^"^ •> .^^ ^^•n^ 4 O J.°-'* n-0* ..^'-^-^ o > < o r^ "-^^0^ ,0' ^* v^ V '0^^ % .. ^ ^.-e^^. /\ --^z ^^''^^ °wm-'^<^''^\ '■■ x'^r^ .-J^' 4 O / i^^Mi^^^^^^^^/>^ AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE COMMONWEALTH ^_^^ ov PENNSYLVANIA, CIVIL POLITICAL, AND MILirARY, INCLUDING Historical Descriptions OF EACH COUNTY IN THE STATE, THEIR TOWNS, AND INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. BY WILLIAM H. SGLF M D., Meral^er of the Historical Society of Pennsj SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION. HARRISBURG: DE WITT C. GOODRICH & CO 876. OPPIOIAI, COAT OF ARMS OP PENNSYLVANIA. BKN-JAMIN SINGERLT I^inter, Stereotjper, Ac' HABRISBURO, PA PREFATORY. O WRITE the History of an ^r:f^^^^ ^ZtXZ i is, should properly be the work of a "ff™;- ;;»■=" „ ,„, /, J e^ent. of '^^ ^ e -rLtoraruI^ln^he hop. 1^^ have been collecting "''^ «™ ™ eontribation to the bibliography thatastheyea™spedonwem,ght ee.^0- o„^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^,^^^^„^ , > of this great Commonwea th. l'»"<:™=' J „f ^i^ transactions, local opportune for the publication of a ^^''^f"' ™"'";„^^ ,,,„,, y.^rs of labor and general, which have '^'^^l^^^'^Jll^^'^Jo,, native State the result. we have essayed to offer to the 8°»«' P'^"! ,„ jt, details as some may While the volume may -' ^'^^^^^ — '^J nformation, we trust it will ^^^'T nant^^e"^co:tX^:s it aoes the compiote story of the rmVn:rt:^:-W ,_, S..rn, volumes relating to the History of P^n^^™; „,,„„ t,,e venerable Kcpp of that glittering array o local f '"^f ^"^^^J .ecnrate representation of heads the list, we have endeavored t" f '« ^ ^ ™ ,,i„p„ent of the Colonies on the History, the Resources the P^^-^'^J' ^^^^^^ealth. the Delaware, of the Province, and of the CO .^ ^^^ p^^p^^^.. To the many kind friends who have a^ed us y ^^j^_^^^,^^,„^^„j,^ ,„a tion of this volume, we '«- " ^' '"^ ^^ ° ,, were compelled to take in in doing so, c-7;^-j;;'^l:;:;':e'e„;eavored not to omit more impor- limiting their sketches. In doing so ,,eoUected there are sixty-six tant matters than those gnen Wh ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ counties in the State, and that an '''"^ ^^ ^^„^,^ ^iU fully appreciate of themselves, a formidable volume o .^ ^^ possession oar position when wc also info m ^^^.To' pages required. As it is, the wo«d have made ^l-ost thrice the numbeioja J^ ^^^^_^_^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ Histories of the Counties have e«eedcdnle^„ ^^^^y^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^,^,^_^^ r :b;;s:^i str f : ^nb--:; rr lo — rr r^nVra^rn^tkrenC."- P~ ^^ -^^^ -^"" of Pennsylvania. difficulty has been in several Counties In the matter of engravings tl^ great diffic y ^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^,. to secure subjects for illustration. In a tew PI'EFATOJRY. trouble and expense, we havp f«ii .^ t^ to full, illust^te ev'er/countv a d v T 'l! '"'^"""° °' "^ P^W-K^ "■83 are taken into considSio f [t 'Ir b ' "f '^ T"""^' °^ ™=-- volume is unequalled in that resn.,f L I '"^'"«>"I<'<'ged that this To the photographers and oth^'L',-' ''°™"' P"^'"^^«°" "'er issued. can only say "thank you. '^T^e Phot' ""'"'" "' ''"'" -'-*»-, „e to whose care most of th looaW^ts r^T'"^ °°'"''^">' "^ ^'- York, (the Moss) proeess, given a ur ,1 Tpr enteZs'TT,'"^'' ""*=■ "^ ">-' des.gns sent us; while Messrs. CrossCn W ? f J^' Photographs and the portraits Of the Governors have e pelluTe ' °^'^''''^<'»>PWa, to whom suoeeeded in their portion of the^ort ' ""' '" '"' "■"'" "•>'« It may not be out of n]a<.» i„ *i'- endeavored to preserve a un'ifrm y n'tteTr^h:"""'.'" f^'^ '"=" ^ >-"- The admirable work of the devoted hZkZT^I^''^^ "^ """ '"<"" "'""ea. Seareely two authors write the sal n»l r^ *""' '"'™ '"'''"' "« ™thority P'ttsburgh, ^,fe,A,„, i, ,^„3 w i'tt« buff tT"'"- H '" '"^ -'ghborhood of g.ven ^;fc,a„, and ^;,,,A,„y. AH 'o'"h ^1 T " ""■' """^ ^tate, it is eorrect than KulaHm,. yet the I »! "'"^ '' """'"'"'tedly far more adhered to it. Attentionreall d ' th "t Z '""'"'"'"' ''^«' '"^t « havl •n destroying the orthography of he „ "''^' """' '^ '" »"y instances oall the r„.o(o„., ereef. i' FultoreoXV ^r^"'' ^'"^ «-' -* ■n Centre and Clinton, is denominated O ' ^'""""'""V' ''hile 0«„„., ru„, carefully gnarded again;*, not o7yTLt2 J''" "™^^ ^'^°'"" "e If our fr,e„ds object to the alteratiol ^ hat! . "' "^ ""'"^ ff««'-=">y- only refer them to the works of one wL ''","""''' '" ""' '-^^Pect, wc can and wh ,„,,„,^ ^^ -oh ma e s t ;„: 1!'" 'f 'T '"»«-«» a' study hat we have omitted the given meuning, "f "tr ™ " '^ P'""" '° ^'^'e ■nserted those furnished by the I„r„ 1 ' '" "'=''"'" 'nstanees, and In eonelusion, we commit It" :^";j"'*-- -ferred to. ' State of Pennsylvania. If it will'-ve he t ^'""''" '"^'^'"'^ P"""" "f the learn more of the history of our old Ool -^"""^ especially an incentive to to search among the archh-es of th Pa'^srarZ:,""''-'' " ^•"' ^'™"""e ^ b, lost, ,f it enable every eiti.en ,o apprectate^t " "' *"' '''""'' "■■■" "one State of the Union, it will have served T, ^''"""''' ''f ""= Kevstone v.wed as an entirety ,„,i „1 7'^ "' Po^Pose. The volume sho,",l,l ^ county, but as eoverin^gttwrielS 'Z'1 '' ' '''''' "' '"^ <• th facts ... Which the general reader soiM^'tr! '"?''• '""' «'""=' P">- to fully the responsibility resting upon him .he '^T .^ '"terested. Realizing rn?e asi^rr" '" ''''---- '-tr^Vhr^h:? '- "- "^'"" and corTeo? eirwitrrrbje'rr' t"f -- ^-^^^-^^^:^ ■".eflyset forth, we present k^^r^T r^"'^'' »^ ■" the h fe to th„ candid appreciation of the ^^tt^s "of PcmXt^'"'^"^ »' »■■ Sta'te IlARKiSBUEO, Penn'a, J„„ 4, [j^^ WILLUM H. EGLE. .£aO TABLE OF CONTENTS. GENERAL HISTORY Chapter L PAOS The Aborigines. The Susquehannas. The Delawares. The Shawanese. Indian Characteristics 17 Chapter XI. Discovery of the Delaware by Hudson. Settlement of the Dutch and Swedes. 1609-1681 28 Chapter III. The Province of Pennsylvania granted to William Penn. The Proprietary Rule, until the Death of the Founder. 1681-1718 45 Chapter IY. Proprietary Rule. Administrations of Lieutenant Governors Keith, Gordon, Logan, Thomas, Palmer, and Hamilton. 1718-1754 67 Chapter Y. Proprietary Rule. French and Indian War. Braddock's Expedition. In- dian Ravages on the Frontiers. 1754-1756 SO Chapter VI. Reward for Indian Scalps. Destruction of Kittanning. Expedition of General Forbes. Pontiac's Conspiracy. Bouquet's Expedition. 1756-1763 93 Chapter VII. Indian Depredations on the Frontiers. The Destruction of the Indians at Conestoga. The so-called Insurrection of the Paxtang Boys. Bouquet's Expedition to the Muskingum. 1763-1764 107 Chapter VIII. Relations between England and the Colonies. Mason and Dixon's Line. The outset of the Revolution. Resolves and Instructions of the Pro- vincial Deputies. The Committee of Safety. 1765-1775 123 vii • viii TABLE OF CON TENTS. Chapter IX. PACK The Battle-Drum of the Revolution. The Pennsylvania Navy. The Provin- cial Conference. The Declaration of Independence. The Convention of 1776, and the end of Proprietary Rule. 1775-1776 154 Chapter X. The Revolution. Battles of Trenton and Princeton. The Battle of Brandy- wine. Massacre at Paoli. British Occupation of Philadelphia. Battle of Germantown, and Reduction of Fort Mifflin. 1776-1777 168 Chapter XI. The Revolution. The Cantonment at Valley Forge. The Mischianza. Philadelphia Evacuated by the British. Indian Outrages. Sullivan's Expedition. Abolition of Slavery in Pennsylvania. 1776-1780 181 Chapter XII. The Revolution. The Treason of Arnold. Revolt of the Pennsylvania Line. Surrender of Cornwallis. Declaration of Peace. 1780-1783... 196 Chapter XIII. Trouble in the Settlement of the Claims of the Soldiers. Council of Censors. Treaty at Fort Stanwix. Convention to revise the Constitution. 1783-1790 206 Chapter XIV. Administration of Governor Mifflin. The Yellow Fever in Philadelphia. The Presqu'Isle Establishment. The Whiskey Insurrection. Defence of the Frontiers. 1790-1704 213 Chapter XV. Jay's Treaty. The Fries' Insurrection. Removal of the Seat of Govern- ment. Administrations of Governors M'Kean and Snyder. War of 1812-14. 1795-1817 232 Chapter XVI. Administrations of Governors Findlay, Hiester, Schulze, Wolf, and Ritner. Internal Improvements. The Common School System. 1817-1837... 242 Chapter XVII. Constitutional Convention. " Buck-shot War." Administrations of Gover- nors Porter, Shunk, Johnston, Pollock, and Packer. 1837-1861 249 Chapter XVIII. The Civil War. Establishment of Camp Curtin. Pennsylvania Troops the First to reach the National Capital. Pennsylvania Invaded by the Confrderates. Constitutional Convention of 1873. Administrations of Governors Curtin, Geary, and Hartranft. 1861-1876. 259 TABLE OF COMTEJS'TS. ix COUNTY HISTORIES. [To those marked * credit is due for revision or data.l • ■• PAGE Adams Aaron Sheely, Gettysburg 279 Allegheny Wm. M. Darlington* and Thos. J. Bigham* 314 Aemsteonq A. D. Glenn, Eddyville 330 Beaver James Patterson, Beaver Falls 340 Bedford Charles N. Hickok, Bedford 361 Berks J. Lawrence Getz, Reading 378 Blair Rev. A. K. Bell, D.D., Hollidaysburg 396 Bradford Rev. David Craft, Wyalusing 405 Bucks Joseph Thomas, M.D.,* Quakertown 438 Butler Jacob Ziegler, Butler 454 Cambria Robert L. Johnston, Ebensburg 461 Cameron John Brooks, Sinnemahoning 479 Carbon Robert Klotz,* Mauch Chunk 486 Centre John Blair Linn, Bellefonte , 508 Chester J. Smith Futhey and Gilbert Cope, West Chester 517 Clarion Rev. James S. Elder, Clarion 547 Clearfield William D. Bigler, Clearlield 557 Clinton D. S. Maynard, Lock Haven 569 Columbia John G. Freeze, Bloomsburg 584 Crawford Samuel P. Bates, LL.D., Meadville .'^^7 Cumberland I. Daniel Rupp and others* 612 Dauphin A. Boyd Hamilton, Harrisburg 636 Delaware H. G. Ashmead, Chester 654 Elk Charles R. Earley, M.D.,* and others, Ridgway 682 Erie Isaac Moorhead, Erie 692 Fayette James Veeeh,* Emsworth, Allegheny county. 724 Forest Samuel D. Irwin, Tionesta 733 Franklin Benjamin M. Nead, Chambersburg 739 Fulton James Pott, McConnellsburg 760 Greene Alf. Creigh, LL.D.,* and W. J. Bayard,* Waynesburg 769 Huntingdon J. Simpson Africa, Huntingdon 775 Indiana A. W. Taylor* and J. M. Robinson,* Indiana 790 Jefferson G. Ament Blose, Hamilton 798 Juniata Silas Wright* 806 Lancaster.. Samuel Evans, Columbia 814 X TABLE 0.¥ CONTENTS. >AOB Lawrence Rev. D. X. Junkin, D.D., New Castle 854 Lebanon L D. Rupp and George Ross, M.D.,* Lebanon 862 Lehigh R. K. Buehrle and E. G. Leisenring,* Allentown 871 Luzerne Steuben Jenkins* and others, Wyoming 880 Lycoming E. S. Watson, Williamsport 9lS M'Kean William King, Ceres ; 923 Merger William S. Garvin and Sei.h Hoagland, Mercer 931 Mifflin Silas Wright* and C. W. Walters,* Lewistown 939 Monroe William S. Rees, Stroudsburg 946 Montgomery Morgan R. Wills, Norristown 950 Montour John G. Freeze )61 Northampton Rev. William C. Reichel, Bethlehem )67 Northumberland. John F. Wolfinger, Milton )97 Perry Silas Wright, Milleistown 1006 Philadelphia Thomson Westcott, Philadelphia 1('15 Pike William Westfall, Rowlanis 1( 49 Potter E. 0. Austin, Forest Houss 1(56 Schuylkill George Chambers, Pottsville 1C64 Snyder Horace Alleman, Selinsgrove 1072 Somerset Edward B. Scull, Somerset 1077 Sullivan Edwin A. Strong, Dushore lOH Susquehanna Miss Emily C. Blackman, Montrose 1086 TiOQA John L. Sexton, Fall Brook 1101 Union John Blair Linn 1113 Venango Rev. S. J. M. Eaton, D.D., Franklin lllf Warren Samuel P. Johnson, Warren 1 13*2 Washington Alfred Creigh, LL.D., Washington 1140 Wayne Thomas J. Ham, Honesdaie 114(> Westmoreland.. . . Dallas Albert, Youngstown 115i Wyoming Charles M. Lee, Tunkhannock 116S York M. O. Smith, Hanover 1169 GENERAL INDEX 1181 ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE ALLEGHENY ccunty court house, Pittsburgh 3i5 AUeghenles, distant view of 399 AUegrippus, scene at, on Pennsylvania railroad 401 Amber cascade, Glen Thomas 499 Anthracite coal trade, progress of Ui62 Armstrong county public buildings 330 Aruot, coal scbutesat 1105 Aruot, incline at 965 Bald Eagle's Nest, on Spring creek 508 Beaver college 348 Beaver Falls borough, view of 354 Bedford, Provincial court house at Bedford Springs, view at Belief on te Ooiough, view of Bellefonte, view of gap near : Berg (liill) klrche, Lebanon county Berks county court bouse Bethlehem, first house built in Bethlelieu), married brothers' and sisters' house at. Bet Ilk-hem, old Crown lun at Bethlehem, old mill at Bt;llilel:em. old Schnltz housfe at Bigier, William, portrait of Birmingham Friends meeting-house Blaii county courthouse, Hollidaysburg Bloonisburg, State Normal school at Braddock's route, 1755 I'lraddock surprised by the Indians.. IJrookside, view near IJrowMSville bv)rough, view ot ijucks county court house, Uoylestown Buckingham Friends meeting-house. Butler borough, view of Butler county court house Butler public scJiool building 992 255 .531 :W 592 84 .S7 10(>8 7i4 438 450 458 454 459 268 486 628 141 476 562 497 594 754 736 485 655 517 661 519 178 1026 517 549 5.W 569 500 584 831 1152 86-! 597 466 681 612 259 Delaware, view on' the Inset. Delaware county court house. Media 678 DeriicKs, cable group of, at Pleasantville 1131 Dickinson college, Carlisle 630 Deny church, Dauphin county 6'H Deny churdi, interior view of 645 Dickinson, John, portrait of 2«5 Do\ lestown, soldiers' monument at 449 Drake's Pioneer oil well, Venangocouny U19 Economy, assembly house at 356 Emigh's Gap, Tyrone and Clearfield railroad 564 Emporium borough, view of 479 Kjiluata, brotliers' and sisters' house at 8:J5 Erie city, view of from the lake 692 Erie, old block-house at.,.. 693 Erie, soldiers' and sailors' monument at. 720 tamp Curtln, general hospital at, 18(4 Carbon county court house, Mauch C.iunk Carlisle, soldiers' monument at Carpenter's hali, Philadelphia, 1774 Carroltown, church and convent at Carrier female seminary at Clarion Cascade, GlenOnoko Catawissa. ancient Friends meeting-1 ouse at , Chambersburg, before the burning, lt.64 Chambersbuig, after the l)urning, 1864 Chameleon falls, Glen Onoko Chester, old town hall at Chester county court house, West Cheiiler , Chester, first meeting-house of Friends at Chester or Groat valley, view of Chew mansion, Gerniaiitown Christ church, Philadelpliia Clarion county court house, Clarion Clariun county prison. Clarion Clearfield borough, view of Clinton county court house Cloud Point, view of Columbia county court house, Bloomsbirg Columbia borough, town hall in Conemaugh, scene on, near Bolivar, Penn'aR.R. Cornwall mines, Lebanon county Crawford county court house, Meadvlllei Cressou Springs, Allegheny mountains €roiser theological seminary at Upland.. Cumberland county court house Curtin, AndrewG., portrait of.... „ PAGE Fall-Brook, northern view of, from the centre 1108 FIndlay, William, portrait of 242 Fort Bedford house. Bedford 363 Fort, Deshler'E, on Coplay creek 876 Fort Forty, 1778 902 Fort Hunter, near Harrisburg 649 Fort Lytlleton, plan of, 1755 765 Fort Put, plan of, 1760 tis Fort Pitt, redoubt at, 1763 104 Forts, Freiicliaud English, at Venango 1123 Franklin and jMarshall college, L.-vucaster 825 Franklin, Benjamin, portrait of 209 Franklin, town or. in 1*10 n28 Franklin, street view, in 1876 1117 Fulton couuly court house 760 Gallatin, Alliert, residence of 731 Geary, John W., portrait of 273 German town academy J046 Gettysburg, jilau of battle of 295- Gettysliurg, national monument at 307 Gettysburg, tlieologkal seminary at , Girard college, I'hiladelphia Giatz mansion; York county, 1732 1172 Glen Muneypenny, AVyoming county 1166 Glen of Glenolden, Ridley park 668 Gordon, Patrick, portrait of 70 Great or Big island, map of 572 Green county court house, Waynesbuig 769 Hamilton, James, portrait of 99 Hanover church, Dauphin county 646 Hanover, York county, public fountain 1179 Hain's church, near Wernersville 389 Harmonist church, at Economy 358 Harrisburg city, view of, from the west 636 Harrisburg, State Capitol at 244 Harrisburg, first German church at 647 llarrisliurg, first Englishchurch.it 647 Harris, Jolin, grave of 640 Harris mansion, built 1766 6.17 Harlrauft, John F., portrait of 275 Hiester, Joseph, portraitof 243 Hoiiesdale borough, view of 1145 Huntingdon borough, seal of 779 Huntingdon borough, view of 775 Horse- Shoe curve, Allegheny mountains 396 Independence Hall, 1876 10.W Independence Hall, rear view 167 Indiana countv court house TM Indian chapel at Bethlehem, 1765 967 Indian depredations on tiiefiontiers 108 Indian god rock, Venango county 1121 Indian god rock, inscriptions on 1122 Indian inscriptions on rocks at Safe Harbor 839 Indian relics found near Safe Harbor 818 Insane, State hospital for, at Danville 964 Insane, State hospital for, at W'arren .... 1139 Internal improvements, vignette 7S9 Irving female college, Meclianlcshurg .... 632 Jack's Narrows, near Mapleton, Penn 'a railroad... 781 Jefferson county court house, Brookvllle 798 Johnston, Willian F., portraitof 254 Johnstown, and Cambria ironworks 464 Juniata county court house, Mlffllutown 806 Keith, Sir William, portraitof 65 Knoxvllle borough, Cowauesque valley 1101 Lackawanna falls 884 Lafavetle college, Panlie hall, Easton 966 Lancaster county courl bouse, Lancaster 827 Lancaster county coiu". bouse, old 814 Lancaster county hospital j 8.il Lancaster county .soldiers' monument.. 829 Lancaster high school 828 Lawren.e county court house. New Castle 854 Leaden i)late buried by the French, 1749 318 Lebanon borough, view of 8C? Lebanon county court house, Lebanon ■ 863 Lee's head-quarters at Gettysburg 288 Lehigh county court house, Alleutown 87J XI xu ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Lehigh university, Bethlehem 980 Lewlsbuig borough, view of liH Lcwl.sbuig university lll.i Lewlstown boroiigli, view of 943 Lewlstowii narrows, Pennsylvania railroaU 941 Liberty bell, Iiidt'peiideiice hall 656 Litiz, spring and \val)< at 8°18 Logan, James, portrait of 76 Lower Meiion Friends meeting-house 954 LnvalSoi:k, head-waters of IWl Lutheran missionary Institute, Selinsgrove 1074 Luzei'iie county court house, \Vill?es-liarr6 881 Luzerne county prison, Wilkes-Barre 908 Lycoming county court house, VVlUiamsport 916 M'Kean county court house, Smethport 923 M'Kean counfv prison, Smethport 929 M'Kean. Tliomas, portrait ol' 234 Manstii-ld, Ejiiscopul rhunli at 1104 Mansfielil, Mi'thodist chun-hat 1107 Mansfield. State normal school at Inset. Meade's hi-adquarters at Gettysburg 285 Meadville city, view of 607 Mexico, Pennsylvania monument to heroes of 274 Mifllln county court house, Lewlstown 939 MiOlln, Thomas, portraltof 213 Mint, United Stales, at Philadelphia 404 .Millersville, State normal school at 842 Military academy at (Chester 672 Montgomery county court house, Norrlstowu 950 Mimtour county court house, Danville 961 M, at Kingston 911 Wyoming valley, lirst glimpse of 8S2 York county court house, York 1170 York, Provincial court house at 1173 York, Reformed church at 1176 Ziesberger preaching to the Indians, 1767 735 Centennial Exhihilion at Philadelphia, 1876. Uird's-eye view of the Centennial buihiinzs, lu.set. Memorial hall 774 Agricultural building 653 Horticultural hall 437 .Main E.xhibiiion building 5!i6 Women's pavilion 813 Machinery hall 861 Kxliibition medal, obverse xa Exhibition medal, reverse 360 Eagle, CentiMinlal— vignette 583 Eagle, National— vignette 738 PART I. GENERAL HISTORY. GOVERNORS OF THE COLONIES ON THE DELAWARE, OF THE PROVINCE, AND OF THE COMMONWEALTH. governors of new netherlands and of the dutch on the delaware. Peter Minuit 1624-1632 WouTER Van Twiller 1633-1638 Sill William Kieft 1638-1647 Petkr Stuyvesant 1647-1664 governors op the swedes on the delaware. Peter Minuit 1638-164 1 Peter Hollandare 1641-1643 John Printz 1643-1653 John Pappegoya 1653-1654 John Claudius Rysingh 1654-1655 [Captured by Peter Stuyvesant, 1655.] DOMINION OF THE DUTCH. Peter Stuyvesant, Governor of New Netherlands and of the settlements on the Delaware 1655-1664 Andreas Hudde, Commissary 1655-1657 John Pau l J acquet 1655-1657 [The Colony divided into that of the City and Company, 1657.] colony of the company. Goeran Van Dyke 1657-1658 William Beekmax 1658 1662 colony op the city. Jacob Alricks 1657-1659 Alexander D'Hinoyossa. . . 1659-1662 William Beekman 1663-1664 Alexander D'Hinoyossa 1663-1664 [Settlements captured by the English, 1664.] DOMINION OF THE DUKE OF YORK. Colonel Richard Nicolls, Governor 1664-1667 Robert Carr, Deputy Governor 1664-1667 Colonel Francis Lovelace 1667-1673 [Colonies captured by the Dutch, 1673.] DOMINION OF THE DUTCH. Anthony Colve, Governor of New Netherlands 1673-1674 Peter Alricks, Deputy Governor of the Colonies on the west side of the Delaware 1673-1674 [Colonies re-captured by the English, 1674.] DOMINION OF THE ENGLISH. Sib Edmund Andboss 1674-16R1 14 GOrEHNOHS. 15 PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT. William Pknn, Proprietary 1681-1693 William Makkham, Deputy Governor. . June, 1681-Oct., 1682 William Penn, Proprietary Oct., 1682-June, 1684 The Council (Thomas Lloyd, President) June, 1684-Feb., 1688 1. Thomas Lloyd, ^ 2. Robert Turner, I 3. Arthur Cook, >> Five Commissioners appointed by Penn, Feb., 1688-Dec., 1688. 4. JohnSymcock, j 5. John Eckley, J Captain John Blackwell, Deputy Governor Dec, 168S-Jan., 1690 The Council (Thomas Lloyd, President) Jan., 1690-Mar., 1691 Thomas Lloyd, Deputy Governor of Province, ) j^^j.