■ % " ** LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Co^rinfii ' IMTl-D STATES OF AMERICA. AND'OVER PUBLICATIONS, W. F. DRAPER, PUBLISHER, ANDOVER, MASS. Among the Andover Publications will be found choice and valuable books for intelligent readers ; also works for the special use of Theological Students and Clergymen. The Catalogue embraces works on the Evidences and Defences of Christianity, Devotional books, Essays in Philosophy and Theology, Church History, Discrepancies of the Bible, Her- meneutics, Commentaries on various books of the Old and New Testaments, Harmonies of the New Testament in Greek and in English, Grammars of the New Testament Greek, Hebrew Lexicon and Grammars, etc. Descriptive Catalogues sent free on application. All books sent by mail postpaid, at the prices annexed. A special dis- count of twenty per cent is given to clergymen and theological students, excepting on the " Bibliotheca Sacra " and those books which are marked by a *. Address W. F. DRAPER, PUBLISHER, 24-80-2 ANDOVER, MASS. WOEKS BY PROF. EDWARD C. MITCHELL, D.D. DAVIES' HEBREW LEXICON. A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament. With an English-Hebrew Index. By Benjamin Davies, Ph.D., LL.D. Care- fully Revised, with a Concise Statement of the Principles of Hebrew Grammar. By Edward C. Mitchell, D.D. 8vo. pp. 772. Cloth, $4.25 ; Half Turkey, $4.75. PRINCIPLES OF HEBREW GRAMMAR. A Concise Statement of the Principles of Hebrew Grammar. For the Use of Teachers. 8vo. Paper, 15 cents. GESENIUS' HEBREW GRAMMAR. Translated by Benjamin Davies, D.D., from Rodiger's Edition. Thoroughly Revised and Enlarged, on the Basis of the Latest Edition of Prof. E. Kautzsch, D.D., and from other recent Authorities, by Edward C. Mitchell, D.D. With full Subject, Scriptures, and Hebrew Indexes. 8vo. $3.00 1 THE CRITICAL HANDBOOK. I A Guide to the Authenticity, Canon, and Text of the Greek New Testament. Illustrated by a Map, Diagrams, and Tables. 12mo. $1.75 THE CRITICAL HANDBOOK. A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF THE ^ttt^ttMa* inw\{> mi fat OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT. P U / BY l/i E. C. MITCHELL. ILLUSTRATED BY DIAGRAMS, TABLES, AUD A MAP. WARREN F. DRAPER. 1880. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880, by WARREN F. DRAPER, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREFACE. Happily the day is past when any respectable scholar questions the legitimacy or value of the science of Biblical Criticism. It has come to be a recognized right and duty of one who would become acquainted with the New Testament revelation to press the inquiry, reverentially but persistently. In what does this revelation consist ? — Are these the words which holy men of God spake or wrote as they were moved by the Holy Ghost ? The difficulties as well as the facilities attending this inquiry are beginning to be understood. The means and appliances for a critical examination of the Sacred Text are coming to be indispensable to the Christian scholar who would be thoroughly furnished unto all good works. Indeed, no good modern Commentary upon the Scriptures can be intelligently used without some acquaintance with the sources of textual criticism. Unfortunately, the resources in this department of learning are not yet abundant, or easy of access. The few thorough and excellent treatises upon the subject are expensive, and not within easy reach of the ordinary student. They are, moreover, too extended and voluminous for the comprehension of beginners, and too minute for ready reference. Religious Tr„.i .w,,/. 56J*al£nu,.iUn J /.,„,. , IV PREFACE. The writer, therefore, while engaged in the work of instruc- tion, has found it necessary to prepare for his classes a brief compendium of the subject, in order that they might proceed intelligently to the work of exegesis. The substance of this handbook was thus prepared, at first with no thought of publication ; but having been many times requested to make it available for general use, the writer has revised and enlarged the notes for the press, constructing, at the same time, a set of Tables, to serve as ready reference guides to the information most needed on the subjects discussed. The plan of the book embraces, in the first place, a view of the present field of controversy on the subject of the Authen- ticity of the New Testament Scriptures, as regarded from a historical and geographical stand-point; in the presentation of which a leading object has been to familiarise the mind with the periods and the persons most often referred to in the after work of textual criticism. This is followed by a brief discussion of the leading points in the History of the Canon, and then by a resume of the subject of Textual Criticism. In this part of the work, and the Tables which accompany it, care has been taken to combine brevity with the greatest possible accuracy of statement. The best recent authorities have been consulted, and the author has received valuable aid from eminent scholars in England and America. Among these, he desires to make grateful mention of the Rev. Dr. Joseph Angus, of Regent's Park College, London, whose PREFACE. V counsel lias always been wise and useful ; and of Prof. Ezra Abbot, of Cambridge, Mass,, the inspiration of whose friend- ship it has bsen the writers' happiness to enjoy for many years, and whose sympathy is ever open towards any sincere effort to advance real scholarship. Though always over- burdened with his own labours, which give him a recognized place in the foremost rank among Biblical critics, Dr. Abbot had yet found time to bestow much patient thought upon this little Manual, giving to the whole of Part III., and the accompanying Tables, the great advantage of his careful revision, and suggesting many new points of interest and value. The author's thanks are also due to the Librarians of the BibliolJieque Nationale and of the Faculte Prolestante TJteologique of Paris, and especially to Mr. R. Garnett, of the British Museum, London, for much cheerful help in obtaining access to books and manuscripts. E. C. M. Paths : August, 1880. CONTENTS. I. AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. PAGE Chaptee I. Introductoey. § 1. The Question stated 3 § 2. Method of Investigation -.4 Chaptee II. Data fuenished by well-known Histoeical Facts. § 1. Extent of the Church in the Third Century . . 6 § 2. Estimation of New Testament Books in the Third Century ......... 7 § 3. Probable means then existing for verifying the Facts 8 § 4. Comparative View of Ancient with Modern History . 10 Chaptee III. Data fuenished by Pagan Liteeature. § 1. What might reasonably be expected . . . . 14 § 2. Notices of Secular Historians 17 § 3. Notices of Pagan Writers not strictly historical . . 18 Chapter IV. Data fuenished by Christian Literature. § 1. The Apostolic Fathers 32 § 2. The Apologists and Martyrs 37 § 3. The Catechetical Schools of Alexandria and Carthage 41 CONTENTS. VI I Chapter V. Data furnished by Opponents, and by Monuments. § 1. Evidence furnished by Heretical Writings § 2. Evidence from tangible Memorials § 3. Eetrospective View. Concluding Eemarks PAGE 43 45 48 II. HISTOEY OF THE CANON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. § 1. History of the Canonical Books § 2. Formation of the Canon § 3. Early Catalogues of the Canon § 4. Classification of the Canon . 55 58 £9 61 III. HISTORY OF THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. § 1. Form of Manuscripts and Style of Writing . . G7 § 2. Divisions of the Text 08 § 3. Classification of Manuscripts ..... 72 § 4. Uncial Manuscripts . . . . . . . 73 § 5. Cursive Manuscripts ...... 82 § 6. Versions of the New Testament . . . . . 85 § 7. New Testament Citations by the Christian Fathers . 86 § 8. Textual Criticism . . . . . . . 88 § 9. The Nature of various Eeadings . . . .8.7 § 10. Eules of Judgment in critical cases . . . . 92 Vlll CONTENTS. PAGE I. Table-Chart of History ; showing the Christian nations of Europe into which the Roman Empire was divided 96 II. Synchronistical Tables of Ancient Civilization, Science, and Literature, B.C. 50 — a.d. 330 . . .97 III. Diagram of contemporaneous Christian Fathers . . 99 IV. List of Witnesses or Actors in the Scenes of Christian History ; arrange! by localities . . . 100 V. References to the Canonical Books by Christian Fathers and their opponents .... 102 VI. Catalogues of Disputed Books . . ... 103 VII. Facsimiles of Manuscripts of the New Testament . 104 VIII. The Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament . . 108 IX. The Cursive Manuscripts ..... 119 X. The Ancient Versions of the New Testament . . 133 XI. Christian Fathers arranged chronologically . . 137 XII. Alphabetical List of Greek and Latin Fathers . . 139 XIH. List of the Roman Emperors, b.c. 31 — a.d. 337 . . 144 Feontispiece. Map of the Roman Empire, showing the Localities of Early Witnesses. PART I. i 9 * ■ iij OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES CHAP. PAGE I. Introductory 3 II. Data furnished by well-known Historical Facts 6 III. Data furnished by Pagan Literature . . 41 IV. Data furnished by Christian Literature . .32 V. Data furnished by Opponents^ and by Monu- ments ........ 43 AUTHENTICITY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. CHAPTER I. Introductory. § 1. The Question stated. The first question which, addresses itself to the critical student of the New Testament Scriptures has reference to the authenticity and trustworthiness of the records of fact which they present. Unless the Christ of history be genuine, and the evangelic narrative an authentic record, we have no revelation from a personal God; we have no authoritative basis for the Christian faith. 1 And if, according to the theories of modern rationalists, the Gospel histories are largely mythical in their character, built upon a slender basis of facts by the fertile imaginations of pious enthusiasts, and accepted by a credulous public, long 1 " What is the Christianity for which we can claim and hope to establish equal validity with that of the accredited truths of science ? I answer, simply and solely the genuineness of the Divine mission of Jesus Christ ; that is, not of any Christ of one's own special shaping or fancy, but of the Christ of history, of the Gospels, of the Church, including of course the substantial authenticity of the evangelic narrative of what Jesus said, did, and suffered." — Dr. Andrew P. Peabody, Christianity and Science. B 2 4 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCIUPTCBES. after their alleged occurrence, as veritable histories/ then the work of critical exegesis becomes of comparatively slight importance, excepting for the detection of the fraud. It behoves the Christian scholar, therefore, to satisfy himself at the outset whether or not these histories, and the letters and treatises connected with them, are authentic and trustworthy documents. Without attempting any exhaustive discussion of Chris- tian evidences, it seems appropriate to the purpose of this handbook to furnish the student with an outline of such historical facts as furnish a basis of argument for the defence of the authenticity of the New Testament. For this purpose our discussion will take the form of an inquiry into the theory which has been propounded in modern times, that the accepted facts of the New Testament record are " unhistorical." § 2. Method of Investigation. The simplest method of conducting such an inquiry will be to trace history up the stream, searching as we go for the supposed terra incognita out of which must have grown tho " mythical " Gospels. If we find that the links in the chain are unbroken ; if it shall prove that the only possible period for the actual origin of Christianity coincides with the period claimed for it in the New Testament record, our stand-point as students of the Scripture will be vindicated. We shall then be prepared to commence a direct examination of the history of the documents which compose these records; and, in doing so, shall be but retracing our steps over familiar ground. Strauss, Leben Jesu, §§ 13, 14. Seo nolo j>. 51. INTRODUCTORY. 5 Thus the process of inquiry into the question of authenticity will serve as an appropriate introduction to the study of the canonical and textual history of the New Testament writings. The question before us may be thus stated : — If the New Testament books are not genuine documents, and their historical statements records of fact, coming from their reputed authors, then at what period in the world's history did they originate ? Obviously not before the time assigned to the events alluded to or recorded in them. Not certainly since the days of Constantine the Great, because from that time to the present the leading nations of Europe have been avowedly Christian nations, in which these books have been generally recognised as authoritative. 1 Our field of inquiry therefore is narrowed down to the interval between the above-named periods, viz. a.d. 65 — 311, as affording the only possible opportunity for such a process of origination as the mythical hypothesis assumes. To take a nearer view of this interval, let us transport ourselves in imagination to the latter period, viz. the age of Constantine, and ascertain, first, the extent of the Church, secondly, the number of New Testament books accepted, and thirdly, the means which then existed for verifying them. 1 To illustrate this, let the student notice upon Table I., p. 97, the Christian nations which once composed the Roman Empire. AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. CHAPTER II. DATA FURNISHED BY WELL-KNOWN HISTORICAL FACTS. § 1. Extent of the Church in the Third Century. Let us then take our stand at the close of the third cen- tury, and survey the position which the Christian Church held in the Roman Empire. We find ourselves on the threshold of the reign of an avowedly Christian Emperor, who carried the cross before his army, and everywhere recognised Christianity as the religion of the State. We find that at Nicomedia, 1 the eastern capital of the empire, a splendid Christian church, built in the reign of Diocletian, is standing close by the imperial residence and proudly overshadowing it, 2 and learn that such magnificent buildings for Christian worship are not uncommon throughout the empire. 3 We find in the account by Gibbon that "episcopal churches were closely planted along the banks of the Nile, on the sea coast of Africa, in the proconsular Asia, and throughout the southern provinces of Italy;" that " the Bishops of Gaul and Spain, of Thrace and Pontus, reigned over an ample territory, and delegated their rural suffragans to execute the subordinate duties of the pastoral office;" that the Bishops at this time 1 See Map of Roman Empire (Frontispiece). 2 Gibbon, ch. xvi. 3 Gibbon, ch. xx. See also Bingham's Antiquities of the Christian Church bk. viir., ch. ii. § 3; Smith's Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, vol. i., pp. 3GG and 427. HISTORICAL FACTS. 7 exercising jurisdiction numbered eighteen hundred, of whom one thousand were seated in the Greek, and eight hundred in the Latin provinces of the empire ; while the number of subordinate clergy may be conjectured from the circum- stances that the cathedrals of Constantinople and Carthage maintained an establishment of five hundred each, and that " almost in every city the ancient churches were found insufficient to contain the increasing multitude of prose- lytes/'' 1 In short, it is a matter of established history that the Church of the New Testament had at this period made its way, through terrific persecutions, to a foremost posi- tion in numbers, intelligence, and influence throughout the empire. 2 § 2. Estimation of New Testament books in the Third Century, It is equally matter of history, the evidence for which we shall see hereafter, that at this time, as indeed for a century 1 Gibbon, ch. xvi. 2 About a century before, Tertullian of Carthage, in his Apology, addressed to the E/Oman authorities (" Romanii imperii antistites "), probably at Carthage, had said : " We are but of yesterday, and we have filled everyplace among you, — cities, islands, fortresses, towns, market-places, the very camp, tribes, companies, palace, senate, forum. We have left nothing to you but the temples of your gods .... Without arms even, and raising no insur- rectionary banner, but simply in enmity to you, we could carry on the contest with you by an ill-willed severance alone. For if such multitudes of men were to break away from you, and betake themselves to some remote corner of the world, why, the very loss of so many citizens . . . would cover the empire with shame." — Apol. § 37 (Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Tert. vol. i. p. 116.) And in his treatise against the Jews, he says : "The Gothic peoples, the various tribes of the Moors, all the regions of Spain, diverse nations of Gaul, and places of Britain yet inaccessible to the Romans, have submitted to Christ, as well as the Sarmatians, the Dacians, the Germans, the Scythians, and nations yet unknown." — Adv. Jud., ch. vii. 8 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. previous, that part of the New Testament comprised in what is called the First Canon (viz. the Gospels, the Acts, thirteen Epistles of Paul, the First Epistle of John and the First Epistle of Peter— \ %\\ 3 or about -| of the New Testament), was generally regarded as authoritative and inspired, and co-ordinate with the Old Testament ; that the copies of this collection were multiplied so numerously as to defy the whole power of the government exerted to suppress them, 1 and so sacredly preserved that many persons suffered an ignominious death rather than deliver them up. \. §, 3. Probable means then existing for verifying the Facts. Now, in view of the mythical hypothesis, it remains for us to inquire what means of knowledge the Christian Church of the third century could have possessed, on which to found her belief — maintained under persecution and in the face of death 2 — that the facts of the Gospel history were real and the writings authentic. The record professes to describe portions of the life and teachings of Jesus and the twelve Apostles in the three divi- sions of Palestine, and the travels of Paul for the purpose of founding Churches in Syria, Asia Minor, Macedonia, Greece, and Italy; containing also letters purporting to be addressed by him to the Churches in Thessal'onica, Galatia, Corinth, Rome, Ephesus, Colossge, and Philippi, and to his brethren Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. These transactions are alleged to have taken place during the period immediately preceding a.d. 64, the date of Nero's persecution, and of the probable death of Peter and Paul. 1 Gibbon, cb. xvi. 2 Gibbon estimates tbat tbo martyrs in tbo ton years of Diocletian's persecu- tions alone inaj' have numbered 2000. — Chap. xvi. HISTORICAL FACTS. 9 The interval, therefore, through which Christians under Constantine must look for the facts, was about the same with that which has elapsed since the days of James the First of England. Since we are discussing a question of literary history, sup- pose, for illustration, that we inquire what evidence there is of the existence of such persons as the translators of the Authorized Version of the English Bible. l How do we know that the history of the Conference at Hampton Court, and all the proceedings alleged to have followed in the work of translation of the Sacred Scriptures, are not a collection of myths, the creation of fancy, collected and recorded by later historians ? The answer is, the facts have never been dis- puted. An intelligent public cannot be imposed upon in matters of this nature. If an attempt had ever been made 1 For American readers a more striking illustration of this argument may be made by comparison with the history of the Plymouth colony which founded New England in 1620. Two centuries and a half have elapsed since the settlement of America by the "Pilgrim Fathers;" a period precisely equivalent to the interval between Christians in the days of Constantine and the Apostles. How then, we might ask, do the citizens of the United States of America know that the reported incidents in the history of their colonial ancestors were not mythical in their origin ? In reply, the mind would first revert to the improbability of a whole nation being imposed upon in regard to the facts of its origin, and would then pro- ceed to review the positive evidence, the tangible relics within reach of all. The rock on which the Pilgrims landed, the houses and fortifications which they erected, the records and official documents which they executed, still exist. Their graves are preserved, and the inscriptions on their tombstones are exhibited to thousands. They are linked by family history with multitudes in all parts of the continent. The writer's grandparents were, for thirty years, contemporaries and in familiar intercourse with the grandchildren of the Pilgrim Fathers. And yet the entire number of those Pilgrim ancestors did not greatly exceed a hundred, and the earlier events in their history had no other witnesses, excepting the "perishing sons of the forest." 10 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCKIPTURES. by pretended historians to foist unhistorical records upon the reading community, protests would have come from all quarters, and the controversy would have formed a prominent part of literary history. Besides this, the positive evidence is abundant. The men who performed this work were well known and prominent persons residing in various parts of the kingdom, and their descendants are living amongst us. They are removed from us only by a few generations. Their memories are fresh, their personal histories are cherished, the inscriptions on their tombstones are still legible. The main facts respecting the work of translation could be substantiated by family tradition, aside from all printed testimony. § 4. Comparative View of Ancient with Modern History. Now the entire number of men engaged in the work of translation did not exceed fifty or sixty, and their labours were confined to one place, and may be supposed to have been personally witnessed by very few. 1 On the other hand, the actors in the scenes of Gospel history are claimed to have numbered many thousands, and most of their acts to have been witnessed by many thousands more. The record states that over five hundred brethren at one time saw Jesus after His resurrection, and Paul's letter to the Corinthians affirms that most of these persons were then living. We are further informed in the book of the Acts of the Apostles that shortly after the resurrection of Jesus three 1 Seo previous note, last clause, for a parallel application of American history HISTOEICAL FACTS. 11 thousand were converted at Jerusalem (Acts ii. 41), and that this number daily increased thereafter, (Acts ii. 47) . We are told that these converts were natives of different and remote countries (Acts ii. 9— 11), and that they were soon driven by persecution into all parts of the empire, preaching the Word; that Churches planted by them or others did exist in Samaria (Acts viii. 14, xv. 3), Syria (Acts ix. 19, xiii. 1, xv. 23), Phoenicia (Acts xv. 3), Galilee (Acts ix. 31), Cilicia (Acts xv. 23, 41), Pontus, Cappadocia, Bithynia (1 Peter i. 1), and Italy (Eomans i. 8) . Paul himself is declared to have minis- tered to Churches in each of the principal cities north of the Mediterranean, from Antioch on the east to Kome on the west ; and striking incidents in the early history of some of them are narrated. It is apparent therefore that the points of connection, and opportunities for verifying or disproving the accuracy of the record, must have been ready and abun- dant to Christians in the days of Constantine. The facts therein alleged, if real, were public events, and occurred in the most populous places in all parts of the empire, and at a convenient proximity to the imperial centre. If imaginary or exaggerated, the evidence of their falsity must have been within easy reach of thousands, and must have exposed their authors to universal and merited contempt. 