevated southwest of the Valley and Appalachia; its summer temperature is lower than that of the other meteorological stations, so are also its yearly means — results due not only to * The elevations given are those of the stations of observations, as near as can be ascer- tained. 53 its elevation, but also to its interior location and the lofty character of the enclosing mountain ranges. In the following table the Season Means of Table I. are brought together: TABLE 11. — Mean Temperatures of Virginia for Two Years, by Seasons. Tidewater, Mid. IMiD. & Pied. Valeet. o -+^ o w Pi ,^ O o i CO C« Q o o ■>-l O o O i i o m a o g O o Hi (-1 1869-'70.— Spring Summer Autumn "Winter 51.4 75.3 55.9 42.9 54.6 78.1 56.4 43.3 57.1 81.2 55.3 44.6 53.8 76.7 54.8 39.8 54.1 38.5 54.3 76.1 54.5 42.1 34.2 51.0 74.3 50.8 38.3 54.8 77.1 53.5 40.7 51.7 71.5 48.3 35.3 Yearly Means 56.4 58.1 59.5 56.3 56.7 53.6 56.5 51.7 1870-'71.— Spring 53.4 77.3 61.0 39.6 54.8 79.0 61.3 40.5 56.0 81.2 61.9 54.3 78.0 60.7 36.5 54.2 75.4 57.8 36.5 55.8 76.1 59.8 40.5 51.7 74.7 54.9 33.6 51.5 73.1 54.7 35.7 55.0 77.1 54.3 50.4 Summer Autumn Winter 71.-1 53.5 35.9 Yearly Means 57. S 58.9 57.4 55.9 58.0 53.7 53.7 55 8 The mean temperature of the State, deduced from the above, was 56°. 1 in 1869-'70, and 56° in 1870-71. The years 1869-70 were selected for these tables, because they include the j^ear for which and that in which the census of 1870 was taken, and the results of that census are used for various purposes in these pages. The census was taken June 1st, 1870 — therefore its "crop" returns must be for the season of 1869. Guyot, in the " Map Showing the Distribution of the Temperature of the Air and tiie Course of the Annual Isothermal Lines," in his recently issued Physical Geogra- phy, locates Virginia between the curves of 50° and 60° of mean annual temperature (the result reached by the tables already given), the belt that includes Cincinnati, St. Louis and San Francisco in the United States; the south of England and Ireland, the whole of France, the most of Portugal, Spain and Italy, the valley of the Danube, including Vienna, Constantinople and most of Turkey, in Europe; Pekin and the Hoangho Valley in China, and the island of Yeddo in Japan, in Asia. The Statistical Atlas of the United States, published by the authority of Con- gress, has a Temperature Chart, Plate VII., "Showing the distribution by Isother- mal Lines of the Mean Temperature for the year," constructed under the direction 54 of Professor Henry, of the Smithsonian Institution, one of the ablest living meteorologists. This chart shows that the isotherm, or mean annual temperature line of 60°, runs through Eastville on the Eastern Shore, and then southwest by Hicksford to Mont- gomery in Alabama. All the region to the southeast of this line in Virginia has a mean annual temperature between 60° and 64°. This is the cotton producing zone; it includes nearly half of North and South Carolina, much of Georgia, &c. The line of 56° enters the United States through the mouth of Delaware bay, runs by a south curving line west to and through Washington, then southwest between Middle and Piedmont Virginia, passing west of Danville, on to Atlanta in Georgia. All the country between this line of 56° and that of 60°, before described, is the belt of 56° to 60° of mean annual temperature. In this zone tobacco is a prominent staple. The isothermal curve of 52° enters the United States about midway of New Jersey, south of the latitude of New York, then runs west by Trenton to the Cum- berland Valley of Pennsylvania, then curving southward through Cumberland in Maryland and Staunton in the Shenandoah Valle}^, crossing the Blue Ridge in Augusta county, it passes along the eastern foot of the Blue Ridge into Georgia, where it curves to the northwest, and returns and runs along the eastern side of the Great Central Valley in Tennessee; continuing northeast, its course is along the western side of the Great Valley of Virginia to the vicinity of the James, where it bears raore to the west and runs north to the Potomac near New Creek in Maryland, whence hy boldly Cul" ved- lirx^S -i:t8stends westward through the central portions of Ohio, •Indiana, Illinois, &c. So the zone of mean temperature of from 52° to 56° em-brpces all of Piedmont, the less elevated portions of the Valley and much of Appalachia — especially the southwestern portion of it. It includes much of the grass and sixiall grain country. A narrow belt of the elevated portions of the State is in the zone of 48° to 52° — the one that includes East Massachusetts, all of Rhode Island and Connecticut, much of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, &c. It is the grazing region especially. The scale of this map is so small, its delineations can only be accepted for gen- eral results ; these would locate — Tidewater in the zones of 60° to 64° and 56° to 60° ; Middle in the zones of 56° to 60° and 52° to 56° ; Piedmont in the zone of 52° to 56° ; The Valley in the zones of 52° to 56° and 48° to 52° ; and Appalachia in the zones of 48° to 52° and 52 to 56°. All these facts present the temperature of Virginia in a most favorable light, and show its perfect adaptedness to the growth of the productions of both the cool and the warm-temperate climates of the earth— it has the medium means. The average temperatures of January and July— the representative months of winter and summer— are often taken as guides for determining the character of the temperature of any given locality. The following table gives these averages for a number of places in all parts of the historic world, compared with those of the selected stations in Virginia, furnishing the data for selecting a situation for any specified mean of this most important climatic element: 55 ^ ^ ^ -C3 as §> s lO -* ^ ^ 00 00 CX3 ^ o CO 00 'iH C5 (M (?» »o C-T no lO o !>. < lO '^ lO CO iO r- CO CO CO CM ■^ t- ^ S -s B S ^ g 3:3 « T^ r^ 5 M q; -; CQ t-t, fi ^ W bX3 c3 rG ^ I PL| m S t-5 o 00 tH »o CO CO '^ CO 1—1 CO ^ CO CO CO rt* o CO »o CO CO CO t- CO CO t^ t- !» Jt- CO t- CO CO 00 ^ o CO rr) t^ (T) >o »o no 05 CO T-l CO CO 'Tt* ^ lO CO I" fM Q O CO 02 PP be 1 o CM CO T— 1 CO 1>. o CO o (/> • 00 t- t- t- CO t^ 00 ^ o O o 1^ M< CO ■<* CO no -^ o lO c^ CO CM K5 lO c^ ■-> fl o ^ <:j rl^ J ^ C3 rs Hi aj As -4-i C/J C/J Q ^' -3 g .a O c3 pq H ^ !=i rt fl t» £j ^ W W !>^ o S ^ OS T-l CO 05 t^ CO (■/) IC . CO ^ o uo lO N. CM T-l CO -^ T-l CO 1» d 5q ^^ O a E a o a 3q d o U) a Vi IV 1 f Spring 8.60 7.85 7.90 8.25 9.20 12.60 6.10 9.95 i6!6i 10.84 7.59 6.10 12.08 6.12 ioisi 12.10 i2.'25 10.84 8.75 8.04 10.83 12.14 5.15 9.99 12.33 39.53 8.46 6.20 i8b9- ' • 1 Autumn 8.50 i Winter 9.45- Year 32.60 37.85 31.89 .33.46 32.61 12.78 T.05 5.60 8.34 .3.50 12.60 7.50 8. 85 14.81 8.80 6.97 8.03 8.53 5.28 4.82 13.90 13.90 8.50 10.30 15.90 10.85 13 .'65 7.70 13. 4T 13.80 14.93 8.81 13.41 11.31 20.52 • . . . . 9.40 ,_ J Summer 15.90 18(0- 5.65 I. Winter , 6.60 Year , 33.7T 42.45 26.66 46.60 48.10 50.51 37.55 Irregular Tear 3T.42 The table on next page presents the monthly precipitation, the totals of v/hich are embraced in the preceding table. 58 Tidewater. Mid. Pied. Valley. SEASONS, &C. o g a a o ft a 3 e o i a > O a a S a p 03 02 a S a (March 1869 2.80 1.10 4.T0 3.00 1.50 4.70 .... 1.95 2.20 3.44 6.06 1.71 4.07 3.78 3.42 4.94 3.15 1.29 4.02 8.60 9.20 7.59 10.84 ■ 12.14 8.46 3.80 3.85 0.20 2.80 6.30 3.50 3.05 2.44 0.61 .... 1.40 1.70 0.65 2.60 1.02 1.53 2.88 1.38 1.94 r.85 12.60 6.10 3.75 6.15 6.20 2.20 3.45 2.25 1.10 3.80 1.20 3.68 4.97 1.42 3.29 6.98 1.81 8.71 5.30 1.50 i.'so 3 84 3.14 1.06 4.73 3.88 1.38 4.20 S.70 (.November 1.60 7.90 6.10 10.07 12.08 10.51 8.04 9.99 8.50 /■December 2.55 2.60 3.10 3.55 3.30 3.10 4.53 3.04 3.27 2.90 1.71 1.51 7.10 2.90 2.10 6.40 3.30 2.55 5.13 3.40 2.30 6.47 4.65 2.21 4.10 2.35 (^February 3.00 8.25 9.95 10.84 6.12 12.10 12.25 10.83 12.33 9.45 4.08 3.00 5.70 2.70 5.50 5.30 13.50 3.61 3.61 7.59 1.78 2.10 4.15 3.70 5.50 4.70 5.35 5.25 5.30 3.66 3.92 5.89 3.50 4.51 5.40 4 30 2.80 May 2.30 12.78 14.81 8.03 13.90 15.90 13.47 13.41 9.40 3.20 3.40 0.45 7.70 2.55 2.35 5.02 1.T8 2.00 4.76 2.97 0.81 4.70 7.70 1.50 7.70 0.80 2.35 6.73 4.33 2.74 3.60 4.56 3.15 5.80 2.50 7.60 7.05 12.60 8.80 8.53 13.90 10.86 13.80 11.31 15.90 1.05 2.55 2.00 3.70 2.25 1.55 1.68 2.75 2.54 1.25 3.09 0.94 2.20 6.00 1.30 9.55 2.10 2.00 11.24 2.13 1.56 15.88 2.87 1.77 1.30 2.80 1.55 5.60 7.50 6.97 5.28 8.50 13.65 14.93 20.52 5.65 2.15 2.19 4.00 2.50 2.60 3.75 3.80 0.99 1.49 2.34 3.40 3.70 3.20 2.30 3.00 2.40 2.05 2.81 3.45 2.04 4;i8 1.40 2.35 2.85 8.34 8.85 4.82 10.30 7.70 8.31 6.60 These tables show that the precipitation is well distributed among the seasons and throughout tlie State, confirming the statement of Professor Guyot, just quoted, in regard to the rains of this portion of the United States. The amount of rain-fall at Piedmont, Staunton and Lexington in September, 1870, is very many times more than the normal quantity. It was the result of an unprecedented storm that poured out its waters in a flood over a limited area at the sources of the Shenandoah and the James. It will be noted that the spring and winter rains are more abundant than those of fall and summer. Generally the xain-fall is moderate in April and early May, the planting and sowing time ; in late May and early June more abundant, the growing season ; less in late June and in July for the harvest time; still less in August and September, for thoroughly drying the already cut wheat, and giving it the character so highly prized in the markets, and for maturing Indian corn. The autumn seeding is done in September and October, and the later rains then follow. Guyot's tables give the mean annual rain-fall of a number of places as follows, 59 in English inches and hundredths, viz : In the United States — Richmond, 38.29 Fortress Monroe, 47.04; Washington city, 41.05 ; Cincinnati, 44.87 ; Memphis, 45.46 New York, 44.59. In Europe— Edinburg, 19; London, 19; Paris, 23; Vienna, 18 Berlin, 23; Naples, 31. In Australia— Sydne}^ 83, and Auckland (N. Z.) 48. The " comments "* on the weather, &c., at the stations selected in Virginia often give a better idea of the actual condition of things than the "means" of tables. Extracts from these will be given for the months taken in the order of the tables: March, 1869. — At Johnsontown strawberries bloomed the 17th, peaches the 23th ; at Hampton, hyacinths 15th, peaches 22d, wild plum 24th ; at Bacon's Cas- tle, daisy 8tli, plum and peach 23d, Indian corn planted 25th, martins appeared 27th; at Zuni, cloudy but favorable to farmers; at Comorn, colder than January or February, but no thick ice; at Lexington peas planted 4th, potatoes 12th, and oats sown 18th ; at Wy theville, cold and wet. Elsewhere in the United States : in Maine sleighing the whole month, temperature below zero on 6 days ; in Vermont snow 4 or 5 feet deep, and ice on Connecticut river 2 feet thick on 31st; in New York good sleighing at Buffalo until 22d; in Tennessee snow at Memphis 11th, and rain froze in gauge 15th; in Ohio 5 inches of snow at Kelley's Island 22d; and in Minnesota sleighing at St. Paul until the 23d. April. — There were hard frosts in Virginia 11th and 15th; at Johnsontown cherry and plum in bloom 6th ; at Comorn apple in blossom the 24th ; corn-planting at Lexington 25th. Elsewhere : snow left Amherst, Massachusetts, 20th ; ice still in Buf- fcxlo harbor, New York, 30th, and six snows there during the month ; at Toledo, Ohio, four snows, and peaches blossomed the 30th; at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, frost 25th; in Nebraska " grasshoppers by millions " the 7th, and peaches in bloom 28th. Frost in all the Southern States, and snow and ice in the Northern. May. — At Johnsontown a frost on 9th killed tender vegetables, locust bloomed 13th and rye 15th; at Bacon's Castle peamcts were planted Ath to lAth, slight frost and hail 3d, cherries were ripe 2Qth; at Comorn locust in bloom 18th, strawberries ripe 2Aih; at Lexington ffost 8th and 18th, and at Wytheville several times, but locust bloomed 29th. Elsewhere: Buffalo, New York, ice in harbor 16th, apple in bloom 29th — 35 days later than at Comorn; mean temperature of spring at Memphis, Tennessee, 58°.05 and rain-fall 16.90 inches; frosts in North Carolina 7th, 8th and 20th; at Kelley's Island, Ohio, peaches bloomed 10th (41 days after those at Johnsontown), and apples 24th; at Winnebago, Illinois, cherry flowered 12th (36 days later than at Johnson- town) ; at Dubuque, Iowa, cherry in bloom 9th ; at Nebraska city frost 17th ; storms and frosts all the month at Milwaukee. June. — At Bacon's Castle haying began 16th, blackberries were ripe 27th; wheat harvest began at Comorn 21st, Lexington 28th, and Wytheville 23d ; clover hay cut at Lexington 21st and strawberries ripe 1st. Elsewhere : no harvesting was done in any of the Northern or Western States, except in Missouri 17th, and some barley in southern Pennsylvania 24th, and southern Indiana 30th ; no haying done but in New Jersey 16th, southern Indiana 18th, and Pennsylvania 28th; strawberries were ripe at Buffalo, New York, the 21st (28 days later than at Comorn and 20 later than at Lexington) ; frosts in Kansas and Nebraska 5th. *In Smitlisonian Eeports, published by U. S. Department of Agi'icultm-e. 60 July. — The hottest at Hampton in 22 years, and vegetation suffered some, but rains revived it; same remarks apply to Zuni and Bacon's Castle; very dry at Lynchburg, Lexington and Wytheville. Elsewhere : cold and dry in Northern and Northeastern States; wheat harvest began in southern Pennsylvania 2d (11 days later than at Comorn), and in New Jersey 5th; oat harvest began in Pennsylvania 22d; Texas had continuous rains and floods; heavy, cold rains in the West and some frosts ; haying in Wisconsin 23d (37 days later than at Bacon's Castle) ; harvest began in Iowa 19th (27 days later than at Wytheville). August was hot and dry in Virginia until the last of the naonth, when rains came; there was a frost that did no damage, at Lexington, on the 8th, and Wythe- ville 9th — the same killed corn in Maine, buckwheat in Pennsj^lvania, and formed ice in Wisconsin, where wheat harvest began 6th {only 46 days after Comorn) ; heavy rains and high waters throughout the West. September was very dry in Virginia until 25th, with slight frosts 28th and 29th at Jolmsontown, Zuni, Bacon's Castle, Comorn and Lexington, and heavy at Wythe- ville; also slight one at Lexington 3d and at Wytheville 2d, 3d and 4th. The frost of the 28th extended over the whole United States north of the latitude of Central Alabama; it froze the ground and formed ice in many parts of the North and West, damaging the corn. At Johnsontown it was 143 days between frosts, and at Monti- cello, Iowa, 111. October brought killing frosts at Johnsontown 17th, Hampton 18th, Zuni 16th, Bacon's Castle 14, Comorn and Vienna 25th, Lexington and Lynchburg 14th. At Bacon's Castle it was 188 days between frosts ; the first ice formed 27th at Johnson- town, Zuni, Lynchburg and Vienna, and at Bacon's Castle 14th ; the first slight snow was 30th in Tidewater, 28th at Vienna and 20th at Wytheville. Elsewhere : eight inches of snow at Buffalo, New York, 25th, killing frost in Mississippi 16th, skating in Michigan 26th and twenty-three inches of snow. Generally reported as the coldest October ever known in the West. Floods numerous, with ice and snow, in the North. November v/as calm and cold, but pleasant in Tidewater; the month was unu- sually cold, with severe snow-storms and loss of life in the Northwest; the farmers in many parts of the North and West did not succeed in getting their potatoes dug, the snow having covered the ground so early. December did not give a flake of snow at Hampton, and roses were in bloom out of doors at Zuni on New Year's day. The mean temperature at Zuni for 1869 was 58°.54, and the rain-fall 37.78 inches; at Piedmont snow lay on the ground from 18th to 26th; it was cold at Wytheville. Elsewhere it was damp and cloudy, but not very cold. The mean temperature of 1869 at Hillsboro', Central Ohio, was 50°. 24 and the rain-fall 38 inches; at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, it was 44°.44 and 37.81 inches, and in December it was 26°.37 and 2.79 inches; at Leavenworth, Kansas, for 1869, the temperature was 50°.35 and the rain 43.35 inches. January, 1870. — At Johnsontown peaches in flower 31st; at Hampton weeping willow in leaf 31st; at Zuni red maple in bloom 26th; at Bacon's Castle gangs of robins 9th, daisy blooms 21st and alder 24th ; at Comorn plowing was done all the month; at Piedmont birds began to sing 12th and plowing commenced 22d; at Lynchburg peas were sown 14th and were up 24th, when potatoes were planted. 61 A great gale on tlie 2d, and storm of wind, rain and snow on 16tli and 17th, extended over the west — the one of the 2d reached Wytheville as a deep snow; teams crossed the Mississippi on the ice, in Illinois, on the 18th ; snow was two feet deep in Minne- sota 31st; ice on rivers in Nebraska, fifteen inches thick, 23d; at Leavenworth, Kansas, 16th it was 50° degrees at noon and — 1° at 8 P, M., killing peach buds. February. — At Johnsontown violets in bloom and frogs croaking 17th, and some enow 23d; at Hampton hyacinths in flower 10th, ground froze 9th, frosts 21st and 22d, plowing began again 25th ; at Bacon's Castle elms and filberts in blossom 5th; at Comorn plowing done the whole month; at Vienna light snow 8th and 28th ,^ blue birds 3d, wild geese 8th ; at Piedmont ground frozen 24th ; at liynchburg snow 7th and 8th, ice 22d, robins 13th, and frogs 26th ; at Wytheville wheat looking well, people making maple sugar. Many and deep snows, ice and cold weather in all the Northern and Western States ; at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, ice five inches thick on river last of month; frost and ice even in Florida and Texas 21st, and in New Orleans 18th to 20th. The mean of January at Belvidere, Illinois, 22°.98 and of the winter 22°.66; at Nebraska city ground frozen twenty inches deep on the 18th. The same comments for the next year, 1870-71, would show nearly the same condition of things. Corn- planting began in Tidewater April 13th, and on the 17th the temperature in Kansas and Nebraska was below freezing all day. Rye " headed " at Johnsontown May 1st and wheat at Piedmont 22d. May was so dry in Texas that water sold for a dollar a barrel at Lavacca, and the drouth extended over all the Northwest. Harvest began at Piedmont June 24th. In Illinois the temperature in some places, in June, was over 100° for a week. Peaches were ripe at Surry court- house July 13th. The average rain-fall for July, for twenty-one years, at Comorn, was 3.88 inches. The mean temperature for July, for sixteen years, at Cleveland, Ohio, 72°.61 and 3.26 inches of rain — this year 10.15 of rain. At Iowa city the mean temperature was 84.68 from 13th to 27th of July. At Lawrence, Kansas, it was above 90°'on twenty-two days of July, and at Holton, in same State, over 100° on nine days ; at Chico, California, every day above 90° and twenty-one over 100°, and much the same, at Visalia. The mean for the summer was, at New York 76°. 43, Winne- bago, Illinois, 72°.56. At Deer Lodge City, Montana, the squirrels went into winter quarters August 10th, and snow came 18th. At Lawrence, Kansas, there was a heated term of fifty daj^s, the heat above 90° on forty-six. The first frost in Virginia was at Vienna September 12th, when a killing one was general in the North ; there was none atWytheville until the 21st, and none in Tidewater. The renowned Captain John Smith, one of the first royal governors of Virginia, sums* up the climate of Tidewater Virginia, the only part he knew, by saying : " The temperature of this country doth agree well with English constitutions, being once seasoned to the country." "The summer is hot as in Spain; the winter cold as in France or England. The heat of summer is in June, July and August, but commonly the cool breezes assuage the vehemency of the heat. The chief of winter is half December, January, February and half March. The cold is extreme sharp, but here the proverb is true, that 'no extreme long continuethJ From the southwest came the greatest gusts, with thunder and heat. The northwest wind is * History of Virginia, vol. 1, p. 113. 62 commonly cool and bringeth fair weather with it. From the north is the greatest cold, and from the east and southeast, as from the Bermudas, fogs and rains." Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States, whose residence was on Mon- ticello, in the Southwest Mountain range, the barrier between Middle and Piedmont Virginia, made the following observations* after giving this table of the winds : ■Williamsburg Monticello N". E. S. E. S. W. IS". W. 127 . 61 132 101 32 91 126 172 Total. 421 421 "By this it may be seen that the southwest wind prevails equally at both places, that the northeast is, next to this, the principal wind towards the sea coast, and the northwest is the predominant wind at the mountains. The difference between these two winds to sensation, and in fact, is very great. The northeast is loaded with vapor, insomuch that the salt makers have found that their crystals would not shoot while that blows ; it brings a distressing chill, is heavy and oppressive to the spirits : the northwest is dry, cooling, elastic and animating. The eastern and southeastern breezes come on generally in the afternoon." The more extended observations that have been quoted can be studied to advantage aided by these comments. The direction from which the windsf at Staunton blew for a year, from October, 1868, were as follows : Wind — feom ISTorth I^orthwest East , Southeast., South Southwest West ITorthwest 7 A. M. 2 P.M. 9 P. M. 10 19 19 21 31 23 8 14 15 128 76 77 32 28 22 63 92 83 11 24 21 102 79 90 Total. 48 75 37 281 82 238 56 271 This table shows that the prevailing winds are from the ^'^ south quadrants.'''' It is more than likely, from the location of the place of observation, that southwest winds were often changed to southeast by the near highr hills. * Notes on Yirginia. "■ MS. records of D. D. & B. Inst. 63 The direction of the winds* for the year 1857, at a number of places in Vir- ginia, was as follows, viz : Tidewater. IVIlDDLE. Pied. Val. Ap. +3 o a ■ +^ O 3 M o CO o ^ o *S-| O ■4-S o o 6^ d From North 131 192 5G 95 81 228 100 207 1 101 118 95 62 184 160 112 112 89 134 54 77 84 182 66 76 158 113 169 33 71 235 99 72 271 2 251 55 34 29 163 325 117 77 20 84 44 80 14 267 118 223 70 45 86 88 56 101 130 169 195 205 33 13 From between North and East 42 From East 2 From between East and South 98 From South 25. From between South and West 375 From West 9 From between W^est and North 260. Calm or Variable 202 TOTAIjS.... 1,091 944 920 1,065 1,071 945 1,063 1,026 Portsmouth is in Norfolk, Smithfield in Isle of Wight, and Rose Hill in Essex counties. Tidewater; Alexandria is in Alexandria, and Crichton's Store in Bruns- wick counties. Middle Virginia ; Rougemont, in Albemarle, is in Piedmont ; Berry- yille, in Clarke county, is in the Valley, and Wirt courthouse, in West Virginia, stands for Trans- Appalachia, and shows " how the wind blows " there. A com- parison of the numbers of the table will give the prevailing winds of each section^ and show how they differ. The Signal Service chart,t showing the annual means of the barometer for 1872-3, shows that the mean barometer 30.05 crossed the State near the parallel of 37° 30'. The same chart gives the results of the winds — or total movement of the air for the same year — by diagrams, which show that the prevailing winds of the State are from the west and northwest — and that they are moderate in velocity. There are but few " high winds " in Virginia. At Staunton, Augusta county, in the Valley, the following observations^ were made for the year beginning October, 1868 : At 7 A. M. the sky was without clouds 91 times, entirely overcast 61 times, partly cloudy 204 times; at 2 P. M. it was entirely clear 60, entirely cloudy 63, and partially cloudy 243 times ; at 9 P. M. it was clear 167, cloudy 51, and partially cloudy 148 times. There were 42 days Avithout a cloud. These results show that most of the time the weather is what would be called "clear" — and this is rendered more apparent by the record of the rain and snow fall for the same period, during which 32.1 inches of rain and * Smithsonian results. f Plate X. of Statistical Atlas. J By Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institute, from the manuscripts. 64 melted snow fell at 61 different times, or on that many different days, 51 being rain and 10 snow. The whole depth of snow fall for the year was 38.5 inches. In 1858*, for the year, at Portsmouth, Norfolk county, the mean cloudiness was 3.60 — that is, 360 times out of 1,000 the sky was overcast; at Smithfield, Isle of "Wight county, it was 5.28 ; at Crichton's Store, Brunswick county, 5.07 ; at Rouge- mont, Albemarle county, 5.48. These figures will give a good general idea of the state of " the face of the sky " in Virginia. The Signal Service office furnished the data for a chart of the United States, showing the Frequency of Storm Centres — published as Plate VI. of the Statistical Atlas. This chart shows the number of storm centres, of areas of low barometer that passed over any given district from March, 1871, to February, 1873, inclusive. It is said in the Statistical Atlas : " This chart is of interest in connection with all statistics bearing on the security of navigation, and on the habitability of a country, and the diseases that originate in the sudden changes of weather that attend storms." Tidewater, except that part of it north of a line from Richmond city to Point Lookout, is in the belt of country over which from 5 to 10 storms passed — the same belt extends for 150 miles or more out to sea along the Virginia coast — it is the belt which embraces much of the States of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Missouri, &c., and all of Ohio. All the remainder of Virginia, Middle, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Appalachia, are in the belt of the fewest number of storms — only from 1 to 5 — a result that might have been expected by any one familiar with the State. Most of the New England States, large portions of New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, &c., are in the belt of from 10 to 15 — and large areas of New England and of the States near the Great Lakes, including Canada, &c., are crossed by the belts of 15 to 20; 20 to 22.5 and of over 22.5. The effects of tliese storms are evident in the " disease " and " death rate " maps and statistics of the country. The advantages of the climate of Virginia may be summarized thus : 1st. It is a dry climate, that is, while it has an abundance of moisture, it is nowhere damp. 2nd. It is a mild climate, for, while it is sometimes very cold or very warm, neither of these last long — the general temperature is a medium one. Srd. It is a climate favorable to agricultural operations ; the length of its growing season; the distribution of its rain throughout the year; the shortness and mildness of the winter ; the long periods adapted to seeding and harvesting, &c., are all well attested facts. 4.th. It is a very healthy climate : — in no part of the world is there a more general state of health or a more long-lived and vigorous people, as proven by the statis- tics — and in no country in the temperate zone do the inhabitants, from choice, stay more in the open air and open their houses to the "weather." 5th. It has a great variety of climate from, that of the low sea coast plains, through all gradations, up to that of great valleys and table lands thousands of feet above the sea: — this provides localities for a widely varied production and for the choice of a habitation. * Smithsonian results. 65 CHAPTER IV. THE PRODUCTIONS OF VIRGINIA. Section I. — Animal Products. Tlie climate of Virginia is favorable for the growth and the products of its soil for the sustenance of animal life, consequently it has an abundant and vigorous native fauna on its land and in its waters. All the varieties of domestic animals reared in temperate climates have here found a congenial habitation, and excellent breeds of horses, mules, milch cows, working oxen, beef cattle, sheep, swine, goats, and poultr}'-, abound in all sections of this State. Before presenting the facts of production in Virginia, most of winch are drawn*' from the census of 1860, it may be of interest to present, from the same census, the- statements in regard to the "Lands" of the State, the Value of the same, and of the- farming implements and machinery in use : SECTIONS. Tidewater Middle Piedmont Blue Eidge The Valley Appalachia — Totals Acres of Land. Improved. 2,034,399 2,882,525 1,951,427 1G2,5G7 1,520,873 539,913 9,091,694 Woodland. 2,21G,990 3,148,376 1,840,149 413,944 1,810,512 1,708,987 11,128,958 Total. 4,139,389 6,030,901 3,791,576 576,501 3,331,385 2,248,900 20,417,752 Cash Value of Land. 59,993,090 63,105,528 65,870,771 3,322,761 63,249,035 17,695,383 $273,236,274 Value of Fanning Implements and Machinery. 1,701,909 1,985,496 1,638,127 133,790 1,601,450 358,830 $7,419,611 A comparison of these figures with those of areas, &c., in Chapter I., will give a good idea of proportional amounts of cleared land, woodland, &c., in each section. * By direction of the Board of Immigration. 66 Virginia had more acres of cleared land than any of the States of the Union, ex- <;ept Illinois, New York and Pennsylvania, which had, in round numbers, 13, 14 and 10 million acres respectively. She was the eighth in the quantity of unimproved land, having about the same quantity as Kentucky or South Carolina, and nearly twice as much as California, Iowa, New York or Pennsylvania, The cash value of Virginia lands placed her in the 7th rank, the order being, 1st New York, 2d Ohio, 3d Pennsylvania, 4th Illinois, 5th Indiana, and 6th Kentucky, the last being but a little in advance of Virginia. The following table shows the Number^ and Size in Acres, of the Farms in Virginia in 1860: SECTIONS. 'Tidewater Middle Piedmont T31ne Ridge TheVidley... . App:il;iclii:l Totals s- ^ — o o > O o ^ o £ T. ei V Si > O CO 03 tH c ^ c ~ i-i a ^ P O CO'"' ll si > o So o 385 845 2,929 3,325 5,331 667 148 255 543 2,016 2,928 7,905 1,032 202 1G5 355 1,909 2,423 5,435 602 135 28 109 628 670 574 13 2 102 320 1,616 2,624 5,484 296 57 132 4:8 1,440 1,330 1,703 74 33 1,067 2,590 10,538 13,300 26,432 2,684 577 13,630 14,881 11,024 2,024 10,499 5,130 57,188 Milch Cows and Dairy Products are of the first importance in the estimation of the husbandman — and the physical vigor of any people is largely dependent uj^on their abundance. The number of milch cows, and the butter and cheese produced in the several .sections of Virginia, in 1860, are shown in the following table: SECTIOIS'S. Tidewater ...... Middle Piedmont Uliie Ridg-e TheVidley Appalachia Totals. No. of Milch Cowi 43,876 63,564 46,681 6,805 44-643 25,090 230,-; ..•) Butter. ( Pounds. ) 1,085,671 1,911,902 2.816,054 269,416 2,463,400 776,505 9,322,948 Cheese. ( Pounds. ) 755 4,274 10,190 15,030 78,316 40,707 149,272 Pounds of Butter to eacli Cow. 22.4 30.0 00.3 39.5 55.0 39.4 40.4 Av. Cows to each 100 People. 13 17 22 28 23 32 20 Av. 67 The statistics of other portions of the United States, for 1860, give these results; Jfew England States.... l^Iiddle States Western States -Soutliern States Pacific States United States — average lEngland, in 1874 Pounds of Cheese-- to each Cow. 32 2.5 10 16 Pounds of Butter to each Cow. Cows to eacli 100 People. 75 87 .58 22 15 53 21 24 27 29 27 The production of hutter was very creditahle to Virginia, when it is considered that dairying was not at tiiat time one of the established industries of the State as in New England and the Middle and Western States; it was only incidental to the rearing of cattle for market, especially in the Blue Ridge, Valley and Appalachian sections — in fact, at that time, butter and cheese were rarely produced for market in all the southwestern portions of the State. The cost of producing a given quantity of butter and cheese is much less in Virginia, owing to its milder climate and longer seasons, than in many other States of the Union. The statistics of production show the effects of elevation above the sea of portions of the State, giving them more adaptability to natural grasses and to the dairy business. The production of c?ieese by the "factory" system has of late been undertaken in Piedmont. The " Old Dominion Cheese Factory," in Loudoun county, reports, for 1871 : ]\Iilk received from May Gth to September 8th 378.1.38 pounds. Clice.se manufactured from above 36,025 " ^lilk consumed for one pound of cheese 10.3 " Average net price received for cheese, deducting boxes, freight and all expenses but manufactuiing 12| cts. per lb. Value of 3G,G25 pounds of cheese, @ 12| cents per pound $4,715.47. ' Average number of cows milked 125. Charges for manufacturing, curing, boxing, furnishing mate- rials (except boxes), selling, collecting and dividing among partners in proportion to milk furnished and cheese made, 2J cents per poun-J $915,02. Giving for each cow a return of $30.30. It was ascei-tained that the milk used in making' one pound of butter would make three pounds of cheese. This company, in 1874, manufactured 174,143 pounds of milk into 16,152 pounds of che:^so, averaging one pound of cheese to 10.78 of milk: the average price received for cheese was lo cents per pound. 68 It was estimated by the officers of the above mentioned company that tha entire cost of a factory, in working order, for manufacturing into cheese the milk of from 400 to 600 cows, would be about -So,000. They also conclude that generally cheese can be made with profit during six or eight months of the year, and that the article produced is as good as any made in the United States; results to be expected when all the circumstances are known. A farmer (J. K. Taylor) in the same county gives the following results of dairying in 1871, Avith eight cows: 2,640 pounds of cheese made from May 6th to September 8th, or SO pounds a month to each cow. Received for cheese (10| cents per pound net) after deductuii^ all expenses $272 03 Received for 329 gallons milk, @ 11 cents per gallon, from September Sth to December 1 38 19' Received for 120 pounds butter, @ 25 cents per pound, from September Sth to December 1, expenses deducted 39 00 Value of 7 calves reared 49 00 Profit, averaging $48 39 for each cow 8337 19 The value of a thoroughbred calf. $100, was not included. Another farmer (T. R. Smith) in the same county, reported for 1871, from 10 cows kept : 2,640 pounds of cheese, worth $273 81 970 pounds of butter, worth 297 14 10 calves, worth 01 4") $632 25 Deduct 3 toil's of mill feed consumed....- 01 0^ Averaging $57.23 to the cow, but making no deduction for cost of making butter. E. J. Smith, from the same county, reports for an average of 10} cows: For 2,790 pounds of cheese, net value $288 39' For 765 pounds of butter, @ 30?- cents per pound 233 05 For calves 33 50 $557 85 Or $46.03 per cow, with no deduction for making the butter. These facts from Loudoun county give a fair estimate of the profits of the dairyman in Piedmont Virginia, and as the conditions of the Blue Ridge, Valley and App^lachia are much the same, it may be taken as an average for the sections named, the advantages of nearness to market in some districts being compensated for by diminished cost of production in others. A cheese factory has been operated in Smyth county. The butter produced in Virginia in 1860 was 7.6 pounds to the person. In the dairy States it was 21.5. When the location of Virginia is considered, so near to the large cities of the Atlantic, the great consuming centres of dairy products, in conjunction with its extensive pasture lands covered by nutritious natural grasses, where pure water abounds and the climate is genial, it will appear that it offers superior attractions to the dairy farmer. 69 Sheep have always thriven in Virginia, and the wool here grown has an estab- lished reputation for excellence of quality. Wherever the business of rearing sheep, for wool or for mutton, has been judiciously conducted, it has proven re- munerative. Few States have. as many special adaptations for sheep husbandry : — • extensive areas of cheap, elevated lands, covered with natural grasses; broad plains •suited for root culture; short winters and a comparativel}^ dry climate, with nearness to markets. The follovv'ing table presents the statistics of sheep in 1^60: SECTIONS. Tidewater Middle Piedmont Blue Ridge The Valley .... Appalachia .... Totals Number of Sheep. 84,125 153,068 120,309 29,223 12-1,7-16 79,466 590,935 Number of Sheep to each Person. 0.24 0.41 0.57 1.19 0.64 1.07 Av. 0.48 Pounds of Wool Produced. 192,028 310,380 377,283 55,849 337,177 164,149 1,436,866 Pounds of Wool to each Sheep. 2.28 2.02 3.13 1.91 2.70 2.06 Av. 2.43 The following similar statistics, for 1860, furnish comparative data ; ^New England 3riddle States Western States Bouthern States Pacific States , United States ■Great Britain, in 1874 Spain France Aus'Lralia* Number of Sheep to each Person. Pounds of Wool to each Sheep. 0.56 3.62 0.53 3.28 0.88 2.82 0.54 1.95 1.68 0.71 2.68 1.20 1.33 0.44 33.00 The number of sheep in Australia more than doubled from 1882 to 1874. 70 It will be seen that the average production per sheep for Virginia is but little below that for the United States as a whole, while Piedmont is nearly equal to New England, the most productive section of the country in this particular, and where sheep husbandry is extensively carried on. It should also be borne in mind, that in Virginia the lands are cheap and the winters shorty two essentials, when the soil a.nd climate are favorable, for the cheap rearing of sheep and production of v/ool. The United States imported, between 1860 and 1870, over 500,000,000 pounds' of wool, at an average price of 15.7 cents, gold, per pound — a fact proving that here is an excellent fieltl for the business of sheep rearing. Experience has shown that lambs can be raised in Virginia, in the spring, and' sent to the great northern markets long before they can be put there from the farm& nearer; consequently good prices can be realized. The low priced lands of Tide- water and Middle Virginia are especially Avell situated for thus supplying early lambs, and large areas there are well adapted to the growing of swedes, mangolds,, and other crops that are so extensively cultivated in England and elsewhere for fattening sheep. Angora Goats have been successfully and profitably raised in Piedmont and Middle Virginia, furnishing large fleeces of the valuable Cashmere wool. Bees find in the sections of this State an abundant flora, and the long ancl comparatively dry seasons are peculiarly favorable for apiculture — especially does- this seem to be the case in Piedmont, where large profits are reaped by those that have given some attention to this pleasant home industry. The production in 1860 was : SECTIO^rS. Tidewater Middle .. Piedmont., Blue Ridge Tlie Valley Appalacliia . ... TOTAXiS Honey. (Pounds.) 69,976 253,502 326,518 29,947 161,847 166,442 1,008,232 Bee? wax. ( Pounds. ) 7,067 20,635 24,251 2,725 9,040 10,656 74,374 Pounds to each Person. Av. li 4 5 2-1- Virginia produced l-23rd of the honey crop of the Union in 1860. This profitable industry ought to be a leading pursuit on the slopes of the Blue Ridge and other mountain ranges of Virginia, where experience has shown that the quantity and quality of the honey produced surpass that of almost any known region. The average production of the United States in 1860 was about two-thirds of a pound to the inhabitant; that was, very nearly, the average of New York, the State producing the largest quantity. . - 71 Swine are easily and cheaply raised in all portions of Virginia, especially in the- portions abounding in forests, where they subsist much of the year on the nuts of the beech, oak, chestnut, and other trees, at no cost to their owners'; in fact they are often fattened entirely on "mast." These animals can be reared more cheaply here than in almost any other part of the country ; consequently they are kept in large numbers, and "Virginia bacon" has a valuable reputation in the markets. The climate is credited with aiding in the "cure" of hog meat. The table pre- sents the statistics of swine in Virginia in 1860 : Tidewater.. . MUdle Piedmont .. . Blue Ridge. The Vallej-. Appalachia. Total . SECTIONS. Number of Swine. 345,814 291,902 228,101 36,924 229,358 130,608 1,262,707 Number of. Swine to eacli 100 People. 100 80 109 150 118 170 Av. 103 At the same period the number to each 100 people was : In New England 10 In Middle States 31 In Western States... 149 In Southern States 175 In Pacific States 101 . In the United States , 106 In Great Britain, in 1874 9i In Norway 5| Virginia had l-24th of all the swine in the United States. There can be no question but that it would be better for the people and the State to raise sheep rather than swine for animal food. Stock iind Beef Ccdtle — the " other cattle " of the census^including all horned cattle, except milch cows and working oxen, are reared in large numbers in all parts of Virginia, but especially in Piedmont, the Blue Ridge, the Valley and Appalachia, where stock raising is an important and profitable branch of hus- bandry. Large numbers of fat cattle are annually sent to the Eastern markets from the rich grass lands of the sections named, especially from the portions where the nutritious and fattening " blue grass " grows. Many young stock cattle are also- sold to the farmers of the country near the large cities, where they are stall fed» The table on next page is the return of "other cattle" for Virginia in 1860. 72 SECTIONS. Tidewater,... Mdclle Piedmont Blue Kidge... The Valley... Appalacliia... Total. Number of Cattle. 74,741 93,605 96,764 10,528 95,361 51,644 422,643 Number of Cattle to each 100 People. 21 25 43 43 49 67 34 Av. In Great Britain, in 1874, there were about 15 "other cattle" to each 100 of the inhabitants. There are vast tracts of mountain land in Virginia that furnish a "range" for young cattle, enabling the grazier to rear them at but little expense. These tracts of land are covered by a growth of timber, more or less heavy, beneath which is an undergrowth of rich-weed, wild grasses, &c., that are highly nutritious, and on which cattle can subsist from April to November. The stock raising capacity ot the St:ite can hardly be estimated, so great is it. Working Oxen are favorite "plow cattle" in many portions of Virginia, ex- perience having proven that they are very efficient for all ordinary farm teain labor, while they are valuable for beef after their activity is lost. The figures of the oensus indicate that in the Valley, where the heavy, limestone clay soil abounds, fewer oxen and more horses are used than where the soils are lighter and looser. Oxen are more numerous, in proportion to the farming population, in Tidewater, than in any other section of the State. The working oxen in 1860 were distributed as follows : SECTIONS. Tidewater. ... lyiiddle Piedmont Blue Ridge... The Vallej^... Appalaciiia... Total Number of Oxen. 28,487 27,519 14,222 1,896 3,378 3,601 89,103 Number of Oxen to each 100 People. 7 Av. 73 The Cattle used for Ilaman Food, including milch cows, sheep, swine and " other •cattle," already enumerated separately, may be summed up as below : SECTIONS. Tidewater Middle Piedmont J31ae Ridge Tiie Valley Appnlachia Totals Number of All Kinds. 577,043 G29,G5G 506.077 8"). 376 4D7,4Sa 290,409 2,586,047 Xumber to each TOO People. 1.6 1.7 2.4 3.4 2.5 3.9 2.1 Av. Value of Animals Slau^ihtered. 2,379,683 2,447,580 2,004,078 190,161 1,734,486 G09,163 $9,365,151 The number of animals slaughtered for food of course depends upon the population. This accounts for the large numbers slaughtered in Tidewater, Middle .and Piedmont, since in those sections are located the large cities of the State. The Scale and Shell Fish of Virginia furnish not only a large portion of the :animal food of thousands of the people of Virginia, especially in the Tidewater •country, but immense numbers are taken from the waters of this and shipped to 'Other States. The thousands of square miles of Virginia territory covered by tidal waters :abound, in the proper seasons, in shad, herring, rock, perch, sturgeon, sheepshead^ Taass, chub, spots, hogfish, trout, tailor, Spanish mackerel and other fish, besides •crabs, lobsters, terrapins, &c. Not less than $1,000,000 worth of the fishes enume- rated are annually taken. The fishing season opens early, and while the waters near New York, Philadelphia, and other cities, in a higher latitude, are yet frozen, the shad and other spring fish can be caught in Virginia waters and sent to northern and northwestern markets, where they command high prices. Many of the fresh water streams of the State abound in many kinds of fish, and both the State and the United States authorities are stocking them with other varieties. No country has more or better streams for fish breeding. Oysters are found in all the tributaries of Chesapeake bay and along the Atlantic coast, giving to Tidewater an extensive territory where this valuable shell fish grows naturally and Avhere it can be propagated and reared in almost any desired quantity. It is estimated that more than 15,000,000 bushels of oysters are annually taken from the beds of Tidewater, valued at from twelve to fifteen million dollars. In 1869 over 5,000 small boats and 1,000 vessels of over five tons burthen, were employed in taking these oysters from the water, and 193 State and 309 other vessels, of 18,876 tons aggregate burthen, were engaged in conveying them to market. It is well known that the published statistics come far short of the actual numbers ot 10 74 scale and shell fish taken in Virginia. A correspondent of the Richmond Dispatch,^ in a letter from Chincoteague island, (August 1875), states that there are annually sent from that island— which is 7 miles long and averages Ij miles in width— to market 500,000 bushels of oysters, " at prices ranging from 65 to 90 cents, while the cost of planting, gathering and marketing does not exceed 30 cents a bushel."" There should be added to the "value of animals slaughtered" from $15,000,000 to- $20,000,000 for Tidewater, on account of fish of all kinds, swelling the meat pro- duction of Virginia to the dimensions of that of almost any State of the Union. Birds for food are abundant, especially water fowl, in the great marshes and rivers of Tidewater, where canvas-back, mallard, creek, red-head, bald-face, teal and other ducks, geese, swans, sora, &c., swarm abundantly. In all portions of the State are found partridges or quails, pigeons, wild doves, grouse or pheasants, wild turkeys, and other game birds. Wild Deer are found in all portions of the State, especially in Tidewater and the Middle and Mountain sections. The statistics give Virginia most ample resources of animal food, sufficient for a population many times as numerous as she now has. Nowhere is this kind of food better or cheaper. The Working Animals, of any country furnish, by their numbers, a test of its agricultural industry. In 1874, there were in Great Britain about 82, and in France, in 1872, 8 horses to each 100 of the inhabitants. The number in Virginia, in 1860, was 162- horses to each 100 people. Virginia had, in 1860, of workiii.ar animals, 330,452, or over 27 to each 100 of the population. The following table pives their distribution in the State : SECTIONS. Tidewater Mcldle Piedmont Blue Kidge Tlie Valley Appalacbia Totals Number of Horses. 30,971 46,930 47,770 4,937 51,518 19,807 201,933 Nu'mber of Mules and Asses. 15,403 15,784 4,894 179 1,953 1,318 39,441 Number of Working Oxen. 28,487 27,519 14,222 1,898 3,378 3,601 79,103 This State has always been noted for the general excellence of the horses and mules bred in it, and it is well known that they can be reared cheaply in almost every se,ction. Recently buyers from other States have found it to their interest to attend the sales of stock that usually take place in all the county towns on the- monthly court days. 75 The Value of the Live Stock of Virginia, in 1860, was : SECTIONS. Value. To each Person. Tidewater.... , 6,986,612 9,198,584 7,989,10.5 718,173 7,-!80,67o .3,046,660 20 '^6 Middle 24 79 Piedmont 38 20 Blue Eidge 29 31 The Valley 38 50 Appalachia 39 61 $35,419,809 $29 04 Av. The United States Department of Agriculture, in the Report for 1869, gives the following Live Stock statistics for Virginia, as of February 1st, 1870: Horses , Mules Oxen and other cattle.. Mich Cows Sheep Swine Totals ISTumber. 220,500 32,400 295,000 240,000 557,000 904,400 2,249,300 Average Price. VaUie. I 89 59 114 33 20 42 30 04 2 58 5 42 $19,752,390 3,704,292 6,023,900 7,209,600 1,437,000 4,901,848 $43,029,030 These are not returns from actual inspections, but they are approximations from reliable sources of information. The increased value over 1860 is very con- siderable, notwithstanding the great losses to which this kind of property is especially liable during war times. Pric&^^ of Farm Stock in Virginia January 1st. 18T4. 18T3. 18T2. 18T1. ISTO. 1869. Horses $ T5 92 103 83 IT 20 22 00 2 90 3 51 $ 81 5T 109 30 16 8T 23 69 3 04 3 6T $ T8 18 110 42 IT 21 24 93 2 TO 8 58 $ 84 93 108 93 21 34 29 09 2 3T 5 60 S 89 58 114 33 20 42 30 04 2 58 5 42 $ 80 60 Mules .... 110 T2 Oxen and other Cattle 20 39 Cows 28 T6 SUeep 2 40 Swiiie 4 39 *Keport of U. S. Department of Agriculture, 18T3. 76 The following statement* of the number of horses, mules, asses, jennets, cattle, sheep, goats and hogs (swine), in the State of Virginia in 1874, and their value, is from the official returns of the assessors in the office of the Auditor of the State: SECTIONS. EToKSEs, Mules, Asses AND Jennets. Cattle. Sheep and Goats. IIOGS (Swine). Nurnbar. Value. Number. Value. Number. ' 38,297 53,609 81,750 24.5S1 85,902 78,488 Value. Number. Value. Tidewater Middle S3,2S1 •15.337 6.02') 23,383 2,27C,993 2,9.23,120 2,701,725 239,933 2,333,251 1,224,275 93,5X9 120,725 121,207 23,233 126,739 73,716 1,010,355 1,432,907 1,632,412 209,694 1,804,252 837,784 79,001 120,541 191, 6S9 25,103 178,193 86,047 133,919 125,914 105,556 20,934 113,739 65^717 309,148 278,850 234,035 Blue ma^s 24,426 Valley Appalachia 272,363 83,818 Totals 220,909 J12,712,GS7 507,239 S3,963,864 362,627 $378,582 571,779 Sl,207,695 Silk Cocoons are reported from each section of the State in 18G0. Considerable attention was once given to silk culture, and enough is known of the results to war- rant the statement that the conditions of the climate are ftivorable. The mulberry flourishes. Section II. — Vegetable Productions. \''h-i::inia has a rich and abundant native flora, and the introduced plants, the (•orc:\!^^.. qriisses and others, that in temperate climates are objects of cultivation, here iiav ;' i\.r d f.ivoralle soils and congenial climates. Here grow and yield abundantly llij '• , I . ts good f)r food" both for man and beast, and those employed in iiKurafirtui-es. Timber trees of many kinds abound in all sections of the State. T;.:> C:rcals, the furnishers of the larger portion of human food, hold the first puu'C :r.:\.y. i vegetable productions. The following table gives the returns in bushels, of Vir ini ■, in 1859 (census of 1860), of the four most important bread-grain cereals: SECTIONS. Tidewater .., Middle Piedmont... . Blue Eidgc. The Valley . Appalacliia . Totals . Wheat. 2,52-1,435 2,941,041 2,295,508 117,393 2,621,535 347,800 Eye. 42,151 42,906 188,629 69,476 272,788 56,102 10,848,400 ' 670,052 Indian Corn. Buckwheat. 9,666,159 7,299,421 5,823,280 428,885 4,973,919 2,169,638 30,361,352 703 13,108 14,381 28,353 41,648 37,358 135,549 * Fm-nished by Auditor Wni. F. Taylor, Angust, 1875. 77 These cereals aggregate 42,015,253 bushels of production, over 34.4 bushels to each of the population of the State — an abundant supply for seven times as many people. A comparison of the production of cereals with any other country pre- sents Virginia in a most favorable light as a grain-producing region, while nearness to markets adds largely to the vajue of the products. The yield of these cereals in 1869, per capita, in round numbers, was: SECTIONS. Bushels of Production to Each Inhabitant. Wheat. Indian Corn. All Four. Tidewater 7 8 11 4| 13J ^ 28 19t 28 18 25X 28f 35 Mddle 28 Piedmont Blue Ridge 40 2G The Valley Appalachia 40| 34 Indian corn is the staple bread grain of most sections of tlie State, except the Valley; the laboring rural population, in many portions, use it almost exclusively. The United States Department of Agriculture, in its report for 1869, gives the following " Table of the Crops of Virginia for 1869," the results of its estimates gathered froiii all sources of information: Indian Corn— Bushels. . Wheat " Eye Oats " Barley " Buckwheat " Potatoes " Tobacco— Pounds Hay — Tons Crop of l&(i9. 17,500,000 8,642,000 800,000 9,017,000 '28,000 15,000 1,188,000 65,000,000 220,000 Yield per Acre. Acreage. 1 15.5 1,129,032 10.5 823.047 9.3 86,021 17.1 527,309 17.3 1,618 10.7 7,009 50.0 23,760 418.0 155,502 1.46 150,684 2,903,952 Value per Bushel, &c. S 91 1 21 91 48 87 87 69 10 30 cwt. 15 41 ton. Total Value. $15,925,000 10,456,820 728,000 4,328,160 24,360 65,250 819,720 6,695,000 3,390,200 Cash Value per Acre. $14 10 12 70 8 46 8 20 15 05 9 30 34 50 43 05 22 49 1,432,.510 $14 61 Av. Average Value per Acre. $12 66 in Illinois. 13 02 in Minnesota. 13 49 in Georgia. 13 71 in Wisconsin. 14 61 in Virginia. The following comparative table presents facts in regard to wheat production which show that Virginia compares favorably with the noted wlieat-growing States. Illinois produced the largest and Iowa the next largest crops of the States in 1869. France had the largest wheat crop in the known world in 1872. England, by high 78 cultivation, has reached an average of 28 bushels to the acre, but has only increased one-fifth of a bushel in one hundred years — still its average surpasses that of any other country : * California, 1869 Illinois, 1889 Iowa, 1869 : United States, 1869... t United States, 1873. Franco, 1872 Holland, 1372 Austria, 1871 Prussia, 1867 f England (average)... Average Pro- (iuot 01 Wheat per Acre. Bushels. 18.2 11.2 13.0 13.5 12.7 19.3 25.3 15.2 17.1 28.0 In 1869* Pennsylvania produced the largest crop of rye, 17.7 bushels, average, per acre, and of buckwheat, 16.4 bushels; Missouri the largest crop of maize, aver- aging 30.6 bushels to the acre. In 18701 Norway produced 25.9 bushels of rye, and in 1867 Prussia had 16.7 bushels to the acre. Potatoes, Peas and Beans, or Tubers and Pulse, are raised in considerable quanti- ties in all portions of Virginia. The returns, in bushels, for 1859 (census of 1860), are as follows : SECTIONS. Potatoes. Irish. Sweet. Tidewater.. Middle.. ..... Piedmont .. Blue Kido'e. The Valley. Appalachia. Totals 1,542,892 477,036 321,913 312,256 34,238 300,519 96,930 1,314,377 407,283 118,669 2,039 23,756 26,652 1,892,776 Peas and Beans. 323,603 89,893 35,291 1,718 8,177 24,154 482,836 *Department of Agriculture Report, 1869. t Agricultural returns of Great Britain, 1874. J Times, .January 11, 1875. 79 The total potato crop was 3,435,668 bushels, an average of 2.8 to each inhabi- tant of the State, and over 6 bushels to each in Tidewater, where both sweet* and Irishf potatoes are a staple crop, the former having a high reputation in market for their superior quality. The latter are sent to market very early in the season. "Except in the Tidewater section, where market gardening has become a leading industry, potatoes, as a rule, are only raised in Virginia for family consumption ; -they are not fed to stock, nor, except from Tidewater, sent to distant markets. There is no question but that more use should be made of this prolific and easily raised article of human and animal food. The average potato crop of Holland^; is 165 bushels to the acre: that of Michigai"i§ in 1869 was 155 bushels, and of the whole United States 109.5. Peas and Beans are not cultivated in Virginia to the extent they should be ivhen account is taken of the large areas so admirably adapted to their cultivation, so much more so than to the production of maize, that requires a strong soil, which dt rapidly exhausts. Only in Tidewater and parts of Middle Virginia are peas and beans farm products. In European States, large crops of pulse are raised; the :average yield in Holland^ is 25.9 bushels to the acre. The production of cereals, tubers and pulse, in Virginia, in 1859, was about forty-six million bushels, or 38.25 bushels to each of its inhabitants — enough for •seven or eight times as many people. Oats and Barley, cereals not used here for human food, are important Virginia ■crops, especiall}' the former. Barley is only cultivated to a liniited extent, though it always does well, and it could be most advantageously grown for exportation, since the climate would give it generally the quality it has onl}^ in occasional seasons in England, when it bears a high price. The productions of 1859 (1860 census), in bushels, were : SECTIONS. Oats. Barley. Tidewater 1,524,466 3,047,548 1,739,159 262,544 1,372,823 591,090 172 Middle 834 riediuont 767 Blue Rido'C 282 Tlie Valiej^ 6,012 Appalacliia 430 Totals 8,537,630 8,497 The Middle country led in the production of oats, and was followed by Pied- anont. The friable soils and early seasons of the lower country are well suited to * Convolvulus batatas — the "long potato." •} Solanum tuberosum — the "round potato. 'V { Agricultm-al returns of Great Britain, 1874. § Department of Agriculture Keport, 1869. 80 the growth of tliis crop. In 1869, by report of the Department of Agriculture, the average product per acre, in Virginia, of oats, was 17.1, and of barley, 17.3 bushels. In France, in 1872, the average for oats was 28.2, and for barley 21.5 bushels per acre. Tlie entire crojj of cereals, tubers and pulse, of Virginia, in 1859, was more than- 54 million bushels, over 45.3 bushels for each inhabitant. The Production of Wheat and Indian Corn in bushels, per capita, in the various sections of the United States, by the returns of 1860, was : SECTIONS. Wheat. Maize. N^ew England , 0.34 3.60 10.00 3.50 5.50 2.92 Miclcllu States 9.12 Western States 45. 