^ 1691-Apl., 1693 William Markham, Deputy Governor of Lower Counties, ) Crown of England ' ~ Benjamin Fletcher, Governor of New York, Governor Apl., 1693-Mar., 1695 William Markham, Lieutenant Governor Apl., 1693-Mar., 169o William Penn, Proprietary ,;' ■ ' ' i^nk'T^^^^^ilio William Markham, Deputy Governor Mar., 1695-Dec., 1699 William Penn, Proprietary Dec, 1699-Nov., 1701 ANDREW Hamilton, Deputy Governor (died) Nov., 1701-Apl., 1703 The Council (Edward Shippen, President) Apl., 1703-Feb., 1704 JOHN EVANS Deputy Governor Feb., 1704-Feb., 1709 CHARLES GooKiN, Deputy Governor Feb., 1709-May. 7 7 SIR William Keith, Deputy Governor May, 1717-July, 718 John Penn, Richard Penn, and Thomas Penn, Proprietaries 1718-1/ 4b Sir William Keith, Deputy Governor July, JJlS-Aug., 17L6 PATRICK GORDON, Deputy Governor Aug., 1726-Aug., 736 The Council (James Logan, President) Aug., 1736-Aug., 738 George Thomas, Deputy Governor Aug., 1738-May, 174b [John Penn died 1746; Richarp Penn died 1771, when John Penn, his son, together with Thomas Penn, became sole Proprietaries.] I" "J ,7 GeorL THOMAS, Deputy Governor May, 1746-May, 747 The Council (Anthony Palmer, President) May, 1747-Noy., 748 JAMES HAMILTON, Deputy Governor n7"'i7 4 A .t" 75^ Robert Hunter Morris, Deputy Governor Oct., 17^*-AUS., 1^00 WILLIAM DENNY, Deputy Governor Aug. 1' 56-Oct., Lo9 James Hamilton, Deputy Governor Oct., 17o9-^ov b._3 John Penn (son of Richard Penn), Lieutenant Governor Nov., J'fi-^-^Pl-, 17^1 The Council (James Hamilton, President) ;^P ',", ^ " 17-.0 Richard Penn (brother of John Penn), Lieutenant Governor. Oct., l'71-S«pt 17/3 John Penn, Lieutenant Governor Sept., 1773-Sept., 17/6 IN THE REVOLUTION. THE Committee of Safety (Benjamin Franklin, Chairman)... . Sept., 1776-Mar., 1777 presidents of the supreme executive council. „ „. T„ . . Mar. 5, 1777-May 23, 1778 Thomas Wharton, Jr • • ' „^ ,7_„ GEO. BRYAN, V. p., acting, vice President Wharton, deceased. . . . May 23, l_7/8-Dec. 2., 1778 Joseph Reed Nov. ll 1781-Nov. 7^ 1782 William Moobb Nov. 7, 1782-Oct. 18, 1785 John DICKINSON Oct. 18, 1785-Nov. 5, 1788 Benjamin Iranklin Nov. 5, 1788-Dec 21, 1790 Thomas Mifflin 16 Q0VERN0B8. VICE PKESIDENTS. George Bryan (resigned) Mar. 5, 1777-Oct. 11, 1779 Matthew Smith (resigned) Oct. 11, 1779-Nov. 15, 1779 William Moore Nov. 15, 1779-Nov. 15, 1781 James Potter Nov. 15, 1781-Nov. 7, 1782 James Ewing Nov. 7, 1782-Nov. 6, 1784 James Irvine (resigned) Nov. 6, 1784-Oct. 10, 1785 Charles Biddle Oct. 10, 178.5-Oct. 31, 1787 Peter Muhlenberg (resigned) Oct. 31, 1787-Oct. 14, 1788 David Redick Oct. 14, 1788-Nov. 5, 1788 George Ross Nov. 5, 1788-Dec. 21, 1790 GOVERNORS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OP 1790. Thomas Mifflin Dec. 21, 1790-Dec. 17, 1799 Thomas M'Kean Dec. 17, 1799-Dec. 20, 1808 Simon Snyder Dec. 20, 1808-Dec. 16, 1817 William Findlay Dec. 16, 1817-Dec. 19, 1820 Joseph Hiester Dec. 19, 1820-Dec. 16, 1823 John Andrew Shulze Dec. 16, 1823-Dec. 15, 1829 George Wolf Dec. 15, 1829-Dec. 15, 1835 Joseph Ritner Dec. 15, 1835-Jan. 15, 1839 GOVERNORS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1838. David Rittenhouse Porter. . . .• Jan. 15, 1839-Jan 21, 1845 Francis Rawn Shunk Jan. 21, 1845-July 9, 1848 William Freame Johnston {vice Shunk, deceased) July 9, 1848-Jan. 20, 1852 William Bigler Jan. 20, 1852-Jan. 16, 1855 James Pollock jan. 16, 1855-Jan. 19, 1858 William Fisher Packer Jan. 19, 1858-Jan. 15, 1861 Andrew Gregg Curtin jan. 15, 1861-Jan. 15, 1867 John White Geary Jan. 15, 1867-Jan. 21, 1873 John Frederick Hartranft Jan. 21. 1873-Jan. 18, 1876 GOVERNOR UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1873. John Frederick Hartranft January 18 1876. LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1873. John Latta January 19, 1875. CHAPTER I. THE ABORIGINES. THE SUSQUEHANNAS. THE DELAWARES. THE SHAWANESE. INDIAN CHARACTERISTICS. the Moravian and Jesuit missionaries of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries we are chiefly indebted for the information we have of the aborigines who inhabited Pennsylvania on the advent of the European, and in our account we shall make free use of Hecke- welder, Charlevoix, and others of that band of God-fearing men. At this period the territory embraced between the great lakes and the St. Lawrence to the northward, and the Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac to the southward, was occupied by two families of tribes — the Algonquin and the Huron Iroquois. The former, which included the Micmacs, Mohegans, Illinois, Chippewas, Ottawas, Pottawatamies, Sacs, Foxes, Miamies, the Delawares of Pennsylvania, and many of the Maryland and Virginia tribes, surrounded the more powerful and civilized tribes, who have been called the Huron Iroquois, from the names of the two most powerful nations of the group — the Hurons or Wyandots of Upper Canada, and the Iroquois or Five Nations of New York. Besides these, the group included the Neuters, on the Niagara; the Dinondadies, in Upper Canada ; the Eries, south of the lake of that name ; the Andastoguds or Sus- quehannas, on that river; the Nottaways and some other Virginian tribes; and finally, the Tuscaroras in North Carolina, and perhaps the Cherokees, whose language presents many striking points of similarity. Both these groups claimed a western origin, and seem in their progress east, to have driven out of Ohio the Quappas, called by the Algonquins, Alkausas or Allegewi, who retreated down the Ohio and Mississippi to the district which has preserved the name given them by the Algonquins. After planting themselves on the Atlantic border, the various tribes seem to have soon divided and become embroiled in war. The Iroquois, at first inferior to the Algonquins, were driven out of the valley of the St. Lawrence into tlie lake region of New York, where, by greater cultivation, valor, and union, they soon became superior to the Algonquins of Canada and New York, as the Susquehannas, who settled on the Susquehanna, did over the tribes of New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. Prior to 1600, says the Relation de la Nouvelle France, the Susquehannas and the Mohawks, the most eastern Iroquois tribe, came into collision, and the former nearly exterminated their enemy in a war which lasted ten years. In 1608, Captain Smith, in exploring the Chesapeake and its tributaries, met a party of these Sasquesahanocks, as he calls thorn, ind he states that they were still at war with the Massawomekes, or Mohawks. De Vries, in his Voyages, found them in 1633 at war with the Arraewamen nnd Sankiekans — Algonquin tribes on the Delaware — maintaining their supremacy by butchery. They were friendly to the Dutch. When the Swedes arrived in 1638, 17— B 18 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. they renewed the friendly intercourse begun by the Dutch. According to Hazard, they purchased lands of the ruling tribe, and thus secured their friend- ship. Southward, also, they carried the terror of their arms, and from 1634 to 1644, says Bozman, they waged war on the Yaomacoes, the Piscataways, and Patuxents, and were so troublesome that in 1642 Governer Calvert, by procla- mation, declared them public enemies. When the Hurons, in Upper Canada, in 1647, began to sink under the fearful blows dealt b}- the Five Nations, the Susquehannas sent an embassy to offer them aid against the common enemy. Nor was the offer one of little value, for the Susquehannas could put into the field one thousand three hundred warriors, trained, says Proud, to the use of fire-arms and European modes of war by three Swedish soldiers, whom they had obtained to instruct them. Before interposing, however, they began a negotiation, and sent an embassy to Onondaga to urge the cantons to peace. The Iroquois refused, and the Hurons, sunk in apathy, took no active steps to secure the aid of the friendly Susquehannas. That tribe, however, maintained its friendly intercourse with its European neighbors, and in 1652, Sawahegeh, and other sachems, in presence of a Swedish deputy, ceded to Maryland all the territory from the Patuxent river to Palmer's Island, and from the Choptauk to the north-east branch north of Elk river. Four years later, the Iroquois, grown insolent by their success in almost anni- hilating their kindred tribes north and south of Lake Erie, provoked a war with the Susquehannas, plundering their hunters on Lake Ontario. During that year the small-pox, that terrible scourge of the aborigines, broke out in their town, sweeping off many, and seriously enfeebling the nation. War had now begun in earnest with the Five Nations, and though the Susquehannas had some of thoii people killed near their town, thej^ in turn pressed the Cayugas so hard that some of them retreated across Lake Ontario to Canada. They also kept the Senecas in such alarm that they no longer ventured to carry their peltries to New York, except in caravans escorted by six hundred men, who even took a most circuitous route. A law of Maryland, passed May 1, 1661, authorized the Governor of that Province to aid the Susquehannas. Smarting under constant defeat, the Five Nations solicited French aid, but in April, 1663, the Western cantons raised an army of eight hundred men to invest and storm the fort of the Susquehannas. This fort was located about fifty miles from the mouth of the river. The enemy embarked on Lake Ontario, according to the French account, and then went overland to the Susquehanna. On reaching the fort, however, they found it well defended on the river side, and on the land side with two bastions in European style, with cannon mounted and connected by a double curtain of large trees. After some trifling skirmishes the Iroquois had recourse to strategem. They sent in a party of twenty-five men to treat of peace, and ask provisions to enable them to return. The Susquehannas admitted them, but immediately burned them all alive before tlie eyes of their countrymen. The force of the Iroquois, according to Proud and Hazard, consisted of one tliousand six hundred warriors, while that of the Susquehannas only one hundred. On the retreat of the Iroquois, the Susquehannas pursued them with considerable slaugliter. After this the war was carried on in small parties, and Susquehanna prisoners GENERAL HISTOEY. 19 were from time lo time burned at Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Cayuga. In the fall of 1669, the Susquehannas, after defeating the Cayugas, offered peace, but the Cayugas put their ambassador and his nephew to death, after retaining him five or six months— the Oneidas having taken nine Susquehannas, and sent some to Cayuga, with forty wampum belts to maintain the war. At this time the great war chief of the Susquehannas was one styled Hochi- tagete, or Barefoot, and raving women and crafty medicine men deluded the Iroquois with promises of his capture and execution at the stake, and a famous medicine man of Oneida appeared after death to order his body to be taken up and interred on the trail leading to the Susquehannas, as the only meat.s of saving that canton from ruin. Toward the summer of 1672 a body of forty Cayugas descended the Susquehanna in canoes, and twenty Senecas went by land to attack the enemy in their fields ; but a band of sixty Andaste', or Susque- hanna boys, the oldest not over sixteen, attacked the Senecas and routed them, killing one brave and taking another. Flushed with victory, they pushed on to attack the Cayugas, and defeated them also, killing eight, and wounding with arrow, knife, and hatchet fifteen or sixteen more, losing, however, fifteen or sixteen of their gallant band. At this time the Susquehannas were so reduced by war and pestilence that they could muster only three hundred warriors. In 1675, according to the Relations Inediles and Colden, the tribe was com- pletely overthrown, but unfortunately we have no details whatever as to the forces which effected it, or the time or manner of their utter defeat. The remnant, too proud to yield to those with whom they had long contended as equals, and, by holding the land of their fathers by sufi-erance, to acknowledge themselves sub- dued, yet too weak to withstand the victorious Iroquois, forsook the river bearing their' name, taking up a position on the western borders of Maryland, near the Piscataways. Shortly after they were accused of the murder of some settlers, apparently slain by the Senecas; they sent five of their chiefs to the Maryland and Virginia troops, under Col. John Washington, great-grandfather of General George Washington, and Major Thomas Truman, who went out in pursuit. Although coming as deputies, and showing the Baltimore medal and certificate of frieirdship, these chiefs were cruelly put to death. The enraged Susque- hannas then began a terrible border war, which was kept up until their utter destruction. Havino- thus followed the fortunes of the aborigines in the centre of 1 ennsyl- vania we turn our attention to the two tribes residing therein upon the arrival of the Founder— and whose important connection with the subsequent history of the State deserves more than a passing notice. We refer to the Delawares and Shawanese. ,, -. , i • i The Lenni Lenape, or the original people, as they called themselves, inha- bited principally the shores of the river Delaware, thence their name. The Lenape were of western origin ; and nearly forty tribes, according to Heckewelder, acknowledged them as their " grandfathers " or parent stock. It was related by the braves of the Delawares, that many centuries previous their ancestors dwelt far in the western wilds of the American continent, but emigrating eastwardly, arrived after many years on the Namce.i Sipu (the Mississippi), or nver of fish, where they fell in with the Mengwe (Iroquois), who had also emigrated from a 20 HISTOR Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. distant country, and approached this river somewhat nearer its source. The spies of the Lenape reported the country on the east of the Mississippi to be inhabited by a powerful nation, dwelling in large towns erected upon their principal rivers. This people, tall and stout, some of whom, as tradition reports, were of gigantic mould, bore the name of Allegewi, and from them were derived the names of the Allegheny river and mountains. Their towns were defended by regular fortifica- tions or intrenchments of earth, vestiges of which are yet shown in greater or less preservation. The Lenape requested permission to establish themselves in their vicinity. This was refused, but leave was given them to pass the river, and seek a country farther to the eastward. But, whilst the Lenape were crossing the river, the Allegewi, becoming alarmed at their number, assailed and destroyed many of those who had reached the eastern shore, and threatened a like fate to the others should they attempt the stream. Fired at the loss they had sustained, the Lenape eagerly accepted a proposition from the Mengwe, who had hitherto been specta- tors only of their enterprise, to conquer and divide the country-. A war of many years duration was waged by the united nations, marked by great havoc on both sides, which eventuated in the conquest and expulsion of the Allegewi, who fled by the way of the Mississippi, never to return. Their devastated country was apportioned among the conquerors ; the Iroquois choosing their residence in tlie neighborhood of the great lakes, and the Lenape possessing themselves of the lands to the south. After many ages, during which the conquerors lived together in great har- mony, the enterprising hunters of the Lenape crossed the Allegheny mountains, and discovered the great rivers Susquehanna and Delaware, and their respective ba3's. Exploring the Sheyichbi country (Xew Jersey), they arrived on the Hud- son, to which they subsequently gave the name of the Mohicannittuck river. Returning to their nation, after a long absence, they reported their discoveries, describing the country they had visited as abounding in game and fruits, fish and fowl, and destitute of inhabitants. Concluding this to be the country' destined for them by the Great Spirit, the Lenape proceeded, to establish themselves upon the principal rivers of the east, making the Delaware, to which they gave the name of Lenape-wihiltuck (the river or stream of the Lenape), the centre of their possessions. They say, however, that all of their nation who crossed the Mississippi did not reach this country ; a part remaining behind to assist that portion of their people who, frightened by the reception which the Allegewi had given to their country- men, fled far to the west of the Namcesi Sipn. They were finall}' divided into three great bodies; the larger, one-half of the whole, settled on the Atlantic; the other half was separated into two parts, the stronger continujed be^'ond the Mississippi, the other remained on its eastern bank. Those on the Atlantic were subdivided into three tribes — the Turtle or Unamis, the Turkey or Unalachtgo., and the Wolf or Minsi. The two former inhabited the coast from the Hudson to the Potomac, settling in small bodies in towns and villages upon the larger streams, under the chiefs subordinate to the great council of the nation. The Minsi, called by the English Monse3's, the most warlike of the three tribes, dwelt in the interior, forming a barrier between their OENEBAL HISTORY. 21 nation and the Mengwe. They extended themselves from the Minisink, on the Delaware, where they held their council seat, to the Hudson on the east, to the Susquehannah on the southwest, to the head waters of the Delaware and Susque- hannah rivers on the north, and to that range of hills now known in New Jersev by the name of the Muskenecun, and by those of Lehigh and Conewago in Pennsylvania. Many subordinate tribes proceeded from these, who received names from their places of residence, or from some accidental circumstance, at the time of its occurrence remarkable, but now forgotten. Such probably were the Shawanese, the Nanticokes, the Susquehannas, heretofore referred to, the Neshamines, and other tribes, resident in or near the Province of Pennsylvania at the time of its settlement. The Mengwe hovered for some time on the borders of the lakes, with their canoes in readiness to fly should the Allegewi return. Having grown bolder, and their numbers increasing, they stretched themselves along the St. Lawrence, and became, on the north, near neighbors to the Lenape tribes. The Mengwe and the Lenape, in the progress of time, became enemies. The latter represent the former as treacherous and cruel, pursuing pertinaciously an insidious and destructive policy toward their more generous neighbors. Dread- ing the power of the Lenape, the Mengwe resolved to involve them in war with their distant tribes, to reduce their strength. They committed murders upon the members of one tribe, and induced the injured party to believe thej' were pepetrated by another. They stole into the country of the Delawares, sur- prised them in their hunting parties, slaughtered the hunters, and escaped with the plunder. Each nation or tribe had a particular mark upon its war clubs, which, left beside a murdered person, denoted the aggressor. The Mengwe perpetrated a murder in the Cherokee country, and left with the dead body a war club bearing the insignia of the Lenape. The Cherokees, in revenge, fell suddenly upon the latter, and commenced a long and bloody war. The treachery of the Mengwe was at length discovered, and the Delawares turned upon them with the determi- nation utterly to extirpate them. They were the more strongly induced to take this resolution, as the cannibal propensities of the Mengwe, according to Hecke- •welder, had reduced them, in the estimation of the Delawares, below the rank of human beings. Hitherto each tribe of the Mengwe had acted under the direction of its par- ticular chiefs ; and, although the nation could not control the conduct of its mem- bers, it was made responsible for their outrages. Pressed by the Lenape, they resolved to form a confederation which might enable them better to concentrate their force in war, and to regulate their affairs in peace. Thannawage, an aged Mohawk, was the projector of this alliance. Under his auspices, five nations, the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagoes, Cayugas, and Senecas, formed a species of republic, governed by the united councils of their aged and experienced chiefs. To these a sixth nation, the Tuscaroras, was added in 1712. This last originally dwelt in the western parts of North Carolina, but having formed a deep and general conspiracy to exterminate the whites, were, as stated in Smith's History of New York, dr.Ven from their country, and adopted by the Iroquois confederacy. 