1 If the actors in them were numbered by thousands, the disinterested spectators of them must have been counted by tens of thousands ; and the lineal descendants of both must have been living in the days of Constantine. The habits of the people were not generally so migratory as those of our own time, and the great body of the people were doubtless 1 See Map of Roman Empire, showing localities in which the scenes of New Testament History occurred (Frontispiece). 12 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. still living where their fathers died. If miracles were per- formed by Jesus and His Apostles, the witnesses or the sub- jects of these miraculous works would have transmitted the facts through their children and grandchildren with con- comitant circumstances and corroborative incidents. If Churches were founded by Paul and Peter and John in the various cities of the empire, most of those Churches must have been still in existence, and must have possessed tan- gible relics of their origin and history, such as places of worship 1 or of baptism, dwellings of pastors or leading mem- bers, etc. etc. If apostolic letters were written to different Churches, some trace of the original documents, or at least of very early copies, must have been still in existence. If, from the beginning, disciples of Jesus had sealed their faith in Him with their blood, the memorials of their death and of the place of sepulture of many of them must have been still visible. If the Church had existed as a Church through these two centuries and a half, it must have had a literature, more or less copious, extending through the whole period. If it existed in sufficient magnitude to become an object of notice and of persecution by the Imperial Government, the facts must have been in some way alluded to by secular writers during the period. These concomitant evidences would have been necessary from the nature of things; and a marked deficiency of any one of them would have given occasion to all intelligent 1 The church is still standing in Scrooby, England, where tho Pilgrim Fathers worshipped before a.d. 1020, and the record of tho baptism of William Bradford, Georgo Morton, and others, may still bo read upon tho Church Register. The meeting-house in Ilingham, Mass., U.S.A., built in 1G80, is still standing and in good condition, though constructed wholly of wood. HISTORICAL FACTS. 1 o persons for great distrust, if not for the entire rejection of the records. We must bear in mind that the period was one of unusual intelligence. The Christian era began in the most brilliant age of Koman literature,, — the Golden Age of Augus- tus, the age in or near to which nourished Caesar (died B.C. 44), Cicero (d. B.C. 43), Sallust (d. B.C. 34), Virgil (d.B.c. 19), Horace (d. B.C. 8), Strabo (d. after a.d. 21), Philo (born B.C. 20), Seneca (b. B.C. 2), Ovid (d. a.d. 18), Livy (d. a.d. 17), Tacitus (b. a.d. 61), Plutarch (b. a.d. 46), Pliny (b. a.d. 61), and Suetonius (b. a.d. 70). l To suppose that the Church could have reached such a position in numbers and power as it held under Constantine, unless the main facts of Christian history were substantiated by some such corroborative cir- cumstances as we have mentioned, is to suppose a miracle of human credulity and folly more stupendous than humanity has ever witnessed, immeasurably more than any or all of those miraculous occurrences which the mythical hypothesis was contrived to discredit. Fortunately we are not left altogether to the nature of things for our evidence that these confirmatory circumstances did exist. Some of them remain to this day, and may be briefly noticed. We will adopt the inverse order to that by which they have just been cited, viz. 1, notices of secular historians ; 2, the existence and testimony of a Christian literature ; 3, the evidence from relics and monuments. See synchronistical tables of ancient civilization, etc. (No. II.), pp. 98, 99.*' 14 AUTHENTICITY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. CHAPTER III. DATA FURNISHED BY PAGAN LITERATURE. § 1. What might reasonably be expected. Before proceeding to this part of the discussion, it may be proper to inquire how frequent and extended a recognition of Christians and their doings we might reasonably expect from their heathen contemporaries. We should not look for a minute chronicler among their enemies. Even supposing the Christian Church to have occupied a distinct and prominent place among the sects at the beginning of her history, we should expect her to furnish her own historians, while the extraneous notices of her would be either controversial or of the nature of allusion and out- line. Nor should we expect that these notices would accord to her all the prominence which she might justly claim. 1 Perfect accuracy of information, or fairness of statement about opposing sects, has ever been a rare quality among men. 1 Lardner illustrates this point from Roman history thus : " Many writers of great worth, and many affairs of no small importance, have long lain in obscurity, or have been totally buried in oblivion. " It has been observed that Velleius Patorculus, a man of a good family, who flourished in the time of Tiberius, and wrote an abridgment of the Roman History, in two books, has been mentioned by no ancient writer, excepting Priscian. . . . M. Annams Seneca, father of L. A. Seneca the Philosopher, and author of divers works, has been confounded with his son, and has been almost unknown as a writer. . . . Lucian, a subject of the Roman Empire, who has DATA FURNISHED BY PAGAN LITERATURE. 15 When we add to this the remembrance, that under the influ- ence of Pagan Rome the Christian faith, however prominent, was everywhere despised and hated as a " new and pernicious superstition/' whose avowed tendency and purpose was the overthrow of all existing religions, and the extinction of idolatry, we should not be surprised to find both ignorance and " silence" respecting them on the part of the few writers which the Roman world at that day produced — writers many of whom filled official stations in the Roman Government. But the Christian Church did not occupy a prominent place, in the outset of its history. The uninformed are often misled by this erroneous presumption. It is by our partiality to it, and by our historical re- searches, that it has been brought into the foreground of the picture of the first three centuries. A moment's reflection will show us that Christians and their doings were of but little comparative account in making up the history of the world under the Roman Emperors. At first they were but a mere handful, springing up in a remote province, a sect of a sect, so to speak, the petty disturbances of which seldom, if ever, excited attention in the Imperial City. Even after they had increased in numbers and extended very widely in various parts of the empire, it was some time ■written so many things, has taken little notice of Roman authors or Roman affairs. He has a laboured encomium of Demosthenes, but says nothing of Cicero. . . . Maximus Tyrius, a Platonic Philosopher, flourished in the time of Antoninus the Pious, and several of his Dissertations were -written at Rome; ' nevertheless,' as Davies, one of his editors, says, ' he appears little acquainted with Roman affairs. Nay,' says he, 'I do not recollect that he has made any reference to the Roman History.'" — Credibility, "Heath. Test.," ch. xxii. (vol. vii. p. 305. Here and elsewhere reference is made to the London ed. of Lardner, 1838). 16 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. before they were distinguished from the various sects of Judaism. There is, therefore, but little reason to expect that a heathen historian, writing of his own time, and having no personal interest in Christians, should make very frequent allusions to them, or be very minute or accurate in his description. 1 And we should have still less reason to antici- pate that literary men of the same period, whose themes are not necessarily related to Christianity, should go out of their way to make mention of it. Nevertheless we shall find, upon examination, that a fair proportion of Pagan writers have in some way recognised the existence and spread of Christianity during the first two centuries. For convenience of reference we shall enumerate these as well as Christian writers in their chronological order. It will then be easy, at the close, 2 to apply the retrospective process suggested above (ch. 1, § 2) as a method of argument. 1 In a history of the New England Colonies from 1G30 to 1G49, written by John Winthrop, the Governor, we find only very casual and indistinct allusions to Baptists as a sect, though this was a time of peculiar interest in their history ; so much so, that Uhdcn, in his History of Congregationalists (The New England Theocracy, Boston, 1859), devotes to them nearly the whole of tho thhty pages which describe this period. Facts are mentioned, indeed, which belong to their history, relating to individuals, but only as they seem to havo been forced into notice by their connection with civil government. Yet this was not the result of ignorance nor of any effort at concealment. The promi- nent events of Baptist history occurred under his very eyes ; and, on tho other hand, fairness and impartiality aro qualities ascribed by all parties to the work which he wroto. Had both these circumstances been reversed, — had tho scene of their operations for the most part been remote, and his owd mind blinded by prejudice, — how natural would it have been for him to avoid all allusions to them, or make such references as would throw discredit upon their account of themselves. 2 See ch. v. § 3, Retrospective View, p. 48 DATA FURNISHED BY PAGAN LITERATURE. 17 § 2. Notices of Secular Historians. Only nine secular historians have a place in history as living in the first two centuries, viz. Appian and Pausanias among the Greeks, and Livy, Paterculus, Valerius, Justin, Florus, Tacitus and Suetonius among the Latins. Of these the first seven write respecting an earlier period. None of them records any events subsequent to the reign of Tiberius. 1 Of the remaining two, Suetonius was a biographer, and wrote a series of brief sketches, entitled Lives of the first twelve Ccesars. In his life of Claudius he has an incidental allusion which confirms Luke's account of the expelling of the Jews from Eome on account of Christian controversies, 2 and in his life of Nero, he notices the cruel persecution of Christians by that emperor. 3 Tacitus, the historian of the empire, and Consul of Rome in a.d. 97, has given a somewhat extended statement 4 respect- . ,. _^ , — _ 1 The works of the earlier authors are as follows : — , 1. Appian. A History of the World down to Augustus, who died a.d. 14. 2. Pausanias. An Itinerary descriptive of Grecian Art, etc. 3. Livy. History of Rome to B.C. 9. He died a.d. 17. 4. Velleius Paterculus. An abridgment of Roman History, nearly all lost. He died a.d. 31. 5. Valerius Maximus. "Dicta et facta memorabilia" dedicated to Tiberius, who died a.d. 37. 6. Justin. An epitome of the history of Trogus Pompeius, who lived in the time of Augustus. 7. Lucius Annaous Florus. An abridgment of early Roman History. The biographers Curtius and Plutarch also treat of persons living before the death of Christ. 2 Claudius Judseos, impulsore Chresto assidue tumultuantes, Roma expulit. Claud, cap. 25. Corap. Acts xviii. 1, 2. 3 Afflicti suppliciis Christiani, genus hominum, superstitionis novae et maleficse. Nero, cap. 16. 4 The Annals of Tacitus were written about the year a.d. 100. The author, C 18 AUTHENTICITY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. ing the numbers of Christians, their diffusion throughout the empire, and their persecution in the days of Nero. Of this statement Gibbon (ch. xvi.) says : " The most sceptical criti- cism is obliged to respect the truth of it." § 2. Notices of Pagan Writers not strictly historical. Beside these direct historical notices, we find the growth and spread of Christianity alluded to in literary works ori- ginating in various parts of the empire. Juvenal, a contemporary of Tacitus, has been supposed to Caius Cornelius Tacitus, was at this time over forty years of age, and had been Praetor and Consul of Rome, besides filling other posts of honour. The Annals were the last of his works which were preserved; they extended from the reign of Tiberius (a.d. 14) to the death of Nero (a.d. 68). In describing the reign of Nero, he comes to the terrible fire at Rome, which occurred in the tenth year of Nero, a.d. 64. After giving an account of this fire, and of the orders given for rebuilding the city, and the methods used to appease the gods, he goes on to say : " Sed non ope humana, non largitionibus principis, aiit deum placamentis decedebat infamia, quin jussum incendium crederetur. Ergo abolendo rumori Nero subdidit reos, et quaasitissiruis poenis adfecit, quos per flagitia invisos vulgus Christianos appellabat. Auctor nominis ejus Christus, Tiborio imperitante, per procuratorem Pontium Pilatum supplicio adfectus erat. Repressa in praesens, exitiabilis superstitio rursum erumpebat, non modo per Judaeam, originem ejus mali, sed per Urbem etiam, quo cuncta undiquo atrocia aut pudenda confluunt celobranturque." — Annals, lib. xv., § 44. He then goes on to describe the cruel nature of the tortures to which tbey wore subjected, calling the victims multitudo ingens, "a vast multitude," and saying that they were condemned not so much for burning the city as for their "hatred of mankind." Here are allusions to the death of Christ, its time and manner, the position He held as leader of those bearing His name, the origin of Christianity in Judaea, and its wide and rapid spread through that and other countries, so that even at Rome it had a great number of adherents. They como naturally into tho course of the narrative, and their authenticity has ever boon disputad. DATA FURNISHED BY PAGAN LITERATURE. 19 refer to Nero's persecutions in a passage x in his First Satire, which Dryden thus translates : " But if that honest license now you take, If into rogues omnipotent you rake, Death is your doom, impaled upon a stake, Smeared o'er with wax, and set on fire to light The streets, and make a dreadful blaze by night." He also closes his Fourth Satire with some expressions 2 about Domitian, which, from some corresponding statements in the writings of Lactantius, have been supposed to allude to that emperor's cruelty to Christians. In a.d. 104, or 112, was written the well-known letter 3 of Pliny the Younger to the Emperor Trajan, in which he 1 " Pone Tigellinum, tseda lucebis in ilia Qua stantes ardent, qui fixo gutture f umant, Et latum media sulcum deducit arena." Sat. L, 1. 155, sq. 2 " Atque utinam his potius nugis tota ilia dedisset Tempora ssevitiae, claras quibus abstulit Urbi Illustresque animas impune et vindice nullo. Sed periit, postquam cerdonibus esse timendus Coeperat. Hoc nocuit Lamiarum csede madenti." Sat. IV., 1. 150, sq. 3 Caius Plinius Csecilius Secundus, or Pliny the Younger, Governor of the province of Bithynia in a.d. 103, or according to Merivale, a.d. Ill (Hist. Emp ch. lxv.), was a personal friend of Tacitus, and not far from the same age. He was a man of liberal education, and fond of literary pursuits. While in Bithynia, where he spent nearly two years, he wrote frequent letters to the Emperor Trajan on various matters of business and friendship. These letters, as well as many of the answers to them, he afterwards collected and published. One of them reads as follows: "It is customary, my lord, for me to refer to you all matters concerning which I have any doubt. For who can better direct my uncertainty, or instruct my ignorance ? I have never been present at any examinations of Christians. So that I know not what or how much it is customary, either to punish or inquire into their con- duct. Nor have I been a little doubtful whether there should be any distinction on account of age, or whether you are pleased to have the tender in no way c 2 20 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. describes tlie spread of Christianity in the north, of Asia Minor, and states many interesting facts respecting the religious observances of Christians. distinguished from the more robust ; whether pardon should be awarded to repentance, or whether to him who has been a Christian at all, it shall be of no avail that he has ceased to be one ; whether the name itself, even if it is without actual crimes, is to be punished, or only crimes which are found connected with the name. In the meantime, in respect to those who have been brought before me as Christians, I have pursued this course : I have inquired of them whether they were Christians. Those confessing, I again and a third time in- terrogated, threatening the death penalty (supplicium) ; such as still persisted I commanded to be led away to punishment. For I had no doubt, whatever might be the nature of their opinions, that contumacy and inflexible obsti- nacy ought to be punished. There were some of a like infatuation whom, because they were Roman citizens, I have noted down to bo sent to the' city." (We omit his mention of some who consented to supplicate the gods, and to revile the name of Christ ; "none of which things, they say, can they be com- pelled to do who are really Christians.") " Others, named by an informer, declared themselves to be Christians, and soon after denied it ; some that they had been, but had ceased to be some three years ago, and some longer, and one or more above twenty years. All these worshipped your image and the statues of the gods : they also cursed Christ. Moreover, they affirmed that this was the extent of their fault or error ; that they were accustomed to assemble on a stated day, before light, and sing among themselves, alternately, a hymn to Christ, as if God; and bind themselves by an oath, not to any wickedness, but that they would not commit theft, nor robbery, nor adultery, that they would not falsify their word, nor, when called upon, deny a pledge committed to them ; which things having been enacted, it was the custom for them to separate and again come together to partake of food, a meal eaten in common, and harmless, which itself they had forborne to do after my edict, by which, according to your commands, I forbade assemblies (hetaorias) to bo held. From which (account) I regarded it more necessary to ascertain what was true, and that by torture, from two maid- servants, who were called ministrce. But I have discovered nothing, other tlym a bad and excessive superstition ; and so, suspending the trial, I have come to consult with you. " For the affair seems to me worthy of consultation, especially on account of the number endangered. For many of every ago, of every rank, of both sexes even, are brought into peril, and will continuo to bo. For tho contagion of this superstition pervades not cities only, hut towns also, and the open country, DATA FURNISHED BY PAGAN --LITERATURE.- ' 21 ■ About a.d. 109 certain discourses were delivered' at Nico- polis in Epirus by Epictetus, the Sfcoic, and published by Arrian, which are thought to contain allusions to Chris- tians under the name of Galileans. 1 Not far from the same period also flourished Dion Chrysostomus the Sophist ; from an oration by whom to the Corinthians a passage is quoted which seems to allude to Christians as haters of the prevailing idolatry. 2 All of the writers thus far mentioned were subjects of the Emperor Trajan, who reigned nineteen years, from a.d. 98 to 117. The Emperor Hadrian succeeded him, and from his pen we find allusions to Christians, in letters addx^essed in a.d. 117 to Minucius Fundanus, Proconsul of Asia/ and in a.d. 134 to his brother-in-law, Servianus, the consul -which it seems (to me) may be restrained and corrected. It certainly is quite evident that the temples, just now nearly desolate, have begun to be frequented, • and the sacred solemnities, after a long intermission, to be revived, and every- where victims to be sold, of which hitherto very rarely a buyer could be found. From which it is easy to imagine what crowds of men might be re- deemed, if there were space for repentance." — Plinii Epist. lib. x. 96 (al. 97). This epistle is followed by the answer of Trajan, which is brief and to the point, giving the desired directions, and commending his deputy for the course he had taken. It, however, adds nothing to our present purpose. 1 Ot»x opas noes eicacTTos Aeyerai 'lovdeuos ; iras ~%vpos ; iras Alyvrrrtos ; Kal '6rdv Tiva iirajxcpor^pi^ovTa eiSojjUei', eldoOaixsv Aeyeiv, ovk tariv 'lovdeuos, &AA' viroKpivsrai' '6rav S 5 avaAafir) rb nvaQos rb tov fiefSa/j-fievov Kal i)pr]iJ.4vov, totg Kal %, Kal tovs &AAovs Qzov"s ; Corinthiac. Or. xxxvii. 3 It appears, according to Eusebius, that one Serenius Granianus, Proconsu ' of Asia, wrote to Hadrian that it seemed to him unjust that the Christians 22 AUTHENTICITY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT SCEIPTUEES. at Rome. 1 The first was written from Egypt, and the second from Syria. Bhould be put to death only to gratify the clamours of the people, without trial, and "without any crime being proved against them ; and that Hadrian, in answer to his appeal, wrote to Minucius Fundanus, the successor of Grani- anus (whose Proconsulate was about expiring), the following letter: " To Minucius Fundanus : I have received a letter written to me by Sere- nius Granianus, an illustrious man, whom you have succeeded. It does not seem to me then that this affair should be left unexamined, in order that the people may not be excited to commotion, and opportunity (xopyyia, expenses) of evil practice be afforded to informers. If, therefore, in respect to this demand, the people of the province are able distinctly to make confident affirmation against the Christians, that they also may answer before the court, let them proceed in this way, but not by importunate demands nor clamours only. For it is far more proper, if any one wishes to make accusation, that you should take cognizance of it. If, therefore, any one accuses and proves anything to have been done contrary to the laws, then truly do you determine ac- cording to the degree of the crime; as (on the other hand), by Hercules, if any one prefers this (charge) for the sake of slander, let him be treated with such severity as you shall regard a just recompense." The expression "importunate demands" and "clamours" (a^iaxrea-iv) is said to refer to a popular cry of those times, on the occasion of public show's, or other assemblies, " The Christians to the lions ! " by which they sometimes prevailed upon the Emperor to commit acts of persecution. This letter shows that there were then Christians in Asia, and in considerable numbers, and that they were obnoxious to the mass of the people, and is, so far as it goes, a confirmation of Christian testimony respecting the same period. This is the letter which Justin Martyr appended to his Fust Apology, addressed to Antoninus Pius. It was originally written in Latin. Eusebius translated it into Greek, and inserted it in his History. (1st Jpol., c. 09; comp. A. N. Lib. Justin, p. 66.) Its genuineness is undoubted. 1 Hadrian had been some time in Egypt. After leaving that country while in Syria, he wrote as follows : " Hadrian Augustus to Servianus the Consul, greeting — Egypt, which you recommended to me, my dear Servianus, I have found to be fickle and inconstant, carried about by every excitement of rumour. They who worship Serapis are Christians ; and they are devoted to Serapis who call themselves Christ's Bishops. There is no ruler of the Jewish Synagogue, no Samaritan, no presbyter of the Christians who is not an astrologer, a soothsayer, an anointer. " Tho patriarch himself, should ho come to Egypt, would be required by some to worship Serapis, by others Christ. A class of men very seditious, boastful DATA FURNISHED BY PAGAN LITERATURE. 23 Antoninus Pius succeeded Hadrian as emperor July 10, a.d. 138 and reigned twenty- three years. To him was addressed the First Apology of Justin the Martyr. In an account of this apology given by Eusebius, he records the substance of an edict issued by Antoninus, addressed to the Common Council of Asia, deprecating the persecution of Christians, and alluding to the advice given in the rescript of his father Hadrian. 