8S Soutlicrn States 31.49 United States 26.73 A comparison of the figures here given with those before presented for the- sections of Virginia, shows that the Valley and Piedmont excelled any of the groups of States in the production of wheat per capita, while Middle and Tidewater "were only surpassed by the Western States. Every portion of Virginia produced more than the great wheat growing Middle States. In the production of Indian corn nearly all sections of Virginia produced more than the average for the United States. The Products of Orchards and Market Gardens in Virginia are large and valuable, much more so than is indicated by the returns of the census. Every portion of the State is remarkably well adapted to the growth of fruits of the warm-temperate and temperate climates. The following table is from the census of 1860, but it must be regarded as merely an approximation to the value of the products of the orchards and market gardens of Virginia ; SECTIONS. ^ Tidewater I Mddle * Piedmont Blue Ridge The Valley Appalachia Totals Value of Pboducts of Orchards, 198,956 57,791 112,291 30,664 113,595 53,080 $566,377 Market Gardens. 455,127 66,503 11,416. 2,406 4,321 695 $540,468 81 In Tidewater Virginia apples, pears, peaches, quinces, plums, cherries, necta- rines, grapes, figs, strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, currants, and other fruits, thrive and produce abundantly, the quality of the products being unsurpassed, as the awards of the American Pomological Society attest. The value of the small fruits alone, annually sent to market from Tidewater, is more than the sums for orchards and gardens above given. The trade in early strawberries is one of large proportions. Especial mention should be made of the wild Scuppernong grapes, peculiar to the Tidewater country near the sea, which spread over the forests and bear large crops of excellent fruit, from which a very palatable wine is made. The originals of the Catawba, Norton's Virginia, and other esteemed American grapes, grow wild in the forests of Virginia. All the fruits named above groiv in every section of the State, except, perhaps, figs. Piedmont, the Blue Ridge and The Valley are famous apple regions. Peaches flourish in all sections, but Middle and Tidewater may claim some precedence in adaptability. The Blue Ridge is entitled to the name of the "Fruit Belt," and its extensive area is yet to become the most noted wine and fruit producing section of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains; all the fruits of Virginia flourish there in a remarkable manner, and find special adaptations of soil, climate and exposure. The Market Gardens of Tidewater shipped* from Norfolk alone, to other markets, in the spring of 1870, a million baskets of strawberries, 50,000 barrels of Irish potatoes, 40,000 barrels of green peas, 10,000 barrels of snap beans, 650,000 heads of cabbage, 20,000 barrels of cucumbers, 160,000 barrels of tomatoes, 5,000 barrels of squashes, 2,000 barrels of beets, 40,000 bunches of radishes, 100,000 cantelope melons, and 100,000 watermelons, valued at $1,043,000. This does not include $25,000 worth of apples, pears, peaches, &c., shipped during the same season. The shipments of 1872 were valued at $1,500,000. Shipments were made from many other places. This business is called "trucking." The products of the "truck patches," or market gardens of Tidewater, are mostly marketed from March to August. No country can be better situated for market gardening than Tidewater Vir- ginia: — it is from 14 to 36 hours, by water, from Baltimore, Washington, Phila- delphia, New York and Boston, the centres of population of the Atlantic slope of the United States ; at the same time its seasons are from one to two months earlier, giving an advantage of fully a double price for its garden products over the country in the vicinity of those cities. The Home Gardens are not considered in any of the " returns " of the produc- tions of Virginia, where potatoes, Irish and sweet, corn, peas, beans, onions, beets, parsnips, radishes, lettuce, celery, salsify, asparagus, melons and squashes of nume- rous kinds, carrots, okra, tomatoes, &c., &c., are raised in the greatest abundance, and form a portion of the daily food of the entire population. The Peanut (Arachis'hypogasa) is extensively cultivated in Tidewater. Isle of V^ight county, it is reported, in 1872, sent 40,000 bushels to market, that sold for * Estimates of Pomological Society. 11 82 S1.50 to $3 a bushel. In 1871-'2 there were received at Norfolk 351,120 bushels* of these ground-nuts. Sandy and light soils are suited to the growth of peanuts. Vegetable Sweets are produced in Virginia from the sugar maple {Acer saccha- rinuvi), and the Chinese sugar cane {Sorghum saccharatum). The production from these sources was, in 1859 : SECTIONS. Maple — Sngfiv. Pounds. Titlt'water Miadlc Piedinont Bluo liidg-e.... Tho Valley App:i::ie'.;ia Totals 20 54,132 2]6,G-y7 Molnwos. Gallons. 271, TGI 102 2SG ITS 752 9,711 16,805 27,924 Sorf^hmn Molasses. Gallons. 50 201 213 144 21,021 24,805 4G,434 Sorghum flourishes in strong soils in all portions of the State, and the pro- duction of molasses from this source is from eight to ten times the quantity here givci';. Tlie objection to its cultivation is that it matures simultaneously with Indian corn, and both crops demand attention at the same time. The sugar maple, or "sugar tree," as it is familiarly called, abounds on the rich lands of the moun- tain regions, and there, every spring, much larger quantities of delicious tree sugar and molasses are made than the State obtains credit for. This m:mufacture is an cxtc^nsive and profitable one in many of tlie States, and could be made so here. Beet Root Sugar ought to be made in Virginia in large quantities, as it has an abundance of rich bottom lands for grovring the beets, and seasons highly favorable fui- the development of saccharine matter in them. In France, in 1872, more than 221 million hundred-weights of beets were raised for sugar; they occupied 850,176 aeres of land — a quantity equal to that occupied by wheat in Virginia in 1869. Tiie V/ine crop of Virginia is a small one compared with the extensive territory here found that is especially adapted to the growth of the vine 'ootli by the char- acLur of the soil and the conditions of the climate. Fully two milhon acres of land in Virginia have soils and exposures similar to those of the most noted wine producing sections of Europe, and the seasons are so long that the grape has ample tiiue to fully mature and develop its natural juices, fitting them for the manufacture of [)uro wine. Experience has shown that the vines here grown are free from cliocascs, and that they may be relied on for abundant crops. The yield for 1859 is give.n on succeeding page; it was more than the figures indicate. *Keport of Merchants Exchange. 83 SECTIOXS. Wine. Gallons. Tidew'utir G 398 Middle 20,G41 G,608 Piedmont "Blue Ridge » 92 TiieValb'y 4,562 139 App:il;ic;iia 38,440 ' The Blue IiIdgk offers great advantages for viticultm-e : one vineyard on it, in \Yarren county, of 75 acres, produces from 20 to 30,000 gallons of ^Yine and from 6 to 10,000 gallons of brandy annually, t!ie yield being from 300 to 500 gallons per acre. The "red lands" of the Pied:\I()-\t section are famous for their fitness for this pleasant and profitable industry. There are many localities in the other sections of the State where tlie vine i^ourislies.* Early grapes are sent in considerable quan- tities from Virginia to northern, and c:istern- maa'kets. Mention lias been made of the Scuppernong grape of Tidewater, marvellous for the space a single vine will cover and the quantity of fruit and wine it will produce. There is no more invi- ting iield for the vigneron than Virginia. France ha,d in 1872 under cultivation in vines 6,455,627 acres, an area nearly eijual to all of Tidewater, larger than the Valley and Blue Ridge combined. Virginia should have as many acres, because it lias equal advantages, naturally, in every particular, combined witli a virgin soil, in its "fruit belt." The value of tlie plain wines made in France averages '3500,000,000 in gold annually; the average yield is 220 gallons per acre, and for the last 16 years the product has averaged 1,100,000,000 gallons 3'*early.''' Tobacco is a staple product of Virginia-, and in 1859 it produced about one-third of the croj) of the United States, being the leading State in production, making about 100 pounds to each of its inhabitants. The crop of the sections for that year is shown in the table : TideAvater... lliddlc .., Plediiiont ... Blue Ridge. Tlie Valley. Appalachia. SECTIONS. Tobacco. Fouuds. Total 121,787,646 8,893,092 84,333,419 24,148,461 450,449 3,657,921 304,304 *Loudou Times. 84 Middle -Virginia produced SAi million pounds, 228 to each of its population, figures attesting the industry of its people, because no cultivated crop requires as much care and labor to bring it to market in good condition. The "Virginia Leaf" is noted the world over for its excellence, the result of manipulation as well as of soil and climate. Piedmont produced 120 pounds to the head. The soils of this and the Middle section are among the best for the growth of good tobacco ; those of Middle produce the finest and most valuable. Tidewater is the region for Cuba and Latukiah varieties, while immense crops of coarse and heavy tobaccos are grown on the rich lands of the Blue Ridge, the Valley and Appalachia. Some idea may be formed of the value of this great staple, when it is stated that more than 20,000,000* pounds were manufactured in Richmond alone in 1872, employing the labor of 11,049 hands. The United States tax, collected on Virginia tobacco in 1869-701 was $4,068,220, or one-seventh of that paid for the whole Union. The price of tobacco in Richmond in June, 1870, was from $7 to $35 per 100 pounds for "lugs," and from $8.50 to $100 for "leaf," according to quality.. In 1869 Richmond exported tobacco as follows : To Bremen 124,184 pounds of "leaf." " " 550,813 " "stems." " Havre 2,433,278 " "leaf." "Trieste 1,338,000 " " " Flume 686,000 " " " London 1,.591,163 " " " Liverpool 1,571,607 " " "Halifax 217,817 " " 8,512,862 It has been found that no known country can compete with Virginia in the growth and manufacture of the better kinds of "the weed:" — her soil and climate are "just right" for it. It should be noted that tobacco culture is not an exclusive one in any part of Virginia — large crops of grain and roots are raised on the same plantations. G^rass is one of the abundant productions of Virginia, much of its territory being inside the limits of "natural grasses," and all of it is adapted to the vigorous growth of the "artificial" or cultivated ones, but the character of its climate does not require a large stowing away of hay, therefore it does not " figure " largely in _ the returns. * A reference to the number of cattle in each section of the State makes the quantity of hay produced appear very small in proportion, but it shows that the pastures can be relied on for most of the year, owing to the mildness of the climate, greatly to the advasitage of the stock feeder. It is true that a large quantity of long forage is obtained from the " tops, blades and stalks " of Indian corn, which, where this is a staple crop, take the place of hay for home consumption, and leave the hay for market, if desired. * State Journal. ■[Keport of Richmond Chamber of Commerce- 85 The Seeds of Clover, Grass and Flax naturally claim attention along with grass, and the table shows the sectional production of these articles in Virginia for 1859 : SECTION'S. Tidewater .. l^Iidclle Piedmont Blue Eidge.. .. The Valley Appalacbia Totals Hay. Tons. 45,246 49,689 58,945 8,553 104,955 18,609 285,997 Seeds. — Bushels. Clover. Grass 1S6 783 ■ 4,906 301 22,652 904 29,732 298 3,104 10,439 867 23,626 458 38,792 Flax. 496 1,528 7,331 2,917 7,146 4,859 24,277 Fine crops of hay are made from cultivated grasses in all portions of the State, but the natural meadows are mostly in Piedmont, Blue Ridge, The Valley and Appalachia. The "Hay Map" of the Statistical Atlas of the United States shades these sections the same as it does most of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, &c., and as more productive than most of Tennessee and Kentucky. The Report of the Department of Agriculture for 1869 gives, as the average production of hay in Virginia, 1.46 tons per acre, worth $22.49, a larger yield than any of the New England States, and almost equal to the 1.54 of New York, the leading hay State, and worth more, its value being $19.49 per ton. The perennial grasses of Piedmont, the Blue Ridge, The Valley and Appa- lachia, including the noted "blue grass," are famed for their nutritious and fatten- ing qualities, and place these among the most highly favored grazing regions in the world. Nowhere, save on the great plains of Texas and the extreme West, or "South America, can cattle he reared and fattened more cheaply than in these sec- tions of Virginia, as has been proven by the investigations of the United States Department of Agriculture. The Valley leads in the production of hay and seeds : Piedmont follows. The meadows of the loio country in Virginia have an advantage in the early "haying" time, and where not too remote from the great cities, much profit can be gained by being early in market. Tidewater and Middle Virginia have many fine alluvial meadows, and the salt marshes of the former yield fine crops of liay, and perpetual pastures. The crops of clover and grass seeds are unusually large where they are made an object; the long seasons seem to give a larger yield of good seed. The first crop of clover, for the year," is generally cut for hay, it has so large a growth, and seed is taken from the less rank second growth. Flax grows well in all portions of Virginia, though little attention is now given to its cultivation. The elevated mountain valleys suit it admirably. 86 Castor Beans (Ricinus communis) are raised in considerable quantities, especially on the Eastern Shore of Tidewater. The raising of Garden Seeds upon a large scale has lately been introduced in Tidewater, the climate and soil of which appear to be very favorable to this in- dustry. The seeds grown have given much satisfaction, as they are sure to be ripe. England annually obtains many of her soeds from Italy and other warmer climates. The warm thin lands of Tidewater and the Middle country offer many ad- vantages for growing Garden Herbs and Perfumery Plants and Shrubs on an extensive- scale — the requisite heat and dryness of climate can there be found. Hops are only raised for domestic use, except in a few cases. When planted the vines grow luxuriantly and bear well. The returns were : Piedmonts... Blue llidg-e. The ViiUey.. Appalacliia. Total. SECTIOXS. Hops. Pounds Tide-vv.ater 1,204 Mddle 1,776 1,310 IGS 2,284 179 7,006 Large areas of land, similar to the hop lands of Kent, in England, and to those of the State, of New York, can be found in Virginia, and hop culture could be ad- vantageously undertaken in many localities,, to vary the industrial productions. Ramie^' and Jute, most valuable textile i^lants, could, without doubt, bo most advantageously and successfully cultivated on the deep and rich second bottoms and reclamed sivamp lands of Tidewater. Ramie is a perennial, and the stalks are cut three or four times in a year, and the crude ramie-staple is worth from £65 to £70' a ton in Europe, and more in America. Millions of bales of jute are now annually- consumed in the manufacture of jjaper, gunny-bags, grain sacks, &c. Cotton, Flax and Hemp, the vegetable textile or fibrous products, are grown in Virginia successfully and j^rofitably, bu-t by no means as extensively as circum- stances would seem to warrant. Cotton is somewhat largely cultivated in portions- of Tidewater, especially south of the James, in the Southside Peninsula, where the climaticf conditions are favorable. A planter in Greenesville country, in 1873^ averaged two 400 pound bales to the acre, and others report equally gratifying re- sults. Virginia has these 1860 cen.sus credits for 1859 production, in pounds : *See Keport of Department of AgTicidtnre (U. S.) 1873. t See chapter on Climates. 87 SECTIONS. Cotton. Ilcmp. Flax, Tidewater 4,104,800 850,400 10 148 15,961 653 11,060 210 5 454 Middle 33,357 63,003 Piedmont • Blue Ridoe 4,000 83,600, 12,000 31,907 The Valley 69,838 Appalacliia 90,051 Totals 5,054,800 28,042 290,610 A usually well informed writer* estimated the cotton crop of Virginia for 1871-'2as 110,439,200 pounds (341,080 bales), and for 1872-'3 as 173,433,200 pounds (433,583 bales). These differ widely from other estimates, but no explanation can be made from existing data. The Report of the Bureau of Statistics of the United States Treasury, for September, 1874, page 128, gives the following statements : ProtUict of Bales of Cotton in Virginia Total Crop of the United States Manufactured at the South 1S69— 'TO. 203,981 3,114,592 79.843 13T0-'T1. 339,115 4,347,006 91,240 1S71— '72. 276,093 2,974,351 120,000 1S72— '73. 433,583 3,930,508 279,162 1S7 505,876 4,170,383 353,098 These figures convey a wrong impression — they can only mean that the num- ber of bales credited to Virginia found their way to market through her ports, else she would be the third State in cotton production. The cultivation of cotton on small farms has of late been very successful, and the fine prices realized from the better cotton so raised has greatly stimulated production. Cotton Seeds have recently become articles of commerce, and the}'' are in de- mand in Great Britain and elsewhere for the oil they contain and for food for cattle, giving an additional value to the cotton crop. The seeds were worthf in 1873, in Liverpool, S40 a ton. They also make a most excellent manure. The production of cotton is one of the elements in a mixed husbandry (the only one that can thrive in a thinhj peopled region), that should be fostered, especially in Tidewater. Hemp is not a staple of Virginia, and yet there are many rich, moist, bottom lands that could not be put to a more profitable use than the growing of this plant. Flax, as before stated, is grown for "domestic manufacture" only — a crop now and then supplies the home demand, so luxuriantly does it grow. The fibre of *E. de Leon, Harpers' Magazine, January, 1874, Avho states that Virginia produced as given above, f de Leon — snpra. 88 Virginia flax is of a superior qualit}^ and the climatic conditions, especially of the elevated valleys, are favorable for fitting the crop for market. Flax is cultivated in all sections of the State, but the quantity produced increases in going westward. Virginia produced one-seventeenth of the flax crop of the United States in 1860, and one-twenty-fourth of the flax seed. The Products of the Forests of Virginia are large, varied and important, but it is difficult to establish quantities and values ; so meagre are the published statistics, only local returns can be given. The Statistical Atlas of the United States, published by order of Congress, (1874), contains a " Woodland'''' map, showing by five degrees of density of shading the forest distribution of the country. On this map Virginia is represented as having a portion of four classes. The northeast of Piedmont, near Washington and Alexandria, is shaded in the second class, as having from 40 to 120 acres of woodland to the square mile of 640 acres, an average of one-eighth of the surface. All of the Valley northeast of Augusta county and the portions of Piedmont, Middle and Tidewater northeast of and including the Rappahannock valley, the Eastern Shore, the basin of the James to Piedmont, the north part of tlie Norfolk peninsula, the valley of the Dan from the North Carolina line to Danville, and an extensive region around Lynchl)urg, are in the third class, having from 120 to 240 acres of forest to the square mile, or over one-fourth of the_ whole surface. The Valley from Rockingham to the New river "divdde," Piedmont southwest of the Rappahannock basin, all the portions of Middle and Tidewater not mentioned before, and the southwest corner of the State, except the extreme southeast of the State on the waters of Albemarle sound, are in the fourth class, having from 240 to 360 acres to the square mile, or about, one half of the country in woods. The • Blue Ridge from the North Carolina line, and the Valley to Roanoke county, and all the Appalachian region, except the drainage ^ground of the Big Sandy and the North Fork of Clinch, are placed in the fifth class, having from 360 to 560 acres of forest to the 640, or over two-thirds of the whole surface. The Big Sandy and North Fork of Clinch basins, and a belt along the North Carolina line, from the Atlantic to the Roanoke, including the Dismal Swamp, are embraced in the sixth, or highest class, having 560 or more acres of forest to the square mile. These areas are determined from the returns of cleared land of the census, and may be accepted as fair generalizations; though they fail to give much idea of the timber resources of the State, still the general presentation puts Virginia among the most highly favored in woodlands. In the memoir, by Prof. Brewer, of New Haven, accompanying the " \Vood- land Map," Virginia is placed, geographicall}^ among the Middle States, ^yhich are stated to have from " 100 to 105 species of trees, 65 to 67 of which sometimes reach 50 feet in height. The region was originally entirely wooded, over much of it the forests were very heavy, and there are still immense quantities of timber available. The forests of this region are usually made up of quite a number of species, in some places the broad-leaved species predominating, in others the Coniferae; but both kinds commonly grow together." Of the Appalachian forests Prof. Brewer says: "While the hard woods may not attain their greatest size, some of them, particularly white oak, white ash, and some of the hickories, are believed to attain 89 their greatest perfection as regards strength and durability, or, at least, they are only equalled by the timber of the same species extended on the line of these lidges beyond this district in both directions. This is a matter of great importance in ship and boat building, and in the raanufticture of railroad cars and of agricul- tural implements." "It is believed that the white oak attains its greatest develop- ment of strength in certain parts of Virginia and West Virginia." Prof. Brewer remarks that we have above 300 species of native trees, 132, ac- cording to Gray, north of the Carolinas, while Central Europe has but about 60, JFrance from 30 to 34, and Great Britain 29, only 15 of which become large trees. The Richmond Chamber of Commerce reported that for the third quarter of 1868 there were officially measured, in that city, 2,331,542 feet, boa.rd measure, of lumber. This would give an annual trade of 93 million feet, worth over $200,000. There were received* into the Richmond dock, during the year ending September SOth, 1871, 5,005,000 feet of lumber, 1,272,000 shingles, 338,616 staves, and 30,000 railroad ties. For 1871-'2 the receipts in the dock were 6,771,000 feet of lumber, 2,572,000 shingles, 371,700 hoop poles, &c. These would be but a portion of the total receipts. The bark trade of Richmond for 1868 was valued at $100,000, and for 1871 at $750,000. Tnis was chiefly oak bark, for tanning and dyeing purposes, of wliich this State has an almost inexhaustible supply that must before long be in demand at good prices, as the hemlock forests of the United States, the chief source of tan bark now, are being rapidly cut down. As an illustration of the value of tan bark, it ma}^ be stated that lOOf tanneries, at Siegen, in German}'', are supplied with bark from oak bushes, cultivated for the purpose, that furnished 80,000 tons of bark in 1863 (averaging seven shillings and sixpence per hundred weight in value), with which 100,000 hides were manufactured into 32,000 hundred weight of sole leather having a great reputation for durability. The salcsj of lumber in Norfolk for the year 1871-'2 were over six million oak staves, forty-five million shingles, forty-seven million feet of sawed lumber, worth not less than $2,000,000. The Sumac trade of Virginia is becoming a very miportant one from the wild shrubs. In 1870, over 1,900 tons of sumac, ground and crude, were shipped from Richmond, valued at over two and a half million dollars. In 1870 a mill at Win- chester ground 800 tons of sumac, valued at $75,000. Analysis, made in Liverpool, gave twenty-seven per cent, of tannin in the Winchester sumac, and the article ranked high commercially. There are extensive areas in all parts of Virginia that could be profitably devoted to the cultivation of sumac, as in Sicily. Sassafras roots are consumed by hundreds of tons in the manufacture of oil. This shrub, often tree in Virginia, grows abundantly in many sections of the State. Medicinal roots, as ginseng, snake root, sarsaparilla, mandrake, &c., are gathered in large quantities in the mountains for exportation. The products of the forests of Virginia, for the year 1869-70 were worth from * Richmond Dispatch, January 1st, 1873. t British Blue Book— 1869. I Report of Merchants and Mechanics Exchange. 12 DO 20 to $25,000,0 ,0. They were shipped from hundreds of points, and but a small portion of the trade passed throuijh Richmond and Norfolk. Tidewater has extensive forests of pine (the noted yellow Virginia), oak, cypress, cedar, locust, &c., from which large quantities of sawed lumber an(i timber,, staves, heading, hoop-poles, shingles, railway ties, fire wood, &c., are constantly shipped, very often from the edges of the forests, since sailing vessels can penetrate all portions of the section — directly to all the seaboard markets of the country. Sumac is here an abundant shrub. The Middle Section has large areas of superior hard pine, black, white and other oaks, hickory, locust, persimmon, gum, cedar, holly, and other trees, from which much excellent lumber, tan bark, &c., are sent over the railways and canals that jDenetrate and cross it to various markets. Sassafras and sumac are plentiful, and the former could advantageously be made a staple crop on the ridge lands. Piedmont has considerable forest land v\^ith many varieties of oak, hickory, tulip-poplar, black walnut, locust, cedar, chestnut, pine, and other timber trees, but it can hardly be considered a source of supply for timber for exportation, save in a few localities. Sumac and sassafras abound. The Blue Ridge is mostly covered with forests of oak, white, black, red, rock, &c., hickory, chestnut, locust, birch, some excellent yellow pines, and otiier trees. This section has furnished great quantities of charcoal for the manufacture of iron from the ores ot its western margin, and it will long be a source of supply, so rapidly do its forests renew themselves. The timber supply of pine and other woods for the eastern part of the Valley is drawn from tiie Blue Ridge. Here is found much valuable hard wood, as hickory and oak for wagon and agricultural implement making. This is yet to become a most important source of supply for oak tanbark to convert into quercitron for exportation, or to be use t in the country for tanning. Almost any quantity of oak bark can be obtained from this extensive range. The Valley has nearly half its surface covered by a growth of oaks, hickories and locusts, interspersed with black and white walnuts, yellow and other pines, all having a uniform age of 150 to 203 3'ears. This timber, while not the largest, is of the very best quality, and no well settled portion of the Union can offer a larger quantit}' of timber suitable for wagon, carriage, railroad car, cabinet and other work, for which hard, sound and durable woods are required. The slaty lands abound in sumac. Appalachi.\ is both rich and j^oor in forestal wealth. On the sandstone moun- tain ranges, and in the slate and sliale valleys, the trees are small but the growth is dense, consisting of oaks and other hard woods, pines, &c., good for charcoal, with larger trees in the hollows and more fertile spots. On the limestone ridges and adjacent valleys, as also in the calcareous and some shale valleys, on the other hand, the oaks, v^^alnuts, white and yellow tulip-poplars, birches, beeches, locusts, cherries, sycamores, and other timber trees, are found of a sound growth and very large size, often several feet in diameter, straight and without a limb for fifty to eighty feet from the ground. Only portions of this region have been reached by railroads, and extensive forests of the best of timber for nearly all purposes await the progress of internal improvements and future demands. There are some ex- 1)1 tensive forests of white pine and of the more common varieties of the fir tribe, but generally the Conifera?, suitable for timber, are not abundant in the forests of this section. It is fortunate that there is so much excellent coaling timber here in the vicinit}^ of large deposits of the easily i'u.'red ores of iron. It is from these moun- tain forests that ginseng, snake root, sarsjaparilla and other medicinal plants are obtained. Forest Fruits, such as blackberries, wliortleberries, cranberries, strawberries, dewberries,"" haws, persimmons, service Ijcrries, thorn and crab apples, wild plums and cherries, are found in boundless abuiulance in nearly all the unoccupied lands and in the forests of Virginia, where, in their season, they may be had for the picking by any one that is inclined to gather them. Not only are thousands of bushels of these wild fruits annually gatiicred for home use and 'sale in home marlcets, but they are dried or canned tor exportation, furnishing important and valuable articles of commerce. Ni'.ts are found in all sections, embracing chestnuts, chinquapins, black Viralnuts, white walnuts or butter nuts, hickory nuts of several kinds, hazel nuts, beech nuts^ acorns of many varieties, &c. CHAPTER V. MANUFACTURES. Section I. — Results of Manufacturing in Virginia. In Home Manufactures^ the results of the hand spinning wheel and loom, Vir- ginia has always held a prominent position, a large portion of her rural population haying an honest pride in the wearing of home-made clothing. The farmers and planters of all sections of the State were careful to have annual crops of the hest flax and wool, and- in some sections cotton, to be manufactured at home, not only for the wants of the family, but also for sale. The census of 1860 gives the follow- ing returns for the value of Virginia home manufactures : SECTIONS. Value. Tidewater 149,403 332,779 Ikfiddle Piedmont 168,507 Blue Kidge ; 62,010 196,568 162,618 ■'VhQ Valley Appalachia Total $1,071,885 In proportion to population the sections stood, in the value of home manufac- tures, 1st Appalachia, 2d Blue Ridge, 3d Valley, 4th Middle, 5th Piedmont, and ■6th Tidewater. In Manufactures of various kinds, as special branches of industry, but a small portion* of the population of Virginia has engaged, and generally only to supply neighborhood demands. The aggregate results were as follows in 1860 : sections. si ^ a ss Capital Invested. ■3 Number of Hands Employed. Annual Cost of Labor. Annual Value Male. 6 a of Products, Tidewater 966 1,233 688 62 1,220 122 $6,096,490 7,442,934 2,091,452 157,515 3,560,191 230,063 $9,480,391 9,571,826 2,761,759 124,741 3,316,550 292,803 9,908 10,170 2,674 170 3,590 215 277 2,480 321 120 $2,555,868 2,630,602 545,538 37,644 868,214 55,720 $16,019,801 15,685,012 Middle Piedmont 4 010 422 Blue Ridge 198,457 5,303,216 421 091 Valley Appalachia Totals 4,291 $19,5TS,645 $25,548,070 26,727 3,198 $6,693,586 $41,637,999 'Less than 12 per cent, in 1S70, while nearly 22 per cent, of the population of the U. S. were so engaged. 93 Comparing the totals here given with those for the entire United States, it ap- pears that Virginia had, in round numbers, l-35th of the manufacturing establish- ments, l-50th of the invested capital, paid l-40th of the cost of raw ma^terial used,, employed l-39th of the male and l-90th of the female hands, paid l-54th of the cost of labor, and the annual value of its products was l-45th of the whole — a result highly creditable to the State. The following tables present the details of manufacturing in each section,, which, added, form the totals above given. The Tidewater counties in 1860 were returned as having the following totals of the results of manufacturing : counties; Accomac Caroline Charles City Elizabeth City... Essex Gloucester Hanover Henrico Isle of Wight.... James City , King George King & Queen... King William... , Lancaster Mathews Nansemond New Kent Norfolk Northampton Northumberland Prince George . . Princess Anne... Eichmond Southampton . . . Surry Sussex Warwick Westmoreland.. York Total J S3 Capital Invested. «^ o ai O a Number of Hands Employed. _. . * 2 = •2 < Annual Value g CD of Products. IT $ 3,465 $ 9,269 4T 4 % 13,812 $ 29,3S& 28 76,875 132,423 85 3 17,064 203,600 15 33,550 56,890 45 .... 10,T8S 114,100 26 16,625 30,335 5T 12,420 56,995 5 8,900 3,000 28 T,260 16,000 40 92,995 104,682 152 5 21,120 156,326 2T 40, TOO 6S,50T 64 16,896 101,085 320 4,63T,030 T,S15,491 T,418 ITl 2,002,812 12,926,949 9 88,400 44,200 88 40 19,368 90,500 29 T5,425 99,08T 89 4 22,524 157,693 30 34,160 53,193 145 9,104 69,430 21 43,900 63,4T2 3T T,946 87,460 24 T3,000 85,035 59 16,044 121,675 14 3T,050 64,680 45 T,3T4 84,040 11 28,500 38,51T 20 4,380 50,105 8 20,100 61,000 28 5,140 81,500 IS 46,460 53,320 48 1 8,906 100,402 86 39T,277 299,T64 644 39 193,621 T32,841 6 10,T50 10,920 40 6,180 25,510 19 41,000 64,3T4 41 T,456 90,T32 8 32,000 15,500 42 4 8,388 35,400 14 2,950 11,350 26 5,T60 20,T50 2 1,500 3,000 15 4,.500 9,000 20 9,861 5,630 45 10,884 21,140 10 42,465 43,649 83 4 15,8T6 9T,545 39 89,300 116,485 96 2 18,59T 182,535 5 20,500 61,688 31 10,200 132,856 2 2,200 ],T10 9 2,880 5,600 118 90,052 58,2T0 386 65,568 218, 69T 966 $6,096,490 S9,480,391 9,908 2T7 S2,555,868 $16,019,801 ' There were no returns from Middlesex. 94 The manufacturing centres of Tidewater are: 1st, Henrico, including the city of Richmond at the lower falls of the James, where three-fourths of the manufacturing of the section is done; 2d, Norfolk, includuig the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth; 8d, York, and 4th, Caroline counties. Most of the manufacturing of this section is done in and near Richmond and Norfolk. The following table gives the details of manufacturing in Tidewater in 1860: KIND. J^gricultural implements Blacksmi tiling Book-binding and blank books. JBootsand shoes Boxes — tobacco Brass founding Bread, crackers, &c Brick Carpentering Carriages Cars Cigars Cliemicals Clothing— ladies' cloaks, &c Clothing— ladies' hoop-skirts. . , Clothing— men's Coal— bituminous Coaf -ctioaery Cooperage Copper-smithing Cordage , Cotllns Cotton goods Cotton ginning Fire-arms Fisheries— shad, &c.. Fisheries— oyster Flour and meaJ Furniture— cabinet Gas Hardware— coach and saddlery. Hardware— flies Hardware- locks, &c HatH and cans Iron— bar, sheet and railroad... S3 12 43 3 49 6 1 6 21 29 4T 1 9 1 1 1 21 1 15 13 1 1 2 2 1 2 116 25 192 8 1 1 1 2 4 1 Capital Invested. $ S2,40J 1T,646 4,500 00,015 5,500 8,400 7,000 103,750 52,750 114,375 37,000 1.8,200 6,000 150 350 47,250 100,000 3,300 37,650 14,000 500 800 55,000 1,000 1,500 63,142 40,850 1,415,750 40,950 83,000 800 1,200 3,500 5,500 42.5,000 $ 38,860 33,374 5,200 77,980 23,597 325 83,675 68,583 86,345 95,459 39,150 17.220 4,000 500 1,500 70,050 5,709 18,985 111,550 2,650 3,000 700 38,000 1,000 1,000 24,224 26,-590 3,655,518 50,250 2,295 920 2,070 1,950 11,909 411,775 Number of Hands Kmployed. cS a s ^ 162 120 13 203 56 3 62 336 182 404 45 37 13 263 10 6 4 40 2 8 481 124 SOI 67 3 4 10 9 12 890 5-^ $ 57,660 33,403 s 5,520 25 67,752 19,200 1,200 6 24,050 5 31,7SS 04,428 5 119,193 20,2J4 13,872 3 1,080 5 1,200 15 2,400 100 34,4C2 19,200 3,756 80,505 4,200 900 1,030 40 12,000 360 2,520 50,484 13,140 130,393 23,784 1,296 2,160 1,200 3,950 1 7,536 307,200 95 TABLE OF MANUFACTURES CONTINUED. KIND. Iron— castings Iron— forging -Jewelry Leather ilme Looking-glass and f.icture frames. Liquors— ciictiUed Liquors— malt Lumber— planed Lumber— sawed Machinery, steam engines, &c Marble and stone vv'or'rC Meciicins Millinery Musical instruments, pianos, &c. Nails and spikes Ornaments— plaster Painting Tapor for printing Plaster— ground Printing Plu!iibing and gas-fitting Pottery ware Pumps Piegalia, banners, flags, &g Saddlery and liarness Sails Sash, doors and blinds Saivs Stiip and boat building ■Soap and candles Springs— steel Stair-building Staves, shocks and heading Iron, copper and sheet-iron ware. Tobacco — manufactured Trunks, &c Wagons, carts, Ac ^Villow ware Woolen goods Totals - lo II I" 6 1 1 8 2 2 1 1 3 95 12 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 2 2 1 1 21 1 C 2 5 9 1 1 3 18 52 1 39 2 1 Capital Invested. $ 27,200 10,000 300 13,250 3,150 1,300 200,000 10,000 C3,500 323,025 25'.',G00 3,700 2,000 710 150,000 2,000 100 100 41,000 9,500 41,900 20,000 e,ooo 1,500 2,ri('0 31,975 2,580 23,600 8,000 4,950 93,203 500,000 500 500 87,750 1,121,025 500 23,180 .300 130,000 ^3 o3 $0,096,490 I $9,430,391 Number of Hands Employed. $ 32,990 72 20,000 16 1,000 2 10,041 18 8,017 7 4,120 10 155,800 35 5,000 7 80,600 25 £:3,256 C13 146,004 513 21,000 38 9,300 .4 3,500 174,000 226 800 12 250 2 500 2 40,000 24 * 16,700 4 22,453 57 16,410 29 2,550 20 2i0 1 600 3 40,919 67 8,000 5 16,302 49 13,20C 15 6,540 39 83,027 38 108,300 25 300 3 5,500 ! 13 70,433 129 2,532,415 3,370 1,000 3 39,547 125 535 3 93,000 100 9,903 10 12 $ 27,000 7,200 960 2,410 1,872 2,424 12,800 2,820 10,560 132,504 171,7-44 7,440 720 1,363 30,000 3,000 720 720 9,000 840 13,920 10,200 5,-100 720 432 33,192 1,800 16,596 4,992 9,980 11,340 9,600 1,440 5,640 40,376 714,334 1,298 33,945 1,089 27,600 -Annual Value of Products $ 87,750 42,750 2,800 18,000 17,200 8,EC0 225,000 15,000 103,300 805,753 563,945 41,300 24,000 8,008 213,750 4,200 1,225 1,500 75,000 31,210 40,044 35,000 15,000 1,500 1,500 100,710 12,000 50,700 29,000 23,700 140,012 225,000 4,000 13,575 175,200 4,338,995 2,600 105,007 1,700 200,000 §2,555,863 | $18,019,801 96 The agricultural implements were made in King William, Sussex and Henrica, Blacksmithing is only credited to one-third of the counties, giving none to the. Northern Neck, save^ving George; none to the Middlesex, and only to Gloucester,, of the Gloucester Peninsula; oione to King William, New Kent, York, Warwick,, Charles City, Prince George, Surry, Isle of Wight, Nanesemond, or Northampton j so that numerous shops, &c., were not reported. Boots and shoes were made in 13. counties, but Henrico produced 17-21ths of the whole, and Norfolk 2-21ths. Bread and crackers and bricks were made in Elizabeth City, Henrico and Norfolk. Car- pentry was confined to James City and Henrico. Carriages were manufactured in 19 counties, Henrico having 14-34ths, Caroline 3-34ths and Norfolk 6-34ths of the- whole product; the notable omissions are Hanover, New Kent, Isle of Wight and Nansemond. Men's clothing is 6-13ths of it credited to Norfolk and the same to- Richmond. Cooperage is confined to Southampton, Norfolk and Henrico. Coffins are given to James and Elizabeth City. Isle of Wight and Henrico monopolized cotton goods, and cotton ginning was done in King William. The shad fisheries were in King George, York, Norfolk and Northampton, and the oyster in Gloucester and Norfolk. Flour and meal were ground in all but Westmoreland, Richmond, Essex, Middlesex, Prince George and the Eastern Shore — Henrico having 5-7ths of the whole product, followed by Caroline and Sussex each about l-42d. Cabinet furniture was made in Henrico, Norfolk, Nansemond and Accomac, 74-103ds of all in Henrico and 25 in Norfolk. Iron castings were produced in Hanover, Henrico and Norfolk, 81-87ths of the product being credited to Plenrico. Leather was tanned in Northumberland, Lancaster, Gloucester, Caroline, Henrico, Isle of Wight and Accomac, one establishment in each county named, except Northumberland, which had two. Saw mills were credited to all the counties but King George„ Westmoreland, Richmond, Essex, Southampton and Accomac; Warwick was first in production with 12-80ths of the value, followed by York with 10-80ths, Prince George and Henrico each 7-80ths, these four sawing about half the product. Ma- chinery and steam engines were made in Hanover, Henrico and Norfolk, 51-56ths of the production being from Henrico. Elizabeth City, by the census, was the only county that had any painting done. Plaster was ground in Henrico and King George, 30-31ths of it in the former. Printing, by the census, was confined to four establishments in Norfolk and one in James City, and no mention is made of Hen- rico, including Richmond, with its numerous newspaper, book and job printing establishments. Eleven counties had saddlery and harness shops, but 78-lOOths of the annual product was from Henrico and 13-lOOths from Norfolk. Sash, doors and Winds were made in Hanover, Henrico and Norfolk; 28-50ths of the production was from Henrico, and 20-50ths from Norfolk. Ship and boat building was carried on in York, Elizabeth City, Henrico and Isle of Wight, the production being nearly the same in each; the omission of Norfolk should be noted. Wagons, carts, &c., were manufactured in 12 counties, but 77-105ths of the production was in Henrico and 9-105ths in Hanover. The following manufactures were carried on in Henrico county (including Rich- mond city) alone, viz: Making tobacco boxes, brass founding, ladies' clothing and hoop skirts, mining bituminous coal, confectionery, copper smithing, cordage, hard- ware, file and lock making, hats and caps, bar, sheet and railroad iron, iron forging, 97 jewelry, lime, looking glass and picture frames, distilled and malt liquors, planed lumber, marble and stone cutting, medicines, millinery, nails and spikes, plaster ornaments, printing paper, plumbing and gas fitting, pottery ware, pumps, regalia, tanners, &c., sails, saws, steel springs, stairs, tobacco manufacture, trunks, willow ware and woolen goods. These industries were found only in Henrico and Norfolk counties, viz : Book binding and blank books, making cigars, fire arms, soap and candles, and tin, cop- per and sheet iron ware. In Norfolk county (including Norfolk city, Portsmouth, &c.) alone were the follow- ing, viz : The making of cars, chemicals, gas, musical instruments, and staves, shooks and heading. The manufactures of Richmond are numerous and important, and the follow- ing statistics* of value of products show that they are in a healthy condition, not- ■withstanding the depression in business during the years presented : PRODUCTS. Iron, nail, architectural iron, and railroad car worlis, and Iron ware Tobacco and cigars Tlour, meal and mill ofEal , Agricultural implements Furniture, mattresses and wooden ware, including barrels, buckets,) brooms, &c / Xeather, as boots, shoes, trunks, harness^ belting, &c Fertilizers, lime, sumac, dye-stuffs, oils, &c Printers' types and material, paper, paper boxes c^d twine, lithographs,) photographs, books, &c / "Reflaed sugars Xagerbeer, ale, wines and liquors •Carriages, wagons, carts, &c Cotton goods, clothing, &o Sash, blinds, doors and mouldings JMiscellarfeous manufactures, such as soap, candles, cakes, crackers,) bread, candy, pumps, ship rigging, rope, tin ware, brushes, spirits, v stone, earthen and marble wares, blank books, picture frames, &c...J Totals 18T2. > 5,492,000 5,205,600 2,045,000 368,000 378,965 298,300 375,495 137,110 803,859 187,250 95,300 528,000 285,000 $16,199,870 1873. ; 4,081,600 5,062,466 2,422,000 323,600 382,400 273,500 491,000 814,650 t 198,200 121,300 865,900 344,520 $14,881,136 1874, $ 2,946,760 8,327,581 t 2,214,683 435,300 390,514 251,750 472,400 i,031,0ST 116,000 126,520 113,375 632,250 $17,746,720 The values for 1870 were $7,000,000, and for 1871, $14,840,146. The gas works of the city of Richmond manufactured as follows, viz ; In 1872—66,260,700 cubic feet of gas from 273,687 bushels of coal. In 1873—83,686,200 cubic feet of gas from 297,294 bushels of coal. In 1874^81,812,600 cubic feet of gas from 288,345 bushels of coal. * From the annual exhibits of the Kichmond Dispatch. t One of the largest flouring mills was burned in April, diminishing the product. I This was the '"panic" year, and the sugar refineries stopped early in the year. 13 98 The counties* of Middle Virginia, iii 1860, were credited with these totals of manufactures : o| S3 Capital Invested. 5 ^ o o Number of Hands Employed. o o o — . f^ < Annual COUNTIES. a Value of Products. 96 3T IT 28 36 sa 50 141 33 78 58 38 IS' 55 5T 14 65 45 4T 20 141 24 83 T2 $357,250 69,575 42,900 92,480 70,200 41,600 2,372,624 1,242,190 21,030 1,133,795 $403,659 128,352 24,920 118,416 132,677 23,795 1,539,895 1,918,814 39,615 2,091,187 185,475 85,914 76,020 84,128 277,320 49,201 352,420 127,863 100,836 15,150 1,176,172 193,459 218,946 147,592 732 71 57 82 65 55 1,208 1,900 58 2,150 304 75 30 207 279 20 489 119 108 34 1,136 261 339 391 149 2 497 314 961 35 1 10 8 140 3 5 238 52 34 38 $193,350 16,374 13,356 20,776 13,932 9,564 373,350 445,044 13,404 626,168 64,136 15,756 5,772 42,390 58,392 3,912 85,122 33,472 26,268 6,180 370,626 53,820 29,630 109,808 $761,290 158,54& Amelia , Appomattox 51,542 Buckino"ham 169,904 Brunswiclv 176,820- Cumberland 42,326 Chesterfleia 2,686,870- Campbell 3,171,860- Charlotte 64,765- Dinwiddle 8,570,855' 148,940 80,150 50,375 155,145 218,800 40,450 140,525 124,225 166,480 66,800 439,525 91,325 131,900 144,650 800,455. Gooctiland 126,683 92,827 189, 21S 455,95* 59,147 Mecklenburg 518,398. Nottoway • 186,541 Prince William 235,927 Powhatan 23,950" Pittsylvania 1,670,257 299,91T 302,920- Prince Edward Stafford Spotsylvania 36S,050' Totals 1,233 $7,442,934 $9,571,826 10,170 2,480 $2,680,602 $15,685,012; The manufacturing centres of Midland Virginia were : 1st, Dinwiddie, including most of Petersburg, at the falls of the Appomattox ; 2d, Campbell, including Lynch- burg, on the James ; 3d, Chesterfield, including Manchester, at the falls of the James opposite Richmond; 4th, Pittsylvania, including Danville, on the Dan; 5th, Alex- andria, on the Potomac; and 6th, Spotsylvania and Stafford, including Fredericks- burg and Falmouth, on the Rappahannock at the falls. * It is well to call attention to a statement in Chapter I. that all the counties are not loliolhj included in the Natural Divisions in which they are grouped, but they are placed where the larger portion of their area lies. .The figures are taken from county returns, therefore they must follow the county in grouping. A census-taking by smaller political divisions would remedy these defects, but the general result would not vary much from that given, because of the compensation of areas. 9« The results of manufacturing in Middle Virginia, by the census of 1860, were : KIND. Agricultural implements Bark, ground, sumac Blacksmithing Book-binding and blank books. Bread, crackers, &c Brick Brooms Boots and shoes , Boxes— tobacco Coal — bituminous , Cars , Cliemicals . , Coffins Cigars Clothing — men's Carriages Confectionery Carpentering Cotton goods Cooperage Cordage Dyeing and bleaching Flour and meal Furniture — cabinet Fire-arms Fertilizers Fisheries— shad Glue Gas , Gold-mining Hats and caps , Iron castings , Jewelry Leather Liquors— malt Liquors— distilled Lnmber— sawed Lumber — planed Locomotives S3 15 2 140 4 6 19 1 54 4 1 1 4 18 31 40 9 11 15 1 1 279 2T 1 2 17 1 1 2 4 17 1 38 1 1 161 1 1 Capital Invested. W^ 4H ^ $ 54,300 9,200 45,370 4,300 20,750 55,950 500 84,680 15,895 1,050,000 38,000 100 500 2,800 27,750 64,125 36,700 23,000 1,212,000 20,370 4,000 100 1,444,675 67,300 2,T00 37,000 26,000 1,000 70,000 37,000 3,800 183,100 3,000 95,900 5,000 25,000 304,429 .3,000 20 000 $ 34,272 9,200 29,858 4,738 43,070 16,345 700 83,047 19,388 45,500 11,130 500 300 5,350 61,624 50,687 51,950 32,257 678,990 14,320 10,000 300 3,624,239 31,621 800 202,500 15,400 1,000 5,000 9,000 2,765 88,413 50 113,299 6,120 750 188,117 5,700 120,700 Number of Hands Employed. 107 8 279 10 34 201 3 298 44 413 105 2 1 7 68 253 29 78 596 88 6 1 518 121 2 ■ 32 401 2 5 33 8 221 2 116 4 3 495 5 30 o . OS o $ 31,800 1,920 64,284 3,444 7,740 26,964 1,080 89,916 16,728 122,088 35,440 720 540 2,580 39,824 91,416 8,472 29,664 223,728 13,620 6,636 432 124,240 42,888 720 10,800 19,070 480 1,920 4,200 2,580 75,852 1,080 27,306 1,200 432 99,664 1,200 9,360 Annual Value of Products. $ 110,349 14,000 124,619 11,000 67,500 76,680 4,000 226,394 46,643 285,090 62,100 2,000 1,700 10,500 126,913 190,770 87,700 90,160 1,256,600 37,885 16,000 1,200 4,300,588 105,771 2,000 223,000 50,250 1,550 17,000 35,000 7,275 271,300 1,200 173,852 9,000 1,800 444,686 7,360 133,000 100 TABLE OF MANTJFACTUEES CONTrsrilED. KIND. Mineral waters Machinery, steam engines, &c, Marble and stone worlds Millinery Pipes— clay Pottery ware , Plaster— ground Sash, doors and blinds Ship and boat building Spokes, hubs and felloes Saddlery and harness Slate quarrying Soap and candles Tin, copper and sheet iron Tobacco— manufactured , Wool carding Woolen goods Wagons, carts, &c Totals as Capital Invested. O m O O Number of Hands Employed. . < 05 a 1 $ 300 $ 150 2 $ 480 4 54,000 76,500 144 39,900- 5 15,700 22,000 72 26,748 4 17,T75 18,775 16 3,720 1 500 150 3 684 2 3,000 1,700 8 3,552 6 26,400 20,885 16 4,956 2 18,200 17,275 25 8,400 2 2,000 10,000 15 1,584 1 3,000 2,000 5 1,080 35 49,625 51,529 112 35,048 2 26,000 210 21 7,860 5 33,000 27,600 23 4 5,67e 20 37,250 51,148 84 26,652 134 1,993,265 3,617,894 7,851 1,452 1,186,164 4 5,000 10,600 7 1,00s 1 22,500 5,990 12 5 2,796 61 35,625 18,150 141 35,772 1,233 $7,442,934 $9,571,826 10,170 2,480 $2,630,602 Annual Value of Products. $ 900 140,500 82,000 30,500 3,750 8,000 35,160 32,000 13,700 7,050 115,470 15,000 51,275 101,300 6,289,536 18,060 21,650 75,811 $15,685,012 Most of the agricultural implements were made in Halifax, Spotsylvania, Camp- bell and Alexandria. The sumac mills were in Spotsylvania and Alexandria. Blachsmithing is credited to all but Greensville, Brunswick, Piince Edward, Pow- hatan, Buckingham, Spotsylvania and Fairfax. Book -binding was done in Alex- andria, Spotsylvania, Dinwiddle and Campbell. Bread and cracker making was limited to Alexandria and Campbell ; brick making to Alexandria, Spotsylvania, Goochland, Chesterfield and Campbell. Brooms, chemicals, cigars, dyeing and bleaching, malt liquors, mineral waters and clay pipes were only made in Alex- andria. Boots and shoes were made in all the counties but Fairfax, Stafford, Cum- berland, Powhatan, Lunenburg, Greensville and Mecklenburg; tobacco boxes in Goochland, Campbell, Pittsylvania and Mecklenburg. The coal was mined in Ches- terfield. Railroad cars were made in Alexandria and Campbell; coffins in Pittsyl- vania; men's clothing mostly in Alexandria, Spotsylvania, Pittsylvania and Camp- bell; carriages in 11 counties, more in Campbell and Dinwiddle than elsewhere; confectionery in Alexandria, Lynchburg, Fredericksburg and Petersburg. Carpen- try was confined to Spotsylvania, Campbell and Pittsylvania. Cotton goods were produced in Alexandria, Chesterfield, Stafford, Dinwicldie, Fluvanna and Mecklen- burg. Cooperage was a considerable industry in Chesterfield, Campbell, Spotsyl- vania, &c. Cordage was made only in Dinwiddle; gas and fire arms in Campbell; 101 glue in Alexandria ; distilled liquors in Goochland ; pottery in Alexandria and Din- widdle- ship and boat building in Fluvanna; locomotive making in Chesterfield; woolen goods in Prince William ; jewelry and watch making in Halifax ; lumber planing in Pittsylvania; shad fisheries in Alexandria and Stafford; hat and cap making in Alexandria and Pittsylvania; sash, blind and door making in Alexandria , and Campbell; spokes, hubs and felloes in Prince William; fertilizers in Alexandria and Dinwiddle; slate quarrying in Buckingham; gold mining in Stafford and Spot- sylvania; millinery in Spotsylvania and Campbell. Cabinet furniture was made in 10 counties, but largely in Alexandria and Campbell. Leather was made in 16 counties, but most extensively in Alexandria, Dinwiddle and Campbell. Wool carding was done in Campbell, Prince William, Louisa and Fluvanna; marble and stone cutting in Alexandria, Fluvanna, Chesterfield, Dinwiddle and Campbell; plas- ter grinding in Alexandria, Prince William, Fluvanna and Campbell. Tin, copper and sheet iron ware were made in Alexandria, Spotsylvania, Prince Edward, Din- widdle, Greensville and Pittsylvania. Flour and meal were made in all the counties but Fairfax, Alexandria and Spotsylvania, says the census, but it is well known that all of these manufactured these articles on a large scale. Tobacco was manu- factured in Spotsylvania, Louisa, Fluvanna, Chesterfield, Prince Edward, Dinwiddle, Campbell, Pittsylvania, Halifax and Mecklenburg — Dinwiddle leading, followed by Campbell and Pittsylvania. Saddlery and harness were made in all the counties save Fairfax, Stafford, Goochland, Powhatan, Chesterfield, Appomattox, Greensville and Halifax — all of which no doubt had man}'- establishments ; the leading county was Dinwiddle. Wagons and carts were manufactured in all but Fairfax, Stafford, Powhatan, Prince Edward, Lunenburg and Brunswick — Pittsylvania leading. Soap and candles were the products of Alexandria, Goochland and Dinwiddle; machinery of Spotsylvania, Fluvanna, Dinwiddle and Pittsylvania. Iron castings were made in twelve counties — Campbell leading far in advance. Sawed lumber was produced in every county but Fairfax and Alexandria — Pittsylvania leading. It will be seen from the table on preceding page that the leading manufacture of the Middle Country was tobacco, producing 6-16ths of the whole; the second was flour and meal, yielding 4-16ths ; and the third cotton goods — these three pro- ducing three-fourths of the value of the annual product. Fredericksburg is a very important manufacturing town of Midland Virginia. Its woolen factory has acquired a wide reputation for the broad-cloths, cassimeres, kerseys 'and blankets it manufactures. Its two cotton mills make cotton cloths, osnaburgs, yarn, &c. The two foundries manufacture stoves, agricultural imple- ments, hollow- ware, water and steam machinery, &c. The three merchant flouring mills have a capacity for grinding 500,000 bushels of grain annually. Two sumac mills are in operation, one of them the first opened in Virginia. A paper mill, two tanneries, two carriage and wagon manufactories, and a planing mill and sash, &c., factory, three furniture, three saddle and harness, seven blacksmith, two gun and locksmith, two jewelers, and a large number of boot and shoe shops, seven bakeries, one brewery, two distilleries, one soap factory, and three newspaper printing offices, are among the reported* industries. It was estimated that in 1867 Fredericksburg * See report of Fredericksburg Manufacturers and Mechanics Association, 1869. 102. sold, of its manufactures, for home consumption the value of $150,000, and to other markets $500,000. The MANUFACTURING STATISTICS of PiEDMONT, by counties, for 1860, were as follows : COUNTIES. Wi2 y as Capital Invested. ■3 Number of Hands Employed. on Q ,-M ^ 030 Annual a 6 Value of Products. Albemarle 73 45 84 7 110 85 22 52 83 15 23 45 10 34 $257,140 51,910 273,030 51,335 251,316 346,470 14,800 293,115 274,786 52,800 38,540 69,855 74,700 41,655 $433,085 76,474 405,282 95,212 185,842 345,984 31,841 239,326 570,601 43,627 105,877 108,677 44,070 75,861 215 84 439 71 248 476 34 496 288 36 40 90 95 62 27 2 34 27 20 81 93 8 29 $46,908 20,264 88,374 18,612 63,612 73,964 7,200 91,758 70,889 ■ 9,120 9,294 19,368 14,607 11,568 $605,010 112,245 Amlierst Beclf()rd 598,919 Culpeper 159,175 Fauquier 337,848 Franklin 485,233 Greene 47,315 Henry 408,245 Loudoun 750,178 Madison 57,080 132,165 Nelson. , Orange Patriok 143,360 70,790 Eappahannock 102,859 Totals 638 $2,091,452 $2,761,759 2,674 321 $545,538 $4,010,422 These figures give this section about 1-7 th of the number of establishments, l-9th of the invested capital, l-7th of the cost of raw materials, 1-lOth of the males and females employed, 1-llth of the annual cost of labor, and 1-lOth of the annual value of products, compared with those for the whole State. The following table presents tlie details of the several manufacturing indus- tries then carried on in Piedmont : manufacturing industries. Agricultural implements Boots and Shoes Blacksmithing Brick Cigars Cotton goods Cooperage Carriages Caj-pentry Copper ore ll as 7 43 68 2 1 2 3 8 2 1 Capital Invested. $20,150 28,771 28,190 2,000 5,000 30,300 2,000 22,200 4,950 15,000 K =* cS a &( 39 9 150 3 2 2 2 407 93 2 4 12 6 55 127 14 385 40 125 188 289 1 86 6 10 12 10 5 1 7 12 11 8 46 16 30 55 77 1 03O Annual Value of Products. $ 6,396 $ 15,595 2,088 8,250 42,000 180,000 1,260 2,300 360 1,900 960 2,90ft- 300 1,200 88,294 2,446,870 24,768 57,355 480 1,100 1,440 5,000 4,692 12,420 1,902 8,200 15,344 64,450 26,868 97,710 5,040 32,000 78,792 220,273 3,600 9,000 21,600 52,000 44,202 258,061 60,936 254,364 180 1,676 20,820 238,313 1,872 7,500 3,600 5,250 1,686 7,400 1,080 12,050 2,400 14,000 1,500 . 2,800 156 1,000 3,000 18,000 3,660 11,000 3,468 7,300 1,440 4,100 9,996 38,305 1,710 23,852 6,600 16,600 17,400 72,000 21,285 60,648 240 550 107 TABLE OF IISTDUSTKIES COJSTCLUDED. INDUSTRIES. Soap and candles Spokes, hubs and felloes Staves, shooks and heading Tin, copper and sheet iron ware Tobacco — nianuf actured Wagons, carts, &c Wool carding Woolen goods Watch repairing and silver smithing. 83 Capital Invested. ^"C Totals 1,220 1 1 1 25 5 42 15 13 4 $ 1,200 1,800 1,100 28,T50 25,100 23,015 3,300 124,550 3,025 $3,560,191 $ 4,500 606 5,630 38,648 24,831 14,75T 17,T20 75,747 1,098 $8,816,550 Number of Hands Employed. 2 4 8 63 87 108 15 90 5 37 O . .