22 HIS TOE Y OF PENNS TL VAIfIA . The beneficial effects of this system early displayed themselves. The Lenape were checked, and the Mengwe, whose warlike disposition soon familiarized them with fire arms procured from the Dutch, were enabled, at the same time, to con- '.end with them and to resist the French, who now attempted the settlement of Canada, and to extend their conquests over a large portion of the country between the Atlantic and the Mississippi. But, being pressed hard by their new, they became desirous of reconciliation with their old enemies ; and, for this purpose, if the tradition of the Delawares be credited, they effected one of the most extraordinary strokes of policy which history has recorded. The mediators between the Indian nations at war are the women. The men, however weary of the contest, hold it cowardly and disgraceful to seek reconcilia- tion. They deem it inconsistent in a warrior to speak of peace with bloody weapons in his hands. He must maintain a determined courage, and appear at all times as ready and willing to fight as at the commencement of hostilities. With such dispositions, Indian wars would be interminable, if the women did not interfere and persuade the combatants to bury the hatchet and make peace with each other. On these occasions, the women pleaded their cause with much eloquence. '' Not a warrior," they would say, " but laments the loss of a son, a brother, or a friend. And mothers, who have borne with cheerfulness tlie pangs of child-birth, and the anxieties that wait upon the infancy and adolescence of their sons, behold their promised blessings crushed in the field of battle, or pe- rishing at the stake in unutterable torments. In the depth of their grief they curse their wretched existence, and shudder at the idea of bearing children." They conjured the warriors, therefore, by their suffering wives, their helpless children, their homes, and their friends, to interchange forgiveness, to cast awa}' their arms, and, smoking together the pipe of amity and peace, to embrace as friends those whom they had learned to esteem as enemies. Pra3ers thus urged seldom failed of their desired effect. The function of the peace-maker was honorable and dignified, and its assumption by a courageous and powerful nation could not be inglorious. This station the Mengwe urged upon the Lenape. " They had reflected," they said, "upon the state of the Indian race, and were convinced that no means remained to preserve it unless some mag- nanimous nation would assume the character of the woman. It could not be given to a weak and contemptible tribe ; such would not be listened to ; but the Lenape and their allies would at once possess influence and command respect." The facts upon which these arguments were founded were known to the Dela- wares, and, in a moment of blind confidence in the sincerity of the Iroquois, they acceded to the proposition, and assumed the petticoat. The ceremony of the metamorphosis was performed with great rejoicings at Albany, in 161T, in the presence of the Dutch, whom the Lenape charged with having conspired with the Mengwe for their destruction. Having thus disarmed the Delawares, the Iroquois assumed over them the rights of protection and command. But still dreading their strength, they art- fully involved them again in war with the Cherokees, promised to fight their bat- tles, led them into an ambush of their foes, and deserted them. The Delawares, at length, comprehended the treachery of their arch enemy, and resolved to resume GENERAL HISTORY. 23 their arms, and, being still superior in numbers, to crush them. But it was too late. The Europeans were now making their way into the eountr3' in every direction, and gave ample employment to the astonished Lenape. The Mengwe denied these machinations. They averred that they conquered the Delawares by force of arms, and made them a subject people. And, though it was said they were unable to detail the circumstance of this conquest, it is more rational to suppose it true, than that a brave, numerous, and warlike nation should have voluntarily suffered themselves to be disarmed and enslaved by a shallow artifice; or that, discovering the fraud practised upon them, they should unresist- ingly have submitted to its consequences. This conquest was not an empty acqui- sition to the Mengwe. They claimed dominion over all the lands occupied by the Delawares, and, in many instances, their claims were distinctly acknowledged. Parties of the Five Nations occasionally occupied the Lenape country, and wan- dered over it at all times at their pleasure. Eventually, in 1156, Tedyuscung, the noted Delaware chief, seems to have compelled the Iroquois to acknowledge the independence of his tribe, but the claim of superiority was often afterwards revived. The origin of the Shawanese was southern. They probably belonged to the Algonquins, as they spoke the same language. From the most authentic information, Harvey informs us, it appears that the basin of the Cumberland river was the residence of the Shawanese before the settlement of the Europeans on the continent, and that they connected the different sections of the Algonquin families. At the celebrated treaty of 1682, the Shawanese were a party to that covenant, and they must have been considered a very prominent band, from the fact of their having preserved the treaty in their own possession or keeping, as we are informed that, at a conference held many years after, that nation produced this treaty on parchment to the Governor of the Province. It was the custom with the Indian tribes who made a joint treaty with the whites to commit the preservation of the papers containing the treaty, etc., to such of the bands as were considered most to be trusted. From the best authoBity, it appears that as early as 1613 upwards of seventy families of that nation removed from the Carolinas and occupied some of the deserted posts of the Susquehannas. Others of the tribe soon followed. In the year 1698, some Shawanese applied to the Proprietary Government of Pennsylvania for permission to settle on the Conestoga and Pequea creeks, under Opessah, their principal chief. Here they remained a quarter of a century, when, with other families settled on the Swatara, Paxtang, and the Susquehanna streams on the east, they branched off to the westward. As early as 1128 we find the Shawanese as far west as the Ohio, and by the middle of the eighteenth century the entire tribe had settled on the branches of that river. In the year 1132 the number of fighting braves of that nation in Pennsylvania amounted to seven hun- dred. The Shawanese, says Golden, were the most restless of all the Indian tribes. In 1145, he says, one tribe of them had gone to New Spain. This band of four hundred and fifty, who located themselves on the head-waters of the Mobile river, probably never returned to Pennsylvania. As it is difficult to disentangle the web of conflicting evidence respecting the nationality of the Indians who from time to time occupied the soil of Pennsyl- 24 UISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. vania, we shall content ourselves with the foregoing reference to the three princi- pal nations, the most important of whom were the Delawares and Shawanese, as for almost a century and a half they were the principal parties to all treaties. The language of the aborigines, says Gordon, was said to be rich, sonorous, plastic, and comprehensive in the highest degree. It varied from the European idioms chiefly in the conjugation of the verbs, with which not only the agent and patient were compounded, in every possible case, but the adverbs were also blended, and one word was made to express the agent, the action, with its accidents of time, place, and quantity, and the object effected by them. And, though greatly pliant, it was subjected to rules, from which there were few exceptions. It had the power of expressing every idea, even the most abstract. The Old and New Testaments were translated into it, and the Christian missionaries had no difficult}', as they asserted, of making themselves understood on all subjects by the Indians. As a specimen, we give the following translation of the Jubilate Deo in the language of the Six Nations : O Sewatonnharen ne Rawenniioke, nise ne Tsionwentsiagweon ; hetsisewa- wenniiostak ne Rawenniio, nok tsi etho nensewaiere sewatshennonnihak ; nok gasewe tsi nonwe nihenteron, nok tetsisewariwagwas ne Rawenniio. Agwa sewerhek ne Rawenniio raonha ne Niioh ; nok raonha songwaiatison ; nok iah i-i ne tiongwe teiongwatatiatison ; nok raonha rahongweta ni-i ne tion- gwehogon. Wasene tsit honnhogaronte, etho tetsisewanonweraton ; nok ne rahononsagon tetsisewariwagwas : Tetsisewanonweraton, nok hetsisewasennanoronst nonen wesewatati. Roianere na-ah ne Rawenniio, tsinihotennitenraskon iah tiaiehewe ; nok ne rahoriwatokenti toitkon tontatie, tsinahe tsontagawatsiratatie nongwe. A cultivated language usually denotes great civilization. But our abori- gines seem to have confined their efforts to the improvement of their speech. This was a consequence naturally flowing from their form of government and political institutions, in which the most absolute liberty prevailed. The public welfare was confided to the aged and experienced chiefs, whose resolutions were obeyed in full conviction of their wisdom. They had no law but public opinion, and the redress of injuries belonged to the injured. Among such a people, par- ticularly, eloquence is the handmaid of ambition, and all power must depend upon the talent of persuasion. To this cause we may ascribe the cultivation and the many beauties which are said to mark the Indian tongues of North America. In other respects, these tribes had advanced little beyond the rudest state of nature. They had no written language, unless rude drawings may be thus con- sidered. Their intercourse with each other was regulated by a few simple rules of justice and courtesy. Their passions generally preserved an even and mode- rate tenor ; but, occasionally becoming intense, the}' produced enormous crimes, or deeds of heroism. In the commerce of the sexes, love, as a sentiment, was almost unknown. Marriage was a ph3'sical convenience, continued by the will of the parties, either sex having the power to dissolve it at pleasure. The treat- ment of the women, however, if not marked by tenderness, was not cruel. A full proportion of labor, it is true, was imposed upon them, but it was of that GENERAL EISTOBl . 25 kind which necessarily falls to their lot, where the men are absent from their homes in search of sustenance for their families. It consisted of domestic and agricultural services. Children were educated with care in the knowledge of the duties and employments of their future life. Their lessons were taught in a kind and familiar manner, their attention awakened by the hope of distinction, and their eflforts rewarded by general praise. Threats nor stripes were ever used. Lands and agricultural returns were common property ; peltries and the other acquisitions of the chase belonged to individuals. It is well known they were very much averse to European religion and customs, unless in such things as they could comprehend and clearly understand were for their real benefit. Yet, in this, sometimes, their passions prevailed over their better understanding ; instance, their drunkenness, &c. But though the hoped and desired success did not so fully attend the labors bestowed on them, and the means used, both by William Penn himself, in person, and bj-- divers others of the more pious and early settlers, whose good example was very remarkable, with the later endeavors since continued, to inform the judg- ment of the Indians in regard to religious afiairs, to acquaint them with the principles and advantages of Christianity, to restrain them from some things acknowledged by themselves to be manifestly pernicious, particularly from abusing themselves with strong liquor, by law, as well as advice, &c., so much as might reasonably have been wished or expected ; yet these very labors and means were far from being useless, or entirely without good effect ; for the consequence declared that the Indians, in general, were sensible of the kind regard paid them and of the good intended thereby, which they showed and proved by their future conduct and steady friendship, though they generally refused in a formal manner to embrace European manners, religion, and opin- ions : " For, governed by their own customs, and not by laws, creeds, &c., they greatly revered those of their ancestors, and followed them so implicitly that a new thought or action seldom took place among them." " They are thought," says William Penn, " to have believed in a God and immor- tality; and seemed to aim at a public worship: in performing this, they some- times sat in several circles, one within another : the action consisted of singing, jumping, shouting, and dancing; which they are said to have used mostly as a tradition from their ancestors, rather than from any knowledge or inquiry of their own into the serious parts of its origin. "They said the great King, who made them, dwelt in a glorious country to the southward ; and that the spirits of the blest should go thither and live again. Their most solemn worship was a sacrifice of the first fruits, in which they burned the first and fattest buck, and feasted together upon what else they had collected. In this sacrifice they broke no bones of any creature which thej' ate ; but after they had done they gathered them together and burned them very care- fully. They distinguished between a good and evil 3Ianito, or Spirit ; worship- ping the former for the good the}^ hoped; and, it is said, some of them, the latter, that they might not be afflicted with the evil which they feared ; so slav- ishly dark were some of them represented to have been in their understandings! But whetlier this last was true, in a general sense, or peculiar only to some parts, it was certainly not the case at all among the Indians within the limits of these 26 HISTOB Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. provinces, or, at least, very much concealed from the first and early settlers of them. " But in late years it was less to be admired that the Indians, in these provinces and their vicinity, had shown so little regard to the Christian religion, but rather treated it, as well as its professors, with contempt and abhorrence, when it was duly considered what kind of Christians those generally were, with whom they mostly dealt and conversed ; as, the Indian traders, and most of the inhabi- tants of the back counties of this and the neighboring provinces, who had chiefly represented the professors of Christianity among them, for many years ! viz., such of the lowest rank, and least informed, of mankind, who had flowed in from Germany, Ireland, and the jails of Great Britain, and settled next them, as well as those who fled from justice in the settled, or better inhabited parts of the countrj^, and retired among them, that they might be out of the reach of the laws, &c., the least qualified to exhibit favorable ideas of this kind ; but it was most certain they have done the contrary ; insomuch that, it were to be wished the cause of the late unhappy Indian war within the limits of these pro- vinces, did not take its rise, in no small degree, from the want of common jus- tice, in the conduct of too many of these people towards them ; for notwith- standing the general ignorance of the Indians in many things, especially of European arts and inventions, yet in things of this kind they relied more on ex- perience than theory ; and they mostly formed their judgment of the English, or Europeans, and of their religion and customs, not from the words, but from the actions and manners of those with whom they most conversed and transacted business. " For, however ignorant and averse to European refinement and ways of think- ing, on religious subjects, the Indians, in general, might appear to have been, yet, as in all other nations of mankind, it is most certain there were some among them of a more exalted way of thinking, and enlightened understandings, who, not- withstanding the great absurdities among the generality, were not without some degree of a just sense and acknowledgment of the providential care and regard of the Almighty Creator over the human race, both in a general and particular capacity, and, even, of divine grace and influence on the human mind, and that independent of foreign information, or instruction: of this their immediate sense and understanding of mental objects, which it is most manifest many of them possessed, even of the highest nature, and very demonstrative ; besides, part at least of their traditions, from their ancestors, whose prime original, so far as it is founded on truth, must necessarily have first arisen from the divine intelli- gence, though communicated in difierent degree to diflferent parts of the human race, and though much of such tradition may be mixed with imagination and absurdity." The strongest passion of an Indian's soul was revenge. To gratify it, distance, danger, and toil were held as nothing. But there was no manliness in his vengeance. He loved to steal upon his enemy in the silence of the forest, or in his midnight slumbers, and to glut himself, like a ravenous wolf, in undistinguished slaughter. In war, not even the captive was spared, unless he were adopted to supply the place of a deceased member of the capturing nation. If not thus preserved, he was destined to perish, in protracted torture, under the hands of women and chil GENERAL HISTORY 27 (Iren. On the other hand, hospitality and respect for the property- of othei s wore their distinguishing virtues. Strangers were treated with great attention and kindness, their wants liberally supplied, and their persons considered sacred. To the needy and sutfering of their own tribes they cheerfully gave ; dividing witli them their last morsel. Theft in their communities was rare, and is said to have been almost unknown uefore their acquaintance with the whites. Such are, in brief, the peculiar characteristics of the aborigines. With the exception of a mere handful in the northern part of Warren county, all have disappeared from the limits of our State, and only the names of our streams and our mountains are left to remind us of the native red man, although the revenge- ful Delawares and perfidious Shawanese hold a prominent place in the history of the State for at least an entire century. PROPKIEIARV SEAIi. CHAPTER II. DISCOVERY OF THE DELAWARE BY HUDSON. SETTLEMENT OP THE DUTCH AND SWEDES. 1609 — 1681. fEA'ERAL years subsequent to the first settlement of Vir<^inia Henry Hudson, while in the service of the Dutch East India Company, made his celebrated voyage that resulted in the discov- ery of the great river which most justly bears his name. He sailed from Amsterdam in the Half-Moon, on the 4th of April, 1609, with the view of discovering a northwest passage to China. He arrived off the Banks 1609. of New Foundland in July, continued his course westwardly, and after some delay, entered Penobscot Bay, on the coast of Maine. Aftei naakmg some slight repairs, Hudson continued southwest along the coast until the 18th of August, when he arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay Reversmg his course, on the 28th of August, 1609, in latitude thirty-nine degrees and five minutes north, Hudson discovered -a great bay," which after having made a very careful examination of the shoals and soundino-s at its mouth, he entered. According to Juet, he soon came to the over-cautious con- clusion that "he that will thoroughly discover this great bay must have a small pinnace, that must draw but four or five feet water, to sound before him » lo this great bay the name of Delaware has been given, in honor of Lord Delaware, who is said to have entered it one year subsequently to the visit of Hudson, although this has been denied by Mr. Broadhead and other historians Coasting along the Eastern shore of New Jersey, Hudson, on the third day of September, anchored his ship within Sandy Hook. On the twelfth he entered New lork Bay through the Narrows. The time between the 11th and 19th of September was employed in exploring the North River. He ascended with his ship as high as the spot on which Albany now stands. Satisfied that he could not reach the South Sea by this route, he retraced his steps. On the 4th of October he reached the ocean, and on the 7th of November following arrived on the English coast. Though an Englishman, Hudson was in the employ of the Dutch, and his visit to the Delaware, however transient it may have been, is rendered important from the fact that on it principally, if not wholly, rested the claim of that Government to the bay and river, so far as it was based on the ground of prior discovery. This claim is now fully conceded • for although the bay was known in Virginia by its present name as early as I6I2' ' no evidence exists of its discovery by Lord Delaware, or any other Enalishman' prior to 1610, when it is said that navigator "touched at Delaware Bay on his' passage to Virginia." Plantagenet-very doubtful authority-in his " Descrip- tion of New Albion," gives Sir Samuel Argall the credit of being the first European who entered its waters after its discovery by Hudson. An official Dutch^document, drawn up in 1644, claims that New Netherland " was visited by GENERAL HISTORY. 