1 There are some passages in the writings of Apuleius, who and overbearing. The city is wealthy, splendid, productive, in which no ono lives in idleness. Some blow glass, by others paper is made, others are linen- weavers ; all, in fact, both appear to, and actually have some trade. The gouty have (work) which they can do ; the blind have (work) which they can do ; nor do those even whose hands are palsied live in idleness among them. They have one God. Him the Christians, Him the Jews, Him all the Gentiles, also worship." (Flav. Vopiscus in Saturnino, cap. viL, viii. ; Lardner, Heath. Test., London, 1838, ch. xi. vol. vii. p. 98.) Here we learn that in Alexandria also, and other parts of Egypt, Christians had become quite numerous, though it was then but a century after our Saviour's resurrection. Christ's Bishops were already nearly or quite as influential as the priests of Serapis. 1 Euseb. lib. iv., cap. 13. The genuineness of this edict is disputed by many good critics, though Lardner was disposed to accept it. Eusebius also records a reference to this edict of Antoninus made in the apology addressed by Melito, Bishop of Sardis, to Marcus Aurelius, the son and successor of Antoninus Pius, about the year A.D. 177. The apology is transcribed by Eusebius at some length, lib. iv., cap. 26. It contains the follow- ing passage : " Of all the Roman emperors, Nero and Domitian only, who were misled by designing men, have shown enmity to our religion. From them have proceeded evil reports concerning us, that are received and pro- pagated by the vulgar; which have often been checked by your pious ancestors, who by edicts have restrained those who have been troublesome to men of our religion, among whom is your grandfather Hadrian, who wrote, as to many others, so particularly to Minucius Fundanus, Proconsul of Asia. And your father also, at the same time that you governed all things with him, wrote to several cities that they should not give us any vexa- tion, and among them to the Larisseans, and the Thessalonians, and the Athenians and to all the Greeks." — Lardner's Translation ; ch. xiv. (vol. vii. p. 127). 24 AUTHENTICITY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTUEES. flourished about a.d. 163, which are thought to indicate some knowledge of Christians and their affairs. One of these is found in his work called. The Metamorphosis ; or, The Golden Ass, in which he ascribes to the wife of his master certain vices, which are supposed to be a caricature of Christian practices. 1 Another appears in his apology for marrying Pudentilla, a rich widow, in which his accusations against her brother-in- law, who appeared against him, seem in like manner to describe a Christian from a heathen point of view. 2 The year a.d. 176 is the date assigned by Cave to Lucian, a native of Samosata in Syria, whose writings contain extended allusions to the faith and practices of Christians, but distorted and inaccurate, as might be expected from one whose knowledge was limited and his spirit unfriendly to them. One of these allusions is found in his letter to Cronius concerning the death of Peregrinus Proteus, 3 a famous Cynic, 1 Metam. lib. ix ; Valpy, vol. ii. pp. 589 — 91. " Nee enira vel unum vitium nequissimse illi foeminso deerat ; scd omnia prorsus, ut in quandam coenosam latrinam, in ejus animum flagitia connuxe- rant : scoova, ssova, virosa, ebriosa, pervicax, pertinax : in rapinis turpibus avara, in sumtibus foedis profusa : inimica fidei, hostis pudicitiao. Tunc spretis atque calcatis divinis numinibus, in "vicern certa> roligionis, mentita sacrilega pi'assumtione Dei queni pradicaret unicuni," etc. 2 Valpy, p. 1457. (Pp. 490, 497, Flor. Ed). " Atque ego scio, nonnullos, et cum primis vEuiilianum istum, facctia3 sibi habere, res divinas deridere. Nam, ut audio, partino CEnsium (percen- sentibus ?) qui istum novere, nulli Deo ad hoc aevi svqoplicavit, nullum templum frequentavit ; - si fanum aliquod prartcreat, nefas habet adorand j gratia manum labris admovore," etc. 3 "OTeirep Kal tt?!' davfxaaiTjv aocplau rcov XpiaTiauooy i^ixade, irepl ttjv TlaXai- CTTlvrju toTs iepevcri Kal ypa/xixaT&v(Xtv o.vt&v j-vyyev 6 fxtvos. . . . (?) Kal rl yap ; £v fipax*? ircuSas avrovs aire(pr)ve, Ttpo(pr}Tr)s, Kal Qiaaapn-qs, Kal £vvaywyzvs, Kal irdfTa fx6uos ai/rbs a>V Kal ruu fSifihuv ras fj.hu i^yelro, Kal 5ieadVTa.i, rbu 8e aveo~KoAoTrio~/j.evou inelvov aocpiarrju avTOou TrpoaKvucocri, kai riva, €t Kal /xt) fizfiaiav anSSei^iu, irapa- fxvQiav -yoZif iKavrjv rep \6ycp irepl rcou oktco ttoiottitoov, %va [xyris evObs kclt' apx^-S, us els Movaov Kal Xpiarov oiarpifiriv acpiy/xevos, v6ixoov avairoSe'iKTWu anovrj, Kal ravra iu oh ^Kiara xp]h — De Differentia Pulsuum, Ed. Basil, iii. (p. 22). 4 (t)uttov yap &v rts tous curb Movaov Kal Xpiarov fxeraSiSd^i % robs ra?? alptatai TTpoaT^T7]K6ras larpovs re Kal (pi\oa6(povs. — De Differentia Pulsuum iii. (p. 34). DATA FURNISHED BY PAGAN LITERATURE. 29 tlie government, the details of which are too voluminous to be here recorded. We shall have to content ourselves with a mere catalogue of the principal authors who made mention of Christianity, and those emperors who thought it neces- sary by special edict to recognise its growing influence upon society at large. For fuller particulars, a reference is given in each case to the original sources, of most of which an English translation may be found in the seventh volume of Lardner's works : Septimius Severus (Emp. 193 — 211) published an edict against Christians. Spartian, Sever., cap. 16, 17. Alexander Severus (Emp. 222 — 235) refers approvingly to certain Christian practices, as well known, when publishing an edict about the appointment of officers in the provinces. He also gave a rescript in favour of Christians, when their right to a certain spot of ground for a church edifice was- disputed by the vintners of Eome. Lampridius, cap. 45, 49. Crevier, Hist, of Rom. Dmp., vol. viii. Tfl/pian, the lawyer (fl. a.d. 220), is said to have published a treatise, now- lost, upon The Duty of Proconsuls, in which all edicts published against Christians were recorded. Lactantius, Inst., lib. v. cap. ii. Dion Cassius (d. a.d. 230), in his History of the Romans, describes the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus and Yespa- sian, Domitian's persecution of Christians, and Nervals leniency towards them. Lib. lxxvi. 67, 68. Maximin, the Thracian (Emp. 235 — 238), is said to have persecuted the clergy of some Churches. Sulpicius ISev., lib. ii. cap. 32. Deems (Emp. 249—251) published edicts of persecution against Christians. Basnage, ann. 250, num. iv., v. Sulp. Sev., lib. ii. cap. 32. 30 AUTHENTICITY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTUBES. Gallus (Emp. 251) is said to have persecuted Christians. Euseb. H. E., lib. vii. cap. 1. Valerian (Emp. 253 — 260) published several edicts of persecution. Euseb. H.U., lib. vii. cap. 10. Gallienus (Emp. 259—261) issued edicts of toleration. Euseb. H. E. y lib. vii. cap. 13. Amelius, the Platonic philosopher (a.d. 263), exhibits in his writings an acquaintance with the Gospel of John. Euseb. Prap. Evang., lib.xi. cap. 19. Aurelian (Emp. 270 — 275) alludes to Christians in a letter to the Senate of Eome about the Sibylline books. Vopiscus, Aurel., cap. 20. Porphyry (fl. a.d. 270) wrote numerous works, among which were fifteen books Against the Christians. He was answered by Eusebius (20 books), Apollinarius (30 books), and Methodius (10,000 lines). Only fragments of his work remain. Hierocles (fl. a.d. 303) wrote Truth-loving Words against the Christians, in two books, now lost, which were answered by Lactantius and Eusebius. See Lardner, ch. xxxix., vol. vii. pp. 474-503. In order properly to estimate the value of Pagan testi- monies to the existence of Christianity, it may be well to compare the list we have now given with the entire catalogue of writers whose works are extant upon any subject, who lived during the first three centuries. For this purpose the reader is referred to Table II., page 98, where a standard list of the principal literary men of that period may be found, taken from the Oxford Chronological Tables of Ancient History. Few persons are aware how limited is the number of writers whose works have come down to us from that period. DATA FURNISHED BY PAGAN LITERATURE. 31 It may surprise many to find, upon examination of the tables, that the enumeration we have just finished nearly exhausts our present catalogue of secular writers during the first three centuries. Certainly there has been no period since, when the jprojp or tionate number of allusions to Christianity on the part of merely literary men has been nearly as great. Beside this direct form of testimony to the truth of the evangelic record, and to the facts of gospel history, on the part of writers who were not friendly to Christianity, there is an evidence, not less conclusive, because undesigned, to be derived from coincidences of statement and confirmations of their accuracy which may be found in the works of such writers as Josephus, Philo, Tacitus, Dion Cassius, Strabo, Xenophon, Livy and others. This argument, which would occupy too much space for our present discussion, has been well stated by Kawlinson in his seventh Bampton Lecture upon the Historical Evidences. The number and variety of the confirmations of the accuracy of the sacred narrative which he has thus collected is something remarkable, especially in the case of those derived from Josephus, whose studied avoidance of all direct allusion to the Christian religion and its Founder only adds weight to these involun- tary testimonies to the truth. 32 AUTHENTICITY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. CHAPTER IV. DATA FURNISHED BY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE. § 1. The Apostolic Fathers. Having reviewed the notices of Christianity which appear in early Pagan literature, we now come to consider those evidences of the existence and spread of Christianity which appear in or consist of the writings of early Christians. These ancient representatives of the Christian faith it has been customary to divide into two classes : Apostolic Fathers, and Christian Fathers; the former term being applicable to those who are presumed to have derived their teaching directly from some one or more of the Apostles. The works usually ascribed to " apostolical men" are the Epistle of Barnabas, the Epistles of Clement of Rome, the Epistles of Ignatius, the Martyrdom of Ignatius, the Epistle of Polycarp, the Martyrdom of Polycarp, the Epistle to Diognetus, the Shepherd of Hermas, and a fragment from Pa/pias. 1 The Epistle of Barnabas was ascribed by Clement of Alexandria and Origen to Barnabas, the companion of Paul. Many distinguished recent critics have from internal evidence 1 Among tho boat critical editions of thoso works are: Patrum Apostolicorum Opera, G. J. Hcfolc, Tubingen, 4th ed. 1855. Pat. Ap. Op., A. 11. M. Dressol, Leipsic, L863. Put. Ap. Op., 0. do Gebhardt, A. Harnack, Th. Zahn, 2nd ed. Leipsic, 1876-78. Pat. Ap. Op., F.X. Funk, Tubingen, 1878. DATA FURNISHED BY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE. 33 rejected this theory, though not with entire unanimity. 1 All agree, however, as to its great antiquity, not later than the beginning of the second century ; and it is therefore possible that the writer may have been a disciple of some Apostle. The text, until recently, was complete only in a Latin version, the Greek having many mutilations ; but the discovery of the Sinaitic MS. by Tischendorf in 1859 brought to light a complete Greek copy, which has greatly added to the interest taken by scholars in this Epistle. 2 Among other things, this discovery confirms the supposition that the author of the Epistle refers to Matthew's Gospel, under the formula, "as it is written." 3 Of the two Epistles ascribed in the early Church to Clemens Bomanus, or Clement, Bishop of Eome, only the first pre- sents evidence of authenticity. This was probably written about a.d. 97. The manuscript of it in the library of the British Museum was until lately the only one known to be in existence. It is subjoined to the celebrated Alexandrian Codex (A) of the New Testament. Quite recently, however, another copy has been discovered at Constantinople by P. Bryennios. In this Epistle are found quotations from the 1 Neander, Hug, Baur, Hefele, Winer, Hilgenfeld, Donaldson, Westcott, and Muller reject the authorship of Barnabas, the Levite ; while Gieseler, Credner, Guericke, Bleek and Mohler sustain it. See article "Barnabas, Epistle of," in Smith's Diet, of Chr. Biography, by Prof. Wm. Milligan, of the Univ. of Aberdeen, who renews the controversy in favour of Barnabas as the author. 2 See J. G. Muller, Erkldrung des Barnabasbriefes, ein Anhang zu de Wette's Exegetiscliem Handbuch zum Neuen Test., Leipsic, 1861) ; also an article by Dr. Donaldson, in his History of Christian Literature and Doctrine. Another MS. of the Epistle has since been discovered at Constantinople. 3 At the end of ch. iv. the Latin version reads : " Adtendamus, ne quando, sicut scriptum est, multi vocati, pauci vero electi inveniamur." The Greek now proves to be 7rpo/xe?', fjLrjiroTe, ws yeypairrai, ttoXKoI icKtjtoI bxiyoi 8e 4fc\eKTo\ €vpe6w/j.ei/. D 34 AUTHENTICITY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, and such allu- sions or coincidences of expression as evince an acquaintance with other Epistles of Paul, the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Epistles of James and of Peter, and perhaps other books of the New Testament. The quotations of the words of Christ found in it correspond substantially with passages in the first three Gospels, but may have been derived from oral tradition. Ignatius of Antioch, called also 6 Oeocf)6po<;, is said by Eusebius to have been ordained Bishop of Antioch, as the successor of Evodius, in a.d. 69. He held this office until his death, which occurred at Rome, where he was condemned by Trajan to be devoured by wild beasts. The year of his death has been much disputed. Some of the best recent critics adopt a.d. 115 as the probable date. Fifteen Epistles are extant which have been ascribed to his Father, eight of which are undoubtedly spurious. The emainder have suffered many interpolations, and the ques- tion of their genuineness, even in part, has been the subject of much controversy. In 1869, the Rev. Wm. Cureton, Canon of Westminster, published a history of the controversy, in a work entitled Corpus Ignatianum, in which he took the ground (based in part upon a recent discovery of a Syriac version of the Epistles) that three letters — to Polycarp, to the Ephesians, and to the Romans — as found in a shorter form in the Syriac recension, are the only genuine letters of Ignatius. 1 The Martyrdom of Ignatius is a narrative which professes to have been written by those who accompanied him on his journey to Rome and who were witnesses of his death. The account is marked by great simplicity, and accords with the 1 For a concise history of the discussion in reference to the Epistles of Ignatius and a resume of the argument in favour of the genuineness of the Syriac recension, see Appendix B to Dr. de Pressense's Early Years of Christianity. DATA FURNISHED BY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE. 35 particulars given by Eusebius and Chrysostom respecting Ignatius. Its genuineness has been disputed, but the internal evidence is decidedly in favour of an early date at least, if not of its full acceptance as a genuine document. Poly carp, Bishop of Smyrna, is believed to have been born about a.d. 80. Irena3us says that "Polycarp was instructed by the Apostles, and was brought into contact with many who had seen Christ." 1 Adv. Hcer., iii. 3. The Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians is a deeply interesting document, the authenticity of which is generally admitted. It appears to have been written not long after the death of Ignatius. It abounds in quotations from, and coincidences of expression with, the books of the New Testament. The martyrdom of Polycarp occurred, according to Euse- bius (H. E., iv. 15), in the persecution under the Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. It is recorded in a Letter from the Church at Smyrna to the Churches of Philome- lium and other places. The narrative describes many touch- ing incidents illustrative of Polycarp's faith and constancy. When urged to secure his release by reviling Christ, he said : " Eighty and six years have I served Him, and He has done me no wrong. How then can I revile my King and my Saviour ? " In addition to the testimony of living witnesses of the apostolic life and labours, other works are in existence which bear marks of equal antiquity, but whose authorship cannot be definitely ascertained. One of the most remarkable of these is the Epistle addressed by some anonymous apostolical man to a prominent Pagan, Diognetus, in reply to certain inquiries about Christianity. It was probably written i See § 2 (10), below, p. 40. d2 36 AUTHENTICITY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTUEES. toward the latter part of the second century. In style and diction it ranks among the best, and the argument exhibits throughout a high-toned spiritual discernment. (See Semisch, in Herzog's Encyl., Art. Diognet.) Mention should also be made of the Shepherd of Hermas, a book commonly published among the writings of the Apos- tolic Fathers, and conjectured by Origen to have been written by the Hermas whom Paul salutes in the Epistle to the Romans. The evidence is well-nigh conclusive that it belongs to a later period, and the most probable conjec- ture assigns the authorship to a brother of Pius, Bishop of Rome, A.r>. 142 — 157. It is a collection of visions, command- ments, and parables, aud is chiefly valuable as showing in what way Christianity at that day was endangered by the influence of Jewish principles. It has many coincidences with, and allusions to, the language of the New Testament. Belonging to this period also we find the works of Papias, Bishop of Herapolis in Phrygia, who flourished, according to Cave, about a.d. 100, d. 169. In his five books, entitled An Explication of the Oracles of the Lord, he makes distinct reference to certain Gospels bearing the names of Matthew ' 1 The testimony of Papias, as recorded by Eusebius, is as follows : "Mark having become the interpreter of Peter, wrote down accurately whatsoever he remembered. It was not, however, in exact order that he related the sayings or deeds of Christ. For he neither heard the Lord nor accompanied Him. But afterwards, as I said, he accompanied Peter, who accommodated his instructions to the necessities (of his hearers), but with no intention of giving a regular narrative of the Lord's sayings. Wherefore Mark made no mistake in thus Avriting some things as he remembered them. For of one thing he took special care, not to omit anything he had heard, and not to put anything fictitious into the statements. (This is what is related by Papias regarding Mark ; but with regard to Matthew ho has made the following statements) : Matthew put together the oracles (of the Lord) in the Hebrew language, and each one inter- preted them as best he could." In the introduction to his books, Papias says : DATA EURNISHED BY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE. 37 and Mark, and to the First Epistles of Peter and of John, and alludes to the Acts and the Revelation. Beside these testimonies of Papias, we have those of others who occupied a similar position with him, preserved to us in fragments by Irenseus. He records sentences uttered by "the elders, disciples of the Apostles," in which allusion is made to the Gospels of Matthew and of John, and the Epistles to the Romans, Corinthians, Ephesians, and probably First Peter. Routh, Reliquice Sacrce, I. 47 ff. § 2. The Apologists and Martyrs. We now come into the period of Christian apologists, who wrote for the express purpose of defending the Christian religion against the attacks of its adversaries. (1) First among these in the order of time is Quadratics, Bishop of Athens, whom Eusebius calls a " disciple of the Apostles," who addressed an Apology to the Emperor Hadrian in a.d. 126. It is said to have been characterized by ability and sound doctrine. Only fragments of it now remain. In one of these he says : " The works of our Saviour were always conspicuous, for they were real ; both they which were healed and they which were raised from the dead ; who were seen not only when they were healed or raised, but for a long time afterwards; not only while He dwelt on the " If, then, any one who attended on the elders came, I asked him minutely after their sayings, — what Andrew or Peter said, or what was said by Philip, or by Thomas, or by James, or by John, or by Matthew, or by any other of the Lord's disciples : which things Aristion and the presbyter John, the disciples of the Lord, say. For I imagined that what was to be got from books was not so profitable to me as what came from the living and abiding voice." — Apost. Fathers. Ante-Nicene Lib., pp. 442, 446. 