— . ^ 03 O a ^ $ 360 480 2,520 16,504 9,416 25,143 1,874 25,884 2,460 $868,214 Annual Value of Products. $ 5,100 1,200 12,650 64,955 58,080 57,492 24,145 138,160 4,400 $5,303,216 Agricultural implements were made in Frederick, Augusta, Rockbridge, Pu- laski and Washington; boots and shoes in all the counties but Smyth; black- smithing is credited to all but Frederick, Warren, Page, Roanoke and Smyth, in all of which there were fully as many shops as in the others in proportion to popula- tion ; Frederick alone had buck-skin dressing, fertilizer, soap and candle and malt liquor making, silver plating; Washington alone made ladies' clothing, and had mill-wrighting ; Page alone made iron blooms ; Wythe monoi3olized mining lead ore and making lead and shot and linseed oil; Rockbridge alone made sj)okes, hubs and felloes, staves, shooks and heading, and cement; Montgomery, only, mined biturninous coal; Warren made the lime; Augusta had the dentistfy, bread and cracker making, the gas works, manganese mining and millinery ; Smyth the plas- ter quarrying, and Wythe the making of machinery and steam engines ; carpentry was carried on in Frederick, Rockingham, Rockbridge, Montgomery and Washing- ton; carriages were made in all the counties except Page, Roanoke and Smyth; cigars were manufactured in Frederick, Augusta and Rockbridge; gloves and mit- tens in Frederick and Shenandoah; hats and caps in Frederick, Augusta, Rock- bridge and Wythe ; coffins in Rockbridge and Washington ; fire-arms in Shenan- doah and Washington ; wagons and carts in all but Roanoke and Smyth ; saddlery and harness in all but Clarke, Montgomery and Washington ; tin, copper and sheet iron ware in all but Clarke, Warren, Roanoke, Pulaski and Smyth; distilled liquors in all save Frederick, Clarke, Shenandoah, Roanoke, Wythe and Smyth; woolen goods in Frederick, Rockingham, Augusta, Rockbridge, Botetourt and Roanoke; men's clothing in Frederick, Rockingham, Augusta, Rockbridge, Montgomery and Washington; flour and meal in all but Shenandoah and Wythe (which no doubt were among the largest grinders of the group); cabinet furniture in all except Clarke, Warren, Roanoke and Smyth ; cooperage in Frederick, Warren, Shenandoah, Rock- ingham, Augusta, Rockbridge and Montgomery; iron castings in Frederick, War- ren, Shenandoah, Rockingham, Augusta, Rockbridge, Botetourt, Roanoke and Pu- 108 laski; bar iron in Warren, Page, Shenandoah, Augusta, Rockbridge, Pulaski, Wythe and Smyth; pig iron in Page, Shenandoah, Rockingham, Augusta, Rockbridge, Botetourt and Wythe ; salt in Smyth and Washington ; leather in all but Clarke and Warren ; lumber sawed in all but Clarke and Wythe ; plaster ground in Frede- rick, Page, Augusta and Rockbridge; tobacco manufactured in Frederick, Roanoke and Washington; pottery in Shenandoah, Augusta and Washington; confectionery in Augusta and Rockbridge; watch repairing, &c., in Frederick, Montgomery and Washington; wool carding was done in Augusta, Rockbridge, Pulaski and Wash- ington; printing in Frederick, Warren, Shenandoah, Rockingham, Botetourt, Mont- gomery and Wythe ; painting in Rockbridge and Montgomery ; marble and stone work in Augusta, Rockbridge and Montgomery ; photographs in Augusta, Rock- bridge and Montgomery, and printing paper was made only in Augusta. The Appalachian counties gave these Manufacturing Returns in 1860: COUNTIES. Allegbany.... Batb Bland Buchanan ... Craig Giles Highland .... Lee Russell Scott Tazewell wise Totals ss 27 Capital Invested. ■3 o o o Number of Hands Employed. o *^ a O , la < 1^ 6 a $ 49,635 $ 93,556 74 $ 24,684 22 41,200 43,385 87 6,924 5 11,400 10,930 9 2,988 10 44,660 48,890 12 2,656 12 16,200 15,935 16 3,330 1 7,000 140 3 270 2T 41,781 68,500 36 9,348 2 2,300 2,656 5 864 15 15,587 8,511 21 4,296 1 800 300 2 360 122 $230,063 $292,803 215 $55,720 Annual Value of Products. 132,851 59,280 15,833 61,786 24,000 600 105,096 4,8S5 16,020 725 $421,091 Appalachia, compared with the whole State in manufacturing, had about l-13tli of the establishments, l-98th of the invested capital, paid l-34th of the cost of raw material, employed l-133rd of the labor, paid 1-llOth of the cost of labor, and re- ceived l-104th of the value of products. In 1860 but little of Appalachia was reached by internal improvements, and nearly all the manufacturing done was for home consumption. No portion of the State has larger resources for manufacturing. 109 The Details of Manufacturing in Appalachia for 1860 were : li Capital Invested. "3 11 Mas ■^'^ o o O Number of Hands Employed. o +^ o o . c3 O < Annual INDUSTRIES. Male. 1 Value of Products. 1 8 7 1 1 38 6 3 1 23 12 5 11 3 3 $ 800 7,135 2,200 600 10,000 121,400 1,005 16,000 3,500 42,337 10,500 6,292 5,419 975 1,900 $ 141 2,505 3,335 250 16,620 209,333 740 4,817 685 26,547 7,945 6,494 5,787 400 7,200 1 • 15 13 2 30 41 5 12 3 39 18 8 22 4 3 $ 240 3,252 3,960 240 10,800 10,440 1,380 2,670 1,260 8,200 5,040 1,920 4,938 1,080 300 $ 900 Blacksmltliing 8,100 IBoots and shoes 9,132 Brick 1,200 CJement 30,000 Flour and meal 249,347 « Furniture — cabinet ■ 4,025 Iron — ^bar 9,300 Iron — castings 2,690 Leather 57,206 Lumber — sawed , 16,414 6,678 jjiquor — distilled Saddlery and harness 15,651 Wagons, carts, &c 1,948 8,600 Totals 122 $230,063 $292,803 215 $55,720 $421,081 The agricultural implements were made in Highland, the brick in Bath, the iron castings in Craig, and the cement in Alleghany ; boots and shoes were made in Alleghany, Russell and Wise ; cabinet furniture in Alleghany, Tazewell and Rus- sell; bar iron in Alleghany and Lee; distilled liquors in Craig and Scott; sawed lumber in Bath, Alleghany and Russell; wagons and carts in Highland, Bath and Russell ; leather in all the counties but Giles, Lee, Buchanan and Wise ; flour and meal in Highland, Bath, Alleghany, Craig and Russell; saddles and harness in Highland, Bath, Alleghany, Tazewell and Russell; wool carding was carried on in Bath and Russell, and blacksmithing in Highland, Bath, Giles and Russell. Section II. — Facilities for Manufacturing in Virginia. The facilities Virginia presents for the successful prosecution of many kinds of manufactures may be summed up as — 1st. A great variety and abundance of raw materials, so distributed that they can be obtained at a moderate cost at numerous points. 2d. Ample supplies of water power, the cheapest of motors, in almost every portion of the State; large areas favorably disposed for using the force of wind as a moving power ; and cheap fuel, as wood from the ever-growing forests, or coal, the concentrated fuel, the most efficient aid in the production of power and in many of the processes of manufacture. 110 3d. A CLIMATE healthy and every way favorable for industrial pursuits, being generally free from the extremes that hinder the successful and profitable employ- ment of labor the whole year. 4th. Convenience of access to markets, both domestic and foreign, by ocean highways, navigable rivers, canals, railways, &c., that furnish numerous channels of communication and cheap conveyance. 5th. A good SUPPLY OF human and animal labor, at hand or easily attainable, that can be had for fair and moderate wages. 6th. A large surplus of the best of food for man or beast, furnishing a cheap market. 7th. Homes, the fee-simple of which can be bought by the savings of common industry, or which can be cheaply rented. 8th. A desire on the part of the State and people to have all kinds of manu- facturing, for which facilities are here found, introduced and encouraged. These are the essentials for securing the location of the world's workshops. That Virginia possesses these advantages, as much as almost any known country, . is generally conceded, and the results from the few large manufacturing enterprises that have been carried on in the State demonstrate that these facilities have not been over estimated. It is easy to explain why comparatively little use has been made of the man- ufacturing resources of Virginia. An extensive domain, a prolific soil and genial climate, have invited her population to the more pleasant pursuit of agriculture, and satisfied with the abundance that flowed from a not laborious cultivation of the gifts of Providence of one kind, they have been content to hold in reserve, almost untouched, the larger and in some respects more valuable legacy embodied in the raw materials for manufactures and the forces for their exploitation entailed upon them by the same unstinted bounty. The chaos that has come of war incites, by its wide-spread disasters, to a cosmos calling for a larger and more general develop- ment; and Virginia, epitomizing in herself, like England, the varied resources that have given strength and wealth to nations, now resolutely determines to cultivate all tlie arts born of industry and vindicate a claim to pre-eminence in these, as she has in other pursuits, by the fruits furnished in due time. The chapters in this volume on the Mineral, Animal and Vegetable Resources of the State, and the accompanying physical maps, show: that iron, copper, lead, gold, salt, coal, limestone, manganese, clays, and other minerals are abundant and widely distributed; that many varieties of timber abound in all sections, while other pro- ducts of the vegetable kingdom, materials to work up, are exceedingly plentiful; and that large supplies of a:nimal products, to be converted into more valuable forms by labor, are presently available, and that the quantity can be increased so as to equal almost any demand. The facts given warrant the statement that the 7'aiv materials, developed and unde- veloped, in Virginia, are sufficient in quantity and quality, in nearly every portion of the State, to supply the elements for almost every known form of manifacturing industry, even when conducted on the most extensive scale. A perusal of the chapter descriptive of Virginia, and a study of the accompa- nying maps and sections, must convince any one that a State so permeated by rivers, lU Laving their sources in elevated mountain ranges where the deposition of moisture is almost constant, and that descend through not only hundreds, but thousands of feet in their long way to the sea, crossing successive steps or " benches " of country, and having their general course at right angles to the highly inclined rock forma- tions of every section of the State above Tidewater, must furnish an almost un- limited quantity of water-power, while in Tidewater the regular flow of the tides, the fall of the smaller streams and the steady movements of the air, furnish an abundance of natural motive power. The supply of wood and coal for fuel may be stated as inexhaustible, as the forests here renew themselves without man's aid, and the 59,000 square miles of the Appalachian Coal Basin confront her whole western boundary. A large area of this, as well as of the Triassic Coal Basins, lies within the State. No part of the State has any lack of means for producing power to propel fiaachinery. As an example of the water-power in Virginia, the James river may be in- stanced. In the ten miles from the head of tide to Bosher's dam, this river falls 130 feet and has, by estimation, a constant average of 44,800 horse-power. Less than 2,000 of this power is now used for the extensive manufacturing establishments of Richmond and Manchester. It is well to repeat that this great surplus power is in the midst of a fertile and healthy region, where the climate is favorable for work the year round, where timber, coal and other raw materials are near at hand, and where sea-go- ing vessels drawing fourteen feet of water can come to the very doors of the manufac- turing establishments, and where a canal that penetrates for 200 miles a region ricli in agricultural and mineral resources has its tidewater terminus. Following up this broad and deep river, by the line of the completed James River and Kanawha Canal, there is found a fall of 513 feet, including the 130 above mentioned, in the 145 miles between Richmond and Lynchburg,* distributed among the fifty- one locks of the canal, located along the river, between the points named, fur- nishing a very large amount of water-power, already under control by the dams constructed for the canal, and that can be had for manufacturing purposes at a nomi- nal rent. In the thirty miles between Lynchburg and the western base of the Blue Ridge the fall is 193 feet, also locked and dammed, and in the twenty-one miles more to Buchanan, in the Valley, the present terminus of the canal, 196 miles from Richmond, the fall is over 130 feet. At Clifton Forge, 227 miles from Richmond, the place to which the canal will probably be soon completed to a junction with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, this river is 1,036 feet above mean tide. At Coving- ton, also on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, 243 miles from Richmond by the river, the water is 1,246 feet above tide, and the river is still a very considerable stream, affording fine water-power. In the sixty miles from Covington to the head of Jackson's river, the true James, there is fully a thousand feet more of available fall. No mention has been made of the numerous large and small affluents of the James, shown on the maps, all descending from high levels and contributing to that stream from all directions. It will hardly be considered an exaggeration, in view of the known facts, to say that more than 100,000 available horse-power is now run- ning to waste in the waters of the James alone. •* At Lynchburg the James is six hundred feet wide, and has an average depth of four feet. 112 The rivers that originate in Middle Virginia have from 200 to 500 feet of available fall; those in Piedmont from 300 to 800; those in the Blue Ridge, in the southwest, many hundred; the streams of the Valley have from 500 to 1,5(X) feet of descent that can be utilized ; and those of Appalachia fully 1,000 feet. The waters of the Potomac, including the Shenandoah, those of the Rappahannock, the Pamunkey, the Appo- mattox, Roanoke, the Kanawha or New, and the branches of the Tennessee, may be especially mentioned in connection with those of the James as having large amounts of o-ood water-power. Excellent mill-seats may be found in all portions of the State. The chapter on Climate presents the facts which show that Virginia has a medium climate, especially fitted for manufacturing pursuits. It is rarely that the streams are frozen, and many operations can here be carried on in the open air that elsewhere must have not only shelter, but artificial heat provided for their successful prosecution. The maps of the United States Statistical Atlas, Plate XLI., show that no portion of the United States north of latitude 35° is more free from consumption than Vir- ginia, while most of the State is in the favored belt. From malarial diseases the deaths, by the same authority, Plate XLIL, are less than 100 in 10,000 in almost the entire State ; most of Tidewater is in the belt of 250 to 550 in 10,000. No por- tion of tlie State is depicted as having the worst malarial districts, and nearly all of it is in tJie most highly favored areas in the United States. Plate XLV. brings to similar conclusions in regard to intestinal diseases, most of the State being in the area of 250 deaths in 10,000 from this class of diseases. By Plate XLVI. no part of the Union suffers less from enteric, cerebro-spinal and typhus fevers, a large portion of the State having less than 250 deaths in 10,000, and more than half of it from 250 to 550 from this class of diseases. These carefully comjjiled maps, published by authority of the General Government, settle the character of Virginia as that of an extremely healthy country. An inspection of the maps and a perusal of the chaj^ters on Commerce and Internal Improvements will show that Virginia is admirably situated with refer- ence to all the great markets of the country, being midway on the Atlantic coast, penetrated by broad arms of the sea that bring ships farther inland than those of any other Atlantic State, and everywhere intersected by lines of railway having connections with every part of the country. It may be safely asserted that the ways to and from the sea (always the ways of industrial activity) through Virginia territory are, naturally, more numerous and command a larger area than those of any other State. When a few short intervals in lines of communication are filled np, every part of the State will have excellent facilities for traffic. The desire is general to promote manufacturing industries, that the stores of raw materials may be utilized and a market at home be secured for the products of the soil. Such being the almost unanimous wish of the people, the Legislature Is disposed to foster manufacturing enterprises to the extent of its constitutional ability. The chapter on Population shows that Virginia has, in proportion to her popu- lation, a very large number of able-bodied males of the active age, and the experience of those that have used the labor here so abundant, under sensible management and Tigilant oversight, essentials to success everywhere, proves that it is of the best kind, 113 ■especially for the heavier and coarser sorts of manufactures. There are no more successfully conducted manufactures than those of tobacco, iron, &c., in Virginia. Laborers of the better class are also numerous, and Virginia is but a few hours from the great centres of population in the United States, and but a few days' sail from Europe. The number of laboring animals (see Chapter IV.) is here very large, and the conditions are very favorable for a cheap and continuous supply. The large agricultural resources of the State, and the numbers engaged in farm- ing, grazing, &c., and its commercial location, making it an outlet for the products of the West, insure to this region an abundance of cheap food. The materials for build- ing are so plentiful and such is the character of the climate, that cheap and com- fortable houses can be readily had. The prices current show that Virginia can furnish food, fuel, clothing, and a home, as cheaply as any portion of the United States ; and ample provision has been made for educational and religious instruction. (See ciiapters on Education and Religion). For the manufacture of iron Virginia has especial advantages — the varieties of ore are numerous, the quantity great and the quality good; fuel, wood for char- coal, soft bituminous coal for coke, and splint or block coal to use raw, is plentiful and very accessible, and therefore cheap. The following estimate of the cost of making pig iron (1875) was made by a Pennsjdvania company for a site in Amherst county, in Piedmont, on the James River and Kanawha Canal: Two tons ore @ $1, delivered $ 2 00 One and a half tons Aiitln-acite coal @ $6.50 per ton 9 75 Limestone 25 Labor 3 25 Interest, &c., per ton of iron made 1 00 Cost at furnace. $16 50 Freight, canal, &c., to Philadelphia 2 50 Total cost in Philadelphia $19 00 A report prepared in reference to iron manufacturing in Staunton, in The Valley, in 1875, gives the following estimates for materials delivered : Iron ores yielding from 35 to 58 per cent, metallic iron, requiring 2} tons of crude ore per ton of iron of 2,240 pounds, |l.25 to $2.50; limestone per ton, 50 cents; New River coke (con- taining 91.7 to 93.8 per cent, pure carbon and but A of 1 per cent, of sulphur), requiring from li to lih tons per ton of iron per long ton, $5. The estimated cost of a long ton of pig, made at Staunton, was $17.25. That was the actual cost, including ■everything, at Quinnimont, West Virginia, on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, it was stated by the manufacturers. The American Iron and Steel Association in a late report says, speaking of Vir- ginia and adjacent States, they are "rich in iron ore, much of it of the best quality ; * * possess vast deposits of bituminous coal. Labor is abundant and cheap ; access to iron markets is not difficult — so that, with sufficient capital, enterprise and skill, the manufacture of pig iron and bar iron may be pursued successfully and profitably." In 1874, Mr. Harriss-Gastrell, of the British !^mha^sy at Washington, made a, 15 114 voluminous and able report to his government on the Iron and Steel Industries of the United States, in which frequent reference is made to Virginia. On page 176- he states that he had been informed that ores can be mined and put on the cars at from 50 cents to $1 per ton. On page 178 the following statement is made as to th& cost of a ton of Bessemer steel ore from fifty miles west of Richmond : Cost of mining, &c §1 00 Eoyalty .- 50 Freight to Richmond 1 00 Hauling to station, through Richmond 1 00 Freight to Philadelphia 1 50 Incidentals 1 00 Total $6 00 "The above computation would, at the recent prices of such ores in the Anthra- cite districts of Pennsylvania, have left a large margin for interest, sinking fund and profit." On page 200 he says " the cost of labor per ton of ore appears to be, for the United States, about $2 : Michigan shows $1.83 per ton ; New York shows $2.05 ; New Jersey nearly $3 ; and Pennsylvania about $1.87 per ton. In Virginia the cost of labor per ton is only 77 cents; in Wisconsin, Iron Ridge ores mainly, only 92 cents; and in Missouri nearly $1.40; while North Carolina runs it up to $3.60." On page 201 it is stated that materials per ton cost, for the United States, about 37 cents: for Michigan, SO.cents; for New York, 44 cents; for New Jersey, 47 cents,' for Penns}^- vania, 35 cents ; and for Ohio, 31 cents. " In Virginia the cost of material appears to be less than 15 cents." The value of the ore per ton is given as $1.92 in Virginia; $4 in New York; $3.60 in Pennsylvania; $2.20 in Missouri, &c. On page 212, in estimating the cost of production at exporting points of ores, this " blue book "" makes the cost in the Lake Superior and Missouri regions, in 1873, about $4 per ton; in the Lake Champlain, from $3.50 to $4; in Pennsylvania, $2.50; and in the South, $2. On page 270 a table of weekly wages of furnace_ hands is given, with the following result for the "Richmond district, in Virginia," viz: keeper, $15; guttea*- men, $12; fillers, ore-breakers and wheelers, $10 each; foreman, $30; engineer, $16; hours of labor per week, 84. For the Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, district the figures are: keeper, $26; helper, $19.50; fillers, $15.75; ore-breakers and wheelers, $9.60; coal-rackers or common laborers, $7.20; foreman, $30; engineer, $31.50; hours of labor, 84. The cost of making a ton of iron in Pittsburg is given on page 273 as $30.73, from ordinary ores. On page 278 a statement is made as to cost of material and labor in Virginia, confirming previous ones. On page 282, in conclusions on iron manufacture in the South, the report says: "The fact seems to be that coke pig iron can be made for from $15 to $18, and on an average for $16, including in- terest on original outlay, and a fair profit on ores and fuel." On pages 292 and 302 statements given show how cheaply charcoal iron can be produced in Virginia. On page 606 the cost of materials for a ton of nails is given as $58.75, in Virginia, or less than in any other State; in Pennsylvania it was $76.55; in Missouri, $79.08, 115 Additions to Section I — Results of Manufactuees. The following tables and remarks are from an article by George Baughman, Esq., in Hunt's Merchants Magazine of New York, for January, 1859, Volume XL. They were compiled with great care, from data collected at the establishments, and present a much better exhibit of the manufacturing and mechanical industries of Richmond in 1858 than the census returns of 1860, before given, do for the year 1859 : Manufacturing and Mechanical Statistics of Richmond for the year 1858. Tobacco— Chewing Smoking Sterameries Cigars Plour Corn meal Iron rolling mills Iron and steel mill Foundries and machine shops Architectural foundry Stove foundry General foundry Railroad machine shops Shapening mills IronraHings Nails Blacksmiths Bell and brass founders Coppersmith Saw maker File maker Tin ware, stoves, plumbing and lightning rods Silver plater Agricultural implements and foundries Book binders Bakeries Boot and shoemakers Brush makers Boxes— merchandise packing Boxes and cases — tobacco Is ■3 IT =3 515,000 20,000 3,000 400,000 8,000 • 158,000 191,000 5,000 8,200 3,500 34,750 4,3T5 7,500 O D •gS ft $ 636,000 12,000 30,000 16,000 650,000 53,000 192,000 212,000 7,500 10,000 3,000 66,000 3,250 22,000 •150,000 82,000 1,500 7,500 8,000 3,000 87,500 1,500 50,000 20,000 131,000 75,000 2,000 4,000 50,000 6,228,496 22,000 187,500 22,933 4,043,637 221,000 481,500 795,000 15,080 15,000 12,000 78,173 17,500 40,000 237,500 126,000 5,003 14,000 15,000 4,00« 230,009 4,000 800,009 53,509 300,009 253,003 2,009 5,211 250,853 Capital. m Manufacturing and Mechanical l%siwfies Continued. Bottling— soda, ale and beer Butcliers Building— Brick making Brick laying , Carpenters , Plasterers Painters ■Sash, blind and door makers. Mouldings , Planing mills SSiater Sawmill Arcliitectural plaster ornaments . . ^. . . . . Architects Stone cutters Marble cutters 'Cabinet makers Carriage makers Clothing Coopers Confectioners Carver — wood Cotton factories Cedar and willowware Curriers Dyeing Distillery Gas works Gunsmiths Glass works Hatters Jewelry makers and repairers Ivory cutters and carvers Lime burners— shell Lock maker Lock repairers Looking glass and frame Lard refinery Iicather oelting and hose 11 •a >» w a d 3& o a' o3 3 0) a, O (B 6 36 %■ 4,500 $ 12,500 48 96 120,000 7 210 5,000 69,000 13 225 23,000 19,000 37 295 20,460 143,000 12 70 700 2,009 23 106 1,900 17,250 5 35 1,200 9,800 6 1,000 3,000 2 50 10,000 30,000 1 10 300 2,000 1 16 3,500 5,700 1 3 500 2,000 5 11 2,500 10,000 3 24 600 36,000 3 40 a,ioo 36,500 13 105 2,000 52,500 11 185 5,000 78,000 60. 420 2,000 11 S05 25,000 42,000 ^ 48 3,000 42,000 1 1 420 2 450 122,500 169,000 2 6 5,000 3 13 1,000 17,000 3 14 3,000 12,500 1 75 40,000 20,000 1 60 283,000 20 5,000 20,000 1 55 2,000 15,000 21 1,000 4,000 50 2,500 10,000 2 4 500 2,000 2 6 1,000 1 '1 1,100 4,500 3 4) 2 6 500 9,000 1 4 2,000 10,000 1 2 1,000 2,500 $ 40,310 557,151' 143,500 300,000 330,000 70,000 76,500 24,500 6,oeo 60,000 10,000 29,400 3,000 10,000 12,000 60,000 346,000 239,000 459,000 220,000 83,333 750 435,000 3,000 205,000 14,000 260,000 107,085 30,000 40,000 65,000 60,000 4,000 20,900 8,000 i,000 6,000 10,000 117 Manufacturijig and Mechanical Statistics Continued. Millwright idilliners and mantua makers Paper mill Plaster mills Paper hanging and upholsterers Phosphate of lime Piano makers Plumbers Penitentiary— sundries Stoneware Saddle and harness makers Soap and candle makers Sail maker Tannery Turners TJmbrellas Wheelwrights Water works Printing— book and job Printing — newspaper and periodical. Total.. H-2 S3 25 400 40 14 29 8 12 4 207 11,811 o t, O 0) (Da > 03 $ 2,500 25,000 5, TOO 500 1,000 10,043 BOO 15,000 2,500 1,200 100 1,500 136,500 $1,819,193 O 03 40,000 30,000 8,000 28,000 2,000 8,000 4,000 10,000 48,000 24,500 2,000 3,500 6,000 3,000 15,000 350,000 125,350 $4,609,270 Deduct value of manufactures included in the above, not the products of Kichmond, viz : Agricultural Implements Furniture Carriages Leather Guns, &c Paper Hangings , $ 15,000 120,000 60,000 130,000 15,000 40,000 $ 25,000 117,000 60,000 28,000 111,500 12,000 9,500 3,000 81,383 10,000 120,000 115,000 12,000 6,000 10,000 2,500 20,000 32,273 272,500 $19,878,896 Total product of Richmond. $390,000 $19,488,896 RECAPITULATION. Different kinds of manufacturing and mechanical establishments 91 Number of persons employed— i. e., principals, clerks and operatives 11,811 Amount of capital invested in necessary tools and machinery $1,819,193 Amount of capital invested In real estate occupied by establishments 4,609,270 Total amount of products In twelve months 19,488,896 No estimate was made of the capital invested In raw materials. 118 Artistic. til ^ >> ■cS m tn o ^-t O S3 W o O OJ 3 M o i=S o ■5^ ■3H a s*^ K i>" t> e ^ •* o i o K3 o m § o" a in o 00 ■*„ to gf r-l 00 00 00 rH ci: oc 5 o o i § to 3 O 3 ctf i csT s S h- 1 00 ■ to" : o to S : CJ>_ CO_ j 00 ; CD 0> to lO to" 00 s C/) 11^ O CM O 05 CX) • CO G^ to CO t- c^^ io CO CO O CO 05 «D co" Tji" cT -fi' o~ cT oT I 01 1- rH OJ m 1-1 to CM o '• T)( lO 7-C rH lO O s "" ^ i CO o CO o !35 00 T-T lo CO ai r-c >i< 1 1 co o6" ^_ o a CO -M CO o o 1 ^ at 00 in o CO o o •+ m !M o lO Cft Tt< -^ 50 TP CN S OJ ^ r-I' to" lO cT Iff ^ S '"' Oi o I- cn_ go" TiT IC o Oi CM E2 co_ % S ^'""'" in o T-l in 131 to O T)< CO o lO tO__ ,-1 t- CO th" TiT cm"" T-T to" 00 7-1 O to rH CO to CM 00 in 1 o ^" o o o CM I— 00 1 cc o CD b- O Ci^ co" co" to CO o o "i. o T-H ! O «0 GO • "*^ "^^ °^ ! oT ofl^ co" . eo O to o CO to" 3 cm"" o a "lis "^ c3 to CM o O ■ o o : i CO o CO CO i • O O i-H • C=> O lO ' Tj< O 04 ; oT cT ifT : £5 S ^ i i O a t-H - t^ 00 o CO CO 1 T-l o & K . o ■ "^ . ■* ' 00 rH o «- ; CO 7-1 O OS : S 1 3" ;:f ; CO to ; ■=" T-T ; CO ^ OS ■ "^ : ^^ I O 00 O rH : g S ^ S ; TjT oo" to" in" : S ^ ^ '^ O ft a . ^ CO . lO o : OO" r-T : It ^ CO o> o : S S S : tar g « i _> =1 < D ^H o 1- p- c ;- p: |z c V p c 1 3 J 3 1 ; c • l : '^ • f c 3 C : c ; ; c : "^ I c : £ • < 3 t i c ^ ^ 3 ^ ; c 1 c ; < • a > - \ = 3 C i I ; a • a ' '5 ; c • e • ^ a 5 3 t: 3 J. J PC c c c C (1- n < C C 3 p < c p- c • t c J a a ■5 c il £ c c L t- c < ■ » j ( I 1 ■i 1- 1 ) i J, \ I 3 p: : I 1 I 3 :> p: > i !5 : ci : P= • a ) b ) < ■ 1 cs i 1 a '1 c o c 1 1 a 1 ^ i p: > c e £ S il 3 < a. CL C £ 1 1 J ! P- r h i 1 c > c^ ■ 3 "o Eh 125 These summarized returns of the Bureau of Statistics give only the values of imports and exports, not the articles. To find out what the State trades in with_, other countries, other sources of information must be sought. The facts* of the trade of Richmond are the only ones accessible, but from those for one or two years, compared with Statements 5 and 6, a very good idea of the general trade may be formed. The cotton statement, hereafter given, will also help to show the courses of Virginia trade. Articles* and Values of Direct Trade of Richmond during the Fiscal Year 1872. IMPORTS. From Nova Scotia: 227 boxes smoked herrings $25 980 tous lump plaster 861 From England : 7,55S>^ gals, sherry 571 892%- gals, claret. 701 8 cases champagne 44 12,100 lbs. licorice (?) 1,005 16X tons coal 40 '6 hounds 25 Furniture 629 China and earthenware 11,472 Total imports $329,155 $330,041 The Directf Imports of Richmond in 1874 were: Coffee from Brazil $ 223,909 Coffee from Venezuela 40 Lump gypsum from Nova Scotia. ..... ..!! 7 314 Guano from Nevassa Islands 5*830 Salt from England 57*599 Stout from England '.!'.!!!".'. i'l22 Bass mats .'.'.'.','..'.'.'. '298 Oil paintings !!.'!'.".*.."'.'.',!.' i 24 Total imports $296,036 EXPORTS. To France: "* 2,033 hhds. leaf tobacco $318,153 1,010 bags oak bark i,000 790 bags quercitron 1,155 6,000 staves 420 To Austria: 2,214 hhds. leaf tobacco To Brazil : 87,089 bbls. flour 786,022 632 bbls. rosin 2,725 30 bbls. pitch 142 50O kegs lard 2,513 84 bundles of window frames. . 475 Hams, boards, l)ooks, hard- ware and clothing 298 To Holland: 60 hh Js. tobacco stems To Brertien : 481 hhds. leaf tobacco 75,750 157 hhds. tobacco stems 7,900 14 boxes manufact'd tobacco.. 315 622 bags quercitron 600 To Scotland : 290 hhds. tobocco strips To Ireland : 9,726 bbls. flour To England: 27S hhds. leaf tobacco 43,111 1,167 hhds. tobacco strips 162,398 15,000 staves 1,000 To Italy: 256 hhds. leaf tobacco 43,132 6 boxes manuf act'd tobacco . . 80 Total exports $320,728 $487,460 $792,175 $3,110 $84,565 $43,552 $68,285 $206,609 $43,21J 2,049,686 The Richmond trade with European countries is chiefly the exportation of tobacco, tan bark and staves, and the importation of salt,'manufactured iron and malt liquors, the import trade being heretofore with England. The trade with Nova Scotia is the exchange of tobacco for lump plaster mined there. Brazil ex- changes coffee for the flour of Richmond, that keeps so well in warm climates, naval stores and provisions. The enlargement of the course of direct trade that is taking place, resulting from the exportation of flour, tobacco, cotton, naval stores and other forest products, &c., in large quantities, will soon lead to an increase of imports to supply the sections from which the exports are drawn. * Eeport of Kichmond Cliamber of Commerce, 1874. Kichmond Dispatch, January 1st, 1875. 126 No. Summary Statement of Domestic Exports (tfte Growth, Produce and Manufacture of th& 1S5S. 1S68. 1869. AEITCLES. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Bark for tanning $ 3,709 185 11,672 114,034 3,146 119,422 2,459,004 9,163 Books Bread and Breadstuff's : Bread and biscuits 5 1*^^^, 3,052 I 4UU3 165,249 763 92,1 3S 334,302 bbls. 810 125,152 1,695 627 152,101 10,638 lbs. 24,753 81,600 1,769 ( Box's Indian corn Busli. Indian corn meal Bhls. "Wheat Bush. "Wheat flour Bbls. Other small grain and pulse 29,312 355,480 141 36,514 Maizena, &c Bricks . .. 280 356 Caudles — adamantine . Lbs 16,-144 900 4,063 400 Caadles— tallow Lbs. 1,000 100 Carriages, carts, &c Cars — railroad, &c » (?) 2,200 5,131 Coal — bituminous Tous 1,146 201 Coal — other Cotton and Manufactures of: Other unmanufactured Llis. Colored manufactured *213,351 28,976 1,355 11,000 5,373 185 4,108,510 956,228 2,643,851 ' Lfncolored manufactured 3)rugs, chemicals, &c., not specified 2,957 Fruits : Not specified C44 Apples — dried Lbs Glass and glassware 129 420 Hay Tons Hemp— manufactures of Hoop skirts India rubber goods 200 782 Iron and Manufactures of: 113 *495 bales. 127 6. United States) from Virginia Ports to Foreign Countries, during the fiscal years named. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872, 1873. 1874. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. $ 575 $ 360 $ 3,595 $4,863 100 $86r 1,576 lbs. 207 91,723 6 28,639 150,353 21 64,396 24 48,686 1,226,734 2,029 196 72,490 40,554 586 9,171 83,225 37,54.5 2,520 11,380 630,855 1,920 62,653 42,983 12,212 10,62'r 8,053 1,220 54,377 89,549 3,790 81,765 631,464 614 407,530 117,809 1,126,468 1,228 174,412 l,526,S8r 240 37 60 24,237 30 26,196 1,005 132 2,419 2,189 9,843 1,563 7, 70S 713,076 t4,2S9,611 1,088,304 t2,414,300 327,109 §1,750,416 372,470 13,509,699 ' 676,583 T9, 253, 710 1,434,203^ 414 450 42 17 119 80 5 60 25 25 T 176 1,043 14 1 9,652 bales. 15,354 bales. 5 3,854 bales. 17,791 bales. IT 20,524 bales. 128 No. 6— 1858. 1868. 1869. ARTICLES. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Iron and Manii/actures of: 10,000 4,000 6,948 Steel and Manufactures of: - leather and Manufactures of: 1,138 301 Haval Stores: 6,16T 2,001 9,C90 3,256 12,283 120 42,5TT 323 13,887 1,210 Tar and pitch Bbls. Oils : Do refined .. Gals. 630 Animal lard Gals. 80 85 22 775 671 8,418 1,199 536 J^rovisions : 4,498 ITT 7,63T 4,440 350 73 Beef Bbls. 625 1,61T 225 185 90 nsh— pickled Bbla. 8T 185 Lard Lbs. 45,T53 6,040 2,500 475 75 1,000 100 Pork Bbls. 822 14,586 129 Continued. 1869. 1S70. 1871. 1S72. 1873. 1874. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity Value. Quantity Value, 1,050 53 394 200 100 6 901 230 12 5 125 50 25 408 250 13 75 2,816 332 2,934 4,34T 808 10,090 1,61T 1,007 106 705 159 1,000 2,430 3,061 498 250 920 3,617 520 13,442 1,257 427 20 1,691 50 305 100 215 50 320 20,000 5,000 80 450 TO 4,588 lbs. 1,684 428 136 125 lbs. 1,000 20 80 lbs. 1,000 55 30 856 97 13 50 200 20 30 10 94 20 15 3,750 825 150 30,596 3,671 33,926 4,054 26,094 2,650 3,276 — lbs. 10,250 1,025 - 17 130 No. 6— AKTICLES. 1858. 188S. 1869. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Provisions : Potatoes Bush. 75 73 Vegetables Rags : Cotton" Lbs. 1,616 100 Kice Trs. 10 269 Seeds: Clover Bush. Flax Bush 2 7 Gardea Soap Lbs. Spirits from grain Gals 1,062 2,453 526 1,239 Spirits of turpentine Gals. Starch Lbs. 112 1,200 84 64 bbls. 1,001 Sugar — refined ► Lbs 3,400 507 Confectionery Lbs. Tallow Tohaceo and Manufactures of: Leaf Hhds 25,999 5T,12T 4,094,008 15,205 Ibfl. 16,392,780 59,203 2,421,175 31,250 lbs.' 11,311,564 Manufactured Lbs Vinegar Gals. Wax Lbs. 13,035 3,907 100 1,203 39,738 1,280 470 Wearing apparel Wood and Mantlfact^lre8 of: Boards, &c M ft. T2 7,74T 114 1,067 2,835 6,932 200 1,839 Shingles M. Other shocks, staves and headings M. Hoop and other poles , M. Fire-wood Cords 6,457 220,719 4,562 10 242,943 450 10 Logs, masts, &c 260 3,755 3,561 2,860 41,524 1,232 2,939 418 Household furniture Manufactures of wood, not specified 428 12,510 254 All articles, not enumerated: TTnTnaTiTifartnrefl , ,,..,.,, , ,, Total $7,262,765 ^,244,551 . 131 Continued. aS69. 1S70. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. Yalue. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity, Value. Quantity. , Value. 12 16 3,788 80 1,875 552 33 660 gals. 80 45 9 11 1,327,160 17,315 700 lbs. 6,246,119 90 862,855 18,070 80 80 lbs. 11,646,717 635 21,401 lbs. 7,493,036 1,544 900,501 223,278 1,552,961 lbs. 6,124,079 752,542 lbs. 18,365,515 1,928,659 13,380 200 100 10,183 43 989 1,475 6,589 10 795 260 6,490 126 2,219 3,013 16,189 31 912 474 ' 133 1,445 10,935 6,58T 184,274 240,306 416,824 11 413,710 310 242 800 2 8 111 9,527 11,317 3,050 595 j 23,590 cubic ft. 26,844 6,500 7,125 cubic ft. 160 120 2,610 cubic ft. 22,635 cubic ft. 7,046 4,069 2,794 50 576 4,875 1,455 150. 17,369 158 1,536 8,638 2,100 $3,3-27,450 $2,983,258 $2,046,3 ,) $3,518,387 "i 132 No. 7. Statement of the Direct Trade (Imports and Domestic Exports) of Virginia Ports during the fiscal years named. CUSTOMS DISTRICTS. IMPOKTS. Domestic Exports. IMPORTS. EXPORTS. In American Vessels. In Foreign Vessels. In American Vessels. In Foreign Vessels. 18f).=! Ridamond $ 665,906 174,997 113,265 122,165 2,723 $6,346,899 561,185 325,057 5,992 24,132 Norfolk and Portsmoutti Petersburg Tappaliannock Total $1,079,056 $7,262,765 $785,217 $293,889 $5,890,824 $1,372,441 1868 Riclimonci $ 29,260 15,740 6,636 4,943 $2,525,457 1,719,094 Norfolk and Portsmouth Alexandria Petersburg Total $56,579 $4,244,551 1869 Rlclimond $ 41,214 205,591 8,532 4,402 $1,886,428 1,371,796 84,384 34,892 Norfolk and Portsmoutli Alexandria Petersburg Total $259,739 $3,327,450 1870 Richmond $ 91,777 14,451 33,822 1,263 $1,636,770 1,307,440 89,048 $23,924 66 2,953 $67,853 14,385 30,869 1,263 $855,069 150,683 8,440 $1,281,701 1,156,807 30 603 Norfolk and Portsmouth Alexandria , Petersburg Total $141,313 $2,988,258 $26,943 $114,870 $514,142 $2,469,116 1871 Richmond S 63,563 94,091 14,908 $1,418,262 628,048 $11,419 28,618 12,410 $ 57,144 65,478 2,498 $656,744 158,079 $ 761,518 t Norfolk and Portsmouth Alexandria Total $177,562 $9,046,810 $52,447 $125,115 $814,823 $1,231,48T 187? Richmond $ 227,263 290,128 15,310 95,247 $2,574,060 888,037 56,290 $ 1,406 98,523 3,015 $225,857 191,605 12,295 95,247 $1,593,530 879,667 2,317 $ 980,530 508,370 53,973 95 247 Norfolk and Portsmouth Alexandria Petersburg Total $627,948 $3,518,387 $102,944 $525,004 $1,975,514 $1,638,120 133 No. 7 — Continued CUSTOMS DISTEICTS. Imports. DaiTESTIC EXPOETS. IMPOETS. EXPOETS. to ■< In American Vessels. In Foreign Vessels. In American Vessels. In Foreign Vessels. 1STR Eiclimond , $286,599 146,367 13,424 4T6,661 $2,179,523 1,235,068 26,125 17,750 $ 727 2,400 5,264 41,558 $285,872 143,967 8,160 435,103 $1,102,329 297,136 26,125 $1,077,194 937 932 Norfolk and Portsmoutli Alexandria Petersburg 17 750 Total $923,051 $3,453,466 $49,949 $873,102 $1,425,590 $2,032,876 1ST4 Eicliniond $156,260 80,381 2T,606 72,319 $3,463,626 1,831,036 5,008 $ 3,421 1,432 14,636 45 249 $152,839 78,949 12,920 27,070 $1,703,965 555,812 5,008 $1,759,661 1,275,224 Norfolk and Portsmouth Alexandria Petersburg Total $336, .566 $5,299,670 $64,788 $271,778 $2,264,785 $3,034,883 The direct Importations of Virginia do not embrace a great variety of articles when compared with those of the chief importing centres of the country, but an inspection of the following tables of the different articles^ and their quantity and value, that ■ have been imported since 1868, will show a marked increase both in kinds and quantities, allowing for the exceptional state of trade since 1873. The importations of each of the four Virginia cities engaged in the foreign trade are presented separately. Each one should do much more of this business. The Direct* Trade of Richrhond for the calendar year 1875 was as follows : IMPORTS. Coffee from Brazil $520,407 Cave eartli from West Indies 7,035 Gypsum from Noya Scotia 3,349 Salt from England 34,733 Bags and bass mats fi-om England 372 Bottled beer ft-om England 2,103 Medical stores fi-om England 759 Otter articles 219 Total direct $568,962 Brought "In bond " fi-om other districts 17,440 Total imports $586,402 EXPOETS. riour Lard Cotton goods Eosin Box cars and car trucSs Dressed hoops Staves Lumber and timber Locust tree nails Bituminous coal Iron tanks, boilers, &c Tobacco (leaf) Tobacco (strips) Quercitron , BasKets, banisters and hogsheads. Miscellaneous Total exports $1,073,409 10,762 2,360 1,740 3,120 16,652 17,609 34,693 1,012 4,498 4,270 1,007,539 76,427 460 273 234 $2,243,716 ' From Richmond Dispatch January 1st, 1876. 134 g 5J5 ^ I O w M i > ■ 01 to oc 01 Ci- CO tH a s i i ■ql CO to 10 r-l rx 3 «■ If or a 00 > CO CO CO s oi" S 2 T-T T-T to^ t- i 03 CO 00 to s of 1 "" r-T If 00 3 > to" s cq to -*_ co" r- -* 00 a t- ct oT T- 3 1 1 i co" 1 ao ci5 to" t- : ?: S S oq_ t! co" CI [ r 1 00 cT CO If 1 > te S 2 CO CO 1— t i CO 5 K5 00 If c ^ J 1 r C>_ CO 00 CO i- CO t- S " s « r-l 00 t- 00 c r J" CO -^ t- »- 00 Tt o> 10 co" 10 CO a 10" C3 to 1 3 ■3 3 10 00 S in 1 1 3 CO i to" , a o ^ 03 cS O tc *faX) !^ 0) o H Qj r^H 4^ c3 O r ■*-" "-^ rS a C3 to o ;3 o E3 ■7:5 o ;h Ph o o o o ft •:j -"d (M 5tt o ... 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Many of the vessels belonging to the State are engaged in the oyster trade, which does not require vessels of a large size, and besides the extensive tidal waters of this State are so protected that smaller vessels can be more advantageously employed than where rougher waters are to be encountered. No. 2. Statement showing the Number and Tonnage of Enrolled and Licensed Iron Vessels in Virginia at the close of the fiscal years named. Enrolled, Licensed YEABS. Permanent. Under 20 Tons. Total. • No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. 1873 7 9 728.03 884.19 1 1 16.48 16.48 8 10 744.51 1874 900,67 The above are all included in the General Statement of Registered, Enrolled, &c., Vessels— Table No. 1, There are no returns of iron vessels in Virginia previous to 1873, Only 205 iron vessels belonged to the entire United States in 1874, and Virginia about l-20th of all, No, 3, Statement of the Steam Tonnage of Virginia at the close (June 80th) of each of the fiscal years named. _ . YEARS, REGISTERED. ENROLLED, LICENSED UNDER 20 TONS. TOTAL. NO. Tons. No. Tons, No, Tons. No. Tons, 1858* 4,691.63 4,215.73 4,474.75 4,645.54 4,814.84 5,363.66 5,092.28 5,204.83 4,691.63 1868 5 4 5 2 3 4 2 1,076.8T 1,279.27 1,255.53 299.42 528.95 306.35 219.93 45 46 50 50 55 54 59 T 10 9 9 10 15 13 116.47 157.16 143.00 139.16 153.13 222.44 180.29 58 60 64 61 68 73 74 5,409.07 1869 5,911.13 18T0 6,044.12 18T1 5,253.42 1872 6,045.74 18T3 5,621.07 18T4 5,605,05 The above are all included in the General Statement of Registered, &c.. Vessels. *Only tonnage is given in the report for 1858, and the fractions of tons for that year are 95ths. 150 No. 4. General Statement showing the Number and Tonnage of Sailing and Steam Vessels, Barges and Canal Boats in Virginia Customs Districts at the close of the years named. Sailing Vessels. Steam Vessels. Canal Boats. Barges. Total. TEAES. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. . No. Tons. No. Tons. 1868 814 798 756 830 927 923 917 26,840.41 18,467.13 20,343.84 18,423.67 20,702.10 20,875.36 20,796.46 53 60 64 61 68 73 T4 5,409.07 5,911.18 6,044.12 5,253.42 6,045.74 5,621.07 5,605.05 23 23 26 119 143 92 4 2,051.36 1,727.73 1,934.55 7,156.88 8,795.31 5,910.95 140.43 15 30 11 15 19 21 22 1,271.47 3,327.65 949.14 1,258.81 1,535.07 1,548.51 1,871.97 910 911 857 1,025 1,157 1,109 1,017 35,572.31 1869 1870 29,438.74 29,271.65 1871 32,097.78 1872 37,078.22 1873 33,955.89 1874 28,413.91 No. 5. Statement showing the Class, Number and Tonnage of Iron Vessels in Virginia at the close of the fiscal years named. Yeaes. Steam Vessels. Barges. Total. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. 1873 .•. S 8 744.51 744.51 8 10 744.51 1874 2 156.16 900.67 The above are all included in the General Statement — Table 1 — of Number, &c., of Sailing Vessels, &c., in Virginia. The Merchant Marine of Virginia — that is, the number and amount of ton- nage of merchant vessels belonging to the several customs districts and ports of the State — has been increasing in a satisfactory manner, as appears from the following table showing its condition at the close of each of the fiscal years named : No. 6. YEARS. Sailing Vessels. Steam Vessels. Uneigg'd Vessels Total. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. 1870' 791 832 900 926 ■ 791 U,778:07 16,343.86 17,538.57 17,311.54 15,487.41 57 61 67 67 73 4,055.23 6,094.05 5,811.71 4,966.53 5,209.01 29 135 159 123 28 2,213.56 8,378.95 9,950.62 8,987.93 1,927.12 877 1,028 1,126 1,116 892 21,046.86 29,316.86 33,800.90 31,266.05 22,623,54 1871 1872 1873 1874 * The reports in this form began to be made in 1870. 151 The depression in trade incident to the panic of 1873 accounts for the decrease of tonnage in 1873 and 1874, in which Virginia suffered in common with the other States. Only six of the twenty Atlantic and Gulf-coast States had any increase in tonnage, and the leading commercial State, New York, had a larger proportional decrease than Virginia. The following table shows how the Merchant Marine of Virginia was distri- buted among the Customs Districts of the State June 30th, 1874 : No. 7. Sailing Vessels Steam Vessels. Unrigg'd Vessels Total. CUSTOMS DISTKICTS. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. 81 211 304 4 6 8-i 101 2,096.70 4,410.26 4,556.11 37.00 248.20 2,077.38 2,061.76 14 1 48 8 6 497.50 21.45 4,371.47 34.00 268.11 96 212 367 7 25 84 102 2,594.20 4,431.71 9,339.90 71.00 Norfolk and Portsmoutli* 15 1,012.32 13 914.80 1,431.11 2,077^ 2,078.24 1 16.48 Aggregate... 791 15,487.41 73 5,209.01 23 1,927.12 892 22,623.54 Virginia had in 1874 about l-24th of the merchant vessels held on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and l-32nd of all belonging to the Union ; her tonnage was about l-148th of that of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and l-213th of all held in the United ■States; her rank was 7th in number of vessels and 11th in tonnage, outranking the other Southern States, excepting Maryland, in the number of vessels, and that State and Louisiana in tonnage. The merchant marine of Norfolk and Portsmouth alone surpassed that of either of the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama or Mississippi; in fact few places in the country have a larger number of sailing vessels than either Norfolk or Cherrystone. Ship Building ought to be a leading industry in this State, because of the abundance of all the materials required both for iron and wooden vessels, and of the best quality, at hand, and therefore cheap, while her climate is favorable for ■active work the year round. The following statement shows a steady progress in this important industry, allowing for the anomalous condition of affairs in part of 1873 and in 1874. * The ISTorf oik Landmark of January 16th, 1876, reports that at the commencement of 1876 that that port had 384 vessels, with a tonnage of 15,803.51, registered, enrolled and licensed, and had licensed in the coasting trade 114 vessels, with a tonnage of 8,285.77. The entrances from foreign ports in 1875 were 25 vessels, with a tonnage of 14,968, and the clearances to foreign ports were 121 vessels, with a tonnage of 53,683 — showing a decided increase over the returns of 1874. 152 ■■■•v?^, CO d ^ s '^ H 1-1 1—1 1-^ w CO w !> CJ3 ^ ^ ?3 to V5 ^ 00 (M t- O ei ,_4 > aJ hn fl hn a ^ ^ Oj ci (a fl fl =+-! rr) o -1-3 o be r^ fl"! G -1-3 :f5 ^ TS .a o .bc o3 o r3 o CO -2 g CO -f3 O) p, o 1-1 0; -t-> ^ tH ^ •1-1 fl n -r! ^ o3 (-1 ^ OJ -1-3 .rH g rjy ^ 1 — 1 nd a ^ (M CD w O O tH bJ3 0) > bD -1-3 o a w CO 1 ■ c3 '^ c3 o -(-3 „ ?H (/J CD bX) _Q a) a5 f-.p P-. «^-l > :3 OS -s ci 03 ,o d y ,j3 C|1 CD o O O 0) -1-1 CO r-G -f3 rG -^3 CO l-i. o o ■4^ o zn O -1-3 --(-3 bJO .s o ::3 "cc O 1 ICS 00 -* o 1—1 bC -* CM (M P CD CO JH o O O .3 o tH r| • ^-' o C5 -1-3 01 1^ O CD cS CO rQ o -1-3 rj c3 1 — 1 -1-3 C3 .2 o cS r^ r/! ^ L, CO o n3 n jH IS o 13 H g r-l ,M © 1—1 g o ZD > CD o c3 T-H 4^ -t-3 O -t-3 o o w ^ 03 bJD r-] o ^ ^ bj: in rn o CO c3 § ^ cu > «+H r-[ ^ rC3 CO -* CO O i -fj 1 1 -*j r-i O CO W m CD 1 — 1 ■^ o 00 a CO B o Id 03 j ^^ -= ' 167 The United States cotton crop* for the year ending September 1, 1875, was ■5,827,845 bales, of which 2,674,448 were exported to foreign countries and 1,200,473 were taken by home spinners, of which 129,613 were consumed in the South, The average weight of the crop was 408 pounds per bale. The Norfolk Virginian, of December 3d, 1875, furnishes the following facts : On the second of December, the ship H. S. Gregory, drawing 21 7-12ths feet, was cleared by Messrs. Reynolds Brothers from this port for Liverpool, England, with a cargo consisting of 7,176 bales of cotton, weighing 3,221,971 pounds; 10,000 tree- nails and 3,000 staves. This was the largest cargo of cotton that ever left Norfolk, and is thought to be the largest that ever left any United States port. The tonnage of the ship was 2,207 tons, and it had not the slightest difficulty in clearing its moorings. The same day the brig R. B. Grove was cleared by Messrs. Ricks & Milhado, for Havre, with a cargo of 1,817 bales of cotton, weighing 830,898 pounds. The tonnage of this vessel is only 463, and its cargo was the largest, compared with ton- nage, that ever left the port. On a voyage from New Orleans, two years ago, this brig carried 1,545 bales (707,316 pounds), so it carried from Norfolk 272 bales (23,572 pounds) more than it did from New Orleans. This was the first cargo of cotton ever shipped direct from Norfolk to Havre. The three powerful hydraulic cotton presses that have recently been erected here have contributed largely to the above results; one of them, belonging to the Messrs. Reynolds, can compressf 800 bales a day. The following quarterly statement is from the same — Virginian: No. 7. Cotton-Trade of 1874-'5 and 1875-'6 compared. COMPARISON OF EXPORTS. 1st Quarter of Cotton Thak 1875-'6. 1st Quarter of Cotton Tear 1874^ '5. Bales. Pounds. Value. Bales. Pounds. Value. September 93 1,462 11,546 40,808 667,044 5,227,862 6,323 ■October , 4,440 18,463 1,975,802 8,493,160 276,612 1,183,351 100,056 November 784,147 Total 22,903 10,473,9S2 $1,409,963 13,101 5,935,714 $890,528 9,802 4,538,238 $519,435 '" The above does not include the shipment of December 2d, before given. The export trade in cotton to foreign countries from American ports has under- gone many changes, as is shown by the following, but the tendency appears to be to ship from the Atlantic j)orts. *Kichmoiid Enquirer January 19, 1876. t Cotton pamphlet of Southern Fertilizing Company, of Richmond, tlirougli QqI, Joha Qtt, Secretary. 168 No. 8. Bales of Cotton Exported from United States Ports to Foreign Countries, 1870 to 1873. FROM 18T0. 1S71. 1872. 1873. 1,005,530 200,833 9T,109 265,631 152,559 50 9,660 413,701 1,67T 1,302,535 287,074 175,650 464,369 221,242 70 5,417 667,958 3,005 1,380 37,567 475 888,976 137,977 111,388 295,798 116,597 1,177,058 132,130 160,169' 375,895 210,433 1,682 3,807 373,071 13,123 . 2,108 14,811 143 12 7,722 573,493 11,128 6,79a 32,162 20,943: 2,257 - . 324 2,178,917 3,166,742 1.957,314 2,679,986 No. 9. Cotton* Exported from the United States, and to what Foreign Forts, year ending August 2>lst, 1873. exported to Liverpool Lonclon Glasgow ■ Queenstown, Corl:, &c Cowes, Falmouth, i^ o s -< M o H O o to Oil to to CO 03 CO 1 O o to 1 O CM rH CO § 52 ?3 o o t- t-^ oa rH o_ t- ■* -^ Eh Eh « oT oiT ^ m 3 TH m Ir- OS «r- -* (» oc o o to b- to ^ OV 05 o- O in in oo__ t- m rH 00 O O h^ tH lO" o~ to o TH CO t— 00 rH OS CO 00 (M OS m o» t^ t- o 0^ co__ t>J in to 00 OS CO Ol^ CO IM t- •* *"* "■ ^ rH" '^ r-< rH ^^ rH rH 00 (_, o ■* TH o 1 to TH o to o S ^ CO TH t- to TH CO to a> s- T-H OT TH TH OS l- Tt "O^ t- lO lO O OS cm"" o- ■^ § S 1 2 cr o f-i j3 o co__ c >n_ to t-;^ in_ TH 00_ in_ o_ i-^l °§ o oo" O: cT cT (^^ oT 0^ CM rH rH CT CO CO (M rH I— in cr 00 O ;_, to to 00 CM O TH CO CO 1 ed CO OS Tj< ^ CM O t- TH in 03 to t- in t-^ b- o OJ fl in m CO rH m t- CO 00 m Ol s (^ i-T cs" to in" in" CO 00 CO to o CO CO CO 1 CM J-, o CO C o 00 5 to 00 to ■* CM Ol TH o ■^ i- lO 00 ^ K t- IM o o 3 C^ t- to o to o- tH X3 CM CO '^ ■rd CM -H o TH ■EJrt'n o ^ io_ OS CO co_ I- TH_ in_ a oa^ 1-^ (M (M ■^ in"" icj" co" cq tB—i m m Ci t£ O CO TH OS o- 00 TH cr '^ o CS CO T* TH TH Tt T* Tf TJI PL, H o to ■* rH CO 00 3 o 3 oc o 00 c (M CM o- to TH c» CO oc CO o_ o_ a: ■^ to o IM TH Tt t- a cyT -*" oi" (?! co" 00 m o cT o" to CO to lO a lO CO 00 a. in 00 b ^ to 05_ a c^ "^ TH 00 o^ TH in H^ CB o in to" 00 to o to CO M< rf lO OS cq b- OQ to TH t- t- rH " CM o ^ rH to to to c to" lO OS o" o" o t- a " Pi H CO CO o in 00 O o »- CO -O Tf m CM 00 °1 B t- in_ in_ o 1-1 to" co~ ^ to" to co"" cr oo" Oi (M rH rH g a. (M o -* to 00 CO TH 00 O ^ cc 00 oo c= Tj( to to cr o to O m O CD to OJ 00 en o TH t- OS_ oc CO oo" to c OS CO t- TH O to cc OS Na 2 CO a- o o OS m c3 ^ to^ ^ IM Oi to^ O TH_ "v tH_ TH in_ s h) 2f tzT t-^ ocT x" o" CT Os" to cm" !M rH o» (M m to o- t- 00 rH ■^ to Q to to o CO CO csi CM ^ 00 to CO TH eS cS O) oa OS CO ?o OS to IM m Tt tj< CO I- to to CO o 05 to_ 9 fl IS o fl Ttl to" lO ? o CO o~ oT en CO cc m t-^ (>r o Iffl CO co" to*" o o m m TH o" to OS lO CX) o zc I- m 1 ^ lO o "^ 1C5 I— in to__ CO •^ to^ tc tH_ ^ 1^ 'T! CO ^ rH >A lO" iS to" to" co" TiT of r-T of IM a\ ■^ oc r-f m m IC ■* t- c to P tH "" cc W pc] t>« 00 i in to t-^ or Os' o 05 1C5 to to to g to t- t- 00 ID CO a CO CO 00 CO w cc 00 00 OC 00 rH rH rH T-t r* r-l r" rnl rH T-* rH l72 The European Consumption of Cotton, and the Sources of Supply for 1872-73, in bales, are summed up by M. Ott-Truempler,* of Zurich, an eminent statistician, as follows: No. 15. * Appleton's American Cyclopedia, ISTl. No 3 100 IS>0 Snunw l( &aanfi^am. LiQiotfraphrrs BicfanujiulVk \ I p VIRGIITIA fjlRtii—foliticjlL summary. CHAPTEE, VII — The Population of thj^; State. CHAPTER VIII— Religious Advantages. CHAPTER IX — Educational Advantages. CHAPTER X — Internal Improvements. , CHAPTER XI— Government. • CHAPTER VII. The Population of Virginia. The statistics of the population of Virginia, compiled from the official Reports of the Censuses of the United States for 1860 and 1870, are here presented for each of the great Natural Divisions of the State as described in this summary. The re- sults of two decades are given for comparative purposes, but it should be borne in mind that the census of 1870 followed a long and exhausting war, in which Virginia suffered a great loss of human life and destruction of the means of subsistence, as well as a dismemberment, by which she was deprived of 23,000 square miles of territory and 442,014 of population. On the 1st of June, 1860* and 1870, the Population of the Sections of Vir- ginia, hy Numbers and Race, were as follows : Table I. Tidewater Middle Piedmont Blue Ridge , Valley , AppalacMa Vii'2:inia Aggbegate. 1860. (a) 344,782 (c) 371,035 209,132 24,500 (f) 194,290 76,901 (j) 1,219,630 1870. (b) 346,297 (d) 363,932 (e) 207,204 28,550 (g) 197,967 (i) 81.197 (k) 1,225,163 Whites. 1860. 167,129 164,800 115,236 23,117 153,517 67,974 691,773 1870. 168,650 101,996 12i,107 26,479 159,927 73,922 712,089 Blacks. 1860. 177,570 206,235 93,896 1,383 40,772 7,817 527,763 1870. 177,475 201,905 86,085 2,079 38,027 7,270 512,841 . Including— (a) 83 Indians; W 170 Indians and 2 Chinese; <«) 2 Chinese; W 29 Indians; (®) 12 Indians; (^ 13 Indians; (^) 1 Indian; (^) 10 Indians; W 5 Indians; o a OS f- a o ■a o ■a fl 03 '^ 0) N '% (11 03 Tidewater Middle 6,815 3,999 1,036 46 1,550 2S0 111 120 34 51 8 737 850 198 16 198 41 3,258 1,535 385 18 714 173 349 215 82 3 1 2,505 869 239 11 419 ■ 10 253 50 11 26 17 2 40 183 6 121 18 10 1 11 1 162 67 41 18 55; 10' Piedmont Blue Ridge Valley 50 14 1 44 6 1 2 21 1 11 Appalachia Virginia 13,T26 324 2,040 6,080 710 5 4,053 364 46 231 148 76i Of the foreign population, Ireland furnished nearly one-half, Germany one- third, England one-sixth and Scotland one-twentieth. The foreign population has- been gathered from more than fifty different foreign States, representing all the leading nationalties of the world. Forty-nine of the foreigners are blacks from Africa, Euroj)e, West Indies and Canada, and there are four Chinese from China, The native population is gathered from forty-one States and Territories, so that more than ninety different States are here represented. Over 49 per cent, of the foreign-born population were found in Tidewater, ■where they are located in the seaport cities. Over 29 per cent, lived in the Middle country, and nearly 8 per cent, in Piedmont, while the Valley had over 11 per cent. Of the population born in the Virginias, 659,230 were whites and 503,368 blacks, so 9,424 blacks were born in other States, of which Maryland furnished 1,679, North Carolina 6,373, South Carolina 223, and Tennessee 287 ; they are gathered from thirty States of the Union. 179 > Table VI shows the condition of the Population of Virginia in 1870 in respect to Sex, Race and Nativity. TalDle YI. TOTALS. NATIVE. FOREIGN. Whole No. Males. Females. Whole No. Males. Females. Whole No. Males. Females. Whites 712,089 440,593 72,248 512,841 229 4 348,720 214,758 33,470 248,228 106 4 368,369 225,835 38,778 264,613 123 698,388 440,553 72,239 512,792 229 340,736 214,731 33,465 248,196 106 357,652 225,822 38,774 264,596 123 13,701 40 9 49 7,984 27 5 32 5,717 Blacks 13 Mulattoes 4 Total Negro IT 4 4 Total of allEaces.... 1,225,163 597,058 628,105 1,211,409 559,038 622,371 13,754 8,020 5,734 This table shows that 419 out of each 1,000 of the population belong to the colored races, and 581 to the white races — in other words, seven-twelfths of the people are white and five-twelfths colored; 58 per cent, of the population being white and 42 per cent, colored. Of the negroes, 14 per cent, are mulattoes, or mixed, and 86 per cent, blacks, or unmixed. The mulattoes generally intermarry, expressing a decided preference for the mixed over the pure negro, consequently the tendency is to increase the mixed race. The females in. all cases, except in that of foreigners, are considerably in excess of the males. Of the whites nearly 49 per cent., of the negroes a little over 48 per cent., and of the mulattoes 46 per cent., are males. The Indians are the remnant of the once powerful Pamunkey tribes, living on a reservation. The next tabular statement (VII) gives the statistics of what the census calls the School, the Military and the Citizen or Voting Population. Table VII. School Population- 5 to IS. Military Population, 18 to 45. Citiz-^n Population, 21 and over, o Male. Female. Total. Male. Male. 5^ o 114,561 85,510 32 111,026 85,644 39 225,587 171,154 71 123,124 83,488 42 4 202,072 4,586 ■ 161,500 107,691 47 4 261,948 7,294 199,665 438 196,289 440 395,934 878 All classes 200,103 196,709 396,812 206,658 269,242 597,053 • 180 The School Population of the State, by Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, for 1872-3, was — Table THI. "White. Black . Males. 128,967 87,399 Females. 124,444 83,297 Total. 253,411 170,696 Aggregate. 