29 inhabitants of that country in the year 1598," and that "two little forts were built on the South and North Rivers." This assertion, made by an interested party after the lapse of half a century, is also to be doubted. The various names by which the Delaware River and Bay have been known, are: by the Indians — Pautaxat, Marisqueton, Makerisk-kisken, and Lenape Wihittuck ; by the Dutch — Zuydt or South River, Nassau River, Prince Hendrick River, and Charles River ; by the Swedes — New Swedeland Stream ; and by the English, Delaware River. In 1614 a general charter was granted by the States General of 1614. Holland, securing the exclusive privilege of trade during four voyages with "any new courses, havens, countries, and places" to the discoverer, and subjecting any persons who should act in violation thereof to a forfeiture of their vessel, in addition to a heavy pecuniary penalty Stimulated by this edict, the merchants of Amsterdam fitted out five vessels to engage in voj-ages, in pursuance thereof. Among them was the Fortune, commanded by Captain Cornells Jacobsen Mey. With more enterprise and industry than his predecessors, this navigator visited the shores from Cape Cod to the South, or Delaware River, examining and mapping as he went along the numerous inlets and islands. From him the bay of the Delaware was called New Port Mey, its northern cape. Cape Mey, and the southern, Cape Cornelis. To a cape still further south he gave the name of Ilindlopen, after a town of Friesland. Returning to Holland, and making report of his discoveries, in connection with the other skippers, the exclusive privileges of trade were granted to the United Company of Merchants of the cities of Amsterdam and Hoorn, by whose means the expedition had been fitted out. It was limited, however, to "newly discovered lands situate in America between New France and Virginia, whereof the sea coasts lie between the fortieth and forty-fifth degrees of latitude, now named New Netherland," and was to extend to four voyages, to be made within three years, from the first of January, 1CI5. It will be seen that the Delaware Bay is not included in this grant, a circumstance that would suggest that the discoveries in that quarter by Captain Mey had not been appreciated. To Skipper Cornelis Hendrickson is due the credit of the first exploration of the Delaware river as high up, probably, as the mouth of the Schuylkill, 1616. in the year 1616. His report, furnished by his employers to the States General, was not considered, however, as furnishing additional proof that the discoveries made by him went much beyond what had been previously made, for the application for trading privileges was refused. In anticipation of the formation of a Dutch West India Company, these privileges wore not again granted under the general charter of 1614, except in a very few instances. The trade to New Netherland, regarded by the Dutch as extending beyond the Delaware, was thrown open, in a measure, to individual competition. This did not last long, for on the third of June, 1621, the West India Company was incorporated. This company having, by virtue of the charter, taken possession of the country, they dispatched the ship New Netherland, with a number of people, thereto, under the direction of Captains Cornelis Jacobsen Mey and Adricn Joriz 30 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Tienpont. Mej^ proceeded to the Delaware, or South, River, on the 1623. eastern bank of which, fifteen leagues from its mouth, he erected Fort Nassau, at a place called by the natives Techaacho, supposed to be on the Sassackon,now Little Timber Creek, a short distance below the present town of Gloucester, in New Jersey. It was the first settlement, if it can so be regarded, on the Delaware. The administration of the affairs of New Netherland was confided by the West India Company to Peter Minuit, who arrived at Manhattan Island in 1624. He was assisted in his government by a council of five members and a 1624. "Scout Fiscal," whose duties embraced those now usually performed by a sheriff and district attorney. The authority vested in the Director, as he was styled, and his council, was ample, being executive, legislative, and judicial, and extended to the South as well as the North River. The commencement of the Directorship of Minuit is fixed by Wassenaer, in his History of Europe, in the year 1626, and he assigns him two predecessors in that oflice, vii:., William Van Hulst, for the year 1625, and Cornelis Mey, for the year 1624. These men, in conjunction with Adrien Joriz Tienpont, appear, however, to have been merely directors of an expedition, and it would seem that the government of the country, of which the territory embraced within the limits of that portion of the State on the Delaware constituted a part, com- menced with the administration of Minuit. According to the authority last quoted, the effort at a settlement on the Delaware seems to have been abandoned before tiie expiration of a single year, in order to strengthen the colony at Manhattan. It is not remarkable that this policy should have been adopted, as the whole colony at that place scarcely numbered two hundred souls. The fort, therefore, at the South River, was abandoned to the Indians, who did not fail to occupy it as their occasions required ; and the country again passed into their possession as completely as it was on the day Hudson touched at the capes. In 1629, the West India Company granted, by charter, special privi- 1629. leges to all persons who should plant any colony in New Netherland. They adopted certain articles termed " Freedoms and Exemptions," under which scheme the feudal tenure of lands was to be introduced into America, south of Canada, where settlements on an analogous plan had already commenced. Thus encouraged, several of the directors of the company, among whom wore Samuel Godyn and Samuel Bloemaert, resolved to make vast territorial acquisitions, and by their agents had purchased a large tract of land at the mouth of the Delaware Bay. This grant was confirmed to the purchasers by Peter Minuit, the Director, and his council, on the 16th of July, 1630. 1630. The land embraced in the giant, thus confirmed, was " situate on the south side of the aforesaid bay of the South River, extending in length from cape Hinlopen off into the mouth of the aforesaid South River, about eight leagues, and half a league in breadth into the interior, extending to a certain marsh or valley through which these limits can be clearly enough distinguished." Samuel Godyn had previously given notice of his intention to make the above purchase, and to occupy the bay of the South River as " Patroon " on the conditions set forth in the " Freedoms and Exemptions." Meetuig with GENEBAL HISTOBY. 31 David Pieterszen De Vries, of Hoorn, " a bold and skilful seaman," wlio had been " a master of artillery in the service of the United Provinces," he made liini acquainted with the design of himself and associates, of forming a colony. The bay of the South River was held up to De Vries as a point at which a whale fishery could be profitably established, as Godyn represented " that there were many whales " which kept before the bay, and the oil, at sixty guilders a hogs- head, he thought, would realize a good profit. De Yries, declining to accept a subordinate position in connection with the colony, he was at once admitted, on perfect equality, into a company of " Patroons," who associated themselves together on the 16th day of October, 1630. On the 12th of December following, a ship and a yacht for the South River were dispatched from the Texel, " with a numl)er of people, and a large stock of cattle," the object being, says De Vries, " as well to carry on a whale fishery in that region, as to plant a colony for the cultivation of all sorts of grain, for which the country is well adapted, and of tobacco." Swanendael (valley of swans) was the name given to the tract of land pur- chased by Godyn for his colony on the " South River, in New Netherland." From him the bay was named in the Dutch records, " Oodyn's Bay." This was in midwinter, 1630-1, but the date of the arrival of the colonists is not known. Skipper Heyes, who commanded the Walrus, for that appears to have been the name of the ship that brought out this little colony, purchased of the Indians a tract of land sixteen English miles square, at Cape May, and extending sixteen miles on the bay. This document, duly reported and recorded, is still in ex- istence. A house, " well beset with palisades in place of breastworks," was erected on the northwest side of Hoorn-kill (Lewes creek), a short distance from 1631. its mouth. It was called " Fort Optlandt," and appears to have served the colony, which consisted of thirty-two persons, as a place of defence, a dwelling, and a storehouse. This colony, the most unfortunate that settled on the bay or river, was left under the charge of Giles Osset. Commissary Osset set upon a post or pillar the arms of Holland painted on tin, in evidence of its claim and profession. An Indian, ignorant of the object of this exhibition, and perchance unconscious of the right of exclusive property, appropriated to his own use this honored symbol. The folly of Osset con- sidered this offence not only as a larceny, but as a national insult, and he urged his complaints and demands for redress with so much vehemence and importu- nity that the harrassed and perplexed tribe brought him the head of the offender. This was a punishment which Osset neither wished nor had foreseen, and he ought justly to have dreaded its consequences. In vain he reprehended the severity of the Indians, and told them, had they brought the delinquent to him, he would hnve been dismissed with a reprimand. The love of vengeance, insepa rable from the Indian character, sought a dire gratification ; and, though the death of the culprit was doomed and executed by his own tribe, still they beheld its cause in the exaction of the strangers. Availing themselves of the season in which a crreater part of the Dutch were engaged in the cultivation of the fields, at a distance from their house, the Indians entered it, under the amicable pre- tence of trade, and murdered the unsuspicious Osset, with a single sentinel who 32 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. attended him. Thence proceeding to the fields, they fell upon the laborers, in the moment of exchanging friendly salutations, and massacred every individual. This conduct of the Indians, with its extenuating circumstances, as related by themselves to De Tries, is sufficiently atrocious ; but it is neither improbable nor inconsistent with the disposition the aborigines had frequently displayed towards foreigners, that the desire of possessing the white man's wealth was as powerful a stimulant to violence as the thirst for vengeance. In December, 1631, De Vries again arrived from Holland. He found no vestiges of his colonists, save the ashes of their dwelling and their unburied carcasses. Attracted by the firing of a cannon, the savages approached his vessel' with guilty hesitation. But having at length summoned courage to ven- ture on board, they gave a circumstantial narrative of the destruction of his people. De Vries deemed it politic to pardon what he could not safely punish ; and was, moreover, induced, by the pacific disposition of his employers, to seek reconciliation. He made a new treaty with the Indians, and afterwards, with a view to obtain provisions, ascended the river above Fort Nassau. He had nearly fallen a victim here to the perfidy of the natives. Pretending to comply with his request, they directed him to enter the Timmerkill (Timber Creek), which fur- nished a convenient place for an attack, but warned by a female of the tribe of their design, and that a crew of a vessel, which had been sent from Virginia to explore the river the September previous, had been there murdered, he returned to Fort Nassau, which he found filled with savages. They attempted to surprise him, more than forty entering his vessel ; but, aware of their intention, he ordered them ashore with threats, declaring that their Manito, or Great Spirit, had revealed their wickedness. But subsequently, pursuing the humane and pacific policy which had hitherto distinguished him, he consented to the wishes they expressed, of forming a treaty of amitj', which was confirmed with the cus- tomary presents on their part; but they declined his gifts, saving they did not now receive presents that they might give others in return. Failing to procure the necessary provisions, De Vries, leaving part of his crew in the bay to prosecute the whale fishery, sailed to Virginia, whe as the first visitor from New Netherland, he was kindly received, and his wants supplied. Upon his return to the Delaware, in April following, finding the whale fishery unsuccessful, he hastened his departure, and, with the other colonists, returned to Holland, visiting Fort Amsterdam on his way. Thus, at the expiration of twenty-five years from the discovery of the Delaware by Hudson, not a single European remained upon its shores. Director Minuit, suspected to have favored the claims of the Patroons, having been recalled, left the now flourishing colony of New Amsterdam 1632. in the spring of 1632. He was succeeded by Wouter Van T wilier, who arrived at Fort Amsterdam early the following year. The same year. Lord Baltimore obtained a grant for Maryland, under which he claimed the lands on the west side of Delaware river, the fruitful source of continual controversies between him and the Dutch, and later with the Pennsyl- vania jjroprietaries, which were not settled for more than one hundred and thirty years. After his death, the patent was confirmed to his son. The extent of the grant will be seen from the following proceedings and description, but had it not QENEBAL HISTORY. 33 been for the occupancy of the Dutch thus narrated, Delaware as a separate State would have had no existence. Therefore "the vo3^age of De Vries," says Bancroft, "was the cradling of a State. According to English rule, occupancy was necessary to complete a title to the wilderness. The Dutch now occupied Delaware, and Harvey, the governor of Virginia, in a grant of commercial privileges to Claiborne, recognised the adjoining plantations of the Dutch." "By letters patent of this date, reciting the petition of Cecilins, Lord Baltimore, for a certain country thereinafter described, not then cultivated and planted, though in some parts thereof inhabited by certain barbarous people, having no knowledge of Almighty God, his Majesty granted to said Lord Baltimore : "All that part of a peninsula lying in the parts of America between the ocean on the east, and the bay of Chesapeake on the west, and divided from the other part thereof by a right line drawn from the promontory or cape of land called Watkins' Point (situate in the aforesaid bay, near the river of Wigheo), on the west, unto the main ocean on the east ; and between that bound on the south, unto that part of Delaware bay on the north, which lieth under the 40th degree of north latitude from the equinoctial, where New England ends; and all that tract of land between the bounds aforesaid ; i. e., passing from the aforesaid bay called Delaware bay, in a right line by the degrees aforesaid, unto the true meridian of the first fountain of the river of Pattowmack, and from thence trending towards the south unto the further bank of the aforesaid river, and' following the west and south side thereof, unto a certain place called Cinquack,. situate near the mouth of the said river, where it falls into the bay of Chesa- peake, and from thence by a straight line unto the aforesaid promontory andu place called Watkins' Point." It does not appear that actual steps towards the settling of the banks of the Delaware were ^ ken until 1638, and the authentic notices of transactions^ belonging to the interval which have come down to us are not of sufficient mo- ment to be chronicled in this place. Peter IVtiauit, after his return to Holland, went to Sweden and succeeded in.', reviving the plan of colonizing the Delaware, abandoned by Usselinx, who is supposed to have died at the Hague, in 1647. Towards the close of 1637, Minuit,. under the patronage of Queen Christina, at the head of an expedition consisting of the ship of war Key of Kalmar, and the transport Griffin, and carrying a clergyman, an engineer, about fifty settlers, with the necessary provisions, merchandise for trade and presents to the Indians, left Gottenberg, and after calling at Jamestown, in Virginia, for wood and water, reached the Delaware about May, 1638. Purchasing the soil on the western shore, from the 1638. capes to the falls of Santhikan, opposite to the present city of Trenton, from the Indians, he erected the fort and town of Christina, on the north bank of the Minquas-kill, or Minquas creek, almost three miles above its mouth. The Rev. Reorus Torkillus, who accompanied Minuit, was the first Swedish clergyman in America ; he died in 1648, aged 35. The establishment of the Swedes led to remonstrances on the part of Kieft, then director-general of New Netherland, which were unheeded by Minuit, whose intercourse with the Indians was of an amicable character. Minuit died at Christina several years afterwards. 34 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. While it is conceded that the Dutch had for a long time traded on the river, that they had there erected forts, or trading posts, one of which had been occupied from time to time since 1624, that they had purchased lands from the Indians on both sides of the bay near its mouth, and had made an unsuccessful attempt to plant a colony at Swanendael, yet it cannot be denied that the colony of Minuit constituted the first permanent settlement on the Delaware. While the Swedish government may claim the distinction of planting this colon}', it is really entitled to very little credit on account of any immediate care and attention bestowed on it. " The whole number of emigrants," says Hazard, " did not exceed fifty souls, and a portion of these, according to Yan der Donk, were criminals." Though well supplied in the beginning, they were left a long time without aid or succor from Sweden, and but for the experience and energy of the commander, a Dutchman, the permanency of the colony could not have been maintained. As it was, but a single day intervened between the time appointed for its dissolution, and the arrival of supplies that saved it from that catastrophe. Peter Hollandai-e, a Swede, appointed to succeed Peter Minuit as Governor of New Sweden, arrived in one of the vessels sent for the relief and 1641. reinforcement of the colony at Christina. His administration con- tinued for a year and a half, when he returned to occupy a military post in his native country. John Printz, appointed Governor, accompanied by Rev. John Campanius with another colony, on board the Stoork and the Renown, arrived in the 1643. Delaware on February 15, 1643, at Fort Christina, after a passage of one hundred and fifty days. Agreeably to his instructions, he erected on the island of Tenakong, or Tinicum, a fort called New Gottenberg, a hand- some residence which he named Printz Hall, and, subsequently, a church. A mill was also built on Cobb's creek. The principal inhabitants had their dwell- ings and plantations on this island. Printz's instructions acknowledged the right of soil in the Indians ; directed him to confirm the contract made by Minuit ; to maintain a just, upright, and amicable intercourse with them, and, if possible, also with the Dutch. Still, in case of hostile interference on their part, he was to " repel force by force." During the same year, Printz is said to have erected on or near the present Salem creek, another foi t called Elftsborg, or Elsingborg, for the purpose of shutting up tlie river, a matter which greatly exasperated the Dutch, whose ships, when passing, had to lower their colors and were boarded bj' the Swedes. Report says that the latter had, however, soon to vacate the fort on account of the mosquitoes, and that the}' called it Myggenborg, or Mosquito Fort. Two years previous, against the anxious admonition of Director General Kieft, a company of emigrants from New Haven proceeded to the Delaware, located themselves at Salem creek and on the Schuylkill. This intrusion, in the estimation of the Dutch, was an affair of "ominous consequence," that might eventually result in the ruin of their trade on the South River; accordingly', no time was to be lost in getting rid of these dangerous rivals. In effecting their removal the Swedes have the credit of lending a helping hand to the Dutch. The only measures in which the Dutch and Swedes could unite harmoniously in OENEBAL HISTORY. 