38 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. earth, but also after His departure, and for a good while after it, insomuch that some of them have reached to our times " (2) Justin, the Philosopher and Martyr, born in Shechem (Sychar, Flavia Neapolis, Nablous), Samaria, about a.d. 103; converted to Christianity a.d. 133; taught in Ephesus, Alexandria and Home, and in the intermediate cities, as an evangelist. He wrote two Apologies, the first in a.d. 147, addressed to Antoninus Pius; the second in 160 — 164, to Marcus Aurelius. His dialogue with the Jew, Trypho, a defence of Christianity against Judaism, was written about a.d. 150. His works contain about 200 citations from the New Testament Scriptures. A tolerably complete life of Jesus might be compiled from them. Says Eawlinson (Hist. Ev. p. 215) : "No one can pretend to doubt that in Justin's time the facts of New Testament history were received as simple truth, not only by himself, but by Christians generally, in whose name his apologies were addressed to the emperors." (3) Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch, born a.d. 110, con- verted 150, died 181 (Lardner), wrote an Apology addressed to Autolycus, a Harmony of the Gospels, and some other works. (Jerome, Be Vir.Ill. c. 25. Migne, Series Grceca, v. 6.) (4) Melito, Bishop of Sard is, in Lydia, in addition to a number of works, the titles of which are given by Eusebius (//. E. iv. 26), and Jerome (Be Vir. III. cap. 24), wrote an Apology about a.d. 172, addressed to Marcus Antoninus, (referred to above, p. 27, note 3), and a Treatise or Com- mentary on the Eevelation of St. John. (5) At about the same date, also, Claudius Apollinaris, Bishop of Hierapolis, addressed an Apology to the same emperor. His other works are enumerated by Eusebius, 1. iv., cb. 27, and Jerome, Be Vir. III. ch. 26. DATA FURNISHED BY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE. 39 (6) To the same date (a.d. 172) also is assigned Tatian, the pupil of Justin, who, beside numerous other treatises, wrote an Oration to the Greeks, and a Harmony of the Gospels called Dia Tessaron [hiarecro-dpodv). (Enseb.R.E. iv. 16, 28; Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, lib. 1, c. 21, p. 378, Potter's Ed.; Irenasus, Adv. Hcer. lib. i. c. 28 ; lib. iii. c. 23.) (7) DionysiuSj Bishop of Corinth, wrote seven Epistles, about a.d. 171 — 176, addressed to the Lacedaemonians, the Athenians, the Nicomedians, to the Church in Gortyna (Crete), Amastris (Paphlagonia), and the Churches through- out Pontus, to the Gnossians (Crete), and to the Romans, the latter addressed to Soter (^corrfp), Bishop of Rome (Euseb., H. E. iv. 23). (8) Athenagoras, the Platonic Philosopher of Athens, wrote from Alexandria about a.d. 177 an Apology inscribed to Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, entitled Legatio pro Christianis, and one called De Resurrectione. The works are still extant. (Migne, Patrologia, Ser. Graeca, v. 6.) (9) To this period, 170 — 180, also belongs Hegesippus, the first Church historian, " who," says Jerome, " composed a history of the affairs of the Church, from the Passion of our Lord to his own time." There were five books in all, only a few fragments of which now remain ; but the whole were in possession of Christians under Constantine, and Eusebius quotes freely from them. (Historia Ecclesiastica, ii. 23 ; iii. 20, 32.) (1 0) Next in the order of time may be mentioned Irenceus, the disciple of Polycarp and Papias, who was born about a.d. 130, in Ionia of Asia Minor, and who succeeded the Martyr Pothinus as Bishop of Lyons in Gaul. His bishopric extended from the persecution under Marcus Aurelius in a.d. 177, in which Pothinus suffered, to his own martyrdom in 40 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCEIPTUKES. a.d. 202, under Septimius Severus. His works were numerous. The names of some of them are given by Euse- bius, lib. v. 20, 26 (see also Ante-Nicene Chr. Lib., vol. 5). His work Against Heresies is the only one which has come down to us entire. This consists of five books, and gives abundant testimony to the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, twelve of Paul's Epistles, 1 Peter, 1 and 2 John, and Revelation, which last is expressly ascribed to Johu, the beloved disciple. He says that the Four Evangelists are the four columns of the Church, . . . and sees in this number four a peculiar appointment of the Creator of the world. Most interesting is his own account of his interview with Polycarp, and of that aged martyr's testimonies to the early facts of Chris- tianity. He says in his letter to Florinus : " While I was yet a boy I saw thee, in Lower Asia, with Polycarp, dis- tinguishing thyself in the royal court, and endeavouring to gain his approbation. For those things which then tran- spired I hold better in memory than such as have happened recently; for events which happened in infancy seem to grow with the mind, and to become part of ourselves ; so that I can recall the very place where the blessed Polycarp used to sit and teach, his going out and his coming in, his mode of life, his appearance, the style of his address to the people, his familiar intercourse with St. John and with the rest of those who had seen the Lord, and how he remem- bered their sayings ; whatever he had heard from them concerning our Lord, His miracles and mode of teaching, Polycarp, being instructed by those who were eye-witnesses of the Word, recounted in strict agreement with the Scrip- tures." {Fragmenta Operum, c. ii.) (11) Hardly less important is the testimony derived from DATA FURNISHED BY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE. 41 the works of the learned Hippolytus t the pupil of Irenaeus (born about a.d. 170 and martyred in a.d. 235), Bishop of Portus, at the mouth of the Tiber, from A. D. 193 to 235, nearly forty years. He was a voluminous writer, and the first preacher of note in the Church of Rome after Clement. A list of his works, somewhat imperfect, is given by Eusebius, H.E. vi. 22, and Jerome, Be Vir. III. c. 61 . See A. N. Chr. Lib. vol. 9. In 1842 a manuscript was discovered at Mount Athos, which proves to be a long- lost work of this Father Against all Heresies. It is a work of great interest and value. Bunsen gives extracts from it in his Hippolytus and His Age. It was published first at Oxford, in 1851, by E. Miller; and much better edited, with a Latin version, by Duncker and Schneidewin, Gotting., 1 850. It was probably written about a.d. 225 (Biblioth. Sac. x. p. 220.) Hippolytus was finally banished to the mines of Sardinia, and there put to death on account of his faith. His remains were afterwards brought back to Portus, and a church erected over his grave. § 3. The Catechetical Schools of Alexandria and Carthage. We now approach the period in the history of the Church distinguished by the establishment and growing influence of the Catechetical School of Alexandria. This institution, whose teachers and pupils were among the ablest of antiquity, began to have a distinctive and recog- nized existence about a.d. 160, and continued to flourish till about a.d. 395. It seems to have originated in a mere school of catechumens. It eventually became a fountain of profound learning and world-wide influence. The first per- manent teacher of whom we have definite knowledge was Pantsenus, although Athenagoras is alleged by some to have 42 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. preceded him (a.d. 160—181). Pantaanus taught from 181 to about 190, and was succeeded by Clement. Clement died about a.d. 220, and Origen followed him (b. 185, appointed teacher 203, d. 254). Contemporary with Clement and the Greek school was the establishment of the Western Theological School in North Africa, which was founded by Tertullian (b. Carthage, 160, converted 190, d. 240), and originated the Latin ecclesias- tical language, its teachers being Latins. Of these, Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage (b. 200, converted 246, died Sept. 14, 258), was contemporary with Origen. These were followed in both schools by a succession of eminent teachers and writers whose names and works take a prominent place in the history of the third and fourth centuries, Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria (247 — 265), Gregory Thaumaturgus (214 — 270), Theognostus (261 — 280), Eusebius the Historian, Bishop of Cassarea (270—340), and Athanasius (296—373) of the Greek, and Arnobius (280—330), Lactantius (280—330), Hilary (320—368), Ambrose (340—397), Augustine (354— 430) of the Latin school. 1 1 Tabic III. presents a comparative diagram intended to illustrate the position occupied by the Christian Fathers relatively to each other in tho order of time. It will be noticed that there has been no period since the beginning of the second century in which there were not living several prominent leaders of tho Church, whoso works are still extant. Of course, the names in tho later periods might have been greatly multiplied if space had permitted. DATA FURNISHED BY OPPONENTS. 43 CHAPTER V. DATA FURNISHED BY OPPONENTS, AND BY MONUMENTS. § 1. Evidence furnished by Heretical Writings. Parallel with the evidence of a Christian literature is the testimony furnished by those who opposed Christianity or perverted its doctrines. In the act of contending with the truth they incidentally prove the existence of the records and writings whose lessons they pervert. Says Irenasus, in his work Against Heresies : " Such is the certain truth of our Gospels, that the heretics themselves bear testimony to them, every one of them endeavouring to prove his particular doc- trines from thence. But the Ebionites may be confuted from the Gospel of Matthew, which alone they receive. Marcion useth only the Gospel of Luke, and that mutilated. Never- theless, from what he retains, it may be shown that he blas- phemes the one only God. They who divide Jesus from Christ, and say that Christ always remained impassible, whilst Jesus suffered, prefer the Gospel of Mark. However, if they read with a love of truth they may thence be con- vinced of their error. The Yalentinians receive the Gospel of John entire, in order to prove their pairs of geons ; and by that Gospel they may be confuted, as I have shown in the first book of this work." ] {Ad. Hcer. III. ii. 7, Lardner's translation.) Our knowledge of the ancient heretical writings is derived mainly from the replies to them now found in the works of Christian Fathers, especially those of Irenasus, Tertullian and 1 Works of Irenaus. The ed. of W. Harvey, Cambridge, 1857-8, is good. 44 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCEIPTURES. Eusebius. If we take the latter for a guide, our list would begin with Simon Magus. Eusebius says : " From Menan- der, successor of Simon, proceeded two leaders of heresies, Saturninus of Antioch and Baailides of Alexandria, who set up schools of their hateful doctrine, one in Syria, the other in Egypt." H. E. iv. 7. It is probable, however, that before Saturninus we should notice Cerinthus, who nourished, according to Le Clerc, about the year 80, though Basnage puts him at a.d. 101. It will suffice for our present purpose merely to give a list of the more prominent heretical writers, with their probable dates. A full account of them and their doctrines may be found in Lardner's works. Simon Magus of Samaria Menander, the Gnostic of Samaria Saturninus of Antioch Carpocrates of Alexandria . Basilides of Alexandria Marcion, of Pontus, disciple of Cerdon Valentinus, founder of the Yalentinians Cerdon, of Eome .... Leucius, or Lucian, disciple of Marcion Heracleon, the Valentinian . Theodotus, the Valentinian . Apelles, of Asia, disciple of Marcion . Marcus, founder of the Marcosians Hermogenes, of Africa Montanus, founder of Montanism Cassian, the Docete .... Theodotus, " the tanner," of Byzantium Praxeas, of Africa (?) . Artemon, " the Unitarian " (Lardner) . about »5 )f >> >» )> A.D. 112 120 125 140 140 141 145 160 160 160 160 170 171 190 192 196 200 DATA FURNISHED BY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS. 45 § 2. Evidence from tangible memorials. We have said in the outset that if the facts of Gospel his- tory are authentic, they must have left behind them tangible relics, material structures, memorial stones, which would have been familiar to the people of the days of Constantine. There is abundant evidence that such memorials did exist all over the empire. In the first place, the tombstones of the Martyrs, sacredly cherished, were like mile-stones of history, connecting the third century with apostolic times. In the Roman Cata- combs, extending beneath the Imperial City through hun- dreds of miles l of excavated streets, were to be found thou- sands of graves still bearing the emblems of the Christian faith, still sacred to the memory of those who had sealed their testimony with their blood, the date of whose martyr- dom extended back to the days of cruel Nero, and of Paul himself. Multitudes of these still exist, and their testimony is une- quivocal. Not only the personal history of the Martyrs, but historical scenes in the Old and New Testaments are plainly depicted upon them. The adoration of the Magi, — their interview with Herod, — the baptism of Christ by John, — the healing of the paralytic, — the turning of water into wine, — the feeding of the five thousand, — the raising of Lazarus, — the Last Supper, — Peter walking on the sea, — Pilate wash- ing his hands before the people, etc. The parables of our Lord— the Good Shepherd, the Sower, the Wise and Foolish Virgins — are there delineated. 2 1 Mr. Spencer Northcote estimates an aggregate of 900 miles of streets, and seven millions of graves. 2 See Rawlinson's Hist. Evidences. 46 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCKIPTUEES. The symbols of Christian faith — the cross (but never the crucifix), the dove, the olive branch, the anchor, the fish — all yet bear witness to New Testament revelation, and in those days must have been tenfold more significant, as the individual cases were more familiar. In Alexandria also are similar catacombs, one of which was opened only a few years since (1869), and was visited by the writer. There is no reason to doubt that similar memorials of Christian and martyred dead were to be found in the days of Constantine in all parts of the empire. 1 We are not to forget also that the conversion of Constan- tine marks the era of the identification of sites and the localities of sacred scenes in Palestine and elsewhere. The foundations of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre were laid in Jerusalem by Constantine in A. d. 326, and the dedication took place in 335. The place of the nativity, the tomb of Lazarus, the Garden of Gethsemane, the chamber of the supper, the place of baptism, and a hundred other localities dear to the Christian heart, were more or less definitely pointed out by a reverent local tradition. Untrustworthy and superstitious as much of that tradition undoubtedly was, it nevertheless exhibits the universal and unquestioning belief of the facts which it commemorates. We have already seen that church edifices were in exist- ence all over the empire, some of them very elegant. The 1 The excavations now making at Pompoii have brought to light sevoral vestiges of the ancient Christians. In the palace of the Edile Pansa, in Via Fortuna, an unfinished sculptured cross has been found on one of the walls, as well .as abusive inscriptions and caricatures ridiculing a crucified God. Pompeii was buried by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, a.D. 70. The discovery, therefore, is important, as illustrating the opinions held by adversaries of the Christian faith at a very early date. DATA FURNISHED BY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS. 47 Cliurch.es which built them must have had a history reaching back a century or more. Some of them must have had tangible and documentary relics of primitive times. We have allusion to something of this kind in the works of Ter- tullian (a.d. 160 — 240) of Carthage. "Come now/' he says, addressing one who had taken an erroneous view of scriptural salvation, "Come now, thou who wilt exercise thy curiosity more profitably in the business of thy salvation, run through the Apostolic Churches, in which the very chairs of the Apostles still preside, — in which, their authentic (or original ?) letters are recited, sounding forth the voice and representing the countenance of each. Is Achaia near you, you have Corinth. If you are not far from Macedonia, you have Thessalonica. If you are near to Italy, you have Rome, from whence also our assertion will be readily confirmed." * The Governors of Roman provinces were accustomed to send to Rome accounts of remarkable transactions, which were preserved in the Roman archives. Pontius Pilate is said to have given an account of the death and resurrection of Christ in his memoirs of Jewish affairs, called Ada Pilati. Eusebius (a.d. 315) referring to them, says: "Our Saviour's resurrection being much, talked of throughout Palestine, Pilate informed tlie Emperor of it." 2 1 De Prcesc. Hceret. cxxxvi. (Ante-Nicene Lib., vol. ii. p. 42). It has been customary to discredit these statements as extravagant and untrustworthy; and ao they may be, but there surely is no intrinsic improbability in the thing itself. Papyrus manuscripts exist and are legible to-day, which bear dates more than three thousand years old. Documents on common paper may be found in good preservation in nearly every town in England several hundred years older than were these to which Tertullian refers. The original records of the Plymouth Colony are in the County Court-house at Plymouth, in the hand- writing of Governor Bradford; and many original letters of the Pilgrim Fathers are extant. 2 See Lardner, Heath. Test., ch. ii. (vol. vi. p. 607 scq.). Documents 48 AUTHENTICITY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. It was the constant practice of primitive Christians, when disputing with the Gentiles, to appeal to these Acts, or records, thus deposited in the archives of the empire. Thus Justin, in his first Apology, haviug quoted the pro- phecy (Is. xxxv. 6) of the miracles of Christ, adds, " And that He did these things you may know from the Acts of Pontius Pilate." * Tertullian, after describing the crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension/ says : " Of all these things relating to Christ, Pilate himself, n conscience already a Christian, sent an account to Tiberius, then Emperor." Of Christ's death he writes thus : " At the same moment daylight disappeared, while the sun was at the meridian. Those who knew not that this was also predicted concerning Christ supposed it to be an eclipse. And ye still have this event related in your archives." To this class of visible facts might be added the universally practised Christian ordinances, Baptism and the Lord's Supper, which were in some sense monumental, testifying by their perpetual recurrence, and by the uniform Christian explanation of them, to the great central truths which they were designed to commemorate. § 3. Retrospective Vieiv — Concluding Remarks. We have thus reviewed, in chronological order, the prin- cipal testimonies, Pagan, Christian, Heretical and Monu- mental, to the authenticity of the sacred record, which are purporting to be copies of these Acts, have from time to time appeared, but are unauthentic. 1 Works, Ante-Xicene Lib., vol. ii. pp. 47, 48. 2 Apology, c. 21. KETKOSPECTIVE VIEW AND CONCLUSION. 49 found to span the interval between the Christian era and the age of Constantine. Let us now take a retrospective view, resuming the stand- point assumed in the first chapter, by the side of a believer, at the beginning of the fourth century. We find him living in an age when " the intellectual powers of man have become almost entirely absorbed in religious controversies " (see Table n., under date a.d. 310). We find thousands of Christian Churches all over the em- pire (ch. ii., p. 6), many of which claim to have had a con- tinuous history since the Apostles founded them, with edifices, manuscript records, relics and tombstones extend- ing through the whole period (ch. v. p. 45) . We find cate- chetical schools at Alexandria and Carthage, which are now over a century old, whose present teachers are the eminent Eusebius and Athanasius among the Greeks, and Arnobius and Lactantius among the Latins ; while the fathers tell us of Clement and Tertullian, of Origen and Cyprian, who have preceded them. We find in the libraries of these schools the works of an unbroken chain of ecclesiastical writers extending back to the pupils of the Apostle John. We find a parallel succession of heretical writings, and of the con- troversies they have elicited, based upon the recognised authenticitv of New Testament books. We find that a large proportion of all the Pagan writers of the period, whose themes would permit them to do so, have taken notice of the growing power of Christianity. We find a history of persecution in the archives of the empire, in the published appeals and defences of Christians, in the annals of Christian and heathen historians, in the Catacombs of Rome and Alexandria, and still more indelibly recorded in the hearts of Christian people, in the family traditions, in the E 50 AUTHENTICITY OE THE NEW TESTAMENT SCR1PTUEES. precious memories of fathers and mothers, of bishops and presbyters, who were among the victims. If we had found, besides all this, an ambitious critic who undertook to set up an ingenious theory that the historical statements of New Testament history were fabulous, — that the Roman empire was imposed upon, — that Christianity had no historical foundation, — that it was the offspring of fertile imaginations, that a ({ myth" had sprung up in the full splendour of the first Augustan age, — what should we have said to him ? What would any intelligent Roman have said to him ? But ancient literature furnishes no such example of critical temerity. In all the voluminous works of controversy, of attack and defence of the Christian Religion which have come down to us from that day, not one, either Pagan or Christian, attempts to deny the reality of the main events which form the basis of Gospel history. Such adversaries as Celsus, and Porphyry, and Hierocles, writing extensive and laboured arguments against Chris- tianity, do not think of disputing the historical character of the main facts on which it is based. They discuss the doings of Jesus and the teachings of Paul and Peter, as of persons whose general historical existence and the substance of whose history nobody questions. There is the usual amount of misrepresentation of their conduct, and misconception of their doctrine, but not a word about their mythical origin. This discovery was reserved for the astute metaphysicians of the nineteenth century ! " When faith," says Rawlinson, " is a matter of life and death, men do not lightly take up with the first creed which happens to hit their fancy, nor do they place themselves openly in the ranks of a persecuted sect, unless they have KETEOSPECTIVE VIEW AND CONCLUSION. 51 well weighed the claims of tlie religion which, it professes." It is clear that the early converts had means of ascertaining the historic accuracy of the Christian records very much beyond our own. To assume that they did not use them when so much was at stake, is to deny them the average share of common sense. It is to affirm the occurrence of a greater miracle than any recorded in the New Testa- ment. Note. — The work of Strauss, Das Leben Jesu, Jcritisch bearbeitet, appeared at Tubingen in 1835. The mythical hypothesis waB the legitimate outgrowth of the Hegelian philosophy carried to its logical results. The denial of the super- natural had its natural sequence in the denial of the historical verity of those acts and words which constitute the Christ of the New Testament, the greatest miracle of history. The Gospels, therefore, could not be records of fact, but legen- dary embodiments of the pious conceptions of primitive Christians. According to Strauss, the true Son of God, who was born of the Holy Spirit, who worked miracles, died and rose again, is humanity itself, an abstraction impossible to be realized in the actual, but nevertheless an ideal which the Christian imagi- nation had personified in Jesus of Nazareth. The effect of this formulation of the logical tendencies of their philosophy was somewhat startling to the friends, as well as to the opponents of the extreme rationalistic school of interpretation. The field of controversy was shifted from theories to facts. A new impulse was given to historical inquiry and to critical exegesis, the fruits of which have enriched the German and English literature with many works of great value. Among these we have space only to mention a very few, such as, Tholuck, Die Glaubwiirdigkeit der evang. Gesch. (1837), Ullmann, Historisch oder Mythisch ? (1838), Neander, Das Leben Jesu Christi (1837, New York, 1848), W. H. Mill, On the Attempted Application of Pantheistic Principles to the Theory and Historic Criticism of the Gospels, London, 1840-44, Norton, On the Genuineness of the Gospels, London, 1847. In 1864 there appeared a second work of Strauss, entitled, Das Ziehen Jesu fur das Deutsche Volk, in which he found it needful to supplement his mythical theory by including wanton fraud for theological purposes, charging wilful falsification upon the promulgators of the Gospel histories. The general theory of Strauss is reviewed in the Bib. Sacra for 1845 by H. B. Hackett, and in the New Englander for 18G4 by G. P. Fisher, and the E 2 52 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. New Life of Jesus is discussed in the Bib. Sacra for 1866 by J. I. Mombert, and in the Journal of Sac. Lit. for 1865-6-7, by C. A. Row. Tho last twenty years have produced many valuable treatises upon the life of Jesus, founded on the true historical and critical basis, such as those of De Pres- sense (Paris and London, 1865), Farrar (London, 1874), and Geikie (London, 1877). The student will also find profit in a careful reading of some of the special works upon the evidences of Christianity which have been referi'ed to in the foregoing pages, such as Rawlinson's Historical Ecidences (London, 1859, Boston, 1860), Row's Bampton Lectures (1877), and The Logic of Christian Evidences, just published (1880) by Gr. F. Wright, of Andover, Mass. PART II. HISTOEY OF THE CANON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. § 1. History of the Canonical Books. § 2. Formation of the Canon. § 3. Early Catalogues of the Canon. § 4. Classification of the Canon. THE CANON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. § 1. History of the Canonical Boohs. Our general survey of the field has demonstrated the practicability of arriving at trustworthy data for tracing the history of the New Testament books. We may therefore treat them like other subjects of his- torical research, and proceed to a direct account of their origin and subsequent disposition. Each of the books which now go to make up the New Testament canon was the outgrowth of circumstances in the life or labours of the author, very much as books have ever been. The Letters of Paul and other New Testament books were written at periods and for a purpose more or less plainly manifest in their tenor, or in Luke's record of the events which attended the growth of the primitive Church. This is not the place for particular discussion of these events, nor is it easy to give precise dates for the origin of any of the books, but it will be sufficient for our present purpose to 56 HISTORY OP THE CANON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. indicate an approximate arrangement of dates somewhat in the following order : A.D. First Epistle to Thessalonians, from Corinth, about 53 — 55 Second Epistle to Thessalonians, „ Epistle to Galatians „ First Epistle to Corinthians . . „ Second Epistle to Corinthians . . „ Epistle to Romans ,, Epistle of James , Epistles to Ephesians, Colossians, Philemon, Philippians, He- brews ; Luke, Acts . . . . „ First Peter „ First Timothy ., Titus „ Second Timothy „ Second Peter . . „ Gospel of Matthew „ Gospel by Mark ,, Epistle of Jude ,, Gospel by Jobn „ Revelation of St. John . . . . „ First, Second, and Third Epistles of John „ Ephesus „ 97—100 It thus appears that all the books which now compose the New Testament were written during the last half of the first century. They were doubtless written upon papyrus, 1 chiefly by the hands of amanuenses/ with a reed, 3 and conveyed to their 1 2 John 12 : " Having many things to write unto you, I would not write with paper {xaprris) and ink ; but I trust to come unto you," etc. Yet parch- ment was in occasional though not familiar use at the time the New Testament books were written. 