424.107 The average percentage of these in attendance at public schools in 1872-'3 was, of whites, .255 per cent.; of blacks, .154 per cent.; or .215 for all — so that over one- fifth of the Virginia School Population, which includes all between b and 21 years of age (not 5 and 18 as in the census), actually attended the 'public schools — so that if all that attended are considered, over one-fourth of this class were receiving in- struction. According to Table VII, the males of this vigorous class — the hope of the Commonwealth, those between 5 and IS* — formed I63 per cent, of the whole population, that is, nearly one-sixth of all the people, while the females were 16 l-12tli per cent. Nearly one-third of all the people in the State were between 5 and 18, a most striking fact, illustrating the vigor of the population, the healthfulness of the State, &c. The arms-bearing population — the vigorous and active men, the bread-winners — those between 18 and 45, constituted over one-sixth of the population, and that, too, after this class had been more than twice decimated by war during the decade. The V)hite males were nearly 60 per cent, of this class. The voting population of Virginia includes all males over 21, except idiots and lunatics, persons convicted of bribery in any election, of embezzlement of public funds, treason or felony, and officers, soldiers, seamen or marines of the United States army or navy merely stationed in the State. The citizens, those that have the right to vote, are cdl males over 21 ivho are citizens of the United States, who have resided in Virginia one yeojr and in the election district three months before the election at ivhich they may desire to vote, excepting as above. This brings the number of voters to 266,680, or .217 per cent, of the population — over one-fifth. At the State election of 1869 the vote cast was 220,739, so that about .83 per cent, of the voters exercised their electoral privileges. Tlie total male population of Virginia (1870) was 597,058; that of all the United States was 19,493,565 ; so Virginia had over .03 per cent, of the whole, while of the natural militia (18 to 45), she had over 27 in each 1,000 of all, ranking as the 12th State, while she ranks as the 9th in the militia of native population. Of the citizenship population of the United States — 8,425,941 — Virginia had .03i per cent., holding the 10th rank. The school population of the United States (5 to 18) was 12,055,443 (males, 6,086,872; females, 5,968,571); so Virginia had one-thirtieth of this class. * The census states that of the school and military ages the Jirst years are inclusive^ the last exclusive. 181 The following table (IX) gives the Ages of the population, in 1870, for the State ; Table IX. Population of Virginia . Tinder one year old One year old Tinder tioo years Tioo years old Under tliree years Three years old Tinder four years Four years old ." Tinder five years Five to nine Under ten years Ten to fourteen Under fifteen Fifteen to seventeen Under eighteen Eigliteen to nineteen Under twentj' Twenty Under twenty-one Twenty-one to twenty-four. Under twenty-five Twenty-five to twenty- nine , Under thirty Thirty to thirty-four Under thirty-five., Thkty-five to thirty-nine. Under forty Forty to forty-four Under forty-five In 100,000. 2,922 2,960 5,882 3,159 9,041 3,026 12,067 2,908 14,975 12,377 27,352 13,258 40,610 6,754 47,364 4,163 51,527 2,214 53,741 7,476 61,217 7,190 68,407 5,808 74,215 5,509 79,724 4,624 84,348 Total, Male. 1,225,163 35,802 36,261 72,063 38,700 110,763 37,081 147,844 35,625 183,489 151,638 335,107 162,436 497,543 52,738 580,281 51,006 631,287- 27,122 658,409 91,596 750,005 88,090 838,095 71,162 909,257 67,488 976,745 56,652 1,033,397 597,058 18,071 18,480 38,551 19,790 56,341 18,436 74,777 18,089 92,866 76,737 169,603 82,976 252,579 40,390 292,969 23,946 316,915 10,901 327,816 42,892 370,708 38,803 409,511 31,880 441,391 31,723 473,114 26,513 499,627 Female. 628,105 17,731 17,781 35,512 18,910 54,422 18,645 73,067 17,53S 90,603 74,901 185,504 79,460 244,964 42,348 287,312 27,060 314,372 16,221 330,593 48,704 379,207 49,287 428,584 39,282 467,866 35,765 503,631 30,139 533,770 182 Table IX — Continued. Forty-five to forty-nine Under fifty Fifty to fifty-four Under firty-five Fifty-five to fifty-nine Under sixt}' , .... Sixty to sixty-four Under sixty-five Sixty- five to sixtj'-nine Und'.r scve:ity Seventy to ^eveuty-four , Under sovi iity-five Seventy-five to seventy-nine Under eiglity Eighty to e;.^hty-nine Under ninety ■ Ninety to ninety-nine Under one lumdred One liundied, &c In 100,000. Total. Male. Female, 4,025 49,313 24,987 24,326 88,373 1,082,710 524,614 558,096 3,580 43,860 22,250 21,610 91,953 ' 1,126,570 546,864 579,706 2,249 27,566 14,440 13,126 94,202 1,154,136 561,304 592,832 2,305 28,221 14,652 13,569 96,507 1,182,357 575,956 606,401 1,380 16,916 8,806 8,110 97,887 1,199,273 584,762 614,511 1,053 12,904 0,315 6,589 98,940 1,212,177 591,077 621,100 525 6,433 3,120 3,313 99,465 1,218,610 594,197 624,413 435 5,325 2,410 2,915 99,900 1,223,935 596,607 627,328 81 998 386 612 99,981 1,224,933 596,993 627,940 19 230 65 165 There were 890,056 ten years and over in age, and of these 412,665, over 46 per cent., had occupation of some kind. Of the 96,439 males between 10 and 15, over 35 per cent., or 33,954, were employed ; and of the 93,576 females of the same class, 14,392, or about 15 per cent., had occupation. Of the 295,262 males between 16 and 59, 275,501, or over 93 per cent, were actively employed, and of the 333,752 females of same age, 58,026, or over 17 per cent., had occupation. Of the 35,754 males that were 60 and over, 28,009, or about 80 per cent., were still of the occupied class, while of the 35,273 females, only 2,783, or less than 8 per cent., were of the busy class. Of all that were 10 and over, 244,550, or more than 59 per cent, were engaged in agriculture; 98,521, over 23 per cent., were in professional and personal service; 20,181, about 5 per cent., in trade and transportation; and 49,413, about 12 per cent., in manufactures and mining. 183 Table X. Population of Virginia by Ages and Sexes. AGES. 'Under 1 1 2 3 4 5 to 9 10 to 14 15 to 17 18 to 19 20 ■21 to 24 "25 to 29 ..-30 to 34 .35 to 39 40 to 44 -45 to 49 ■50 to 54 55 to 59 m to 64 •65 to 69 70 to 74 •75 to 79 80 to 89 •90 to 99 100 and over In 100,000. 2,922 2,96a 3,159 3,026 2,908 12,377 13,258 6,754 4,163 2,214 7,476 7,190 5,808 5,509 4,024 4,025 3,588 2,249 2,305 1,380 1,053 525 435 81 19 100,000 Total. 35,802 36.261 38,700 37,081 35,625 151,638 162,436 82.738 51,006 27,122 91,596 88,090 71,162 67,488 56,652^ 49,313 43,860 27,566 28,221 16,916 12,904 6,433 5,325 998 230 Male. 1,225,163 18,071 18,480 . 19,790 18,436 18,089 76,737 82,976- 40,390 23,946 10,901 42,892 38,803 31,880 31,723 26,513 24,987 22,250 14,444 14,652 8,806 6,315 3,120 2,410 386 65 Female. 597,058 17,731 17,781 18,910 18,645 17,536 74,901 79,460 42,348 27,060 16,221 48,704 49,287 39,282 35,765 30,139 24,326 21,610 13,126 13,569 8,810 6,589 3,313 2,915 612 165 628,105 This table (X) is instructive, showing at a glance the number of peoj^le in the •State at twenty-five different periods of human life, and the same for each of the .sexes. It also shows the composition of any 100,000 of the inhabitants, from which the proportion or percentage those of any given age bear to the whole may be readily ascertained. 184 If space permitted, comparisons could be made with other states, which would ehow that the climate of Virginia must be exceedingly favorable to the duration of life, compared with other sections. A few examples, taken from the old settled, states, must suffice. Selecting the period of 21 to 24 years of age, in 100,000, Vir- ginia had 7,476; Maryland 7,202; New Hampshire 7,071 ; New York 7,059; Illinois 7,367; North Carolina 6,840; and the average for the United States was 7,475.. Again, taking the period of 50 to 54 years of age, Virginia had, in the same ratio, 3,580, Illinois 3,228 ; Kentucky 3,089 ; and the United States 3,548. The average of the- United States, from 75 to 79, was 455 ; the number in Virginia Avas 525 ; in Maryland 458; Kentucky 388; North Carolina 464; Tennessee 358; Texas 169, and Penn- sylvania 15. Taking the age from 90 to 99, the United States average in 100,000 was 43 ; the number in Virginia was 81 ; in Pennsylvania 38 ; in Ohio 38 ; in New York 43 ; in Kentucky 45 ; in Connecticut 65 ; in Maryland 49, and in Missouri 17» Of those over 100 years old, Virginia had 19 in the 100,000; the average in the United States 9 ; Connecticut had 4; Massachusetts 3; Maryland 12; Pennsylvania 3, and New York 4. The next table (XI) shows the population of the State in 1870, by Ages and Colors. The census does not give the numbers for each 100,000 in these cases. This table (XI) embraces the same persons as table X, only they are here separated so as to show the numbers of each race. Table XI. All ages. Under 1. 1. Untler 2. 2. Uiicler 3. 3. Under 4. 4. Under 5. 5 to 9. Under 10 10 to 14 Under 15 Whites. Total. 712,089 20,043 19,952 39,995 21,424 61,419 20,233 81,G52 19,304 100,956 83,701 184,057 93,060 277,717 Males. 348,720 10,227 10,280 20,507 11,114 31,621 10,088 41,709 9,939 51,618 42,750 94,398 47,652 142,050 Females. Blacks. 363,369 9,816 9,672 19,488 10,310 29,798 10,145 39,943 9,365 49,308 40,951 90,259 45,408 135,667 Total. 512,841 15,755 16,302 32,057 17,271 49,328 16,842 66,170 16,313 82,483 67,908 150,391 69,352 219,743 Males. 248,228 7,842 8,195 16,037 8,674 24,711 8,344 33,055 8,146 41,201 33,975 75,176 35,314 110,490 Females, - 264,613' 7,913> 8,107 16,020- 8,597' 24, 617' 8,498- 33,115 8,167" 41,282' 33,933: 75,215' 84,038 109,253 185 Table XI — Continued. 15 to 17 Under 18 18 to 19 Under 20 20 UndLr21 21 to 24 Under 25 25 to 29 Under 30 30 to 3-1 Under 35 35 to 39 Under 40 40 to 44 Under 45 45 to 49 Under 50 50 to 54 Under 55 55 to 59 Under 69 60toG4 Under 65 65 to 69 Under 70 70 to 74 Under 75 , 75 to 79 Under 80 24 Whites. Total. '48,826 326,543 30,267 356,810 14,903 371,773 55,857 427,630 51,493 479,123 42,701 521,824 39,935 561,759 32,621 594,380 30,206 624,586 26,615 651,201 18,267 669,468 16,840 686,308 10,773 697,081 7,684 704,765 3,943 708,708 Males. Females. 24,159 166,209 14,423 180,632 6,5SS 187,220 26,431 213,651 23,029 233,680 19,091 255,771 18,526 274,297 15,036 289,333 15,145 304,478 13,478 317,956 9,499 327,455 8,621 336,076 5,508 341,584 3,739 345,323 1,887 347,210 24,667 160,334 15,844 170,178 8,375 184,553 29,423 213,979 28,434 242,443 23,610 266,053 21,409 287,402 17,585 305,047 15,061 320,108 13,137 333,245 8,768 342,013 8,219 350,232 5,265 355,497 3,945 359,442 2,056 361,498 Blacks. Total. Males. Females 33,894 253,637 20,728 274,365 12,151 286,515 35,726 322,242 33,579 358,821 28,447 387,268 27,539 414,807 24,010 438,817 19,095 457,912 17,236 475,148 9,296 484,444 11,378 495,822 6,142 501,964 5,215 507,179 2,490 509,669 16,221 126,711 9,517 133,228 4,399 140,537 16,454 153,991 15,767 172,758 12,787 185,545 13,191 198,736 11,403 210,199 9,839 220,038 8,767 228,805 4,940 233,745 6,029 239,774 3,297 243,071 2,573 245,644 1,233 246,877 17,673^ 126,926- 11,211 138,137' 7,842 145,979 19,272 165,251 20,812 186,063- 15,600 201, 723^ 14,348 216,071 12,441 228,618 9,256 237,874 8,469 240,343 4,356 250,699 5,349- 258,048 2,845- 258,893 2,642- 261,535' 1,257 262,792: 186 Table XI — Concluded. 80 to 89.. Undergo.. 90 to 99.. Under 100 100, &e., "Whites. Blacks. Total. Males. Females. Total. Males. 2,955 1,345 1,610 3,370 1,065 7I1,6G3 348,555 363,108 512,039 247,942 398 156 242 600 230 712,061 348,711 363,350 512,639 248,172 2S 9 19 202 56 Females. 1,305 264,097 370 264,467 146 By this table (XI) among the whites the males exceeded the females for all ages up to 15, except in the class of 3-year olds; from 15 to 45 the females were in excess; from 45 to 70 the males exceeded, and from 70 on the females. Among the blacks the females were in excess mider 1; the males from 1 to 3; the females at 3 -and 4; the males from 5 to 18; the females from 18 to 45; the males from 45 to 70, and the females from 70 on. These returns are by no means as reliable for the ages of the blacks as for those of the whites. The white males between 15 and 17 exceeded the black 7,938; the white males under 21 exceeded the black 46,683, and under 45 the excess was 79,134. Of the whole male population the whites were in a majority of 100,492. Among the whites the males were 48.9 per cent, of all, and among the blacks they were 48.4 per cent. In this connection it may be well to note the deaths in Virginia, by ages, ■during the census year 1870, as stated in the United States mortality tables of that year. AGE. Males. Females. AGE. Males. Females. TJnknown 6 1,798 680 397 225 124 3,224 365 239 306- 362 241 207 3 1,575 624 406 199 143 2,947 328 291 385 471 365 330 35 to 40 230 229 257 290 224 301 255 277 188 196 80 41 34 309 !Under 1 40 to 45 263 1 45 to 50 202 2 50 to 55 244 3 55 to 60 162 4 60 to 65 278 Total under 5 65 to 70 230 5 to 10 70 to 75 266 10 to 15 75 to 80 183 15 to 20 80 to 85 188 ■20 to 25 85 to 90 87 25 to 30 90 to 95 44 ^0to35 95 and over 55 Total 7,552 7,631 15,183 Over 42 per cent, of the males that died were under 5, while of the females ot this class but 38 per cent. died. In Missouri over 48 per cent, of the male and 47 per cent, of the female deaths were of those under 5, and in Illinois over 50 per -cent, of the deaths, both of males and females, were of those under 5. 187 The following table (XII) gives the number of people in Virginia over 80 years -of age, by sexes : Table Xn. All Ages. Total. Male. Female. SO and over 6,553 2,319 388 437 390 443 573 244 240 172 114 4G1 88 75 56 63 111 45 29 49 21 230 2,861 973 207 207 200 217 246 111 113 79 57 188 35 24 22 29 31 20 15 16 6 65 3,692 80 1,346 SI 181 82 ,' 230 S3 190 S4 226 85 327 86 ' 133 87 127 88 98 Sd 57 90 273 91 53 -92 51 93 34 94 34 95 80 96 25 97 14 98 33 '99 15 100 and over 165 The males were in excess of the females di 81, S3 and 85, and of equal number at 89. The whole number of this class in the United States was 149,252 (68,250 males, 81,002 females); so Virginia had .044 per cent, of all. Of the population of the United States, .003 per cent, belonged to this class of persons over 80, while Virginia had over .005 per cent, of her population in it.. The Blind Population of Virginia was, in 1870, as follows: IMales 455 Females 440 White males 272 White females 214 "Total whites 486, Black males..... 175 Black females 192 Mulatto males 8 Mulatto females 34 Total neOToes 409 188 These were all natives of the United States but 18 males and 2 females, white,- who were born in Great Britain and Ireland (14 of them in Ireland, 13 males); all the rest were born in Virginia and West Virginia, except 7 whites and 2 negroes in Maryland, 1 white in Massachusetts, 2 in New York, 1 in Ohio, 5 in Pennsylvania^ 3 in Tennessee, 1 in Vermont, 3 in the District of Columbia, and 9 whites and 4 blacks in North Carolina. The proportion of this unfortunate class to the whole population was .0007 per cent.; in the whole United States it was .0005. The number in Virginia over the average is readil}^ explained. Her excellent Institution — a State charity — for this- class brings them to the State to be educated. (See Education). Forty blind attended that Institution in 1872-'3. "The ages of the blind of all classes were: 1 under 1 year; 12 from 1 to 5; 29 from 5 to 10; 55 from 10 to 15; 46 from 15 to 20; 89 from 20 to 30; 73 from 30 to 40; 100 from 40 to 50; 91 from 50 to GO; 119 from 60 to 70; 148 from 70 to 80; 85 from 80 to 90; 35 from 90 to 100, and 11 over 100. The State has made most liberal provision for the education of all the young blind, v/hether rich or poor, belonging to it. The Deaf-Mute Population of Virginia in 1870 was — A2:.2;re2:ate . Males Females White males.... "White females , Total whites..., 53-1 298 23G 223 178 401 Black males Black females.... Mulatto males..., Mulatto females . Total nearoes.... 65 52 10 G 133 Total in United States 10,205 These were all natives of the United States, except one male and one female- born in Ireland, and all born in Virginia or West Virginia, except 1 white in Alabama, 1 in Louisiana, 4 in Maryland, 1 in Mississippi, 2 in North Carolina, 1 in Pennsylvania, 1 in Tennessee, and 1 mulatto in Maryland. Provision is alsa made for the education and training of this class of unfortunates by Virginia. (See Education). The ages of the deaf and dumb were: 14 from 1 to 5 years; 41 from 5 to 10; 106 from 10 to 15; 75 from 15 to 20; 116 from 20 to 30; 73 from 30 to 40 j 51 from 40 to 50; 24 from 50 to 60; 21 from 60 to 70; 12 from 70 to 80; and 1 between 90 and 100. Eighty deaf-mutes attended the State Institution in 1872-'3. The Idiotic Population of Virginia in 1870 was — ■ Males 691 Females 439 White males 4-28 White females 280 Total white 708 Black males 212' Black females 131 Mulatto males 51 jMulatto females 28. Xeo-roes — total 422 A2:2,Te2,-ate 1,130' These were all born in the United States but 1 white male from Australia, and the rest in the State and West Virginia, except 2 from Kentucky, 2 white and 3- black from Maryland, 1 from Missouri, 1 from New Jersey, 2 from New York, 14 white and 2 black from North Carolina, 5 from Tennessee, 1 from Texas and 1 from the District of Columbia. 189 No provision has been made for this class in Virginia, but there are private institutions for training them in the United States. The Insane in Virginia in 1870 were — Aggregate l,12o Males , "Females White males.... Wliite females , Total white 595 530 475 393 868 Black males 99 Black females 117 Mulatto males , 20 Mulatto females 20 Total negroes 256 Indian males 1 Insane in United States 37,432 Of these, 17 white males and 1 female were born in foreign countries (6 males ^nd 5 females in Germany, and 11 males and 1 female in Great Britain and Ireland). ■Of the natives. 2 were born in Alabama, 1 in Indiana, 4 whites and 1 black in Mary- land, 1 each in Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania and South Carolina, 4 in North Carolina, 7 in Tennessee; all others were born in Virginia and West Virginia. Two •of the insane were under 5 years old; 1 from 5 to 10; 24 from 10 to 15; 46 from 15 to 20; 216 from 20 to 30; 230 from 30 to 40; 246 from 40 to 50; 174 from 50 to 60; 108 from 60 to 70; 53 from 70 to 80; 21 from 80 to 90; 3 from 90 to 100, and 1 over 100. The Commonwealth of Virginia has made liberal provision for this class of her people. The Eastern Lunatic Asylum of Virginia, at Williamsburg, in Tidewater, the •oldest institution of the kind in America, has been in existence over 100 years. This asylum treated 311 patients in 1873. Of the 62 admitted that year for the first time, 17 died and 21 were discharged recovered. The report of the superintendent for the year ending September 30th, 1875, states that at that time there were 305 patients in this asylum (140 males and 164 females). Eight of these paid in full -a,nd five in part for their support, while 292 were cared for by the State. Of the 33 "discharged, over 71 per cent, were cured. The deaths among those under treatment were 5.1 per cent. This asylum has a farm, garden and work shops attached. The Western Lunatic Asylum at Staunton, in the Valley, has been in operation 45 5^ears. This asylum treated 449 patients in 1872 and '3. There were admitted in the 2 years 107 ; discharged recovered 68, and 38 died. From the opening of this asylum in 1828, to September 30th, 1875, it had treated 2,614 (1,549 males and 1,065 females), of which 1,125 were discharged as cured of insanity, 240 as im- proved, 155 as not improved, while 738 d.ied and 356 remained. The percentage .of recoveries to admissions was 43.03 (41.58 of males and 45.16 of females). The ■deaths in 1875 were but 4 per cent, of the patients. The Central Lunatic Asylum, at Richmond, is the first one established in America Jor tlie colored people exclusively. In 1872-'3 there were treated there 250 patients; 35 were discharged and 21 died. All these great charities are well conducted and compare favorably with the t)est. 190 The census of 1870 gives the number of persons born in each month of that census year and surviving at the end of the year, v,dth the following results for Virginia : When Born. 1869— June Jvly August .... September October.... November December. 1870 — Jamiary ... February.. March April May Number Born. 423 1,101 1,955 2,576 2,805 2,853 3,955 3,611 3,822 4,152 4,254 4,295 3,479 1 [ 11,713 1 8,234 35,802 for the year^ 11,388 1 1 y 12,701 J I J 24,089 J It appears from this tabulation that of the vigorous children begotten in Vir- ginia the month of May produced the most, nearly 12 per cent, of all, and June the least, or about 1.1 per cent. Considering the production by seasons, spring had over 35 per cent, of the year's product, while summer had but about 9. More than half the births of the " surviving " infants occurred in winter and spring. It seems that in Connecticut and Massachusetts May is the birth-month, as in Virginia, while in Maine, Ohio and Missouri it is in. March, In the last 9 months 32,324 were born; the number in 1860, for the year, was 35,244. The number of living persons in the State to each one of these that survived was 34.22 in 1870 and 34.61 in 1860. By table IX there were 2,922 in the 100,000 of the population of Virginia in 1870 that were under 1 year old. The proportion for the United States was 2,854 ; for England and Wales in 1861 it was 2,959; for France (1861), 2,169; for Italy (1861), 3,319; for Norway, 3,042. The observed number for the United States is given; but the adjusted number is 3,212, in which proportion the Virginia number would be 3,288 — a most favorable showing for the State. The same comparison: could be made for other ages. 191 PoPTTLATiON OF THE CiTiES AND TowNS OF VIRGINIA Containing over 1,000 inhabitants- in 1870. The cities in the following table (XIII) are assigned to Tidewater, because they are mostly commercial ones, although some of them belong to Middle Virginia- counties and have most of their territory in that section. Table Xin. T. COUNTT. AOGEEGATE. ' White. Negko. Natite POR'GN,,. GIT 4 1860. 18T0. 1860. 18T0. 1860. 1870. 1870. 1870. r Eiclimond Henrico 37,90T 51,038 23,632 2T,928 14,275 23,110 47,260 3,778:. Middle Petersburg Dinwiddle... 18,266 18,505 9,342 8,T44 8,924 10,185 18,505 445^ and Alexandria Alexandria.. 12,652 13,5T0 9,851 8,269 2,801 5,300 12,763 SOT Tidewater. Fredericksburg Spotsylvania 5,022 4,046 3,309 2,715 1,713 1,331 3,867 179- Mancliester Chesterfield. 2,T93 2,599 1,828 1,517 965 1,082 2,559 40 Norfolli Norfolk 14,620 19,229 10,290 10,462 4,330 8,766 18,490 739 Portsmouth Norfolk 9,483 10,492 8,011 6,874 1,477 3,617 10,016. 476- Tidewater, -i Hampton Elizabeth C'y 1,848 2,300 993 460 855. 1,840 2,282 18- Williamsburg. . James City.. 2,T32 1,392 9T4 893 137 499 1,340 52 The first group, located at the head of tide, at the lower falls of the rivers, and in two sections, are manufacturing as well as commercial cities. They all have a great supply of water power to turn machinery, and at the same time the advantage of the tides that float shipping to the very doors of the manufactories and open the way for commerce. No places can be more favorably situated for these purposes^ having communications inland to the sources of supply of raw material and being in a climate where frost rarely clogs the wheels of machinery or closes the water- ways of navigation. Richmond and Manchester are really but one city, separated by the James river, which is spanned by several bridges. The second group includes the purely commercial cities of the State. Norfolk and Portsmouth are in reality but one — they have the same harbor; they are most favorably located for commerce, having a harbor that is deep, commodious, land- locked, always accessible, at the sea, and yet so far inland that they have 10 hours advantage over most others in nearness to the Great West. A study of the tables will give the character of the population; it is rarely that cities have so few foreigners. Richmond and Petersburg are largely engaged in the manufacture of tobacco, and as most of the labor employed in that important, and valuable industry is negro, so those cities have a large number of that class in their population. In Middle Virginia proper the towns of any size are few — it is a planting region;, but, as before stated, it has a claim to all the first group just given; it also has an. interest in Lynchburg on its Piedmont border. 192 Table XIY. Cities and Towns of Middle Virginia. COUNTY. Aggkegate. Whites. Blacks. NATIVES. Foreign. TO WIN. 1860, 1870. I860. ISTO. I860. 1870. 1870. 1870. 3,463 1,543 1,398 598 2,065 945 3,433 1,518 30 Farmville Prince Edward 1,536 683 S5S 25 Danville is an important tobacco manufacturing city. The Piedmont cities and towns are subjoined in Table XV of Population: CITY, &C. COUNTY. Aggbegate. White. NEGKO. Native. FOKEIGN. 1S60. 1870. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1870. 1S70, 1870. Lyncbburg ■Charlottesville. Culpeper Warrenton — Liberty aLeesburg Campbell Albemarle Culpeper Fauquier Bedford Loudoun 6,853 1,056 604 722 t 6,825 2,838 1,800 1,256 1,208 1,144 3,802 * 519 564 399 1,083 3,472 1,365 1,000 704 519 791 3,051 « 537 40 323 t Sj353 1,473 800 552 6S9 353 6,554 2,748 1,740 1,214 1,202 1,134 271 90 60 42 6 10 As before stated, Lynchburg belongs to both Middle and Piedmont; it is largely engaged in tobacco manufacture, and therefore employs a large negro population. Charlottesville is the seat of the University of Virginia. The next table (XVI) presents the Cities and Toivns of the Valley: CITY, &c. ■Staunton Winchester Lexington Harrisonburg.. Wy theville Salem COUNTY. Augusta Frederick... Rockbridge.. Kockingliam Wytlie Roanoke Aggregate. Whites. Negroes. Native. I860. 1870. 1860. 1870. I860. 1870. 1870. 3,875 5,120 2,865 3,585 1,010 1,535 4,895 4,392 4,477 3,004 3,100 1,388 1,377 4,375 2,135 2,873 1,438 1,982 697 891 2,810 t 2,036 1,023 1,409 t 627 1,978 1,111 tl,G71 1,069 1,198 42 473 1,635 612 1,355 ?590 855 §22 500 1,346 FOREIGN. 225 102 63 es 36 9 All these towns have of late increased in population. Staunton is reckoned a €ity in the State organizations; it owes much of its prosperity to the 3 female colleges and 2 State asylums there located. Harrisonburg, Winchester, and Wytheville are count}^ towns of large counties. Lexington is the seat of Washington and Lee University and the Virginia Military "♦ 2^0 census, f Blacks not separated. 1 3 Indians included. § Does not include all the blacks. 193 Institute, making it an important town. Salem is the seat of Roanoke College. la all these towns the white population exceeds the negro. The Appalachian country and Blue Ridge are pastoral regions, having no towns of any size. Pauperism and Crime. The census of 1870 gives the statistics of these two social evils, with the following figures, for Virginia: Population 1,225,163 Whites 712,089 Negroes 512,841 Natives 1,211,409 Toreiffners 13.754 Number supported by public charity in the year 3,890 Cost of supporting $303,081 Cost of each (average) $77.91 Number receiving support June 1, 1870 3,280 Natives (whites 3,254, negroes 1 ,942)... 3,254 Foreigners 2& These statistics show that only some 317 in each 10,000 of the inhabitants were- Tinder the necessity of asking for public charity — a very small proportion when contrasted with other states, and proving how abundant are the means of livelihood and how small a burden is laid upon the tax payers for the support of paupers. Beggary is almost entirely unknown. The cost of pauperism is only 24 cents to each of the population. The tables of crime show that there were only 1,090 convictions during the year, or less than 9 for each 10,000 of the population. On the 1st of June there were in all the prisons of the State 1,244 prisoners; of these 1,232 were natives (331 whites and 901 negroes) ; 12 were foreigners — so that only 10 in 10,000 were held in jails or prisons. Of course many of these were for minor offences and persons awaiting trial. These facts indicate that in Virginia there is an exceptional freedom from these too great national curses, an elevated and healthy condition of public morals and a general independence in living. The report of the Superintendent of the Virginia Penitentiary — the only prison in the State — for 1872-3, shows that only 216 persons were committed to it during that year; 33 of these were whites and 181 were negroes. This is only about 1 in 5,000 of the population. . Only 54 of these were committed for crimes against the- person. The remaining 162 were for crimes against property ; 10 for petit larceny,, the second offence; 36 for house-breaking; 13 for house-breaking and larceny; 26. for burglary ; 39 for grand larceny ; 10 for felony ; 10 for murder in the second de- gree (none in the first degree); 1 for unlawful voting; 3 for obtaining goods under- false pretences ; 15 for rape and attempt at rape. The whole number confined in the Penitentiary for the same time was 759, of which 150 were whites and 609 negroes. Virginia punishes with imprisonment for a number of off'ences that in other states are accounted among minor delinquen- cies ; her laws are very stringent for all offences against the person, even debarring from the rights of citizenship those that act as seconds in duels, as veil as the prin- cipals, even when no fatal results follow. 25 194 These facts, taken in connection with the statement that the State has a terri- tory of 45,000 square miles, one and a fourth million people, and a city with sixty "thousand inhabitants, speak volumes for the moral condition of the body politic in Tirginia. Taine says : " the aim of every society is that each one should be always lis own constable, and end by not having any other." Virginia can claim as 3iear an approach to this as any known country. 195 CHAPTER VIII. Religious Advantages. In proportion to its population, there is no portion of the United States* better supplied with church organizations and churches than Virginia, and in none is there a more "generous provision for the ordinances of the gospel," a more able and zeal- ous ministry, or a moje conscientious observance of religious duties, including the consecration of the Sabbath, The following table gives the census returns of all the denominations in the State : Table I. Methodists (Episcopal) Baptists (Regular) Baptists (other) Presbyterians (Regular) Presbyterians (other) Episcopal (Protestant) •Christian Xutheran United Brethren in Christ Keformed Church in U. S. (German). . . friends :Koman Catholic Jewish ,Keformed Church in America (Dutch) . Moravian (Unitas Fratrum) 'New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian) TJniversalists XInknown (Local Missions) Unknown (Union) 1,011 795 54 204 1S5 100 80 42 24 12 19 8 1 1 3 901 749 44 200 ITT 88 T3 30 16 13 17 7 1 1 3 2,405 2T0,61T 240,0T5 16,T55 T0,065 60,105 29,225 25,350 7,700 5,900 4,925 9,800 1,890 100 350 650 150 21,570 765,127 $1,449,565 1,279,048 66,000 83T,450 843,210 92,1T0 160,800 23,300 38,500 35,625 343, T50 35,300 350 1,500 2,200 6,000 62,600 $5,277,368 o 1,403 787 41 290 10 188 73 69 Eg 438,244 298,029 19,475 117,304 3,100 68,493 24,085 24,675 4,000 5,800 16,650 700 350 100 750 1,067,840 $1,619,010 1,243,505 38,925 901,020 20,075 873,120 72,500 156,600 24,400 37,950 329,300 10,500 1,000 500 10,200 121,000 $5,459,605 * See Plate XXXI of Statistical Atlas of the United States ; also address of Dr. Hoge to Evangelical Alliance 1873. 196 In 1860 there were " accommodations " for over 87 per cent, of the entire popu- lation, and in 1870 for over 62 per cent. The average for the United States in 1860 was 69 per cent. There was in Virginia in 1860 a church to each 394 of the popu- lation, and in 1870 one for each 507. In New England in 1870 there was 1 churcb for 643 people. In the United States in 1860 there was a church to each 584. The' sects in Virginia are not numerous when compared with other sections, and nearly- all are included in 8 leading denominations. The most cordial relations exist be- tween the different denominations, and they often unite their efforts in Christian, labor. Sunday schools are diligently maintained by all for the religious instructioni of the young, and the best talent in the churches is enlisted in their work. The clergy, with rare exceptions, confine themselves to the duties of their calling, or kindred work, the sentiment of the people being opposed to their taking part iix politics, &c. The census returns of 1860 and 1870 differ in their church statistics; the former give only the number of churches, making no distinction between organizations and churches ; the latter give both, and show that nearly every organization in Virginia has a. place for worship. The leading denomination, it appears from these statistics, is the Methodist Episcopal, the American organization of the church of Wesley and his followers in. England. This denomination has two colleges and numerous high schools in the- State. The Baptists are second in number of sittings, and, like the Methodists, are- widely and generally diffused throughout the State; they have a college and numerous high schools. The Presbyterians rank as the third ; they claim descent from the Scotch church; one college, a Theological Seminary and many high schools are under their control. The fourth in order is the Protestant Episcopal, the American form of the Church of England, which was in Colonial times the es- tablished church in Virginia; a college, a Theological Seminary and numerous high schools pertain to this church. The table gives the details of the other religious bodies ; only it should be stated that the Lutherans and Roman Catholics have each a college, and that nearly every denomination has excellent preparatory and high schools fostered by it. The next table gives the distribution of the 8 leading denominations, all that are given by the census of 1870, in the grand divisions of the State. 197 o 03 "Si 4 -« o e ^ ■^ cq •sSnmis Ki o o •snoTi^ziu^SjO era o< Ol •sSmjiis g 8 g •snoij^zin^SjO era '"' 00 d n s •sSnmis i o o o o lO o o o tO_ t- tO_ rH^ r-T oT era" r-l i •snoii^ziu^SJO CQ rH flO Cfl (M O CO § a •sSaijjTg O lO o i^r to" of o o in w i •snoji'Bzin'ESio s s ^ m OS o la w o q; o It •BSamig S 8 g «=> o o o !-<_ 00 oo" IC to •snoxi^ztnBSjo oa lo tC to « ■* .-■ era o< in 00 •sSmiJis O O O O O lO O lO lO O O I- O 1-^ CS 00 CO r-t «r TdT o~ i?f kT OJ oT to •snotj'BzinBSio at t~ m a Tf to i-j t- era to i-i OJ i 1 •sSniinS >■ oT T-T ^^ 00 t- •* era T-i in •snoriBzin^Sjo o 00 b- era era CO m o) t- era o lo (M « rl rl i c o •sSni;iis o o «- o in « ci' "*" r-T tcT o" o^ t- to ■* -^ era o o< •snojjBzin'eSJO 00 m era on b- 00 ci iM to era 00 to (M 0> ,-1 , rH r^ o o o p •ijjgdoJd o era m o o o 1^3 Tt* b- CD lO lo ■=1 '^ "^^ '^^ '~l '"1 t-^ t-^ cT -^ i-T oT -* tk oi oi 1- n (?J_ ^ to O 1-1 CO to oT 2 •sSniMig lo o o on m o (M to Ci T-i KS »^ 05^ oo_^ (33^ to_^ es_ t-__ cT era" t-^ t-^ t-T oo" s s s ^ ^ =° a* b- •ssogipa: lO t- b- O ,JO T-i lO C5 r-J (M to 00 CM O m to Tj ^ (M -!j( of •snoTjtJzra'BSio 00 1— oa t- rf "* § g ^ ^ i § o^ lO of « ^ is ; c 1 a a a : i 1 C !>, ^ I 03 c3 -t::! <^ rn r:^ > C tj_3 r-i OD .2 G id o O ^ c3 -Q o -^ ^ o; o ^ if S 02 r-] Eh >. ^ 5 '^ ^ o c3 Cd o Ph k —I ^ !=1 O .2 :> rt I — I O ^ o ;-. c5 n:j .2 S -1-^ M' oi O 02 M a) o o „ ^ .S >> H p^^ CD S U 198 The Protestant Episcopal church has its greatest numbers in Tidewater, Middle? and Piedmont, the portions of the State first settled by Englishmen, and many of its church edifices are those that were erected in colonial times for the established church. This denomination generally has churches in all the larger towns of the State; the same is true of the Presbyterians. The other leading denominations are- also found in these centres of population, but they also occupy every other portion of the field of Christian effort more thoroughl}^ than these. The Christian denomi- nation is somewhat Baptist in its peculiarities, but it is a distinct church ; it is quite influential in Tidewater, Middle and Valley Virginia. The Lutherans are numerous in portions of the Valley, where the original population was of German origin ; the- German Reformed church is found in the same localities, as is also the United Brethren- (which, from resemblances, may be called the German Methodist church). The Roman Catholic churches are found in the large towns and cities, as a general rule,. The Friends have a number of churches, mostly in the northeast part of the State and in Richmond. Jewish synagogues are found in the large cities. The Constitution* of the State — the supreme law. Article V, Section 14 — provides: that " No man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or ministry whatsoever, nor shall any man be enforced, restrained, molested or burthened in his body or goods, or otherwise suffer, on account of his religious opinions or belief; but all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to main- tain their opinions in matters of religion, and the same shall in no wise affect, di- minish or enlarge their civil capacities. And the General Assembly shall not pre- scribe any religious test whatever or confer any peculiar priyileges or advantages on. any sect or denomination, or pass any law requiring or authorizing any religious society or the people of any district within this Commonwealth to levy on them- selves or others any tax for the erection or repair of any house of public worship^ or for the support of any church or ministry, but it shall be left free to every per- son to select his religious instructor, and to make for his support such private contract as he shall please." Article XI, Section 14, of the same constitution, secures to ecclesiastical bodies- the right to all church property regularlj^ convej^ed to them. Clause 18 of the Bill of Rights, a portion of the organic law, declares "That religion or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging- it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not hj force or violence; and„ therefore, all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion according- to the dictates of conscience; and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love and charity towards each other." Thus it will be seen that the State has nothing whatever to do with religious matters^ except to see that every man is left entirely free to follow the dictates of his own conscience and to secure to religious bodies their rights in such property as they have properly obtained, for church purposes. * Cod® of 1873, page 82. 199 CHAPTER IX. Provision for Education. Through public and private liberality the most ample provision is made in Vir- ginia for the education, both primary and advanced, of all the children of her people; and it may be stated, as an established fact, than an education, be it the simplest or the fullest, is within the reach of any one in the State that has the desire and the mental capacity to obtain it. There are in Virginia, as in all countries where the benefits of a thorough edu- cation are understood, two systems of schools, public and private; the first supervised and provided for, wholly or in part, by the State ; the second controlled and sustained by private enterprise;, acting in" individual or corporate capacit3^ Section I. The Public School System of Virginia provides for instruction — ■ 1st. Primary^ in Public Free Schools. 2nd. Intermediate, in Graded and High Schools, which are also free. 3rd. Aclvanced,in. the Military Institute, the Agricultural and Mechanical College and the Normal and Agricultural Institute. 4th. Higher, in the University of Virginia, with its literary, scientific, technical and professional schools. In all these provision is made for the free, or comparatively free, instruction of the whole or of a portion of the youth of the Commonwealth. Primary and Intermediate Instruction. The* Public Free School System of the State, that has for its object the primary and intermediate instruction, /ree of direct charge, of all persons residing in the- State between the ages of 5 and 21, completed the fifth year of its existence on the 1st of September, 1875, and it is conceded, by those most capable of judging, that it is one of the best managed and most efficient, all things considered, in this country of public free schools. Organization. — The system is in charge of a Board of Education, composed of the Governor of the State, the Attorney General and the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the latter being the Executive officer of the System. *In this educational summary free use is made of tlie able and exhaustive annual reports of Pr. Kuffuer, the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 200 The 99 counties of the State form 87* divisions, each having a county Superin- tendent of Schools, who has the general charge of the system for his county; there are also 6 cities that have Superintendents of Schools. The counties of the State are subdivided into townships, some 454 in number, each of which constitutes a School District, and has a Board of three Trustees, •charged with the local control of the system and its property, under the supervision of the County Superintendent. It is evident that ample provision is here made for thorough supervision and ^t moderate expense, as only the Superintendents are salaried. The Trustees pro- vide the place and name the teacher; the County Superintendent examines, and, if found capable, commissions the teacher, and then sees that his duties are properly discharged. The only requisite for admission to the schools is the proper age and that the father, if alive and resident in the school district, and not a pauper, shall have paid the capitation tax, about one dollar, for the current year, this tax going to the school fund. The system is supported by — 1st, a capitation tax on every male citizen 21 years old and over, that may not exceed one dollar per capita; 2d, the annual interest of -a fund belonging to the State, and known as the Literary Fund ; 3d, an annual tax, on all the property in the State, that may not be less than 1-lOth or more than i of one per cent.; and, 4th, any school district may levy an additional tax, but no tax to exceed i of one per cent, in a 3^ear. The Results of the Free School System. The following condensed table, showing the condition of the system for each of the five years that it has been in operation, gives a good idea of what is here done for primary and intermediate education : Namber of public scliools Number of graded schools Number of pupils enrolled Pupils in average daily attendance Percentage of school population enrolled Percentage of school population in average daily attendance. . Number of teachers employed in public schools Number of school-houses owned by districts Value of public school property Average number of months schools in session Cost of tuition per month per enrolled pupil Average monthly salary of teachers , Whole cost of public education for current expenses isn. 1872. 1873. 1874. 3,04T 3,695 3,696 3,902 107 123 155 131,088 166,377 160,859 173,875 75,722 95,488 91,175 93,657 31.8 40.5 37.9 39.8 18.8 23.2 21.5 22.6 3,084 3,853 3,757 3,96-2 190 504 764 1,034 $211,166 $389,380 $524,638 $682,500 4.66 5.72 5.22 5.40 $ 0.74 $ 0.70 $ 0.75 $ 0.74 $29.86 $25.81 $32.00 $32.64 $587,472 $816,812 $814,494 $873,145 1875.* 4,185 155 184,486 103,927 38.2 21.5 4,262 1,256 $757,181 5.59 $ 0.70 $30.48 $&24,113 * Two counties In some cases having but one Superintendent. 201 School Population. — The school population embraces all persons between five .and twenty-one years of age, and all these may attend the schools if they desire to. In 1872 the average age of those that actually attended was from 10 to 13. School population of Virginia, 1873 : xYhite /Males 128,9671 q^qill ^^^™^ I Females 124,444/ 3o3,411 Polnrpri /Males 87,399\ Vrn por . Aggregate 424,107 The table before given shows that 160,859 of these were enrolled for attendance — that is, indicated that they would attend, and did so, probably, with more or less regularity, they formed 37.9 per cent, of the school population ; a large proportion when the ages it includes are regarded: 91,175 were in average attendance during the 5.22 months of the session for the year, or 21.5 per cent, of the school popula- tion ; largely over one-fifth, showing that good use is made of the advantages so freely offered. The school population of 1875* was : White 280,149 1 . ^ Colored 202,040/ ^bZ.lbJ. The preceding table furnishes the details of enrollment, &c. The public schools of Virginia have derived much advantage from asssistance rendered from the " Peabody Education Fund," through its able, efficient and sym- pathetic General Agent, Dr. Barnas Sears, who, in his annual report to the Trustees of that fund, in 1875, says, " The Public Schools of Virginia are constantly improv- ing in character and increasing in number. The attendance is about ten thousand greater tlian it was last year. In a short time it may be expected that all the smaller and more remote country districts will feel their beneficent influence. The system of public instruction seems to be well grounded in the general sentiment of the people." In 1875 there was contributed to Public Education in Virginia from the Pea- body Education Fund $23,750, in aid of graded schools, teachers' institutes, and the, Virginia Educational Journal. * In 1875 there were in Virginia 99 counties, 6 cities of the first class and 4 of the second ; •89 county and 8 city superintendents of schools, 458 school districts, 1,371 school trustees, and 444 school district boards. The white public schools were 3,121 in number, and .the colored 1,064. In cities the schools were taught 9.69 and in the country 5.42 months, on an average, during the year. The enrolled pupils were 129,545 white and 54,941 colored. There were 74,056 white and 29,871 colored pupils in average daily attendance. Of the school population, 46.2 per cent, of the white and 27.1 per cent, of the colored were enrolled. The average cost of tuition was 70 cents, currency, a month to the enrolled pupil. The teachers were 3,723 white (2,360 males and 1,363 females), and 539 colored (351 males and 188 females). The private scliools of the State were attended by 23,285 pupils (19,466 white and 3,819 cplored), taught by 1,229 whits (454 males and 775 females), and 90 colored (33 males and 57 females) teachers. There were in the colleges of the State 1,830 white students. The entire school attendance in Virginia in 1875 was 207,771 pupils (149,011 white and 58,760 colored), or about 16 per cent, of the population. 26 202 5-1 bO < id P^ &0 m ^ . mo o iJ O O a Mi ,^^ •spnnj OTiqncI raojj iBjox 00 Oi CO CO •saiBtn JO O Oi b- m s^ m cfi •paaoioo puB •IT^lOi •aiuw •I^ioi •aiBtnaa m CO (>» T-^ (M 1— I— (M •aiBK •aaaoioQ •I'BJOX T-H 1— CO Til m ^ iH •eiBraa^ »-" •gi'Bm •saiiio ^ saiiNaoo ^o aaawajvi CO Til CO lO S ^ .2 S ^ p. e S P-i fQ > -< rti to CO tH t- Ct3 s o o O "3 •Ib;ox 05 § s »< co 1^1 €«■ CO l- CO tr s 3 s •saiBnoj JO CO (N CO 05 o oa § #» •^ilSn'Bj smnoni oS^jaAy o CO* 1^ 3 in in lO •IB^ox s OS 00 CO CO CO CO 00 CO lO CO •psjoioo o o; IC CO 03 s Ca •9imM 5 ■* i i 1 00 in CO 00 ^ 00 " CO ■ 5i H CO tH 00 s CO ^ f-H OS ,_! ,_ K 1 B be bf) o3 e ^ bO- >. ril^ r^ o ^ CO 1 1 CQ c5 -M 3 cS -1-^ w n 6 ri -Hi <^ rt rt n ^ -+J c3 o M ;>. '-t-j =^ f~J o ^ :3 ?-l bJ3 O p m b0. :3 ^ bX3 i» bU- 1 — 1 « 03 1— 1 ., '■« ^- •^ c5 ■^ a h r^ "S O cl S-H bf) ^ ^ -^3 l_i cd r^ ^ H =3 ^ cS bO -1-3 a; O 'co CD 02 ?H r> CD „ o -tS >-, S-( a ^ f-] Ph bO ^'^^ ^. " r^ « -l-> :3 C2:. •r-l ci CD -tlj c3 ,q .^ o o o m -^^ r^ OJ (Ti o % m f-i r-i C >. "+3 M 03 > "Tj C '^ o oi fi bO S-l 1^ 2 O o r^ ■"^ \L t-i q;> (Ti 1—* ^ o 1 CO "« -to o S o bC p o (-1 .^ e 't:! -f-t s ^ c3 ft oi ft 203 In 1872 there were 106 graded schools in operation, and in 1873 the number was 123, showing that the tendency is to improve the character of the schools. The report for 1873 gives the following facts in regard to the school houses and aids to instruction, viz : ■ Of the 3,421 in use, 1,914 were built of logs (the usual comfortable pioneer building material in America); 1,329 were frame, 143 were brick, and 28 were of stone; 2,732 had grounds attached, 1,287- had good furniture, 167 were provided with wall-maps, 85 with globes, 106 with reading charts, 95 with arithmetical charts, and 2,180 with black boards ; 315 new school houses were built during the year. It is evident that the day is not distant when there will be in every neighborhood a well taught and well provided public free school. In fact the Constitution of the State provides that "a uniform system of public free schools" shall be fully intro- duced into all the counties of the State "by the year 1876 or as much earlier as practicable." It is proper to add that these schools are greatly assisted by dona- tions from the "Peabody Education Fund," an*! also that they are patronized by all classes of citizens. Advanced Instruction. The Virginia Military Institute, located at Lexington, Rockbridge County, in the Great Valley, has completed the 34th year of its existence, and deservedly stands at the head of the State Institutions for advanced instruction. This is a .ji^ , -en rjq c3 o I- •^ GO fn 1-1 O o3 1—1 ^ CO rr/ :=i -^ hO i-l ■1 za < Ci) u hO Ph a :3 •-a >i •+3 Jh hO OS fl (II IS a) O ■5 cH t> H > ;> — <=i S H ■a s g w 1^ Pm o p CO 3 .:=i Pi 02 "O Pi CO c3 bB O CD f> ro (D o •r-l rO ff! n-; "bb (-l "^ -t-J o >.> rQ cti CD (U w -v-s G> ci:i M bO hJj cc 1— 1 y rn p ?? CO P ;:= o o ^ O i3j ?-i ■+-> U «3 P^ 0) ^ -"„ , P fl (•■) tc .£; d bfl .23 . d s o 'T-i a ^ to rS ^ o OJ -t^ a> tfl ^ c/J fe .2P^ fw rC p. d o a "5 27 210 Section II. — The Peivate and Coeporate School System of Virginia. Like the public school system just treated of, this has — 1st. Primary — private, church, and endowed schools ; 2nd. Intermediate — private, church, and endowed high schools; 3rd. Advanced — private, church, and endowed colleges, &c.; 4th. Higher — in endowed University and Professional schools. There were in operation in the State, for the educational year 1871-72, some 647 primary schools of this kind, 610 for white and 37 for colored children, attended by 8,884 whites and 1,476 blacks — 10,320 in all, having an average length of session of 6.75 months, at an average charge of $1.90 per month for tuition. The number of teachers engaged was 715. Some of these schools belong to the different churches, but most of them are private enterprises. The schools are well conducted. It is likely that as the public free school system becomes general the number of these will be reduced. The schools of this State for Intermediate Instruction are of a very high order, many of them comparing favorably, in all respects, with institutions that elsewhere rank as colleges. The number of high schools in the State (and they are found in every portion of it) in 1871-'2 was 181, with 574 teachers and 7,491 pupils; the average length of the sessions was 8.33 months, and the rate of tuition averaged $4.91 per month. The high schools for boys, most of them the result of private enterprise (although there are some endowed academies), will compare, as preparatory schools for College and University, most favorably with those of any country in the character and number of their teachers, their courses of study and the efficiency of their training. Some of these are boarding schools, kept at the country homes of the principals; others are day schools, in the larger villages and towns. Some of these schools de&erve special mention; no doubt some omitted are equally as worthy. In Albemarle county are the Veridam and BrooMand schools and the Charlottes- ville Institute ; in Alexandria, St. John's and Alexandria and Potomac academies ; in Bedford, the Bellevue High School; in Culpeper, the Virginia High School; in Augusta, the Staunton Academy; in Fairfax, the Episcopal High School; in Fauquier, the Clif- ton school and Piedmont and Bethel academies ; in Frederick, the Shenandoah Valley Academy; in Hanover, the Hanover Academy; in Loudoun, leesburg Academy; in Louisa, Aspen Hall Academy; in Madison, Locust Dale Academy; in Nelson, Norwood College and Elmington Classical and Military School; the Norfolk Academy, at Norfolk; University School, at Petersburg; the University School, Richmond Male Academy, ShocJcoe Hill Academy, German High School, and a half dozen others known by the names of their principals, at Richmond; Fancy Hill Academy and Lexington Academy, in Rockbridge county; Fredericksburg Academy, in Fredericksburg; the Goodson and Abingdon academies, in Washington county. In every portion of the State are academies and high schools, taught by graduates of the Universities, Colleges or Military Institute, in which boys are prepared for college. Many boys from other states attend these schools. 211 Female Collegiate education has been most amply provided for in Virginia by- private and denominational schools. The numerous female colleges in the State are not only organized on nearly the same plans as the universities and colleges for males, but they are as liberally patronized from other states. Of denominational female high schools that, in their buildings, courses of study, number and character of teachers, &c., deserve to rank as colleges, the following may be named (1871-2) : The Presbyterians have five: the Augusta Female Seminary, at Staunton; Ann Smith Academy, at Lexington ; Stonewall Jackson Institute, at Abingdon ; Leavenworth Seminary, at Petersburg, and Southsicle Institute, at Danville. The Baptists have three : the Hollins Institute, in Roanoke county ; Richmond Female College, at Richmond, and Roanoke Female College, at Danville. The Episcopalians have four: the Virginia Female Institute, at Staunton; the Southern Female Institute, at Richmond ; the Piedmont Female Institute, at Charlottes- ville, and St. PcmVs Church School, at Petersburg. The Lutherans have the Staunton Female Seminary, at Staunton. The Roman Catholics have three : Monte Maria Academy and St. JosepNs Asylum, at Richmond, and St. Mary''s Academy, at Alexandria. The Christians have a Collegiate Institute at Suffolk. The Methodist Episcopal Church South has four : the Wesleyan Female Institute, at Staunton; Martha Washington College, at Abingdon; Mountain View Seminary, at Bristol, and Danville Female College, at Danville. These 21 large and flourishing schools, situated in all parts of the State, most of them with large buildings, apparatus, &c., and with numerous teachers, provide fully for higher female education. Besides these, there are hundreds of smaller and more private female schools in the numerous villages, towns and cities of the State, many of them conducted by ladies of refined taste and cultivation. The Colleges for advanced instruction are all excellent institutions, well pro- vided with buildings, apparatus and able professors ; many of them are well en- dowed, and all offer special advantages to those in need of aid in obtaining a collegiate education. The Superintendent of Public Instruction says, in his Report for 1872: "The denominational character of several of our colleges is no objection whatever. It is a blessed fact that all our higher institutions are earnestly Christian without any of them being narrow in their spirit. Pligh culture is liberalizing irj religion as in everything else. It is both natural and proper that the Christian people of the several denominations should establish and maintain colleges where the special influence shall be in harmony with their own religious sentiments." William and Mary College, at Williamsburg, James City county, under Pro- testant Episcopal influence, is the oldest collegiate institution in Virginia, dating from the time of England's sovereigns, William and Mary, who contributed to its endowment, and were honored by having it named for them. This is especially the college of the Tidewater Region. It stands high as a training school; its roll of alumni includes many of the most noted Americans of the last 180 years. 212 WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, WILLIAMSBUEa, VA.* Hampden Sidney College, in Prince Edward county, Middle Virginia, a Pres- byterian seat of learning, next in age, enjoys a high reputation as a training school for professional studies and business life. Its system is that of a curriculum : it has a President, who is professor of Moral Science, and Professors of Natural Science, of Latin and German, of Greek and French, and of Mathematics. This college is situated in the country, away from any town. Emory and Henry College, a Methodist Episcopal institution, in Washington county, in the southwestern part of the Great Valley, is one of the two very flourish- ing colleges belonging to that leading denomination. This institution adheres to the curriculum method of training, and has the usual number of chairs found in all well conducted colleges. This institution receives annually, selected from all portions of the State, sixteen young men (not able to incur the expenses of a col- legiate course) without charge for tuition, board or lodging, in return for a grant made it by the State ; these young men are required to teach the same as the State students of the University or Military Institute. Kandolph Macon College, at Ashland, Hanover county (not far from Rich- mond city), is the other college under the care of the Methodist Episcopal church. The course of study is elective, and it has schools of Latin, Greek, English, French, Germali, Pure Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Natural Science, Chemistry, Physiology and Hygiene, Moral Philosophy and Metaphysics, Biblical Literature and Oriental Languages ; it also has a preparatory or introductory course in charge of the professors. This is a very flourishing and popular institution. Richmond College, at Richmond city, belongs to the Baptists. By the zeal and liberality of its friends, this institution has been most liberally provided for and placed in the front rank among Virginia colleges. Its organization is into eight in- dependent, academic schools and a Law school — making its system an elective one, modeled after that of the Universit}^ of Virginia. Its schools are : Greek, Latin, Modern Languages, English, Mathematics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Philosophy and Law. The student can, upon examination, graduate in any school or obtain the usual degrees by graduating in a required number of schools. * Copied by permission from Scribner's Magazine, New Tork. 213 Roanoke College is a Lutheran institution, located at Salem, Roanoke county^ in one of the most attractive portions of the Valley. Though one of the youngest colleges, it is one of the most flourishing. Its system is the regular college curri- culum, its students being divided into Freshman, Sophomore, Junior and Senior classes for a four years' course of study; it has also a Normal course for teachers of public schools — a select one for a mere business education, and a Preparatory Department for training boys for the college classes. St. John's College, at Norfolk, is a lately established Roman Catholic college, with a full corps of Professors. The Union Theological Seminary, near Hampden Sidney college, is the divinity school of the Presbyterians. It is a well endowed and ably conducted professional school. The Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary, near Alexandria, is the flourishing and well ordered divinity school for training the clergy of the Episcopal church. Colver Institute, in Richmond, is a theological school belonging to the colored Baptists. The Virginia Medical College, at Richmond, is an excellent school of medi- cine, with two courses of lectures each year, and the usual professors found in well conducted institutions of its kind. It has a hospital attached, where its students are familiarized with the diseases of the country. The Polytechnic School, at New Market, in the noted Shenandoah Valley, is a recently organized high school, with an advanced scientific course, designed for training farmers, mechanics, &c. It is quite flourishing. The Commercial College, the Old Dominion Business College, the School op Telegraphy, and the Normal School, at Richmond, offer facilities for special training for accountants, telegraph operators, &c. There is also a colored Normal School at Richmond; for in no educational ar- rangements of any kind whatsover, in Virginia, are the tico races mixed or even sent to the same institutions. Unless mention has been made to the contrary, all the institutions that have been spoken of are for white persons exclusively; full provision is made for the colored people, but, in all cases, it is for them alone. Washington and Lee University, located at Lexington, in Rockbridge county, in the heart of the Great Valley, stands at the head of the institutions for Higher Culture as fostered and developed by private and corporate liberality and enterprise. It is not denominational or sectarian in its character, but is controlled by a self-per- petuating Board of Trustees, composed of eminent and worthy citizens. The plan of independent schools is followed, as at the University of Virginia — in fact, the organization, courses of study, &c., are much the same at these two great institutions of higher learning. The schools are (1873) : (1) Latin, with three classes ; (2) Greek, with three classes; (3) Modern Languages, with two classes in both French and German; (4) English Language and Literature, with two classes ; (5) Mora^l Philosophy, with two classes; (6) History and Political Economy, with two classes; (7) Mathematics, with three classes ; (8) Applied Mathematics, with the division into Civil and Mili- tary Engineering and Astronomy, with three classes in Engineering and two in 214 Astronomy ; (9) Natural Philosophy, with three sections and three courses ; (10) Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology; (11) Applied Chemistry, with two courses. The Courses of Oivil and Mining Engineering extend over three years, and include a number of the schools iust named; the Course of Agriculture extends over two years, and includes a number of the classes of the schools. The Department of Law and Ecfuity includes (1) the School of Common and Statute Law, and (2) the School of Equity and Public Law, each with two classes. WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA.* There is also a Business school, and arrangements are being made for a distinct course of Commerce and one of Mechanical Engineering. Students are graduated and degrees conferred as in the University of Virginia, as before stated. The necessary expenses for the yearlj'- session of nine months are from $230 to $300, This University offers a number of free scholarships, as prizes, to the most distinguished pupils of the high schools of Virginia; it aids young men by a credit of a number of years after completing their studies; it gives free tuition, when asked, to all young men studying for the Christian ministry ; it grants special privi- leges to those intending to teach or to follow the profession of journalism ; it offers a post-graduate course, with substantial emoluments, to its most distinguished graduates. During the session of 1872-'3, AVashington and Lee had 263 students — 81 from Virginia and 182 from 20 other states. This University has large endowments, the benefactions of individuals and societies, and to these additions are being made every year. It has a high reputation as a school for higher culture and training — one that does its work thoroughly well. The annexed table presents the statistics of the advanced^ technical and higher schools — not state institutions — for the year 1872-'3. * Copied by permission from Scribner's Magazine, New Yorli. 215 •Snniojjnoo nou'Enitnonaa; None. Methodists. Lutherans. Presbyterians. Episcopalians. Baptists. Methodists. R. Catholic. 1 1 ■fc= Q^ ^ O a o m CO CD ••!; CO ; S ; •uoissas JO smnoK CsCiOOCiOdO * ! "* m : 1 : nova sniSaq U0ISS8S UOUAi September September September September ill; O (D ; 1 & ; : m : : a fl( OJ : CO iX> O o •i.rejqii ui saranioA o o o o o 8 S § g S, o -^ CO cfT lo* i : i i 5 •pozra-BSao u9ijAi 1782 1838 1853 1776 1693 1844 1881 1869 QO 00 tH to CO tH t- O OD CO CO £ GO OO to t- 00 00 •qinotn aad pjBoa ^^Hr^T-^T-lT-^TH ^ s - M O oa ■noissas iad uoijmx 1- to lo ic »o t- t- Jj a> oj )0 O O O CD O M -# tH lO 5 lO : 0) CD P P —JO aaqrann aioRAV 0'^50It-tOCO^-10 to to tK o CO lO O lO O tH CO b- to CM ^ l- CO e s •SGJ^Jg jamo raojig Oi t- ■* M Ttl 00 OJ ! tH -<# CO ■ C^ ^ 0^ r-l ; ^ -* ' 1 ■BiniSjiA inoij; T-l to to ^ oa O QO • C0C0Olr2t-10r-l to •SJo;oru5SUi JO -Oil rHlQr-llOOT-imOs - ^ lO C5 00 m tH IM CO CO ijl tiH 10 C3 O o o a > a a > a a a i a