35 carrying out, were such as would keep the English from gaining a footing on the river. In 1645, when Andreas Hudde, the Dutch commissary on the Delaware, made his examination of the river preparatory to making his report to the 1645. government, there were on the same side of the river with Fort Christina, and about two (Du^ch) miles higher up, "some plantations," which, in the language of the report, " are continued nearly a mile ; but few houses only are built, and these at considerable distances from each other. The farthest of these is not far from Tenakong. . . . Farther on, at the same side, till you come to the Schuylkill, being about two miles, there is not a single plantation at Tenakong, because near the river nothing is to be met but under- wood and valley lands." After Tinicum, according to Hudde, Chester, Marcus Hook, and one or two points above and below, may claim a priority of settlement to any part of the Province of Pennsylvania. Though the Swedes had erected a fort on the New Jersey side of the river they never placed so high an estimate on their title to the land on that side as to that on the western shore. As a consequence, most of their settlements were at first made on that side of the Delaware, up which, and the Schuylkill, they were gradually extended. These rivers, and the numerous tide-water creeks, consti- tuted the highways of the Swedish settlers, and it was in close 1646. proximity with these streams their habitations were erected. In 1646 they constructed and consecrated a church on Tinicum island. As to the social and domestic condition of the settlers on the Delaware, at the time of the arrival of Governor Printz, no satisfactory conclusion can be arrived at. The Swedes were of three classes, " The company's servants," those who came " to better their fortunes," and were called freemen ; and a third class, consisting of " vagabonds and malefactors," who were to remain in slavery, and were employed " in digging earth, thinning up trenches, and erecting walls and other fortifications." Fort Nassau was merely a military establishment to maintain a trading post- The fort was occupied by the soldiers and servants of the Dutch West India Company, and there is reason to believe that, at times, some of the latter were negro slaves. But little is known of the early doings of the Hollanders under Swedish authority on the river and bay below Christina. Governor Printz possessed many qualifications that fitted him for the position he occupied. His plans were laid with good judgment, and were executed with enero-v. He managed the trade of the river with the natives so as to monopo- lize nearly the whole ; yet succeeded during his entire administration in avoid- ino- an open rupture with the Dutch authorities, whose jealousy was said to be excessive. The settlement of the country, however, proceeded very slowly under the Swedish dynasty, while trade was pushed to an extent never before known upon the river. This, as before remarked, was a source of great annoyance to the Dutch, as the trade of the river was lost to them in proportion as it was acquired by the Swedes. On account of the progress made by the latter, Governor Kieft sent Hudde to keep a watch on the proceedings of Governor Printz and to resist his supposed innovations. Hudde, at this time, estimated 36 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. the whole force of the Swedish governor at from eighty to ninetj' men. But the Dutch force on the river, at the same time and for some years afterwards, was utterlj' insignificant, even when compared with that of the Swedes. As late as 1648 they had but six able-bodied men on the river. It was not long ere Hudde and Governor Printz got into an angry contro- versy, which, through the negotiation of Rev. Carapanius, an amicable arrange- ment was entered into between the Swedes and the Dutch about the trade of the Schuylkill. Nevertheless the planting of a Dutch settlement on the western shore of the Delaware was now the policy of the authorities at Manhattan. To this Governor Printz entered a sharp protest. Governor Kieft having been recalled, the administration of affairs 1647. upon Dutch account on the Delaware passed into the hands of Peter Stuyvesant. His administration commenced on the 27th of May, 1647. and continued till 1664, when the American interests of the Dutch passed into the hands of the English. The disagreements between the Swedes and the Dutch continued, giving rise to a mutual hatred and jealousy. Stuyvesant in a letter complains of the en- croachments of the former, while they in turn suggest plans to inter- 1648. fere with the Dutch to and on the North River. Each party steadily pursued the policy of obtaining additional grants of lands from the Indians as the one most likely to strengthen its claims upon the Delaware. The Swedes, however, maintained their supremacy. Governor Stuyvesant's troubles were not ;ilone with the Swedes on the Dela- ware. He was constantly embroiled with his own people, and his New England neighbors gave him much uneasiness. The directors of the West India Company intended to apply to the Government of Sweden for the establishment of limits between the two colonies on the South River. Stuyvesant made a visit to the Delaware, and at once, without waiting for a personal interview with Governor Printz, conducted negotiations by means of "letters and messengers," but no sat- isfactory conclusion was arrived at. Before he left the river, he secured from an Indian sachem, by "a free donation and gift," lands he had refused to sell to the Swedes. Certain other suspicious negotiations were conducted with the Indians, by which their title to the land from Christina-kill to Bombay Hook the Dutch pretended to have extinguished. Having thus acquired "an Indian title ^^ to the west bank of the river. Governor Stuyvesant at once determined to erect another fort, and to raze Fort Nassau, which "lay too high up." This new fort, named Casirair, was erected about a league from Fort Christina, and its site was within the limits of the present town of New Castle. Governor Printz, having been accustomed to an active military life, became wearied of his position, and requested permission to return to Sweden. 1653. Not waiting for the arrival of his successor, he sailed for his native country in October, 1653, leaving his son-in-law, John Pappegoya, in charge of the government. The interval between tlie departure of the old Governor and the arrival of the new one did not exceed five or six months, and Pappegoj^a also returned to Sweden the following j'car. The commission of John Claudius R3'singh, the successor of Printz, bears OENEBAL HISTORY. 37 date the 12th December, 1653. Arriving in New Sweden towards the end of May, on board the ship Aren, Rysingh commenced his administration by capturing the Dutch Fort Casimir, in direct violation of his instructions. With its capture, the authority of the Dutch on the river, for the time being, was sus- pended. The engineer, Peter Lindstrom, who constructed the first map of New Sweden, and who came to the country with Rysingh, caused this fort to be greatly strengthened. He also laid out the town of Christina, back of the fort of that name. On the nth of June, a great convocation of Indians was held at Printz Hall, on Tinicum, at which it was offered, on behalf of the Queen of Sweden, 1654. to renew the ancient league of friendship that subsisted between them and the Swedes, who had purchased from them the lands they occupied. The Indians complained that the Swedes had brought much evil upon them, for many of them had died since their coming into the country; whereupon a considerable number of presents were distributed among the Indians, which brought about a conference among themselves. The result was a speech from one of their chiefs, Naaman, in which he rebuked his companions for having spoken evil of the Swedes, and told them he hoped they would do so no more, for the Swedes were very good people. "Look," said he, pointing to the presents, "what they have brought to us, for which they desire our friendship." " Afterwards he thanked the Swedes for their presents, and promised that friendship should be observed more sti'ictly between them than it had been before ; that if any one should attempt to do any harm to the Indians, the Swedes should immediately inform them of it; and, on the other hand, the Indians would give immediate notice to the Christians of any plot against them, even if it were in the middle of the night. On this they were answered, that that would be, indeed, a true and lasting friendship, if every one would agree to it ; on which they gave a general shout in token of consent. Immediately on this the great guns were fired, which highly delighted the natives. After advising that some Swedes should be settled at Passyunk, where there lived a great number of Indians, they expressed the wish that the title to the land which the Swedes purchased should be confirmed, on which the agreements were read to them, word for word. When those who had signed the deeds heard their names they appeared to rejoice, but when the names were read of those who were dead they hung their heads in sorrow." The recorded proceedings of this treaty with the aborigines have come down to us through Campanius, and it is conclusive evidence that the Swedes had purchased from the Indians the lands then occupied by them ; and the fact that one of the principal chiefs was a party to this transaction, renders it a certainty that the former purchase of the Swedes had been made from "the right owners," the pretensions of Stuyvesant to the contrary. Campanius informs us that the treaty thus so solemnly made between the Swedes and Indians " has ever been faithfully observed by both sides." The aflfairs of the Swedes on the Delaware were now approaching a crisis, but nothing had occurred to arouse the suspicions of the home government. The triumph of Rysingh was regarded as a re-conquest of usurped territory, and no other means to reclaim it by the Dutch were apprehended. This was a fatal 38 HISTOB T OF PENN'S YL VANIA . delusion ; for at the close of 1654, while estimates were being made in Sweden for the support of their colony during the ensuing year, on a peace basis, an armament was being fitted out in Holland, not onl}'^ sufficient " to replace matters on the Delaware in their former position," but '' to drive out the Swedes froui every side of the river," In the spring of 1655, five armed vessels, well equipped, were forwarded to Stuyvesant, with authority to charter others. The armament, wh-en 1655. completed at New Amsterdam, consisted of seven vessels and about six hundred men. The expedition was commanded by Governor Stuyve- sant in person, and arrived at the bay of South River on the afternoon of Monday, the 5th of September. The deserted Fort Elsingborg was visited the following day, but it was not until Friday that the fleet reached Fort Casimir, now christened Trefalldigheit, or Trinity. This post was under the immediate command of Swen Schute, "the brave and courageous lieutenant" of the Swedes, while Governor Rysingh, in person, had charge of Christina. To prevent a communication between the two forts, Stuyvesant had landed fifty men. The demand made by the Dutch was a " direct restitution of their own property," to which Commander Schute, after having had an interview with Stuyvesant, reluctantly yielded on the following day, upon ver^' favorable terms of capitula- tion. The Dutch Governor then proceeded to Fort Christina, and, after a seige of fourteen days, it also was surrendered by Rysingh ; articles of capitulation were signed, according to which the Swedes were suffered to vacate the fort with flying colors, and the Governor and as many persons as might choose to accom- pany him, besides being allowed their private property, were offered a free pas- sage to Sweden, whither they ultimately returned. Agreeably to special instructions from the home government, an offer was made to restore the pos- session of Fort Christina to R3'singh, but he declined the offer, preferring to abide by the articles of capitulation. Thus ended, on September 25, 1655, the short career of Governor Rysingh, and with liira fell the whole Swedish Colony. The hardships of the Swedes, though they were not protracted under the Dutch govei'nment, did not terminate with the capture of their forts. We are informed by Acrelius, that the "flower of their troops were picked out and sent to New Amsterdam. Under the pretext of their free choice, the men were forcibly carried on board the ships. The women were ill-treated in their houses, the goods pillaged, and the cattle killed." Many improvements were made by the Swedes, from Henlopen to the Falls of Alumingh or Santhikans. They laid the foundation of Uplandt, the present Chester; Korsholm Fort was built at Passayung; Manayung Fort was placed at the mouth of the Schuylkill ; they marked the sites of Nya Wasa and Gripsholm, somewhere near tlie confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers ; Straws Wijk, and Nieu Causeland (the present New Castle) ; and forts were erected at Kingsessing, Wicacoa (Southwark), Finlandt, Meulendael, and Lapananel. On the eastern shore the Swedes had settlements at Swedesborough and other places. The government of the Dutch on the river was established by the appoint- ment of John Paul Jacquet as vice-director and commander-in-chief, and Andreas Hudde, as secretary and surveyor, keeper of the keys of the fort, etc. QENEBAL HISTOBY. 39 As evidence that the Swedish government had been kept in ignorance of the intended conquest of New Sweden by the Dutch, was the arrival, on the 1656. 24th of March, 1656, of the Swedish ship Mercury, with one hundred and thirty souls on board, intended as a reinforcement to the colony. They were forbidden to pass the fort, but a party of Indians joined the crew and con- ducted the ship up the river, the Dutch not venturing to fire a gun against them. Although the Dutch government never yielded its assent to the landing of the immigrant passengers, they all did land, and probably most of them remained in the country. The Dutch West India companies had become greatly embarrassed by the large amount of their debts, which had been increased by the aid 1657. afforded the City of Amsterdam, towards the conquest of the Swedes on the Delaware, and to liquidate this debt, that part of the South River extending from the west side of Christina-kill to the mouth of the bay, "and so far as the Minquas land extended," was transferred to that City. The colony thus established took the name of Nieuer Amstel. The government of the City colony was organized by the establishment of a board of commis- sioners to reside in the City of Amsterdam. Forty soldiers were enlisted and placed under the command of Captain Martin Krygier and Lieutenant Alexander D'llinoyossa, and one hundred and fifty emigrants, freemen, and boors, were forth- with dispatched to settle in the new colony. Jacob Alricks accompanied the <3xpedition as Director of New Amstel. Alricks assumed the government of the colony towards the close of April, 1657, when Hudde was appointed to the command at Fort Christina, the name of which was changed to Altona, and also of New Gottenberg. Over the Swedes and Fins, who were exclusively the inhabitants of the river above the colony of the City of Amsterdam, Goeran Yan Dyck had been appointed with the title of " schout fisscal," and under him Anders Jurgen. Van Dyck suggested to Stuyvesant the necessity of concentrating the Swedish inhabitants, and procured from him a proclamation inviting them to assemble in one settlement. The invitation was not accepted. In May, 1658, Governor Stuyvesant madea^isit to South River to examine into affairs there. Finding some irregularities concerning the customs, 1658. he appointed William Beekman, with the title of commissary and vice- director, to superintend the revenue. Outside of the district of New Amstel, Beekman was charged with the administration of civil and criminal justice, and the superintendence of military affairs. Within that district the authority was vested in Alricks. The prosperous commencement of the City colony was soon followed by evils that almost threatened its dissolution. Sickness, a scarcity of provisions and failure of crops, followed by a severe winter, spread dismay and discontent among the people. Added to these distresses were news of a threatened invasion by the English, and the arrival of commissioners from Maryland to command the Dutch to leave, or to acknowledge themselves subjects of Lord Baltimore. In regard to the latter a protracted conference ensued, in which the Dutch title to the lands on the Delaware river and bay was defended with considerable ability. The land from Bombay Hook to Cape Henlopen was secured by 40 HISTOB Y OF FENNS YL VANIA. purchase from the savages, and a fort erected at Hoern-kill as a further security against the English claim. It was attached to the district of New Amstel. The clashing of interests between the City and the Company, taken in connec- tion with the adverse circumstances with which he was surrounded, rendered Director Alrick's position one of great difficulty. Towards the close of 1659. the year 1659 he departed this life. Previous to his death Alricks nomi- nated D'Hinoyossa as his successor, and Gerit Van Gezel as Secretary. While the City and Company' occupied the country jointly, the seat of justice of the latter jurisdiction was at Altona. The Swedes did not resort voluntarily to the court held there, preferring to settle their differences among themselves, and in one or two instances they wilfully disregarded its processes. The time had now arrived when the dominion of Pennsylvania was to be wrested from the Dutch, and, with the exception of a short interval, for ever. The crown of Great Britain having been restored to Charles II., he granted to his brother James, Duke of York, the territory embracing the whole of New York and New Jersey, and, by a subsequent grant, that which now comprises the State of Delaware. To secure the possession of his newly acquired territory, the Duke fitted out an expedition consisting of four men-of-war and four hundred and fifty men, which he placed under the command of Sir Richard 1664. Nicolls. Associated with the commander were Sir Robert Carr, Sir George Cartwright, and Samuel Maverick, Esq., as commissioners. The expedition reached the mouth of the Hudson in the latter end of August, 1664. The formidable force and the favorable terms offered to the inhabitants disposed them to capitulate, notwithstanding the efforts of the Governor to excite resistance. After a few days of fruitless negotiation, during which Stuyvesant pleaded in vain the justice of the title of the States General, and the peace existing between them and the English nation, a capitulation was signed, August 27, 1664, and, immediately afterwards, a force was dispatched to reduce Fort Orange. In honor of the Duke of York, the city of New Amsterdam received the name of New York, and Fort Orange that of Albany. The greater part of the inhabitants submitted cheerfully to the new government, and Governor Stuyvesant retained his property and closed his life in New York. Matters being thus arranged at New Amsterdam, the reduction of the colony on the Delaware having been determined, Sir Robert Carr, with two frigates, the Guinea, and the William and Nicholas, and the troops not needed at New York, sailed thither and accomplished his mission with the expenditure of two barrels of powder and twenty shot. The capitulation took place on October 1, 1664, and stipulated that " the burgesses and magistrates submitting to his majesty should be protected in their persons and estates ; that the present mag- istrates should be continued in office ; that permission to leave the country within six months should be given to anyone desirous so to do; that all persons should enjoy liberty of conscience as formerly ; that any person taking the oath of allegiance should become a free denizen, and enjoy all the privileges of trading into any of his Majesty's dominions, as freely as an}'^ Englishman." The whole country being thus reduced without bloodshed, Colonel Nicolls, by virtue of a commission of the Duke of York, assumed the government of New York, and on November 3rd was commissioned by his colleagues, Cart- QENEBAL IIISTOBY. 