2 Timothy iv. 13. 2 Rom. xvi. 22 : "I Tertius, who wrote this Epistle, salute you in the Lord." 3 3 John 13 : "I had many things to write, but I will not with ink and (Kd\a/JLos) write unto thee." Corinth J5 53- -oo Ephesus J> 56, 57 Ephesus JJ 57, 58 Philippi }J 57, 58 Corinth J> 58- -60 Jerusalem )> 62, 63 Rome 5J 63, 61 Babylon JJ 64 Macedonia 5J 64- -66 Epirus »> 64- -66 Rome SJ 66- -68 (?) »> 67, 68 Judaea J) 68, 69 Rome J» 68, 69 Jerusalem 5J 68- -90 Ephesus 55 78- -90 Ephesus JJ 81- -96 HISTOEY OF THE CANONICAL BOOKS. 57 several destinations by messengers. After having been pub- licly read in the Churches to which they were sent/ or by the individuals to whom they were addressed, the documents, both epistolary and historical, were multiplied by copying, the copies being sent to other Churches, 2 or purchased by indi- viduals. 3 This work of transcription must have hastened the defacement and decay of the originals, though they were undoubtedly preserved for many years with great care. On the other hand, the multiplication of copies and their public reading in the Churches tended to secure the sacred books from destruction or interpolation. So rapid was this diffusion, and so universal the practice of public reading from the first, that as early as a.d. 68 we find Peter alluding to the Epistles of Paul collectively as familiar to his readers, and as classed in the same category with the Scriptures of the Old Testament. 4 Similar allusions are found in the writings of Ignatius, 5 a.d. 69 — 107, and in the Epistle of Barnabas* a.d. 71. 1 1 Thess. v. 27 : "I charge you by the Lord that this Epistle be read unto all the holy brethren." 2 Col. iv. 16 : "And when this Epistle is read among you, cause that it be read also in the Church of the Laodiceans; and that yo likewise read the Epistle from Laodicea." 3 Norton, in his work On the Genuineness of the Gospels, has made some calculations which tend to show that as many as 60,000 copies of the Gospels were circulated among Christians at the end of the second century. Vol. I., pp. 28 — 34 (Lond. 1847). Jerome (331 — 420) says that there was a copy of the original of the Gospel by Matthew in Hebrew in the library of Pamphilus at Caesarea extant in his day. Catalog. Scriptor. Eccles. cap. iii. 4 2 Peter iii. 16 : " Which they that are unlearned and unstable wrest, as they do also the other scriptures (ws Kal ras Xonras ypacpds), unto their own destruction." & Ignatii Epistola ad Philadelphenses, cap. v. 6 The reference in this Epistle to Matt. xxii. 14, by the formula yeypairrai, " It is written," has already been alluded to in note to page 33. 58 HISTORY OP THE CANON OP THE NEW TESTAMENT. Justin the Martyr, in his First Apology to Antoninus Pius, in a.d. 147 has this remark : " On the day called Sunday there is an assembly of all those residing in cities and in the country, and then the memoirs (ra aTro/jLvw/JLOvev/xaTa) of the Apostles or the writings of the Prophets are read as long as time permits {/le^pis e>y^wpel). Then, when the reader has finished, the President (irpoearoi^) delivers an exhortation to encourage the audience in imitation of these noble examples." — Apol. I., c. 67. § 2. Formation of the Canon. This collective and public use of the books of the New Testament soon grew into the formation of a " canon," or rule of discrimination between writings which were regarded as inspired or authoritative, and " those without," or " uncanon- ized." 1 The example of an Old Testament canon being already before them, it was natural that the Church should very early ascribe a similar rank to the records of the life and ministry of Jesus and to the didactic writings of His Apostles. Traces of such an ascription are found as early as Theophilus of Antioch, 110 — 181 (ad Autolycum, in. 12), who mentions the Law, the Prophets and the Gospels as of equal authority, and expressly names John as among those " moved by the Spirit," quoting John i. 1 (ad Autol. n. 22). A somewhat remarkable evidence of the early veneration for the acknowledged New Testament writings, and their separation from all other books, appears in the controversy which arose with the heretic Marcion, about a.d. 140. This 1 Westcott adopts as bis definition of the Canon of Scripture : " The collection of books which forms the original and authoritativo written rule of tho faith and practice of the Christian Church." — Art. " Canon," Smith's nib. Diet. FORMATION OF THE CANON. 59 bold and influential schismatic was born in the latter part of the first century at Sinope, in Paphlagonia. His father was Bishop of the Church in that place, and he became a disciple, but was early excluded for immorality or heresy, and went to Home, where he became a teacher (140 — 170) and the founder of a sect. He admitted the Epistles of Paul and a Gospel which he regarded as Pauline, though he does not name the author. This Gospel was obviously no other than the Gospel of Luke, but mutilated by omissions and alterations to suit his peculiar doctrines. These liberties and changes called forth a prompt and earnest protest on the part of leading Christian writers, whose discussions of the subject teem with evidence that at that time the First Canon (containing twenty books) was reverentially accepted by the great body of the Church. Among the distinguished opponents of Marcion were Justin the Martyr, Irenseus, and Tertullian. See Lard- ner, vol. ii. pp. 126, 313, etc. We have also independent testimony from Justin in his references to the New Testament, showing that each Gospel is distinctly recognised by him as having canonical authority . (Dial. c. Tryph. § 103 ; also comp. Dial. § 49 w. Matt, xvii. 13; Dial. § 106 w. Mark, iii. 16, 17; Dial. § 105 w. Luke xxiii. 46). Irenasus (140 — 202), speaking of the New Testament writings as Divine, calls them the Rule or Canon of Truth, navova T?}? akrjOeias (Adv. Hcer. iii. c. 11, § 1; iv. c. 35, § 4). Basilides, the Gnostic of Alexandria, who wrote about a.d. 125, quotes from the New Testament in the same manner as from the Old, saying yeypairrai, and rj c "Wette. RULES OP JUDGMENT IN CRITICAL CASES. 93 respectable external authority can be found for a reading, it should not be admitted, however plausible may seem the arguments in its favour. 2. All scholars have agreed to adopt BengeFs prime canon, Proclivi scrvptioni prcestat ardua, iC To an easy read- ing prefer the harder." Copyists were more likely to relieve a hard construction than to make an easy one difficult. 3. We may next mention the canon of Griesbach, Brevior lectio prceferenda est verbosiori, "The briefer reading must be preferred to the longer/ ' The reasonableness of this rule results from the tendency of scribes to incorporate marginal notes or fuller parallel pas- sages, or to amplify Old Testament quotations. And yet it must be modified by the consideration that words and clauses are sometimes omitted to remove difficulties (see Bengel's canon), or through Homceoteleuton. See further, No. 5, below. 4. Another more comprehensive principle may be thus stated : That reading is probably genuine, from which the origin and diffusion of the others may be most readily explained. In practice this will usually be found to cover Ncs. 2 and 3. We may say still more generally : In every question of textual criticism, we have to consider what supposition will best explain all the facts in the case. We cannot settle these questions by any mechanical rules. 5. In estimating the value of the evidence of different MSS., their peculiar characteristics must be taken into account. Thus Codex D has special weight where it omits, as its general tendency is to add. Some would apply the reverse of this rule to Codex B. But when Scrivener (p. 108) quotes Dr. Dobbin, as finding in B no fewer than 2556 cases of omissions of words or whole clauses, the fact will be less " startling" when we know, what Scri- vener and McClellan (New Testament, vol. i. p. xxv., note) 94 HISTORY OF THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. do not tell us, that his "standard of comparison" is no ancient or critical text, but "Elzevir, 1624" ! See Dublin Univ. Mag., Nov. 1859, p. 621. The question whether what Dr. Dobbin calls " omissions " in B are not rather, in a large majority of cases, interpolations in Elz. 1624, cannot be thus disposed of by a cool assumption. The tendency of scribes was always to add rather than to omit. As Porson remarks, 11 From this known propensity of transcribers to turn every- thing into text which they found ■written in the margin of their MSS. or between the lines, so many interpolations have proceeded, that at present the surest canon of criticism is, Prceferatur lectio brevior." — Letters to Travis, p. 150. 6. Manuscripts differ also in the value of their testimony in different parts of the New Testament, some having a much better text of the Gospels than of the Episbles, and vice versa, e.g. A of the Gospels is quite inferior to A of the rest of the New Testament. And, in general, experience and critical judgment are needful accurately to weigh the comparative value of manuscripts. To illustrate this, Tre- gelles has prepared a table which he says may give " a general notion of the relation in which some of the leading MSS. of the Gospels stand one to another with regard to the text they contain/' Western, Alexandrian. Constantino]? olitan. B. Z. D. C.L.I. 33. P. Q. T. E. II. N. A. X. (A). 69. K. M. H. E.F.G. S.U.V. T.A. In general, we may say that to estimate accurately the value of any one of our chief authorities, a careful inductive process is required, such as Griesbach has applied to some of the MSS. of which he treats in his Symbolce Criticce, KULES OP JUDGMENT IN CEITICAL CASES. 95 Much yet remains to be clone in this direction. The general superiority of the older over the later uncials has, however, been fully established by the process which Tregelles calls " comparative criticism." See his Printed Text of the Greek Neiv Testament, London, 1854, p. 132. 7. With all the help in the work of textual criticism which a knowledge of these facts and principles may give, it is yet quite obvious that most students of Scripture will be mainly dependent upon the critical judgment and skill of experts in this particular department of sacred learning. The materials are so difficult of access, and the labour of collating manu- scripts, and of acquiring sufficient critical skill to weigh them rightly, is so enormous, that Biblical scholars will usually find it wiser simply to learn how to make discri- minating use of the materials which critical editors have furnished to their hand. The Christian world are under profound obligations to the few men who, having special gifts for this kind of investiga- tion, have been prompted by a love of the truth to consecrate their lives to unrequited toil in this direction, and whose labours have already brought forth fruits of incalculable value to the Church of Christ. The student will find the whole subject of textual criticism discussed at length in the works of Scrivener and Tregelles above referred to, and in the Art. " New Testament " in Smith's Bible Dictionary. There is an excellent resume of the subject by Prof. Gardiner in the Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. xxxii., and in the Appendix to Gardiner's Harmony of the Gospels. See also Immer's Hermeneutics of the New Testament. Andover, 1877. 90 TABLE I. SHOWING THE CHRISTIAN NATIONS OF EUROPE INTO WHICH THE ROMAN EMPIRE WAS DIVIDED. (See page 5.) B.C. 200 100 A.D. 100 200 300 400 £00 60C 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1600 1600 170CH l«X Macedonia. Egtpt. p ►J H O O 02 Death of Jesus Christ, 33. KOMAN EMPIEE. Conversion of Constantine, 311. British Wales. The Saxon Hept- archy. Gaul. England. Bible trans- lated at Hampton Court, 1611. Fbance. Gbbmany. St. Bartho- lomew, 1572. mation, 1517. CD CO a a u o CO & o ,d o ■- O Luther and Massacre of I the Refor- Italt. (Papal States). Italy. Mooes. Eastern Empibe. Castile and Leon. Ignatius Loyola founds order of Jesuits, 1535. Arra- GON. Spain. Portu- gal. Greek Empibe. Russia. The Greek Church. 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Ph~ ; •—> O • rH cs w © S'o © o m Or, — ' © I o ^ © a o as pI a co ^ O P *Hth © ~ < -.- s 2 a to © S a © 5 « 2 o © a"al ,.a co o-S.'Sg'g© 2 « 3^ © d^3 ©^"S Ph .S - fe e3 o a ^«| ^o © to O is CS ° A 2 Pnd CO a -s cs © ©••- P4 © ci © CO © V5 s © © © © »-l CM CM CM © 3 © © © © O 10 -O t>. 00 CM CM CM CM CM 8 2 g CO CO CO © CO CO 99 «!>5FJOOQ0^05CnJi.03tOI—'OCOCD- fed Q fed o w KJ I— I hd Q fed ^ > W ^ J> O ' fed HH i-3 > w fed t=3 U F H M 100 TABLE IV. LIST OF WITNESSES OR ACTORS IN THE SCENES OF CHRISTIAN HISTORY, grouped in connection with localities in which they lived, laboured, or wrote, and with which their names have been associated in the history of the first three centuries. The period to which their respective testimonies chiefly relate is given approximately in the third column. See Map at the beginning of the volume. Localities. SYRIA. Scene of life and crucifixion of Jesus ; also of Paul's conversion. Seat of Apostolic Church, centre of Missions to the Gentiles. ASIA MINOR. Paul's birth-place and early residence. Scene of first, second, and third missionary labours. John's later home. MACEDONIA and GREECE. Scene of Paul's second and third journeys. Seat of the Corin- thian Church, and of Paul's labours for eighteen months. Witnesses. Christ, Apostles, Evangelists. Paul, Apostle to the Gentiles. Barnabas, the Apostle. Evodius. Ignatius. Saturninus, the Gnostic. Justin, Apologist and Martyr. Hadrian, the Emperor. Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch. Lucian. Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch. Tatian. Methodius, Bishop and Martyr. Pamphilus, Presbyter of Cassarea. Eusebius, Bishop of Csesarea. The Church at Jerusalem and Antioch. Paul. Barnabas. Timothy. Silas. Luke. Titus. John, the Apostle. Cerinthus, the Jew. Polycarp, Bishop and Martyr of Smyrna. Hadrian, the Emperor. Papias, Bishop of Hierapohs. Pliny Secundus, Governor of Bithynia. Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons. Marcion, the Heretic. Justin, Apologist and Martyr. Melito, Bishop of Sardis. Claudius Apollinaris, Bishop of Hierapohs. Aristides, the Sophist. Theodotus, the Gnostic. Artemon. [pohs, and in Galatia. The Churches at Ephesus, Smyrna, Hiera- (U02) Paul. Silas. Luke. Timothy. Titus. , , . Clement of Rome (Epistles), Epictetus, the Stoic. . Dion, the Sophist orator at Corinth. Quadratus of Athens. Aristides of Athens, Apologist. Dionysus. [Bercea, and Corinth. The Churches at Philippi, Thessalomca, a. y>. 30- 70 36- 64 36- 73 50- 69 69-115 100-120 118-165 117-138 168-180 130-200 260-273 130-174 290-300 294-309 260-340 36-300 96 54 40- 58 45- 48 47- 51- 51- 58 57- 59 70-100 70-100 100-155 117-138 100-163 61-116 160-170 130- 140- 172-? 172-? 130-180 190-195 200- 52-300 62- 65 62- 64 62- 54 62- 68 67- 59 - 95 109- 109- 126- 180- 170-176 53-300 101 Localities. Witnesses. A.D. t Paul. 61- 66 Peter (?). 61- 66 Linus, Bishop of Rome. 67- 78 Suetonius, Historian. 70-130 Clement, Bishop of Rome. 91-102 Tacitus, Historian. 55-117 Juvenal, Satirist. 80-120 Ignatius, Martyr. 80-120 Diognetus (?), to whom Epistle is addressed. 130- ITALY. Pius. Hadrian, Emperor. Cerdo. 142-157 117-138 140- Scene of Paul's imprisonment Polycarp. 100-167 and place of writing his later Justin. 168- Epistles. Soter. Celsus, Irengeus. Hegesippus, the Church historian. Galen. Hippolytus. Dion Cassius. Aurelian. The Church in Rome. 171- 175- 177- 170-180 130-201 198-235 155-230 212-276 53-300 Hadrian, Emperor. 117-138 Basilides. 125-140 Carpocrates. 120- Valentinus. 130-160 Heracleon. 150- Justin, Martyr. 138-165 EGYPT. Athenagoras. 177- Catechetical School of Alexandria. 166-395 Scene of the flight into E ?ypt, Pantsenus. Clement. 181-190 190-218 and residence of certain who were converted on persons the day Origen. Dionysius. 185-254 247-264 of Pentecost. Gregory Thaum. Theognostus. Amelius. Porphyry. Athanasius. Hierocles. 244-270 261-280 263- 233-305 296-373 300- Apuleius, the philosopher. 160-170 Hermogenes. 170- Praxeas (?) 196- AFRICA. Tertullian. 190-240 Catechetical School of Carthage. 200-430 Birth-place of Simon and Manaen. Eesidence of certain Pentecostal converts. Cyprian. Arnobius. Lactantius. Hilary. 246-258 280-330 280-330 320-370 Ambrose. 340-397 Augustine. 354-430 102 co H O Ph Ph o W A CO W CO k> o o pp Q O o w Eh O Eh CO W Q s w In •emqasna •UTJUd^Q •ueSuo •sn^ioddTjj •snjopoaqj, trernnijjoji •puBxe^y jo ^u9ui9io •SB.ioS'Buaqjy •buuotjY y& qojnqo •snddiseSajj cicicioic3ciciCjc3cicicicicio3cicicicici ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci c; .; ci c£ .J ci ci cS cd ci ci cicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicici c3c3o3c3c3c3o3c3o3o3c3c3c3c3c3c3g3c3c3 c§ c8 c3 c8 ci ci c3 ci c3 ci cicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicicici C3c3c3c3c3c3esc3c8c3c3c3c3c3e3c8 c3 c3 c3 o ci ci ci o ci CV. O CV. CV, COOOOO OO o o ct, cv. cv. cv. cv. rt " c^ ci d ci ci a ca cv, ci ci ci c3 ci cv, ci 1 EH Ph i-H i-l o o o o o to o O) «> ^ fl fl ^ W »-s -s w o c Ci CO 2 o °55 05 • »-, a ci w B o go O & & o h o fl* .2 CD -*-» * J IS ■ 5 a< he l-H <1 5 2 Ci -r _- o - _ o p ■o c - ■B ti tQ £ -c-« p a cB w ^3 co^ S a B • to •^ CO 1 o 103 TABLE VI. CATALOGUES OF DISPUTED BOOKS. CONDENSED BY PEEMISSION FEOM WESTCOTT S LIST, IN SMITH S "DICTIONAEY OF THE BIBLE." w O ft cf. R o c ft F4 £ r9 o ?» T H N TO> N c xxey OM € M CD NTJ €JKOe ciHCDcnGrroiH MCNCUNINXMIKH TAM h CAXeyo m gn>. AlORXCI\€JXNXCX X6YTO N rTXf XAXU_ EXKIOKJTeC6XOM^ XKflNMH CAXTpT om eNeyxpecrcu* Tcu eti> m, e tX€*yxx ] K ! xc K wife o yc KM^ TKy o e'c hmcun rm KXTXN XX I CKO M $ v ./• No. 2.— ALEXANDRINE CODEX. John i. 1—5. eWith Ammonian Section 1 (A) and Eusebian Canon 10 (I). NA^ntiHOAOrOCKAiOAorocH J? TipoCTONeN-iaiQCHNOxoroc • OVToGHNeNAPKKnpOCTOHeN TTXNTxAUYroY6reN6Toil HZ COM M ^srT"0^ T 6 AA3e M- 105 No. 3.— VATICAN CODEX. Ps. i. 1—3. Y^MC l+ A 4> iV*T€Y """^ No. 4.— CODEX PURPUKEUS. John xv. 20. With Ammonian Section 139 (PA0) and Eusebian Canon 3 (r). 106 co FH IE ««! N pq H Q O O o" • r-t a o a a «i o +3 6 1 o k£ o 2 9 j- *.« o ^ 8 b 5 § £ z 558? Q h r o o ft ~ ft 8 ^ <2 * r S • • M fgf J9f 1 z s >- * >• o . — -d -* < ^ ofl -^ 2 < 2 p ^ £ z < 108 M w Hi h M o H co ►h K ft a ■« CO £ - H H o o H w. m 1-1 H o o £ — W fc fc - CO w W Pi ffl w H t-i P^ £ O en" H CO M H fc> Ph H i— i [2; & u M GO i-i S3 fc H < ft o a M w h-; ft -< i-i CD H 03 Ci" CO CD fee C3 Pi © © 02 Editor, with place and date of publication. Tischcndorf: St. Petersburg, 1862. fol. Leipsic, 1863. 4to. Leipsic, 1865 (1864). 8vo. Card. Mai, Rome, 1857. 4to. Vercellono, Rome, 1859. 8vo. Tischendorf.Leipsic, 1867. 4to,withAppendix,1869. Vercellone and Cozza, Rome, 1868. fol. Contents. 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J° "111 «b i-i d CO © S ° SPrd ® PI c3rd -4-3 CO .3 ao3 rd . 2 d >-■£ %*? ■** ■«. — > 5=3 §-d £ *3 co m^> r»^ 00 Sh cq CO : CO "O "O -^ •rH do^'? c3 v. d • : S- • §3.8 d °-%£ ofaP-ce° RS-gtd ■£ tS OQ c3 »&es 03 CS 05 „-J2 CO r* . 0Q CO T3 3 d d Pk c3^ d n 35 S O ,H d a^ > d S g o i ifS^a H g«Offi ■h s jj R to S2 M -2-d S^-Sd „^S-2§ ■ ■s-^ - •xl Pi fed (M ^ O .(h ,_| OS tO -rH . • a> *H -£2 - io J 3 • r-l CO ©* O) ^ •rH • rH I— ( -U 4a 03 • oq" d CO d © •rH • d CO "3 . P ^ ,r H 73 > © . © K r-i r* -2 <* r5^ rQ 0Q © © Ph +3 S3 CO ■^ rH CO • lib 09. OQ P CO ■1 CO to o fe DO ■< M to to O o 4 to Hj o M © ►H <) M t— » ■< EH K 03 En tq H) to CO i O m P Pi M 119 TABLE IX. CURSIVE MANUSCRIPTS.t THEIR NUMBER, DESIGNATION, AND DATE. A.— CONDENSED LIST OF THE CURSIVE MANUSCRIPTS OF THE GOSPELS. *** The numbers in heavy type (1), the designation in Italics, the date in Roman numerals enclosed in parenthesis (XV.), or occasionally in figures (1168). Those narked with an asterisk (*) are regarded by Scrivener as having been satisfactorily 3xamined. Abbreviations : G. stands for Gospels, a. for Acts and Cathol. Epistles, p. for Pauline Epistles, b. tor Mevelation, and E. for Evangelistaria. 1.* Basileensis x a. n. iv. 2 (X.) v. p. 82. 2. do. a. n. iv. i (XV.). 3. Corsendoncensis 2 (XII.). 4. Regius* 84 (XII.). 5. JR. 106 (XII.). 6. E. 112 (XL). 7. E 71 (XL). 8. E. 49 (XL). 9. E. 83 (1168). 10. E. 91 (XIII. ). 11. E 121-2 (XII.). 12. E. 230 (XL). 13. E. 50 (XII.) p. 82. 14. E. 70 (XIIL). 15. E. 64 (X.). 16. B. 54 (XIV.). 17. E. 55 (XVI ). 18 E. 47 (1364). 19. E. 189 (XII.). 20. E. 188 (XII.) . 21. E. 68 (X.). 22. E. 72 (XI.) p. 82. 23. E. 77 (XL). 1 In the Library at Basle. Facsimile in Scrivener. ( See p. 82 in this Manual. ) 2 Once in the convent at Corsendonck; nowatVienna. 3 The designation of many MSS. in the National (for- merly Royal) Library at Paris. 24. E. 178 (XL). 25. E. 191 (X.). 26. B. 78 (XL). 27. E. 115 (XL). 28. E. 379 (XL?). 29. JR. 89 (XII.). 30. E. 100 (XVI. ). 31. E. 94 (XIIL). 32. E. 116 (XII.). 3S.*E. 14 (XL) p. 83. 34. Coislinianus 4 195 (XL) 35. C. 199 (XL). 36. C. 20 (XL). 37. C. 21 (XII.). 38. C. 200 (XIIL). 39. 0. 23 (XL). 40. C. 22 (XL). 41. C. 24 (XL). 42. Medicceus* (?). 43. Grcecus 6 4 (XL). 44. Missyanus? (XL). 4 This and the seven fol- lowing were once in the library of Bp. Coislin, of Aletz. They are now at Paris. 5 Present locality unknown. 6 In the Arsenal at Paris. Formerly called San-Ma- glorianus. 7 In Brit. Museum, Add. MSS. 4949. Brought from Mt. Athos by Cassar de Missy. 45. Bodleian 8 Baroc. 31 (XIIL) 46. B. Baroc. 29 (XL). 47. B. Misc. 9 (XV.). 48. B. Misc. (XII.). 49. JS. Roe 1 (XL). 50. B. Laud. 33 (XL). 51. B. Laud. 31 (XIIL). 52. B. Laud. 3 (1286). 53. B. Selden28(XIV.). 54. B. Selden29(1338). 55. B. Selden 6 (XIIL). 56. Lincoln Coll. (Oxf.) 18 (XVI.). 57. Magdalen CoZZ.(Oxf.) Greek 9 (XII.). 58. Nov. Coll. (Oxf.) 68 (XV.). 59.* Caius Coll. (Camb.) 403 (XII.). 8 Bodleian Lib. at Oxford. Codices Barocciani are those purchased from the Lib. of Jacopo Barocci, of Venice, and presented to the Bodleian Lib. by fm. Herbert, of Pembroke, a.d. 1629. Misc. are the codices Miscellanei; Laud, are the gift of Abp. Laud; Roe, of Thos. Roe ; and Selden, of John Selden, in the Bodleian Lib. * See Scrivener's Introduction for a fuller account of all these MSS., as well as of others more recently discovered and not yet numerically classified. 120 CUESIVE MANUSCRIPTS : THE GOSPELS. 60. Univ. Lib. (Camb.) Dd. 9. 69 (1297). 61.* Montfortianus (Trin. Coll. Dublin) o. 97 (XVI.) p. 83. 62. Univ. Lib. (Camb.) Kk. 5. 35 (XV.). 63. Ussher 1 (Trin. Coll. Dublin) a. 1.8 (X.). 64. Ussher 2 (Missing). 65. Harleianus (Brit. Mus.) 5776 (XIII.) . 66.* Galei Londinensis 1 (XII.). 67. Bodleian Misc. 76 (XL). 68. Lincoln Coll. (Oxf.) 17 (XIII.). 69.* Leicestrensis 2 (XIV.) v. p. 84. 70. Univ. Lib. (Camb.) LI. 2. 13 (XV). 71.