    i s .CD > t > 1 b£ O a ■5 a a U 0) ci CD 1 m fl ■fl a fl -3 1=^ .fl p 1 ° ,fl t/2 a r fl f— I ■3 1 1 fl !D CQ 1 ■ 216 The educational work done in Virginia in 1871-2 is summed up by the Super- intendent of Public Instruction in this way — Number of Public Schools 3,695 JiTumber of Private Primary Schools 647 mimberof High Schools 181 IN'nmber of CoUeges 10 l^Tumber of Technical Schools 12 850' Whole number of Schools in State 4,545 ISTumber of Teachebs in Public Schools 3,853 ]S"umber of Teachers in Private Primary Schools 715 ]^Tumber of Teachers in High Schools 574 IsTumber of Teachers in Colleges. 124 Number of Teachers in Technical Schools 66 1,479 Whole number of teachers in State 5,332 Number of Pupils in Public Schools 166,377 Number of Pupils in private Primary Schools 10,320 Number of Pupils in High Schools -. 7,491 Number of Pupils in Colleges 1,813 Nimiber of Pupils in Technical Schools 853 ■ 20,477 Wliole number attending schools 186,854= Average cost of tuition per month in Public Schools, per enrolled pupil $0.70 Average cost of tuition per month in Private Primary Schools 1.93- Average cost of tuition per month in high Schools 4.91 Average cost of tuition per month in Colleges and Technical Schools 7.00' Average cost of tuition per month in all grades, per enrolled pupil $3.62 Average leng-th of session of Public Schools, in months 5.72 Average length of session of Private Primary Schools, in months 6.75 Average length of session of High Schools, in months 8.33' Average length of session of Colleges and Technical Schools, in months 9.00 Average time for all grades, in months 7.45' The school population — those between 5 and 21 — was 411,021 ; so over 45 per cent, of the whole of this class attended schools of some kind during the year, showing that the ample facilities furnished were well made use of. The Reports of the Superintendent of Public Instruction furnish the following facts in regard to collegiate education in Virginia : The number of students attending her colleges has been as follows : in 1860 there were 1,738; in 1870 there were 1,936; in 1871, 1,930; in 1872, 1,799; in 1873^ 217 the numbers were 2,087, and in 1874, 2,168, The number of students from Virginia in 1872 was 909; in 1873 it was 1,235, and in 1874, 1,287. The following table presents the statistics of college attendance in 1872 for the leading states : New York Virginia OMo Pennsylvania.. Massachusetts Connecticut.., _jj m Sm Ma, in o ^ 3 a a,— i g 3 o a ^ ^ f-t a X3 /3 ^ .o a a s a o 3 Ki s ^ ^ iz; ^ ^ 2,213 1,668 545 T74 2,442 1,813 921 S5T 65 986 1,639 1,301 338 409 1,710 1,622 1,145 42T 474 1,669 1,186 656 530 246 902 SST 244 643 88 332 Number Belonging to State. IN Proportion to Population Attending College. To White Population. 1 in 1,773 1 in 722 1 in 1,521 1 in 2,011 1 in 1,5SS 1 in 1,529 To Whole Population. 1 in 1,790 1 in 1,233 1 in 1,557 1 in 2,110 1 in 1,615 1 in 1,630 In Scotland the number at college is said to be 1 in 1,000, in Germany 1 in 2,500 and in England 1 in 5,800 of the population. In 1872-'3 there were, omitting Hampton, 1,937 students in the Virginia colleges — 1,124 from the State and 813 from other states. These statistics show that Virginia stands in the front ranh, for the whole world, in higher education. 218 CHAPTER X. Section I. — Internal Improvements and Transportation. Virginia is well supplied with lines of railways and canals now in operation, and when those that are in progress or projected are completed, every portion of the State will be accessible by such improvements. Numerous turnpikes have been constructed by the State between important points in all sections, but more especially in the Blue Ridge, Valley and Appalachian ones; so there is no portion of the mountain region that has not been penetrated by well constructed highways. The common roads of the State are very numerous, but the wear and neglect of a long war left most of them in a bad condition; they are, however, being im- proved under a "road law" that in due time will give to every part of the country good roads. In navigable waters the State is unrivaled, and lines of transportation, for both coastwise and foreign commerce, reach every portion of the large Tidewater country. The Railway system of the State should first be regarded as a whole not only in reference to the State, but to the great through lines and general system of the United States, of which they form a part. The Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad (A., M. & 0.), is the longest line in the State. Commencing at the splendid harbor of Norfolk (which is but a few miles from the sea and accessible at all seasons to the largest vessels afloat, where it meets lines of steamers and sailing vessels plying in all directions, especially lines of steamers that run in connection with it to New York and to Baltimore, and with the Seaboard Railroad to the south) it runs northwest, west and southwest for 408 miles, across Tidewater, Middle, Piedmont, Blue Ridge and for 150 miles along the Great Valley to Bristol, on the Tennessee line, where it connects with the railways that extend south, southwest and west to Mobile, New Orleans, Memphis, &c., making it part of a grand trunk line from the ocean westward and southward; its through cars run to the Gulf of Mexico and to the Mississippi river. The -first division of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio — the Norfolk and Peters- burg — is the 81 miles across Tidewater between those cities, running southwest for 23 miles to Suffolk, a flourishing town at the head of navigation, on the Nansemond, near which it intersects the Seaboard and Roanoke Road to Weldon, in North Caro- lina, and south ; then its course is northwest, nearly parallel to the James, through the middle of the Southside peninsula, by Windsor, Zuni, Ivor, Wakefield, Waverly and Disputanta stations, to Petersburg, at the head of tide on the Appomattox, a 219 flourishing manufacturing and commercial city, where it meets the City Point branch of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio, down the Appomattox to the James, "the Richmond and Petersburg and the Petersburg and Weldon Railroads. The Southside Division of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Road extends north- west from Petersburg, through the Middle Country, to Lynchburg, 123 miles, passing through Sutherland's Church Road, Ford's, Wilson's, Wellville, Blacks and Whites, Nottoway courthouse, Burk's (where it is crossed by the Piedmont Air-Line Road, formerly the Richmond and Danvilk, a through line from Richmond to the south and southwest), Rice's, High Bridge, Farmville (a flourishing place near Hampden Sidney College), Prospect, Pamplin's, Evergreen, Appomattox, Spout Spring, and Concord — giving railway facilities to a large and productive region, abounding in forest resources and mineral wealth. The Tennessee Division of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio extends from Lynchburg to Bristol, 204 miles, across Piedmont and along the Valley. At Lynch- burg this railroad is crossed by the line of the Washington City, Virginia Midland and Great Southern Railroad — usually called the Virginia Midland — running from Washington City, where all the lines of the United States meet, southwest along the border of Piedmont and Middle Virginia to Danville, where it joins the Piedmont Air- Line, before mentioned. At Lynchburg this railroad also connects with the James River and Kanawha Canal, that follows the James River up from Richmond to this important and flourishing manufacturing city, and then continues on to Buchanan, in the Great Valley, beyond which it is projected to the Ohio River, and the General Government contemplates completing it. The stations beyond Lynch- burg are Halsey's, Clay's, Forest, Goode's, Lowry's, Liberty (the county seat of the rich county of Bedford), Thaxton's, Lisbon and Buford's in Piedmont; the railway then crosses the Blue Ridge into the Valley, in which are Blue Ridge, Bonsack's, whence lines of stages run to Lexington; Gish's, Big Lick, whence a line of stages runs to Franklin ; Salem (the flourishing county seat of Roanoke county and the location of Roanoke College, and where the Valley Railroad, now in course of con- struction, will meet the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio, giving a connection north- east through Lexington, Staunton, &c., to Baltimore); Dyerle's, Lafayette, Big ■Spring, Shawsville, Alleghany, whence stages run to Alleghany Springs ; Big Tunnel, from which a tramway runs to the Montgomery White Sulphur Springs ; Christian- burg, the county town of Montgomery county and the station for the Virginia Ag- ricultural and Mechanical College, and for the Yellow Springs; Vicker's, Central, from which a railroad is projected down the Kanawha or New River 68 miles, to the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad; New River, Dublin, the station for Newbern, the shire-town of Pulaski county; Martin's, Max Meadows, Wytheville, the fine county town of Wythe county; Rural Retreat, Atkins', Marion, the flourishing county seat of Smyth; Seven-Mile Ford, Glade Spring, from which a branch rail- way runs to Saltville and its great salt works and plaster banks ; Emory, the seat of Emory and Henry College; Abingdon, the fine county town of Washington county, with its two female colleges — Martha Washington and Stonewall Jackson; and Goodson-Bristol, on the Tennessee line, a growing town, the seat of King's College and a flourishing female seminary. 220 This railway passes through as fine an agricultural region as any in the State, embracing lands of every variety and suited to every sort of culture : the " truck " or market garden lands of the Norfolk peninsula and the oyster beds and fishing grounds come first; then the sweet potato, peanut, corn, cotton and timber lands; then the fine corn and tobacco lands of the Middle country and the mineral lands of th& gold belt; the rich grain lands and iron ore beds of Piedmont, the fruit lands of the Blue Ridge and its treasures of iron ore, the fertile grassy plains and hills, of the Valley — the land of the stock raisers, of great corn and wheat fields, with met- aliferous bands of lead, iron, zinc and copper and beds of salt, plaster and coal on either hand. It would require a volume to give the details of the unbroken stretch of 408 miles of east and west country, or more than 16,000 square miles, tributary to this great, well-built, well-equipped and well-managed railway. By Report of 1874, the charges on this railway are : for through passengers, all classes, 3.07 cents a mile, and for way passengers 3.68. For through emigrant passengers the charge is two cents per mile; the average passenger rate is 3.54 cents. The average rate per ton per mile, on all classes of freight, is 2.41 cents. Steamships from Liverpool connect with this line at Norfolk, and it conveys immigrants on to the west. This railway conveyed over 193,000 bales of cotton to Norfolk in 1874, or 42 per cent, of the 467,561 bales received by that city. The Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio is to be extended from Bristol, west, along the state line, 100 miles to Cumberland Gap, where it will meet a system of rail- ways from Kentucky. This will be a very valuable extension, opening up a country rich in farming and grazing lands and in metallic wealth. It is also proposed to .extend the line from Saltville across to Pound Gap, on the Kentucky line, to meet railways coming up from the Ohio river. This will bring the iron and coal of Ap- palachia into market. A charter has also been granted for a road from the Atlantic,. Mississippi and Ohio down New River to the Chesapeake and Ohio, opening a way for the interchange of iron ore and coal with West Virginia, and developing a fine agricultural region. Lands of every variety and price are for sale along the whole length of this road — far cheaper than any of the wild lands of the West. The second line in length in Virginia, the Washington City, Virginia Mid- land AND Great Southern Railroad (W. C, V. M. & G. S.), or Virginia Midland (the consolidated Orange and Alexandria, Manassas Gap and Lynchburg and Dan- ville Railroads), now runs from Alexandria southwest, along the line of the Middle and Piedmont and through the Piedmont and Middle country, 216.5 miles to Dan- ville. The cars of this company run from Washington City, and they pass over a portion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad; so this may, with propriety, be con- sidered a line of 240 miles from Washington to Danville — the real Piedmont Railway of the State. It is now^ a part of the great mail line to the south and southwest. At Washington, the Capital of the United States, it meets lines of railways from all directions and ships and steamers near the head of tide on the Potomac. At Alex- andria, 7 miles below, its next station, it meets the terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, that has come down the Potomac from Cumberland; the Washington and Ohio Railway, that runs to Round Hill, in Piedmont, and is projected to the Ohio by way of Winchester, and crosses the railway from Washington to Rich- 221 raond. Alexandria is a flourishing commercial city, from which steamers and vessels go up and down the Potomac. The stations, in order, are Springfield, Burke's, Fairfax, Clifton, Manassas (at which point the branch Manassas Gap Railroad leaves the main line and runs 61 miles across Piedmont and the Blue Ridge to the Valley Railroad at Strasburg), Bristoe, Nokesville, Catlett's, Warrenton Junction (from which a branch runs northwest 10 miles by Melrose to Warrenton, the county town of the fine county of Fauquier), Midland, Bealeton, Rappahannock, Brandy, Culpeper (the growing county seat of Culpeper county), Mitchell's, Rapid Anne, Orange Courthouse (the seat of justice for Orange county), Madison Run, Gordonsville, where it meets the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad from Richmond, and runs over its line 21 miles past Lindsay's, Cobham, Keswick and Shadwell stations to Charlottesville, the county seat of Albemarle county, and near which is located the University of Virginia; it there leaves the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio, which crosses the Blue Ridge and the Valley, via Staunton, and Appalachia on to the Ohio river, &c. At Charlottes- ville the Midland Road is fairly into Piedmont, and thence it passes Red Hill, North ■Garden, Covesville, Faber's Mills, Rockfish, Elmington, Lovingston or Montreal (near the courthouse of Nelson county), Arrington, Tye River, New Glasgow, Amherst (the county town of Amherst county), Mclvor's and Burford's to Lynchburg, where are the James River and Kanawha Canal and the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Road, before described, giving connections East, West and South. From Lynch- burg the stations are Lucado, Lawyer's Road, Covington, Otter River, Lynch's, Staun- ton River, Sycamore, Ward's Springs, Galveston, Whittles, Chatham (the county town of the large county of Pittsylvania), Dry Fork, and Fall Creek, to Danville,* a flourishing manufacturing town on the Piedmont Air-Line Road, from Richmond south and southwest. The Manassas branch of the Midland passes through the following stations from Manassas : Gainesville, Hay Market, Thoroughfare, Broad Run, The Plains, Salem, Rectortown, Piedmont and Markham in the Piedmont country; Linden on the Blue Ridge, and Happy Creek, Front Royal (county town of Warren county), Riverton (where the Shenandoah Valley Railroad crosses it), Buckton, Water Lick and Strasburg, to Strasburg Junction, in the Valley. *The following statistics of the thriving town of Danville are compiled from a letter by J. T. Averett, Esq., in the Kichmond Dispatch of January 6th, 1876 : Danville, Pittsylvania County, Virginia. Population. Value of per- sonal property. Value of real estate. Tobacco Teade. Tears. Pounds sold at warehouses. Value of offi- cial sales. Average per hundred. Internal rev- enue receipts. ISTO 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 3,464 3,990 4,320 5,130 5,552 6,183 $524,155 527,691 658,722 921,906 813,627 919,844 $1,020,620 1,141,030 1,229,710 1,337,375 1,421,725 1,506,735 ■ 10,621,557 13,191,406 14,065,639 14,181,890 18,582,389 15,018,640 $1,301,140 73 1,582,968 72 1,746,413 10 • 1,694,524 96 2,707,231 82 2,761,154 35 $12 25 12 00 12 34 11 94 14 5S 18 33 $ 948,377 49 1,311,822 71 1,041,591 T6 (See table, continued, foot of next page.) 222 This very important railroad, operating 2872- miles and owning 337 J miles of line, and having over 10,000 square miles of country tributary to it, is becoming a most valuable auxiliary in the development of the State, as it not only passes through, or near a fine farming, grazing or planting country for its whole length, branches in- cluded, but it runs for a long distance in one of the most attractive and promising iron producing regions in the State. Asa through line it is the m ost direct from the National Capital for the whole of the great Piedmont country of Virginia, North Carolina^ South Carohna and Georgia, on to the Gulf. As a State line it passes through the brown-stone quarries and good wheat lands of Manassas ; has tributary to it all the Piedmont country, with its exceedingly rich and productive lands, among them the noted "red lands" of Amherst, Nelson, Albemarle, Orange, &c.; it has penetrated the fine timber lands of Campbell and Pittsylvania; it enters the Shenandoah Valley, crossing the Blue Ridge; it crosses the valleys of the Roanoke and the Dan, famed for their crops of tobacco, corn, &c. The abundant magnetic, hematite and specular iron ores of Culpeper, Orange, Albemarle, Nelson, Amherst, Campbell and Pittsylvania counties are along its line for nearly 200 miles, not to mention the lead, manganese and other ores here also found. This company has obtained, by grant or purchase by permission of the State, large tracts of land within five miles of its lines, which it will sell to intending settlers on long time and at reasonable rates. The rates of fare of this railway, per mile, are 4 cents for first class through and 4i- for first class way passengers, and 2J and 3 cents for second class through and way respectively, averaging 4 cents a mile. The charges for freight average 4.44 cents a ton per mile, ranging from .94 of a cent to 7.55 cents. The afiairs of the company are well managed, and it has a future, as a great through line across the State, of great prosperity and usefulness before it. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railkoad (C. & 0.) has 222 miles of its 423 be- tween Richmond and Huntington, on the Ohio, in Virginia. This is part of a great through line from some harbor of " The Peninsula," on or near Chesapeake bay, to the Mississippi at St. Louis, all completed but about 80 miles in Kentucky and the line down The Peninsula from Richmond. The road now in operation runs northwest from Richmond across the Middle, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Appalachian country to West Virginia, and then across the Trans-Appalachian country in that State to the valley of the Ohio. The Eastern Division of the Chesapeake and Ohio extends from Richmond to These figures show more forcibly than words i;he prosperity of this city : Danville — Its December Tobacco Trade. Decembek Sales of Leaf Tobacco at Warehouses. Years. Pounds. Value. Average per humlred. Internal revenue receipts. 1ST2 50T,"343 $ 40,028 62 $ 8 89 $45,293 30 1ST3 24T,806 15,035 00 6 06 82,214 20 18T4 951,689 196,798 43 20 67 58,265 10 1S75 1,240,847 114,450 00 9 24 47,784 18 223 Staunton, in the Valley, 136 miles. It begins at new wharves belonging to the company, at the Harbor of Richmond, Avhere ample arrangements have been made for shipping the immense quantities of coal, iron, timber, &c., that will pass over the road. It meets at Richmond the various lines that are named as terminating there. Vessels drawing 14 feet of water ascend the tides of the James to this point. The stations of this Division are Atlee's, Ashcake, Peake's, Hanover Courthouse, the county town of Hanover county; Wickham's, South Anna, Hanover Junction, where it crosses the line of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Washington Rail- road ; Anderson's, Noel's, Hewlett's, Beaver Dam, Green Bay, Bumpass', Buckner's, Frederick's Hall, Tolersville, Louisa Courthouse, the county seat of Louisa county ; Trevilian's, Green Springs, Melton's and Gordonsville, in the Middle country. At Gordonsville, as before stated, it meets the Midland Railroad from Washington City, and to the same point the Fredericksburg and Gordonsville Railroad is nearly com- pleted ; thence the road skirts Piedmont by Lindsay's, Cobham, Campbell's, Keswick and Shadwell, when it turns across Piedmont by Charlottesville — the seat of the Uni- versity of Virginia and county town of the great county of Albemarle, where the Midland Railroad diverges to the southwest — Ivy and Mech urn's River; then Green- wood and Afton on the Blue Ridge ; and in the Valley, Waynesboro' and Fishers- ville to Staunton, the thriving county town of Augusta county and the seat of four female colleges, where the Valley Railroad from Baltimore crosses the Chesapeake and Ohio and runs to the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio at Salem. The Middle Division extends from Staunton to Hinton, West Virginia, 136 miles, and the Western Division from Hinton to Huntington, 148 miles. The station beyond Staunton, in the Valley, is Swoope's ; then in Appalachia, Buffalo Gap, North Mountain, Variety Springs, Elizabeth Furnace, Pond "Gap, Craigsville, Bell's Valley, Goshen — from which point lines of stages run to Lexington, the seat of Washington and Lee University and the Virginia Military Institute and to the Alum Springs of Rock- bridge — Panther Gap, Millboro' — from which stages run to the Bath Alum, Warm, Hot and Healing springs — Mason's Tunnel, Crane's, Griffith's, Longdale, Peter's (whence a narrow gauge railway extends to the Lucy Selina Furnace, of the Long- dale Iron Company), Clifton Forge — where it meets Jackson's river of the James and the line of the extension of the James River and Kanawha Canal, the Central water line, and where a branch line of the Chesapeake and Ohio is proposed down the James to Richmond, following the grade of the river ; also a line some 30 odd miles long to the present terminus of the canal at Buchanan — Jackson's River, Low- moor — from which a short branch runs to the Lowmoor iron mines — Covington, the county town of Alleghany county, from which stages run to the Healing, Hot and Warm Springs; Callaghan's and Alleghany (from which stages run to the Sweet Chalybeate and Sweet Springs), where the railroad passes into West Virginia. As a through line, with railway, steamboat and steamship connections east and west to all important points, with the lowest grades of any line in the United States across the Appalachian system of mountains, with its course in the mild latitude of Virginia, and with its shorter distances from the seaboard to all points in the West and North- west, this is to become one of the most important trans-continental lines of the United States. This line was opened to the Ohio in 1873. As a state line this crosses the ^Id and iron belt of Middle Virginia, the magnetic, &c., iron belt of Piedmont, the spe- 224 cular and brown hematite iron belt of the Blue Ridge, the iron and limestone beds of the Valley, runs for 70 miles with the brown and red central iron ore belt of the Ap- palachian region ; and for 86 miles literally runs through, by the canon of New River and the Great Kanawha, in West Virginia, the beds of the Lower, Middle and Upper series of the great Appalachian Coal-field, where more than an aggregate of 80 feet of thickness in these three measures of cannel, splint, shop and other va- rieties of Bituminous Coal are exposed in nearly horizontal strata above the water level. The onere mention of these facts shows that this is to be one of the largest iron producing regions in the United States (see chapter on Geology), where raw coals and rich ores may be cast, as they are mined, into the furnace. The farming, planting and grazing lands along the whole line are among the best in the State, and the country adjacent thereto is rapidly developing. The trade over this railway, westward, from the oyster beds, fishing banks and market gardens of Tidewater must be large. The open character and unsurpassed excellence of the harbors at its eastern termini will bring to it the imports of all lands in and beyond the Atlantic. In fact, all the lines that terminate near the capes of Virginia must become the ^^ grocery"^ lines'''' for the central belt of population of both continents. The Mediter- ranean products of Europe, the sweets and cofiee of the West Indies and South America, will naturally come here for distribution to the interior of North America, and the products of the West for distribution along the Atlantic coasts of the Americas and Europe. In the 8,000 square miles of country in Virginia that finds its outlet over this road there is an abundance of every variety of farming and of iron lands for sale at from one dollar and fifty cents to one hundred dollars per acre, depending on location, improvements, &c. The rates for first class passengers are 3 cents for through and 4 cents for way per mile ; for second class, 2 cents through and 3 cents way — averaging 3 cents per mile. The rates for freight are from li to 4 cents a ton per mile, averaging 2 1-20 cents per ton a mile. The Richmond and Danville Railroad, a portion of the Piedmont Air-Line from Richmond to Atlanta, Georgia, extends from Richmond southwest to the state line just beyond Danville, 140J miles, passing through the midst of the great Middle <30untry, where it is noted as a tobacco producing region. At the large and flourishing city of Richmond, the beginning of this line, this road meets the numerous lines of railways, canal, steamers, &c., that centre there; thence the stations are Manchester, the improving suburb of Richmond across the James, the county town of Chesterfield county, whence a branch extends to the harbor of Richmond at Rocketts ; Belle Isle, Rockfield, Granite, Coalfield, the heart of the ■Richmond coal-basin; Tomahawk, Powhatan, Mattoax, Chula, Amelia Courthouse, the shire town of Amelia county ; Jetersville, Jennings' Ordinary, Burkeville, where it crosses the line of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio, giving connections east and west (see Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio); Green Bay, Meherrin, Keysville, the junction with the proposed Roanoke Valley Railroad ; Drake's Branch, Mossingford, Randolph, Roanoke, Clover, Scottsburg, Wolf Trap, Boston, New's Ferry, Barksdale Sutherlin, Ringgold and Danville, where it meets the Midland Railroad from Wash- * Colonel James McDonald, Secretary of the Commonwealth of Yirginia. 225 ington and Lynchburg and its own extension to Atlanta, Mobile and New Or- leans. As a through line, this connects with a line from Washington City to Rich- mond, and so becomes a very important line for trade and travel to the south and southwest; a line especially for bringing the products of the great southern Pied- mont region to Virginia markets. As a local line the Richmond and Danville may claim the trade of over 8,000 square miles of territory — one of the most productive in the Middle country, and at the same time much of the trade of southwest Pied- mont and Blue Ridge must also find its outlet by it. It passes through the Rich- mond coal-field and the fine granite quarries along the James; its line is near and on the combined gold and iron belt; copper, soapstone and other minerals await development in its vicinity. Fine bodies of magnetite are near the line of this railroad. A line of railway is in course of construction up the valley of the Roan- oke from Clarksville to Keysville, on this railroad, which will bring to it the pro- ducts of a very, fertile country. There are many farms on this railway for sale at ex- ceedingly low prices, and some thriving settlements have been made on or near it by English, Dutch and other settlers. The average rate per mile for through passengers is 3.39 cents, for 1st class way passengers 4 cents, and for 2nd class way 3* cents — averaging 3 63-100 cents per mile. The average charge for freight is 4.0S cents a ton a mile. The Richmond, Fkedericksburg and Potomac (80 miles) and a portion of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad are run as one line from Richmond to Wash- ington City and Baltimore, forming part of the great north and south railway that runs along the border between the Middle and Tidewater sections from New York city on through Virginia, by way of Washington, Alexandria, Fredericksburg, Rich- mond, Petersburg, Weldon, &c., to the south. The Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac runs for 82 miles to Quantico, on the Potomac river, passing through Boulton, Hungary, Kilby's, Ashland, the seat of Randolph Macon College; Taylorsville, Hanover Junction, where it crosses the Chesapeake and Ohio Road ; Chester, Penola, Milford, near Caroline Courthouse ; Wordford, Guinea's, Fredericksburg, 61 miles from Richmond, and an important commercial and manufacturing city at the head of tide on the Rappahannock ; Po- tomac Run, Brooke's, Richland, to Quantico, where it meets a line of steamers to Washington and joins the line of the Alexandria and Potomac (or Baltimore and Potomac Railroad), which continues its rail connection by Cherry Hill, Mount Pleasant, Wood Bridge, Long Branch, Franconia, and Alexandria city — where it crosses the Midland, Washington and Ohio, &c. — to Washington City. This has long been the favorite route for travel to the south, and is noted for its good manage- ment and most comfortable accommodations. Its directness will always make it a great trunk line. Locally, this passes through much exceedingly fine country, the valleys of the branches of the Pamunkey, the Mattapony, the Rappahannock and Potomac — all famed for their fertility, fine climate, pure water, &c., where many de- sirable homes and most valuable plantations are ofiered for sale at merely nominal prices — the result of the destruction incident to war. The gold belt, with its valuable ores of iron, is not far away, on one side, and the marl beds of the Tertiary are near at hand on the other — both full of promise 226 for future operations. The fine water-power of the Rappahannock, at the Falls near Fredericksburg, is partially utilized in manufacturing woolens, paper, &c., but it has an abundant supply for many operations on a large scale. The line of rail- way once completed to Gordonsville, crossing the gold and iron belt and connecting by the Chesapeake and Ohio with the coal-fields of Trans- Appalachia, this must become a manufacturing centre in the midst of large agricultural resources. The average charge for passengers on the Alexandria and Fredericksburg Road is 3 1-20 cents per mile, and for freight 3.1 cents. The average freight rate on the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac was 4.17 cents per ton per mile. The sj)eed of passenger trains is from 25 to 30 miles per hour. The Richmond and Petersburg Railroad, 23 miles long, is a southern exten- sion of the lines just described ; it connects with them by a tunnel under a portion of Richmond, then crosses the James, through Manchester, Temple's, Drewry's Bluff, Halfway, Chester — near which it has a branch road into the Chesterfield part of the Richmond coal-basin and across its line to Osborne's, a landing on the James, where the coal is put into vessels — to Petersburg. This is an exceedingly well managed road, important as a link fn the liiie of through trade and travel and as the outlet for the fine coal on its Clover Hill Branch. There is much land along it that needs inhabitants. At Petersburg it finds a flourishing city, the line of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Road, before spoken of, and the extension of the North and South line by the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad. The average fare is 31 cents a mile, and the average rate of freight 3 cents per ton. The speed is from 23 to 28 miles an hour. The Petersburg and Weldon Railroad is another link in the North and South railway system, extending from Petersburg 63 miles, through Reams', Stony Creek, Jarratt's, Belfielcl, Hicksford, Gaston Junction, where the road branches, one branch going by Ryland's to Gaston and on to Raleigh, North Carolina — the other to Weldon, through Pleasant Hill and on to Goldsboro', North Carolina, and southward. At Weldon it meets the line of the Seaboard Railroad from Norfolk. This, like the Richmond and Petersburg, is important as part of the through line, the passenger cars running without change all the way from Washington to Weldon. It has a large scope of fertile country in the " cotton belt," the valleys of the Notto- way, Meherrin and Roanoke and their branches pertaining to it, in which there is much valuable land, some farms on the line of the railway being ofi'ered at $10* per acre. The Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad extends from Portsmouth, opposite Norfolk and on its harbor, 80 miles southwest to Weldon, in North Carolina, making, by bay steamers from Baltimore, a daily line to the south by what is known as the "Atlantic Coast Line." At the splendid harbor of Norfolk this road connects with lines of steamers from all points and the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad; then it passes by Bower's Hill through Suffolk, the active county seat of Nanse- mond county, near which it passes under the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio; Buck- horn, Carrsville, Franklin, on the Blackwater, where it meets steamboats fipm the Chowan ; Murfee's, Nottoway, Newsom's, Boykin's, Branchville, Margaretsville, Sea- * Moore & Co.'s Circular for 1873-'4. 227 board and Gary's, to Weldon, where it joins the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad. This is an important line for trade from the cotton and naval stores region of North Carolina, and for cotton and travel from beyond ; its traffic is very large by its line of steamers to the great cities. It runs through the heart of the best cotton pro- ducing part of Virginia, including the valleys of the Nansemond, Blackwater Not- towa}^, Meherrin, &c. In this region the noted sweet potato, truck and cotton lands are offered at from $8 and upwards* per acre. The Richmond, York River and Chesapeake Railroad runs east from Rich- mond 38j miles to the head of York river, the junction of the Mattapony and Pa- munkey, at West Point, where it connects with a line of steamers for Baltimore by the way of Yorktown, Gloucester Point and other landings on the York, the length of the line to Baltimore being 220 miles. The stations from Richmond (where this road forms a close connection with the Richmond and Danville) are Fair Oaks, Dispatch, Summit, Tunstall's, White House, Fish Haul and Sweet Hall, to West Point. The time from Richmond to Baltimore is some 14 hours, giving a fine ride over the York and the Chesapeake — as noble a river and bay as can well be found. This is an important line for freight and travel, and its tributary country, the valleys of the Chickahominy, Pamunkey, Mattapony and York, are among the most fertile in Tidewater Virginia. Here, too, are lands and homes at nominal prices. The rate of fare is from 2? to 5 cents a mile, averaging 4.36 cents. The average rate per ton for freight is 3.37 cents per mile. The Washington and Ohio Railroad is a line that is intended to run from the harbors of Alexandria and Washington on the Potomac, by way of Leesburg, Win- chester, in Virginia, and Capon Springs, Moorefield, &c., in West Virginia, and thence westward to Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great Kanawha on the Ohio, a distance of 325 miles, making the most direct line westward from the National Capital. Only 55 miles of this road are completed from Alexandria northwest across Middle and into Piedmont, passing through Carlin's Springs, Fall's Church, Vienna, Hunter's Mill, Thornton, Herndon, Guilford, Farmwell, Leesburg, the county seat of the splendid county of Loudoun ; Clark's Gap, Hamilton, Purcell- ville. Round Hill, to Snickers ville, where it connects with a line of stages across the Blue Ridge by Berryville to Winchester, in the Valley, on, the line of the Valley branch of the Baltimore and Ohio. This road, when completed, will be one of the most important routes in the country, and vfill open a region of unsurpassed mineral wealth. It now runs through and into one of the very finest and most productive sections of the State, rich in grain and pasture lands, and with deposits of iron, marble, limestone, &c., of great value. The lands here are higher in price than in other portions of the State, owing to their nearness to markets as well as their excellent .character; but they are by no means as high as similar lands in other states. The valuable iron ores of the western slope of the Blue Ridge will be crossed by this road 62 miles from Alexandria. It soon penetrates the eastern part of the Appalachian coal-field in West Virginia. Average fare per mile, for passengers, four cents ; average rate for a ton freight, per mile, seven cents, ranging from four to ten and two-thirds. Moore & Co.'s Circular for 1873-'4. 228 The Valley Railroad, a branch of the great Baltimore and Ohio, that begins at Harper's Ferry, on the Baltimore and Ohio, at the mouth of the Shenandoah, and extends up the valley of that noted river by Winchester and Staunton to its head^ and then across the valley of the James by Lexington, and the Roanoke to Salem, following the Great Valley for 213 miles, of which 193 are in the State of Virginia. The part in operation is from Harper's Ferry to Staunton ; the rest is being con- structed. This road is formed by a combination of the Winchester and Potomac, the Winchester and Strasburg, the Strasburg and Harrisonburg part of the Manassas Gap Railroad, and the Valley Railroad from Staunton to Salem. The stations are Harper's Ferry, 81 miles from Baltimore and 41 miles from Washington City ; and Charlestown, in West Virginia, where it crosses the partly made Shenandoah Valley Railroad ; in Virginia — Wadesville, Stephenson's, Winches- ter, the flourishing county town of Frederick; Kernstown, Bartonsville, Newtown, Vaucluse, Middletown, Capon Road, Strasburg, where the Manassas branch of the Midland Railroad unites with this ; Tom's Brook, Maurertown, Woodstock, the county town of Shenandoah county ; Edinburg, a thriving village ; Mt. Jackson, Forestville, New Market, an active business place, the seat of a Polytechnic Insti- tute, and the point of departure of stages for Luray and across to Culpeper by Sperry ville ; Broadway, Cowan's, Linville, Harrisonburg, a large and flourishing town, the county seat of the rich and fertile county of Rockingham, from which point the Shenandoah Valley and Ohio Railroad is now being located via Franklin, Pendleton county. West Virginia, to some point on the Ohio; and the "Washington City and St. Louis Narrow Gauge Railroad " is being constructed by way of Bridgev/ater, Monterey, in Highland county, and on through West Virginia, aiming for St. Louis, Missouri; Mount Crawford, Rockland Mills, Mount Sidney, Verona to Staunton, the thriving county seat of the large and wealthy county of Augusta, where it forms a junction with the Chesapeake and Ohio, and to which point the Shenandoah Valley Railroad is being constructed. Beyond Staunton the Valley Railroad is under process of construction, and will pass through Mint Spring, Greenville, Midway, Fairfield, Lexington, the county town of the fine county of Rockbridge, the seat of Washington and Lee University and the Virginia Military Institute, and the terminus of the North River Branch of the James River and Kanawha Canal; Natural Bridge, Buchanan, where it crosses the main line of the James River and Kanawha Canal; Botetourt Springs, where Hollins' Institute, a female college, is located, to Salem, the seat of Roanoke College, where, as before stated, this railroad connects with the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio. A glance at the map will show that this railway is an important part of several through lines. When completed to Salem, it will finish a connected line of rail- ways from New York to New Orleans, running for nearly eight hundred miles along the Great Appalachian Valley (as the one between the Blue Ridge and the Kitatinny mountains is often called), by far one of the most beautiful and produc- tive valleys in the United States, and abounding in mineral wealth. It also forms part of a through Western line by way of the Chesapeake and Ohio, and of a Southern one by that and the Midland. As part of the great system of roads owned or operated by the Baltimore and Ohio, this will have many advantages for shipment to and from all the noted centres of business activity. Locally this road passes for 229 its whole length through a rich farming and grazing country, that always sends vast amounts of grain, farm products of all kinds and cattle to market. On each side of it are the great iron belts of the Blue Ridge and of Appalachia; and as it crosses at right angles the roads and canal from the coal-fields, it must become the great artery for the distribution of coal and iron ore. The population of the Valley is still small compared to its productive area, and so it has much fine land for sale at prices ranging from $10 to $150 per acre, according to improvements, location, &c., or at from one-fourth to one-half the value of such lands in the more thickly peo- pled parts of the same Great Valley in Pennsylvania and other states. The Shenandoah Valley Railroad is in process of construction from Hagers- town, by Williamsport, in Maryland ; Shepherdstown and Charlestown, West Vir- ginia; and Berry ville, the county seat of Clarke; Front Royal, of Warren, and Luray, of Page counties; up the valley of the South Fork of the Shenandoah, by Port Republic, New Hope, &c., to Staunton ; from that point the road has not been definitely located, but it is expected that it will enter Appalachia. and pass through Alleghany, Craig, Giles, Tazewell, Russell, Scott and Lee counties, and into East Tennessee to the system of railways there in operation. This will form part of the system of the Pennsylvania Railroad Companj^, connecting roads under its control, making a line of 449 miles from Hagerstown, Maryland, to Russellville, Tennessee. The indication of the route is sufficient, coupled with what has been said of the country along it in the chapters of this summary, to show that this will become a most valuable highway for mineral and agricultural trafiic, as well as for travel. A charter has been obtained for extending the Railroad that now runs from Hagerstown, in Maryland, to Martinsburg, in West Virginia, on up the valley some 22 miles to Winchester, connecting important railways. The Norfolk and Great Western Railroad has been located through the whole southern tier of counties of the state from Norfolk to Cumberland Gap, by most of the county towns of this range of counties, and by Danville, Bristol, &c. This would make a very direct line from Norfolk to the West, and would open a large and fertile portion of the state now distant from railways. A portion of the line would pass through the magnificent mineral deposits of Southwestern Virginia. Nothing is being done to this road now, but at no distant day the merits of the line will secure its construction. Among other proposed lines are : one from Danville by Rocky Mount to Salem, one from Farmville to Charlottesville and northeast through Piedmont; one from Staunton to Washington City by the most direct route; one down the Eastern Shore peninsula, &c. Others have been named in connection with the roads of which they will form a part. The Roanoke Valley Railroad is ia course of construction from Clarksville to Keysville. Horse railroads are in operation in Richmond, Norfolk and Alexandria. 230 Table of Railroads in opdration in Virginia January 1st, 1876. Name of Eailkoad. Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio City Point Branch of A., M. & O Saltville Branch of A., M. & O Washington City,Va. Mid. & Gr. Southern Manassas Branch Warrenton Branch Chesapeake & Ohio Longdale (narrow-gauge) Branch Lowmoor Branch Riclimond & Danville Kichmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac. . Coal Pits Alexandria & Potomac Alexandria & Washington Eichmond & Petersburg Petersburg & Weldon Gaston Branch Clover Hill Seaboard & Eoanoke Eichmond, York Eiver & Chesapeake Washington & Ohio Valley Eailroad Fredericksburg & Gordonsvillet SB S.=i Miles. 408 9 10 243* 63 9 222 8 2 141 82 4 2T T 23 50 IS 2S 60 33 52 104 20 Miles of completed railroad in Virginia January 1st, 1S76 1,617 Terminal Stations in Virginia. Norfolk and Bristol-Goodson Petersburg and City Point Glade Spring and Saltville Washington and Danville Manassas and Strasburg Junction. W. Junction and Warrenton Eichmond and Alleghany Longdale Junction and Furnace. . . Lowmoor Junction and Lowmoor.. Eichmond and Danville Eichmond and Quantico Alexandria and Quantico Alexandria and Washington Eichmond and Petersburg Petersburg and North Carolina Line Osborne's and Clover Hill Portsmouth and North Carolina Line. Eichmond and West Point Alexandria and Eound Hill Wadesville or W. Va. Line and Staunton Fredericksburg and Gordonsville Terminus in OTHER States. Washington. Hunt'gt'n,W.Va. Atlanta, Ga., Weldon, N. C, Gaston, N. C, Weldon, N. C, Baltimore - 123 y 106. 3& 52 20T 20' To summarize the railroad systems of the state in operation — Tidewater has a north and south line connecting the "head of tide''^ of its navi- gable streams, and another system from the north coming down to the Eastern Shore. Four lines run down its peninsulas to deeper waters. Middle has north and south lines along each side of it, and one passing through half its length. The equivalent of six railways crosses the Middle Country. Piedmont has a line along its border, and in it for four-fifths of its length, and is crossed or penetrated by five lines. Three lines cross the Blue Ridge, and the lines along the valley are parallel to it. The Valley has a line its whole length nearly completed, and another one-third of its length well under way : one road crosses it in the state, and another in West Virginia, near by. One line runs for some distance with and across Appalachia. * Including 7 miles of Alexandria and Washington Eaih-oad, and 21 of Chesapeake and Ohio, t But partially completed. 231 Eight great through lines of trade and travel either cross Virginia, to and from the centres of trade and population in other states, or start from such points in the state, and it has the advantage of being so situated as to compel the trade of a large portion of the South, Southwest and West of the United States to seek its borders. To provide for Transpoktation by Water, Virginia has spent large sums of money in improving the navigation of many of her rivers, not only in Tidewater, but in other portions of the state : the introduction of railways has done away with the use of most of those above tide for purposes of navigation, but the locks and dams furnish a large amount of fine water power in all portions of the state. The navigable tidal rivers have been, and are being constantly improved, by the General Government and the cities of the state, by removing bars, opening channels, &c. Several canals cross the Norfolk peninsula and connect the waters of Albemarle Sound and those of Chesapeake Bay, by way of Norfolk, making that city the entrepot for a vast system of inland steam and ship navigation, that will eventually embrace a large portion of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. These canals are — The Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, with two cuts — first, the Virginia, eight miles long, connects the Southern Branch of Elizabeth river (the harbor of the United States Navy Yard, Gosport, a part of the harbor of Norfolk, deep enough for any vessel afloat) with the North Landing River that runs into Albemarle sound ; and second, the North Carolina Out, a ship canal, open at all seasons, from Norfolk to Albemarle sound, and all the tidal waters of North Carolina, The last is a great work, in complete order : it has but one lock, 220 feet long and 40 wide, and seven feet deep, through which vessels of 400 to 600 tons burden pass ; it has a capacity for 30 millions tons a year. From 1860 to 1871, there passed through this canal 11,292 steamers, 6,832 schooners, 2,030 sloops, 5,812 lighters, 1,991 barges, 209 rafts, 6,002 boats, or 35,058 in all. Nearly 5,000 of these passages were in 1871. Steam is the motive power used. The freight brought to Norfolk by this canal embraced large quantities of cotton, salt fish, turpentine, lumber, shingles, staves, railroad ties, wood, juniper logs, bacon, peas and beans, wheat, fresh shad, watermelons, &c. The forest products of timber amounting to over 60 million feet of board measure. The Dismal Swamp Canal connects the same waters by another route, penetra- ting more of the swamp region of the Norfolk peninsula, but having the same kind of through trade. The receipts* by this canal for 1872 will not only give a good idea of the business of these ship canals, but also of the trade and products of the " low country ^^ : 1,365 bales of cotton, 8,606 barrels fish, 204,470 bushels of corn, 61,298 cubic feet of timber, 3,708,980 shingles, 179,975 staves, 166 bushels flaxseed, 13,128 bushels potatoes, 257,200 railroad ties, 5,111 cords of wood, 4,994 bushels of beans, 6,419 bushels of wheat, 7,108 cords of logs, 117,134 M. fresh shad, 127,120 plank, 14,058 posts, 113 cords of reeds for paper, 264,650 M. rails for fences, 604 cattle, 22,133 chickens, 53,523 dozen eggs. By these canals there is a through route from North Carolina to Norfolk, then up Chesapeake ba}^ to the Chesapeake and Delaware canal, eight feet deep and 14 *Report of President Eogers. 