41 wriglit and Maverick, to proceed to Delaware, " to take special care for the good government of said place, and to depute such officer or officers therein as he shall think fit for the management of his Majesty's affairs, both civil and military, until his Majesty's pleasure be further known." Colonel Robert Carr was appointed Deputy Governor. New Amstel was now called New Castle. The capture of New York and its dependencies led to an European war between Great Britain and Holland, ending in the treaty of Breda, at which the right of the former to their newly-acquired territories in America was acknowledged. Colonel NicoUs governed for nearly three years with justice and good sense. He settled the boundaries with the Connecticut Colony, which, yield- ing all claim to Long Island, obtained great advantages on the main, push- ing its line to Marmaroneck river, about thirty miles from New York ; he prescribed the mode of purchasing lands from the Indians, making the consent of the governor requisite to the validity of all contracts with them for 1665. the soil, and directing such contracts to be entered in the public registry ; he incorporated the city of New York, under a mayor, five aldermen, and a sheriff, in 1665, and, although he reserved to himself all judicial authorit}', his administration was so wise and impartial, that it enforced universal praise. Colonel Francis Lovelace succeeded Colonel Nicolls, in May, 1667. By proclamation he required that all patents granted by the Dutch, for 1667. lands upon the Delaware, should be renewed, and that persons hold- ing lands, without patent, should take out titles under the English authority. Power was given to the officers on the Delaware to grant lands, and the commission of surveyor-general, of all the lands under the govern- ment of the Duke of York, on the west side of the Delaware, was issued to Walter Wharton. Governor Lovelace also renewed the duty of ten per cent, imposed on goods imported by the Delaware, which had been ordained by the Dutch, and repealed by his predecessor; but it was found so oppressive, that he also was compelled to revoke the order by which it was established. In the Spring of the year 1672, the town of New Castle was, by the 1672. government of New York, made a corporation ; to be governed by a bailiff and six associates ; after the first year, four old to go out and four others to be chosen. The bailiff was president and had a double vote; the constable was chosen by the bench. They had power to try causes, as far as ten pounds, without appeal. The English laws were established in the town, and among the inhabitants, on both sides of Delaware. The office of schout was converted into that of sheriff, for the corporation and river, annually chosen. And they were to have free trade, without being obliged to make entry at New York, as before. The fears of the government of Maryland, says Gordon, lest the title of Lord Baltimore to the country on Delaware Bay should be weakened by non-claim, produced occasional irruptions of a very hostile character. An act of violence was committed at Hoarkill [1672], by a party of Marylanders led by one Jones, who seized the maoistrates and other inhabitants, plundered them, and carried 42 HISTOB Y OF PiJiN^JN^S YL VANIA. off the booty. They were joined by one Daniel Brown, a planter of Hoarkill. Brown was soon taken, sent to New York, and there tried and convicted ; but on promise of amendment, and security given for his good behavior in future, was dismissed. Governor Lovelace wrote a letter to Governor Calvert of Maryland, on this aggression, and instructed Captain Carr, his deputy at Delaware, to resist future encroachments. Charles II. having declared war against the States General of Holland, Dutch privateers soon infested the American coasts, and plundered the inhabi- tants of New Castle and Hoarkill. With a view to repairing their losses, per- mission was granted to them by the government to impose, for one year, a duty of four guilders, payable in wampum, on each anker of strong rum imported or sold there. Wampum being the chief currency of the country and scarce, the o-overnor and council of New York issued a proclamation increasing its value, whereby " instead of eight white and four black, six white and three black should pass for a stiver: and three times so much the value in silver," This was the Indian money, by them called wampum ; by the Dutch, sewant. It was worked out of shells, into the form of beads, and perforated to string on leather. Six beads were valued at a stiver; twenty stivers made what they called a guilder, which was about sixpence currency, or fourpence sterling. The white wampum was worked out of the inside of the great conques. The black, or purple, was formed out of the inside of the mussle, or clam-shell. These, being strung on leather, were sometimes formed into belts, about four inches broad and thirty in length, and were given and received at treaties, as seals of friend- ship. A squadron of Dutch ships, under command of Evertse and Benke, arrived on July 30, 1673, and recaptured New York without opposition. The 1673. commander of the fort at the Narrows, John Manning, treacherously made peace with the enemy and delivered up the fort without giving or receiving a shot, and the major part of the magistrates and constables swore allegiance to the States General and the Prince of Orange. Thus New York and New Jersey came again under Dutch rule. Deputies were also sent b}^ the people inhabiting the country as far west as Delaware, who, in the name of their principals, made a declaration of their submission, and Delaware again reverted to the Dutch in that year. Anthony Colve was appointed governor, with Peter Alricks Deputy, who held the offices until the country was restored to England by the Treaty of Westminster, concluded the 19th February, 1674. The Duke of York, says Proud, on June 29, 1674, obtained a new royal patent confirming the land granted him in 1664, and two da3's after 1674. appointed Major, afterwards Sir, Edmund Andross, governor of his territories in America, which were surrendered to him by the Dutch on October 31 following. Andross authorized Captain Edmund Cantwell and William Tomm to take possession of the forts and stores at New Castle for the King's use, and directed them to adopt measures for the establishment of order and tranquility on the Delaware. On June 24, 1674, the Duke of York granted to John, Lord Berkley, and Sir George Carteret, " the Province of New Jersey, bounded on the east by the GENEBAL HISTORY. ■4'3 Atlantic ocean, on the west by Delaware Bay and river, on the north by a line drawn from the Delaware river at forty-one degrees forty minutes, to the Hudson River, in forty-one degrees northern lantude." Lord Berkley, in 1615, sold his half of the province of New Jersey to a person named John Fenwicke, in trust for Edward Byllinge and his assigns, in conse- quence of which the former, this year, ar- rived with a number of passengers, in a ship called the Griffith, from London, on a visit to his new purchase. He land- ed at a place, in West Jersey, situated upon a creek, or small river, which runs into the river Delaware, to which place he gave the name of Salem, a name which both the place and creek still retain. Byllinge being pecuniarily involved, conve^'^ed his interest in the Province to William Penn, Gawen Lawrie. and Nicholas Lucas, in trust for his creditors. The trustees sold pro- prietary rights to seve- ral other persons, and having made, with Sir George Carteret, a divi- sion of the Province, proceeded to frame a constitution for their moiety under the title "concessions and agreements of the proprietors and free-holders of West Jersey, in America." According to Gordon, in June, 1617, Thomas Olive, Daniel Wills, John Kinsey, John Pen ford, Joseph Helmsley, Robert Stacey, Benjamin 1677. Scott, Thomas Foulke, and Richard Guy, commissioners, appointed by the Proprietaries to superintend their interests in the Province, arrived at New Castle, with two hundred and thirty settlers, principally Quakers. Having explored the country for many miles along the shores of the Delaware, they made allotments of land among the adventurers at several miles distance MAP OF NEW SWEDEN. 44 HISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VANTA. from each other. But fear of the natives finally induced the emigrants to settle together, in and about a town plot, laid out by the commissioners, first called Beverly, then Budlington, and afterwards Burlington. In the same year two ships arrived, bearing many families of great respectability. The quiet of the colonists was undisturbed, except by the duty again levied upon their commerce at the Hoarkill, by the New York government. This was vexatious as a tax, and insulting to the sovereignty of the proprietaries, who remonstrated for some time in vain with the agents of the Duke of York ; but finally, after an investigation, by commissioners appointed for the purpose, the duty was repealed. Dispensing with their executive of commissioners, the Proprietaries appointed Edward Byllinge Governor, who, soon after his arrival in the Province, commissioned Samuel Jennings as his deputy. In November, 1681, Jennings called the first Assembly, and, in conjunction with them, adopted certain articles, defining and circumscribing the power of the Governor, and enacted such laws as the wants of the colony required. Sir George Carteret, the proprietor of East Jersey, died in 1679, having in his last will ordered the sale of that country to pay his debts. His 1681. heirs sold it, by indenture of lease and release, bearing date February 1 and 2, 1681-82, to William Penn and eleven other persons. These twelve proprietors added twelve more to their number, and to these the Duke of York made a fresh grant of East Jersey under date March 14, 1 682. William Penn, as one of the trustees of Byllinge, became thus intimately connected with the colonization of West Jersey, and subsequently as a pur- chaser with that of East Jersey. Under these circumstances he became familiar with the aflfairs of the new world, and conceived the design of founding a commonwealth on principles of perfect equality, and of universal toleration of religious faith, on the west side of the Delaware. CHAPTER III. THE PROVINCE OP PENNSYLVANIA GRANTED TO WILLIAM PENN. THE PROPRIE TARY RULE, UNTIL THE DEATH OF THE FOUNDERS. 1681-1718. f^i^m^lDMIRAL SIR WILLIAM PENN, renowned in English history by his martial valor as an officer of the British Navy, left to his son a claim against the government for sixteen thousand pounds, consist- ing to a great extent of money advanced by him in the sea service, and of arrearages in his pay. In 1680 William Penn* petitioned Charles II. to grant him in lieu of said sum " letters-patent for a tract of land in America, lying north of Maryland, on the east bounded with Delaware river, on the west limited as Maryland, and northward to extend as far as plantable." This peti- tion was referred to the " Committee of the Privy Council for the Affairs of Trade and Plantations," who ordered copies to be sent to Sir John Werden, the Duke of York's agent, and to the agents of Lord Baltimore, "to the end that they may report how far the pretensions of Mr. Penn may consist with the boun- daries of Maryland, or the Duke's propriety of New York, and his possessions in those parts." The Duke of York desired to retain the three lower counties, that is, the State of Delaware, as an appendage to New York, but his objection was finally withdrawn, being the result of an interview between him and Mr. * Wlr^LiAM Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, was born in London, October 14, 1644. Wliile a student at Oxford he became deeply impressed by the preaching of a celebrated Quaker, Thomas Lee. He studied law at Lincoln's Inn, but in 1663 went to Ireland to manage an estate of his father's. He acquired military renown as a soldier at the siege of Carrickfergus, and caused himself to be painted in military costume. This is considered to be the only genuine portrait of the great " Apostle of Peace." He soon after joined the Quakers, and at a meeting at Cork, in 1667, was arrested and put into prison. Released through the efforts of the Earl of Orrery, he began to preach, and for writing " The Sandy Foundation Shaken," was imprisoned in the Tower, where he wrote his celebrated work, "No Cross, No Crown." Liberated by the influence of his father, he was, in 1670, arrested for street preaching, and committed to Newgate. At the trial he pleaded his own cause, was acquitted, but detained in prison, and the jury were fined. While in Newgate he wrote several religious tracts. In 1674 he wrote "England's Present Interest Considered," an able defence of freedom of conscience and the rights of Englishmen. In 1672 he married Gulielma Maria Springett. In 1677 Penn, with Barclay and others, preached in Holland and Germany. In 1676 he became concerned in the settlement of West Jersey. In 1681 he obtained from the king a charter for Pennsylvania. He then published " A Brief Account of the Province of Pennsylvania," proposing the easy purchase of lands and good terms for settlers. On the 27th of October, 1682, he arrived in the Delaware. Returned to England in 1684. Secured, in 1686, the liberation of over 1,200 imprisoned Quakers, and the passage of the "Toleration Act" in 1687. In 1688 he was tried for treason, but acquitted. In 1699 made a second visit to his Province, returning in 1701. In 1708 was committed to prison for debt, but released by the intervention of friends. He died of paralysis, at Rushcombe, July 30, 1718. His enduring monument is the great State founded by him "in deeds of peace " 45 40 HISTOR Y OF PENNSYL VANIA. I'enn. Lord Baltimore's agent wanted the grant, if made to Penn, to he ex- pressed as " land that shall be north of Susquehanna Fort, also north of all lands in a direct line westward from said fort, for said fort is the boundary of Mary- land northward." After sundry conferences and discussions concerning the boundarj^ lines and other matters of minor importance, the committee finally sent in a favorable re- port and presented the draft of a charter, constituting William Penn, Esq., abso- lute Proprietary of a tract of land in America, therein mentioned, to the King for his approbation, and leaving to him also the naming of the Province. The King affixed his signature on March 4, 1681, naming the Province Pennsylva- 1681. nia, for reasons explained in the subjoined extract from a letter of William Penn to his friend Robert Turner, dated 5th of 1st month, 1681 : " This da}' my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of England, with large powers and privileges, by the name of Pennsylvania ; a name the King would give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales, being, as this, a prett}' hillj^ coun- try, but Penn being Welsh for a head^ as Penmaumoire in Wales, and Penrith in Cumberland, and Penn in Buckinghamshire, the highest land in England, called this Pennsylvania, which is, the high or head woodlandfi, for I proposed, when the Secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Syloania, and they added Penn to it, and though I much opposed it, and went to the King to have it struck out and altered, he said it was past, and would take it upon him ; nor could twenty guineas move the under-secretary to vary the name, for I fear lest it be looked on as vanity in me, and not as a respect in the King, as it truly was, to my father, whom he often mentions with praise." This charter, under date March 4, 1681, exists in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, and is written on three pieces of strong parchment, in the old English handwriting, with each line underscored with lines of red ink, that give it a curious appearance. The borders are gorgeously decorated with heraldic devices, and the top of the first page exhibits a finel^'-executed likeness of his Majesty, in good preservation. Nearly a month after the signing of the charter, the King, on the second day of April, issued a declaration informing the inhabitants and planters of the Province that William Penn, their absolute Proprietary, was clothed with all the powers and preeminences necessary for the government. A few days later, on 8th of April, the Proprietary addressed the following proclamation to the inhabi- tants of Pennsylvania : " My Friends : I wish you all happiness here and hereafter. These are to let you know that it hath pleased God, in his providence, to cast you within m}' lot and care. It is a business that, though I never undertook before, yet God hath given me an understanding of my duty, and an honest mind to do it uprightly. I hope you will not be troubled at your change, and the King's choice, for you are now fixed, at the mercj^ of no governor that comes to make his fortune great. You shall be governed by laws of j^our own making, and live a free, and, if you will, a sober and industrious people. I shall not usurp the right of an^', or oppress his person. God has furnished me with a better resolution, and has given me his grace to keep it. In short, whatever sober and free men can rea- sonably desire for the security and improvement of their happiness, I shall GENETtAL HISTOBT. 47 heartily comply with, and in five months resolve, if it please God, to see you. In the meantime, pray submit to the commands of my deputy, so far as they are consistent with the law, and pay him those dues that formerly you paid to the order of the Governor of New York, for my use and benefit ; and so I beseech God to direct you in the way of righteousness, and therein prosper j^ou and j'our children after you. " William Penn." Captain William Markham, a cousin of William Penn, was the deputy re- ferred to in the preceding pi-oclamation, whose commission, bearing date April 10, 1681, contained the following directions: 1. To call a council, consisting of nine, he to preside. 2. To read his letter and the King's declaration to the inhabitants, and to take their acknowledgment of his authority and propriety. 3. To settle boundaries between Penn and his neighbors ; to survey, set out, rent, or sell lands according to instructions given. 4. To erect courts, appoint sheriffs, justices of the peace, etc. 5. To call to his aid any of the inhabitants, for the legal suppression of tumult, etc. Governor Markham carried also letters from Penn and the King to Lord Balti- more, authorizing him to adjust boundaries. He arrived at New York on June 21, 1681, and Lord Baltimore, being in the Province, had an interview with Markham, at Upland, which resulted in discovering, from actual observation, that Upland itself was at least twelve miles south of 40 degrees, and that boundaries claimed by Lord Baltimore would extend to the Schuylkill. This discovery ended the conference, and gave fresh incentives to Penn to obtain from the Duke of York a grant of the Delaware settlements, as without such grant he had now reason to fear the loss of the whole peninsula. Penn soon after published an account of his Province, with the royal charter and other documents connected with it, offering easy terms of sale for lands, viz., forty shillings sterling for one hundred acres, subject to a quit rent of one shilling per annum for ever. Many persons from London, Liverpool, and Bristol embarked in his enter- prise ; and an association, called the " Free Traders' Society of Pennsylvania," purchased large tracts of land. In the autumn of the same year Penn appointed three commissioners, viz., Wm. Crispin, John Bezar, and Nathaniel Allen, to proceed to the Province, ar- range for a settlement, lay out a town, and treat with the Indians. To these commissioners, says Wcstcott, was added afterwards William Haige. They set sail from London probably near the end of October, but it is not known at what date they arrived. In the beginning of the year following, Penn published his frame of govern- ment, and certain laws, agreed on in England by himself and the 1682. purchasers under him, entitled •' The frame of the government of the Province of Pennsylvania^ in America; together with certain laws, agreed upon in England by the Governor and Divers of the Free-Men of the aforesaid Province. To he further Explained and Confirmed there, by the first Provincial Council and General Assembly that shall be held, if they ,ssession by the solemn " delivery of turf, and twig, and water, and soyle, 'he River Delaware." He was received with demonstrations of gladness by the inhabitants, and at the Court House, at New Castle, says Clarkson, made a speech to the old magistrates, in which he explained to them the design of his coming, the nature and end of government, and of that more particularly which he came to establish. To form some idea of the proportion of the different sorts of people, observes Proud, on the west side of Delaware, about this time, or prior to William Penn's arrival, on the lands granted him, it may be noted, that the Dutch then had a meeting place, for religious worship, at New Castle ; the Swedes, three — one at Christina, one at Tinicum, and one at Wicacoa. The Quakers had three — one at Upland, or Chester, one at Shakamaxon, and one near the lower falls of Delaware. Penn went to Upland, on the 29th of October, 1682. On his arrival there he changed its name. This was a memorable event, says Clarkson, and to be GENERAL HISTORY. 49 distinguished by some marked circumstance. He determined, therefore to change the name of the place. Turning around to his friend Pearson, one of his own society, who had accompanied him in the ship Welcome, he said: " Provi- dence has brought us here safe. Thou hast been the companion of my perils What wdt thou that I should call this place?" Pearson said, '^ Chester," in remembrance of the city from whence lie came. William Penn replied, tliat it should be called Chester, and that when he divided the land into counties, one of them should be called by the same name. From Chester Penn is said to have proceeded with some of his friends in an open barge, in the earliest days of November, to a place about four miles above the mouth of the Schuylkill, called Coaquannock, " where there was a high, bold shore, covered with lofty pines. Here the site of the infant city of PhUa- delphia had been established, and we may be assured, writes Janney, his approach was hailed with joy by the whole population : the old inhabitants, Swedes and Dutch, eager to catch a glimpse of their future governor ; and the Friends, who had gone before him, anxiously awaiting his arrival." Penn immediately after his arrival dispatciied two persons to Lord Balti- more, to ask of . his health, offer kind neighborhood, and agree upon a time of meeting, the better to establish it. While they were gone on this errand lie went to New York to pay his duty to the Duke, in the visit of his govern- ment and colony. He returned from New York towards the end of November. To this period belongs the " Great Treaty," which took place at Shaka- maxon. It seems to have been a place of resort for the Indians of different nations to consult together and settle their mutual differences, and on this account it was probably selected by Markham, and Penn after him, as the place for holding their successive treaties. Thompson Westcott, whose researches have exceeded perhaps those of any other historian, says there is no evidence that a treaty of peace or of purchase of lands ever was held under the great elm tree at Shakamaxon, in 1682, by William Penn, and yet tradition is very positive upon the subject, and such antiquaries as Watson and Fisher, with the graphic descriptions of earlier writers, have so fullv engrafted this pleasing transaction on Pei sylvania history, that we almost hesitate t«' dispel the illusion. The site of the great elm tree is marked by a monument, erected in 182*7. It contains the following inscriptions . North side. — Treaty Ground of William Penn and the Indian Nations. South side. — William Penn, born 1G44, died ni8. East side. — Pennsylvania Founded, 1681, by deeds of Peace. West side. — Placed by the Penn Society, A.D. 1827, to mark the site of the Great Elm Tree. If the treaty was not held at the Shakamaxon, Penn undoubtedly' met the D PENN TREATY MONUMENT. 