* Lambeth* 528 (1160). 72. Harleianus (Brit. Mus.) 5647 (XL). 7S.Christ-Church (Oxf.) Wake 4 26 (XL). 74. Ch.-Ch. (Oxf.) Wake 20 (XIII.). 75. Genevensis 19 (XL). 76. C&sar. Vindobonen- sis, 5 Nessel 300 Lambec. 28 (XL). 77. Co3s. Vind. N. 154, l. 29 (XL). 78. Nic. Jancovich de Vadass (Hungary ?) (XII.). 79. Geor. Douzos* (?). 80. Grown* (XL). 1 Once belonging to Th. Gale, Dean of York. 2 In Library of the Town Council at Leicester. 3 Lambeth Pal. Lib., Lon- don. 4 Formerly belonging to Alip. Wake. 5 Imperial Lib., Vienna. 6 At Leyden. 7 " Probably somewhere in Holland."— Scr. 81.3 (?) 82. y (?) 83. M onacen sis 1 518 (XL). 84. M. 568 (XII.). 85. M. 569 (XIIL). 86. Byzantinus [Pres- burg] (XL). 87 ' .Trevirensis 2 [Treves] (XII.). 88. (?) 89.* Gottingensis (1006). 90. Sac. Fabri* (XVI.) . 91. Perronianus 4 (X.). 92. Fceschii 1 b (XV.). 93. Grcevii (?). 94. Fceschi 2 (XVII.) . 95. Lincoln Coll. (Oxf.) 16 (XII.). 96. Bodleian Misc. 8 (Auct. d. 5. I.) (XV.). 97. Hirsaugiensis 6 (1500). 98. Bodleian E.D.Clarke 5 (XIL). 99. Lipsiensis, Bibl. Paul. (XVI.). 100. Paul. L. B. de Fubesioald [Pesth] (X.). 101. Uffenbach (XVI.) . 102.* (1591?) 7 103. Regius 196 (XL). 104. Hieronymi Vignerii (X.). 8 MSS. cited in a correc- torium of the Xlllth cent. 9 Seven unknown MSS., cited in 1440. See Scr. 1 Munich. 2 At Treves. See No. 250 for Wetstein's 87. 3 Copied by Jacobus Faber from a MS. dated 1293. 4 Formerly Card. Perron's, s At Basle. 6 Written by a monk of Hirschau. 7 Readings cited by Wet- stein, but believed by West- cott to be from Cod. B. See Smith's Sib. Diet., art. New Testament. 105. Ebnerianus* (Bodl.) Misc. 136 (XII.) . 103. Winchelseanus (X.). 107. Bodleianus (XtV.). 108. Cces. Vindob. Soil. 4 F. 5. (XL). 109. Brit.Mus.Add.51 17 (1326). 110. Ravianus, Berlin (XVI.) . 111. Bodleianus (XII). 112. Bodl. (XL). 113. Harleianus i£io (Brit. Mus.) (XL; 114. hlwtl. 5540 (XIIL). 115. Harl. 5559 (XII.) . 116. Harl. 5567 (XII.). 117. Harl. 5731 (XV.). 118.* Bodleianus Misc. 13 (Marsh 24) (XIIL). 119. Regius 85 (XII.). 120. Supplement Gk. Paris 185. (XIIL). 121. MS. once at St. Genevieve's (Paris) but now lost (1284). 122. Bibl. Lugd. Bata- vorurn, (XII.). 123. Cces. Vindob. Nesscl. 240 Lamb. 30 (XL). 124.* C. V. N. 188 l. 31 (XII.). 125. C. V. Kollar. 6 Forlos. 16 (X.). 126. Guebpherbytanus 9 xvr. 16 (XL). 127. Vaticanus 1 349 (XL). 128. V. 356 (XL). 129. V. 358 (XII.). 130. V. 359 (XIIL). 8 " A beautiful copy on 426 leaves ofvellum, with 27 lines in each, formerly belonging to Jerome Ebner von J'>s- chenbach, of Nuremberg." (Scrivener.) y At Wolfenbiittel. 1 Vatican Lib. at Rome. CURSIVE MANUSCRIPTS : THE GOSPELS. 121 131. 7. 360 (XI.). 132. 7 361 (XI.). 133. 7 363 (XL ?). 134. 7 364 (XI. ?). 135. 7 365 (XL?). 136. 7 665 (XIII.) . 137. V. 756 (XII.) . 138. 7 757 (XII.). 139. 7 758 (XII.) . 140. 7 1 1 58 (XII.). 141. 7 1 1 60 (XIII.) 142. 7. 1 2 10 (XL). 143. 7 1229 (XL). 144. 7 1254 (XL). 145. 7 1548 (XIII.) . 146. Palatino-Vati- canus 1 5 (XII.) . 147. P.-F. 89 (XL). 148. P.-V. 136 (XIII.). 149. P.-V. 171 (XIV. 150. P.-V. 189 (XL). 151. P.-V. 220 (XL). 152. P.-7 227 (XIII.). 153. P.-V. 229 (XIII.) . 154. Alexandrino - Vati- canus, or Ghristince 2 28 (1442). 155. A.-V. 79 (XL?). 156. A-7. 189 (XIL). 157. Urbino -Vaticamis 3 2 (XIL). 158. Pii II. Vatic. 53 (XL). 159. Barberinianus 4 8 (XL). 160. B. 9 (1123). 161. B. 10 (X.). 162. B. 11 (1153). 163. P. 12 (XL). 164. B. 13 (1040). 165. B. 14 (1197). 1 Formerly belonging to Palatine.Elector of Bohemia. 2 Gift of Christina, Queen of Sweden, to Alexander VIII. 3 Brought to Rome from Urbino by Clement VII. (see p. 85). "AmoLig the cur- sives it stands next in value to 33." (Scrivener.) 4 Lib. of Barberini Palace at Rome. 166. B. 115 (XIII). 167. B. 208 (XIV.). 168. B. 211 (XIII.) . 169. Vallicellianus 5 b. 133 (XL). 170. Val. c. 61. (XIII.) . 171. Val. c. 73 (XIV.). 172. Val. f. 90 (XIL). 173. Vaticanus 1983 Basilianus 6 22 (XIII.) . 174. Vat. 2002 Basil. 41 (1053). 175. Vat. 2080 Basil. 119 (XIL). 176. Vat. 21 13 Basil. 152 (XIII). 177. 7ai. ? Basil. 163 (XL). 178. Angelicus A. I. 5. (XIL). 179. J.waeL a. 4. 11. (XIL) 180. Propaganda ' 250 Borg. 2 (XL). 181. Francis Xavier (missing) (XL). 182. Laurentianus 8 vi. 11 (XIL). 183. Lou. ti. 14 (XIV.). 184. Law. vi. 15 (XIII.) . •185. Law. vi. 16 (XIII.). 186. Law. vi. 18 (XL). VI 187. Law. 188. Law. 189. Lau. 190. Law. VI. VI. VI, 23 (XIL). 25 (XL). 27 (XIL). 28 (1285). 191. Law. vi. 29 (XIII.) 192. Law. vi. 30 (XIII.) . 193. Law. vi. 32 (XL). 194. Law. vi. 33 (XL). 195. Lau. vi. 34 (XL). 196. Law. viii. 12 (XIL). 197. Law. viii. 14. (XL). _ 5 Lib. of St. Maria in Val- licella at Rome. 6 Brought to Rome from Lib. of Basilian monks. 7 College of the Propa- ganda at Rome. 8 At Florence. Lib. founded by Cosmo de' Medici and his grandson Lorenzo. 198. Law. Mdil. 221 (XIII.) . 199. Law. 99 (S. Mariae 67) (XIL). 200 Lau. 69 (S. Mariae 66) (X.). *201. Brit. Mus. Add. 11837 (1357). 202. Brit. Mus. Add. 14774 (^ St. M. 705) (XIL). 203. (?). 204. Bononiensis (Bo- lognaRoyal Library) 2775 (XL). 205. Venet. S. Marci 9 5 [86: 4] (XV.). 206. 7 8. M. 6 [86: 4] du- plicate of 205 (XV.). 207. 7 8. M. 8 [86 : 7] (XIL). 208. 7 8. M. 9 [86 : 1] (XIL). 209. 7 8. M. 10 [86 : 1] (XIL) v. p. 85. 210. 7 8. M. 2.7 [86 : 4] (XIL). 211. 7 8. M. 539 [86 : 5] (XIL). 212. 7 8. M. 540 [86 : 6] (XIL). 213. 7 S.iH.54o[86: 1] (XL). 214. 7 8. M. 543 [86 : 7] (XIV.). 215. 7 S'. if. 544 [86: 5] (XL). 216. Canonici l (?) 217. Vinet. 8. Marci [86 : I] (XIII.). 218.* Cces.-Vindob. 2 23 Lamb. I. Ness. 23 (XIII.) . 9 Ducal Pal. Lib., Venice. Eleven MSS. (including 217) which were examined by B argon in 1872. 1 Brought from Corcyra by the Abbot M. L. Canonici. 2 Of. No. 76, and see Scri- vener (2nd Ed.), p. 411, for some notice of Alter's printed edition of this MS, 122 CUKSIVE MANUSCEIPTS : THE GOSPELS. 219. C.-V. l. 32 n. 321 (XIII.) . 220. C.-V. l. 33 n. 337 (XIV.). 221. C.-V. l. 38 n. 117 (XL). 222. C.-V. l. 39 n. 180 (XIV.). 223. C.-V. l. 40 n. 301 (XIV). 224. C.-V. Kollar 8. Forlos 30 (?). 225. C.-V. Koll. 9. For. 31 (1192). 226. Escurialensis 1 x- IV - 17 (XL). 227. Esc. x- Hi. 15 (XIII.) . 228. JSscx.iv. 1 2 (XIV.). 229. .Esc. x- iv. 2 1 (1140). 230. Esc. . in. 6 (XII.). 232. JEsc.0.iii.7(XIIL). 233. Esc. v. 11. 8 (XL). 234. Havniensis 2 1. (1278). 235. Havniensis II. 236. Eeadings from No. 440 (q. v.). 237.* Sanctce Synodi* 42 [Matthei d.] (X.). 238.* 6'. 8. 48 [Mt. e.] (XL). 239.* 8. 8. 47 [Mt. g\] (XL). 240.* 8. 8. 49 [Mt. i.] (XII.) . 241.* Dresdensis a. 172 [Mt. k.] (XL). 242.* 8. 8yn. 380 [Mt. 1.] 380 (XIL). 243.* Typographei S. 8. 13 [Mt. m.] (XIV). 244 * Typoyr. 8. 8. 1 Mt. n.] (XIL). 1 Lib. of the Escurial in Spn in. 2 Royal Lib., Copenhagen. 3 Lib. of Holy Synod, Moscow. Collated by C. I''. Matthee. 245.* S. 8. 265 [Mt. o.l (1199). 246.* S. 8. 261 [Mt. p.l (XIV.). 247.* 8. 8. 373 [Mt. q.l (XIL). L 1J 248.* 8. 8. 264 [Mt. r.] (1275). 249.* 8. 8. 94 [Mt. s.] (XL). 250.* 8. 8. see Table viii. cod. V. [Mt. v.] (Wetsteins 87) (XIII.). 251. * Tabularii Imperial. [Mt. x.l Moscow (XL). " 252.* Dresdensis a. 145 [Mt. z.) (XL) 253.* MS.of Nicephorus, Abp. of Cherson (Mt. 10) (XL). 254.* Dresden a. 100 (Mt. n) (XL). 255* 8. Synod. 139 (Mt. 12) (XIII.) . 256.* Typogr. 8. S. 3 (Mt. 14) (IX. ?). 257* 8. Synod. 4 120 (Mt. 15) (IX.). 258.* Dresdensis a. 123 (Mt. 17) (XIII. ). 259.* 8. Synod. 45. (Mt. a) (XL) 260. Regius 51 (XII.) 261. R. 52 (XIV) 262.* R. 53 (X.). 263. B. 61 (XIII.) 264. B. 65 (XIII.) 265. R. 66 (X). 266. B. 67 (X.). 267. B. 69 (X.). 268. B. 73 (XIL). 269. B. 74 (XL). 270. B. 75 (XI.). 271. B. 75 a (XIL). 272. B. 76 (XL). 273. B. 79 (XIL). 274. B. 79 a (X.). 4 Said by Scrivener to bo identical with Uncial Cod.O. 275. B. 276. R. 277 B. 278. R. 279. R 280. R 281. R. 282. R 283. R 284. R 285. R 286. R 287. R 288. R. 289. R. 290. R. 291. R. 292. R. 293. R. 294. R. 295. R. 296. R. 297. R. 298. R. 299. J?. 300. R, 301. E. 302. R. 303. R. 304. R. 305. R. 306. R. 307. B. 308. R. 309. R. 310. R. 311. £. 312. R 313. R. 314. E. 315. It. 316. R. 317. R. 318. R. 319. R. 320. R. 321. R. 322. R. 323. R. 324. R. 325. R. 80 (XL 81 (XL). 81 a (XL). 82 (XIL). . 86 (XIL). 87 (XIL). 88 (XIL). 90 (1176). 92 (XIV.) • 93 (XIIL). 95 (XIV). . 96 (1432). 98 (XV.). 99 (XVI). 100 a. (1625). 108 a (XIIL). 113 (XIL). 114 (XL). 117 (1373). 118 (XIIL). 120 XIIL). 123 (XVI.). 140 a (XIL). 175 a (XIL). 177 (XL). 186 (XL). 187 (XL). • 193 (XVI.). . 194 a. (XL) . 194 (XIIL). . 195 (XIIL). . 197 (XIL). , 199 (XL). , 200 (XIL). . 201 (XIL). 202 (XL). 203 (XIL). 206 (1308-) 208 (XIV). 209 (XIL). 210 (XIIL). 211 (XIL). 211 (XIL). 213 (XIV). 231 (XIL). 232 (XL). 303 (XIIL). 315 (XV). 118 a (XVI.). 376 (XIII). 377 (XIII). CURSIVE MANUSCRIPTS : THE GOSPELS. 123 326. B. 378 (XIV.). 327. B. 380 (XV.). 328. B. 381 (XVI). 329. Ooislinianus 19 (XL). 330 Coislin. 1 196 (XI.). 331. Coislin 197 (XII.). 332. Taurinensis 2 XX. b. iv. 20 (XI.) 333. Taur. b. iv. 4 (XIII). 334. Taur. 43 b. v. 23 (XIV.). 335. Taur. 44 b. v. 24 (XVI.) 336. Taur. 101 c. iv. 17 (XVI.). 337. Taur. 52 b. v. 32 (XII.). 338. Taur. 335 b. t. 3 (XII.). 339. Taur. 302 c. 11. 5 (XIII.). 340. Taur. 344 b. 1. 13 (XL?). 341. Taur. 350 b. 1. 21 (1296). 342. Taur. 149 b. 11. 3 (XIII.). 343. Ambrosianus 3 h. 13 (XIL). 344. ^mbr. G. 16 (XIL). 345. Amir, ij (XL). 346. Ambr. s. 23 (XIL). 347. Ambr. 35 (XIL). 348. Ambr.B. 56(1023). 349. Ambr. F.61 (1322). 350. ^Lmfcr. b. 62 (XL). 351. Ambr. b. 70 (XI). 352. Ambr. B.93 (XIL). 353. Ambr. m.93(XIIL). 354. Venet. 29 (XL). 355. Ven. 541 (XL?). 356. Fen. 545 (XVI.) . 357. Ven. 28 (XL). 358. Mutinensis 4 9 (11. a. 9) (XIV.). 1 Missing from the Paris Lib. (Burgon in Scrivener.) 2 Turin, Italy. 3 Ambrosian Lib. at Milan. 4 Modena, 359. Mutin. 242 (ill. B. 16) (XIV.). 360. Be Bossi 5 I. 231 (XL). 361. Be Bossi 2. 1821 (XIII.) . 362. Laurent. 6 167 (Biblioth. St. Marise 74) XIII.) . 363. Law. vi. 1 3 (XIII.) . 364. Law. vi. 24 (XIII.) . 365. Law. vi. 36 (XIII.) . 366. Law. 171. (XIL). 367. Lau. 53 (1332). 368. Biccardian "' 84 (XV.). 369. Bice. 90 (XIL). 370. Bice 5 (XIV.). 371. Vaticanus 11 59 (X.). 372. Vat 1 161 (XV). 373. Vat. 1423 (XV.). 374. Vat 1445 (XIL). 375. Vat 1533 (XIL). 376. Vat 1539 (XL). 377. Vat. 1618 (XV.). 378. Vat. 1658 (XIV). 379. Vat. 1769 (XV.). 380. Vat. 2139 (XV.). 381. Palatino -Vat. 20 (XIV.). 382. Fai. 2070 (XIII.) . 383-4-5. Collegii Bo- mani (XVI.). 386. Vat Ottobon. 66 (XV.). 387. Vat. Ott 204 (XIL). 388. Vat Ott 212 (XIL). 389. Vat Ott 297 (XL). 390. Vat Ott 381 (1252) 391. Vat Ott 432 (XL). 5 At Parma. Collated by De Rossi. 6 Cf. No. 182. No. 362 was formerly in the Benedictine Lib. of St. Maria, No. 74. 7 In the Libreria Riccardi at Florence. 392. Barbcrin. 8 225 (XIL). 393. Vallicell. 9 E. 22 (XVI.) 394. Vail. f. 17 (1330) 395. Casanate^-sis R. v. 33 [Rome] (XIL). 396. Ghigianus R. iv. 6 [Rome] (XIL). 397. Vallicell.c. 4 (XV.). 398. Taurinensis 92 c. iv. 6 (XIII. orX VI.). 399. Taur. 109 c. iv. 29 (XV. or XVI.) . 400. Biblioth. Beroli- nensis (XV.). 401. Neapolitanus 1. c. 24 (XL). 402. Jseap. 1. c. 28 (XV.). 403. Neap. 1. c. 29 (XIL). 404. " Abbatis Scotti" [of Naples] (XL). 405. Venetian. 1 c~[r*ssl.x.. Nanianus 3 [86 : ij (XL). 406. Ven. 1. xt. Nan. 4 [86: 6J (XL). 407. Ven. 1. xn. Nan. 5 [86: 6] (XL). 408. Ven. 1. xiv. Nan. 7 [86: 6] (XIL). 409. Ven. 1. xv. Nan. 8 [86: 1] (XIL). 410. Ven. 1. xvir. Nan. 10 [86 : 6] (XIV.). 411. Ven. 1. xviii. Nan. 11 [86: 6] (XL). 412. Ven. 1. xix. Nan. 12 [86: 6] (1301). 413. Ven. 1. xx. Nan. 13 [86 : 6] (1302). 414. Ven. 1. xxi. Nan. 14 [86: 6] XIV.). 415. Ven. 1. xxn. Nan. 15 [86: 6] (1356). s Cf. Uncial Codex Y, Table VIII. 9 Cf.No. 169. 1 MSS. at Venice. Once be- longing to the Nani family. 124 cuesive manuscripts: gospels, acts, epistles. 416. Ven. i. xxiv. Nan. 17 [86: 1] (XIV.). 417. Ven. 1. xxv. Nan. 18 [86: 6] (XII.). 418. Ven, 1. xxvni. Nan. 21 [86: 1] (XV.). 419. Ven. 1. ex. [86: 1] (XL?) 420. Messanensis 1 (XIV.). 421. Syracusanus (XII.?) 422. Monacensis 210 [Munich] (XL). 423. Mon. 36 (1556). 424. Mon. 83 (XVI.). 425. Mon, 37 (XVI.). 426. Mon. 473 Augs. 9 (XIV). 427. Mon. 465 Augs. 10 (XII. ?) 428. Mon. 381 Augs. 11 (XIII.) . 429. Mon. 208 (XIII.) . 430. M on. 437 (XL). 431. Molsheimensis * (XII.). 1 At Strasbourg. Brought from the Jesuits' College at Molsheim, in Alsace. 432. Monacensis 99 (XVI.). 433. Berolinensis [Sohulz239](XIL). 434. Goes. Vindob. 71. Lambec. 42 (XIV.). 435. Gronovii 131 [at Leyden] (?). 436. Meermann' 1 117 (1322). 437. Petropolitanus [St. Petersburg] (XL). 438. Brit. 31 us. 511 1-2 (XL). 439. Brit Mus. 5107 (1159). 440. Cambridge Univ. Lib. 2423. 441. 442. 443. Camb. Univ. Lib. 2512 (XII.). 444. Harleian. 5796 (XV.). 445. Harl. 5736 (1506). 446. Harl. 5777 (XV). 2 Possessed and collated by Burgon. 447. Harl. 5784 (XV). 448. Harl. 5790 (1478). 449. Brit. Mus. 4950-I (XIII.) . 450. Jerusalem 1 [Greek Monast.at J.l(1013). 451. Jer. 2 (XII.). 452. Jer. 3 (XIV.). 453. Jer. 4 (XIV). 454. Jer. 5 (XIV). 455. Jer. 6 (XIV). 456. Jer. 7 (XIIL). 457. St. Saba 2 (Monas- tery near Dead Sea) (XIIL). 458. St Saba 3 (1272). 459. St. Saba 7 (XII.). 460. St. Saba 8 (XII.). 461. St. Sabag (835). 462. St. Saba 10 (XIV.). 463. St. Saba 1 1 (XIV). 464. St. Saba 12 (XL). 465. St. Saba 19 (XIIL). 466. St. Saba 20 (XIII.). 467. Patmos [Codex in Monastery at] (XL). 468. Patmos (XII.) . 469. Patmos (XIV). B.— CURSIVE MANUSCRIPTS OF THE ACTS AND CATHOLIC EPISTLES. 1.* = g. 1 (i.e. the same as Cursive No. 1 of the Gospels). 2. Basil, a. n. 4 (XIV.) 3. = a. 3. 4. Basil a.n. iv.5(XV). 5. = g. 5. 6. = g. 6. 7. Regius 102 (X.). 8. (Missing.) 9. Vatalli Camb. 2068 (XL). 10. Regius 237 (X.). 11. 11. 103 (X.). 12. B, 219 (XL). 13. = g. 33. 14. = g. 35. 15. Coislin. 25 (XL). 16. Cois. 26 (XL). ' 17. Cois. 205 (L079). 18. Cois. 202.2 (XIIL). 19. = g. 38. 20. Brit. Mus. King's Lib. 1. b. 1. (XIV). 21. Camb. Univ. Lib. Dd. xr. 90 (XIIL). 22. Brit. Mus. AM. 51 15 (XII.). 23. Bodleian Baroc. 3 (XL). 24.* Christ. Coll. Camb. F. I. 13 (XII.) . 25. Harleian 5537 Co- vell. 2 (1087). 26. Harl. 5557 Covell. 3 (XII.). 27. Harl. 5620 Covell. 4 (XV). 28.* Harl. 5778 Covell. 5 (XII.). 29. Genevensis 20 (XII.). 30. Bodleian Miscel. 74 (XL). 31.* = g. 69 (p. 84). 32. = g. 51. CUESIVE MANUSCRIPTS: ACTS AND CATHOLIC EPISTLES. 125 33. Lincoln Coll. (Oxf.) 82 (XII.). 34.* = g. 61 (p. 83). 35. = g. 57. 36. New College (Oxf.) 58 (XIII.). 37. New Coll. (Oxf.) 59 (XIII.) . 38.* Lugduno-Batav. 77 Mills. Petav. 1 (XIII.). 39. ? Petav. 2 (?). 40. Alexandrino - Vat. 179, Petav. 3 (XL) v. p. 83. 41. = g. 175. 42.* Gymnasium at Frankfort - on - the- Oder (XL). 43. == g. 76. 44. = g. 82 Paul, 15, Apoc. 5. 45. Uffenbacli. 1 or 2 (Hamburg), (XV.). 46. Monacensis 375 (XL). 47. = g. 90. 48. = g. 105. 49. = g. 92. 50. = g. 8 (?). 51. Begins 56 (XII.). 52. Bhodiensis (un- known) ? 53.* Emman. Coll. Camb.i.4,35(XIL). 54. = g. 43. 55. (Copy of Jude in g. 90.) 56. Bodleian Clarke 4 (XII.) . 57. = g. 234. 58. Bodleian Clarke 9 (XIII.). 59. Harleian 5588 (XIII.) . 60. Karl. 5613 (1407). 61.* Brit Mus. add. 20003 ( loti ) (1044) vide p. 84. 62. Begins 60 (Colbert) (XIV.). 63. Goes. Vindob. n. 313 l. 35 (XIV). 64. Goes. Vind. n. 303 l. 36 (XII.). 65.* = g. 218. 66. Cces. Vindob. n. 302 L. 34 (XII.) . 67. Cces. Vind. n. 221 L. 37 (1331). 68. Upsal; Sparwenfeld 42 (XII.). 69. Guelpherbytanus xvi. 7 (XIII.) . 70. = g. 131. 71. = g. 133. 72. Vatic. 366 (XIII.) . 73. Vatic. 367 (XL). 74. Vatic. 760 (only Acts) (XII.). 75. = g. 141. 76. =■ g. 142. 77. = g. 149. 78. Alex-Vat. 29 (XII.). 79. Urbino-Vat. 3 (XL). 80. Pio-Vat. 50 (XII.). 81. Barberin. 377 (XL). 82. = g. 180. 83. Bibl. Borbon. Reg. (Naples) 1. b. 12 (X.). 84. Laurent, iv. 1 (Flo- rence) (X.). 85. Lau. iv. 5 (XIII.) . 86. Lau. iv. 20 (XL). 87. Lau. iv. 29 (X.). 88. Lau. iv. 31 (XL). 89. Lau. iv. 32 (1093). 90. = g. 197. 91. = g. 201. 92. = g. 204. 93 * = g. 205. 94.* = g. 206. 95.* = g. 209 (p. 85). 96* Venet. 11 (XL). 97. GueVpherbyt. Gud. gr. 104. 2 (XII.). 98.* Mosquensis [Mat- theia] (XL). 99 .* Mosq. 8. Synod 5 [Mt. c] (1445). 100.* Mosq. S. 8. 334 [Mt. d] (XL) 101.* Mosq. S. 8. 333 [Mt. f] (XIII.) . 102.* Mosq. 8. 8. 98 [Mt. g] cf. Cod. k. Tab.vm. (IX.). 103.* Mosq. S. 8. 193 [Mt. hj (XII.) 104.* = g. 241. 105.* r= G. 242. 106.* Mosq. 8. 8. 328 [Mt. m] (XL) 107. Dresdensis a. 104 (X. ?). 108. = g. 226. 109. = g. 228. 110. = (?). 111.* = G. 44O. 112. (?) 113.* zr G. 18. 114. Begins 57 (XIII.) . 115.* B. 58 [Colbert] (XIII.) . 116. B. 59 [Teller's] (XVL). 117.* = g. 263. 118. Begins 101 (XIII.) . 119. B. 102 a. (X.). 120. B. 103 a. (XL). 121. B. 104 (XIII.) . 122. B. 105 (fragments) (XL). 123. B. 106 a. (XIV). 124. B. 124 (XVI.) 125. B. 125 (XIV.). 126. B. 216 (X.). 127.* B. 217 (XL). 128. B. 218 (XL). 129. B. 220 (XIII.) . 130. B. 221 (XII.). 131. B. 223 (XII.). 132. = g. 330. 133. Taurinensis 285 c. 1. 40 (XII.). 134. Taur. 315 (now 19) c. 11. 17 (XL). 135. = g. 339. 136. Taurinensis 328 (now 1) c. 11. 31 (XII.). 137. Ambros. E. 97 (XL). 138.^?n&r.E.io2(XIV.). 126 CUESIVE MANUSCRIPTS : EPISTLES. 139. Anibr.n. 104 (1434). 140. Venet. 546 (XI. or XIII.) . 141. = g. 189. 142. Mutinensis(ccx\ni.) in. b. 17 (at Mo- dena) (XII.). 143. Laurent vi. 5 (Acts wanting) (?). 144. = g. 363. 145. = g. 365. 146. = o. 367. 147. Laurent iv. 30 (at Florence) (XII.) . 148. Law. 2574 (984). 149. Lau. 176 (XIII.). 150. = g. 368. 151. = g. 386. 152. (?). 153. = g. 444. 154. Vatican.i2'jo(XY.). 155. Vat. 1430 (Acts wanting) (XII.). 156. Vat. 1650 (1073). 157. Vat. 1714 (XII.). 158. Vat. 1 76 1 (XL). 159. Vat. 1968 Basil 7 (XL). 160. Vat. 2062 Basil 101 (XL). 161. Vat. Ottob. 258 (XIII.) . 162. Vat. Ottob. 298 (XV.). 163. Vat. Ottob. 325 XIV.). 164. = g. 390. 165. Vatican. Ottob. 417 (XIV). 166. Vallicellian. b. 86 (XIII.) . 167. = g. 393. 168. Vallicellian. F. 13 (XIV). 169. Ghigian. R. v. 29 at Borne (1394). 170. = g. 394. 171. Collegii Romani (XVI.). 172. Coll. Bom. (XVI.). 173. Bibl. Borbon. Beg. [at Naples] (XL). 174. Neapol. 1. c. 26 (XV). 175. Messanevsis if. [Basil m.] (XII.). 176. = g. 421. 177. = g. 122. 178. Meermann. 118 (XII.) . 179. Monacens. 211 (XL). 180. = g. 431. 181. = g. 400. 182. St. John's Monas- tery, Fatmos (XII.). 183. Greek Mon. at Jerusalem 8 (XIV). 184. Gr. Mon. at Jer. 9 (XIII.) . 185. St. Saba 1 (XL). 186. = g. 457. 187. = g. 462. 188. St. Saba 15 (XII.). 189. = g. 466. " 190. Christ Ch. Oxf. Wake 34 (XL). 191. Christ Ch. Oxf. Wake 38 (XL). 192. Christ Ch. Oxf. Wake 37 (XL). C— CUESIVE MANUSCRIPTS OF THE PAULINE EPISTLES. 1,*= G. I. 2. = A.2(i.e.ActsNo.2). 3. = g. 3. 4. = A. 4. 5. = g. 5. 6. = g. 6. 7. Basil, a. n. in. 11 (formerly B. VI. 17). 8. = a. 50. 9. = a. 7. 10. = a. 8 11. = A. 9. 12. = A. 10. 13. Certain readings cited by J. le F. d'Etaples. 14. = G. 90. 15. MS. cited by Eras- mus. 16. = a. 12. 17.*=g. 33. 18. = g. 35. 19. =A. 16. 20. Coislin 27 [from Athos] (X.). 21. =a. 17. 22. = a. 18. 23. Coislin 28 [from Athos] (XL). 24. = g. 105. 25. = a. 20. 26. = A. 21. 27. Camb. Un. Lib. 1152 Ff. 1. 30 (XIII.) . ' 28. = a. 23. 29. = a. 24. 30. =a. 53. 31. = a. 25. 32. = a. 26. 33. = a. 27. 34.* = a. 28. 35. = a. 29. 36. = a. 30. 37.* = g. 69 (p. 84). 38. = g. 51. 39. — a. 33. 40.*= g. 61 (p. 83). 41. = g. 57. 42. = Magdal. Coll. (Oxf.) Greek 7. 43. = a. 2,1- CURSIVE MANUSCRIPTS: PAULINE EPISTLES. 127 44 * = a. 38. 45. = a, 39. 46. = a. 40 (p. 83). 47. Bodleian. Roe 16 (Mill's Roe 2) (XII.) (p. 83). 48. = a. 42. 49. = g. 76. 50. = a. 52. 51. = g. 82. 52. = a. 45. 53. = Cod. m. of Uncials (Ruber) q.v. (IX.) 54. = Monacensis 412 (XII.). 55. = A. 46. 56. = Tigurinus [in pub. Lib. Zurich] (1516). 57.*= g. 218. 58. Fa*. 165 Mon. of Crypta Ferrata (XII.) . 59. Goislin 204 (Scholz) 60. = g. 81. 61.* = A. 61. 62. = a. 59. 63. = A. 60. 64. Cod. m. of Uncials (Ruber) q.v. (IX.). 65. = a. 62. 66. Readings of Gries- bech from Harl. 5552. 67. = a. 66. 68. = a. 63. 69. = a. 64. 70. = a. 67. 71. Coes. Vindob. Forlos. igKollar. io(XIL). 72. = g. 234. 73. = a. 68. 74. = a. 69. 75. Brit. Mus. Add. 5116 (=a. 22) (XII.) 76. Bibl. Paul. Lipsiensis (Mt. s) (XIII). 77. = g. 131. 78. = g. 133. 79. = a. 72. 80. = a. 73. 81. Vat. 761 (XII). 82. Vat. 762 (XII.). 83. Vat. 765 (XL). 84. Vat. 766 (XII.). 85. Vat. 1 136 (XIII.) 86. = g. 141. 87. = g. 142. 88. = g. 149. 89. = a. 78. 90. = a. 79. 91. = a. 80. 92. = g. 180. 93. = a. 83. 94. = a 84. 95. = a. 85. 96. = a. 86. 97. = a. 87. 98. = a. 88. 99. = a. 89. 100. = Laurent, x. 4 (XII.). 101. Lau.x. 6 (XL). 102. Lau. x. 7 (XL). 103. Lau. x. 19 (XIII.). 104.* = g. 201. 105. = g. 204 ? 106. = g. 205. 107. =. g. 206. 108. =.■ g. 209 (p. 85). 109. = a. 96. 110.* Venet. 33 (XI). Ill* Ven. 34 (XL). 112 * Ven. 35 (XL). 113.* = a, 98. 114* = a. 99. 115.* = a. 100. 116.* = a. 101. 117.* = a. 102. 118.* = a. 103. 119. Mosq. Synod. 292 (Mt. i.) (XII.) 120.* = g. 241. 121.* = g. 242. 122 * = a. 106. 123.* Mosq. Syn. 99 Mt. n) (XL). 124* Mosq. Syn. 250 (Mt. q.) (XIV.). 125. Monacensis 504 Reisser 5 Munich (1387). 126. Mon. 455 Reis. 19 Hoeschel 35 (1389). 127- Mon. no [copied from Cod 54]. 128. = a 179. 129. M on. 35 (XVI.). 130. = g. 43. 131. = g. 330. 132.* = g. 18. 133. = a. 51. 134.* =a. 114. 135. zz a. 115. 136. = a. 116. 137.* = g. 263. 138. =a. 118. 139.* = a. 119. 140.* = a. 11. 141. = a. 120. 142. = a. 121. 143. = a. 122. 144. = a. 123. 145. Regius 108 [once Colbert's] (XVI.). 146. B. 109 (XIV.). 147. R. no (1511). 148. R. in (XVI). 149. = a. 124. 150. = a. 125. 151. R. 126 (XVI.). 152. R. 136 a. (?). 153. = a. 126. 154. = a. 127. 155. = a. 128. 156. = a. 129. 157. R. 222 [once Col- bert's] (XL). 158. = a. 131. 159. R. 224 (XL) 160. R. 225 (XVI.). 161. R. 226 (XVI.). 162. R. 227 [once Bigot's] (XVI.). 163. Regius 238 (XIII.) . 164. R. 849 (XVI.). 165. Taurinen. 284. c. I. 39 (XVI.). 166. = a. 133. 167. = a. 134. 168. Taur. 325. c. ir. 38 (XII.). 169. = a. 136. 128 CURSIVE MANUSCRIPTS: EPISTLES AND REVELATION. 170. = G. 339. 171. Ambros. b. 6, inf. at Milan (XIII.). 172. Amir. 15 (XII.) . 173. = a. 138. 174. = a. 139. 175. Ambr.s. 125 (XV.). 176. = a. 137. 177.* Mutinens. 14 (MS. ir. a. 14) Moclena (XV.). 178. =: A. 142. 179.* Una Cod. h. of Acts, q.v. (XII.). 180. ='g. 363. 181. = g. 365. 182. = g. 367. 183. = a. 147. 184. = a. 148. 185. = g. 393. 186. = g. 394. 187. = a. 154. 188. = a. 155. 189. Vat. 1649 (XIII.). 190. = a. 156. 191. = a. 157. 192. = a. 158. 193. = a. 160. 194. =a. 175. 195. Vat. Ottob. 31 (X.). 196. Vat. Ott. 61 (XV.). 197. Vat.Ott. 176 (XV.). 198. =a. 161. 199. = g. 386. 200. = a. 162. 201. — a. 163. 202. Vat.Ott. 356 (XV.). 203. = g. 390. 204. = a. 166. 205. = a. 168. 206. = a. 169. 207. Ghigian. k. v. 32 at Eome (XV.). 208. Ghig. vm. 55 (XL). 209. = a. 171. 210. = a. 172. 211. = a. 173. 212. = a. 174. 213. Barberin. 29 (1338). 214. C&sar. Vindobon. theol. 167. L. 46 (XV.). 215. = a. 140. 216. = a. 175. 217. Bibl. Reg. Panormi [Palermo] (XII.). 218. = g. 421. 219. = g. 122. 220. = g. 400. 221.*= g. 440. 222 and 223 (?). 224. = a. 58. 225 and 226 (?). 227. = a. 56. 228. = g. 226. 229. = g. 228. 230. = g. 368. 231. = a. 183. 232. = a. 184. 233. = a. 185. 234. = g. 457. 235. = g. 462. 236. = a. 188. 237. = g. 466. 238. = g. 431. 239. = g. 189. 240. = g. 444. 241. = a. 97. 242. = a. 178. 243. = a. 182. 244. = a. 190. 245. = a. 191. 246. = a. 192. 247. Lib. St. Genevieve, Paris, a. 35 (XIV.). 248. Bxcleri (see a. 235). D.— CURSIVE MANUSCRIPTS OF THE BOOK OF REVELATION. 1. Johannis Reuchlini 13.* — a. 42. (XII.). 14.* =0.69 (p. 371). 2. = A. 10. 15. Fragments of Rev. 3. Stephani it (un- in. iv. attached to known). E. uncial q. v. 4. = A. 12. 16. := A. 45. 5. Laurentii Vallai (see 17. = g. 35. g. 82). 18. = A. 18. 6. = a. 23. 19. = a. 17. 7." = a. 25. 20. = g. 175. 8.* = a. 28. 21. — Vallicell. r>. 20 9. = a. 30. (XIV.). 10. = G. 60. 22. = a. 166. 11. = A. 39. 23. = g. 38. 12. = a. 40. 24. = a. 160. 25. = g. 149. 26.* Wake. 12 (Christ Ch., Oxf.) (XL). 27.* Walce. 34 ( = a. igo) (XL). 28 .* Barocc. 48 (Bodl.) (XV.). 29 * = a. 60. 30. = a. 69 (XIV.). 31.* Harleian. 5678 (XV.). 32. Dresdensis a. 95 Tregelles) (Mt. t.) (XV.). 33.* = o. 218. CURSIVE MANUSCRIPTS: REVELATION, EVANGELIST ARIA. 129 34. = a. 66. 35. Cces. Vindob. Lam- bec. 248 (XIV.). 36. Cces. Vindob. Forlos 29 Kollar 26 (XIV.;. 37. = a. 72. 38.* Vatic. 579 (p. 83 of this manual) ( XIII. ) . 39. = p. 85 (i. e. Pauline Epistles, No. 85). 40. =: G. 141. 41. Alexandrino- Vat. 68 (XIV.). 42. = a. 80. 43. Barberini 23 (XIV.). 44. = g. 180. 45. - a. 89. 46. = g. 209 (vide p. 85). 47.* = g. 241. 48.* = g. 242. 49.* Mosq. Synod. 