232 miles long, to Delaware bay; then by the Delaware and Raritan canal, seven feet deep and 43 miles long, to Raritan river, and by that to New York harbor. It is hardly possible to overestimate the importance of the system of canals just described, and the effect the cheap transportation they can offer must have on the coastwise trade of nearly all the Atlantic States. An example of what may be done shows the probabilities of the near future. Barges on the James River and Kanawha canal may be loaded with iron or coal in Appalachia, and without break of bulk be delivered in Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Albany, many towns on the Great Lakes, &c. The James River and Kanawha Canal, intended to continue water navigation to the sources of the James near the White Sulphur Springs, and then, after going through the Alleghany watershed, to descend the Greenbrier, New and Great Ka- nawha rivers to the Ohio, has been completed by the State, at great expense, from tidewater, at Richmond, across the Middle, Piedmont and Blue Ridge and far into the Valley Country, 198 miles, to Buchanan, where the Valley Railroad crosses the James. Much work has been done on the thirty-two miles between Buchanan and Clifton Forge, where the James River and Kanawha Canal reaches the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. That portion will no doubt be completed at an early day, putting the canal in the line of the vast transportation of coal, iron, &c., that must come over the Chesapeake and Ohio. The State has offered to give this canal to the General Government, on condition that the work be extended to the Ohio and its capacity enlarged so that it may become a great Central Water Line, uniting the navigable waters of the Chesapeake and the Mississippi where the distance between those waters is the shortest and where Providence has cut away many of the obstacles that on other routes oppose the improvement. It is proba- ble that the General Assembly, at its present session (1875-'6), will authorize the extension of this canal to the mouth of Craig's creek, 15 miles up the James be- yond Buchanan, and the construction of a railway thence to the Clifton Forge sta- tion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, using the convict labor of the State in the work. This route would be obstructed but little by ice, and the heat would not be so great as to injure agricultural and other cargoes that suffer from a high temperature. The work has been pronounced practicable by competent authorities. This canal is now a valuable commercial line up the fertile valley of the James, with its large products of agriculture, to Lynchburg, a thriving commercial and manufacturing city, where it is brought into connections with the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio and the Midland railroads. Its continua- tion into the Valley by its main line to Buchanan and to Lexington by a branch up North River 191 miles long, gives it a large trade from those important points, and this will be largely increased when the Valley Railroad is completed to the same places. A branch of this canal extends up the Rivanna river for some distance. The fine granite, gneiss, limestone, sandstone, slate and other quarries ; the large deposits of iron ores of several kinds, including magnetite and hematite; the copper and gold of the "gold belt;" the cement, manganese, &c., found all along the line of this canal, where it is in operation, add much to its im- portance, and when the mineral wealth of the tributary country is exploited, as it 233 should and will be, its capacity will be taxed for transportation. The condition of the country it is j^et to penetrate has been already given. The fall* of this canal from Buchanan to mean tide level, at Richmond, is 812 feet; this gives a vast water power, utilized in some jilaces, but offering great in- ducements for manufacturing enterprises. The fall at the tidewater connection is 84 feet in IJ miles. The terminal dock and basin at Richmond are extensive works, and much used in the transfer of cargoes to and from warehouses and between canal boats and vessels of all kinds here brought side by side. The following extracts 'from the annual report of 1875 of Colonel C. S. Carring- ton, President of the James River and Kanawha Canal Company, to the stock- holders, furnish much valuable information in regard to this important canal and the country tributary to it : "In regard to your property, there are facts now known which furnish reliable data for calculation, and give unusual certainty for estimates of its value when the connection with Clifton Forge is completed. The cost of the canal to Buchanan and the work done, and cost of the same, west of that point, and the capacity of the canal for transportation, whether in the amount of freight which it can now carry, or after its improvement, at the small cost re- ported, or in the character of this transportation in its adaptation to the products of agriculture and to the largest development of a great mineral region, and also the character of the rail Ime to Clifton Forge and its comparative capacity for transportation from the west to that point and beyond, are all known with reasonable certainty. The value of the coal and of the iron ores on this line of water and rail are also now well known. The information about these minerals is so full and precise as to permit an intelligent consideration and decision of the re- sults of their cheap transportation on this line. "After the completion of the canal to Clifton Forge this line of transportation will be rail from the valley of the Mississippi to Clifton Forge, and by water from Clifton Forge to tide- water, or in a narrow view, by rail from the great Kanawha coal-field to Clifton Forge (94 miles from its eastern boundary, and 130 miles from the centre of this field), with a grade from the west against the coal not exceeding 20 feet to the mile, except 12 miles of 30 feet, and ^Yith an annual capacity for transportation to Clifton Forge of 2,000,000 tons, and less than 1,000,000 tons with the same power, east of Clifton Forge to tidewater, because of higher grades. From Clifton Forge to tidewater the transportation will be by canal with an annual capacity of 8,000,000 tons, and with rates of transportation lower than on other canals of like dimensions, because, first, the season of navigation will be longer, averaging not less than eleven months in the year ; and, second, this canal will have the advantage of back freights. "This extension will be the completion of 'the last span of the bridge' which will give value to the whole. Many of the elements of a great tonnage appear from a glance at the line and its location. Its low railroad grades, and water, and genial climate, and terminal facilities secure the lowest rates of transportation across the Alleghany mountains to tidewater. In its central connection of the productive west with tidewater, it will pass for 230 miles through the valley of the James river, wliich has a capacity for agricultural production as great as any iDor- tion of this country east of the Alleghany mountains, and which, with the valley of the Kana- wha, contains mineral wealth greater in quantity, variety and value than can be found on any other line of transportation in this country. " Within range of the Kanawha river, the quantity of available coal is so very large, that, practically, for one thousand years to come, it may be regarded as unlimited, and it can be mined at a cheaper rate than coals are mined in Europe or America. (Testimony of Professor Ansted before committee United States Senate.) Major-General Gillmore, United States corps of engineers, in his report to the Board of Engineers, says that, with proper carrying facilities, *iieport of President Carrington, 1ST4. 30 234 at least 10,000,000 tons of coal per annum would be at once drawn from the Kanawha coal-field.- The Kanawha coals are better, piu'er, and more available for all the requirements of trade and' manufacture, than the coals of any other portion of the Alleghany coal-field. (Professor Daddow.) The value of these coals in making iron and its manufactures, and as steam and gas coals, and for household purposes, is not a matter of speculation. They are used daily for all of these purposes, with an ever increasing demand for them. The New river coke, in the eastern portion of this coal-field and nearest to the iron ores of Virginia, is sho-wna, both by analysis and experiment, to be better for making iron and for use in iron manufacture than either the Con- nelville coke or anthracite coal. By like experiment the New river coal is proved to be at least the equal of the Cumberland coal ; as a steam coal, and for gas and household purposes, the Kanawha coals are superseding other coals within the range of their economical transportation, "The canal fi'om Clifton Forge (including the North river branch) passes through not less than 175 mUes of iron territory. This iron belt extends to within 75 miles of Richmond ; but consider it as limited to 100 miles on the canal, 50 miles west of the Blue Eidge aiid 50 miles east of Lynchburg. West of the Blue Eidge, the u'on ores are the fossil and red and brown hematite ores. There is no question as to the great quantity of these ores or of their value. They have been worked for many years past, and produced first class iron. Some of the fur- naces of this region were once famous for the excellence of their iron for cannon and other purposes requiring u*on of great strength. "The iron ores east of Lynchburg are the magnetic, specular and limonite or brown he- matite ores. General St. John and Professors Smith and M&,llet, of the University of Virginia, referring in their recent report to the veins of these ores, say: ' They succeed each other so closely and in such number, and they attain at single localities such very large absolute dimen- sions, that it is safe to say, without calculating upon futiu-e developments, that there is ore already uncovered and in outcrop comparable as to mass with the more favored localities of iron prcoduction in the United States.' The amount of metallic iron in 16 analyses of these ores was 56, 58, 43, 38, 66, 57, 64, 53, 57, 66, 45, 31, 50, 58, 65 and 6,3 per cent. These magnetic ores are practically free from phosphorus and sulphm*. Only a small j)ortion of them are titaniferous. In favor of the above analyses, where the metallic iron was 65, 57, 65 and 66, the titanic acid was .15, .12, .10, and in the fourth only a trace. These ores are very accessible to the canal. They are generally comprised within a distance of a few miles from its banks, with descending grades to the canal landings, thus reducing within moderate limits the items of transportation by wagon and tramway, so often embarrassing in furnace operations. Among many other favorable conditions for making iron at low cost on the canal may be mentioned the abundance of limestone, yielding, west of the Blue Ridge, from 95 to 97 per cent, of lime, and east of Lynchburg, from 75 to 80 per cent. Good sites for furnaces, with ample grounds, a healthy and productive country, abundant supplies of cheap lumber from West Virginia and from the line of the Lynchburg and Danville railroad, water power at the dams across James river, and the free, convenient and cheap transportation by water for the dehvery of supplies and stock and removal of product. "The estimates of experts of the cost of making iron on the canal after its completion to Clifton Forge have been from $12.45 to $19 per ton of 2,240 pounds. There is almost a con- currence of opinion with these parties, that iron wiU be made on the canal and delivered at tidewater at as low cost, and probably lower cost than elsewhere in this country. The prices of iron indicate the necessity of its production in this country at cheaper rates. Capital largely interested elsewhere in making iron is now employed in this field. Such capital may come more slowly, but it is improbable that the capital of the country will long neglect the advan- tages of making first-class iron on this line. The substitution of steel for iron is rapidly increasing throughout the world. The Bessemer process, chiefly in vogue for maldng steel, requires pig iron free from phosphorus. Ores of this character are very scarce east of Lake Superior, and the demand for Bessemer pig iron is greater than the supply. The magnetic ores, on the canal have now for several years been subjected to a thorough investigation l)y parties 235 interested in malving Bessemer pig iron. These inyestigations sliow that such iron can be made from tliese ores at a reduced cost. This fact, in connection with the position of these ores on* the Atlantic seaboard, increases the probability of the rapid construction of furnaces on th& line of the canal. "There are now fifteen furnaces on the line of canal to Clifton Forge and in its vicinity. Those accessible to the Kanawha coals are in operation, and also some charcoal furnaces. All; would be in blast if they could use the coals and cokes of Kanawha, and capital is reported as ready to build other furnaces as soon as it is assm-ed of the extension of the canal to Clifton Forge. " General St. John and Professors Smith and Mallet report ' that a single large blast furnace (of 65x16 feet) would, for the items of fuel, limestone, ore for admixture, product of pig iron and store supplies, demand an annual transportation of between 60,000 and 80,000' tons, and j^et several of these furnaces are operated under single proprietorship in many of the old iron districts.' The annual product of such a furnace is 14,000 tons. The furnace at Quin- nimont on New river, with an annual capacity of 10,000 to 12,000 tons, and situated at the coal bank, yields to the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad a monthly revenue of some $10,000. The- fifteen furnaces on the canal and in its vicinity are each i^robably capable of an annual produc- tion on average of 2,800 tons, or together 42,000 tons, an amount equal to the production of three of these large furnaces. " The Lake Superior ores are transported in large qua".titic3 to furnaces in the east and in the valley of the Mississippi. Experts in the east, familiar with this demand and with these- canal ores, make very large estimates of their sliipments eastward as a substitute for Lake Su- perior ores. These magnetic ores are now used in combination with hematite ores, in a furnace near Richmond, to the extent of one-half the charge, and ' the iron thus made is Avell known among experts to I'ank among the strongest and best brands of American production.' (Report of General St. John and Professors Smith and Mallet.) They will be carried to the hematite ores on the canal west of the Blue Ridge. * * These ores will also be transported to the hematite ores on the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad and in the valley of the Ohio. If used in the same proportion as at the furnace near Richmond, every furnace of 14,000> tons will use 21,000 tons of these ores, and ten such furnaces, 210,000 tons, giving this amount of back freight to the canal, and an additional annual revenue of more than $70,000 at a toll rate of 3 mills per ton per mile. " The granite, slate, cement and lime of the valley of James river are without practical limit in quantity, and of superior quality. The granite and slate have been sent to St. Louis, via New Orleans, by water and by rail, and then- successful competition in that distant market was. only prevented by their long transportation. "The lime is made by one firm in Botetom-t county to the extent of 50,000 barrels an- nually, and is being introduced into many of the Southern States, and the cement is. used in Kentucky, and has been chosen for a lock' to be constructed by the general government on the Kanawha river. " The canal and railroad wUl be the line of transportation to and from the west for Lynchburg, 82 miles east of Clifton Forge. This city will be a distributing point for Kanawha coal to the railroads centreing there and to the country south and southwest penetrated by them. It is one of the largest and most prosperous tobacco markets of the State, and situated in the centre of the iron district on the canal, and with cheap coal from Kanawha, will become a great centre of iron manufacture." The canal from Alexandria to Georgetown connects with the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, of Maryland, in which Virginia has an interest. This canal is valuable as an outlet to all portions of the State bordering on the Potomac above Alexandria. It brings to that city a large tonnage of coal from the celebrated Cumberland mines. 236 The Roanoke Navigation Company has improved the navigation of portions of the Roanoke river and of its branch, the Dan, giving water transit from Danville down through an important and highly productive country. Section II. — Transportation by Tidal Ways. Few regions of equal size are as well provided by the beneficent Creator with natural highways for trade and transportation as Tidewater Virginia. Navigable bays, rivers, creeks, &c., penetrate and permeate every portion of it — so much so that there is a mile of tidal shore to every six square miles of territory. Chesapeake Bay, lying within the domain of Virginia for over 70 miles of the 200 of its length, where its width is from 14 to 30 miles, is unsurpassed, as a great inland sea of diversified outline, for commercial purposes; it is not subject to vio- lent storms; there are harbors all along its shores, none of which are rock bound or dangerous; its waters are deep and free from obstructions; a vessel bound up it, and following the "sailing directions," once fairl}^ inside the "Capes of Virginia" runs on an air-line of north i° east for over 50 miles. Into this bay flow the waters of 50,000 square miles of productive country. It is rapidly becoming the " Medi- terranean " for the outgoing and incoming commerce of the great Central Belt of American states, which here find an easy exit and entrance to and from the great ocean highways. This is the refuge for ships on all the middle coast from stress of weather. The following table, from the United States Coast Survey Report for 1857, shows the character- of the channels from the Bay to some of the harbors and anchorages of Virginia, and proves their advantages as ports for the largest class of vessels, ■especially as they are oiever obstructed by ice: Between the Capes at entrance to Hampton Roads, Anchorage in Hampton Roads Prom Hampton Roads to Sewall's Point South of Sewall's Point li=^ 290 3.^ 51 275 5 66 359 6 62 403 7 69 350 4K 73X 306 SX 791^ 506 4M 83X 395 STATIONS. Gordonsville Lindsay's Cobham Campbell's Keswick Shadwell Charlottesville Lynchburg Junction. Red Hill ', North Garden Covesville Faber's Rockflsh Elmington Lovingston Arrlngton Tye River New Glasgow Amherst Courthouse, Mclvor's Burf ord's Miles between Stations. Miles from Alexan- dria. 5 ssy, 4X 93M 2^ 95>^ 3 9S>if m 102^ SM 105>^ 4 109>^ 1 110)4 8X 119 2 121 5X 126>^ 4X 13W iX 133 4 137 3^ UOM 4>^ 145 3>^ 148^ 3 151^ 5 1561^ 6 1^2% 3 165)4 Feet above Tide. 499 47T 401 435 303 451 ' Furnished by Colonel J, S, Barbour, President. 253 WASHINGTON CITY, VIRGINIA MIDLAND AND GREAT SOUTHERN RAILROAD— Continued. STATIONS. Lynchburg , Lucado Lawyer's Koad Evington Otter River Lynch's Staunton Kiver Sycamore Ward's Springs Whittle's Chatham Djy Fork Fall Greet Danville Dundee Manassas Branch, Manassas Gainesville Haymarket Miles between Stations. 5 6 5 6 4 3 4 6X 3J< 6 5 4M 53^ 6^ Miles from Alexan- dria. 170>^ ISl^ 18T^ 191^ i9s:!^ 2193^ 229X 236 3361^ From Ma- nassas. 11 Feet above Tide. 529 833 739 T24 665 730 560 733 797 812 624 624 535 413 317 357 337 STATIONS. Thoroughfare Broad Run Plains Salem Rectortown Delaplane (Piedmont).... Markham Linden (Manassas Gap) . . Happy Creek Front Royal River (S.Fk. Shenandoah) Buckton Water Lick Strasburg Strasburg Junction Wakeenton Branch. Warrenton Junction Melrose Warrenton Miles between Stations. 5)^ 5 ^x 6 3% 4 5 4 2 4 1 4 1 Miles from Ma- nassas. 13 163t< 21>^ 26 32 35M 39% 44% 48% 51 53 57 58 62 63 From Alexan- dria. 41 44 50 Feet above Tide. 399 395 565 633 444 455 552 916 790 546 493 508 550 637 694 CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO RAILROAD.* STATIONS. James River Richmond Hunslett Atlee's Ashcake Peake's , Hanover (C. H.). . . Wickham's South Anna Hanover Junction Anderson's Noel's Miles between Stations. Miles from Rich- mond. 5.50 .... 3.35 5.50 3.56 8.85 2.35 12.41 3.4S 14.76 2.71 18.24 1.81 20:95 4.78 22.76 2.85 27.54 2.95 30.39 2.04 33.34 Feet above Tide. 36. 100. 201. 199. 194. 82. 76. 134. 221. 254. STATIONS. Hewlett's Beaver Dam Green Bay Bumpass' Buckner's Frederick's Hall.... Tolersville Louisa Courthouse. Trevilian's Green Springs Melton's Gordonsville Miles between Stations. Miles from Rich- mond. Feet above Tide. 4.68 35.38 276. 2.82 40.06 282. 2.12 42.88 1.94 45.00 329. 3.27 46.94 ,... 6.10 50.21 348. 5.77 56.31 461. 4.41 62.08 452, 3.21 66.49 524. 2.91 69.70 3.20 72.61 4.88 75.81 498. * Fm-nished by Engineers St. John and Whitcomb. 254 CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO RAILROAD— Continued. STATIONS. Lindsay's.. Cobham Campbell Keswick Shadwell Charlottesville Lynchburg Junction. . . . Ivy Mechum's Elver Greenwood Afton Blue Kldge Summit Waynesboro' Fishersville Staunton Swoope's Buffalo Gap North Mountain Variety Springs Elizabeth Furnace Pond Gap Craigsville Bell's VaUey , Goshen Panther Gap , Mlllboro' Mason's Tunnel , Crane's Grifflth's Longdale Peter's (Longdale June.) Clifton Forge Williamson's Jackson's Eiver , Lowmoor Junction Steele's..... Covington Callaghan's Backbone Alleghany White Sulphur Springs*. Caldwell Konceverte Miles between Stations. 2.21 2.93 3.75 S.3S 3.85 .8T 6.18 2.96 7.69 4.76 4.19 5.05 7.43 7.9S 2.95 2.24 2.47 1.36 1.82 4.20 5.09 4.00 3.06 4.01 1.88 4.11 4.50 2.14 1.56 1.80 1.12 2.45 1.68 3.32 5.34 5.45 4.50 6.34 5.45 6.45 6.30 6.42 Miles from Rich- mond. 80.69 82.90 85.83 89.58 92.96 96.81 97.68 104.30 107.26 114.95 119.71 123.90 128.95 136.38 144.31 147.26 149.50 151.97 153.33 155.15 159.35 164.44 168.44 171.50 175.51 177.39 181.50 186.00 188.14 189.70 191.50 192.62 195.07 196.75 200.07 205.41 210.86 215.36 221.70 227.15 232.60 237.90 Feet above Tide. 477. 401. 435, 303. 451. 516. 550. 1,646.92 1,284.42 1,321, 1,387. 1,653. 1,885. 2,060. 1,905, 1,812. 1,677. 1,516. 1,507.50 1,410. 1,590. 1,679.50 1,550. 1,361. 1,165. 1,150. 1,175. 1,047,50 1,053, 1,135, 1,155. 1,210. 1,245. 1,427. 1,690. 2,050. 1,917. 1,765. 1,660, STATIONS. Fort Spring Alderson Mason's Mill Lowell's Talcott 268 Mile Post Hinton New River Falls Meadow Greek Pawpaw Quinnimont Siding Buffalo Dimmock Sewell , Nutallburg Fern Spring Fayette Station Hawk's Nest Cotton Hill Kanawha Falls Loup Creek Cannelton Paint Creek Blacksburg Coalburg Lewiston Brownstown Alden .. . . _ Salton (Kanawha City).. . Charleston Spring Hill St. Alban's (Coalsmouth) Scary Scott Hurricane Milton Thorndyke Harbours ville Guyandotte Junction Switch Huntington Miles between Stations. 6.82 8.14 1.47 1.75 5.50 4.69 8,89 3,42 4.60 4.66 3,43 2,79 6,98 5,35 4,05 1,89 .50 4.84 2.11 7.11 3.87 5.51 5.46 2.22 2.39 3.34 3,73 3.70 2.47 3,17 5.68 6.06 3,78 3.87 5.99 5.62 3.10 5.82 6.60 1.25 3.09 Miles from Rich- mond. 244.32 251.14 259,28 260.75 262,50 268,00 272,69 281,58 285.00 289.60 294,26 297.69 300.48 307.46 312.81 316.86 318.75 319.25 324.09 326.20 333.31 337.18 342.69 348.15 356.37 352.76 356.10 359.83 363,53 366,00 369,17 374.85 380.91 384.69 388.56 394.55 401,17 404.27 410.09 416.69 417.94 421,03 • This and all stations below are In West Virginia. 255 PIEDMONT AIR-LINE. Richmond and Danville and Piedmont Railroad.* STATIONS. Richmond Manchester E., P. & P. Junction Rockfleld Granite Powhite Kobio's Coalfield TomahawK Powhatan Kattoax Chula Amelia Courthouse Jetersville Jennings' Ordinary Burkeville Green Bay Meherrin Keysville Drake's Branch Mossingford Koanoke Staunton River Clover Scottsburg ■Wolf Trap Boston New'a Ferry Barkadale's Miles between Stations. O.T O.T 1.2 1.9 3.4 2.6 2.5 4.5 4.T 4.6 3.6 5.5 T.4 6.4 3.T 7.5 4.0 8.5 T.6 2.8 5.9 0.8 3.T 6.4 3.9 4.4 8.5 9.5 Miles from Rich- mond. O.T 1.4 2.6 4.5 7.9 10.5 13.0 17.5 22.2 26.8 30.4 35.9 43.3 49.7 53.4- 60.9 64.9 73.4 81.0 83.8 89.7 90.5 94.2 100.6 104.5 108.9 117.4 126.9 Feet above Tide. 320 254 317 220 277 358 443 495 520 586 586 625 375 357 331 488 339 346 322 337 354 STATIONS. Sjitherlin's inil Ringgold Dundee Danville Va. & N. C. State line Pelhamt Ruffln Reidsville Benaja Brown's Summit Morehead Greensboro' Salem Junction Jamestown High Point Thomasville Lexington Linwood Holtsburg Salisbury China Grove Coleman's Concord Harrisburg Query Air-Line Junction. . . . C. C. Crossing Charlotte Miles between Stations. Miles from Rich- mond. 3.0 129.9 5.3 135.2 4.8 140.0 0.6 140.6 8.7 149.3 6.3 155.6 9.1 164.7 8.9 173.6 3.5 177.1 3.7 180.8 8.2 189.0 2.9 191.9 7.3 199.2 5.0 204.2 6.6 210.8 10.8 221.6 6.2 227.8 3.5 231.3 7.1 238.4 9.4 247.8 4.0 251.8 9.0 260.8 7.8 268.6 4.2 272.8 7.7 280.5 0.5 281.0 1.0 282.0 Feet above Tide. 410 653 739 707 828 829 • Furnished by General t The stations from this R. Lindsay Walker, Master of Roadway, are in the State of North Carolina. 256 EICHMOND, FREDERICKSBURG AND POTOMAC RAILROAD* STATIONS. Kichmond (Byrd Street) Elba Boulton Hungary Kilby Ashland Taylorsvllle Hanover Junction Kutherglen Panola Miles between Stations. 1.25 0.75 6.32 5.12 3.25 4.96 2.23 5.18 5.94 Miles from Ricli- mond. 1.25 2.00 8.82 13.44 16.69 21.65 23.88 29.06 35.00 Feet above Tide. 88 183 199 214 212 221 119 135 216 94 STATIONS. Milf ord Woodford Guiney's Summit Fredericksburi Potomac Run. Brooke Richland T Quantico Miles between Stations. Miles from Rich- mond. 4.75 39.75 6.75 46.50 2.40 48.90 4.49 53.39 7.97 61.36 6.14 67.52 2.65 70.17 6.43 76.60 4.27 80.87 0.85 81.70 Feet above Tide. 100 125 121 219 42 85 66 10 BALTIMORE AND POTOMAC RAILROAD.f STATIONS. Miles between Stations. Miles from Rich- mond. Feet above Tide. STATIONS. Miles between Stations. Miles from Rich- mond. Feet above Tide, Alex, and Fked'g : Quantico 3.9 2.0 8.4 1.4 3.1 3.2 3.5 6.8 81.7 85.6 87.6 91.0 92.4 95.5 98.7 102.2 16 7 30 11 73 82 82 234 Wash, and Alex.: Alexandria 1.7 .2 .6 1.4 .3 .8 2.1 17.1 25.5 109.0 110.7 110.9 111.5 112.9 113.2 114.0 116.1 133.2 158.T 33 Cherry Hill St. Asaph Junction W. c& 0. Junction Four Mile Run 45 Neabsco 4T Mount Pleasant 10 Waterloo 50 Telegraph Road Long Branch 27 S. end Long Bridge Washington 12 10 Bowie 152 Baltimore (B. & P. Stat'n) 68 RICHMOND AND PETERSBURG RAILROAD.J STATIONS. Richmond Shops Manchester Crossing.. Temple's Drewry 's Bluff Miles between Stations. Miles from Rich- mond. Feet above Tide. 82. 105. 85.5 11S.7 STATIONS. Halfway Chester Port Walthall. Petersburg Miles between Stations. Miles from Rich- mond. Feet above Tide. 114. 143.4 87.4 17.1 * Furnished by E. T. D. Myers, General Superintendent. t Furnished by the Superintendent, through Assistant Engineer Joseph Wood. i Furnished by A. Shaw, Superintendent. 257 PETERSBURG RAILROAD.* STATIONS. Miles between Stations. Miles from Peters- burg. Feet above Tide. STATIONS. Miles between Stations. Miles from Peters- burg. Feet above Tide. Petersburg (Depot on) Appomattox / 10 11 11 10 21 32 10 TO 1T3 91 1T7 Bellefleld 10 10 9 4 42 52 61 65 131 Pleasant Hill 145 Petersburg (Depot on> Washington Street. . . j" Reams' Station Garysburg ITS Eoanoke Elver Bridge. . . Weldon, N. C 47 62 Jarratt's SEABOARD AND ROANOKE RAILROAD.f STATIONS. Portsmouth . Pea Ridge.. Ecwer's Hill Stever's Suffolk Purvis ; Carrsvllle. . . Franklin.... Nottoway... Miles between Stations. Miles from Ports- mouth. Feet above Tide. 5 3 6 3 9 5 6 5 5 8 14 17 26 31 37 42 STATIONS. Handsome , Newsom's , Boykin's Branch vllle Margarettsville Seaboard Gary's "Weldon Miles between Stations. Miles from Ports- mouth. 2 6 4 3 6 7 10 44 50 54 57 63 70 80 Feet above Tide. RICHMOND, YORK RIVER AND CHESAPEAKE RAILROAD.^ STATIONS. Miles between Stations. Miles from .Rich- mond. Feet§ above Tide. STATIONS, Miles between Stations. Miles from Rich- mond. Feet above Tide. Richmond 7 4 2 2 5 T 11 13 15 20 16 161 87 65 130 58 White House 4 2 2 3 3 4 24 26 28 31 34 38 16 Fair Oaks Fish Haul 42 Meadow Cohoke 38 Dispatch Sweet Hall 38 Summit 42 Tunstall's West Point 7 * Furnished by R. M. Sully, General Freight Agent. $ Furnished by Col._ H. T. Douglas, Supt. 33 t Furnished by E. G. Ghio, Superintendent. § Datum line 16 feet above high tide. 258 WASHINGTON AND OHIO RAILROAD.* STATIONS. Miles between Stations. Miles from Alexan- dria. Feet above Tide. STATIONS. Miles between Stations. Miles from Alexan- dria. Feet aboTe Tide. Alexandria 1.5 5. 2.5 1.5 3. 3. 2.25 1.5 6.5 9. 10.5 15. 18. 21. 23.25 15 395 345 895 Guilford 3.T5 4. 6.5 4. 3.5 3.5 3. 3. 2T. 31. 37.5 41.5 45. 48.5 51.5 58.5 415 Farmwell 320 Leesburg 321 East Falls Church Clark's Gap S78 Falls Church Hamilton 454 Purcellville 553 Round Hill 553 Snickersville 680 Herndon VALLEY RAILROAD.f Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. STATIONS. Staunton Verona Fort Defiance Mt. Sidney Weyer's Cave (Station) . . Mt. Crawford (Station). . . Pleasant Valley Harrisonburg Linville Cowan's Broadway Timberville New Market (Station) Forest Mt. Jackson Bellew's Edinburg Narrow Passage Bridge.. Woodstock Miles between Stations. 5X 3% IM 3 4^ 3 4X 6X 2X 2X 4 4 ^H 4 3.V- Miles from Staunton, 5y, 9X 11 14 ISM 21.^ 26 32^^ 36 38^^ 41 45 49 5214 59M 64% Feett above Tide. 1,3T9 5 1,272 1,247 1,258 1,152 1,171 1,248 1,338 1,242 1,107 1,038 1,018 971 953 916 895 (?) 845 S58 820 STATIONS. Maurertown Tom's Brook Strasburg Junction. Strasburg Capon Road Cedar Creek Middletown Newtown Kernstown Winchester Stephenson's Wadesville Summit Point Cameron Charlestown Halltown , Harper's Ferry Washington Baltimore Miles between Stations. Miles from Staunton. ^H 69 IX 70X 434 75 m T6^ 1 76 4 80 2 82 454; 86X 3X 9034: 3% 94 5 99 4^ 1035<^ iM 108 iM 112J^ S)4 116 4 120 6 126 205 Feet above Tide. 788 745 663 63T 701 691 660 731 T44 71T 499 495 C23 547 513 339 2771 * Furnished by R. H. Havener, General Superintendent. § At crossing of C. & O.R. R. t From Chief Eng. J. L. Randolph, through Asst. W. F. Elmer. J Abutment of B. & O. R. R. bridge. t The elevations are the sub-grade A. M. T. ; the top of the rail is 22 inches hig'- 3r. 259 JAMES RIVER AND KANAWHA CANAL * PLACES. Miles between Places. Miles from Rich- mond. Feet above Tide. PLACES. Miles between Places. Miles from Rich- mond. Eeet above Tide. Tidewater 1.5 2.0 1.0 2.5 0.5 1.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.0 0.5 1.0 3.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 3.0 1.5 1.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 4.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 3.5 4.5 7.0 T.5 8.5 11.0 12.5 13.5 14.0 14.5 16.0 13.0 18.5 19.5 21.5 22.5 23.0 23.5 26.5 2S.0 29.0 32.0 34.0 35.5 36.5 39.0 40.5 41.5 45.5 48.0 50.5 52.5 84. 94.75 105.50 115.50 115.00 115.00 124.25 134.00 142.75 142.75 145.75 142.75 142.75 142.75 142.75 142.75 143.25 143.25 143.25 143.25 143.25 143.25 143.25 143.25 143.25 156.25 159.25 167.25 167.25 167.25 177.25 177.25 185.25 185.25 192.25 200.25 200.25 LockNo. 14 3.6 2.0 1.5 3.5 2.0 2.5 0.5 1.5 2.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 2.5 2.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 4.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 4.5 3.5 1.5 0.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 56.0 58.0 59.5 63.0 65.0 67.5 68.0 69.5 71.5 72.0 72.5 73.5 74.0 74.5 75.5 78.5 80.5 81.5 84.0 86.5 88.0 90.5 92.0 96.5 98.5 100.0 101.0 102.5 104.5 109.0 112.5 114.0 114.5 116.5 118.0 120.0 121.0 123.0 12.9.5 208.25 Richmond— Basin Columbia 208.25 Eutherf ord'3 Mills Gait's Quarry 208.25 Lock No. 1 215.25 Lock No. 2 Lock No. 16 Lock No. 3 New Canton 223.25 Eein's Island—Kiver Lock LockNo. 17 223.25 Westliam Bremo 233.75 Bosher's Dam— Locks 4 1 andG j" LockNo. 5 Middle ton's Mills Lock No. 18 and G LockNo. 19 (7-Islands)... Virgin Mills 233.75 241.75 Lock No. 6 250.50 ■ 250.50 Ellerslie Lock No. 20 259.16 Tuckalioe Railroad Basin Lock No. 21 267.82 Tuckalioe Aqueduct Tuckalioe Boiling's Landing LockNo. 22 267.82 274.50 Powell's Bridge Scotts ville 274.50 Manakintown Ferry Road Manakin LockNo. 23 Lock No. 24 282.20 290.50 Sampson's'Lock Warren— Lock No. 25 Lock No, 26 Dover Mills and Aque-> duct j Sabbot Hill 293.50 306.50 Lock No. 27 314.50 Dover Jude's Ferry Road Howards vllle— Lock No 28 Lock No. 29 322.50 331.25 Lock No. 30 340.00 Beaver Dam Aqueductf.. Warminster Lock No. 31 340.00 348.25 Michaux's Ferry Midway Mills 348.25 (No.T Cedar Point Locks ■< (.No. 8 Licklnghole Aqueduct—) LockNo. 9 / Hardwicksville— L c k > No.32 5 New Market (Norwood). . Locks Nos. 33 and 34 LockNo. 35 35S.25 358.25 375.25 383.25 Boiling Hall Lock No. 36 391.25 LockNo. 10 391.25 Jefferson Ferry Road Lock No 37 399.25 Rock Castle Bent Creek— Lock No. 33, Lock No. 39 Lock No ll(Locli Lomond) 407.25 415.25 BoUinf Island Elk Creek Mills 415.25 Pemberton— Lock No. 12t LockNo. 40 423.25 Lock No. 13 LockNo. 41 431.25 ElkHill * Furnished by Col onel C. S. Carrington , Presiden t. 1 1ssaquena. t Cartersvill e. 260 JAMES RIVER AND KANAWHA CANAL— Continued. NORTH RIVER IMPROVEMENT. Branch of the James River and Kanawha Canal. PLACES. Miles between Places. Miles from Rich- mond. Feet above Tide. PLACES. Miles between Places. Miles fi-om Rich- mond. Feet above Tide. LockNo.42 3.0 2.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 2.0 2.0 0.5 3.0 0.5 0.5 3.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 4.0 1.0 2.5 0.5 2.0 0.5 3.0 1.0 126.5 128.5 131.0 132.0 133.0 133.5 135.5 137.5 13S.0 141.0 141.5 142.0 145.5 147.5 14S.5 150.0 151.0 152.0 156.0 157.0 159.5 160.0 162.0 162.5 165.5 166.5 439.25 447.25 455.25 455.25 463.25 463.25 463.25 479.75 487.75 495.75 495.75 503.75 513 513 513 525.75 . 538.50 539.75 557.75 557.75 570.75 571.87 587.87 587.87 604.87 605.87 Lock No. T 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 -. 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.5 0.5 2.0 0.5 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 0.5 1.0 4.0 167.5 168.0 168.5 169.5 170.5 171.0 171.5 172.5 173.5 174.0 175.5 176.0 178.0 178.5 180.5 182.5 183.5 185.5 188.5 189.5 192.5 193.0 194.0 19S.0 618.87 Lock No. 43 Lock No. 8 626 87 Lock No. 44 LockNo. 9 634 8T Staples' Mills Lock No. 10 643 8T Lock No. 45 Cushaw Dam— Locks) Nos. lland6G j" Rope Ferry— Lock No. 12 LockNo. 13 LockNo. 14 Gait's Mills 648.8T Joshua Falls Dam Crossing of James) Kiver— Locks 46 & 4TJ" LockNo.48 660.87 672.87 680.8T Lock No. 15 688.87 LockNo.49 Lock No. 16 696.8T Beaver Creek LockNo. 17 705.87 Lock No. 50 Cement Mills-Lock No.) 7G 1 North River Bridge—) Mouth of North River J Lock No. 18 Lock No. 51 705.8T Lynchburg 705.8T Lynchburg Water-") works Dam / Lock No. 1— Second Di-\ vision / LockNo. 2 720.3T Quarry Falls Dam—) LockNo.8G ; LockNo. 19 LockNo. 20 720.3T 734.3r 741.3T Judith's Dam-Lock No. > IG 1 Bethel— Lock No. 3 Lock No. 21 749.3T LockNo. 22 759.3T Bald Eagle Dam— Lock) No.2 G / Lock No. 4 (Holcomb's) Eock) ; Pedler Dam— Lock No. ") 3G f Tumbling Run— Lock) No. 5 / Varney's Falls Dam—) Lock No.' 9 G /■ Lock No. 23 759.3r 774.63 LockNo. 24 782.62 Indian Rock Dam — ) LocklOG / Lock No. 25 785.63 802.12 Coleman's Fall Dam—) Lock No. 4 G j Eead Creek— Lock No. 6.. Big Island Dam— Lock) N0.5G / Lock No. 26 811.72 Wasp Rock Dam— Lock) No.HG ; Buchanan 811.72 811.72 PLACES. Miles between Places. Miles from Rich- mond. Feet above Tide. PLACES. Miles between Places. Miles from Rich- mond. Feet above Tide. North River Bridge—) Mouth of North River J 4.5 3.0 176.0 180.5 183.5 705.87 Hart's Bottom 2.0 4.0 2.0 4.5 185.5 189.5 191.5 196.0 Mouth of Buffalo Creek. . Thompson's Landing Mouth of South River... . Lexington 893.87 APPENDIX B. TABLE II.— POPULATION OF THE STATE OF VIRGINIA, BY COUNTIES. (As IN THE United States Census of 1870). COUNTIES. AGGEEGATE. ISTO. 1860. 1S50. 1840. 1830. 1820.. 1810. 1800. 1790. Total 1225,163 1219,630 1119,348 a9,967 1015,260 a9,573 1034,481 *210 0.9,703 928,343 «8,552 869,131 «5,949 801,608 691, 73T "Variances from former official totals 6—22 Accomac 20,409 27,544 16,755 3,674 9,878 14,900 8,950 28,763 3,795 25,327 4,000 11,329 13,427 3,777 13,371 28,384 15,123 9,147 4,975 14,513 18,470 18,586 26,625 12,652 6,765 10,741 18,742 8,889 27,749 3,675 25,063 17,890 25,800 10,008 3,515 9,770 12,699 9,193 24,610 3,426 24,080 17,096 22,924 «9,967 2,749 10,320 12,576 16,656 22,618 09,573 2,816 11,036 12,071 15,966 *3 19,747 a9,703 15,743 18,268 a8,552 15,693 16,439 a5,949 13,959 Albemarle 12,535 Alexandria Allegbany Amelia *110 10,994 10,423 10,594 10,548 9,432 16,801 cl8,09r Amherst .... 13,703 Appomattox Augusta 19,628 4,300 20,203 19,926 4,002 20,246 16,742 *6 5,231 19,305 14,308 4,837 16,148 11,712 5,508 14,125 10,386 Bath Bedford 10,531 Bland (d) Botetourt 11,516 14,809 2,793 15,212 26,197 18,464 8,012 5,609 14,471 19,016 14,908 13,894 11,679 14,346 16,354 15,767 13,589 16,687 13,801 15,411 10,427 16,339 10,524 Brunswick • 12,827 Buchanan Buckingham 13,837 23,245 18,456 5,909 5,200 13,955 17,489 18,786 21,030 17,813 18,351 20,350 17,760 17,569 16,569 *26 17,982 20,059 11,001 17,544 13,389 9,866 17,438 9,779 Campbell 7,685 17,489 Caroline Carroll Charles City 4,774 14,595 17,148 5,500 15,252 13,637 5,255 13,290 18,003 5,136 13,161 9,979 5,365 11,912 14,488 5,533 Charlotte 10,073 Chesterfield 14,214 262 TABLE II —Continued. AGGREGATE. COUNTIES. 18T0. 1860. 1850. 1840. 1830. 1820. 1810. 1800. 1790. Clarke 6,670 2,942 12,227 8,142 30,702 8,303 9,927 12,952 19,690 9,824 9,875 18,264 16,596 5,875 10,211 10,313 9,537 4,634 6,362 27,S2S 16,455 65,179 12,303 4,151 8,320 4,425 9,709 5,742 7,515 5,355 13,268 20,929 16,332 10,403 8,670 6,200 21,318 4,981 12,556 11,576 7,146 3,553 12,063 9,961 30,198 5,798 10,469 11,834 21,706 8,236 10,353 20,098 16,546 6,883 10,956 10,656 8,252 5,022 6,374 26,520 17,222 61,616 12,105 4,319 9,977 5,798 10,328 6,571 8,530 5,151 11,032 21,774 16,701 11,983 8,854 7,091 20,096 4,364 10,017 13,693 7,352 6,353 Craig Culpeper 12,282 9,751 25,118 4,586 10,206 10,682 20,868 6,458 9,487 17,430 15,975 6,570 10,527 10,352 6,677 4,400 5,639 25,962 15,153 43,572 8,872 4,227 9,353 4,020 10,319 5,971 8,779 4,708 10,267 22,079 16,691 11,692 9,331 6,714 20,630 4,394 8,359 12,283 11,393 10,399 22,558 3,706 11,309 9,370 21,897 4,453 8,812 15,832 14,242 5,307 10,715 9,760 9,087 4,232 6,366 25,936 14,968 33,076 7,335 24,027 11,690 21,901 5,053 10,521 9,204 26,086 *2 20,942 11,023 20,482 3,789 9,909 11,404 23,103 18,967 9,992 18,190 3,608 9,376 13,111 22,689 18,100 9,839 15,374 2,778 9,508 13,317 21,329 22,105' Cumberland 8,153 Dinwiddle 13,934r Elizabeth City 3,450' Essex 9,122: Fairfax 12,320 Fauquier 17,892 Floyd Fluvanna 8,221 14,911 26,046 5,274 10,608 10,369 7,675 6,704 12,017 24,706 4,521 9,678 10,007 5,598 4,775 10,724 22,574 3,745 10,427 10,203 4,941 4,623 9,302 24,744 3,921 6,842: Frederick 19,681 Gloucester 8,181 9,696 3,912 13,498 Goochland 9,053. Greensville 7,117 28,034 16,253 28,797 7,100 6,858 19,060 15,267 23,667 5,624 6,853 22,133 15,082 19,680 5,611 6,727 19,377 14,403 14,886 5,259 6,362 Halifax 14,722' 14,754 Henrico 12,000 Henry 8,479 Hlo'hland . . Isle of Wight 9,972 3,779 10,862 5,927 9,258 4,628 8,441 20,431 15,433 11,055 8,107 7,442 20,724 4,392 7,405 10,795 10,517 3,833 11,614 6,397 9,812 4,801 6,461 21,939 16,151 11,957 9,236 7,664 20,477 4,122 12,306 11,784 *21 10,113 4,563 11,798 6,116 9,097 5,517 4,256 22,702 13,746 10,662 8,490 6,920 19,786 4,057 8,733 10,494 9,186 4,094 10,988 6,454 9,285 ^ 5,592 4,694 21,338 11,900 12,265 8,381 4,227 18,453 4,414 8,409 10,321 9,342 3,931 9,879 6,749 9,055 5,375 3,538 20,523 11,892 10,381 8,322 5,806 17,008 4,203 9,044 11,127 9,028. James City 4,070 King and Queen 9,377 King George 7,36fr King William 8,123 Lancaster 5,633. Lee Loudoun 18,963 Louisa 8,467 Lunenburg 8,959' Madison Mathews Mecklenburg 14,733 Middlesex 4,140 Montgomery 13,228- Nansemond 9,010 26: TABLE II.— Continued. COUNTIES. Nelson New Kent Norfolk Northampton Northumberland, Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward . . Prince George... •Princess Anne... Prince William.. Pulaski Rappahannock . . Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsyl7ania Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell {d) Warren Warwick Washington Westmoreland. . . Wise Wythe (d) York AGGREGATE. 1870. 1860. 1850. 1840. 1830. 1820. 1810. 1800. 1790. 13,898 4,381 13,015 5,884 12,758 6,064 12,287 6,230 11,254 6,458 10,137 6,630 9,684 6,478 6,363 6,231 46,702 36,227 33,036 27,569 24,806 23,936 22,872 19,419 14,524 8,046 7,832 7,498 7,715 8,641 7,705 7,474 6,763 6,889 6,863 7,531 7,346 7,924 7,953 8,016 8,303 7,803 9,163 9,291 8,836 8,437 9,719 10,1.30 "2 9,656 9,278 9,401 (0) 10,396 10,851 10,067 9,125 14,637 *33 12,880 12,323 11,449 9,921 8,462 10,161 8,109 9,359 7,600 9,609 6,194 §,032 7,395 5,089 4,695 4,331 31,343 32,104 28,796 26,393 26,034 21,323 17,172 12,697 11,579 7,667 8,392 8,178 7,924 8,517 8,292 8,073 7,769 6,822 12,004 11,844 11,857 14,069 14,107 12,577 12,409 10,962 8,107 7,820 8,411 7,596 7,175 8,367 8,030 8,050 7,425 8,173 8,273 7,714 7,669 7,285 9,102 8,768 9,498 8,859 7,793 T,504 8,565 8,129 8,144 9,330 9,419 11,311 12,733 11,615 6,538 5,416 8,850 6,856 5,118 9,782 6,443 3,739 9,257 5,905 8,261 6,503 6,055 5,706 6,214 el3,744 6,985 9,350 8,048 17,248 8,477 16,045 5,499 14,284 16,058 14,244 11,945 10,318 8,945 6,543 23,668 23,408 20,294 17,344 20,683 14,784 12,753 10,374 7,449 11,103 10,280 11,919 7,878 6,714 5,536 6,319 4,808 3,338 13,036 12,072 13,896 9,829 13,768' 7,303 11,618 5,724 19,750 4,263 18,926 14,936 13,646 13,823 10,510 8,898 8,952 12,915 8,162 13,.521 6,522 14,525 12,285 16,074 14,170 13,497 13,925 12,864 11,728 16,076 14,911 15,161 15,134 14,254 13,296 13,002 11,252 6,420 8,555 8,044 8,454 9,362 9,517 9,830 9,971 9,583 5,585 6,133 5,679 6,480 7,109 6,594 6,855 6,535 6,227 7,885 10,175 9,820 11,229 12,720 11,884 11,362 11,062 10,&19 10,791 9,920 9,942 6,290 5,749 3,916 3,007 2,127 5,716 6,442 1,740 6,607 1,546 5,627 1,456 1,672 1,570 1,608 1,835 1,659 1,690 16,816 16,892 14,612 13,001 15,614 12,444 12,156 9,536 5,625 7,682 8,282 8,080 8,019 8,396 6,901 8,102 («) 7,722 4,785 4,508 12,305 11,611 12,024 9,375 12,163 9,692 8,356 6,380 7,198 4,949 4,460 4,720 5,354 4,384 5,187 3,231 /48 5,233 264 TABLE II.— Continued. WHITE COUNTIES. 1870. 1860. 1850. 1840. 1830. 1820. 1810. ISOO. 1790. Total 712,089 691,773 616,069 a6,731 537,952 a6,411 537,216 a6,556 482,849 a5,734 458,159 a4,394 443,386 391,524 &— 110 6—11 &— 20 Accomac 12,567 12,550 9,444 3,095 3,055 8,184 4,414 22,026 2,906 14,557 3,783 8,166 4,525 3,730 5,66S 14,041 7,077 8,819 1,822 4,900 9,730 4,511 2,712 6,058 2,709 18,017. 2,832 3,277 8,667 11,834 S,S27 4,778 12,263 13,863 5,272 4,782 3,711 10,661 12,103 9,851 5,643 2,897 7,167 , 4,118 21,547 2,652 14,388 9,608 11,875 7,217 2,763 2,785 6,352 4,209 18,983 2,434 18.556 9,618 10,512 a6,731 2,142 3,074 6,426 9,458 10,455 a6,411 2,197 3,293 5,8S3 9,386 8,715 a6,556 9,341 8,642 «5,734 9,723 8,796 a4,394 8,976 Albemarle 6,835 3,407 4,610 3,253 5,143 2,789 9,205 c6,684 Amlierst , 8,286 15,072 3,170 11,016 15,257 2,797 11,123 12,963 3,965 10,953 11,232 3,906 9,789 9,671 4,830 9,826 9,260 Bath Bedford 7,725 Bland .... Botetourt 8,441 4,992 2,762 6,041 13,588 6,948 7,719 1,806 4,981 10,019 3,707 3,103 4,959 2,946 13,678 3,180 3,296 8,046 10,430 7,745 5,093 13,642 13,079 6,038 4,517 3,814 10,746 4,885 S,8T7 4,978 11,798 5,397 10,493 5,889 10,726 5,665 8,773 6,647 9.241 Brunswicli 5,919 Buckinghain 5,436 11,533 6,891 5,726 1,661 4,615 8,406 3,614 7,323 10,213 6,725 7,177 ' 9,995 6,499 7,345 8,447 6,497 7,780 5,370 6,452 6,824 5,893 6,492 5,496 4,946 Caroline 6,994 diaries City 1,671 5,030 7,859 2,867 1,782 5,583 7,709 1,750 5.005 7,543 1,776 5,354 3,692 1,954 5,506 6,317 2,084 Charlotte 5,199 Chesterfield 6,358 Crai"- 5,112 3,032 10,942 2,341 3,035 6,835 9,875 6,001 4,539 11,638 12,769 5,858 4,290 3,863 4,933 3,263 9,317 1,954 3,955 5,469 10,501 4,123 4,445 10,500 11,119 4,684 4,412 3,570 1 12,046 4,054 8,655 2,704 3,647 4,892 12,950 11,136 3,966 8,470 2,076 3,499 6,224 11,429 10,391 3,715 7,010 1,799 3,411 6,628 11,934 10,479 3,945 6,347 1,238 3,465 7,035 12,444 13,809 Cumberland 3,577 6,039 Elizabeth City 1,556 Essex 3,543 Fairfax 7,611 11,157 Floyd 4,223 9,728 17,361 4,760 4,314 3,857 3,375 8,227 16,557 4,174 4,008 3,795 1 2,576 7,966 15,547 3,478 4,133 4,230 2,659 7,701 18,628 ,430 Franklin 5,735 15,315 Giles 3,237 4,480 6,225 Goochland 4,140 TABLE II.— Continued. COUNTIES. 'Grayson ■Greene Greensville , Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle of Wight James City King and Queen... King George King William Xancaster Uee Loudoun , Louisa Lunenburg Madison , Mathews Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nansemond , Nelson New Kent Norfolk Northampton ISTorthumberland.. , Nottoway Orange , Page Patrick , Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince George Princess Anne Prince William Pulaski Rappahannock 34 WHITE. 18T0. 1860. 1850. 1840. 1830. 1820. ISIO. 1800. 1T90, 8,833 3,182 2,155 11,562 7,893 35,148 6,722 3,803 4,874 1,985 4,221 2,927 2,943 2,198 12,263 15,238 6,269 4,344 4,959 4,104 7,162 2,459 9,674 6,059 7,586 2,005 24,380 3,198 3,808 2,241 4,938 7,476 7,836 15,259 2,552 4,106 2,774 4,369 5,691 4,729 5,195 7,653 3,015 1,974 11,060 7,482 37,966 6,773 3,890 5,037 2,167 3,801 2,510 2,589 1,981 10,185 15,021 6,183 4,421 4,360 3,805 6,778, 1,863 8,251 5,732 6,649 2,145 24,357 2,998 3,870 2,270 4,553 6,875 7,158 17,105 2,580 4,037 2,899 4,333 5,690 3,814 5,018 6,142 2,667 1,731 10,976 6,539 23,826 5,324 3,837 4,710 1,489 4,094 2,301 2,701 1,802 9,440 15,081 6,423 4,314 4,456 3,642 7,258 1,903 6,822 5,424 6,478 2,222 20,329 3,105 3,072 2,234 3,962 6,332 7,187 15,263 2,513 4,177 2,670 4,280 5,079 3,613 5,642 8,542 2,447 1,928 11,145 6,262 16,900 4,243 4,918 1,325 4,426 2,269 3,150 1,903 7,829 13,840 6,047 4,132 3,729 3,969 7,754 2,041 5,825 4,858 6,168 2,472 15,444 3,341 4,034 2,490 3,575 5,197 6,087 14,283 2,432 4,923 2,692 3,996 4,867 2,768 5,307 7,161 2,104 12,916 6,526 13,471 4,053 5,023 1,283 4,714 2,475 3,155 1,976 5,830 15,497 6,468 4,479 4,289 3,994 7,471 1,868 10,224 5,143 5,186 2,586 13,314 3,574 4,029 2,965 6,456 5,170 2,056 8,758 6,130 11,763 3,321 5,496 14,694 2,661 5,039 3,069 5,025 5,127 4,883 1,551 5,460 2,?49 3,449 2,388 3,885 16,144 5,967 3,873 3,800 3,616 7,710 1,756 7,447 4,575 4,395 2,537 13,260 3,369 4,134 2,805 5,219 4,641 2,254 12,117 6,219 9,182 3,641 3,776 12,636 2,492 4,627 3,119 4,812 4,761 4,447 1,354 4,718 2,381 3,294 2,276 4,337 1.5,577 5,253 4,933 4,323 2,118 7,696 1,811 7,253 4,593 4,897 2,445 12,221 3,216 4,162 2,730 5,711 3,741 2,398 11,168 5,952 6,836 3,715 3,696 10,710 2,484. 5,264 3,101 5,305 5,733 4,735 1,374 4,335 2,598 3,139 2,090 3,292 15,200 5,768 4,372 4,836 2,985 7,779 1,603 8,037 5,809 2,523 11,401 2,931 3,679 3,311 6,160 3,552 8,503 2,393 4,978 2,795 5,200 6,975 266 TABLE II.— Continued. COUNTIES. Richmond , Roanoke Rockbridge , . . Rockingham. . Russell Scott Shenandoah..., Smyth Southampton.. Spotsylvania. . . Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Warwick Washington Westmoreland. Wise Wythe York Variances from former official totals. Accomac Albemarle... Alexandria . . Alleghany . . . Amelia Amherst Appomattox. Augusta Bath .Bedford Bland , Botetourt Brunswick... WHITE. ISTO. 3,4T5 6,21S 12,162 21,152 9,9.36 12,512 14,260 '7,654 5,468 7,069 4,935 2,393 2,962 9,193 4,611 620 14,156 3,531 4,717 9,269 2,507 1860. 3,570 5,250 12,841 20,489 9,130 11,530 12,827 7,732 5,713 7,716 4,922 2,334 3,118 8,625 4,583 662 14,095 3,387 4,416 9,986 2,342 1850. 3,463 5,812 11,484 17,496 10,866 9,322 12,565 6,898 5,940 6,894 4,415 2,215 3,086 8,807 4,493 599 12,369 3,376 1840. 9,618 1,825 3,092 3,845 10,448 14,944 7,152 6,911 10,320 5,539 6,171 6,786 4,489 2,557 3,584 5,466 3,851 604 10,731 3,466 1830. 1820. 1810. 2,975 10,465 17,814 6,002 5,378 16,869 2,749 9,038 12,646 4,989 3,992 16,708 6,573 6,384 4,713 2,865 4,118 4,911 7,632 1,958 633 12,785 3,710 6,127 5,939 4,783 2,642 4,155 3,435 2,775 8,445 11,049 5,897 12,461 1800. «5,334 7,778 9,266 4,443 12,947 620 10,393 3,031 9,952 2,129 8,111 1,588 5,982 5,596 5,319 2,751 4,436 2,661 697 10,581 3,401 7,180 1,798 6,461 5,875 5,435 2,777 4,532 1,895 614 8,250 («) 1,166 /8 FREE COLORED. 512,841 55,269 51,251 al,862 46,809 7,842 14,994 7,310 579 6,823 6,704 4,536 6,737 889 10,770 217 3,163 8,902 3,418 606 1,415 132 189 297 171 586 78 504 306 671 3,295 587 1,409 58 166 394 185 574 45 463 6—10 2,848 603 al,862 60 223 373 al,548 45,181 421 83 323 2,544 484 al,548 48 220 263 al,290 35,470 6—6 a977 29,292 404 65 341 426 553 377 563 386 612 2,100 373 al,290 187 246 1,860 400 a977 a383 19,598 1,541 207 a383 267 64 311 290 717 155 198 196 49 212 300 S7S 58 134 95 17 202 135 270 1790. 2,918 6,825 6,677 3,143 9,979 6,312 6,17: 6,465 2,762 4,771 667 5,167 3,183 2,115 12,254 721 171 cl06 121 24 132 267 TABLE II.— Continued. COUNTIES. Buchanan Buckingham.... Campbell , Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dinwiddie Elizabeth City.. . Essex , Fairfax Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland , Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle of Wight James City King and Queen. King George King William*. . . . Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa FREE COLORED. 18T0. 1860. 1850. 1840. 1830. 1820. 1810. 1800. 1790. 4T 1 360 7,T11 250 449 245 285 604 229 115 14,343 1,029 846 772 859 677 263 302 251 8,038 844 904 774 520 486 328 365 203 328 31 856 29 772 3,153 670 761 538 387 398 SOS- 9,613 252 352 305 236 161 210 123 es 8,733 643 467 587 591 947 272 319 369- 2,159 64 30 429 124 161 230 6,169 487 391 564 338 264 273 70 5,433 310 340 355 327 244 175 183 142 IT, 664 3,746 3,296 2,764 2,890 1,833 1,505 674 561 5,471 201 97 44 131 70 75 IS 18 6,650 477 409 598 467 364 806 276 139 4,284 672 597 448 311 607 543 204 135 7,S56 821 643 688 613 507 344 131 93 997 16 266 14 211 9 221 5,097 203 123 57 44 25 5,996 105 66 174 195 143 86 27 34 2,733 1,208 912 821 1,265 970 610 453 lift 598 67 703 55 680 49 612 49 603 42 462 25 446 5,429 35 210 6,601 703 644 690 796 685 509 413 257 754 52 36 53 52 83 30 1 1,452 4,207 23 34 45 233 123 136 332 290 213 212 16,266 563 534 575 590 422 353 298 226 8,562 257 221 312 449 381 409 259 240 31,031 3,590 3,637 2,939 3,045 2,100 1,904 1,149 581 5,581 314 208 240 174 125 215 129 165 348 27 26 3,446 1,370 1,248 1,268 1,222 838 698 578 375 2,440 1,045 663 507 572 552 420 168 146 5,488 388 461 499 416 297 267 164 75 2,815 ' 388 267 276 287 263 197 164 86 4,455 416 347 328 347 238 203 172 84 3,157 301 266 247 193 1S5 204 159 143 1,005 13 40 32 19 5 21 3 5,691 1,252 1,357 1,318 1,079 829 604 333 183 10,063 324 404 376 301 219 157 132 1 1* 268 TABLE II.— Continued. COUNTIES. FREE COLOEED. 18T0. 1860. 1850. 1840. 1830. 1820. 1810. 1800. 1790. 6,059 3,711 2,096 14,156 2,522 2,882 5,517 6,312 2,361 22,320 4,84S 3,054 7,050 5,458 986 2,325 16,034 5,115 7,898 5,046 3,902 1,813 1,809 3,066 3,028 3,132 3,890 2,516 1,167 524 676 1,244 6,795 4,659 1,485 3,192 4,923 1,598 1,105 1,052 2,653 257 97 218 898 126 147 2,480 128 364 2,803 962 222 93 187 384 131 659 409 406 515 195 519 13 312 820 155 422 532 51 52 316 183 1,794 574 319 1,284 673 93 284 59 249 191 151 149 912 149 66 2,144 188 432 2,307 745 519 153 184 311 93 785 383 488 518 259 552 34 296 70S 155 364 4G7 71 34 292 200 1,826 536 318 935 742 75 366 42 112 216 70 164 1,055 142 87 1,407 152 373 2,3ao 754 647 158 186 216 103 557 363 570 469 202 510 17 287 510 101 326 501 26 48 265 145 1,799 785 369 1,070 811 38 342 21 212 245 71 139 889 116 56 1,698 122 342 1,898 1,333 567 223 198 126 78 118 674 -135 31 1,393 82 334 1,491 1,013 614 175 143 177 88 41 493 127 57 1,269 108 308 1,179 908 299 ISO 96 133 50 17 553 84 39 910 SO JUadison , jyiatUews 416 Middlesex 51 6 Naiisemond 480 Nelson New Kent 213 559 654 ■ 221 107 47 148 Worfolk 251 464 Northumberland 197 Nottoway (c) 64 117 341 384 475 700 343 361 100 203 324 334 538 251 278 275 150 498 149 463 267 358 130 61 345 63 250 85 342 Pittsylvania 62 Powhatan 211 Prince Edward 32 Prince George 267 Princess Anne 64 Prince William 167 Eichmond 450 293 261 e584 83 Eockbridge 381 548 33 16 458 295 267 21 13 317 149 213 36 147 97 56 13 85 41 Eoclvingham Eussell 5 Shenandoah 19 Smyth Southampton 1,745 697 485 866 866 18 1,306 591 361 612 684 18 1,109 565 316 664 582 13 839 297 193 500 . 542 13 559 Spotsylvania 148 Stafford 87 Sussex 368 391 27 261 34 153 IS 127 ^21 386 83 Washington 8 269 TABLE II.— Continued. COUNTIES. FREE COLORED. 18T0. 1860. 1850. 1840. 1830. 1820. 1810. 1800. 1790. Westmovelancl 4,151 68 2,342 4,691 1,191 26 15T 682 1,147 963 847 477 621 («) 114 Wise Wythe 221 454 125 650 117 627 48 631 19 458 11 45 York 853 SLAVE. Total 472,494 452,028 al,374 430,499 «1,614 452.084 al,857 410,029 al.841 381,680 «1,172 338,624 287,959>' Variances from former official totals. . «... 6—100 &— 5 &— 2 Accomac 4,507 13,916 1,886 990 7,655 6,278 4,600 5,616 946 10,176 4,987 13,338 1,382 694 6,819 5,953 4,799 5,053 947 10,061 4,630 31,809 al,374 547 7,023 5,777 4,654 11,679 al,614 571 7,523 5,925 4,480 ' 10,659 al,857 4,542 9,226 ftl,841 4,429 7,436 al,172 4,262 5,579 Albemarle Alesandria 7,400 5,567 7,186 5,207 6,585 7,462 cll,30T 5,29& Appomattox 4,135 1,047 8,864 4,265 1,140 8,782 3,512 1,202 8,041 2,880 882 6,147 1,946 661 4,097 1,567 Bath Bedf orcl 2,754 Bland 2,769 9,146 30 8,811 11,580 10,672 262 2,947 9,238 8,354 3,375 420 6,675 6,705 12,774 2,417 6,696 3,116 10,455 3,736 8,456 2,925 8,805 4,170 9,758 2,806 10,081 2,275 9,368 1,519 9,422 1,25» 6,77& Brunswick Buchanan. Buckingham 8,161 10,866 10,661 154 2,764 8,988 8,616 3,614 11,014 10,045 10,314 10,929 9,496 10,741 9,939 7,445 10,999 11,675 5,368 10,764 6,336 3,671 10,581 4,108 2,488 10,292 Carroll Charles City 2,433 9,260 8,702 3,325 2,957 9,433 10,337 2,967 8,124 9,513 3,023 7,597 6,015 3,013 6,283 7,852 3,141 Cnarlotte Chesterfleld 7 487 Clarke Culpeper 6,683 6,329 10,880 2,148 6,762 3,250 10,3S0 6,069 6,781 9,947 1,708 6,756 3,453 10,708 11,417 7,309 10,356 2,218 6,407 4,001 12,523 9,468 6,813 10,179 1,643 6,046 4,673 11,167 8,312 6,102 9,615 1,734 5,659 5,942 10,361 7,348 5,711 8,353 1,522 5,767 6,078 8,754 8 296 4,434 7 334 Dinwiddle 1,876 5,440 4,574 Essex Fauquier 6,642 270 TABLE II.— Continued. COUNTIES. Floyd Flavanna FranMln Frederick 'Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle of Wight.... James City King and Queen. King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg — Middlesex Montgomery , Nansemond Nelson New Kent Norfolk Northampton Northumberland. , Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania SLAVE. 1870. 1860. 1850. 1840, 1830. 1820. ISIO. 1800. 1T90, 475 4,994 6,351 2,259 778 6,736 6,139 547 1,984 4,167 14,897 9,483 20,041 5,018 402 3,570 2,586 6,139 3,673 5,525 2,869 824 5,501 10,194 7,305 4,397 3,008 12,420 2,375 2,219 5,481 6,238 3,374 9,004 3,872 3,439 6,468 6,111 850 2,070 14,340 443 4,737 5,726 2,294 657 5,557 5,845 499 1,699 3,785 14,452 8,393 16,109 3,340 364 3,395 1,868 5,764 3,403 5,731 2,640 787 5,641 9,864 7,187 4,724 2,923 12,462 2,342 1,471 4,715 6,142 3,410 10,400 3,648 3,755 6,050 5,921 957 2,324 12,798 321 4,146 6,158 2,302 574 6,691 5,500 492 1,740 4,302 14,216 8,394 13,237 2,852 3,786 1,947 5,937 3,382 6,780 2,478 680 5,273 9,010 6,707 4,308 3,309 11,915 2,209 1,493 4,530 6,967 3,385 9,735 3,620 3,243 7,071 5,864 781 1,S42 11,558 3,795 4,988 7,420 465 5,691 5,716 462 4,681 14,528 9,278 12,281 2,868 4,272 1,983 6,514 3,635 6,310 2,632 612 5,363 9,382 7,233 4,876 3,481 12,117 2,138 2,026 4,943 6,946 3,530 9,594 3,734 3,357 6,942 7,983 3,206 3,647 7,179 305 5,208 5,526 345 4,512 9,880 8,756 9,804 2,178 4,297 2,460 6,041 3,504 6,010 2,944 366 5,729 7,560 6,663 4,612 3,186 11,402 2,166 1,255 4,526 6,660 3,759 9,185 3,323 3,268 6,676 7,518 2,142 2,672 6,417 242 5,798 5,464 270 4,599 9,663 8,454 8,594 1,755 1,782 10,999 4,041 2,320 6,003 3,876 6,788 3,112 336 6,157 6,490 7,155 3,970 2,068 10,264 2,476 1,099 4,462 4,679 3,725 9,472 3,350 3,847 6,368 6,§16 1,920 1,574 5,663 4,909 4,803 170 4,116 7,911 8,192 6,901 1,415 1,213 8,484 724 6,312 4,029 2,389 5,380 3,987 5,744 3,126 243 4,990 5,992 5,876 3,436 2,804 8,676 2,516 968 4,408 3,622 7,459 3,178 3,903 5,983 5,242 649 4,133 2,979 271 TABLE TI— Continued. SLAVE, COUNTIES. 1870. 1S60. 1850. 1840. 1830. 1820. 1810. 1800. 1790. 5,403 T,341 4,997 3,186 2,356 1,589 3,520 2,466 2,643 3,985 2,387 1,099 490 753 1,037 5,408 7,786 3,314 2,515 6,384 1,202 1,575 1,019 2,547 3,704 66 2,162 1,925 6,282 7,192 4,408 3,130 2,498 1,471 3,844 2,277 2,510 4,197 2,331 982 473 911 1,064 5,755 T,481 3,311 2,479 5,992 1,060 1,748 905 2,131 3,557 5,129 8,576 4,014 3,087 2,767 954 3,663 2,363 1,553 3,510 1,899 700 344 1,033 838 6,555 7,590 3,596 2,853 6,834 786 1,434 831 2,058 3,590 5,472 8,593 4,598 3,734 3,842 5,476 7,616 4,323 3,705 4,380 5,091 6,996 4,486 3,926 5,220 5,031 5,921 4,3S0 3,574 5,416 4,325 8,986 4,519 3,203 4,704 Richmond 2,630 2,664 3,178 e7,826 3,984 3,398 2,321 679 330 2,423 2,612 1,871 526 258 1,901 1,724 1,491 S86 1,070 1,052 352 682 772 190 Scott . . Shenandoah 1,038 791 513 Smyth Southampton 7,75e 8,053 4,164 3,378 7,736 820 6,737 7,724 4,368 8,340 T,045 463 6,406 7,135 4,195 3,440 6,344 328 6,625 6,830 4,343 3,258 5,988 219 5,993 Spotsylvania 5,933 Stafford 4,036 Surry 3,097 Sussex 5,387 Tazewell WarwlcK 910 2,568 3,839 954 1,898 3,393 1,120 1,448 4,080 1,024 900 («) 990 Washington . Westmoreland 450 4,425 Wise .... Wythe 2,185 2,181 1,618 2,112 2,094 2,596 1,533 2,165 1,157 2,931 831 2,020 /40 York 2,760 CHINESE. Total 4 Variances from former official totals Alexandria . ... 1 1 2 Princess Anne 272 TABLE II.— Continued. INDIAN, 1870. I860. 1850. 1840. 1830. 1820. 1810. 1800. 1790. 229 94 12 13 7 21 5 1 Chesterfield 19 Il- 10 1 63 ls 2 1 6 22 r Norfolk . 1 ' (*) All other persons, except Incliaas, not taxed. {a) Then in the District of Columbia. (&) These are variances from the totals of Virginia, including West Virginia. They result from errors too- numerous to be here specified. (c) Amelia and Nottoway tabulated together, and here placed opposite Amelia. {d) In 1861 Bland from Giles, Taaev/ell, and Wythe. {e) Richmond and Westmoreland tabulated together, opposite Bichmond. (/) Lacking to complete the official totals. Possibly the result of typographical errors. There are no manu- script returns with which to compare the printed census, which has totals of columns but no totals of any horizontal lines, therefore these deflciencies connot be located in any civil division of the State. Tt'SO' olo^^V / to 'f B. Rogers. •■ from jvey 1835-'41. \ris m some parts. " ATIONS. ys Completed iTi Progress Completed in Progress awns (CourtHouses) ATION OF COLORS. ■ by Quaternary owei Tertiary 1 ::=:'-^ mmm The Geiolo^^Y Prof. VVilliatu II Rogers. Chiefly from lh(< Stale Sui 'vey 1835 '41. "With UU/rob.H^rnilio "■*■'" lomf prir/.j." EXPIAN ATIONS. Railwa ys Completed do. 1 n Process ^ Canals Compleled , do. 1 in Progress )|f , County Ti 5Wns (IWrlHousesl EXPLAN ATION OF COLORS. Tevliaiy covered ' iy Quaternary r h&. Eastern Umitofh ower Tertiary [ nliove tide level. Upper Jurassic pas-r .sitig I. ipwards into bnse\_ or Cr( ?tac-eous. "^""tSttr ^f°""""" Lower . Jurassic ^os- r a I .<3Jcp^J I ^, Great C oal Group. l '' '"Q.oti/rn fy^o/PitlsbunjCoalL , .,.j,„ 11^^^,../ ,h I ^,arboni fcrousLime- i — lQu«e^l<;rv,<|^ew»^_^S;l^^;^. !?„.«, 1 . stone Gr oup. L ■■■l-f-n, p, irJl'P^^ 1- lowest I Uoai Group. Upper d jiluiidi lower S ilurian Cam brian. Archaea in o/'(?/^Metamor-| ll phic and ' Vtimary iriclu' ^1 dinff^uri Jiiian a/i, 112 Watershed 8, 14, 15 W. &0 227 Winds 48 Wine 83 Board, cost at colleges 209, 215 Of Education 199, 243 Of Immigration 65, 243 Of Public Works 38, 243 Of Trustees W. &L 213 Of Visitors U, of Va 207 Boards, exported 130 Boats, canal 150, 152 Building, Tr 96 Through A. & C 231 Timber, for 89 Boilers, steam, exported 128, 133 Used 119 Boiling Hall, J., R. &K 259 Island, J., E. & K 259 Landing, J., E. & K 259 Bonds, State 245 Bonsack's, St. A., M. & 219, 251 Books, binding 94, 97, 99, 100, 115 Exported 126 Imported 138 Printing 96 Boot and shoes, manufacture.... 94, 96, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 109, 115 Exported 128 Born, where population 177, 178 Citizens 246 Boroughs, debts 246 Bosher's Dam, J., E. & K Ill, 259 Boston, Mass., cotton trade. ..166, 168, 169, 170 Market 81 Manufactures 118 Port 160 Steamers to 163, 238 Temperature 55 Boston, St. P. A. L 224. 255 Botetourt county, coal 28, 42 Grouped 6, 17 Lime 235 Manufactures 105, 107, 108 Negroes 266, 269 Population 261, 264, 266, 269 Slaves 269 Whites 264 Botetourt Springs 228 Bottling 116 Bottoms 8, 12, 30, 32 Boulton St. E., F, &P 225, 256 Boundaries, Va Z Div 10,12, 14 Bower's Hill St., S. & E 226, 258 BoMie St. B. &P 256 Box cars, exported 133 Paper, making „ 97 Tobacco, making 94, 99, 115 Sliooks, exported 130 Boykin's St. S. &E 226, 258 Boys' preparatory schools 210 Brady's Bend, Pa., coal 45 Branchville, St. S. &E 226, 258 Brands, inspection 248 Brandy, exported 121 St., Va. Mid 221, 252 Brass founding 94,115 IMf's of, imported 137, 140 Brazil, coifee 159 Cotton 171, 172 Trade 124, 125 Bread exported 126 Making 94, 99, 100, 115 Inspection 248 Winners » 180 Brecciated mai'ble 26, 34 Bremen, cotton to 166, 168 Tobacco to 84, 124, 125 Bremo, J. E. & K 259 BrcAver, Prof., U. S. forests 88 Bribery, disfranchises 180, 247 Brick clay 37, 41, 42, 46 Exported 126 Laying 116 Making 94, 99, 102, 109, 116 Bridgewater 228 Brine, salt, analyses 44, 45 Bristoe, St. Va. Mid 221, 252 Bristol (Bristol-Goodson) 229 Academies 210 Female school 211 St. A., M. & O 218, 219, 220, 252 Britton, .J. B., analysis 43 British America, natives 178 "Blue book," iron 119 Colony, Va 11 Embassy 113 Isles 10 Possessions, cotton 171 Trade 124 Broad Eun, St. M 221, 253 Eun 9 Broadvvav, St. V 228, 257 Brooke (Brooke's) St. E., F. & P 225, 256 Brookland school 210 Brooms 99, 126 Brown hematite iron ores 87, 40, 41 Analyses 43 Coal near 45 See Iron ores. Brown max'ble 42 Stone 26, 33, 34, 46, 222 Brown's Summit, N. C 255 Brownstown (Carbonvale) C. & 254 Brunswick county, cloudiness 64 Grouped 5, 13 Manufactures 98, 100, 101 Negroes 266, 269 Population 261, 264, 266, 269 Slaves 269 Whites 264 Brunswick, Ger., area and population 7 Brushes, exported 115 • Making 126 Brussels, temperature 55 Buchanan (town), elevation Ill, 233, 260 J. E. & K 223, 232, 233, 260 St.V : 228,232 Buchanan county, coal 45, 46 Groujped 6,19 Manufactm-es 108 Negroes 267, 269 Population 261, 264, 267, 269 Slaves 269 Whites 264 Buckhorn, St. S. & E 226 Buckingham county, gold 35 Grouped 5, 13 281 B Lieldiighani cour ty — Continued. Iron ores 35,36 Manafactures 98,100 Neg-roes 267, 269 Population 261, 264, 267, 269 Slates ; 34 Slaves 269 Soil 31 Trias^ic 13 Whites 264 Buckaer's, St. C. & 223, 253 Buck:kin, dressrng 105 Buckton, St. M 221, 253 Buckwheat 76 to 79 Killed by frost 60 Buffalo, city, N. Y 59, 60, 118 Gap, St.. C. & 223, 254 Mouth of, J. R. &K 260 Bidge 12,37 St. C. & 0.,W. Va 254 Buford's, St. A., M. & 219, 252 Buildmg, house 113, 116 Sliip 151, 152 Stones 33, 34, 39,41, 42 Bull Eun Mts 12 Bumpass', St. C. & 223, 253 Bureau of Statistics... 