50 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VAN I A. representatives of the Indian tribes at other localities, for the aborigines them- selves alluded to the treaty of amity and peace held with the great and good Onas, on all public occasions — and true it is that for a period of forty, if not fifty years, it was not broken, and the Land of Penn was preserved during all that time from the reeking scalping-knife and the deadly tomahawk. « .1 W g ^ I a. < s William Penn, on the fourth of Decern Utr lollowing, convened a General Assembly at Chester, of which Nicholas Moore, president of the Society of Free Traders, was chosen Speaker. During a session of four days this Assembly anacted three laws : 1. An act for the union of the Province and Territories; 2. An act of naturalization ; and 3. The great law, or code of laws, consisting of sixty-nine sections, and embracing most of the laws agreed upon in England and several others afterwards suggested. GENEBAL HISTOBT. 51 On the 19th of the same month, Penu, by appointment, met Lord Baltimore at West River, but their interview led to no solution of the vexatious question of boundary. About this time the Province and territories were divided by the Proprietary each into three counties ; those of the former were called Bucks, Philadelphia, and Chester; those of the latter. New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. Sheriffs and other officers having been duly appointed for the several counties, writs for the election of members of Council and Assembly were issued conformable with the Constitution, and on the 10th day of the first month, 1683, Penn met the Council at Philadelphia, and the Assembly two days later. The number of members for both the Council and Assembly was twelve for each county, viz., three for the Council and nine for the Assembly, making in all seventy-two. At this time Penn was probably renewing his negotiations with the Indians, as would appear from two deeds on record for land purchased. The 1683. first, dated June 23, 1683, between William Penn and Kings Tamanen and Metamequan, conveys their land near Neshemanah (Neshaminy) Creek, and thence to Pennapecka (Pennypack). The second, dated July 14, 1683, is for lands lying between the Schuylkill and Chester Rivers. During the spring or summer of this year, the Proprietary visited the interior of the Province, going as far west as the Susquehanna. The result of his trip he embodied in a letter to the " Society of Free Traders," in London, but its length precludes its insertion here. His description of the aborigines is full and interesting. It was while on this expedition that William Penn planned the founding of a great city on the Susquehanna, an idea never realized by himself. The controversy' with Lord Baltimore concerning boundaries became a subject of great anxiety to Penn, who resisted the high-handed and 1684. aggressive measures of the former with gentle and courteous firmness. In the beginning of 1684, a number of people from Maryland made a forcible entry on several plantations in the Lower Counties, whereupon the Governor and Council at Philadelphia sent a written remonstrance to Lord Baltimore's demand, with orders to William Welsh to use his influence to rein- state the pei'sons wlio had been dispossessed, and in case mild measures should prove unavailing, legally to prosecute tbe invaders. The remonstrances had, temporarily, the desired effect, but some inhabitants were threatened the next month with similar outrages, if they should persist in refusing to be under Lord Baltimore. The Governor issued a declaration showing Penn's title, and such other requisites as were thought most likely to prevent such illegal proceedings in future. The important interests involved in this controversy and other weighty matters requiring Penn's presence in England, he provided for the administra- tion of the government. The executive power was lodged with the Provincial Council, of which Thomas Lloyd, a Quaker from Wales, was made president — to whom the charge of the great seal was specially committed. Markham was created secretary of the Province and the territories ; Thomas Holmes, surveyor- general ; Thomas Lloyd, James Claypoole, and Robert Turner, commissioners of the land office; and Nicholas Moore, William Welsh, William Wood, Robert 52 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The Proprietarj- Turner, and John Eckley, Provincial judges for two years, sailed for Europe on the 12th of June. At his departure, the Province and territories were divided into twenty-two townships, containing seven thousand inhabitants, of whom two thousand five hundred resided in Philadelphia, which comprised already three hundred houses. Penn wrote a farewell letter to his Province, from on board the vessel, couched in the most endearing terms. After a voyage of seven weeks he reached England. Charles II. died the 12th of December following, and was succeeded by James, Duke of York, whose accession was greatly dreaded by the Protestants, who apprehended a revival of the persecutions during the reign of Mary. Penn might have taken advantage of these apprehensions to in- duce more emigrants to settle W I s T "^ Pennsylvania, but he was disinterested, and used his in- fluence with the King to grant liberty of conscience to all re- ligionists, and more especiall}^ to the Quakers. Penn had stood high in the King's favor long before he ascended the throne, for the friendship which James entertained for the father, who had bravel}' fought under his flag, was en- joj^ed in a still higher degree liy the son, .who by that means succeeded in obtaining from the King's Council a favorable decree in his dispute with Lord Baltimore. On the first da}' of the second month, 1685. the lines of separation 1685. between the county of Philadelphia and those of Bucks and Chester, were confirmed by the Council. " The county of Chester was to begin at the mouth, or entrance of Bough creek, upon Delaware river, being the upper end of Tenicum island ; and so up that creek, dividing the said island from the land of Andrew Boone and com- pany ; from thence along the several courses thereof, to a large creek called Mill creek ; from thence, along the several courses of the said creek to a west-south- west line ; wliich line divides the liberty lines of Philadelphia from several tracts of land, belonging to the Welsh and other inhabitants ; and from thence east- north-east, by a line of marked trees one hundred and twenty perches, more or less; from thence north-north-west by Haverford township, one thousand perches, more or less ; from thence east-north-east by the land belonging to John Humphre}'', one hundred and ten perches, more or less; from thence north- north-west by the land of John Eckle}^, eight hundred and eighty perches, more or less; from thence continuing said course to the bounds of Sculkill river; which said Sculkill river afterward to the natural bounds." MAP OP PENNSYLVANIA — 1685. GENERAL HISTORY. 53 The period of William Peun's absence from the Province is marked chiefly by unhappy differences between the legislature and the executive, and between the members from the territories and those of the Province proper. Our limits, however, will compel us to give merely a resume of the more important events and incidents. In 1685, the Proprietary appointed Nicholas Moore, from London a lawyer, and president of the Company of Free Traders, and a member of the Assembly, to the office of chief justice. The Assembly, jealous of its prerogatives, disre- garded the fundamental laws of the Province in enacting statutes without pre- viously publishing them as required by the constitution. Moore, by opposing some of the measures of the Assembly, and more particularly their attempt to alter the organization of the courts of justice, had incurred the enmity of the House, which pi'oceeded to impeach him. He was charged, says Ebeling, with violence, partiality, and negligence, in a cause in which the Societ3^ of Free Traders was interested. Ten articles were preferred against him, which he re- fused to answer, though frequently summoned by the Council, and he was saved from conviction by some technical obstacle in the form of proceeding. But this did not protect him from punishment. He was expelled from the Assembly, and was interdicted all places of trust by the Council, until he should be tried upon the articles of impeachment or should give satisfaction to the board. His offence was not of a heinous character, since he retained the confidence of the Proprietary ; and, in noticing his punishment, it should be remarked, that he had incurred the displeasure of the House by having entered thrice in one day his single protest upon its minutes against the passage of bills which had been introduced without the publication directed by the charter. The anger of the Assembly was extended to Patrick Robinson, clerk of the provincial court, who had refused to produce before them the minutes of that court. They voted him to be a public enemy and a violator of their privileges, and ordered him into the custody of the sheriff. When brought before the House he complained of arbi- trar}'' and illegal treatment, refused to answer the questions put to him, and in a fit of sullenness cast himself at full length upon the floor. An address was presented to the Council requesting that the prisoner might be disqualified to hold any public office within the Province or territories ; but this punishment was not infiicted, as Robinson subsequent!}' held the clerkship of the Council and other offices. Neither Moore nor Robinson were Quakers ; they were charged with enmity to that sect, or, in the language of Penn, " were esteemed the most unquiet and cross to Friends." There were other disturbances at this time in the Province. A certain John Curtis, a justice of the peace, was charged with uttering treasonable and dangerous words against the King. He was ordered to be tried by commissioners from the Council, and, though no bill was found against him, he was dismissed from his office and compelled to give surety of the peace, in the sum of three hundred pounds. Charges were made against several officers of government for extortion ; and gross immoralities Avere practiced among the lower class of people inhabiting the caves on the banks of the Dela- ware. These things were reported with great exaggeration in England, by the enemies of Penn and the Quakers ; they prevented emigration, and greatly affected the reputation of the Society of Friends and the Proprietary. 64 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Penn, however, in 1686, changed the form of executive government 1686. to a board of five commissioners, any three of whom were empowered to act. The board consisted of Thomas Lloyd, Nicholas Moore, James Claypoole, Robert Turner, and John Eckley. The next session of the Assembly was marked by the usual want of unanimity and the objectionable act of laying on its members a solemn 1688. injunction of secrecy. This measure was not without an exhibition of undignified violence, resisted by the Council, and the lack of harmony greatly obstructed legislation. Lloj^d, in consequence, requested to be released from the public afi"airs of government. His request was reluctantly granted, and on his recommendation, the Proprietary changed the plural executive into a single deputy, making choice of Captain John Blackwell, formerly an officer of Cromwell, under whom he had earned a distinguished reputation in England and Ireland. He was in New England when he received his commission, dated July 25, 1688. Governor Blackwell met the Assembly in the third month, 1689 ; but, by reason of some misunderstanding or dissension between him and some of the 1689. Council, the public afiiiirs were not managed with harmony and satis- faction ; and but little done during his administration, which continued only till the twelfth month this year, when he returned to England, and the government of the Province, according to charter, devolved again on the Council, Thomas Lloyd, president. The appointment of Captain John Black- well, who was no Quaker, to be Deputy Governor, appears, by the Proprietary's letters to his friends in the Province, " to have been because no suitable person, who was of that society, would undertake the office." By the Revolution of 1688, which drove James from the throne, the Proprie- tary lost all influence at the English court. His intimacy with that unhappy monarch covered him with dark suspicion. His religious and political princi- ples were misrepresented ; he was denounced as a Catholic, a Jesuit of St. Omers, and a self-devoted slave to despotism, and was charged with conspiring the restoration of James. It is now unnecessary to disprove these accusations ; for though his enemies caused him to be thrice examined before the privy coun- •cil, and to give bail for his appearance in the King's Bench, he was discharged by that court, no evidence appearing against him. The ties which bound him to Europe having been thus broken, he prepared to revisit his Province, accom- panied by another colony of five hundred persons, which he had assembled by publication of new proposals. A convoy was appointed by government for his .protection, and he was on the eve of sailing, when his enterprise was marred by another persecution. A wretch, named Fuller, subsequently declared infamous ■by parliament, and pilloried, accused him, on oath, with being engaged in a conspiracy of the Papists in Lancashire to raise a rebellion, and restore James to the crown. He narrowly escaped arrest on his return from the funeral of George Fox, the celebrated founder of the Society of Friends. Hitherto he had met his accusers with a courage worthy of his character and his innocence, yet such was his dread of the profligacy of the witness who now appeared against him, that he deemed it prudent to seek retirement and privacy. His contem- plated colony failed, and the expenses of its outfit were lost. GENERAL HISTOBI. 55 After Blackwell's departure, in 1690, the Council elected Thomas Lloyd their president, and according to the constitution, assumed executive 1690. functions ; but, six councillors from the Lower Counties, without the knowledge of the president, formed themselves into a separate Council in 1691, appointed judges for those counties, and made ordinances. The President and Council of Pennsjdvania forthwith published a proclama- tion declaring all the acts of the six seceding members illegal. The latter made proposals towards an accommodation, in which they principally required that the judges and all officers of the government should be appointed by the nine council- lors from the Lower Counties. But this was not allowed them. On the other hand, Penn tried to restore a good understanding between the two sections of the Province, between whom the breach was widening, by giving them the choice of three modes of executive government, viz., by a joint council, by five com- missioners, or by a lieutenant-governor. The majority favored the last mode, but seven of the members for the Lower Counties protested against it, and declared for the commissioners, which form of government, in case the members' for Pennsylvania should persist in favor of a lieutenant-governor, they meant to introduce into their territories until the will of the Proprietary should be known. Their principal objections against a lieutenant-governor were the expense of his support and the fear lest the officers should be arbitrarily dismissed. The efforts on the part of the Council of Pennsylvania to effect a good understanding proving fruitless, the three Upper Counties chose Lloyd for their Governor while the Lower Counties rejected him. Penn, therefore, perceiving it impossible to bring about a union, confirmed the appointment of Lloyd, and conferred the government of the lower counties on William Markham, the former Secretary of the Province, who had joined with the protesting members. This was done by William Penn much against his will, and had the consequence he predicted, viz., that the King, as will presently appear, annexed the two colonies to the government of New York. William Penn foresaw that these dissensions would furnish the crown a pretext for depriving him of his Province. His fears were soon verified. William and Mary seized with avidity this opportunity to punish him for his attachment to the late King ; and they were well pleased to clothe an act of naked power with such justification as the disorders of the Province presented. Their Majesties' commission to Benjamin Fletcher, Governor-General of New York, constituting him Governor of Pennsylvania and the territories, was notified to Thomas Lloyd on the 19th of April, 1693. There was no 1693. notice in this commission, of William Penn, nor of the Provincial con- stitution. Governor Fletcher was empowered to summon the General Assembly elected by the freeholders, to require its members to take the oaths and subscribe the tests prescribed by act of parliament, and to make laws in conjunction with the Assembly, he having a veto upon their acts ; and was directed to transmit copies of such laws, for the approbation of the crown, within three months from their enactment. Official information of this change was not given to the constituted authorities of the Province, either by the King or Proprietary ; yet, on the arrival of Colonel Fletcher at Philadelphia, the govern- ment was surrendered to him without objection; but most of the Quaker 56 HISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. maiiistrates refused to accept from him the renewal of their commissions. The Proprietary condemned this ready abandonment of his rights, and addressed a cautionary letter to Fletcher, warning him of the illegality of his appointment, which might have restrained the latter from exercising his authority had it been timely received, as he was attached to Penn by personal favors. At the very beginning a misunderstanding arose between the Governor and the Assembly, who attempted the introduction of a mode of summoning and electing the representatives at variance with the fundamental laws of the Province, which he was bound to observe. The Assembly, consisting of members from the Upper and Lower Counties, but reduced to about sixteen in number, on convening, took steps to maintain their own and the peoples' rights. The Governor, on the majority of the members refusing to take the oaths, honored their conscientious scruples in permitting them simply to subscribe, but told them that this was an act of grace and not of right, which 1 must not be used as a precedent. In this Assembly two important subjects were considered; the confirmation of the old laws, and a grant of aid in men or money to the King for the then existing war with France. The Assembly used the latter in order to secure the former, hoping that Fletcher would yield this point for the sake of obtaining the other, as his Province of New York was much exposed to the Indians, who were supported by the French in Canada. Fletcher maintained a firm attitude, insisting upon the rejection of eight of the old laws, chiefly penal, as in conflict \\'ith and less rigorous than the laws of England. Long negotiations ensued, but he finally confirmed them all (one concerning shipwrecks excepted), subject to the King's pleasure. The Assembly, on their part, granted the required sub- sidy-, after considerable delay, they insisting that their grievances should first be redressed. Fletcher claimed the right of altering the new laws, even without the deliberations of the Assembly. This was strenuously resisted by a party in the Assembly, which, though in the minority, had their protest against Fletcher's pretensions entered upon the journal of the House. The Governor threatened to annex the Province to New York, and then the moderate part}', rather than submit to this, preferred receiving the confirmation of their rights and liberties as a favor at the hands of the Governor. Prior to his departure for New York, in 1694, Fletcher appointed 1694. William Markham, the Proprietary's kinsman, Lieutenant-Governor. Governor Fletcher, being engaged at New York, did not meet the Assembly at its first session of this year. At the second he earnestly solicited them to make further appropriations for the public defence. He endeavored to excite their emulation by the example of New Jersey, which had freely con- tributed troops and money, and tried to engage their compassion b}^ describing the sufl"ei'ings of the inhabitants about Albany, from whence " fourscore families," he said, "had been driven, rather b}^ the negligence of their friends, than by the force of their enemies." Experience having taught him that it was vain to ask men, whose religion forbade the use of arms, to organize a military force, or appropriate funds for its support, he sought to frame his demands in a less questionable shape. Putting out of view all warlike intentions, he solicited their charity "to feed the hungry' and clothe the naked," by supplying the Indian GENERAL HISTOBY. 