67 (Mt. o.) (XV.j. 50.* Mosq. Syn. 206 (Mt. p. (XIL). 50b.* From Mt. Athos) (Mt. r.) (X.). 51.* = g. 18. 52. = a. 51. 53. == a. 116. 54. = g. 263. 55. = a. 118. 56. = a. 119 (XIII). 57. = a. 124. 58. Begins 19 (once Col- bert's) (XVI.). 59. B. 99 a. (XVL). 60. = p. 152. 61. B. 491 (once Col- bert's) (XIII.) . 62. B. 239-40 (XVI.). 63. B. 241 (XVI.). 64. = p. 159. 65. Univ. Lib. Moscow 25 (once Coislin. 229) (?). 66. = g. 131. 67. Vat. 1743 (1302). 68. Vat. 1904 (XI.). 69. = a. 161. 70. = g. 386. 71. = G. 39O. 72. Gliigianus R. iv. 8. (XVL). 73. Corsini 838 (XVL). 74. = a. 140. 75. = a. 86. 76. = a. 147. 77. Laurent, vn. 9 (at Florence) (XV.). 78. = p. 197. 79. Monacensis 248 (at Munich) (XVL). 80. Mon. 544 (Bengel's Aug. 7 (XIV.). 81. Mon. 23 (XVL). 82. = a. 179. 83. = g. 339. 84. =2 g. 368. 85. = a. 184. 86. = g. 462. 866. = g. 466. 87 * = a. 178. 88. = g. 205. 89. Tischendorf = 86 2 Scholz (= g. 466 ?). 90. Tisch.= 502 Scholz (Mt. r.). 91. Mico's collation of sup. to Cod. B. Uncials (XV.). 92.=g.6i Montfortianus, but prob.added from g. 69 (v. p. 84) R. 14. 93. Lambeth 11 82 (XII.) Scr. 94. Lamb. 1183 (1358) Scr. 95.* Parham 17 (valu- able) (XIII.) . 96.* Parham 2 (XIV.). 97. Brit. Mus. Add. 17469 (XIV.). 98. Canonici 34 Bodl. (1516). E.— LECTIONAPJES. (1.) EVANGELISTAELA CONTAINING THE GOSPELS. (See p. 72.) Uncial copies distinguished by t. l.f Begins 278, once Col- bert's (VIII. ?). 2.f B. 280, once Colbert's (IX.). 3.f Lincoln Coll. (Oxf.) No. 15, Wheeler 3 (X.). 4. Camb. Univ. Lib. Dd. 8. 49 or Moore 2 (XL). 5.f Bodleian Barocc. 202 or Mill's 3 (X. ?) 6.*f Lugduno-Batav. 243 (once Scaliger's) (XL). 7. Begins 301 once Col- bert's (1205). 8. B. 312 (or 302 Tisch.) (XIV.). 9. B. 307 (XIII.). 10. B. 287 (XL). 11. B. 309 (XIII.). 12. B. 310 (XIIL). 13. f Coislin. 31 (X.). 14. Begins 315 (XV.). 15. B. 302 (XIIL). 16. B. 297 (XIL). 17. B. 279 (XIL). 18. Bodl. Laud. Gk. 32 or Laud. Bodl. d. 121, Mill's (XL). 19. Budl. 3048 or Mis 10, Auct. D. Infr. 2, 12; Mill's Bodl. 5 (XIIL). 130 EYANGELISTARIA. 20. Bodl. Laud. 34. Mill's Laud. 4 (1047). 21. Bodl. L. 3386 or Sel- den 49, Mill's Selden 4 (XIV.). 22. 5odL L. 3384 or Sei- dell 47, Mill's Selden 5 (XIV.). 23. f Mead's, then As- Tcew's, then D'Eon's. 24.f Afonacensis 383 (Beng. Aug. 4) (X.). 25. .Brit. Jfits. Harleian 5650 (XII). 25&. A few lessons in the above by a later hand. 26. Bodl. 3390 Seld. 1 or Mill's Seld. 2 (XIII. ). 27. f Bodl. 3391 Seld. 2 or Mill's Seld, 3 (IX. & XIV.). 28. Bodl. Misc. 11. Auct. D. Infr. 2. 14 Marsh. 22 (XIII.). 29. BodZ. Misc. 12. Auct. D. Infr. 2. 15 Marsh. 23 (XIIL). 30. Bodl. 296 now Crom- well 11 (1225). 31. Norimberg (XII.). 32.* Oothanus (Lib. of Duke of S axe Gotha) (XII.). 33. f Cardinalis Alex. Albani (XL). 34. f Monacensis 329. f romMannheim (X. ) . 35. Vatic. 351 (XL). 36.*f Vat. 1067 (XL). 37. Propaganda 287, Borgia 3 (XL). 38. Laurent. Florent. 1 , (=117 below). 39. Lau. Florent. 2 ( = 118 below). 40.f Escurial I (X.). 41.f Escur. x uu I2 (XL). 42.f Escur. % hi. 13 (XL). 43. Escur. x IU - 16 (XII.). 44. Havniens. 3 (XV.). 45.f Cwsar. Vindob. Lambec. 15 Ness 5 (X.). 46. f Cassar. Tind. For- los.23Kollar.7(IX.). 47.*f Mosq. 8. Synod. 43 (Mt, b) (VIIL). 48.* Mosq. 8. Syn. 44 (Mt. c) (1056). 49.* Mosq. Typograph Syn. 1 1 (Mt.f) (X.). 50.*flTosq. Typog. Syn. 12 (Mt.H) (VIII.?). 51.* Mosq. Typog. Syn. 9 (Mt. t) (XVI.) . 52.* Mosq.S. Synod. 266 (Mt. I) (XIV.) 53.* Mosq. S. Syn. 267 (Mt. X ) (XV.). 54.* Mosq. S. Syn. 268 (Mt. i|/) (1470). 55.* Typog. S. Syn. 47 (Mt. «). 56.* Typog. S. Syn. 9 (Mt. 16) (XVI.). 57.* Dresdensis 232 (Mt. 19) (XV.). 58. Begins 50 a (XV.). 59. B, 100 a ( = g 289) (XVII.) . 60. B. 375 (once Col- bert's) (1022). 61. E. 182 (X.). 62. R. 194 a (XL?). 63.f R. 277 (IX.). 64.f R. 281 (IX.). 65.f R. 282 (IX.). 66.f R. 283 (IX.). 67.f R. 284 (XL). 68. R, 285 (once Col- bert's) (XL). 69. R. 286 (XL). 70. R. 288 (XL). 71. R. 289 (once Col- bert's) (1006). 72. R, 290 (1257). 726.f Three uncial leaves containing John v. I — II ; vi. 61 — 69 ; vii. I — 16. 73. Regius 291 (XII.). 74. R. 292 (XII.). 75. R. 293 (XII.). 76. R. 295 (once Col- bert's) (XTL). 77. R. 296 (XII.). 78. R. 298 (once Col- bert's) (XII.). 79. R. 299 (XII.). 80. B, 300 (XII.). 81. B. 305 (XIIL). 82. R. 276 (XV.). 83. R. 294 (XL). 84. R. 32 a (XII.). 85. B. 33 a (XII.). 86. B. 311 (1336). 87. R. 313 (once Col- bert's) (XIV.). 88. R. 314 (XIV.). 89. R. 316 (XIV.). 90. R. 317 (1533). 91. R. 318 (XL). 92. E. 324 (XIIL). 93. E, 326 (XIV.). 94. E. 330 (XIIL). 95. E. 374 (XIV.). 96. E. 115 a (XII.). 97. E. 376 ( = g. 324) (XIIL). 98. E. 377 (XIIL). 99. E, 380 (XV.). 100. E. 381 (1550). 101. E. 303 (XIIL). 102. Ambrosian. S. 62 s-up. [at Milan] (1381). 103. Amb. D. 67 swp. (XIIL). 104. ^4?nb. D. 72 swp. (XII.). 105. Amb. m. 81 st«p. (XIIL). 106. Amb. c. 91 (XIIL) 107. Venet. 548(86: 2) (XL). 108. Ven. 549 (86 : 5) (XL). EVANGELISTAKIA. 131 109. Ten. 550 (86: 7) (XL). 110. Ven. 551 (86: 3) (XL). lll.f Mutinensis 27 or (73) ii. c. 6 (X.). 112. (?). 113. Laurent. vi. 2 (XIV.). 114. Lau. vi. 7 (XIL). 115. f Lau. VI. 21 (XL). 116.f Lau. vi. 31 (X.). 117. Lau. 244 (XII). 118. f Lau. 243 (XIL). 119. Faiic. 1 1 55 (XIII.) . 120. Vat. 1 1 56 (XIII.) . 121. Vat. 1 157 (XIII. ). 122. Vat. ii68(1175). 123.f Vat. 1522 (X.). 124. Vat. 1988 Basil 27 (XIII.) . 125. Vat. 2017 Basil 56 (XII). 126. Vat. 2041 Basil 80 (XIL). 127f- Vat. 2063 Basil 102 (IX.). 128. Vat. 2133 (XIV.) 129. Alexandrina Vat. (Queen Christina's) 12 (XIII.) . 130.f Vat. Ottobon. 2 (IX.). 131. Fat. Ott. 1 75 (XIV). 132. Vat.Ott. 326 (XV), 133.Vat Ott.4i6(XIV.). 134. Barberin. 15 (XIII.) . 135. f Barb. 16 palimp ( = Tisch. barb ev.) (VI. Sch.). 136. Barb. 16 (XIL). 137. Vallicellian. D. 63 (once P. Polidore.) (XIL). 138. Neapol. I. B. 14 (XV). 139.f Venet. 12 (86 : 2) (X.). 140. Ven. 626 (XIII.). 141. Ven. 1. ix. (86 : 7) Nanian 2 (XL). 142. Ven. i.xxiii.(86: 6) Nanian 16 (XIV). 143. 144, f Biblioth. Malates- tiance of Cesena. xxvii. 4 (XII). 145. Bibl. Malat. of Cesena. xxix. 2 (XII). 146. Camb. Univ. Lib. Dd. viii. 23 (XI). 147. Brit.Mus. Earleian 2970 (XI). 148. B. M. Harl. 2994 (XI). 149. B. M. Earl. 5538 (XIV.). 150f« B. M. Harl. 5598 (995). 151. B. M. Harl. 5785 (XII). 152.f B. M. Harl. 5787 (X.). 153. Meermann. 117 V XI). I 154. Monacensis 326 or a. 20 (XIII.). 155. f Cces. Fmc£o&. Ness. 209. Lam. 41 (X.). 156. Vallicellian D. 4 1. (missing) (?). 157. Bodleian. Clarke 8 (XIII). 158. Lib. Greek Monast. at Jerusalem 10 (XIV). 159. Bibl. Monasterii virginum etc. ( XIII) . 160. S. Saba 4 (XIV.). 161. S. Saba 5 (XV). 162. S. Saba 6 (XV) 163. S. Saba 13 (XIII). 164. S. Saba 14 (XIV). 165. S. Saba 17 (XV.). 166. S. Saba 21 (XIII). 167. S. Saba 22 (XIV.). 168. S.Saba 23 (XIII). 169. S.Saba 24 (XIII.). 170. S.Saba 25 (XIII). 171. S. Saba [un- numbered] (1059). 172.f Patmos, Lib. of Mon. of St. John ("IV" Scr.). 173.f Patm. (IX.). 174. f Patm. (X.). 175.f Patm. (X.). 176. Patm. (XII). 177. Patm. (XIII). 178. Pafm. (XIV.). 179.* Trevirensis, Cathe- dral Lib. (XI). 180. f Cces.Vindob. ccix. (IX.). E.— (2.) LECTIONABJES CONTAINING THE AP0ST0L0S OR PRAXAPOSTOLOS. (Seep. 73.) l.*f = Evangelistarium 6. 2. I?W£. Mus. Cotton. Vespas. b. xviii. (XI). Extracts from 1 Peter and John in a Cod. at Trinity Hall, Camb. (now miss- K 2 4. Laurent. 24 Badia 2742 (XI ). 5.* Gottingense 2 (Univ. Lib.) oncedeMissy's (XV). 132 LECTIONARIES. 6. = G. 117. 7. = Evst. 2,7- 8. = E. 44. 9. =E. 85. 10. = E. 85. 11. Regius 104 a (XII.). 12.* = E. 60. 13. *f Mosq. S. Syn. 4 [Mt. b] (X.). ' 14.* Mosq. S. S. 291 [Mt. e] (XII.). 15.* Typogr. Syn. 31 [Mt. tz] (dated 1116). 16.* = E. 52. 17.* = E. 53. 18.* = E. 55. 19.* = E. 55. 20.* = E 56. 21. = E. 83. 22. Regius 304 (XIII.). 23. R. 306 (XII.). 24 R. 308 (XIII.). 25. R. 319 (XL). 26. R. 320 (XII ). 27. R. 321 (XIII.). 28. = E. 26. 29. = E. 94. 30. Regius 373 (XIII.). 31. = E. 82. 32. = g. 324 Evst. 97. 33. Reqius 382 (once Colbert's) (XIII). 34. R. 383 (ouce Col- bert's) (XV.). 35. = e. 92. 36. =e. 93. 37. = g. 368, a. 150, P. 230, E. 84. 38. Vat. 1528 (XV.). 39. = e. 133. 40. Barber ini 18 [pa- limpsest] (X). 41. Barb. (XL). 42. Vallicell. c. 46. 43. (?). 44. Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, q. 3, 4. 45. Hunt. Mus. p. 2, 9. 46. Ambros.u.63 (XIV.). 47. = e. 104. 48. (?). 49. 8. Saba 16 (XIV.). 50. S.Saba. 18 (XV.). 51. = S.Saba 26 (XIY.). 52. = e. 171. 53. = e. 160. 54. S. Saba [no number] (XIIL). 55. = e. 179. 56. = a. 42, p. 48, r. 13 and e. = ?. 57. = r. 26. 58. Wake 3S at Christ Ch. (Oxf.) (dated 1172). Xote. — The above List of Lectionaries embraces only those which have been regularly numbered. Beside these, more than a hundred are men- tioned by Scrivener, mostly fragments, which have not as yet been classified. In all Scrivener reckons 286 Evaugelistaria, and 74 copies of the Prax- apostolos. He also counts 623 cursives of the Gospels, 234 «f the Acts, 2 B.C. 31 to 14 14-37 37-41 41-54 54-68 68-69 69 69-79 79-81 81-96 96-98 98-117 117-138 138-1«1 161-180 180-192 193 193-211 211-217 217-218 218-222 222-235 235-238 238-244 241-249 249-251 251-253 253 253-260 260-268 268-270 270-275 275-276 276 276-282 282-283 283-284 284-285 285-305 305-306 306-307 307-324 .324-337 | Augustus, Caius Julius Csesar Octavianus. Tiberius. (Sejanus, Consul, 26 — 31.) Caligula. Claudius. Nero. Galea. Otho (Jan. to April). Vitellius (April to Dec). Vespasian. Titus. DoMITIAN. Nerva, M. Cocceius. Trajan. M. Ulpius. Hadrian. Antoninus Pius, T. Aurelius. Marcus Aurelius, Antoninus. COMMODUS. Pertinax (Jan. to March) ; Julian, M. Dldlus (March to June). Septimius Severus. Caracallus and Geta (211—212). Macrinus. Elagabalus (properly called Avitus, or Bassianus). Alexander Severus. Maximin, the Thracian. Gordian. Philippus, M. Julius (of Bostra, Arabia). Decius. Gallus and Volusianus. JEmilianus (three months). Valerian and Gallienus (254 — 260). Gallienus. Claudius II., M. Aurelius. Aurelian, L. Domilius. Tacitus, M. Claudius. Florian (three months), and Probus, M. Aurelius. Probus, M. Aurelius. Carus, M. Aurelius, and Carinus. Numerian and Carinus. Carinus and Diocletian. Diocletian and Maximian (286 — 305), Augusti, with Galerius and Constantius (292 — 305), Ccesars. Galerius and Constantius, Augusti, with Maximin and Severus, Ccesars. Galerius and Severus, Augusti, with Constantine and Maxi- min, Ccesars. Constantine, Maximian (307—310), and Maxentius (307—312), in the West; Galerius (307— 311), Maximin (307— 313), and Licinius (307—324), in the East. Constantine, sole Emperor. 145 INDEX. A. Abbot, Ezra, vn. 78, 82, 85. Acts, 62 ; date of, 56. Africa, schools of North, 42. Alexandria, 46, 75 ; Christians in, 23 ; schools of, 41, 49; patriarch of, 76. Alexandrinus, Cod., 33, 69, 71, 72, 75, 80. Alford, B. H., 83, 92. Amastris (Paphlagonia), 39. Ambrose, 42, 88. Ambrosiaster, 88. Amelius, 30. Ammonian Sections, 70, 74. Ammonius of Alex., 71. Andreas, 70, 87. Andrew, 37 ; Acts of, 62. Ante-Nicene Chr. Lib., 7. Antilegomena, 62. Antioch, 11. Antoninus, Marcus, Apology to, 38. Antoninus Pius, 15, 22, 23, 27, 38, 57 ; edict of, 23. Apocalypse, 61, 63. Apollinaris, Claudius, works of, 38. Apollinarius, 30, 91. Apologists, 37. Apostles, choice of, 26. Apostolical Constitutions, 62. Apelles of Asia, 44. Appian, 17. Apuleius, writings of, 23. Aristides, (Elius, 28. Aristion, 37. Arnobius, 42, 49. Arrian, 21. Artemon, 44. Asia Minor, Christians of, 8 ; common council of, 23; pro-consul of, 21, 23. Ass, the Golden, 24. Athanasius, 42, 49, 76, 87. Pseudo-Athanasius, 92. Athenagoras, 41 ; apology to, 39. Athenians, 23 ; Ep. to, 39. Athens, Bp. of, 37 j philosopher of, 39. Augustine, 42, 88. Augustus, Cgesar, age of, 13^ Aurelian, 30. Aurelius, Marcus, 27, 28, 35, 38, 39. Autolycus, Apology to, 38. B. Baber, H. H., 77. Baptists, allusions to, 16. Barnabas, the Levite, 33 ; Ep. of 57, 62. Bartolocci, 77. Basil, the Great, 87, 91. Basilides of Alex., 44, 59. Basileensis, Cod., 72, 82. Basnage, 29, 44. Bauer, 33. Bengel, critical canon of, 92. Bentley, 77. Bethesda, Pool of, 90. Bezse, Cod., 72, 80. Bezse, Theo., 81. Bible, number of translators of, 10 ; translation of, 9. Bingham, Antiquities, 6. Birch, 77, 83, 85. Bithynia, province of, 19. Bleek, 33. 146 INDEX. Bos, 77. Bradford, Wm, 12, 47. Britain, 7. British Museum Lib., 33, 75, 76, 84 Britanicus, Cod. 84. Bunsen, 41. Burgon, J. W., 78, 79. C. Caesar Augustus, age of, 13. Caesars, lives of, 17. Caesarea, 57 ; bp. of, 70. Cambridge, Lib. of, 80. Canon, Bengel, 93 ; catalogues of, 59 ; classification of, 61 ; Eusebian, 70, 71, 74 ; formation of, 58 ; first and second, 63. Canonical books, history of, 55. Cappadocia, 70. Caro, Hugo de Sancto, 71. Carpianus, 71. Carpocrates, 44. Carthage, cathedral of, 7; schools of, 41, 49. Casaubon, Meric, 27. Cassian, the Docete, 44. Cassius, Dion, 29. Catherine de Medici, 79. Cave, 36, 87. Celsus, 25, 26, 50. Cerdon of Borne, 44. Cerinthus, 44. Charles I., 75. Christianity, spread of, 18, 20. Christian Lib., Ante-Nicene, 7. Christians, in Alex., 23 ; in Asia, 22 ; examination of, 19, 20 ; leniency towards, 29 ; presbyter of, 29 ; re- ligious observances of, 20. Chrysostom, 87, 91. Pseudo-Chrysostom, 92. Chrysostomus, Dion, 21, 35. Church, extent of, 6. Cicero, age of, 13. Claudius, life of, 17. Claudius Apollinaris, works, 38. Clement of Alex., 32, 39, 42, 49, 60, 87. Clement of Rome, 33, 61 ; ep. of, 32. Colbertinus, Cod., 82, 83. Colonies, New England, 16 ; Plymouth, 9, 47. Colossao, letters to, 8. Colossians, ep. to, 56. Commodus, emp., 39. Congregationalisms, hist, of, 16. Constantine, 9, 45 ; conversion of, 41. Constantinople, cathed. of, 7 ; patriarch of, 75. Constitutions, Apostolical, 62. Corinth, letters to, 8. Corinthians, 21 ; Ep. to, 55. Cowper, B. H., 76. Cozza, 77. Cramer, 83. Credner, 33. Crevier, history of, 29. Criticism, textual, 88. Cronius, letter to, 24. Cureton, Wm., 34. Curetonian Syriac, 72. Cursive MSS., 82. Cyprian, 42, 49, 88. Cyril of Alex., 87, 91. Cyril of Jerusalem, 87. D. Dacians, 7. Decius, 29. De Wette, 92. Didymus of Alex., 87, 92. Diocletian, Churches of, 5 ; perse- cutions of, 8. Diognetus, 32, 35. Dion Cassius, 29. Dion, the Sophist, 21. Dionysius, 39, 42 ; Ep. to Bom., 39. Pseudo-Dionysius of Alex., 92. Dobbin, 84, 94. Doddridge, 26. Domitian, 12, 23 ; persecutions of, 29. Donaldson, 33. Dove, descent of, 26. Dressel, A. R. M. 32. Dryden, satires of, 19. Duncker, 41. E. Ebionitcs, 43. Egypt, 84 ; Hadrian in, 22 ; Christians in, 23. Ellicott, 92. Ephcsians, Ep. to, 56. 1M)EX. 147 Ephesus, letters to, 8, 38. Ephraemi, Cod., 69, 72, 79. Epictetus, the Stoic, 21. Epiphanius, 87, 91. Erasmus, 84, 91. Eusebian sections, 70 ; canons, 70, 74. Eusebius, Eccl. Hist., 21, 22, 28, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 49, 61, 62, 70, 71, 76, 87. Euthalian divisions, 76. Euthalius, 68, 70, 83, 92. Eutherius, 91. Evodius, successor of, 33. F. Faber, Tanaquil, 25. Fabri, Cod., 72. Fathers, .Apostolic, 32, 36 ; Christian, 87 ; Greek, 87 ; Latin, 88, 92 ; Pil- grim, 9, 12 ; Syrian, 79. Felix, Minucius, 27, 28. Ferrar, 82. Field, 76. Field of inquiry, 5. Flavius Vopiscus, 23. Florinus, letter to, 40. Florus, L. A., history of, 17. Ford, 77. Fronto, orator, 27, 28. Fundanus, Minucius, 21, 22, 23. Funk, F. X., 32. G. Galatia, Letters to, 8. Galatians, Ep. to, 55. Galen, works of, 28. Galileans, 21. Gallienus, 30. Gallus, 30. Gardiner, 89, 96. Gaul, 7, 82 ; bps. of, 6. Gaussen, Canon of 1ST. T., 61. Gebhardt, O. von, 32, Gelasius, 91. Germans, 7. Gethsemane, 46. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, 6, 7, 8, 18. Gieseler, 33. Gnossians (Crete), 39. Gortyna, Church of, 39. Gothic peoples, 7. Grabe, 76. Granianns, Serenius, 21, 22. Granville, 78. Greece, Churches of, 8. Greeks, edict addressed to, 23. Green, T. S., 92. Gregory of Nyssa, 92. Gregory Thaumaturgus, 42. Griesbach, 88, 92, 93, 95. Guericke, 33. H. Hadrian, Emp., 21, 23, 37; letters of, 22. Hampton Court, Conference at, 9. Harnack, A., 32. Hebrews, Ep. to, 56, 61, 62. Hefele, C. J., 32, 33. Hegesippus, Ch. Hist., 39. Heracleon, 44. Hermas, Shepherd of, 32, 36, 62, 74, 75. Hermogenes, 44. Herod, 45 ; slaughter by, 26. Herzog's Encycl., 36. Hierapolis, Bp. of, 36, 38. Hierocles, 30, 50. Hieronymus, 88. Hilary, 42. Hilary of Poitiers, 88. Hilgenfeld, 33. Hingham, church of, 12. Hippolytus, 41, 87 ; works of, 40. Historians, Secular, notices of, 17. History, ancient and modern, com- parative view, 10. Holmes, 77. Homologoumena, 62. Horace, age of, 13. Hort, 79, 92. Hug, J. L., 33, 78, 80. Huther, 92. Ignatius, 57, 58; Ep. of, 32, 58; martyrdom of, 32, 34, 35. Ignatius of Antioch, 34. Immer, Hermenetics of, 96. Inquiry, field of, 5. Investigation, method of 4. Ionia (Asia Minor), 39. Irenseus, 35, 37, 40, 43, 59, 60, 87 ; works of, 40 ; Harey's edition of, 43. Italy, churches of, 6, 8. 148 INDEX. J. James, 37; Ep of, 55. James I. of England, 9. Jericho, fall of, 61. Jerome, 39, 57, 67, 87, 88, 91, 92 ; Be Vir. iii. 38, 41. Jerusalem, converts at, 11 ; destruc- tion of, 29 ; Holy Sepulchre in, 46. Joannes Damascenus, 87, 92. John, Acts of, 62 ; baptism, 26 ; Church of, 12 ; date of Ep. to, 56 ; date of Gospel of, 56. Johnson's Encycl., 86. Joshua, homily on, 61. Judas, betrayal, 26. Judaea, Christianity in, 18. Judgment, rules of, 92. Justin, History of Trogus, 17. Justin Martyr, 23, 38, 57, 59, 87; Apologies of, 48 ; First Apology, 22. Juvenal, Satires of, 18. K. Kipling, Thomas, 81. Kuster, 82, Lacedaemonians, Ep. to, 39. Lachmann, 92. Lactantius, 42, 49 ; writings, 19, 29, 30. Lampridius, 29. Lardner, credibility, etc., 14, 21, 23, 25, 28, 30, 37, 38, 39, 41, 44, 47, 59 ; translation by, 25. Larisseans, 23, Lascar, A. J., 79. Lazarus, tomb of, 46. Le Clerc, 44. Leicester, Lib. of, 84. Leicestrensis, Cod., 72, 84. Leucius, 44. Lightfoot, 79. Literature, Pagan, evidences of, 14. Livy, age of, 13. Lucar, Cyril, 75. Lucian, 14, 24, 25. Lucifer of Cagliari, 88. Luke, dato of Gospel of, 56. Lydia, 38. M Mc- Clellan, 79, 94. Macarius of Jerusalem, 91. Macedonia, Churches of, 8. Macedonius, 92. Madden, Sir Fred., 92. Magi, prophecies of, 26, 69. Magus, Simon, 44. Mai, Cardinal, 77. Manuscripts, Alexandrian, 95; classi- fication, 72 ; Constantinopolitan, 95 ; cursive, 82 ; form, 67 ; uncial, 73 ; western, 95. Marc, 44, Marcellinus, 76. Marcion of Pontus, 43, 44, 58, 59. Marcus Antoninus, Apol. to, 38. Marcus Aurelius, 27, 28, 35, 38, 39. Mark, date of Gospel, 56; testimony to, 36. Martin I., Pope, 91. Martyrs, 37. Matthew, date of Gospel, 56 ; testimony to, 36, 37. Matthias, Gospels of, 62. Maximinus, the Thracian, 29. Maximus Confessor, 87. Maximus Tyrius, 15. Maximus Valerius, 17. Melito, Bp. of Sardis, 23, 38. Menander, the Gnostic, 44. Metamorphosis, 24. Methodius, reply to Porphyry, 30. Meyer, 92. Mico, 77. Mill, 83, 84. Miller, E., 41. Milligan, Wm, 33. Minucius Felix, 27, 28. Minucius Fundanus, 21, 22, 23. Mohler, 33. Monacensis, Cod., 72. Montanus, 44. Montfortianus, Cod., 72, 83. Moors, 7. Morton, George, 12. Moses, school of, 28. Miiller, 33. Muratori, Lib. of, 59. N. Nablous, 38. Nativity, place of, 46. Nazareth, 26. INDEX. 149 Neander, 33. Neapolis, Flavia, 38. Nero, 23, 45 ; death of, 18 ; life of, 17, persecutions of, 8, 19. Nerva, leniency towards Christians, 29. Nestorius, 91. New England Colonies, 16 ; founded, 9. New Testament, citations from, 86 ; estimation of, 7 ; versions of, 85. Nicholas V., Pope, 77. Nicomedia, Church of, 6. Nicomedians, Ep. to, 39. Nile, Churches of, 6. Northcote, Spencer, 45. Norton, Genuineness of Gospels, 57. Novatian, 88. 0. CEcumenius, 88, 92. Olshausen, 92. Origen, 26, 36, 42, 49, 61, 87, 91 ; on authorship of Ep. to Barnabas, 32. Ovid, age of, 13. Oxford chronological tables, 30. P. Pagan writers, notices of, 18; litera- ture, 14. Palestine, 25, 46. Palimpsests, 67. Pamphilus, Lib. of, 57. Pansa, palace of Edile, 46. Pantaenus, 41. Papias, 37; fragment of, 32; testi- mony of, 36. Paris National Library, 79. Parsons, 77. Paterculus, V., history of, 17. Paul, 36, 50; Church of, 12; con- version of, 91 ; death of, 8. Pausanias, Itinerary of, 17. Peabody, A. B., 3. Pearson, 77. Penn, 78. Peshito, 60 ; Syriac, 86. Peter, 36, 37, 50 ; Church of, 12 ; date of First, 56 ; death, 8 ; denial, 26 ; revelation, 62 ; Gospels of, 62. Philemon, Ep. to, 8, 56. Philip, S7. Philippi, letters to, 8. Philippians, Ep. to, 56. Philo, age of, 13. Philomelium, Church at, 35. Photius, 87, 92. Phrygia, 36. Pilate, Pontius, 18, 48 ; Acts of, 47. Pilgrim Fathers, 9, 12. Pius, Bp. of Rome, 36. Pliny, age of, 13 ; Ep. of, 21. Pliny the younger, letter of, 19. Plutarch, age of, 13. Plymouth Colony, 9, 47. Polycarp, 35 ; Ep. of, 32 ; interview with, 40 ; letter to, 34 ; martyrdom of, 32, 35. Polycarp, Bp. of Smyrna, 35. Pompeii, recent discoveries at, 46. Pontus, Bps. of, 6 ; Churches of, 39. Porfiri, Abp., 74. Porphyry, 50 ; works, 30. Porson, 92, 94. Portus, Hippolytus, Bp. of, 41. Pothinus, Martyr, 39. Praxeas of Africa, 44. Priscian, 14. Primasius, 88. Prodicus, 44. Proteus, Peregrinus, death of, 24, 25. Pudentilla, wife of Apuleius, 24. Q. Quadratus, Apology of, 37. E. Rawlinson, Hist. Ev., 38, 45, 50. Readings, nature of, 89. Revelation, date of, 56, 62. Romans, Ep. of Dionysius to, 39; Ep. to, 55. Rome, letters to, 8 ; fire at, 18 ; senate of, 30. Ronsch, 88. Roth, C. L., 82. Routh, 37. Rufinus, 88. Russia, Emp., 75. 150 1XDEX. S. Sallust, age of, 13. Samaria, 38. Sancto Caro, Hugo de, 71. Sardinia, 68 ; mines of, 41. Sardis, Bp. of, 23, 38. Sarmatians, 7. Saturninus of Antioch, 44. Schneidewin, 41. Scholz, 77. Scrivener, 69, 73, 75, 76, 81, 82, 84, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96. Scrooby, church of, 12. Scythians, 7. Sections, Ammonian, 70; Eusebian, 70. Semisch, article of, 36. Seneca, M. A., age of, 13, 14. Seneca, L. A., age of, 14. Septuagint, 73, 74, 77. Serapis, priests of, 28 ; worshippers, 22. Serenius Granianus, 21, 22. Sergio, 77. Sermon on Mount, 26. Servianus, the Consul, 21, 22. Severus, Alexander, 29. Severus, Septimus, 29, 40, 92. Severus, Sulpicius, 29. Shechem, 38. Short, Charles, 86. Sibylline books, 30. Simon Magus, 44. Sinai, Mount, 73. Sinaiticus,Cod., 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74. _ 75, 78, 79, 90. Sinope (Paphlagonia), 58. Smith's Bib. Diet., 33, 58, 85, 86, 96. Smith's Diet, of Chr. Antiq., 6. Smyrna, church of, 35. Soter, Bp. of Rome, 39. Spain, 7 ; bps. of, 6. Spartian, 29. Spohn, G. L., 76. St. Catherine's Convent, 73. St. Mark's Library, 85. Stephens, Robert, 72. Strabo, age of, 13. Strauss, Leben Jesu, 4. Suetonius, age of, 13, 17. Sulci, Bp. of, 68. Sycliar, 38. Synagogue, Jewish, 22. Syria, Churches of, 8; Hadrian in, 22. Syriac, Curetonian, 72 ; Peshito, 86. T. Tacitus, age of, 13 ; annals of, 17. Tacitus, Caius Cornelius, 18, 19. Tatian, the Assyrian, oration of, 39. Tertullian, 7, 42, 43, 47, 49, 60, 88 ; Apology of, 48. Text, divisions of, 68. Thaumaturgus,* Gregory, 42. Theocracy, New England, 16. Theodoret, 87, 92. Theodotus, the Valentinian, 44. Theodotus, the Tanner, 44, 91, 92. Theognostus, 42. Theophilus, Bp. of Antioch, 38, 58. Theophylact, 88. Thessalonians, 23 ; Ep. to, 55. Thessalonica, letters to, 8. Thomas, 37 ; Gospels of, 62. Thrace, bps. of, 6. Tiberius, 17, 18, 48. Timothy, Ep. to, 8. Tischendorf, 33, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 88, 92. Titus, Ep. to, 8 ; date of, 55. Trajan, Emp., 19, 21, 34. Tregelles, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 92, 95, 96. Trogus, History of, 17. Trypho, the Jew, 38. Tyrius, Maximus, 15. U. Uhden, Hist, of Congrcgationalists, 16. Ulpian, 29. Uncial MSS., 73. Urbino, Cod., 85. V. Valentinians, 43. Valentinus, 44. Valerian, 30. Valerius Maximus, 17. Valpy, 24. Vatican Lib., 77, 83, 85 ; MSS. 68, 69, 78. Vaticanus, Codex, 68, 77. Velleius Paterculus, 14. INDEX. 151 Vera Historia, of Lucian, 25. Vercellone, 77. Verus, Lucius, 35. Virgil, age of, 13. Vopiscus, Flavius, 23, 30. Vulgate, 86, 91, 92. W. Ward, H. W., 91, 92. Weiss, 79. Westcott, 33, 58, 59, 60, 63, 79, 86, 92. Wetstein, 79, 82, 92. Wiesinger, 92. Winer, 33. Winthrop, John, 16. Woide, C. G., 76. Wordsworth, 92. Writers, Pagan, notices of, 18. Writings, evidence of heretical, 43; style of, 67. Z. Zacagni, L. A., 83. Zacynthius, Cod., 69. Zahu, Th., 32. i Zigabenus, Euthymius, 88. THE END. GILBERT AND EIYINGTON, PRINTEE3, ST. JOHN'S SQUAEE, LONDON. WARREN F. DRAPER, PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER, ANDOVER, MASS. f Publishes and offers for Sale the following Works, which will be sent, post-paid, on receipt of the sums affixed. GARDINER'S GREEK HARMONY. A Harmony of the Four Gospels in Greek, according to the Text of Tischendorf, with a Collation of the Textus Receptus, and of the Texts of Griesbach, Lachmann, and Tregelles. By Frederic Gardiner, D.D., Professor in the Berkeley Divinity School. 