87, 122, 125, 146, 165, 168 Burford's, St. Va. Md 221, 2-52 Burglary, convicts 193 Burke's, St. Va. Mid 221,252 Biu-ke\ine (Burke's) J'n A., M. & O. andK. &D 219, 224, 251, 255 Bushes, for tan-bark 89 Business, college, Va 213, 215 Population 182 School, W. &L 214 Butchers 116, 147 Butter, exported 128 Inspection 248 Made 66, 67, 68 Milk for pound 67 Value 67, 68 Nuts-. 91 Byrd St., st. Eich'd 256 -Cabbage 81 Cabinet furniture, imported 135, 138, 140 Manufacture 94, 96, 104 Woods 90 Cadent 22 Cadets, V. M. 1 203 Cairo, Egypt, temperature 55 111., di-stances 161 Calcareous manures, Kuffiu 29 Soils, Mid 31 Calcium, chloride 45 Calcutta, temperature 55 Caldwell, St. C. & O 254 California 3, 10, 24, 35 Climate 61 San Francisco 154 Unimproved land , 66 Wheat 78 Callaghan's, St. C. & 223, 254 Callie Furnace 43 Calms 63 Cambrian formation 20 to 23, 27 Cambridge, Eng 25 Cameron, St. Va. Mid - 252 St. v., W. Va 257 Campbell's, St. C. & O 221, 223, 252, 254 36 Campbell county, grouped 5, 13 Iron ores 35, 36, 222 Manufactures 98, 100, 101 Millstones 34 Negroes 267, 269 Population 261, 264, 267, 269 Slaves 269 Timber land 222 Whites 264 Canada 8, 10, 39, 64, 178 Canal, Alexandria 235 Boats 150, 152 J. R. & K 113, 219, 232, 259 Norfolk 166, 231 North Carolina 163, 231 Eichmond 238 Candles, manufacture 97 Exported 126 Cannelton, St. C. & 254 Cantelopes 81 Canton, China, temperatm-e 55 Canvas-back ducks 74 Caj)e Henry 4 Charles 10 Capes, Va 10, 20, 154, 155. Channel, depth 236 Capital, in manufacturing, 92 to 95, 98 to 100, 102 to 109, 115, 234 Eichmond, Va 238 Taxed, how 245 Washington, U. S 220, 222, 227 Capitation tax 200 Capon Road, St. V 227, 257 Springs, W. Va 227 Carbonate, lime, Tr 24 Carbonite, Richmond 36, 37 Carbon Hill, coal 36 Montgomery coal 42 Carboniferous, Appalachia 28, 45 Era 22, 37, 49 Formation 19, 20 to 23, 28 Limestone 28 Lower 22 Series, Great..... 20, 21 Sub- 20, 21 Carding, wool 100, 103, 104, 107, 109 Cargo, large cotton 167 Carhn's Spring, St. W. & 227, 257 Carolinas 12, 13, 54, 158 Canals 163 Cotton 162, 163, 168, 169 Frost 59 Iron ores 114 Merchant-marine 151 Eainfall 57 Temperature 56 Woodland 66, 68 Caroline county, grouped 5, 13 C. H , , 225 Indians 272 Manufactures 93, 94, 96 Negroes 267, 269 Population 261, 264, 267, 269, 272 Slaves 269 Whites 264 Carroll county, grouped 6, 15 Copper ore 39, 40 Manufactures 104, 105 Negroes 267, 269 Population 261, 264, 267, 269 Slaves 269 282 Carroll county — Continued. Water power 105 Whites 264 Carpenters, immigrant 147 Carpentry 94, 96, 99,102,103,105 Carpets, imported 138 CarrsviUe, St. S. &E 226, 258 Carriages, exported 126 Manufactm-e 94, 96, 97, 99, 102, 105, 106 Timber for 90 Carrington, Pres., C. S 233, 259 Carrots 81 Cars, exported 126, 133 Manufacture ." 94, 99 Timber for 90 Carter's Mt 12 Cartersville, J. R. & K 259 Cases, Court of Appeals 243 Cassimeres, imported 138 Castings, exported 126 Imported 140 Castor beans , 86 Catawba creek 17 Gnapes 81 Catlett's, St. Va. Md 221, 252 Catskill formation 22, 28 Cattle, 71, 73, 75 Great Britain 72 Cedar Creek, St. V 257 Point J., Ft. &K 259 Trees 90 Celery 81 Cement, manufacture 105, 109 Mills, J., R. & K 260 Census, U. S. 1870 7, 56, 162, 175 U. S. 1800 92, 96, 175 Cenozoic 21, 22 Central Asia 3 Atlantic States 124 Europe, trees 89 Lunatic Asylum 189 R'd, N. Y., distances 157 States, U. S., rainfall 57 St., A., M. & 219, 251 Water-line, U. S., J., R. & K 224, 232 Centre of population, U. S 113, 176 Cereals, Va. & Div 76, 80 Chamber of Commerce, Kiclimond..34,84,89,125 Champlain, lake, non mf 114 Valley 27 Chandler's Mt 12 Chanuel-ways, Va., depth 236 Chaplain, Univ. of Va., 207 Charcoal, wood 90, 91 For ton of iron 41 Charity, State 188, 189 Charles City county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactm-es 93, 96 Negroes 267, 269 Population 261, 264, 267, 269 Slaves 269 Wliites • 264 Charlotte county, grouped 5, 13 Manufactm*es 98 ISTegroes 267, 269 Population 261, 264, 267, 269 Slaves 269 "\Vhites 264 Charleston (—Kanawha), St. C & O... 254 Rainfall 57 Charlotte, IST. C 255 Charleeton, S. C, coffee 159 Cotton trade 169, 170 Phosphates 39 Tenjperature 55 Charlestown, St. V 228, 229, 257 CharlottesvUle, St. C. & 221, 223, 252 Institute 210, 211 Population , 192 R'd to 229 Univ. of Va .192, 205, 20S Chart, isobars 63 Rainfall 56 Charters, how granted 244 Chatham, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 Cheese, Va. & Div 6(> Exported 12S Factories 67' U. S 67 Chemicals, mf'd, Tr 94,97, 9» Imported 135 Chenning group 22, 28 Cherries 81, 91 Cherry Hill, St. A. & F 225, 256 Cherrystone, commerce 142, 143, 144, 157 Merchant-marine 151 Steamer 238 Chesapeake Bay 3. 4, 153, 227, 236 Canals to 231 Channel-ways 155, 160, 236 Distances from 237 King, on 159 Oysters and fish 73 Rainfall 57 Shore 10, 11 Waters to 8, 9, 10, 238 Chesapeake & DelaAvare Canal 231 And Ohio Canal- 160, 220, 235 Chesapeake& Ohio Railroad (C. & 0.)...15, 111, 113, 222, 225, 228 Canal, J. R. & K. to 232, 233 Connections 228, 156, 221, 219, 220 Distances.... 157, 253, 254 Elevations 4, 253, 254 Iron making on 113, 235 Stations 222, 253, 254 Termini 157, 160, 223, 230, 238, 239 Cheshire, Eng., salt 45 Chester, St, R. & P 225, 226, 256 Chesterfield county, coal 35, 36, 22S Indians 272 Iron ore 35 Manchester > 191 Manufactiu-es 98, 100, lOL Negroes 267, 269 Population 261, 264, 267, 269, 272 Railroad St 220, 22S Slaves 269 Triassic 26 Whites 264 Chestnut creek 9- Trees and nuts 90, 91 Chicago 118, 142, 144 Cliickahominy river 8, 11, 158, 238 Peninsula 5 Valley 227 ChUdi-en, citizens 243 Birth-month 190 Chili, copper 40 Cliiua 10, 41, 53, 82, 171 Grove, St. P. A. L 255 283 Chinese 175, 178, 179, 271 Chincoteague island oysters 74 Cliinquapins 91 Clilorides, salt 45 Chlorite, Pied 26 Cliowan river 9, 226 Clu'istians, denomination 195, 197, 198 Female college 211 Christia.nsburg, St. A., M. & 17, 219, 251 Cliromates 35 Chronicle, Financial, IST. Y 160 Chub 73 Cliiila, St. K. & D 224, 255 Chur.ch, American of Eng 196 Provision, University 207 Schools 210 Statistics, Va. and Div ' 195-198 Cigars, mf'd., Tr 94, 97, 99, 102, 105, 115 Imported 134 Cincinnati, centre, population 177 Distances 161 Eainfall 59 Temperatm'e 53, 55, 56 Circuit courts 243, 244 Citizen 180, 246 Disfranchised 247 Population 179 Cities, commercial 191 Courts 244 Debts.. 246 , Government 245 Population 191 et seq. Va 191, 201 Clarke county, grouped '. 6, 17 Manufactures 105, 107, 108 Xegroes 267, 269 Population 262, 264, 267, 269 S. V. R'd 229 Slaves 269 Whites 264 Winds 63 Clark's Gap, St. W. & 227, 257 Mt 12 St. A., M. & O 252 Clarksburg, W. Va 177 Clarksville 225, 229 Classifications, geological 22 Clay, brick 34, 37, 40. 46 London 24 Pied 37 Tr 23, 24, 29 Val 41 Clay's, St. A;, M. & 219, 251 Clearances, Va 123, 142, 143, 144 Clergymen, immigrant .• 147 Va 196 Clerks, immigrant 147 Va. Com-ts 244 Cleveland, O., rainfall 61 Clifton Forge, St. C. & 4, 43, 223, 254 Forge, J. K. & K Ill, 232, 233, 234 St. Va. Mid 221, 252 School 210 Climate 48, 64, 110, 112, 113 Eastern U.. S 56, 59 Norfolk 164 Clinch river 9, 18,19 Counties 6 Coal 45 Sale 44 Woodlands 88 Clinton iron ores 43 Clothing, manufacture 94, 99, 103, 105, US Imported 138 Clover Hill St 226 Hill R'd ■ 23a Hay 85 Seed, exported 130 Seed produced 85 St. R. & D 226, 255 Coal, analyses 36,37 Anthracite, cost 11^5 Appalachian 28, 45, 46, 49, 224, 227 Augusta Co 28, 41 Botetourt Co 28, 42 Buchanan Co 45- Cheap 109, lia Clinch river 28, 45 Cumberland 234 Distribution 228 Exported 121, 126, 133 Groups 21 Gas, Eich " 98 Great Britain , 36 Imported 125, 134, 136, 141 Kanawha 233- Mining, Tr 94, 99 Montgomery Co 28, 41 Macfarlane, on American 37 Measures 20 et seq. New River 234 Richmond 36,37 Semi-anthracite 27,41 Taylor's Statistics 3ft Va 27, 28, 45, 111 Val 27, 41, 42 Wise Co 45 Coalburg, St. C. & O 254 Coalfield, St. R. & D 224, 255- Coal Pits, R'd 230- Coalsmouth, St. C. & 254 Coast Range mts., Va 12, 14, 2ft Survey, U. S 15, 155, 156, 23ft Coastwise trade 142, 143, 144 Cobalt, in iron ore 38 Cobham, St. G. & 221, 223, 252, 254 Cocoons, silk 76- Code, Va 198, 246 Cofiee trade, Rich 125, 133, 134 Brazil, U. S 159 Markets 224 Coggins' Point 23 Coiioke, St. R. Y. R. & C 258 Coke, natural 36 New River 113, 234 Cold Spring furnace iron.. 38 Coleman's,'^ St. P. A. L 255 Fall Dam, J. R. & K 260- College, Va. Ao-r. and M 199, 201, 204 Colleges, attendance 217 Female 211 Male 211 Statistics 215, 216, 217 Teachers from 210 Collegiate Institute 211 Colombia, S. A., cottoii 171 Colonial times 13 Church , 196 Colored scliool statistics 201, 202 See Blacks and Negroes. 284 ■Columbia, District of — see D. C. Gneiss, J. E. & K 34 J. E.&K 259 Valley ." 24 Colver Institute 218, 215 eommancler-in-chief 243 Commercial College, Richmond 213, 125 Commonwealth attorney, of county 244 Condition reported 243 Districted for Legislature 241 Secretary of 243 Common Law, Eng., in forco 248 Commerce, course of study 214 Results 121, 142 Commissioner of Revenue, county 244 U. S. Immigration 146 Wrecks 248 Comorn, King George, frosts 60 Haying 59 March Aveather 59 Plowing , 60, 61 Rainfall 57, 58, 61 Temperatures 50, 52, 53, 55 Wheat harvest 60 Concord, St. A., M. & 219, 251 Concord, St. P. A. L 255 Coniterae, Va 88, 91 Confectionery, exported 130 Made,Tr 94, 99, 105, 116 Connecticut, area ?-nd iDOiJulation 7 Ages, population 184 Birth-month 190 Climate 54, 59 College students 217 Conglomerate 21, 28 Salt in 44 Consumption 112 Cotton, U. S 170 Cotton, Europe 172 Concrete material 33 Contracts, immigrant 246 Lmolable 242 Recorded 244 Constables, election, &c 244 Evcrjr one 194 Connellsville coke 234 Conemaugh, Pa 46 •Confederate War, Military Institute... 204 Salt-making 44 Congress, American Science 39 - Districts 247 Statistical Atlas, ordered by U. S. 53, 88 C( nstitution : Bill of Riglits 240 Common Law of Eng , 248 How changed 246 Provisions 240 to 246 Public scliools 203 Religious provisions, Va 198 U. S., supreme law 240 Constantinople, temperature 53, 55 Consul, attests immigrant contracts... 246 Contention, J. R. & K 259 Continent, the, cotton to 166 Convolvulus batatas 79 Cooperage, Tr 94, 96, 99, 102, 103, 105, 116 Copperas 28 Copper, analysis of ore 35 B. R 3n, 40, 44 Creek 9, 18 Mid 21, 33, 35 Manufactures of, imported 137 Copper — Continued. JSlhiing 102, 103 Ores 46 Pied 39 Smelting 104 Smithing, Tr 94, 97, 104, 107 Corniferous formation 22, 28 Corn, lands 32,220 Meal, inspection 248 Meal, Richmond 115 Planting 61 Production, Va. and Div 76, 77 Raised, per capita, U. S 80 Cork, cotton to 168 Cordage, imported 140 Making, Tr 94,99 Corporate schools 210 Corporation courts 248 Cost, labor 92 to 95, 114 Making iron, J. R. & K 234 Raw materials 92 to 95, 113 Supporting paupers 193 Cotton, American, marketed, 166, 168, 171, 172 A. M. &0 220 Bales, weight 170 Belt, U. S; 162 Belt, Va 86, 227 Crop, U. S 87, 162, 167, 170 Consumption, U. S 170 Consuming centres 163 Cargoes, Norfolk ljS7 Export, Va 126, 164 Exported 163-170 Exchange, N. & P 165, 166 European consumption 172 Factors, Grandy & Sons 164 Goods, mf'd. Mid. & ]!^, E. States, 161 Gi'own 169 Great Britain 170 Goods exported 133, 138 Import, Great Britain 171 Lands 220 Manufacture, South 87 Manufacture, Tr 94, 96, 97, 99, 102, 116 Maps, U. S 162, 170 Marketed 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 Norfolk and Portsmouth 161-170 Producing countries 171 Production, largest 162 Production, U."S 170 Production, Va 86 Presses 167 Pamphlet, So. F. Co 167-171 Ports, southern 169 Port, map, Landmark 170 Price, N. Y. and Liverpool 170 Rags, exported 130 Railways 162 Reception and distribution 163, 239 States 162 Year 165 Zone, U. S 53, 54, 162 Cotton Hill, St. C. & O 254 County, Board of Supervisors 244 Courts 243,244 Courts appoint road overseers 245 Property, not taxed 245 Supt. Scliools « 200, 201 Treasurer and Clerk 244 Counties, Assembly districts 241 Census 98, 261 to 271 285 Counties — Continued. Com-ts 243, 244 Debts, not paid by State 246 Magisterial districts 244 Officers 244 Va 4,201 Council, cities and towns 245 Courts, Api^eal, Circuit and County... 243 Judges, appointed 243, 244 Jurisdiction 243, 244, 248 Justices 248 Sessions, wlien and where 244 Conntries compared 7 Covington, on section 4 St. C. & 223, 254 Water-power Ill Coves, Pied, and Blue Ridge 14 Covesville, St. Va. Mid 221, 252 Cowan's, St. V 228, 257 Cow-pasture river 4, 9, 18 Cowes, Eng., cotton to 168 Cows, milch, price 75 U. S., and profits 67 Va. and Div 66 Craig county, grouped 6, 18 Manufactuies 108. 109 Negroes 267, 269 Population 262, 264, 267, 269 Eailroad, proposed 229 Slaves 269 Whites 264 Craigsville, St. C. & 223, 254 Craig's creels and J. R. & K 232 Crane's, St. C. & 0„ J23,. 254 Crab apples 91 Orcliard creek, coal 46 Crackers, imported 134 Making 104 Cranberries 91 Creeks, tidal. State property 249 Creek-ducks 74 Credit, State 245 Cresson, Pa., coal 45 Cretaceous period 21, 22, 25 Crews, to and from Va 142 et seq. Cripple creek 9 Crime, freedom from 193, 194 Va. statistics 193 Crichtun's Store, cloudhiess 64 Winds 63 Crockett's, St. A., M. & 252 Cronstadt, cotton to 168 Crossing, river, J. R. & K 260 Cuba 10 Tobacco 84 Trade with 124 Culpeper county, building stones 34 Gold 35 Grouped 5, 13, 14 High school 210 Iron ore. 38, 39, 222 Manufactm-es 102, 103 ISTegroes 267, 269 Population 262, 264, 267, 269 Slaves 269 Va. Midland R, in 221 Whites 264 Culpeper (town), population 192 St. Va. Mid 221,252 Stage to 228 Culture, higher 213 Cumberland Gap and Mt., iron ores... 43 Gap, proposed R'd to 220, 229 Md., temperature , 54 Md., coal 234, 235 Md., canal to mines 220, 235 Valley, Pa 27, 54 Cumberland county, grouped 5,13 Kaolin 34 Manufactures 98 Negroes 267, 269t Population 262, 264, 267, 269 Slaves 269 Triassic 3ft Whites 264 Currituck Sound 158; Cushaw Dam, J. R. & K 260' Customs-districts, Va., clearances and entrances 142, 143. 144 Exports ' 132 Imports 132 Merchant-marine 151 Tonnage 150' Cut, ]Sr. C. Canal 231 Cutlery, exported 128 Cycads, Age of 22 Cyclopasdia, American 172 Cypress 90 Daddow, Kanawha coals 234 Dairy, country for 33, 85 Loudoun Co 68 Products, Va. and Div 66 Products, U. S 66 Damages, limit, justices' court 248' Dana,>rof., Rich. Coal-field 37 Dan river, counties 5' Improved 236 Watei-s ..„9, 14, 15 Daiiville, Female College 211 Isotherm of 54 Manufacturing centre 98 Population 192, 221 Statistics of 221 Triassic rocks and coal near 26 Va. Mid. & P. A. L. at. ..220, 221, 224, 227, 230, 234, 253, 255 Danube Valley, temperatm-e 53- Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institution 208, 209- Deaf-hautes attending 188, 208- Weather report from 62,63 Deaf-mute population 188 Debt, collection, not stayed by law 246 Counties or cities. State may not pay... 246 Property, exempted from levy for, 246 Rebellion, not pay 245 State may not contract 245 Declaration of BiU of Rights, organic law 240 December, births '. 190 Temperature and rainfall • 58 U. S 60 Deed, citizenship relinquished by 246 Deer 246, 24& Deep water R. R. termini , 239 Degrees, Agi\ & Mech. Coll 204 University of Va 506- De Leon, E., cotton crop 87 Delegates, House of, bills, how acted on, 246 Composition 241 Spealcer, how chosen , 242 Speaker, member of B'd of Impi... 243^ 286 WIio may become members 242 Delaware & Karitan Canal 160, 232 Canal to Bay 231 State, grouped 3 Delaplane, St. M.Br 253 Delhi, temperature 55 Denmark, immigrants 146 Dentistry, Pied 103 Val 106 Denominations, religious 195et seq. Distribution 197 Eanlv 196 Department of Agriculture, U. S. Re- port 25, 59, 77 to 80 Descent and alienage 247 Detroit, Mich., manufactures 118 Devonian, Ap» 20, 21, 22 Formation 20, 21, 22 Period 22 Valley counties 27 Va. equivalents 21, 22 Dewberries, wild 91 Dimmock, St. C. & 254 Dimensions, Va 3 Dinwiddie countj^ gronj)ed 5, 13 Indians 272 Manufacturing in 98, 100 ISTegroes .-. 267, 269 Population of Petersburg in 191 Population.. 262, 264, 167, 267, 272 Slaves 269 Whites 264 Direction of Winds, Staunton 62 Other Va. stations 63 Districts, Congressional 247 Customs, Va. and trade 142 Magisterial (or Townsliip) 245 Magisterial, divided into Road 245 School 200, 245 Vessels, Richmond , 238 Distribution of temperature 53 Dismar Swamp Canal trade 231 Forests 88 Dispatcli, Richmond 89, 97, 125, 133, 221 Dispatch, St. R., Y. R. & C 227, 258 Disputanta, St. A., M. & 218, 251 Diseases, Va 112 Distilhng 97, 99 App 109 B. E 104 Richmond 116 Val 106 Distances, J. R. & K. Canal from West, 161 Dock, Richmond 89, 233 Domestic cotton trade, U. S 163 Dominion of Canada, trade 124 Dora Coal Mines, Augusta Co 42 Dorset, Eng., formations 24, 25 Douglas, Supt 258 Dover, J. R. & K 259 Mils, J. R. & K 2.59 Drake's Brancli, St. P. A. L 255 Drainage S. W. Va 19 Val 16 Drewry's Bluff, St. R. &P 226 Drugs, exported 126 Imported 137 Dryland, first Va 23 Dry Fork, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 Dublin, St. A., M. & 219, 252 Dubuque, (lo.), seasons 59 Ducks, varieties, Va, 74 Duelling, disfranchises 193, 247 Dunlaj)'s Creek 18. Dundee, St. Va. Mid. and P. A. L 253, 256 Dyerle's, St. A., M. & O 219, 251 Dyestone iron ore.... 43 Dyeing, Mid 99 Rich 116 Earthenware, imported 134, 137 Eastern Lunatic Asyliuii 189 Markets 71 Eastern Sliore, castor beans 86 Climate 50-64 Counties 11 Isotlierm 54 Peninsula 5 East Falls Church, St. W. & O 257 Eastport, Me., temperature 55 Eastville isotlierm 54 East wind 62,63 Edmburg, Scot., rainfall 59 Temperature 55 Edinburg, St. V 228, 257 Education, advanced 203 Board 199 Fund, Peabody 201 Head, Va system 205, 207 Higlier 205 Provision, Va 199-217 Public f ree scliool 199 Results, Va 200, 202, 216 Egvpt, cotton 171, 172 Elba, St. R., F. & P 256 Elections, Va., 241-244, 247 Vote cast 180 Elevations 12-16, 251-260 Elizabeth City county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactures 93, 96 Negroes 266, 269 Population 191, 262, 264, 266, 269 Slaves 269 Temperature 52 Whites 264 Elizabeth Furnace iron ore 43 St. C. & 223, 254 Elizabetli river, canals to 231 Harbor 155, 158, 238 Elk Creek u'on ore 35 .Creek Mills, J. R. & K 259 Hill, J. R. & K 259 Ellerslie, J. R. & K 259 Elmer, W. F 257 Elmiugton, Class, and Mil. School 21© St. Va. Md 221, 252 Embezzlement, disfranchises 247 Emory and Henry College 209, 212, 215 St. A., M. & 219, 252 Encrinal marbles 42 Endless Mts 8 England, area and population 7, 8 Carboniferous limestone 28 Church, Va 196 Climate 61 College attendance 217 Common Law 248 Cotton consumption 172 Dimensions 3 Formations 23, 24, 25 Hops 86 Immigrants 146, 178, 225 Infants, stu'viving. 190 287 IS, ngland — Contimied. Sulphurets used Wheat per acre Wm. & Maiy College. Eiiff. and Minina' Jour 39 77 211 39 Engineers, educated .'....204, 206, 207 Immigrant 147 U. S. Chief, report 155, 237 U. S., Cent. Water-line 233 Engine makers, immigrant..... 147 Enteric diseases, Va 112 Eocene 22-24 Eozoic 13, 20-22, 25 Epidote 26, 31, 34, 37 Episcopal ITigh School 210 Episcopal, P. E., cliurch 195-198 Chaplain, U. of Va 207 William & Mary Coll 211, 215 Estate, aliens may hold real 247 Infants 242 Essex county grouped .,. 5, 11 Manufactures 93 Negroes 266, 269 Population ..262, 264, 266, 269 Slaves 269 Whites 264 Europe, cotton consumption 172 Isotherms 53 Evangelical Alliance 195 Evergreen, St. A., M. & O 251 Evington, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 Exchange, Cotton, I^. & P 165, 166 Merchants & M., Norfolk 82, 165 Executive, Va., Governor 242 Lt. Governor may become 243 School system 199 Exemption, homestead 246 Property 246 Expenditures, public 246 Exports 121-152 Cotton 164-170 Extremes, temperature 50-52 Faber's Mills, St. Va. Mid 221 Eacilities, manufacturing, Va 109 Pair Oaks, St. K., Y. Pt. & C 227, 258 Eau-fax county, Chinese 271 Epis. High School 210 Game laws 249 Grouped 5, 13 Manufactures ...98, 100, 101 Negroes 267, 269 Population 262, 264, 267, 269, 271 Slaves 269 Temperature 55 Triassic 13 Whites 264 Eairfax, St. Va. Mid 221 Fairfield, V 228 Fall Creek, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 Falling river iron ore 35 Falls Church, St. W. & 227, 257 Fredericksburg 326 James river 94, 233 Va. cities at 191 Fancy Hill Academy 210 Goods exported 127 Fares, railroad 224-227 Farmers, immigrant 146 Farms, number and size 66 Value, stock..., 75 Earmville, brownstoue 26 Coal 37 Population 192 K'd proposed 229 St. A., M. & 219, 251 Father citizen, child 246 Fauquier county grouped 5, 14 Gold 35 High schools 210 Ma'rble 34, 37 Manufactures 102, 103 Negroes 267, 269 Population 262, 264, 267, 269 Slaves 269 Triassic 13 Va. Mid 221 Warrenton 192 Whites 264 February, cliildren born 190 Rainfall 58 Season , 61 Temperatui'es 50, 51 Federal District — see District of Columbia. Fees, legal, prior claim 246 Felony disfranchises 180, 247 Felspar 25 Females, age 181-186 Attending school 202 Blind 187, 208 Colored — see Negroes. Colleges 211, 219 Deaf-mute 188, 208 Died, age 188 Immigrant 145 Insane 189 Negro — see Negroes. Nativity '. 179 Proportion to males , 186, 187 School age 179, 180, 201, 202 Fence law 249 Fertilizers, manufactiu-e, Mid 99, 101 Pied 102, 103 Rich 97 Ferries, Alexandria 237 Fernandina, cotton exported 169 Fern Spring, St. C. & 254 Figs raised 81 Findlay's Mt 12 Fire-arms, manufacture, B. R 104 Mid 99 Tr 94, 97 Val 106, 107 Exported 128 Fish, exported 128 Imported 138 Trade, by canal 231 Va . 73 Fish Haul, St. R., Y. R. & C 227, 258 Fisheries, shad 99 Tr 94, 96 Fisk& Hatch 157-160 Fiume, tobacco to 84 Flax crop = _ 87 Cultivation , 85-87 Exported 121, 130 Manufactures imported 135, 138 Seed raised 85 Flint 25 Floods 58, 60 Florida, cotton exported 169 Frost 61 288 Mour and meal manufacture, App 109 B. R 104 Mid 99, 100 Pied 102, 103 Rich 97, 115 Tr 94, 96 Val 106, 107 riouv and meal, exported 125, 126, 133 Inspection 248 Mowering time 59 Floyd county, copper 39 Grouped 5, 15 Manufactures 104 Negroes 267, 270 Population 262, 264, 267, 270 Slaves 270 Whites 264 Fluvanna county, grouped 5, 13 Gold 35 Manufactures 98, 101 Negroes 267, 270 Population 262, 264, 267, 270 Slaves 270 Whites 264 Flux, limestone 41 Food, abundant 110, 113 Birds 74 Cattle 73 Foreign-born 177-179, 193 Forest (or Forest ville), St. V 228, 257 St. A., M. & 219, 251 Forest, distribution 88,90 Fruits and nuts 91 Products 88 Forks, Slienandoah 16, 17 Formations, App 20, 21, 27, 28 B. R 20, 21, 26 Classified 22 Equivalents 22 Geological 20-29 Mid 20, 21, 25 New York , 22 Order 20, 21 Pa 22 Pied.! ..20, 21, 26 Tr 20, 21, 23 Val : 20, 21, 27, 28 Va 20-29 Va. Reports 21,22 Va. map 21 Form of government 240 Fort Monroe 4, 59, 238 Runyon, St. W. & A 256 Sneliing, temperatm-e 55 Spring, St. C. & 254 Fossil ho n ore 28 Foundries, Rich 115 Four MUe Run, St. W. & A 256 Fowl, shooting, law 249 Wild 74 Fox Mt. h-on ore 40 France, exports to 125 Formations 24, 25 Horses 74 Immigrants 146 Natives, Ya 178 Proportion of infants 190 Sheep and wool 69 Wheat per acre 78 Franconia, St. B. & P 225, 256 Franklhi gold mine 34 W. Va 22S Franklin county grouped 5,15 Magnetite and lead 39 Manufactures 102, 103 Negroes 267, 270 Population 262, 264, 267, 270 Slaves 270 Stages to 219 Whites 264 Fredericksburg, Academy 210 Location 12, 13, 225 Manufactures 100, lOL Navigation 155, 237 Population 191 Railroads 223, 225, 230, 2.56 St. R., F. &P 225,256- Steamers 237 Water-power 226, 237 Frederick county, grouped 6, 17 Manufactures 105, 107 Negroes 267,270- Population 262, 264, 267, 270 Shenandoah Val. Acad'y-> 210 Slaves 270 Whites 264 Winchester 191 Frederick's Hall, St. C. & 253- Freedom of press 241 Free public schools 199-217 Students, colleges 204, 205 Students, University 207,208 Freight rates 113, 114, 218-239- Friends, or Quakers, Va 195, 198 Frogs, croaking time ; 61 Front Royal. St. M 15, 221, 229, 253 Frosts, Va. and elsewhere 59-61, 112 Fruits, country for 8L Exported 136 Imported 137, 141 Va 80- Fuel, cheap 47, 111, 113 Fund, Peabody Education , 201 Furnaces, J. R. & K 234, 235 Furniture, manufacture, App 109- Mid m Pied 102, 103 Rich 117 Tr 94, 96, 97 Val 106, 107 Furniture, imported 125, 130^ School liouse 203 Gainesville, St. M 221, 253 Gait's Mills, J. R. & K 259 Quarry, J. R. & K 260 Galveston, Tex., coifee-port 159 Cotton trade 169, 170 Game 74,249 Gaps, mountain, elevation 15 Gardens, herb and seed 86- Marketand home 81 Natural, App 22 Seeds exported 130 Garrett, analysis 40 Garysburg, St. P 258 Gary's. St. S. &R 227,258 Gas manufacture. Mid 99 Rich 97, llfr Tr 94 Val 106 Gaston Br. R'd 230 Junction, St. P. & W 226 289 Geese, wild 74 Genoa, cotton to 16S Genth, analyses , 37,38 General Assembly, Va, elects officers, 242, 244 Legislative body 241 Powers 198, 242, 245 Senators, U. S., elected by 247 General Government, U.S., J. K.&K., 219, 232 Lands donated 204, 205 Maps 112 Navigable rivers, improves 231 Powers limited 240 Geology, App 20, 21, 28 B. B 20, 21, 26 Dana's Manual 37 Mid 20, 21, 25 New Jersey 49 New York 22 Pennsylvania 22 Pied 20, 21, 26 Systems 22 Tr 20, 21 Tennessee 43 Va., Prof. Rogers 20-29 Geological formations classified 20-22 Equivalents 22 Survey, Canada 39 Names 20-22 Geographer, Maury 154 Geography, Guyot's Physical 56 Va 3-19 Georgetown 10, 155 Georgia, cotton crop 169 Cotton trade , 168, 169 Eozoic 13 Isotherms 54 Merchant-marine 151 Railroad to. 222 German Reformed Church 195-198 High scliool 210 Germany, college attendance 217 Immigration 146 Insane from 189 Natives 178 . Trade 124 Ghio, Supt 258 Gibb, analysis 35 Giles county, grouped 6, 18 Indians 272 Manufactures 108, 109 Negroes :. 267, 270 Population 262, 264, 267, 270, 272 Railroad proposed ■. 229 Slaves , , 270 Whites 264 Gillmore, Gen., coal, J. R. & K 233 Ginseng, App 91 Gironde, Fr., Tertiary 24 Gish's, St. A.,M. & 219, 251 Gladesville 46 Glade Spring, St. A., M. & 219, 230, 252 Glasgow, Scot., cotton to 168 Formation on 29 Glass, exported 126 Imported 137, 140 Sand 33, 46 Works 116 Globes, public schools 203 Gloucester county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactures 93, 96 Negroes 267, 270 37 Population .....262, 264, 267, 270 Slaves 2'''0 Whites 2 54 Gloucester peninsula 5, il Point, landing , 227 Rainfall 57 Gloves, imported 137 Manf'd, Val 106, 107 Gneiss 23, 25, 34, 46 Goats, Angora 70 Va 70 Golden Gate, Cal 154 Gold belt, Va 34, 223, 225 Mines 33-35, 46 Mining 99, 103 Va. yield 35 Goldsboro', N. C 226 Goochland county grouped 5, 18 Mica 34 Negroes 267, 270 Population 262,264, 267, 270 Slaves • 270 Triassic 13,26 Whites 264 Goode's, St. A., M& O 219, 251 Goods, imported 138 Goodson-Bristol, St. A., M. & O 219, 252 Gooseberries 81 Goose creek 9,14 Gordonsville, railroad proposed 226, 230, 237 St. C. &0 4, 156, 223, 253 ■ St. Va. Mid '. 221, 252 Goshen, St. C. & 223, 254 Gosport navy yard 231 Gottenburg, cotton to =.. 168 Government, Va 240-249 Governor, Va., the Executive 242 Member of Boards 199, 243, 247 Graded schools 199, 200, 203 Grand Divisions, Va 4, 5 Larceny convicts 193 Grandy & Sons..... 164, 165 Granite, B. R 39, 46 Building 33 Mid 34 Quarries 225 Rocks 20, 21, 23, 25, 33 St. P. A. L 234, 255 Grass, App 33, 69, 72, 85 Blue Ridge 32, 33 Hoppers, Neb 59 Pied.-. 32, 85 Seeds 85 Tr 32,85 Val 32, 33, 85, 220 Va 67, 81-84 Zones 54 Grayson county, copper 39 Grouped 5, 15 Iron ore 40 Manufactures 104, 105 Mountains 15 Negroes 267, 270 Population 262, 265, 267, 270 Slaves 270 Whites 265 Grazing land 224 Great App. coalfield 45, 46, 49 App. Valley 228, 229 Carboniferous 20, 21 South, by King 158 290 Great Britain, blind from... 188 Cattle 72 Insane from 189 Natives, Va 178 Population and area 10 Sheep and wool 69 Swine 71 Working animals 74 Great Kanawlia river 46 Coalfield 224 Great Valley of Va 4, 8, 15, 17, 18, 54 Ag. and M. CoU 204 A. M. & 218, 219 Climate 52, 54 Minerals 41 Soils 32 V. M. 1 203 V. R-d 228 See Valley. Green JBay, St. C. & O 223, 253 St. P. A. L 224, 255 Greenbrier river 4, .57 J. E. & K. down 232 Greene county, grouped 5, 15 Manufactures 102, 103 Negroes 267, 270 Population.... 262, 265, 267, 270 SlEwes 270 Wliites 265 Green Mts 12 Greensboro', N. C 255 Green Springs, St. C. & 223, 253 Greenstone 26, 32, 33, 39 Greensville county, cotton 86 Grouped 5, 13 Manufactm-es 98,100 Negroes 267, 270 Population 262, 265, 267, 270 Slaves 270 Whites 265 Greenville, V 228 Greenway, J. R. & K 259 Greenwich, Eng., long, from 3 Greenwood, St. C. & 323, 254 Gregory ship, cotton cargo 167 Grifiitli's Knobs, on section 4 St. C.& O 254 Grocery line, C. & O 224 Trade through Va 139 Grocers, immigrant 147 Grove, K. B. ship, cotton cargo 167 Grouping of counties..... 5-19 Grubb's, St. A. M. & 252 Guano, imported 137, 140 Guest's River 9, 45 Guiana, British, cotton from 171 Trade 124 Guilford, St. W. & 227, 257 Guiney's (or Guinea's), St. R.,F. & P.. 225, 256 Gum Arabic, imported, 134, 137 Guns, imported 137 Sold 117 Gunsmiths, R'd 116 Guyandotte (or Guyandot), St. C. & O. 254 Guyot, Prof., America ..'. 49 Climate 56 Elevations 14, 15 Grouping Va 3 Pliysical Geography 56 Quoted 7 Rainfall tables 58 Gulf of Mexico, climate 49 Cotton belt.... 162, 163 Distances via 161 Gulf-States, merchant-marine 151 Gulf-stream 10 Gypsum, analysis 44 App '. 28, 33, 44 Imported 125, 133, 134, 137, 141 Salt with 45 Tr. clays 24 Habeas corpus 243 Hagerstown, Md 229 Hair, mf's, imported 138 Halfway, St. R. &P 226, 256 Halifax county, gold belt 34 Grouped 5, 13 Manufactures 98, 101 Negroes ' 267, 270 Plumbago 35 Population 262, 265, 267, 270 Slaves 270 Wlntes 265 Halifax, N. S., tobacco to 84 Hall's, St. A. M. & 252 Halltown, St. V 257 Halsey's, St. A. M. & 219, 251 Hamilton, formation 22, 28 St. W. .t O 227, 257 Hampden Sidney college 212, 213, 215, 219 Triassic near 26 Hampton, harbor and location 159, 162, 239 Rainfall 57 Season notes 59-61 Steamer 238 Temperature 50, 52, 53, 55 Hampton Norm. & Agr. Institute..205, 209, 239 Hampton Roads, coftee port 159 Depth 155-160, 236, 238 Distances from 160 Harbor for Atlantic 159, 238 Maury on 154, 160 Hampsliire, Eng., Tertiary 24,25 Hands employed, mf'g 92-95 Handsome, St. S. & R 258 Hanover Academy 210 Junction 4, 223, 225, 253, 256 C. H., St. C. & 223, 253 Hanover county, grouped 5, 13 Manufactiu'es 93, 96 Mica. 34 Negroes 267, 270 Population 262,265, 267, 270 R. M. College 212 Slaves 270 Whites 265 Happy Creek, St. M 221, 253 Hardware, imported 137 Manufacturing, Tr 94 River 15 Hardwicksville, J. R. & K 259 Harper's Ferry, W. Va., elevation 16, 257 St. B. & O. & V 228, 257 Magazine 87 Harbors, Va 154, 156, 158, 159, 162, 164, 223 Immigrant 145 Harrisburg, N. C 255 Harrisonburg, population 192 St. V. Rd 228, 257 Harriss-Gastrell, Iron making, U. S... M3, 119 Hart's Bottom, J. R. «fc K 260 291 Harvest, fain 58 Time 59, 60, 61 Hats, manufacture, Mid. 99 Pied , 103 Tr 94, 116 Val 106, 107 Havener, Supt 257 Havana, Cuba, temperatm'e 55 Havre, (Fr.) cotton to 166-168 Tobacco to 84 Haws, wild 91 Hawk's Nest, St. C. & O ." 254 Haying time , 59, 60, 85 Hay crop, Va. & Div 78, 84, 85 Hayraarlvet, St. M 253 Hazel-nuts, wild 91 Health, climate for 64 Heat, various places 61 Heiglits, measui'ements, Guyot's 14, 15 Healing- Springs, stages to 223 Helsingfors, cotton to 168 Helderberg, formation 22 Hemp, export 126 Import , 141 Inspection • 248 Product, Va. & Div 80, 87 Hematites, see Iron ores. Henry, Prof 49, 56, 58 Henry county, grouped 5, 15 Manufactures 102, 103 Negroes 267, 270 Population 262, 265, 267, 270 Slaves 270 Wliites 265 Henry, Cape 10 Henrico county, grouped 5, 11 Indians 272 Manufactures 93, 94, 96, 97 Negroes 267, 270 Population 262, 265, 267, 270, 272 Kichmond 191 Slaves 270 Trias 26 Whites 265 Herndon, St. W. & O 227, 257 Herring 73,249 Hewlett's, St. C. & 223, 253 Hicksford, St. P. R 226 Isohyetal 67 Isotherm ' 54 Hickory, thnber 90 Nuts 91 High Bridge, St. A. M. & 219, 251 HighPoinl;, N. C 255 Schools, free 199,216 Schools, private and corporate 210, 216 Highways, ocean 139 Higher instruction, Va 199, 205, 209, 210, 213, 216 Highland county, grouped 6, 18 Manufactures 108, 109 Negroes 267, 270 Population 262, 265, 267, 270 Railroad through 228 Slaves 270 Whites 265 Hilgard, Prof, centre, population, U. S. 153 Hillsboro' (O-o), temperatiu'e 60 Hinton, St. C. &0 223, 254 Hitchcock, Prof. Geological Map, U. S. 23 Hoangho, valley, temperature 53 Hobart-Town, temperatm*e 55 Hoge, Dr., address 195 Hogs, Va. & Div 71, 75, 76 See Swine. Hogfish , 73 Hollins Institute 211, 228 Holly, trees 90 Holston, counties 6, 17 Plaster and salt 44 Sources 18 Valley, profile 16 Holland, area and population 7, 12 Natives, Va 178 Trade 124, 125 Holtsburg, N. C 215 Holton, Kan., heat 61 Home consumption, cotton, U. S 170 Gardens 81 Manufactures 92 Homestead, exemption 246 Honey, Va. & Div 70 Honorary degrees 206 Hoop-skirts, exported 126 Poles 90, 130 Hops, Va. & Div 86 Horse-powers, iron and steel, mf'g 119 Railroads 229 Horses, Va. and elsewhere 74, 75, 76 Exported 121 Hornblende gneiss. Mid 25 Slates 21,23 Hospital, Va. Medical Coll 213- Hotchkiss, Jed., Va 4 Richmond coalfield 36 Hot Springs, stages to 223 Houses, school 200, 201, 203 House of Delegates, Va 241, 209 Powers, &c 242 Who eligible to 242 Howardsville, J. R. & K 259 Howe, Hist. Collections, Va 122 Hudson, formation 22 Furnace iron.... 38 River valley 27 Hull, Prof., coalfields Gt. Britain 36 Richmond coalfield 36 Human, food supply 73, 74 Life, periods 183 Hunter's Mill (or Hunter's), St. W.&O. 227, 257 Hunt, Prof. T. S., copper ores and soil, B. R 39, 40 Huntington, St. C. & 222, 223, 230, 254 Hunting, regulations 249 Hungary, St. R., F. & P 225, 256 Huronian, formation 22 Hurricane, St. C. &Q 254 Ice, J. R. & K 232 Norfolk 164 Va. and elsewhere 59 Idiots 180, 188, 24T Illinois, climate 59, 61, 64 Hay 85 Land, cleared and value 66 Population, ages 184, 186 Wheat and corn ci'ops 77 Implements, farming, value 65 Improved land 65 Imports 132-136, 140, 141 Immigrants 145, 146 Contracts with 246 292 Immigration, Board 65, 247 Va 145 Young, Com'r on. 146 Income taxed 245 Incorporation laws 242 Indies, cotton from 171, 172 Natives, W., Va 178 Indians, Va 175, 179, 192, 272 Indiana, climate 59, 64 Hay 85 Insane, Va 189 India-i'ubber goods exported 129 Imported 137 Indian corn, exported 121, 126 Land, Mid 32 Matming time 58 Otiio valley 153 Planting 59 Product, Va. and Div 66 Yield and value.... 77 Indian Rock Dam, J. E. & K 260 Industries, mf'g, Va 92 Richmond 115 Infants, surviving 190 Inland waters • 8 Insane and asylums 189 Institute, Colver 213, 215 Hampton N. & Agr , 205, 209, 239 Hollins 211, 228 Piedmont Female 211 Polvteclmic 213, 215 Southside 211 Southern Female 211 Stonewall Jackson 211 Va. Female 211 Va. Militaiy 203, 204, 209,228, 248 Weslej^an Female 211 Instruction, see Schools. Internal imiarovements 218-239 Revenue 221 Iron and Steel Ass 'n Am 113 Cheap production 47, 113, 114, 119, 232 Cold Spring Fm-nace 38 Cost, making 113, 114, 119, 232, 234 Foundries, Fi-edericksMrg 101 Furnaces, J. R. & K 235 Harriss-Gastrell on 114, 119 Imported 125, 134, 13^6, 140 Long-dale Co 223 Manufacture, App 101 Manufacture, Mid 99 Manufacture, Pied 103, 113 Manufacture, Richmond 94, 96, 97, 115 Manufacture, Val 106, 108, 113 Manufactures exported 126 Peroxide, Trias soils 31 Sulphm-et, Mid", red-lands 31 Strength, samples 38, 39 Tr. gravel and clay 24 Thomas Co 38 Vessels, Va. and U. S 149 Working immigrants 147 Iron ores, App. belt 28, 43, 223 Analyses 34-43 Albemarle co 38 Amherst co. 37, 38 Blue Ridge 27, 40, 41, 223 Bessemer steel 38 Britton 43 Booth & Garrett 40, 41 Barbour 38 Buffalo Ridge 37 C. & O 223 Culpeper co 38 Cumberland Gap 43 Charcoal for smelting 90, 91 Dyestone 43 Elizabeth Fm-nace 43 Fossil 28, 43 Fox Mt 40,41 F. & G 22& Gold belt 25, 35 Hematite 27-43, 223 Heinrich 43 Iron Ridge, Wis 114 J. R.&Iv 23^ Lake Superior and N. Y 38 Magnetite 34-40, 223 Manganiferous 38 Mallet 40, 234 Mid 31-38, 222, 223 Nelson CO 37, 3S Orange co 38 Pied 26, 37, 38, 220-223 P. A-L 225 R., F.&P 225 Rogers 35, 36, 43 Specular 34-40, 223 S. W. Mt..... 37 Surry co 34 St. John, Smith &' Mallet 234 Titanic 37, 39 Va 33-47, 218-239- Va.Mid 38 Vallev 27, 40, 41, 220, 223, 229, 232 W. & O 227 Irving, assaj's, gold 35 Islands, Va 12 Isle of Wiglit county, climate 50, 51 Cloudiness 64 Grouped 5, 11 Manufactures 93, 96^ Negroes 267, 270 Peanuts 81 Population 262,265, 267, 270 Rainfall 57 Seasons 59- Slaves 270 Whites 2G5 Winds 63 Isle of Wight, E ng. , Tertiary 25 Isles, British 10 Isohyetals 57 Isotherms 53, 56 Issaquena, J. R. & K 259 Italy, isotherms 53 Natives, Va 178- Trade 124, 125 Ivor, St. A , M. & O 218, 251 Ivory cutting 11& Ivy, St. C. & 223, 251 Jackson's river 9, 111 St. C. & 223, 254 James City county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactures 93, 96 Negroes 267, 270 Population 262, 265, 267, 270 Slaves 270 Whites ,. 265 Williamsburg 191 James, King 24S 293 James river, App 18 Boundary 11, 13 Branches 5, 9, 15 Basin, Appomattox 5 Blue Kidge 15 C. & O. St 223, 253 Coamel'd 36 Cotton 86 Counties 5 Depth Ill, 155 Elevations 259, 260 Falls 94 Iron ores 36, 37 Lynchburg 98, 111 Navigation 157, 158, 238 Piedmont 14 Kichmond 191, 224, 226, 238 Tertiary 23 Triassic 26 Val 6, 16, 17 Water-power Ill James River and Kanawha Canal, (J. E. & K) 232, 259 A. M. & O 219 Buchanan 228 Barges to markets 232 Branch, North river 232, 260 C. & 223, 232 Distances, via 161, 259, 260 Elevations 259, 260 Iron making on.. 234 Iron ores 36, 37, 113, 234 Pres. Carrington 233, 259 Valley R-d 228 Va, Mid 221 Water-power Ill, 233 January, births 190 Rainfall 58 Season 61 TemiDerature 50, 51, 54 Japan 10,53 Jarratt's, St. P 226, 258 Jarrovv, Eng 35 Jefferson, thos 62, 121, 205, 208 Ferry Road, J. R. & K '. 259 Jeffersonville, coal 45 Jennings' Ordinary St. R. & D 224, 255 Jerusalem, temperature 55 Jetersville, St. P. A-L 224, 255 Jewelry, exported 126 Imported 137 Manufacture 95, 99, 116 Jewish Church 195, 198 John's creek 18 Johnsontown, rainfall 57,58 Seasons 59 Temperature 50-55 Joiners, hnmigrant 147 Joshua Falls Dam, J. E. & K 260 Jude's Ferry Road, J. R. & K 259 Judith Dam, J. R, & K , 260 Judges, circuit and county court 244 Court of Appeals 243 Judicial Department, Va 240-244 Juljr, births 190 Rainfall 58 Season 60, 61 Temperature 50-55 Junction, St. W. & O 257 June, births , 190 _ Census 53,175 Rainfall 58 Season 59 Shn d and herring fishing 249 Temperature 50, 51 Juniper logs 231 Jurassic formation 20-25 Jury, trial by 241 Justices of the Peace 244, 248 Jute raising 86 Kanawha City (Salton), St. C. & O... . 254 Falls, St. C. & O 254 Kanawha river coalfield 46, 224, 233 Counties , 18 New 15, 219, 220 Val 16, 17 W. & O 227 Water-power 112 Kansas, climate 56, 59, 60, 61 Kaolin 25, 34, 41, 46 Kapp on immigrants 146 Kelley's Island, O-o, season 59 Kent, Eng 24, 86 Kentucky, boundary 3 Cotton 162 Distances 161 Idiots in Va 188 Land, value 66 Latitude 10 Limestone country 27 Population, ages 184 RaiU-oad to. 220 Salt-wells 44 Kernstown, St. V 228, 257 Keswick, St. C. & 221, 223, 254 KeysviUe, St. P. A-L 225, 229, 255 Kilby, St. R., F. & P 225, 256 King George county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactiu-es 93, 96 Negroes , 267, 270 Population 262, 265, 267, 270 Rainfall 57, 58 Seasons 59 Slaves 270 Tempei-ature 50-53 Whites 265 King and Queen county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactm-es '. 93 Negroes 267, 270 Population 262, 265, 267, 270 Slaves 270 Whites 265 King William county, grouped 5, 11 Indians 272 Manufactures 93, 96 Negroes.... 267, 270 Population 262, 265, 267, 270, 272 Slaves 270 Whites 265 King, Edward '. 158,208 King's CoUege 219 Kittaning, Pa., coal 45 Kittatinny Mt 15, 17 Kittoctin ci'eek and Mt 9, 12 Labor, abundant 110 Immigrant 147 Immigrant, contracts 246 Manufacturing, value 92 Laborers, female 182 Lafayette, St. A., M. & O 219 Lakes, distances via 161 Lake Superior iron ores 34, 235 294 Lancaster county grouped 5, 11 Manufactui'es 93 ISTegroes 267, 270 Population 262, 265, 267, 270 Slaves 270 Tanning 96 Whites 265 Lands, acreage, value, &c 65 Aliens may hold 247 A., M. &0 220 Hop 86 Perfumery crop 86 Taxation value 245 Va. Mid 222 Value 65, 66 Larceny convicts 193 Lard, exported 128, 133 Inspection 248 Eetining 116 Latakiah tohacco, Tr — 84 Latitude. 3, 10, 12, 14, 48 Laurention period 22 Law, Common, Eng 248 Graduates, U. of Va 207 Judges, learned in 244 Schools 206, 212, 214 Laws,Va 240-249 Constitutional 246 Election 247 Game and fish 249 General 246 Homestead and stay 241 Inspectif n 248 Lavs^rence, Kans., heat 61 Lawyer's Road, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 Lead, manufactures and mining 106, 107 Pied 39 Val 41, 106, 107, 220 Leaf tobacco, exported 84, 125, 130, 133 Learning, institutions of 199-217 Leather, manufacture, App 109 B. R.... 104 Mid 99 Pied 103 Rich 117 Tr 95, 96, 116 Val 106 Leather, bark for tanning 89, 90 Exp(jriod 128 Imported 138 Leavenworth Fcm. Sem 211 Lebanon Valley, Pa 27 Lee county, coal 45 Grouped 6, 18 Indians 272 Iron ores 44 Manufactiures 108 Negroes 267, 270 Population 2^2, 265, 267, 270, 272 Slaves 270 S. V. through 229 Salt 44 Whites 265 Leesburg Academy • 210 Population 192 St. W. & 227, 257 Legislative power, Va 240-242 Leon, E. de, cotton 87 Lesley, Prof., coal 45, 46 Plaster and salt 44 Lettuce 81 Levant period 22: Level, sea & Va 4S Lexington Academy 210 Branch J. R. & K 232. 234, 260 C. & O 223 Elevation 52,260 Population 192 Rainfall 57, 58 Season 59 St. V. R-d 219, 228 Temperatures 50-55 Washington & Lee University 213, 223 Va. Milttary Institute 203, 223 Lexington, St. P. A-L 255 Liberty, population 192 St. A., M. & 219, 251 Licenses, taxed 245 Lickinghole Aqueduct, J. R. & K 259 Lieutenant-Governor 243' Lighters, through A. & C 231 Lime, burning 95, 106, 116, 235^ Epidote 31 Exported 12& Felspar 30 Iron ores 37, 40, 4a J. R. & K 235 New Red sandstone 31 Pied, soils 31 Salt brine 45 Tr 33 Limestone, App 19, 28, 32, 42, 4& Cost for flux lia Carboniferous, Eng 28 Flux 41, 113 J. R. & K 232, 235 Mid 34, 4& New York, &c 27 Pied..., 26, 31, 46 Primary 21 Soils 19, 32, 42, 46 Tr 24, 4& Val 27, 32, 41, 46 Lincoln, Eng., Eocene 23,25 Linden, St. M 221, 255 Lindsay's, St. C. & 221, 223, 251, 254 Linseed oil. mf'd, B. R 104 Liquor distilling, App 109 Mid 99 Pied lOa -Tr 95, 99 Val 106 Liquor, election days 245- Imported 134, 137 License 245 Lisbon, St. A., M. & 219 Little river 9 Stony creek 18 Liverpool Eng., cotton to 168, 171 Eocene 25 Mersey, depth 158 Norfolk, steamers to 220, 238 Sumac, analysis 89 Tobacco to 84 Live stock 75, 76, 119, 248 Loam , 29, 30, 32. Lobsters 75 Loch Lomond, J. R. & K 259 Locks, J. R. & K., distances and ele- vations 259 Manufacture 116 Locomotives mf'd 99 295 Locust Dale Academy 210 Trees 90 Treenails exported 133 Logs, exported 130 School-houses 203 London, Eng., clay 24 Cotton to 168 Ledger 168 Eainfall 59 Thames 158 Tobacco to 84 Temperature 55 Long Branch, St. B. & P 225, 256 Longdate, St. C. & 223, 230, 254 Lookmg glass manufacture 116 Loudoun county, cheese factories 67 Grouped 5, 14 Leesburg 192 Manufactures 102 Negroes! 267, 270 Population 262, 265, 267, 270 Slaves 270 W. & O 227 Whites , 265 Louisa county, C. & O 223 Copper 35 Gold ; 35 Grouped 5, 13 Manufactures 98, 101 Negroes 267, 270 Population 262, 265, 267, 270 Soil 31 Slaves 270 Whites 265 Louisa C. H., St. C. & 4, 223, 253 Fork of Sandy 19 Louisiajia, cotton 162, 169 Tonnage 151 Louisville, Ky., distances - 161 Loup Creek, St. C. & O 254 Lovingston, St. Va. Mid 221, 252 Low country, the Va 12, 29, 231 Water, Va. channels 236 Lower carboniferous 22 Coal measiu-es 224 Coal group 21, 46 Silurian 22, 23, 27, 28 Shale and sandstone group 21 Lower Tertiary country 12, 20, 24 England's 24^ 25 Equivalents ... 21 Formation 20-25 Map, Va 21 Section of 21, 24 U.S. map 23 Lowmoor Junction, St. C.& 223, 230, 254 Lowry's, St. A., M. & 219, 251 lucado, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 Ldcy Selina Furnace 223 Lugs, tobacco, price 84 Lumber, exported ,.... 130, 133 Imported ^ 139 Measuring ' 248 Product 89, 90 Lumber manufacture App 109 B. R 104 Mid 99 Pied „ 103 Tr 89, 95, 231 Val 106 Lunatics', asylums „ 189 Number, &c 189, 247 Lunenburg county grouped , 5, 13 Manufactures.... 98, 100 Negroes 268, 270 Population ,..262, 265, 268, 270 Slaves 270 Whites 265 Luray, St. S. V 229 Lutherans, Church statistics 195-198 College 196, 213, 215 Female seminary 211 Val 197, 198 Lynch's, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 Lynchburg, elevation 52, 251, 252,260 Iron ores near 234, 235 J. R. & K 219,232, 325, 260 James R 98, 111 Manufacture? 110, 235 Piedmont city 52 Population 192 Railway centre 235 Season notes 60 St. A., M. &0 219, 251 St. Va. Mid 220, 225, 253 Temperatures 50-55 Tobacco market.... 235 Machinery, exported 128 Imported 137 Manufactured 95, 100, 106, 119 Machinists, immigrant 147 McDonald, Col. Jas 224 Macfarlane, Coal Regions, Am 37 Mclvor, St. Va. Mid 252 Mackerel, imported 136 Spanish 73 Madison county, grouped 5, 15 Locust Dale Academy 210 Manufactures 102, 103 Negroes 268, 270 Population 262, 265, 268, 270 Slaves 270 Soapstone 37 Wliites 265 Madrid, temperature 55 Magazine, Harper's 87 Hum's 115 Scribner's 4, 153. 159, 203, 206, 212, 214 Magnesia 31, 37, 40, 43, 45 Magnesian limestone 27,41 Magnetite 35, 38, 46, 222, 225, 232, 234, 235 Analyses, Pied 37 Blue Ridge 40 Franklin and Patrick 38 New York 38 Magothy-bay beans 29 Mahone, Pres. A., M. & 239 Maiden's Adventure Dam, J. R. & K.. 250 Spring Fork 18 Maine 3, 59 Maize — see Indian Corn. Maizena, exported 126 Majority, Gen. Assembly 245 Malaga, cotton to 168 Males, arms-bearing 179, 180, 245 Attending school 201, 202 Ages 181-183 Black, see Negroes. Blind 187, 208 Capitation tax 245 Citizen 179,180 Death a^es 186. 296 Males — Continued. Employed :.... 182 Insane 188, 189 Idiots 188 Immigrant 145, 147 Manufactm'mg 92 Mute 188 ZSTativity 179 Proportion 180, 186 School age 179, ISO, 201, 202 Va. and U. S 179, 180 Wliite and blaclv 186 Mallard ducks 74 Mallet, Prof 40, 234, 23o Malt liquors imported 234, 235 Mammals, age of 22 Mail, age of 22 Manassas. iSt. Va. Mid 221, 230, 252, 253 Brownstone 26, 34, 222 Gap (Linden) B. R 253 Br. (M.) R'd 221, 228, 239, 253 Manaldn, J. R. & K. 259 Town Ferry 259 Manchester, population 191 St. E. & D 224 St. R. & P 226, 255, 256 Mandamus 243, 249 Manganese 33, 37, 46, 222, 232 Blue Ridge 41 Iron ores 38, 40, 43 Nelson county -39 Val 106 Mangolds 32 Manila, temperature 55 Manufacturing 92-120 App 108 B. R 104 Cities and towns 191 Cotton, Eng 163 Cotton 87 Flax 87 Fredericksburg 101, 226 Iron 113, 119 J. R. & K 233 Mid 99 Pied 102 Rich 96, 97, 115 Tr 92 Tobacco 191-192 Manufactures, exported 126, 130 Imported 136 Manures, calcareous, Ruffln 29 Cottonseed 87 Map, cotton 162 Geological, Prof. Rogers 21 River systems U. S 162 Temperature 53 Woodland 88 Maple sugar and molasses 82 Marble 33, 42, 227 Brecciated 26, 34 Works. Mid 100 Works, Tr 95, 116 Works, Val 106 March, births 190 Gardening 81 Rainfall.. 58 Shad and herring fishing 249 Smith, Capt 61 Temperatures 50 Weather 59, 64 Margarettsville, St. S. &R 226, 258 Mariners, immigrant 147 Marion, St. A., M. & O 219, 252 Market gardens 80, 81 Near Va 77, 110 Markliam, St. M 221, 253 Marl, blue 24, 33 Greensand 24, 30, 33 Lands 32 Region, Tr 8, 24, 46 Valley. 41 Wliite and yellow 33 Marslies, river 32 Salt, Tr 8, 12, 29, 85 Martin's Gazetteer, Va 122 St. A., M. & O 219, 252 Martins, coming 59 Maryland 3, 10, 13, 14, 54 Ages population 184 Blind, mutes and idiots, Va 188 C. &0. Canal 235 Insane, Va 189 Natives, Va 177, 178 Tonnage 151 Mason's Mill, C. & O 254 Tunnel, C. & O.... 223, 254 Masons, immigrant 147 Massachusetts, area and population.... 7 Ages, people 184 Blind, Va 188 College attendance 217 Isotherm , 54 March 59 Surviving infants 190 Massanutton Mts 17, 27 Mast, wild 71 Masts, exported 121 Matches, exported 128 Materials, raw, cost 119 Mathews county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactures 93 Negroes 268, 270 Population 262, 265, 268, 270 Slaves 270 Steamers to 157, 238 Whites 265 Mathias Point 23 Matinal period 22 Mattapony (or Mattaponi) river. ..9, 11, 156, 157 Navigation 237 Valley 225, 227 Mattoax, St. R. & D 224, 255 Mattress making 119, 208 Maurertown, St. V 228, 257 Maury, Com. M. F 3, 154, 160 Maxima, temperatures 49 Max Meadows, St. A., M. & 40, 219, 252 May, births 190 Rainfall and weather 58 Temperatures 50 Texas 61 Mayor, towns and cities 245 Meadow Creek, Si. C. & 254 St. R., Y. R. & C 258 Meadows 12, 85 Meal 136, 248 Means, climate, Va 48, 64 Cleveland 61 Heat and cold 56 January and July 54 Season 53 297 Temperature 50 Measures, coal, App 45, 46, 224 Standards , 248 Meats, exported, 328 Mechanics' college 204 Immigrant = 147 Lien 246 Medium's River, St. C. & O 223, 254 Mecklenburg county, grouped 5, 13 Manufactures 98 Negroes 268, 270 Population 262, 265, 268, 270 Slaves 270 Whites 265 Medical plants 87, 91 Schools 206, 207, 213, 215 Stores exported 133 Medicines, making, Tr 95 Mediterranean, cotton 171 Products 224 Sea 10 U. S. Cent. States 237 Meherrin, cotton country 226, 227 River and basin 5, 9, 13 St. P. A-L 224, 255 Melbourne, temperature 55 Melons 81 Melrose, St. Va. Mid 221 Melton's, St. C. & 223, 253 Members, Congress 247, 248 General Assembly 241, 242, 245 Memphis, Tenn., A., M. & 218 Distances 157, 161 Weather 59 Men, judges 244 Merchant, immigrants, 147 Marine 150 Merchants' Exchange, Noi'Mk 82, 89 Merchandising, Rich 119 Meridian period 21,22 Mersey, Liverpool, dej)th 158 Mesozoic 21, 22, 25 Metals, composition, imi^orted 137 Metamorphic rocks 22 Meteorology 48-64 Methodist^Episcopal Church 195-197 Chaplain, Univ. Va 207 Colleges 196, 211, 212 German 198 Rank 196 Mexico, cotton to Gt. Bi- 171 Trade 124 Mica 34 Slates 21, 25 Michaux's Ferrj^ J. R. & K 259 Michigan, climate 56,64 Iron manufactui'e 144 Potatoes 79 Rocks 28 Middle country 24 Ground, Newport's News 236 Latitude, Va 48 Secondary 22, 25, 26 States, Atlantic . 3 States, products 67, 69, 71, 80 Tertiary 12, 20, 21, 23 Middlemen, cotton trade 163 Middlesex county, grouped 5,11 Manufactures, no 93, 96 Negroes 268, 270 Peninsula 11 Population .....262, 265, 268, 270 Slaves 270 Whites • 265 Middlesex co., Eng., Eocene 24 Middleton Mills, J. R. & K 259 Middletown, St. V 228, 257 Middling upland cotton, prices 170 Mddle— or Midland— Grand Div.,Va... 4, 12 Adaptations, soil 32 Age, geological 23 Agricultural minerals..... 37 Angora goats 70 Areas and acreage 6, 7, 65, 175, 176 A., M. & O. across 218, 219 Baptists 197 Barley 79 Beans 78 Bees and wax 70 Blacks 175 Buckwheat 76 Butter 66 Canal across 232 Cattle 72, 73, 76 Cereals per head 177 Characteristics 8 Cheese 66 Chinese 175 Christians 198 Churches 197 C. & O. across 222, 223 Cities, partly 12, 191, 192 Cities and towns, population ;.. 191, 192 Cities and towns, manf'g 191, 192 Civil divisions 13 Climate 48 Clover seed 85 Coal basins 226 Cotton 87 Counties 5 Cows, milch 66 Deer 74 Elevation 13 Farms, No. and size 66 Farm implements, value 65 Flax 85 Flaxseed 87 Formations 20, 21 Fruits 81 Garden products 80 Geology 20-26 Gold belt 220, 225 Grass seed 85 Hampden Sidney Coll 212, 215 Hay 85 Heat zones 54 Hemp 87 Herbs, perfumery 86 Holland, compared 7, 12 Honey 70 Hops 86 Horses 74, 76 Indians 175 Indian corn , 76 Iron belt 35, 223, 225, 234 J. R. & K. across 232 Land, condition, value , 65 Latitude 12 Live stock, value 75 L^^nchburg, partly 191, 192 Magnetites 35 Manufactures 92, 98, 99, 191, 192 298 Middle (or Midland) Grand Div. Va — Continued. Meadows 85 Meteorology 52 Minerals.. 34-46 Molasses, maple and sorghum 82 Mountains 12 Mules 74, 76 Nativity, people 177,178 Northern Neck 11 Oats 79 Orchard products 80 Ores , 34-46 Oxen 72, 74, 76 Peas 78 Perfumery plants 86 Pied, gneiss 26 Planting country 191 Population 67, 175, 176, 202 Potatoes 78 Proportion of "Va 176 R. &D. across 224, 225 The Peninsula, and 11 Rainfall 57,58 Railways 218-230 Rivers 14 R., F. & P., along 225 Rocks 25 Rye 76 School statistics 202 Sheep 69, 70 Soils 30, 31 Storms 64 Sweet- potatoes 78 Swine 71, 76 Temperatures .* 50-53 Timber 90 Tobacco 83 Tobacco land 220, 224, 225 Triassic and Jurassic 13,23 Upper country, the 12 Value, land. • 65 Live stock 75 Waters 8. 9 Water power 112 Wheat 76 Whites 175 W. C, Va. Mid. & G. S 219, 220 Winds 63 Wine 85 Woodlands 65, 88 Wool 69 Midland R-d, see Va. Midland. St. Va. Mid 221, 252 Midlothian coal 36 Miles, Eng. statute used 238 Milford, St. K., F. &P 26, 225, 256 Military Institute, see Va. Mil. Inst. Population 179, 245 Militia 179, 245 Milk, cheese factories 67 Millboro', St. C. & 254 Miller, Mr 165 Millinery 95, 100, 106, 117 Mill Mountain 4 Wrighting 106, 117 Milnes, Hon. Wm., iron ore... 40 Milwaukee, Wis., climate.. 59, 60 Tonnage 142-144 Minerals 33^7, 227, 229 Mineral waters, manufactured 100 Minnesota, climate 50, 56, 58, 64 Crops 77 Miners, immigrant 147 Mning, coal 94,96 Engineers 207, 214 Iron ore 114 Journal. 39 Mint Spring, V 228 U. S. gold, Va 35 Miocene .". 22, 23 Misdemeanors, jurisdiction 244 Mission churches 195 Mississippi, climate 56, 60, 61 Cotton 162, 163, 169 Mutes, Va 18S Seaport 158 Tonnage 151 Mississippi river, central water line to. 232 C. & O. to 222 Divide 17" Iron ores to valley 235 Tertiary valley 24 Valley trade 154 Waters 8, & Missouri, climate , 50, 56, 58, 64 Cost, labor, iron-making 114 Cotton 162 Crops 78- Death ages 18(> Hay 8» Idiots, Va 18S Insane, Va 189 Railway to 228 Surviving infants 191 Mobile, cotton trade 168-170 Railways to 170, 218 Mobjack bay 11, 237 Moccason creek 9, IS Molasses, maple and sorghum 82 Imported 134, 13(> Mollusks, age of 22 Montana, winter 61 Monte Maria Academy 211 Monterey 25> Montgomery, Ala., isotherm 54 White Sulphur Springs 219, 251 Montgomery's, St. A., M. & O 252 Montgomery count}' coal 28, 41 Coal-mining 107 Christiansburg 219> Grouped 6, 17 Manufactures 105 Negroes 268, 270 Population 262, 265, 268, 270 Slaves 27a Whites 265 Months, birth, Va ■ 19{> College sessions 20^ Scliool, &c 200, 201, 21(J Tuition 200, 210, 21ft Monticello, winds 62 Montreal, Canada, temperature 55 St. Va. Mid 221 Moravian Church 195 Moreas, Va 10 Morehead, St. P. A-L 255 Moore & Co 226, 227 Moorefteld, W. Va 177, 227 Mortgage, purchase money 24(> Moscow, temperature 55 Mossingford, St. P. A-L 255 Mothers, foreign-born 177 299 Mother country, Eng 11 Mount Airy 16 Crawford, St. V 228, 257 Jackson, St. V 228, 257 Marshall B.R 15 Pleasant, St. A. & F 225, 256 Sidney, St. V 228, 257 Vernon 26 Mountain View Seminary 211, 219 Mountains, Alleghany 17 Blue Ridge 14, 15 Coast Range J2, 14 Elevation 14, 48 For fruit 81 Iron ores 43,44 Kitatinny 15, 43 Little North.. 43 Soils, App 33 Southwest 26, 31 Mouth, Buffalo Creek, J. R. & K 260 North River, J. R. & K 260 Ohio, distances from 161 South river, J. R. & K 260 Mulattoes, blind 187 Intermarrjr 179 Insane 189 Male and female 179, 187 Mutes and idiots 188 Murder, convicts for 193 Murfi-eesboro', N. C 238 Murfee's, St. S. &R 226 Musical instruments, exported 128 Manufactured 95 Muskrat skins exported 121 Mussels, shells decomposed 29 Mustard imported 136 Mutes, deaf 188, 208 Myers, Supt 256 Nails, manufacture 95, 115, 120 Names, Pa. & Va. geological surveys.. 22 Nansemond county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactures 93, 96 Negroes 268, 270 Population 262', 265, 268, 270 S. &R 226,227 Slaves 270 "Whites 265 Nansemond river 11, 218, 227, 238 Naples, rainfall 59 Narrow Passage, St. V 257 Narva, cotton to 168 Nashville, Tenn., distances 157 Natchez, Miss., temperature 55 Nation, American, Va. part of 240 Natives, Va 177, 191, 192, 193 Nativity, population 177 Natural areas, Va 6 Divisions 10, 98 Grasses 84 Navigation, canal 231, 238 Chesapeake bay 236 Facilities 10, 231, 236 James river 238 Mattapony 238 Mobjack bay 237 Pamunkey 238 Pianketank 237 Potomac 236 Rappahannock 237 Returns 142, 148 Rivers improved 231 Tidal waters 236; Naval stores exported 128^ N. C 227 Navy yard, Gosport 231 Neabsco, St. B. & P 256 Nebraska, ice 61 Grasshoppers 59- Negroes, ages 184, 185 Attending school 180 Blind 187 Black 179 Cent. L. Asylum 189 Citizen age ' 17{> Cities and towns .' 191, 192 Colver Institute 213, 215- Divisions, Va 175 Females 179, 184-18(> Hampton N. & A. Inst 205- Insane and asylum 189 Males 179, 184-18& Manufacturing tobacco 191 Military age 179 Mulattoes 179 Mutes and idiots 188- Nativity 178, 179- Paupers and criminals 19$ Penitentiary convicts 19S Proportion of people 179, 186> Schools, separate 202, 213- School statistics 201, 202, 210 School age 179, 180, 201 Va 175- Nelson county, grouped 5.15. lion ore 37-39, 222 Lead, silver, manganese.. 39= Manufactures 102 Negroes 268, 270- Norwood College 210 Population 263, 265, 268, 270* Red lands 222 Slaves 270^ Va. Mid. across 221, 222 Whites 265. Netherlands, trade 124 Nevassa Islands, trade 125 Newbern, St. A., M. & O 219' New Canton, iron ore .' 35, 3i5 J. R. & K 259 New-Castle-on-Tyne, coals.... 36,37 New Creek, Md 54 New England, butter and cheese 67 Cotton mf'g centre 16S Eozoic 13 Hay 85 Sheep and wool 63' Soils 39 Swine •.. 71 Wheat and corn 80 New's Ferry, St. P. A-L 255 New Forest, Eng., Tertiary... 24 New Glasgow, St. Va. Mid 221, 252: New Hampshire, ages, population 184. New Market, J. R. & K 259' St. V 228, 257 New Jersey ^ Geology and temperature 4& Harvest 60^ Iron making, labor, cost 114 Idiot in Va 188 Soils 30, 31 New Jerusalem Church 195 300 Kew Kent county, grouped 5,11 Indians 272 Manufactiu-es 93, 96 Negroes 268, 270 Population 263, 265, 268, 270, 272 Slaves 270 Whites 265 New Orleans, coffee trade 159 Cotton trade 159, 167-170 Distances to 157 Railway to 218 Newport, R. I., harbor 156 Newports News -channel 155, 160, 236, 239 On section 4 New red standstone 13, 22, 23, 25, 31 New River (Kanawha) coal 41, 46, 234 Coke 113, 234 Counties 6, 9, 15, 17 Falls, St. C. & O 254 J. R. &K 232 Railway down 219,220 St. A., M. & 219, 251 Valley crosses 16 Water-power 112 Newsom's, St. S. &R 226, 258 New York Central R-d, distances via.. 157 New York — city — canal ways to 232 Coffee trade 159 Com'r Emioration 146 Cotton tracfe 166-170 Distances to 157, 160, 161 Depth of channel 160 Entrances and clearances 142, 143 Imports for Va 121 Market for Va 81 Manufactures 118 Steamers 163, 166, 218, 238 Tonnage 151 Tribune 39 New York— State 3, 10 Climate 54, 56, 59, 60, 64 College attendance 217 Geology 22, 27 Hay 85 HoiDS 86 Iron ores 38 • Iron-making, labor, cost Ill Natives, Va 177, 178, 188, 189 Population, ages 184 . Shad season 73 Niagara group 22 Noel's, St. C. & 223, 253 Nokesville, St. Va. Mid 252 Normal & Agr. Inst., Hampton 199, 205, 209, 239 Schools 213, 215 Norfolk county, grouped 5, 11 Indians 272 • Manufactures 93, 96, 97 Negroes 268, 270 Population 121, 263, 265, 268, 270, 272 Shad fishing 96 Slaves 270 Whites , 265 Winds 63 Norfolk — city — Academy 210 Arrivals and departures, steamers. 123 Advantages, commercial 191 A., M. & O. terminus S^O, 251 Canals to ..162, L.il, 238 Coastwise trade 144 Clearances 142, 143 Cotton trade 161-172 Depth harbor and channel 155, 236. 238 Direct trade 132, 133' 139 Distances to 161, 251, 258 Entrances 142, 143 Great W-n R-d 229 Grocery trade 139 Harbor 123, 158, 191, 238 Immigration 145 King, Edward, on 158 "Landmark" 151, 165 Lumber ti'ade 89 Manufactming centre 94, 97 Maury, on 154 Merchant-marine 151, 238 Population 191 Railways 162, 229, 230, 251, 258 Rainfall 57 S. & R. terminus 226, 230 Situation 162, 191 Steamer lines 163, 166, 238 Tonnage 142 Ti-ucking 81 Vessels to 157 "Virginian" 167 West India trade 122, 139 Norfolk & Petersburg Div. A., M. & O. 218 Norfolk peninsula, canals 231 Counties 5, 11 Market garden lands 220 Soils 29 North, the, weather 59 Winds 62 North Anna river 13,57 Northampton county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactures 93, 96 Negroes 268, 270 Population 263, 265, 268, 270 Rainfall 57 Shad fishing 96 Slaves : 270 Temperatures 50-53 Whites 265 North Carolina, boindary '. .. 12-1 5 Canals 163,231, 238 Coalfield 37 Cotton 168, 169 Cotton-zone 54, 163 Counties 11 "Cut," canal 231 Eozoic 13 Mountains 15 New red sandstone 26 People, ages 184 Railways to 218, 226, 227, 230, 251 Steamers to 238 Unfortunates in Va 188, 189 Woodlands 88 Northern Neck 5, 11, 96, 155 North Garden, St. Va. Mid 221, 252 North Landing river canal 231 North Mountain boundary 17 Coal 27, 28 Iron ores 43 Section 4 St. C. & O 223 North River canal 232, 234, 260 Bridge J. R. & K 270 Northside counties 5,13 301 Northumberland county, grouped Indians Manufactures Negroes Population 263, 265, 268, Slaves Whites Noston's Va. grape Norway, natives Surviving infants Swine Norwood College J. Roc%K Notes, Jeiferson's Va Nottoway basin counties C. H., St. A., M. &0 River St. S. & R .-. Valley Nottoway county, gxouped Manufactures Negroes Population 263, 265, Slaves Wiiites Nourse, B. F. cotton table Nova Scotia gypsum Immigrants Trade , November, births Elections Nutallburg, St. C. & O Nuts, imported Wild Oaks Bark exported Oats, crop Imported Occoquan river Occupations, immigrants Ocean highways October, close time ends Infaitts surviving Rainfall Season Sessions, college, begin Temperatures Odessa, temperature Oflences, punishment for Ohio — State — birth-month Blind College attendance Formations Iron-making labor, cost Isotherms Limestone Ohio river. A., M. & O. to Basin, productions ■ C. & O. to Cotton in valley Distances from mouth J. R. &K Waters W. &0. to Oil, exported Imported Linseed made Val Okra Old Dominion Business College Cheese Factory Old red sandstone 5, 11 272 93 268, 270 270, 272 237 265 81 178 19t) 71 210 259 121 5, 13 219, 251 9, 13 258 227 5, 13 98 268, 270 268, 270 270 265 170 141 146 124, 125 190 241, 242 254 134, 141 91 88 125 77, 79 - 136 9 147 236 249 190 58 60 209, 215 50 55 193, 249 190 188 217 28 114 54 27 219, 228 153 221, 223 162 161 232 8, 9, 15 220 128 134, 137 106 81 213, 215 67 22, 28 Ontario, lake -. 10 Opequon creek 9, 17 Orange county, brownstone 25 Gold 35 Grouped 5, 15 Iron ores .' 38, 222 Manufactures 102 Negroes 268, 270 Population 263, 265, 208, 270 Red lauds 222 Slaves 270 Whites 265 Orange C. H., St. Va. Mid 221, 252 Orchards, products 80 Ores 33-47, 113, 114 Organizations, church 195-198 Oi'iskany group 22: Ornaments, plaster 95 Osborne's, terminus C. H. R-d 226, 230 Ott, Col. John, cotton 167 Otter creek 9 Peaks of, height 15 River, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 Skins exported 121 Ott-Truempler, cotton consumption... 172 Overseers, of poor 244 Of roads 24.t Oxen, Va. & Div 72, 74, 75 Value 75,70 Oyster Shell Landing, Pamunkey 157, 238 Oysters exported 128 Taking, regulated 249 Taxed 245 Trade 73, 96. Pacific States, dairying.. 67 Ports 154 Sheep 69 Swine 71 Pagan creek 158, 238 Page county, grouped 5, 17 Manufactures 105 Negroes 268, 270 Population 263, 265, 268, 270 S. V. through 229 Slaves 270 Whites 265 Paint Creek, St. C. & O 254 Exported 128 Painting, house 95,106 Portrait 118 Paintings imported 125, 134, 138 Paleozoic Time 22 Palms, age of 22 Pamplin's, St. A., M. & 219, 251 Pamunkey Indians 179 Navigation 156, 157, 237. 238 Peninsula 5, 11 River 9, 15 Valley 225, 227 Water-power ... 112; Panic year 97 Panther Gap, St. C. & 123, 254 Paper, exported 128 Hanging 117 Imported 137 Manufacture ....• 106 Mills 101 Reeds for 231 Richmond m'f 117 Parentage, peoj^le 177 302 Paris, Fr., Eocene 25 Eainfall 59 Temperature 55 Parkersburg, centre population 177 Partridges •. 74, 249 Patrick county, grouped 5, 15 Magnetite 28 Manufactures 102 Negroes 2G8, 270 Population 263, 265, 268, 270 Slaves 270 Whites 265 Pattinson, analysis 35 Paupers, cost 193 Pawpaw, St. C. & 254 Peabody Education Fund 201 Peaclies 59-61, 81 Peaks of Otter, heigiit 15 Peake's, St. C. & 223. 253 Peanuts • 59, 81 Pears 81 Pea Ridge, St. S. &R 258 Peat bottoms Tr 32, 33 Peas, crop 78 Exported 121 Green 81 Imported 136 Planting 59,60 Pedler Dam J. R. & K 260 Peking, temperature 55 Pelhain, St. P. A-L 255 Peltry exported 121 Pemberton, J. R. & K 259 Penola, St. R., F. & P 225, 256 Penitentiary 117, 193 Peninsula, counties 5, 11 Eastern Shore 238 Gloucester 237 Norfolk 220 Soils 29 "The" 5, 11, 222,238, 239 Triassic... 29 Pennsylvania R-d, distances via 157 Pennsylvania, area and population 7 Ages, people 184 Central valley 27 Coals 45 College attendance 217 Frost 60 Harvest 60 Haying 59 Iron-maldng, cost 114 Isotherms 54 Names, geological 22 Natives, Va 177, 178, 188, 189 Woodland 66 People, government 240, 249 Perch 73 Periods geological 22 Permian 22 Perfumery, imported 136 Persimmons 91 Persons, manufacturing 117 Professional 119 Peter's, St. C. & 223, 254 Petit larceny convicts 193 Petersburg 12,13, 158 Coastwise trade 144 Cotton exported 165 Entrances and clearances 142, 143 Imports and exports 132, 133, 140 Merchant-marine 151 Population 191 St. A., M. & 218, 219, 251 St. R. &P 226, 230, 256 St. P -219, 226. 230, 258 Petersburg R-d (P) 219, 226, 230, 258 Pheasants 74, 249 Philosophical Society Am 44 Philadelphia 13 Cotton trade 166, 168, 170 Distances 157, 160 Imports for Va 121 Iron ores, Va. to ;... 113, 114 Manufactures 118 Market "truck" 81 Steamers 163, 238 Vessels 158 Water in channel 160 Phosphate beds, S. C 33, 44 Lime-making 117 Phosphorus, iron ores 37-41 Photography Val 106 Pianketank river 11, 156, 237 Piano manufacture 117 Pickles exported 128 Piedmont Grand Division, Va 4, 14 Acre.ige 6, 65 Analyses, ii'on ores 73 Angora goats... 70 Animal products 65 Area square miles 6 Articles mf'd ' 102 A., M. & 218,219 Barley 79 Beans 78 Beef cattle 71, 72 Bees and beeswax 70 Blacks 175, 192 Buckwheat 76 Butter 66 Canal across 232 Capital, mf'g 92 Cattle 71-73, 75, 76 Cereals per head 77 Characteristics 8, 14 Cheese 66, 67 C. & O. across 222, 223 Churches 197 Cities and towns, population 192 Compared to Wiirtemburg 7 Copper 39 Corn, Indian 76 Counties, gi'ouped 6, 14 Counties, manufactures 102 Coves 14 Cows, milch 66 Cloudiness 64 Clover seed 85 Dairying 66, 67 Denominations 197 Dimensions 14 Divisions, political 14 Elevations 14 Farms, number and size 66 Farming implements, value 65 Flax and seed 85, 87 Formations, geological 20, 21 Fruits 81 Foreign-born population 178 Gardens, market 80 Grass and seed 85 303 Piedmont — Continued. Hands, mf'g ... 92 Hay 85 Hematite iron ores 37-39 Hemp 87 Hogs 76 Honey 70 Hops..., 86 Horses 7J, 76 Indians 175 Iron ores 37-39, 220-223, 227 Iron-making, cost 113 J. R. & K. across 232 Labor, mf'g 92 Land, improved 65, 220-223, 227 Lands, red 83 Lands, wood and value 65 Latitude and longitude ,... 14 Lead ." 39 Ljnichburg 192 Magnetites 37-39 Manassas R-d 221 Manganese , 39 Maple sugar and molasses 82 Manufactures 92, 102 Materials, mf'g cost 92 Meadows 85 Men 14, 15 Minerals 37, 46 Mules 74 Nativity, population. 177, 178 Oats 79 ■Orchards 80 Oxen 72, 74 Parentage, foreign 177, 178 Population 6, 14, 175, 176 Potatoes and peas 78 Railway lines 220-230 Hainfall 57, 58 Bed-lands 31, 83, 222 Eye 76 Schools, public 202 Sheep 69, 70, 76 Slates 25 Soils 31, 32, 83, 222 Sorghum molasses 82 Specular iron ores 37-39 Square miles population to 176 Swine 71, 72 Temperatures 50-55 Titanium 39 Tobacco 83 Trees, timber 90 University, Va 205, 209 Vegetable productions 76 Va'. Mid 220-222, 225 Vineyard land 83 W. & O. across 220, 227 Water-power 112 Waters 14 Wheat 76, 80 Whites 175 Winds 48, 63 Wine 83 Woodlands 88, 90 Wool 69,70 Piedmont St., meteorology 50-53, 55, 57, 58 St. (Delaplane) M 221, 253 Female Institute 211 Air-line R-d (P. A-L.) 224, 251 Pilots 248 Pines 88, 90 Pipes, clay, making. Mid 100 Pit-coal exported 121 Pitch exported 121, 125, 128 Inspection 248 Pittsburg, Pa., to Va. capes 159 Distances 161 Iron-making, cost 114 Weather 61 Pittsylvania county, asbestus 34 Grouped 5, 13 Iron ore 222 Manufactures 98 Negroes 268, 270 Population 192, 221, 263, 265, 268, 270 Slaves 270 Timber 222 Triassic 13 Whites 265 Plains, Atlantic 8, 12, 24 Market gardens, Tr 32 The, St. M 221, 253 Plants, Age of 22 Planting oysters 249 Season 58, 61 Plaster grinding 95, 100, 103, 106, 117 Holston 28, 44, 106 Imported 125 Ornaments, making 95 Sub-carboniferous 28 Plateau, Blue Ridge 15 Pleasant Hill, St. P 226, 258 Valley, St. V 257 Pliocene 23 Plowing time 60, 61 Plumbago, Mid 35 Plumbing 95,117 Plums 59,81 Pocoson 12 Point Pleasant, W. Va., distances 161 Polytechnic Institute 213, 215, 228 Pomological Soc, Am., awards 81 Pond Gap, St. C. & 223, 254 Ponent 21, 22 Population 6, 175-194 Able-bodied 112 Ages 179, 181-186 Actively employed 182 App 6, 175 Black, see Blacks. Blind 187 Blue Ridge 6, 175 Centres of U. S 176 Chinese 175, 179 Cities, U. S 118 Cities, Va 118, 191, 192 Citizen 179, 180 Colored, see Negroes. Counties 261 Countries 7, 10 Criminal 193 Deaf-mute 188 Death age 186 Eighty, over 187 Female, see Females. Foreign-born 177 Gain and loss 175 Grocery trade, and 139 Indians 175, 179 Insane 189 Male, see Males. 304 Population — Continued. Mid 6, 175 Military 179, 180 Mulatto, see Midattoes. Nativity 177-179 NegTo, see Negroes. Parentage 177-179 Pauper 193 Pied 6,175 Proportion at college 217 School 179,180, 201, 202 Sex 181-183 Square mile 176 Tr 6, 175 Trading 121 U. S 176, 180 Va. Div 6,175 Val 6, 175, 229 Pork exported 121, 128 Inspection 248 Poor Valley Ridge iron ore 43 Poor, Co. Supt.of 244 Porter, imported 125 Portland, Me., cotton trade 168 Port Republic 16 Royal, S. C 156, 170, 237 Walthall, St. R. & P 256 Ports-of-entry, Va 237, 238 American cotton 161, 164 Portsmouth, population 191 St. S. & R 226, 230, 258 See Norfolk. Portugal, trade 124 Post-meridian period 22 Post Tertiary 23 Potash, in rocks 30, 31 Potatoes 77-79, 231 Garden 81 Imported 180, 134, 136 Planting , 59, 60 Season, jST. J 49 Potomac river basin 5 Boundary 3, 10-12, 14, 16 C. & O. canal 220, 235 Elevation 15, 16 Marble..... 26, 34 Navigation 155, 236 R.. F. & P. along 225 Tertiary... 23, 24 Triassie 26 Va. Mid 220 Water-power 112 W. & 227 Potomac creek 9 Run, St. R., F. & P 225, 256 Potsdam formation ....22, 27, 40 Pottery manufacture 95, 100, 103, 106 Potts' creek IS Pound fork and gap 19, 220 Powell's river 18 Bridge J. R. & K..-.. 259 Powei, legislative, &c 240 Water Ill Powhatan county, grouped 5,13 Manufactures 98 Negroes :.... 268, 271. Population 263, 265, 268, 271 Slaves 271 Triassic 13 Whites 265 Powhatan, St. P. A-L 224, 255 Powhite, St. P. A-L 255^ Pre-meridian 22 Presbyterian Church 195-198 Colleges 211, 212, 215 Theological Sem'y 212, 215 Preservation of game 249 Price of cotton 170 Tobacco 221, 222 Primal 21, 22 Primary rocks 21, 22, 25, 26 Schools 199, 210 Primitive formation 22 Prince Edward county, grouped 5, 13 Farmville 192 Kaolin 34 Manufactures 98 Negroes 268, 271 Population 192, 263, 265, 268, 271 Slaves- 271 Triassic 13 Whites 265 Prince George county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactm-es 93- J^egroes 268, 271 Population 263, 265, 268, 271 Saw mills 96 Slaves 271 Whites 265 Prince William county, grouped 5,13 Manufactures .' 98 Negroes 268, 271 Population 263, 265, 268, 271 Slaves 271 Triassic , 13 Whites 265 Princess Anne county, Chinese 271 Grouped 5, 11 Mauufactm-es 93- Negroes 268, 271 Population 263, 265, 268, 271 Slaves 271 Whites 265 Principles, governmental 240-24G Printing material mf'd 97 Pied 103 Tr 95-97, 101, 117 Val 106 Pri.son and prisoners 193 Private and corporate schools, 199, 201, 210, 215 Probabilities, Signal Service 49 Productions, animal .' 65 Cotton, U. S 162, 170 Forest 88 Manufacture 92 Mineral 33 Vegetable 56, 76 Profile across Virginia 4 Along Valley 16 Prohibition, and Court of Appeals 243 Property, personal imported 135, 139 Rights 240, 241 Prosecutions, rights in 241 Prospect, St. A., M. & 219, 251 Protestant Episcopal Church 195-198 Colleges 211, 212, 215 Theological Sem'y 212, 215 Proto-carboniferous 41 Providence, R. I., cotton trade 166, 17ft Stea-mers 163 Provisions, exported 128, 130 Imported 13S 305 Public instruction 199 Prussia, wheat per acre 78 Psj'chozoic Era 22 Public Instruction, see Schools. Ledger, London, cofl'ee 159 Works, Board 38, 243 PulasM county, A., M. & O 219 Coal 46 Grouped 6, 17 Manufactures 105 Negroes 268, 271 Population 263, 265, 268, 271 Slaves 271 Whites 265 Pumps, manufacture 95 Punishment 193 Pupils (see Sc7iooU).. 200-217 Purcellville, St. W. & 227, 257 Purvis, St. S. &R 258 Pyrites, copper 35 Iron 26, 31 Qualifications of voters 247 Quantico, St. A. & F. &E., F. &P,.225, 230, 256 Quartz, auriferous 21, 34 In rocks 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 40 Quarry Falls Dam, J. R. & K 260 Quarries, granite and brownstone 33 Quaternary formation 20-23 Quebec, trade with 124 Queenstown, cotton to 168 Quercitron, exported 125, 133 Sources of supply 90 Query, St. P. A-L 255 Quinces 81 Quinnimont, W. Va., cost of making iron 113 Furnace capacity 235 K. E. freight 235 St. C.& 6 254 Races, numbers of each 175, 179 Not mixed in schools 213 Raccoon skins exported , 121 Radishes shipped 81 Rafts by canal 231 Railroad distances 161, 251 Systems for cotton 162 Ties 90, 231 Eailroads 218-230, 251 A., M. & 218, 251 B. & P 256 C. & 222, 253 Horse 229 ■ M, (Br. Va. Mid.) 221, 253 P. A-L. (R. & D.) 224, 255 P 226, 258 Proposed 229 R., F. &P 225, 256 R. & P 226, 256 R., Y. R. & C 227, 258 S.& R 226, 258 Va. Mid 220,252 Val. (V.) 228, 257 W. C, Va. Mid. & Gt. S 220, 252 W.& O , 227, 257 Rain chart. Prof. Henry's 56 Rainfall, Atlantic slope 56 Various places 59-61 Va. & Dlv 57-58 Raleigh, N. 13 Ramie, cultivation 86 Randolph, J. L 257 39 St. P. A-L 224 Randolph-Macon college 212^ 215, 225 Rank, Va. land 06 Militia, citizen and school 180 Rappahannock county, grouped 5, 14 Manufactures 102 Negroes 268, 271 Population 263, 265, 268, 271 Slaves 271 Whites 265 Rappahannock river, boundaiy 11, 12 Branches 9 Counties 5, 14 Falls and mf'g 98 Fredericksburg 225 Navigation 11, 155, 237 St. Va. Mid 221, 252 Valley 225, 237 Water-power 86, 112, 237 Woodland 88 Rapid Anne river 9, 14, 26 St. Va. Mid 221, 252 Raspberries 81 Rates, cotton transportation, 163 Railway 220, 222. 224-227 Tuition , 210 Read Creek, J. R. & K 260 Reams' St. P 226, 258 Real estate, aliens may hold 247 Rectortown, St M 221, 253 Redhead duck 74 Hill St. Va. Mid -221, 252 Lands 222 River cotton 162 Shale iron ores 42 . Shale, Triassic 31 Reed creek 9 Island creek 9 Reeds for paper 231 Refining sugar 97 Reformed Church (Ger.) in U. S 195, 197 In Shenandoah valley 197, 198 Reformed Church (Dutch) in America. 195 Reidsville, N. C, P. A-L 255 Rein's Maud J. R. & K 259 Relief, surface 48 Religion, all free to choose.. 198, 242 Religious advantages 195-198 Colleges 211 Denominations 195 Tests forbidden 242 Ren*^, no exemption from payment 246 Reports, Agriculture, Dept. U. S...75, 77-80, 86 British agricultitre 79 Census U. S 175, 180, 196 Chamber of Commerce, Rich 34, 84 Coast Survey U. S 156 Engineers, U. S 237 Grandy& Sons 164, 165 Immigration 146 Iron & Steel Ass' n, Am 113 Lesley's 44, 45 Merchants & Mechanics Exchange. 89 Navigation 148 Public Instruction, Supt...l80, 199, 211, 216 Penitentiary Supt 193 Rogers', Geological, 20-47 Salt works, N. Y., Supt 45 Transportation, U. S. Senate 162, 263 Resources, animal 65-76 Mineral 33-47 306 Vegetable 76-91 Kesults, commercial 121-152 Educational 199-217 Manufacturing 92-109 Eevel, cotton to 168 Revenue, Commissioner of 244 Tfepiokls Bros.... 167 Rhode Island 84, 156 Rice, exported 130 Rice's, St. A.. M. A 219, 251 Richland, St. R., F. &P 225, 256 Richmond and Danville Road, (R. & D.) 219, 224, 230 Stations, distances, elevations 255 Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Road (R., F. & P.) 26, 225, 230 Stations, distances, elevations 256 Richmond & Petersburg Rd. (R. & P.) 226, 230 Stations, elevations, distances 256 Richmond, York River & Chesapeake Rd. (R., Y. R. & C.) 227, 230 Stations, elevations, distances 258 Richmond city, A., M. & 219 Central L. Asylum 189 Chamber of Commerce 34, 84, 89 C. & 221, 222, 253 Chickaliominy peninsula 11 Coalfield 26, 36, 37, 224, 226 Coastwise trade 142-144 Coffee trade 135, 159 College 212, 215 Commercial city 191 Commercial college 213 Cotton trade 164, 165 Du-ect trade 132, 133 Dispatch 74, 125, 221 Enquirer 167 Exports 125, 132, 133 Female college 211 Flour and trade 125, 135 Friends in 198 Harbor 222 High schools, male 210 Horse raUroad 229 Imports..... 134 Iron workers' wages 114 Iron ores near 234 James river 238 James R. & Kanawha canal... 219, 232, 259 Location 4, 13 Lumber trade 89 Manufactures 93, 96, 97 Manufacturing centre 94, 119 Merchant-marine 151-2.38 Manchester Monte Maria Academy IsTormal schools 191 211 213 Peninsula 5, 11 Population, by race and nativity. . 191 Rainfall 57, 59 R., Fredericksburg and Potomac R. R 225, 256 E. & Petersburg R, R 226, 256 R. Y, R. & Chesapeake R. R..227, 237, 258 R. & Danville R. R 224, 225, 255 Railroad terminus 230 Sailing vessels 238 Steamer lines 227, 238 Statistics, 1858 115 Southern Fertilizing Co 167-171 Southern Female Institute 211 St. Joseph's Asylum 211 Tobacco manufacture 191 Trade, 1872 125 Va. Medical College 213 Water power Ill, 233 Richmond College 212, 215 Richmond county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactures 93, 96 Negroes 268, 271 Population 263, 266, 268, 271 Slaves 271 Whites 266 Ricks & Milhado .-. 167 Ridge lands, Tr 30 Rights, Bill of 240 General 240-249 Right to fish and fowl 249 Trial by jury 241 Voting 180, 241 Ringgold St. R. & D 224. 255 Ripening of fruit 49, 59 Rivanna river 9,14 River bottoms and marshes 22 Steamers 153 Systems, U. S 162 Systems, Va 8 Rivers, distances via 161 Gaps in mts 15 Navigable 236-239 Virginia 9 Riverton (River), st. M 221, 253 Roads, Va 218 Roanoke college 209, 213, 215, 228 Roanoke county. A., M. & O 219 Grouped 6, 17 Manufactures 105 Negroes 268, 271 Population 2ti3, 266, 268, 271 Salem 192 Slaves 271 Whites 266 Roanoke river 6, 9, 13, 14, 16, 88, 222, 224 225, 229 Roanoke Female College 211 Island, steamers 238 Navigation Co 236 River Bridge st. P 258 St. R. & D 224, 255 Robins, comino- 61 Robio'sst. R. & D 255 Rock, fish 73 Rockbridge county. Alum Spnngs 223 Grouped 6, 17 Indian's 272 Lexington 192 Manufactures 105 Negroes 268 Population 263, 266, 268, 271, 272 Slaves 271 Valley R'd 228 Va. Military Institute 203 Washington & Lee University 213 Whites 266 Rock Castle, J. R. & K 2-59 Rockettsst. R. & D 224 Rockfield st. P. A— L 255 Rockfish river 9 St. Va. Mid 221, 252 Rockingham county, grouped 6, 17 Harrisonburg 192 Manufactm-es 105 307 Hockingham Comity — Continued. Negroes 268, 271 Population 263, 266, 268, 271 Kainfall 57 Slaves 271 Valley R-d 228 Whites 266 Hockingham ware, made 41 Eockland JViills st. V 228 Eocks, Va 20-47 Rocky Mts 81 Rogers, Prof. H. D 22 Jlogers, Prof. Wm. B., analyses, coal, 36, 42 Analyses, iron ores 34, 35, 43 App.' formations 28 A pp. iron ores 42 Augusta coal 28 Blue Ridge formations 27 Coal, North Mt 28 Formations and equivalents. 20-22 Franklin and Patrick u-on ores.... 39 Geology of Va 20-47 Geological Map of Va 20-22 Orayson co. iron ores 40 Oypsum and salt 28 Mid. formations 25 Montgomery and Botetourt coal... 28 Names used, Va. and Pa. reports, 21, 22 Piedmont formations 26 Piedmont iron ores 37 Section, Tertiary 24 Valley formations 27 Valley iron ores 40 Ftomancoke, St. R., Y. R. & C 258 Roman Catholic Church 195, 198 Colleges and schools 196, 211, 213, 215 Rome, Italy > 23, 55 Roncererte, St. C. & 254 Rooting slate 34, 37 Rope Ferry J. R. & K 260 Rose Hill, Essex CO 63 Rosin exported 125, 128, 133 lioss Furnace 35,36 Rotterdam, cotton to 168 .Rouen, cotton to 168 Rougemont, Albemarle co 63, 64 Ruflfin, Edmund 29,30 St. P. A— L 255 Ruffner, Dr. W. H., Supt. Pub. Inst., 199 RuralRetreat, St. A., M. & 219, 252 Russell county, coalfield 44, 45 Grouped 6,18 Manufactures 108 Negroes 268, 271 Population 263, 266, 268, 271 Slaves 271 Whites 266 Russell's Fork of Sandy R 19 Eussia Silurian 27 Rutlierford's Mills, J. R. & K 259 Rutherglen, St. R., F. & P 256 Sabbatli, consecrated 195 Sabbot Hill, J. R. & K ;... 259 Saddlery and harness-making, 95, 96, 100, 103, 106, 109, 117, 128 Safford, Prof., Geology of Tenn 43, 44 Sailing vessels, for cotton 163 Va 150, 151 Sailors U. S. may not vote 180, 247 Sails, manufacture, Tr 95, 97, 117 St. Albans, St. C. & O 254 Asaph, St. B. &P 256 John, Gen 234, 235, 2-53 John's Academy- 211 John's College 213, 215 Joseph's Asylum 211 Lawrence river 13, 56 Mary's Academy 211 Paul's Church school 211 Paul, Minn., weather 55, 59 Petersburg, temperature 55 St. Louis, Mo., C. & O 222 Distances from 157, 161 Granite and slate to 235 Railways proposed to 228 Temperature 53,55 Salt, brines, analyzed 45 Imported 125, 136, 140, 141 Inspection 248 Manufacture , 106 Va 33, 34, 45 Salt Lake city, temperature 55 Salton (Kanawha City), C. & O 254 Saltville, railway proposed 220 Salt and gypsum 44, 45, 106 St. A., M. <5'0 219, 230, 252 Salem, Roanoke co 192, 193, 228, 229 St. A., M. & O. 219, 251 St. M 253 Junction, N. C 255 Sales, taxed 245 Salina formation, equivalents 22 S.ilisburv, N. C 255 Salsify.."... 81 Sampson's Lock, J. R. & K 259 Sand beds 33 Tertiary 24 Val 41 Sandstone, App 28,42 Group 21 .L R. & K 232 New Red 23, 25, 26, 36, 46 Old Red (Devonian) 22, 28 Potsdam 27 Sanrly Hook and Va. capes 159 Saudv river 9, 19 Counties 6,19 Woodland 8S San. Fancisco, commercially 154 Cotton trade 168 Latitude of Va 3 'J'empei'ature 53, 55 San Sebastian, cotton to 108 Santauder, cotton to 168 Sarsaparilla, gathered 89,91 Sash doors and blinds, manufac'ng, 95, 97, 100 103, 116 Sassafras roots, trade in 88 Savannah, Ga.. cottee port 159 Cotton trade , 1G9, 170 Sawed lumber trade 88, 89 Saw mills 95, 96, 116 Saws, manufactiu-e 95, 115 Saxony, area, population 7 Compared to App 8 Scale fish 73 Scalent and equivalents 2:i Scandinavians to U. S 146 Scantling exported 121 Scary. St. C. & O 254 Scholarships, College 207 308 Schools 199-217 Advanced 199, 203, 209, 211, 215 Boai-d of Education 199 Boards of trustees 200, 201 Colleges 209-215 Corporate 199-216 Cost per annum , 200 County and city superintendents, 200, 201 Districts 200,201 Female 210-216 Graded 200, 203 High 210, 216 Higher 199, 205, 210, 213, 215 Houses 200, 203 Intermediate 199, 202 Number 200, 216 Number colored and ^Yhite 201, 202 Peabody Fund, aids 201 Population 179, 180, 201, 202, 216 Population, sex and race, 179, ISO, 201, 202 Population enrolled and in at- tendance 200 Primary 199-216 Private 199-216 Pupils 179, 180, 199, 200, 216 Pupils enrolled, by race 200, 201 Pupils m attendance, by race, 180, 200, 201 Sears, Dr. B., on 201 Session, mouths 200, 201 Studies 202 Superintendents 199, 200, 201, 216 Tax 200 Teachers 200, 201, 202, 216 Technical 213,215,216 Tuition, cost 200, 201, 216 Va., Public free 216, et sea. Schooners on canals 231 Science Congress, Am 39 Scotch origin, Val 196, 197 Scotland, area and population 7 College attendance 217 Formations 8 Immigration from 146 Natives in Va 178 Trade with 124, 125 Scott couniy, coal 44,45 . Grouped..... 6,18 ■ Manufactures 108 Negroes 268, 271 Population 263, 266, 268, 271 Slaves 271 S. V. E-d through 229 Whites '. 266 Scott, St. C.& O 2.54 Scottsburg, St. P. A-L 224, 255 Scottsville, J. R. & K 2.59 Scribner's Magazine 159, 206, 208 Cuts from 4, 203, 206, 212, 214 Scupj^ernong grapes and mne 83 Seaboard & Eoanoke R-d (S. & R.)..... 226, 230 158, 218 Cotton trade 163, 166 Described 226 Stations and distances 258 Seaboard, St. S. &R 226, 258 Seacoast winds 62 Seamen U. S. may not vote 180 Seamstresses, immigrant 147 Sears, Dr. B 201 Seeds, cotton 87 Exported 130 Garden raising 8S Imported 136 Pi'oduced 85 Seconday, formation 21,22 Middle 21, 22, 25 Upper 21, 22 Secretary of Commonwealth 243 Sections, Va., ai-eas 7 Across Va 4 Along Val 16 Sects, norie favored , 198 Seizure, property exempt from 246 Semi-anthracite coal 41, 46 Senate Committee U. S. Transporta- tion 160, 162, 163 Virginia 241-243 September, birth-month 190 Fiscal year ends 122 Rainfall 58 Sessions colleges begin 209, 215- Temperature 51 Weather 60, 61 Serai 21, 22 Sessions, College 209, 215 School 201 Seven Mile Ford, St. A., M. & O 219, 2.52 Sewall's Point channel.... c 155, 236 Sewell, St. C. &0 254 Sexes, employed 182 In schools 179, 180 Of immigrants 145 Population 179-18^ See Males and Females. Shad, exported 121 Fisheries 94, 96^ Fishing 73, 249 Trade 231 Shadwell, St. C. & 221, 223, 254 Shale and sandstone groups 21 Shale 27,28 Red, iron ores 42, 43 Shanghai, temperature 55 Shapening mills 115 Shaw, Supt 256: Shawsville, St. A., M. & O 219 Shell fish 73 Lime, burning 33,116 Marl 3.-? Shenandoah count}", grouped 6, IT Manufactures 105 Negroes 268, 271 Population 263, 266, 268, 271 Slaves 271 V. R-d 228 Whites 266 Shenandoah river 16, 17 Shenandoah Valley Academy 210 Churches 197 Counties 16, 17 Isotherms 54 Profile 16 Scotch and Germans 197 Shenandoah Valley Railroad (S. V.)... 221, 229 Valley & Ohio R-d (S. V. & O.)... 228 Sheep, Va.&Div 69 Value 75, 76 Sheepshead, fish 73 Shepherdstown S. V 229 Slieriff 244, 248 Sherry, imported 12» Shingles, trade 89, 90, 121, 130, 231 309 Ship building 95, 100, 151, 152 Canals aucT trade .......163, 164, 231 Channels, Va 237 Wrecks, cared for 248 Wrights, immigrant 147 Shipment, advantages, Norfolk 163 Shippers, cotton 163 Shipping destroyed 122 Exported 121 Oyster trade 73 Shoemakers, immigrant 147 ■Shoes, manufactm-e 94-97, 115, 208 Shoolvs, manufacture 95,107 Trade 121, 130, 133 Shooting, laws controlling 249 Shrubs, perfumery 86 Siegen, tanning , 89 Signal Service, U. S 49, 56, 63, 64 Silk-making , 76 Silver, in rocks 35, 46 Plating 106, 115 Silurian formation 20-23 Lower 21, 23, 27, 28 Upper 27, 28 Sinclair, Sir John 32 Sinking creek 9, IS Fund, State 245 Sittings, Ciiurcli, Va. & Div 195, 197 Slate quarrying 100 Eiver 9 Kiver mts 13 Slating 116 Slates, Appalachian 28 Belts 25 Blue 34 Building 34, 37, 46 Hornblende, »&c 23 Piedmont 26, 37 Valley 27 Slaves, by counties (1790-1860) 269-271 Slavery 241 Sloops on cr.nals 231 Smith, Capt. John 10, 30, 61, 153 Prof., J. E. & K. iron ores 234, 235 T. K., clieese factory 68 Smithfield, Isle of Wight co 63, 64, 158, 238 Smith's Mt , 12 Smitiisonian Inst'n .49, 53, 56, 59 Smyth county. A., M. & 219 Barytes 41 Grouped 6, 17 Manufactures 105 Negroes 268, 271 Population 263, 266, 268, 271 Slaves 271 Whites 266 Snakeroot, gathered 89,91 Snapbeans, marlveted 81 Snickersville, St. W. & 227, 257 Snow fall 59 et seq. Soap and candle making 97, 100, 106, 117 Trade 130, 138 Society of Arts. London 36 Soda ash manufacture 40 BottUng 116 Imported 134, 136 Soils, Va. & Div 29-33 Soldiers, cannot vote 180, 247 Sora.. 74 Sorghum molasses 82 Sources, cotton supply 171, 172 Sources of James river, counties 6 South Anna, St. C. & O 223, 253 Branch 9, 18 Fork, James .^. 17 Fork, Shenandoah 17 Latitude temperatm-es 55 Quadrant winds 62, 63 Kiver, mouth of J. R. & K 260 "The Great" 158, 208 University 206 Southampton counry, grouped 5, 11 Indians 272 Manufactures 93, 96 Negroes 268, 271 Population 2G3, 266, 268, 271, 272 Slaves 271 Whites 266 South Carolina, cotton crop 162 Cotton trade 168-170 Isotherms 54 Merchant-marine 151 Natives in Va 178, 189 Phosphates ;.... 39 Southern Female Institute 211 Fertihzing Co 167-171 States, cotton trade, &q 169 Southside Peninsula 5, 11 A., M. & 218, 219 Counti's 5, 13 Institute 211 Eaiufall 57 Temperature 50-52 Southwest Mts 26, 62, 412 Va. coal and gypsum 28 Spain, roclis of.,.." 27 Sheep 69 Sulphm-ets 39 Trade 124 Spanish mackerel 73 Speaker, House of Delegates 242, 243 Specular iron ores 34, 37, 39, 40, 46 Speech, freedom of 241, 242 SperryyUle 228 Spices imported 134 Spinners, cotton 168 Immigrant 147 Sph-its exported 130 Imported 134, 136 Spokes, hubs and felloes, making 100, 106 Spots, fish 73 Spotsylvania county, gold 35 Grouped 5, 13 Manufactures 98 Negroes 268, 271 Population 191, 263, 266, 268, 271 Slaves 271 Whites 266 Spout Spring, St. A., M. & O 219, 251 Spring rainfalls 57, 58 Temperatures, Va. & Div 50, 53 Tides 236 Springfield, St. Va. Mid , 252 Spring Hill, St. C. & 254 Springs, steel, manufacture 95 Square miles, coal lands '. 28, 45 Countries 7, 12 Population to 6, 7, 176 Tributary to railroads 220, etc. Va. & Div 6, 12 Squashes, marketed 81 310 Stafford county, gronped 5, 13 Manufactures 98 Nee-roes 268, 271 Population 268, 266, 268, 271 Slaves 271 Triassic 13 Whites 266 Stages, lines 219, 223, 227, 228 Stair building 95 Stairway, Va. sections 4 Staples' Mill, J. E. & K 260 Starch exported 130 State Journal 84 Stations, railroad and canal..,. 218-239, 251-260 Statistics, coal, Taylor's 36 U. S. — see Bureau of. Statistical Atlas, U. S., churches 195 Diseases 112 Geology 23 Hay 85 Isobars 83 Ohio Valley products 153 Population 176 Kain 56 Eivers and cotton 162 Storms 64 Temperatures 49, 53 Woodland 88 Statute miles used 238 Staunton, city, academy 210 C. & 221, 223, 254 Cloudiness 63 Courtof Appeals 244 D. D. & B. Institution 188, 208 Female colleges 189, 192, 211 Female Seminary 211 Iron-making, cost 113 Location 4 Population 192 Rainfall.., 55-58 Eailroad proposed 229 S. V 229, 2.57 Temperatures 50-55 V 228, 230, 257 W.L. Asylum 189, 192 Winds 63 Staves, exported .121, 130, 133 Manufacture 95, 107 Trade 89, 231 Wood for 90 Stay law prohibited 246 SLeam, coal 234 Engines manufactured 95, 96 ' Engines employed mf'g 119 Ferries 237 Power on canals 231 Vessels built 152 Vessels in coastwise trade 142 Vessels tonnage, &c 123, 149-151 Steamers, lines of. ...163, 220, 225-227, 231, 238 Steel goods exported , 128 Goods imported 140 Steele's, St. C. &0 254 Steinwehr, Gen 153, 162 Stephenson's, St. V 228, 257 Steps of country, Va 12, 14 Stever's, St. S. & R 257 Stock, live, inspected 248 Eaising country 220, 224, 227 Sales 119 Value 75,76 Stocks, hoAV taxed 245- Stonewall Jackson Institute 211, 219 Creek u'on ore 35 Stoneware, manufacture 117 Stony creek 9, 18 Creek, St. P 258 Storms, chart of U. S 64 Stout imported 12-5 Stoves, manufacture 115 Strasbnrg, St. M. and V 221, 228, 253, 257 Junction, St. V 221, 230, 253, 257 Strawberries 81, 91 Straw goods imported 136 Students, college 201-215 State 204-212; Va. colleges 209, 215-217 Various States, at college 217 Sturgeon 73,121 Sub-carboniferous coal 28 Formation 21, 27, 28- Sub-divisions, geological, Va. map 21 Suffolk, Eng., Tertiary 25 Nansemond river 158, 238 St. A., M. & O 251 St. S. & E 258- Sugar beets, France 82 Exported ISa Imported 135 Maple, made 82 Sully, Ag't 25& Sidphate'of lime (gypsum), Holston... 44 In salt 45 Sulphur, BlueEidge 39= Sulijhurets, copper 39 Eng. ti'ade in 39 Iron 35 Iron ores 40 etc. Eichmond coal 36 Tolersville copper ore 35 Sumac analj'sis and trade.... 89 Grinding 99-101 Summary, Va. climate 64 Forest 90^ Hotchkiss', Preface and 247 Mineral 46 Political 173 Soils 32 Summer, Atlantic coast 56- Eaiufall 57, 58 Smith, Capt. John, on Va 61 Temperatures 49-53^ Summit elevations 16, 18 St. E., F. & P 256 St. E., Y. E. &C 227, 258 Superintendent Penitentiary 193 Poor, county 244 Public instruction 199, 243 Superior, Lake, u-on ore -38, 235 Supervisors, County 244 Supreme Court of Appeals 243, 244 Law, Va 198, 240 Surface, Va. & Div 8 Surgent, period 22 Surry county, grouped 5,11 Manufactures 93, 96- Negroes 268, 271 Peaches 61 Population 263, 266, 268, 271 Slaves 271 Temperature 50-52" Whites 266: 311 Survey, Manry's Physical 154 U. S. Coast 15, 156 Surviving infants, statistics 190 Sussex county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactures 93, 96 ISTegroes 268,271 Population 263, 266, 268, 271 Slaves 271 Whites 266 Sutherland's, St. A., M. & 219, 251 Sutherlin's (Mill), St, P. A-L 224, 255 Swamp country , 12 Swans 74 Swedenborgians 195 Sweden, immigrants from 146, 178 Sweet Chalybeate Springs 223 Hall, St. E., Y. R. &C 227, 258 Potatoes, crop 78 Springs 223 Sweets produced 82 Swine (liogs) 71, 75, 76 Switzerland 7, 178 Sycamore, St. Va. Mid 221 Trees 90 Sydney, Aust., rainfall 59 Temperature 55 Syenite, Va 21, 25, 27, 34 Synagogues^ Jewish 195, 198 Syiacuse, IST. Y., salt 45 Systems, geological 22 Railroads for cotton 162 Taconic system 22 Tailors, immigrant 147 Taine, aim of society 194 Tallow exported 130 Tanning, bark for 89 Richmond , 117 See Leather. Tappahannock, coastwise trade 142 Customs-district 156 Direct trade 132 Location 237 Merchant-marine 151 Tar exported 121 Inspection 248 Taught, branches, public school 202 Tax, cai)itation 200, 245 Exemption 256 Laws 245 Scliool , 200, 245 Tobacco U. S 84 Taylor, Auditor, live stock 76 J. K., cheese making 68 E. C, coal statistics 36 W. H., Col., cotton 165, 166 Taylorsville, St. R., F, & P 225, 256 Tazewell count}'', coal 45 Grouped 6, 18 Manufactures. ,. 108 Negroes 268, 271 Population 263, 366, 268, 271 Salt 44 S. V. Railroad 229 Slaves 271 Whites ,, 266 Tea, imported 136, 140 Teachers, institutes 201 Private schools 201, 210, 216 Public schools 200, 202, 216 University students 205 V. M. L cadets 204, 210 Teaching, University plan 205 Technical schools 205-208, 211-213 Telegraph Road, St. B. & P 256 Temperature 49 Various places 59-61 Va. & Div 50-56 Temple's, St. R. & P 256 Tennessee, A., M. & O. to 219 Boundary 3, 15 Cotton 162, 163 Geology, Safford 43,44 Line, Bristol 16, 219 Natives in Va 178, 188, 189 Population, ages 184 S. V. to E 229 Temperatures 56, 59 Valley counties 17, 18 Valley of East 27 Waters 9, 18, 19 Tertiary, Atlantic i)lain 8 Formation 21, 22 Lower 12, 20, 21, 24 Marls 24, 33, 225 Middle 12, 20, 21, 23, 24 Post.... 23 Tidewater... 20, 21 Upper 11, 20, 21, 23 Texas cotton 162, 168-170 Population, ages 184 Weather .'. 61 Thames, depth, London 158 Thaxton's, St. A., M. & 219, 251 The Capes of Va 10, 11, 161 Peninsula 5, 11, 222, 238, 239 Theological seminaries 196, 213 Thomas Iron Co.'s iron , 38 Thomasville, P. A-L 255 Thompson's Landing, J. R. &, K 260 Thorndvke, St. C. & O 254 Tiioroughfare, St. M 221,253 Thornton, St. W. & 227, 257 Tidal canals 231 Rivers 10, 231 Shore 236 Ways for transportation 236 Tide, channels, Va 236 Elevations above 238, 251-260 Richmond 238 Tidewater, terminus J. R. & K 259 Tidewater, Grand Div. Va 4, et seq. Acreage 6, 10, 65, 66 Adaptations 8S Area 6,10, 1^* A., M. & O , 218 Barley 79 Baptists in • 197 Beans 78 Beef cr-ttle 71 Bees and beeswax 70 Belgium, compared 7, 10 Birds 74 Blacks 175 Board of Visitors, University 207 Bottoms 29 Buckwheat 76, 77 Canals 231 Castor beans 86 Cattle, value 76 Centres, manufacturing 94 Cereals per capita 79 Characteristics 10 312 TicleAvater, Grand Dlv. Va — Continued. Christian Churcli 198 Church statistics 197 Cities and towns, population 191 Clover seed 85 Cloudiness 64 Colleges 211, 212, 215 Contour 12 Convenience to markets 81 Corn, Indian 76, 77 Cotton crop and seeds 87 Counties, grouped.... 5 Cows, milch 66 Dairy products 68 Deer 74 Dimensions 10 Elevations 12, 251-260 Farms, number and size 66 Farming implements, value 65 Female colleges 211 Fish, scale and shell 73 Fishing 73, 249 Fisheries 94,96 Flax and seed 85, 87 Food, animals for 73 Foreign population 177, 178, 191 Forests 65, 90 Forest fruits and nuts 91 Formations, geological 20, 21, 23. French vineyards, compared S3 Fruits 81, 91 Garden seeds, growing 86 Gardens, market 80, 81 Geology 20, 21, 23 Grass, seed and hay 85 Hampton N. & Agr. Inst 205, 209, 215 Hay 85 Hemp 87 Herbs, perfumery 86 Plerrlng 73, 249 Honey 70 Hops 86 Horses 74, 76 Husbandry, mixed 87 Improved land 65 Isotherms 54 James K. & K. Canal 232 Jute 86 Land, last formed 23 Land, truck 220 Land, improved and value 65 Latitude and location 10 Live stock 75, 76 Lumber 89 Manufacturing 92-96 Manufacturing centres 94, 97, 191 Marls 24. 33 Markets ,. 79, 81 Meadows 85 Minerals 33, 46 Molasses, maple and sorghum 82 Mules.. 74 Native population 177, 178 Nativity, population 177, 178, 191 Navigation 231 Negroes 191 Normal schools. 212, 215 N. &Gt. W.R-d 229 Oatfc 79 Orchard products 80 Oxen, working 72, 74 Oj^sters and trade . Peanuts Peat Peninsulas Pei'f umer J!" herbs . . , Plain 73 81 33 10 86 12 Population 6, 10, 175-178, 191, 202 Potatoes 78, 79 Primary formation 25 Profile 4 P. Episcopal Church 198 Pulse 78 Quaternary 20, 21 Raihoads 218, 225-230, 251-259 Rainfall 57,58 Ramie 86 Randolph M. Coll 212, 215 Richmond — see Riclmiond. Richmond College 212, 215 R., F. &P 225 R., Y. R. &C 227 Ridge lands 30 Rye 76,77 Salt marshes 29, 85 Scale and shell fisli " 73 School statistics 202 Seaboard & Roanoke R-d 226 Seasons, temperature, &c 50-52 Shad 73 Sheep 69 Shelly soils 29 Slaughtered animals, value 73 Smith, Capt. Joini 30, 6t Soils 29, 32 Sorghum molasses 82 Stock cattle 71, 76 Stock, live 74-76 Storms.. 64 Surface 8 Swine 71, 76 Temperatures 50-55 Tertiary 20, 21, 23 Tidal ways 231, 236 Timber land 220 Tobacco 83 Triassic 25 Truck land 220 Trucking 81 Tubers 78 Va. Medical College 212, 215 Waters 8, 10 Weather 59 et seq. Wheat 76, 77 Whites 175 William & Mary College 211, 215 Winds 62 Wine 81, 83 Woodland 65, 88 Wool 69 Working animals 72, 74 Timber resources 88, 231 Timberville, St. V 257 Time, geological eras 22 Times, London 78,83 Tin imported 137 Manufactures of 100, 103, 104, 107, 115 Tinners, immigrant 147 Titanium 37, 234 Title to land, aliens 247 Tobacco, box making 99 Brands 248 313 Tobacco — Continued. Danville trade 221, 222 Exported 121, 130 luspectloii 248 Laud 220 Lynchburg- m'f 191 Manufacture 95, 100, 107, 115, 191, 221 Mid. m'f 100 Ohio basin 153 Petersburg m'f 191 Pied, m'f 191 Price, Danville 221, 222 Product, Va. & Div 83, 84 Richmond m'f & trade. ...115, 125, 133, 191 Tax U. S 84, 221 Trade 125, 133, 221 Tr. manufacture 95, 191 Val. manufacture 107 Zone 54 Toledo, 0-0, and Va. capes 189 Toleration, religious 241, 242 Tolersville, copper pyrites 35 St. C. & 223, 253 Tomahawk, St. P. A-L 224, 255 Tom's Brook, St. V 228, 257 Tonnage, built 152 Coastwise trade 142 Entered and cleared 122, 123 Merchant 150 Ports, Va 148 etc. U. S 149 Towns, government 245 Population 191, 192 Tnile, bark and sumac 89 Cotton, Mid. and N, E. States 1(33 Cotton, Norfolk 161-172 Export 121, 124-133 Norfolk 122,139, 161-172 Population in 182 Richmond 89, 125 Trans-Appalachia, C. & O 222 Coal 220 Counties 19 Transition rocks 21-23, 26 Transportation facilities 218-239 J. R. & K 232 People engaged in 121, 182 Routes to sea 160, 162, 163 Tidal ways 236 Water, canal, &c 231 Treason, disfranchises 247 Tredwell, Sec'y 165, 166 Trenton, formation 22 Trevilian's, St. C. & O 223 Triassic areas 25 Coalfields , 26, 36 Formation 20-23, 25, 26, 36 Tribune, N. Y 39 Trieste, cotton to 168 Toiiacco to 84 Trucking 81, 238 Trunks, manufacture Tr 95 Trunk line railroad 163 Trustees, school 200, 201 Tuckahoe Aqueduct, J. R. & K 259 J. R. & K 259 Railroad Basin, J. R. & K 259 Tucker's, St. A., M. & 251 Tug Fork, Sandy river 9 Tuition, college 204-215 Free 199, 204-208, 215 40 Private schools 210, 216 Public schools 200, 201, 216 Tunstall's, St. R., Y. R. & C 227, 258 Turk's Island, salt 45 Turkej' isotherm 53 Turkeys, wild 74 Turning, Rich 117 Turpentine, export 121, 130 Two-thirds vote, Gen. Assembly 242, 243 Tye River, St. Va. Mid 221, 252 Typhus fevers 112 Uddevalla, cotton to 168 Umbral formation 21, 22 Umbrella manufacture. Rich 117 Union Theological Seminary 213, 215 United States 240 United States Blind 188 Bureau of statistics 87, 122, 165. 168 Capital 220 Census 175 Centre of population 113, 176 Churches, to population 196 Citizens 180, 246 Climate of eastern 56,59 Coast Survey 15 Coastwise trade 142 Cotfee trade 135 Commerce & Navigation Reports. 142 Constitution, supreme law 249 Cotton bales, weight, &c 170 Cotton belt 162 Cotton consuming centres 163 Cotton consumption 167, 170 Cotton crop 87, 167, 169 Cotton export 167 to 172 Cotton markets 169, 170 Cotton, price 170 Cotton trade 163, etc. Dairy products 67 Departm't of Agriculture.59, 75, 77 to 80, 86 Engineers, Chief of , Report 237 Governmental relations to Va 240 Governmental principles 240 Harbors, great 154 Honey product 70 Idiots, institutions for 188 Infants, surviving 190 Iron manufacture 114 Iron ores 38 Indian corn 80 Isotherms.- .. 53,54 Manufacturing people 92 Market gardens of E 81 Mint 35 Mortality tables 186 Natives of in Va 177,188 Persons in Army or Navy, and voting 247 Pisciculture 73 Population 8, 176, 187, 188 Population over eighty, by sexes... 187 Population, school ISO Population, centre of 113, 176 Position of Va. in 3, 240 Potatoes 79 Rainfall, &c 59 Salt imported 141 Sheep and wool 69, 70 Signal Service 49, 56, 63, 64 314 United State? — Continued. Statistical Atlas 25, 49, 53, 85, 88, 112. 162, 176, 195 Swine 71 Temperature 55 Tertrny 24 Tobacco 83 Transportation Routes to Sea, Sen. Com. Rep... 162, 163 Wlieat, production 78,80 University school 210 University of Virginia 199, 205 Board of visitors 207, 248 Chaplains 207 Departments and degrees 206 Elective system 205 Expenses 207 Free tuition 207, 208 Higher education 199, 205 Jefferson organized 205, 208 King. Edward, on 208 Location 192, 205, 223 Mallett, Prof 40 Place in State Ed'l Syst 1S9, 205 Preparatory schools for 210 Schools, independent 205, 206 St. C. &0 223 Statistics 209 Washington & Lee Univ., same plan .'. 213 University, Washington & Lee 210, 213 Upper Silurian 22, 27, 28 Tertiary 21 Urbanna 124, 237 Uruguay, trade 124 Valley Grand Division of Virginia 4 Acreage... 6, 15, 65, 176 Acres cleared land 65 Acres woodland 65 Areas 6, 15, 65, 176 Adaptations 33, 220 Anticlinal axis 27 Appalachian border ,....17, 18, 27, 28 A., M. &0. in 218, 219 Augusta CO. coal 28 Barley 79 Beans 78 Beef cattle 71 Bees and beeswax 70 Blue Ridge border 15, 27 Botetourt co. coal 28 Branches, river 9, 14 Buckwheat 76 Butter..., 66 Cambrian formation 27 Cattle, for food 73 Cattle, stock , 71 Cereals per capita 77 Characteristics 8, 15 Cheese 66 C. & O. across 222, 224 Christian Chm-ch 198 Churches, &c 197, 198 Cities and towns, population 192 Clay 27, 41, 46, 220, 224 Cleared land 65 Cloudiness 63 Coal 27, 28, 41 Colleges 209, 215 Corn 76 Cost, u-on making 113 Valley, Grand Div. of Va — Continued. Cotton 8(> Counties grouped 6, 17 Counties, manufactures 105< Counties, mountain borders 27 Dairying 68 D., D. & B. Inst. Devonian Dimensions Dip of rocks Divisions Drainaofe .188, 208, 209 27 15. 27 6 16 Elevations 16, 52, 251-260 Emory & Henry College 209, 212, 215 Extension 27 Farms, number and size 66 Farming implements, value 65 Flax and flaxseed 85, 8S Foreign population 177, 17S Formations, geological 20, 21 Fruits 81 Geology 20-47 Germajis 197 Grass 84, 85 Hay 85 Hemp 86 Home manufactures 92 Honey 71 Hops 86 Horses ; 74 Hudson River group 27 Indian corn 76 Industries, mf'g 105 Iron ores 27, 40, 41, 46, 220, 224 Iron, cost of making 113 Isotherms 54 J. R. & K. canal 219, 232 James R. valley .17 Land, farming 229 Land, value 65 Latitude and longitude 15 Lead 27, 41, 46 Limestone 27, 40, 41 Livestock 75, 7& Lower Siliu-ian 27 Lutheran Church 198 Manassas Branch R-d 221 Manufactures, county 105 Mantifacturing 92 Maple sugar aitd molasses 82 March....' 50, 51 Market garden products 80 Massachusetts, compared 7 May, tern, --'iture, &c 50, 51 Methodist^t^.xscopal Church 197, 198 Minerals 27, 41, 46, 220, 224 Molasses, maple and sorghim 82 Months, temperattu-e , 50-55 Montgomery co. coal 28 Mules 74 Native population 177, 192 Negroes 175 New River valley 17 Oats 79 Orchard products 81 Oxen, working 72, 74 Peas 78 Phenomena, periodical 59-64 Polytechnic Institute 213, 215 Population 6, 15, 65, 176, 177, 192, 229 Position of rocks 27 3 Jo Valley, Grand Div. of Ya.— Continued. Potatoes 78 Potsdam formation 27 Presbyterians 197, 198 Profile along Ip Public free schools 202 Eank 7 Railroads 230 Rainfall 57, 58 Elvers 9, 14 Eoanoke College 213, 21o Rye .° 76 Scliools, public 202 Scotch..... 197,198 Seasons 50, 51, o2 Sections 'I, 16, 27 Seeds - 85 Semi-antliracite coal 41 Shenandoah Valley r. 17, 54 Shenandoah Val. Rd 229 Sheep and wool 69 Silk.. 76 Silurian 27 Slaughtered animals, value 73 Soils" 32,33,220 Sorghum molasses 82 Square miles 6, 15, 65, 176 Square miles, population to 6 Strike of rocks 27 Sub-carboniferous 27, 28 Sugar, maple 82 Sumac 89 Swine 71 Temperatures 53-55 Tennessee Valley 17 Tobacco 83 Towns, population 192 Turnpikes •. 218 Umber 41,46 Upper Silurian 27 United Brethren Church 198 Valley Railroad 228 Va. Agr. & Mech. Coll 204, 209 Va. Mil. Inst 203, 209 Washington & Lee Univei-sity 213, 215 Water-power 112 Waters 8 Western Lunatic Asylum 189 Wheat 76, 80 Winds 62 Wine 82 Woodland 65, 88 Wool 69 Zinc 41,46 Valley Railroad (V.) 22., .3, 228, 230, 232 Stations, distances, elevations 257 Valley, James river 162 Mississippi 162 Values, real estate, Danville ' 221 Variety Springs, St. C. & 223, 254 Varnev's Falls Dam J. R. & K 260 Vaucliise, St. V 228 Vegetable oil exported 128 Productions 76-91 Veins, gold 25 Magnetite 35, 37 Venezuela trade 125 Vergent and equivalents 22 Vermont, blind in Va 188 Central valley 27 Verona, Sr. V 228, 257 Verulam school 210 Vespertine and equivalents 21, 22, 28- Vessels, cleared 123 Entered 122 Richmond 223 Steam 123 Vickers, St. A., M. & 219, 251 Vienna, Austria _ 24 Vienna, Fairfax co., meteorology 50-58 Rainfall 57, 58 St. W. & 227,257 Temperature 50-5a Vinegar exi)orted 130 Virgin Mills, J. R. & K 25& Virginia Ag. & Mech, College 204, 20^^ Cut, canal 231 Female Institute 211 Hisrh school 210 Midland Railroad (Va. Mid.)... .38, 219, 220, 221-225, 228, 230, 232, 237, 252 Military Institute (V. M. I.).. .192, 199, 203, 209, 222, 22S Summaiy, see Table of Contents. Virginia, State 3 Accommodations, church 196- Acreage _^ Advantages, commercial.... 153- Advantages, educational 199 Advantages, religious 195 Age, geological 2S ■ Ages of population 181, 183,^184 Animal products 65-76 Appalachia Grand Div., see Appalacliia. Area 6, 176 Auditor 76 Bark 89 Barley 79 Beans 78- Beef cattle 71 Bees and beeswax 70 Beet-root sugar 82 Bill of Rights 240 Birth month, infants surviving 19a Blacks — see Negroes. Blind — see Blind. Blue Ridge Grand Div., see Blue Ridge. Blue Ridge Mts., see Blue Ridge Mts. Boundaries 3 Branches, river 9 Buckwheat 76' Butter 67 Canals (see Canals) 231 Capes (see Capes) 10,20 Capital, mf'g (see Capital) 92, 93 Castor beans 86 Cattle 73 Centre of population 170 Cereals per capita 76, 80 Channels... 236 Cheese 67 Church statistics 195-198 Cities (see Cities) 191 Citizens (see Citizens) 179, ISO Clearances 123 Climate 48, 64 Cloudiness 63 Clover seed SS- Coastwise trade 142 Coalfields 27, 28, 36, 45, 46, 4£^ Coftee trade, see Coffee. Colored population, see Negroes. 316 Virginia — Continued. Colleges, see Colleges. Commerce (see Commerce) 121-172 Compared witli England 8 Constitution 240 Corn, Indian.. 76 Corporate schools 210 Cost, iron ore 113, 114 Cost, labor 114 Cost, materials 92, 93 Cotton (see Cottoji) 53, 86, 87, 161-172 Comities (see Counties) 5, 261-272 Cows, milch 67 Crops 76-91 Crime 193 Customs-districts 151 Deaf-mutes 188 Death ages 186 Departments of government 24 Description of State 3 Dimensions 3 Direct trade 132 Divisions of State 4, 10 Distances 251-260 Domestic exports 122 Education 199-217 Entrances 122 Entry, ports of 141 Exports 121 Eacilities, mf'g 109 Earms 65, 66 Earra stock, value 75 Eemales, see Females. Fish 73 Elax 85,86 Eorest products 88,90 Eoreign-boru, see Population. Foreign commerce 121 Form of government 240 Formations 20-29 Fruits and nuts 91 Fuel.... Ill Game 74 Gardens 81, 86 Geology 20, 47 Geological map 20,21 General laws 246 Gold belt 34 Grass 72,84, 85 Grouped 3 Government 240 Hands, mf'g 92 Harbors 155 Hay 85 Hemp 86 Home mf's 92 Honey 70 Hops 86 Horses 74 Idiots 188 Immigration 145 Imports 133 Indian corn 76 Insane 189 Internal improvements 218 Iron mf's, see Iron mfs. Iron ores, see Iron ores. Iron vessels 150 Isotherms 53, 54 July, see July. June, see June. Virginia — Continued. Jute 86 Lands (see Lands) 65 Labor, see Labor. Limestone, see Limestone. Live stock (see Cattle) 75 Location 3 Lumber, see Lumber. Maize (see Indian corn) 80 Males (see Males) 179 Manufactures [see Manufactures).. 92 Manufact'ng (see Manufacturing).. 110 Maple sugar and molasses 82 Market gardens 81 Markets, tobacco (see Tobacco) 84 Materials, cost 92 Maury, M. F., see Maury. Merchant-marine 150 Middle Grand Div., see Middle Va. Military population, see Militia. Minerals 33-47 Molasses 82 Morals 194 Mules 74 Natives (see Fojjulation) 177 Nativity (see Population) 179 Navigable waters 153 Navigation (see Navigation) 9 Oats 79 Occupations 182 Orchard products 81 Oxen 72, 74 Oysters (see Oysters) 73 Pauperism 193 Teas 78 Peninsulas 10 Penitentiary 193 Perfumeiy plants 86 Periodical phenomena 59 Piedmont Grand Div., see Piedmont. Population [see Populaiio?i)... 17 5- 194, 261-272 Ports (see Ports) 132 Potatoes 78 Races, see Whites, Negroes, &c. Railroads (see Railroads) 218 Rainfall (see Rainfall) 56 Ramie 86 Religious advantages 195-198 Results, see Results. Rivers....! 9 Rocks 20-47 Rogers, geologist 20 Rye 76 Sailing-vessels 150 Salt, imported 141 Sassafras 89 Schools (see Schools) 199 Sea 10 Sections • 4, 16 Seeds 85 Sexes (see Males Sf Females) 179 Sheep (see Sheej)) 69 Ship-building 151 Soils (see Soils) = 29 Sorghum molasses 82 Spring 50-61 Springs 9 Steamers, see Steamers. Steam tonnage (see Tonnage) 149 Steam vessels 123 317 Yirginia^ Continued. Students (see Students) 199 Storms 64 Sugar 82 Sumac , 89 Swine 71 Systems, geological 20 Taxes and Taxation 245 Temperatures 50-55 Tidal ways 236 Tidewater Grand Div., see Tidewater. Timber, see Timber. Tobacco (see Tobacco) 83 Towns, population, &c 191, 237 Trade and transportation....' 121, 218 Trees 89 Trucking 277 Vegetable productions 76 Vessels entered and cleared 122 Vessels, steam 123 Water-power 9, 111 Waters 8, 236 Wheat 76, 80 Whites (see Whites) 176 Winds (see Winds) 62 Wine 82 Woodlands 88 Wool 69 Virginian, ISTorfolk 167 Volumes, college libraries 209, 215 Vote, Va., 1869 180 Who may 247 Wadesville, St. V 228, 257 Wagons and carts, manufacture 95, 96, 100, 103, 107, 109 Wakefield, St. A., M. & O 218, 251 Wales, Silurian 27 Surviving infants 190 Wallver's creek 9, 18 Walker, Gen. R. L 255 Wallace, analysis, coal 36 Wallace's, St. A., M. & 252 War, Confederate, and Va 175 V. M. I. Cadets 204 Ward's Springs, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 Warehouses, Norfolk 163 Warminster, J. R. & K 259 Warm Springs Mt 4 Warren, J. K ScK 259 Warreuton, Branch R-d 230 Junction, Sc, Va. IVIid 221, 252 Population 192 St. W. Br 221, 230 Warren county. Front Royal 221 Grouped 6, 17 Manufactures 105 Negroes 268,271 Population 263, 266, 268, 271 Shen. Val. R-d 229 Slaves • 271 Whites 266 Warwick county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactures 93, 96 Negroes 268, 271 Population 263, 266, 268, 271 Slaves 271 Whites 266 Wasp Rock Dam, .J. R. & K 260 Washington, D. C, distances from 157, 160 Market 81 Port 237 Railroads to 220, 225-227, 230, 256, 257" Rainfall 59 Steamers 238 Temperature 55, 86 Woodland near 88 Washington City, Va. Midland & Gt. So. R-d (see Va. Midland) 220, 252 Washington City & St. Louis N. G. Rd. 228. Washington county, Emory & Henry College 210 Goodson & Abingdon Academies.. 210 Grouped 6, 17 Indians 272 Manufactures 105- Negroes 268, 271 Plaster and salt 44 Population 263, 266, 268, 271, 272 Slaves 271 Whites 26& Washington & Lee University 192, 213— 215, 223, 228 Washington, N. C, steamers 238 Washington & Ohio R-d (W. & O.)....220, 225, 227, 230, 237, 257 Stations, distances, elevations 257 AVashington Junction, St. B. & P 256 Watch repairing 103, 107 Water, carriage 163^ Channel ways, Va. depth 236 Lick, St. M 253 Power 109, 111, 119 Works 117 Waterloo, St. B. & P 253 Watermelons 81 Water?, Va., abundance 9' Appalachian 18 Atlantic 8, 231 Blue Ridge 8 Chesapeake 9, 236 Counties grouped by 5, ft Inland 8 Midland 13 Piedmont 14 Tidal 231 Tidewater 10 Transportation by 231' Valley 15 Waverly, St. A., M. & O 218, 251 Wax, exported 130 Product 70 Wearing apparel exported 130 AVeather defined 48 Weight, Richmond coal 36 Weights, standard 248 VVeldon, N. C 218, 225, 226, 230, 258 Well's Siding, St. A., M. & 251 Wellville, St. A., M. & 219, 251 Wesley, Church of 196- Wesleyan Female Institute 211 West Branch, Susquehanna, coal 46- Westham, J. R. & K 259 West Indies, cotton from 171 Norfolk trade with 122 Trade with 124 Westmoreland county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactures 93, 96> Negroes 269, 271 Population 263, 266, 269, 271 Slaves 271 Whites 266. 318 West quadrant winds 62, 63 "Western States, dairy products 67 Sheep and wool 69 Swine 71 Wheat and corn 80 West Virginia, boundary 4 Coal 46, 223 Hay 85 Natives, Va 178, 188, 189 Organized 17o Kainfall 57 S. V. through 229 W. & St. L. N. G. tlirough 228 Weyer's Cave, St. V 257 Wharves, Norfolk 163, 164 Wheat exported 121, 126 Flour exported 125, 126 luiported 136 Ohi(j Valley product.. 153 Virginia pi-oduct 76, 77 W^heelhig, W. Va 56, 159 W^heelwrights 117, 147 Whiskey imported 125 W^iiite ash 88 House, St. R., Y. R. & C 227, 258 Oak 88,90 Oak Mt 13 Sulphur Springs 4, 17, 254 Whites, ages 184-186 Arms-bearing 180 Attending school 180, 201 Blind 187 Cities and towns 191, 192 Citizen age 179 County population 264-266 Females 184 Insane 189 Males 184 "Military age 179 Mutes and idiots 188 Nativity 179 Paupers and ei-iminals 193 ' Proportion of population 179 Proportion of males and females.. 186 Projjortion to negroes 186 School age 179, 201, 202 School teachers. &c 202 S5x ; 179, 184-186 Virginia 175, 264-266 W^iittle's, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 Whortleberries 91 Wicldiaiii's, St. C. & O 223, 253 Wild fowl killing 249 William & Mary College 211, 212, 215 Williamsburg, C. & O 238 Location 4. 11 Population 191 Rainfall 57 William & Mary College 211 Winds 62 Williamson's, St. C. & 254 Willis' Mt. and river 9, 13 Willow-ware m'f 95 ■Wilmington, N. C, cotton trade 170 Wilson's, St. A., M. & 219, 251 Wilt's Eng. tertiary 25 Winchester, Court of Appeals 244 Population 192 Railway projected 227, 229 St. V 228, 257 Winchester & Potomac R-d 228 & StrasburgR-d 228 Winds.... 48, 62, 109 Direction 62, 63 Wine imported 134, 136, 140 Scuppernong 83 Winnebago, 111., weather 59 Winter rainfall 57, 58 Temperatures 50 Wirt C. H., W. Va., winds 63 Wisconsin, haying 60 Iron ore, cost 114 Milwaukee trade 143, 144 Rocks 27 Value, crops 77 Weather 59,60 Wise county coal 45, 46 Grouped 6, 19 Manufactures 108 Negroes 269, 271 Population 263, 266, 269, 271 Slaves 271 Whites ; 266 Wolf creek 9, 18 Trap, St, P. A. L 255 Wood exported 130 Lands 88 Manufactures imported 139 Resources 90 Wood Bridge, St. B. & P 225, 256 Woodcock, close season 249 Woodford, St. R., F. & P 225, 256 Wood, Joseph 256 Woodstock, centre of population 177 Rainfall 57 g^ Y" 228 257 Wool carding....'.'.....'. l66"i'63, 'loi', 107', 109 Goods, manufacture 95, 100, 103, 107 Manufactures, imported 138 Product Va. & Div 69 Wrecks, Commissioner of, &c 248 AViirtemburg, area and population 7 Wythe county, grouped 6, 17 Lead 41 Max Meadows 40 Manufactures 105 Negroes 269, 271 Population 263, 266, 269, 271 Slaves 271 Wliites 266 Wytheville, Court of Appeals 244 Elevation 52,252 Population 192 Rainfall 57 St. A., M. & 219, 252 Temperatures 50, 53, 55 Weather 59 Y., St. R., F. &P 256 Yadkin river 9 Yazoo Valley, cotton 162 Yew Mt 12 York county, grouped 5, 11 Manufactures 93 Negroes 269, 271 Population 263, 266, 269, 271 Slaves 271 Whites 266 York river 9 Boundary 11 Depth 155, 236 319 York river — Continued. Landings 227, 237 K., Y. B. & C. R. to 227, 237 Valley. • 227,238 Tork Spit, water near loo, 236 Youn^. Hon. Edward, quoted 146 Zones, cotton. U. S 53, 54, 162 Zuni, Isle of Wight co., rainfall o7, oh Seasons 59, et seq. Temperatures 51, 52 ERRATA. Page 23 — iSTuitli line from bottom, for Miocence read Miocene. Page 33 — Sixth line from bottom, omit '■' Tertiary limes(o7ies are frequent and furnish a very- good building material." Page 37 — In table of analyses, in ISTo. 5, for 0.22 of titanic acid read 0.12. Page 40 — Fourteenth line from bottom, for Page read Rockingham. Page 84 — Eighth line from top, for Latukiah read Latakiah. Page 86 — Third line from bottom, for Greenesville read Greensville. Page 130 — The lbs. after Confectionery put after Tallow in next line. Page 140— For Quantity of Castings, 1872, put 3,550 for 3,350. Page 165— Put 100,615 in last blank of No. 3. Page 193 — Seventeenth line from bottom, for too read two, and put and after curses. Page 209 — First line from top, for Statistics in, put Statistics of. Page 221 — Twenty-first line from top, for Covington read Evington. Page 227 — ^Eighteenth line from bottom, for Fall's read Falls. Page 230 — For Alexandria and Potomac, read Alexandria and Fredericksburg. Page 230 — Put 1,623.5 for miles of completed railroad. See Appendix A, giving information to- January, 1876. Page 230— Last column of table, for 427 read 426,5, for 123 read 162.7, for 106 read 108, for 52; read 58.5, and for 207 read 205. Official changes. Page 232 — The General Assembly chartered a railroad from Buchanan to Clifton Forge. Page 233 — Ninth line from top, for Connelville read Counelsville. Page 237 — ^Eighteenth line from bottom, for Urbana read Urbanna. Page 237 — Second line from bottom, for Engineer's read Engineers. Page 238 — Twentieth line from bottom, insert comma after tracking. Page 248 — Erase 15th line from bottom, after owner. Law repealed 1876. Page 257 — Change page to 258, to agree with index. Page transposed. Page 258 — Change page to 257, to agree with index. Page transposed. Page 258 — After Wadesville put West Virginia. Put distance from Staunton to Washiugtoa 180 miles. Page 257 — Thii'd line from bottom, for 58 read 55. Page 280 — Pat Maldng, below Bread, over Inspection. Page 301— After Slaves, under Northumberland, for 237 put 270. l) j7i5e VIRGINIA A GEOGR APH ICAL AND POLITICAL SU MM ARY, K.Mi;KA<;iN(i DE:?;(:^KIPT10N OF THE isTATE, ^ IT^ GEULUGY, SOILS, MXNEILVLS AXD CLIMATE ; ITS ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS; MANUFACTURING AND ^"COMMERCIAL FACILITIES; RELIOiOUS AND EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES ; INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, AND FORM OF GOVERNMENT. I'REI'ABKD AND i'VBLlSUEU XD^R THE SUPERVISION OE THE BOARD OF IMAIIGRATION, , A?^D BY AUTHORITY OF LAAV; RICHMOND, VIRGINIA: - R. F, WxU.KER, SUPERiyrE]SrDENT OF Pf^RLIC PRTTN'Trya 1876. LE D '1 ^