8vo. $3.00. " A very important matter in the preparation of the Harmony is, of course, the choice of a text. The one chosen by Professor Gardiner is that of Teschendorf's eighth edition of the New Testa- ment. This text was choser. because * it embodied the latest results of criticism, having had the advantage throughout of the Codex Sinaiticus and of a more close collation of the Codex Vaticanus.' Professor Gardiner would, indeed, have published his Harmony more than a year ago, but waited till opportunity could be given for consulting this last edition of Tischendorf. It is an obvious merit in this Harmony, that the student can see at a glance whether or not the text of Tischendorf agrees or conflicts with that of Griesbach, Lachmann, and Tregelles in places where there is a dif- ference of ODinion. 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" The Harmony in English, the title of which is given above, is a reproduction of the Harmony In Greek; no other changes being made than such as were required to lit the work for the use of the English reader who desires to learn some of the improvements which modern criticism has made in the authorized English text." — Bibliotheca Sacra. " We gladly commend this Harmony to every intelligent reader of the Scriptures. The need of •uch a guide is felt by every thoughtful Churchman at least once a year — in Holy Week — when he desires to read the events of each day in the order in which they happened so many years ago. We do not think that our laymen know how much they will be helped to the understanding of the Gospels by a simple Harmony, perhaps reads as we suggested above, in connection with some standard Life of our Lord."— The Churchman. LIFE OP CHRIST. The Life of our Lord in the Words of the Gospels. By Frederic Gardiner, D.D., Professor in the Berkeley Divinity School. 16mo. pp. 256. $1.00 " It is well adapted to the convenience of pastors, to the needs of teachers in the Bible-clasg and Sabbath-school, to the religious instruction of families. It bids fair to introduce improvements into toe style of teaching the Bible to the young." - Bibliotheca Sacra. ** This little volume will not only answer as a Harmony of the Gospels for the use of those who only care to have results, but it will be an excellent book to read at family prayers, or to study witn <• Bible-class."— Christian Union. (1) Publications of W. F. Draper. WINER'S N. T. GRAMMAR. A Grammar of the Idiom of the New Tes- tament; prepared as a Solid Basis for the Interpretation of the New Testament. By Dr. Geokge Benedict Winer. Seventh Edition, enlarged and improved. By Dr. Gottlieb Lunemann, Professor of Theology at the University oi Gottingen. Revised and authorized Translation. 8vo. pp.744. 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The volume is one of the most valuable of its kind in the department of Ecclesiastical History." — Evangelical Review. Mediaeval Church. (From a.d. 590 to 1073.) $1.25 " This portion of Guericke's Church History continues the account down to A.D. 1073, when Hildebrand ascended the Papal chair as Greg- ory VII. With the previous volume, this addition comprises the History of the Church during the first ten centuries. 6-74 Books Published by W. F. Draper, Classical Study: Its Usefulness illustrated by Selections from the Writings of Eminent Scholars. Edited, with an Introduction, by Samuel H. Taylor, LL.D., Principal of Phillips Academy. 12mo. $1.50 Professor J. R. Boise, of the University of Chicago, thus writes in the March number of the Illinois Teacher: " The selection of essays made by Dr. Taylor is eminently judicious, and presents the views of many leading writers, both in Europe and in this country. The Introduction, containing about thirty pages, gives, first, a concise and clear sketch of the history of the controversy on the value of classical studies ; and then, several reasons why the highest benefits of classical study are seldom reached in this country. On this latter point, we know of no one better qualified by education and long experience as a teacher to speak wisely To all who desire the best collection of essays in our language on classical study, the work of Dr. Taylor will be very welcome. It should have a conspicuous place in every school-library, and in the private library of every educator in our land Not the least valuable part of the volume is the Introduction, in which Dr. Taylor so ably, clearly, and fairly balances the arguments on the two sides." " We commend the book as a valuable collection of essays on the higher methods of mental training." — American Presbyterian. The Theology of the Greek Poets. By W. S. Tyler, Williston Professor of Greek in Amherst College. 12mo. Cloth. $1.50 " Professor Tyler has here produced a work which is an honor to American literature. It is well fitted to be a classic in our Colleges and Theological Seminaries. It furnishes admirable illustrations of the truth of both natural and revealed theology, and suggests original methods for the defence of these truths." — Bibliotheca Sacra. " The book is an important contribution to natural theology. It traces the relation of the theology of the Greek poets to that of Christ. Prof. Tyler does his work with the mind of a master." — Zion's Herald. The Kingdom of Christ on Earth: Twelve Lectures delivered before the Students of the Theological Seminary, Andover. By Samuel Harris, Dwight Professor of Systematic Theology in Yale College. 8vo. $1.50 " These lectures are characterized by a firm grasp of the subject, by profound and thorough comprehension of the facts and principles which it involves, by a lucid and connected method, and a perspicuous and popular style. The subject is of the very essence of the Christian sys- tem. The specific views presented are judicious and sound. The student in theology will find that a careful study of these lectures, pur- sued so far as to bring the whole presentation into living and shaping relation to his religious thought, will be of inestimable advantage to him in clearing away mists and difficulties, in harmonizing and systematizing his religious knowledge, in opening views into remoter fields of truth, in guiding and quickening his mind generally in its contemplation of nslijjious truth. — T/ie College Courant. 4-74 Books Published by W. F. Draper, Remarks on the Internal Evidence for the Truth of Re- vealed Religion. By Thomas Erskine, Esq., Advocate. Third American, from. Fifth Edinburgh Ed. 16mo. 75 cts. " The entire treatise cannot fail to commend the positions which it ad- vocates to intelligent and considerate minds. It is one of the best, perhaps the best, of all the discussions of this momentous subject." — Congregationalist. " This argument of Erskine for the Internal Evidence of the Truth of Revealed Religion, is the most compact, natural, and convincing we have ever read from any author." — Christian Chronicle. " No man ought to consider himself as having studied theology unless he has read and pondered and read again ' Erskine on the Internal Evi- dence.' " — Independent. Writings of Archbishop Whately. Published under the sanction of the author, from the latest revised editions ; viz. Essays on some of the Difficulties in the Writings of St. Paul. 12mo. Cloth extra, gilt tops. $1.50 "Dr. Whately's writings are characterized by sound thought and solid judgment. Clear and solid sense is bis peculiar characteristic. He is often ingenious, generally candid, almost always plain and transparent." — Bibliotheca Sacra. " An excellent work." — New York Evangelist. " The Archbishop's writings are a part of the sterling theological let- ters of the age, and ought to be possessed by all the studious and thoughtful." — Journal and Messenger. " This book had passed through at least eight editions in England before its publication in this country. Dr. Whately is always entitled to a hearing. Never profound, he is always clear ; never very original, he is always instructive ; never disgustingly dogmatic, he always seems to feel a serene assurance that. he has exhausted the whole subject, and that his verdict is final ; always positive and didactic, he is yet never extreme, but always takes the middle and moderate view." — Watchman and Reflector. Essays on some of the Pecularities of the Christian Reli- gion, and Historic Doubts concerning Napoleon. 12mo. pp. 264 and 48. Bound in 1 vol. Cloth extra, gilt tops. $1.50 Historic Doubts concerning Napoleon. 12mo. Paper covers, 25 cents ; cloth, 50 cents. About the year 1821 Whately published this Essay anonymously. It was designed as an answer to Hume's objections to the credibility of the Christian miracles. Following Hume's method, Whately gravely argued the improbability of the existence of the first Napoleon, and demonstrated that, on Hume's principles, the testimony in relation thereto could not be credited. T-74 Books Published by W. F. Draper. An Examination of the Alleged Discrepancies of the Bible. By John W. Haley, M.A. With an Introduction by Alvah Hovey, D.D., Professor in the Newton Theologi- cal Institution. Crown 8vo. pp. xii and 473. $2.00 " I do not know any volume which gives to the English reader such a compressed amount of suggestion and instruction on this theme as is given in this volume." — Prof. Edwards A. Park. "A book so costly in great qualities, yet so cheap and accessible to all ; one so scholarly and yet so simple and usable ; one so creditable to its author, and yet so modestly sent forth, does not every day appear. As an example of thorough and painstaking scholarship, as a serviceable hand- book for all Bible students, and as a popular defence of revealed truth, it will take high rank, and fill an important place which up to this time has been conspicuously vacant." — Congregationalist. A Statement of the Natural Sources of Theology ; with a Discussion of their Validity, and of Modern Sceptical Ob- jections ; to which is added an Article on the First Chapter of Genesis. By Thomas Hill, D.D., LL.D. Reprinted from the Bibliotheca Sacra. 8vo. pp. 144. Paper, 60 cts. ; Cloth, flexible, 80 cents* Contents. — Theology a Possible Science. — The Foundations of The- ology sure. — The Natural Foundations of Theology. — The Testi- mony of Organic Life. — The Natural Sources of Theology. — The First Chapter of Genesis. " Powerful discussions, rich in thought and illustration, and directed xith crushing force against the positions of infidel scientists." — Advance. " A masterly series of articles." — National Baptist. Hermeneutics of the New Testament. By Dr. A. Immer, Professor of Theology in the University of Berne. Trans- lated from the German by Rev. Albert H. Newman. With additional Notes and full Indexes. Crown 8vo. pp.413. $2.25 " It is a thoroughly scientific and almost exhaustive treatise on the whole subject. It is in three parts : I. The General Principles of Her- meneutics ; II. The Single Operations of the Scripture Interpreter ; III. The Religious Understanding. The elaborate history of Scripture inter- Eretation and the several methods of exegesis that have from time to time een employed, constitute a very important portion of the work. . . . We heartily commend it to our young ministers in particular, in the belief that in mastering it they will greatly enrich their teachings of the sacred word." — Methodist Quarterly Review. " Perfect in method, thorough, and truly German in its scholarship, yet fresh and interesting in its treatment, and translated in a clear and at- tractive English style, it will meet a real need of theological students and ministers, and must stimulate a scholarly study on the part of such." — Christian Register. 1-78 COMMENTARIES PUBLISHED BY "W^-A-IEtlRElSr DP. DRAPEB, ANDOVER, MASS. These Books will be sent, post-paid, on receipt of the price affixed. Ellicott, Commentaries, Critical and Grammatical , by C, *T, Ellicott, Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, viz, on GALATIANS. With an Introductory Notice by C. E. Stowe, lately Professor in Andover Theological Seminary. 8vo. pp. 183. $1.50 EPHESIANS. 8vo. pp. 190. 1.50 THESSALONIANS. 8vo. pp.171. 1.50 THE PASTORAL EPISTLES. 8vo. pp. 265. 2.00 PHILIPPIANS, COLOSSIANS, and PHILEMON. 8vo. pp. 265. 2.00 The Set in five volumes, tinted paper, bevelled edges, gilt tops, The Set in two volumes, black cloth, bevelled edges, 8.00 "We would recommend all scholars of the original Scriptures who seek directness, luminous brevity, the absence of everything irrelevant to strict grammatical inquiry, with a concise and yet very complete view of the opinions of others, to possess themselves of Ellicott's Commentaries." — American Presbyterian. " His Commentaries are among the best, if not the very best, helps a student can have." — American Presbyterian and Theological Review. " Ellicott is one of the best commentators of this class." — Princeton Rev. "I do not know of anything superior to them in their own particular line." — Dean Alford. Hackett. A Commentary on the Original Text of the * Acts of the Apostles. By Horatio B. Hackett, D.D., Professor of Biblical Literature in Newton Theological Institution. A new edition, revised and greatly enlarged. 8vo. Cloth, $3.50 This is a reprint of the last edition revised by Prof. Hackett himself. Lightfoot. St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians. A Revised Text, with Introduction, Notes, and Dissertations. By J. B. Lightfoot, D.D., Hulsean Professor of Divinity, and Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge. 8vo. pp. 402. Bevelled edges, $3.00 " Taken as a whole, we venture to say that this is the most complete and exhaustive Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians that has yet appeared, Ellicott's not excepted." — Christian Intelligencer. 1-77 Books Published by W. F. Draper. Muiphy. Critical and Exegetical Commentaries by Prof. James G, Murphy, LL.D., T.C.D., viz. Genesis. With a New Translation. With a Preface by J. P. Thompson, D.D., New York. 8vo. pp. 535. $3.50 " The most valuable contribution that has for a long time been made to the many aids for the critical study of the Old Testament is Mr. Draper's republication of Dr. Murphy on Genesis, in one octavo volume. Dr. Murphy is one of the Professors of the Assembly's College at Bel- fast, and adds to a thorough knowledge of the Hebrew, and of the science of interpretation, great common sense, genuine wit, and admirable power of expression. Hence his Commentary is racy and readable, as well as reliable. No volume will be more useful to those who have been troubled by the Colenso criticisms ; and no man has pricked the bubble of that in- flated bishop with a more effectual and relieving wound than Dr.Murphy." — Congreqationalist. " Dr. Murphy is a fair, clear, and candid interpreter. His aim is to reconcile the Scriptures with science by an impartial examination of the text." — American Presbyterian and Theological Review. Exodus. With a New Translation. 8vo. pp. 385. $3.00 " Thus far nothing has appeared in this country for half a century on the first two books of the Pentateuch so valuable as the present two vol- umes. " [On Genesis and Exodus]. " His style is lucid, animated, and often eloquent. His pages afford golden suggestions and key-thoughts. Some of the laws of interpretation are stated with so fresh and natural a clearness and force that they will permanently stand." — Meth- odist Quarterly. "Prof. Murphy's Commentary on Genesis has been published long enough to have secured the highest reputation for scholarship, research, and sound judgment. This volume on Exodus takes its place in the same rank, and will increase rather than diminish its author's reputation among scholars." — National Baptist. " By its originality and critical accuracy it must command the high regard of the scholar and theologian, whilst the ease and grace of its style, the judiciousness with which it selects and unfolds its many subjects ol discussion, will be sure to fix and reward the attention of the general student." — The Lutheran. Leviticus. With a New Translation. 8vo. pp. 318. $2.50 " In our opinion, his idea and method are the right one, and the whole work shows a remarkably clear mastery of the subject. His style, too, is singularly lucid. He interprets Hebrew well, and writes capital Eng- lish. The book meets a long-felt want, and meets it well." — The Advance. " The obscure and difficult portions of the text are elucidated with great skill and impressiveness, and the whole work furnishes a most in- teresting study." — The Lutheran and Missionary. " The Commentaries of Murphy have many excellences. They are clear, discriminating, and comprehensive." — Baptist Quarterly. " We think it is the very best Commentary on Leviticus that has ever been published/ 4 — The Presbyterian. " We know of no work on Leviticus comparable with it." — Pulpit ■2nd Pew. 3-77 Books Published by W. F. Draper. Psalms. With a new Translation. By J. G. Murphy, $4.00 " This Commentary is well r* *ted to meet the wants cf pastors in pre- paring their expositions of the Psalms. The more educated teachers of Bible-classes and Sabbath-schools may study it with advantage. They need not be deterred from using it by the presence of the Hebrew words which are conspicuous on some of its pages. Like the other Commen- taries of Dr. Murphy, this is distinguished by the ease and perspicuity of its style, its freedom from pedantry, and the excellent religious spirit per- vading it. The Introduction, occupying the first fifty pages, is lucid and interesting." — Bibliotheca Sacra. " It is on the whole one of the best expositions of the Psalms acces- sible for popular instruction, and a valuable auxiliary to the work of preachers and teachers." — Examiner and Chronicle. Perowne. The Book of Psalms; a New Translation. With Introductions and Notes Explanatory and Critical. By J. J. Stewart Perowne, D.D., Fellow of Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge, and Canon of Llandaff. Reprinted from the Third English Edition. In Two Volumes. 8vo. $7.50 " It comprises in itself more excellences than any other commentary on the Psalms in our language, and we know of no single commentary in the German language which, all things considered, is preferable to it." — Baptist Quarterly. " Very rare, indeed, is it that such a combination of requisites to a just exposition of Scripture, and particularly of this portion of Scripture, are combined in one work, — such scholarship, such judgment, such taste, such spiritual insight, such wisdom in the general treatment of his sub- ject, such skill as a translator, such simplicity and sustained vigor of style." — The Advance. " This is justly regarded as the standard commentary on the Book of Psalms in England. It is learned, devout, and exhaustive Dr. Perowne is one of the most profound Hebrew scholars in Europe, and his translation of the Hebrew text gives abundant evidence of his learning." — Lutheran Observer. " The Introductions combine a series of able essays upon the structure, history, literature, and theology of the Psalms. The new translation adheres closely to the Hebrew original. The critical notes evince great biblical learning, rigid fidelity in the use of the Hebrew dictionary and grammar, and a reigning principle of arriving at the exact meaning of every word, rather than to give an elegant or metrical style to the render- ing. Its practical reflections are select and pointed. Dr. Perowne does not evade difficulties, as do some commentators, and where his conclu- sions are not satisfactory to the student, he will, at least, have the assur- ance of honest dealing with the embarrassments of all interpreters." — Christian Intelligencer. " If there is a better exposition of the Psalms in the English language we do not know what it is. The Introduction and Notes are models in their kind. Probably no one in England is more capable than Professsor Perowne of doing all that Hebrew scholarship can do towards a better knowledge of the Psalms." --The Contributor. 4-77 Books Published by W. F. Draper. Wright. The Logic of Christian Evidences. By Gr. Frederick Wright. 16mo. pp. 328. Cloth, $1.50 " "What is wanted on the theistic and Christian side, and what the Rev. Mr. Wright has endeavored to supply, is a convenient text-book or manual adapted to the thought of our own day, marking out the line of the Chris- tian defences which his party are now holding and mean to stand by. Moreover, what is wanted, and, indeed, is necessary to secure attention, over and above ability and learning — of which our author seems to have a fair share — is candor, and a disposition to rest within the lines of greatest strength ; and in these respects our author appears to advantage. His book is throughout sensible and considerate, therefore inviting and with promise of usefulness. It is not often that a parish clergyman is found so well fitted as he shows himself to be — by a knowledge of what natural science is, and what its methods and rightful claims are — for dealing on the one hand with the ' oppositions of science ' to religion, and on the other with the objections of theologians to the tendencies or recent achievements of science And it is a crowning merit of this little volume that the subject is so treated ' as not to exaggerate the antagonism between modern science and Christianity.' The author has pro- duced an acceptable elementary text-book, as well as an interesting volume for the general reader." — The Nation, April 8th. " Several things impress the reader strongly. One is that the book is the work of a thoroughly competent mind. In these days of philosophical dabblers, it is refreshing to read the writings of $, man who has the grip of a master upon his theme. Another is the care with which the volume has been written. It contains no lumber, but is concise, clear, and exact. Another is its completeness. No loose ends of thought are left hanging. Suggested points which deserve notice receive it sufficiently, if only in a word or two. Another is its fairness. Every difficulty is stated frankly, and no attempt is made to evade unfavorable facts. The argument has vast inherent force, but the manner of presenting it adds much to its weight." — The Congregationalist, March 31st. " It will be seen that Mr. Wright's work really gives more than its title would lead us to expect. Instead of being merely a logic, i.e. an inquiry into the method of Christian evidence, it is really, in addition, a hand-book of those evidences themselves. We may say, too, that we know of no other book which gives in so small a compass, and with such clearness, an account of the entire range of Christian evidences. Mr. Wright has made good use of the most recent literature of his wide subject without, however, falling into the r6le of a mere compiler. On the contrary, his little book is characterized by unity, freshness, and independence. . . . The work is well fitted to be put into the hands of intelligent readers who wish to get a careful, general view of the converging and cumulating evidences of Christianity prior to entering upon more special investiga- tions. No one can rise from its study without, at all events, feeling that a good deal still needs to be done before Christianity is snuffed out of the world." — Leeds {Eng.) Mercury, March. " Mr. Wright undertakes to show that evolution is not incompatible with Christianity, that miracles are not incongruous in the Christian sys- tem, and that the method and force of the proof of Christianity are the same as those we rely on in our common beliefs and actions. We cor- dially commend the book as fresh and useful." — Independent. "A most valuable contribution to the religious and theological litera- ture of the age." — Oberlin Review, April 8th. 2-80 nV: \\ I »'^ ■ H ■ ■ Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: June 2005 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township. PA 16066 (724) 779-2111 ■■