57 nations with such necessaries as might influence them to continue their friend- ship to the Province. But even these instances proved powerless. For, although another tax, simiLar to the last, was voted, no part of it was appropriated to the war or relief of the Indians. As a considerable sum had been given to Governor Fletcher, justice demanded that the services of the Proprietary deputies should also be rewarded. The Assembly, therefore, directed two hundred pounds each should be given to Markham and Lloyd, and that the balance to be raised by the bill should defray the general expenses of the government. Fletcher rejected their bill, because the whole sum was not granted to their Majesties, with a request that they would appropriate it to the use of the deputies, and to the defence of New York and Albany ; and the Assembly, refusing to modify it, and asserting their right to appropriate their money at their pleasure, was dissolved. The Proprietary, whose political views were rarely obscured by his religious principles, reprehended strongly this resolute refusal ; nor was he blind to the effects which such opposition to the wishes of the crown might have upon his particular interests. The clouds of suspicion, which had long enveloped William Penn, were at length broken. He had many friends among the nobles who surrounded the King, and his true character was at last made known. He was heard before the privy council, and was honorably acquitted, and was restored to his Proprietary rights by patent, dated August, 1694, in which the disorders in the Province were ascribed solely to his absence. Shortly before his reinstatement, Penn lost his wife, Gulielma Maria, in the twelfth month of the preceding year. Penn appointed William Markham his Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania and territories, on the 24th of September, 1694. The restoration of the former government, however, did not bring with it contentment and a good understanding between the different branches of the legislature. Governor Fletcher was disliked because he had innovated upon the legislative forms, but the Assembly, summoned by Markham, in Sep- 1695. tember, 1695, was as much dissatisfied with him, although he had summoned them according to forms prescribed by the charter. The great bone of contention still being the subsidy to be granted to the King, Penn's letter shows that he disapproved of their conduct. Markham presented to the Assembly a new act of settlement, which was readily agreed to, but not finally adopted until the following year, because the Governor, no doubt on account of their obstinacy in refusing to pass the subsidy act, unexpectedly dissolved the Assembly. After a long remonstrance to the Governor had been found without eff'ect, the proposal of a joint committee of the two branches of the Legislature was acceded to, by which it was agreed to accept the new constitu- tion, provided Penn should approve of it, and immediately a new subsidy of £300 was granted for the support of the royal government and of the suflTering Indians. This was done by a tax of one penny on the pound on all assessed property. The new Constitution was more democratic than the former one. Lne Council, chosen biennially, consisted of two, and the Assembly, elected annually, of four members from each coimty. The right of the latter to origin^ite bills, to sit on its own adjournments, and to be indissoluble during the term for which it 58 HISTOM Y OF PEN'NS YL VAIflA. •was elected, was explicitly established ; and the powers and duties of the several officers were accurately defined. This instrument was never formally sanctioned by the Proprietary, and it continued in force only until his arrival in the Province, in 1699, or rather until 1701, when a new and more lasting one was substituted in its place. Under it the people were content, and calmly and industriously applied themselves to the improvement of the country. William Penn, accompanied by his second wife and children, sailed from England in the ship Canterbury in September, and after a tedious 1699. voyage of more than three months, arrived in the Delaware on the 1st day of December, 1699. Penn was cordially welcomed, it being gene- rally believed that he had come resolved to spend the remainder of his life in the Province, Still he did not encounter that warm affection and unbounded confi- dence among the colonists which on his first visit had enabled him to lead them entirely according to his will. The Proprietary, believing everything ready for the introduction of a new form of government, free from the defects of the former ones, and 1700. calculated to impart strength and unit}^ to the administration, called an extraordinary meeting of the Assembly in May following, which con- sisted of a larger number of members than those which preceded it, and held a session of unusual length. The new charter, although frequently discussed by the two houses jointly and separately, was not carried through at this and the next General Assembly, which was held in October of the same year at New Castle. The formation of a code of laws securing the titles to landed property, and a grant for the support of the government in addition to the new charter, were the chief ojojects of said Assembly. Its enactment failed to be accom- plished, chiefly on account of the exacting and unreasonable conditions stipulated by the Lower Counties. The Proprietary endeavored, though unsuccessfully, to obtain additional legis- lative restrictions upon the intercourse with the Indians, in order to protect them from tlie ai'ts of the whites. Nor was he more happy in his renewed exertions to instruct the aborigines in the doctrines of Christianity — their language, according to the report of the interpreter, not affording terms to convey its mysteries. This reason, however, was not well founded, and was the subterfuge of the agent to cover his own ignorance or indolence. The success of the venerable Elliot, and of the Moravian missionaries, has proven that the Indian language is compe- tent for the communication of the most abstract ideas. But, resolute to improve their temporal condition, Penn conferred frequently with the several nations of the Province and its vicinity, visiting them familiarly in their forests, partici- pating in their fep+ivals, and entertaining them with much hospitality and state at his mansion at Pennsbury. He formed a new treaty with the tribes located on the Susquehanna and its tributaries, as also with the Five Nations. 1701. This treaty was one of peace. In the Spring of 1701, William Penn took a second journey into the interior of the Province. The Proprietary's situation becoming uncomfortable, in consequence of mis- chief to his government brewing in England, he made preparation for a speedy return. Since the Revolution, it had been a favorite measure of the crown to purchase the Proprietary governments in America. Jealousy of the power of GENERAL HISTORY. 59 these governments, says Gordon, had grown with their growth, and a bill was* now before the Lords to change them into regal ones. The friends of Penn, and others interested in the Province, had succeeded with difficulty in obtaining a postponement of the bill until his return, which they earnestly represented to him should be immediate. Penn forthwith convened the Assembly on September 16, 1701. The comple- tion of a new constitution, and the enactment of such laws as required his special sanction, made the session important and laborious. The address of the Proprie- tary was most frank and conciliatory. He apologized for having summoned them before the customary time, expressed his regret at being so unseasonably called away, and assured them of his unceasing love and regard. " Think," said he, "therefore (since all men are mortal), of some suitable expedient and provi- sion for 3^our safety, as well in your privileges as property, and you will find me ready to comply with whatever may render us happy by a nearer union of our interest." Yet actuated by his duty to the crown, he again drew their attention to the King's demand for money, and mentioned a late treaty of peace, concluded with the Indians b}^ the Governor of New York in behalf of all the Provinces, as worthy of their acknowledgments. The House replied to the address with grateful thanks, but refused the war contribution for the reasons already given. The Assembly then prepared an address detailing their wants and wishes, which related particularly to the appointment of a Lieutenant-Governor in his absence, the security of their land-titles, and the allowance of ten for every hundred acres connected with them, which they claimed by virtue of the Gover- nor's promise. They proposed the establishment of a patent office, and that the quit-rents should be made redeemable. The Lower Counties, in the twenty-one articles of which the address consisted, had asked much for themselves in direct opposition to the Proprietary's interest, 3'et he granted the most of what was asked, refusing only some unjust demands and others of a private character, with which the Legislature had no right to interfere. The Assembly, on the other hand, pressed their demands, although Peun's complaisance went so far as to invite them to nominate his Lieutenant, which, however, they modestly declined. While they were debating on a bill to confirm the laws at New Castle, and the majority seemed to be in favor of its passage, the misunderstanding between the representatives of the Province and the Lower Counties was again revived, with more violence than ever, so that several of the members for the Lower Counties left the House. It needed all of Penn's weight of character and earnest interpo- sition to prevent an open ruiDture. He promised to agree to the separation of the two colonies. But then, continued the Proprietary, it must be upon amicable terms, and a good understanding. That they must first resolve to settle the 'laws ; and that, as the interest of the Province and that of those Lower Counties would be inseparably the same, they should both use a conduct consistent with that relation. Matters were adjusted temporarily with the provision for a conditional separation, if they chose it, within the space of three years. The constitution, which had been under consideration for more than eighteen months, was finally adopted on the twenty-eighth of October, six parts in seven of the Assembly having formally surrendered the previous charter granted by Penn. The new charter was as comprehensive on ,the subject of civil and reli- (;0 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. gious liberty as the former ones. Whilst it secured, by general provisions, the most important of human rights, it left minor subjects to be detailed and enforced by the laws. Penn likewise, by letters-patent, under the great seal, established a Council of State, composed of ten members, chiefly Quakers and his intimate friends, of whom four made a quorum, who were empowered " to consult and assist, with the best of their advice, the Proprietary himself or his deputies, in all public affairs and matters relating to the government." And, in his absence, or on the death or incapacity of his deputy, they, or any five of them, were authorized to execute all the Proprietary powers in the administration of the government. The members of the Council were removable at the will of the Governor, who might increase their numbers at pleasure. Andrew Hamilton,* one of the Proprietaries of East Jersey, and formerly Governor of East and West Jersey, having been appointed Deputy Governor, and James Logan Provincial Secretary and Clerk of the Council, William Ponn sailed for England in the ship Dalmahoy, and arrived at Portsmouth about the middle of December. The bill for reducing the Proprietary into regal governments, pending in Parliament, was entirely dropped. King 1702. William died on the 18th of the first month, 1*701-2, and was suc- ceeded by the Princess Anne of Denmark, with whom William Penn was in great favor. Governor Hamilton's administration was very brief, for he died in the month of April, 1703. His chief efibrts had been unsuccessfully directed to the consummation of a union between the Province and territories. Upon his death the government devolved upon the Council, Edward Shippen being President. During this time of dispute, or endeavors for an union between the representa- tives of the Province and territories, not much other public business of impor- tance appears to have been transacted in the affairs of the government. The hitter persisted in an absolute refusal to join with the former, in legislation, till it was finally, in the year 1703, agi'eed and settled between them, that they should compose different and distinct Assemblies, entirely independent of each other, pursuant to the liberty allowed by the clause in the charter for that purpose ; which clause was said to have been there inserted by the particular and special request of the representatives of the territories, with previous full intention of the separation which ensued ; and in this capacity they had ever acted since that time. The Proprietarj^'s choice of a successor to Governor Hamilton fell on Mr. John Evans, a young man of six and twenty years of age, and of Welsh extraction. He was earnestly recommended to Secretary Logan, under whose direction he * Andrew Hamilton was a native of Scotland. Originally a merchant of Edinburgh, he emigrated to America in 1085; was one of tlie Council of Lord Neil Campbell, whom he succeeded as Deputy Governor of New Jersey, in 1686. In 1689, while on a voyage to Eng- land, was made prisoner and detained some time in France. He devised the scheme for the establishment of post-offices in the Colonies, and received the appointment, April 4, 1092, of Deputy Postmaster-General for all the plantations. He wasGovernor of New Jersey from 1692 to 1G98, and again from 1699 to 1701, when he received the appointment of Deputy Governor of Pennsylvania. He died while on a visit to Amboy, April 20, 1703. GENEBAL HISTORY. (jl had promised to place himself. He arrived in the Province in February, and soon after increased the number of the Council, calling to that board, 'with others, William Penn the younger, who had accompanied him to the Province. Pursuant to the instructions of the Proprietary, he earnestly applied himself to re-unite the Province and territories ; and his want of success in this measure produced an unfavorable disposition towards the former, which embittered his whole administration. John Evans* was a young man, uncommonly zealous and active in whatever affected the Proprietary's interests ; deficient neither in wit nor talents, he lacked experience, prudence, and tact ; his private life was, moreover, highly offensive to the steady and quiet ways of the sober and moral Quakers. He early attached himself to the interests of the Lower Counties, and induced their Assembly to pass laws manifestly designed to produce unpleasant effects in the Province. England being then at war with France and Spain, he had been ordered by the Queen to raise an armed force in Pennsylvania, but his efforts 1706. proved unsuccessful. He affected to treat the peaceful of the Quakers with contempt, and, unable to argue them out of their princi- ples, endeavored to gain his object by a stratagem, which comi:)letely failed, and tended to make him odious to the people of Philadelphia, which occurred almost simultaneously with an unwise and unlawful measure, greatly offending the merchants of the Province. He had authorized the Assembly at New Castle to erect a fort near the town, where it could be of little use to the safety of the two Provinces. For the maintenance of this fort, inward bound ships, not owned by residents, were obliged to deliver their half a pound of powder for each ton measurement. The provincialists remonstrated against this abuse in vain. At length Richard Hill, William Fishbourne, and Samuel Preston, three spirited Quakers, resolved to remove the nuisance b}^ a method difterent from any that had yet been attempted. Hill and his companions, on board the Philadelphia, a vessel belonging to the former, dropped down the river and anchored above the fort. Two of them went ashore and informed French, the commander, that their vessel was regularly cleared, demanding to pass uninterruptedly. This being refused. Hill, who had been bred to the sea, stood to the helm and passed the fort with no other injur}^ than a shot through the mainsail. French pursued in an armed boat, was taken alone on board, while his boat, cut from the vessel, fell astern, and was led prisoner to the cabin. Governor Evans, apprized of the matter, followed their vessel by land to New Castle, and after she had passed the fort, pursued her in a boat to Salem, where he boarded her in great anger, and behaved with great intemperance. Lord Cornbury, Governor of New Jersey, who claimed to be vice-admiral of the Delaware, being then at Salem, the priso- ners were taken before him, and having, together with Governor Evans, been severely reprimanded, and giving promise of future good behavior, was dismissed with the jeers of the captors. After this spirited action, the fort no longer impeded the navigation of the Delaware. * John Evans, though of Welsh descent, was born at London in 1678. At the time of his appointment as Deputy Governor of the Province he was an officer of the Queen's house- hold. His administration, from 1704 to 1709 was not a successful one. Of his subsequent career little is known. He returned to England, and died there about 1730. 62 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. Ou the 27th of June, 1707, it is narrated in the Provincial Records, the Gover- nor, in company of several friends and servants, set out on a journey to the Indians, occasioned by a message from the Conestogaand other Indians, 1707. upon the Nanticokes' designed journey to the Five Nations. He visited in turn the following places : Pequehan, on the Pequea, Dekonoagah, on the Susquehanna, about nine miles distant from Pequehan, Conestogoe, and Peix- tang, had friendly intercourse with them, and seized one Nicole, a French Indian trader, against whom heavy complaints had been made. His capture was attended with difficulties, but he was finally secured and mounted upon a horse with his legs tied. From the articles of remonstrance, addressed to the Proprietary by the Assembly, subsequently, it seems that the Governor's conduct among the Indians was not free from censure, it being described as " abominable and unwarrantable." The unhappy misunderstanding between the Governor and his secretary, Logan, on the one hand, and the Assembly on the other, almost paralyzed legis- latiA^e action, and led to the most lamentable exhibition of ill-temper on the part of the latter, which first produced articles of impeachment against Logan, and afterwards, determined to have Evans removed, a remonstrance against both addressed to William Penn. The language of that instrument was intemperate. many of its charges exaggerated, and some unfounded. This remonstrance was not only unjust, but also unwise and inconsiderate, for it tended to produce the very steps which they were desirous to guard against, by provoking the Governor to relinquish a troublesome and ungrateful Province to the crown of England, which had long wished to repossess it. In the beginning of this year, 1709, Governor Evans was removed, and Charles Gookin* appointed his successor. Gookin was an officer in the army, but, in the language of Penn, a man of pure morals, mild temper, and mode- 1709. rate disposition. When he arrived, the Assembly was in session. That body, instead of waiting for the propositions of the Governor, hastened to present to him a statement of grievances, in which they repeated the weightiest of their complaints against his predecessor, and demanded immediate satisfac- tion. In vain Gookin endeavored to convince them that he had no right to sit in judgment over the acts of his predecessor. These beginnings were not px'omis- ing. Lloyd was almost always at the head of the Assembly, and Logan had as much influence on Gookin as on his predecessor. The spirit of discontent which reigned in the Assembly probably originated in the embarrassment of Penn, whose means were now greatly curtailed by his generosity towards his Province and the cause of the Quakers. Already, in 1707, he was involved in a heavy lawsuit with the executors of his former steward, who preferred large claims against him, the injustice of which he could not sufficiently prove, since even the Court of Chancery could not liberate him from imprisonment until he had satisfied the complainants. The income of his European estate was inadequate to pay his other debts, and he had to borrow £6,fi00 sterling, for which he mortgaged his Province. The knowledge of his situation may have prompted * Charles Gookin, a captain in Earle's Royal Regiment, was born in Ireland in 1760. He was well advanced in years on being appointed Provincial Governor, in 1709, an office he held for eight years, although not to the satisfaction of the Assembly. He returned to England, and died in London about 1725. OENEBAL HISTORY. 63 the Assembly to extort more privileges from him, and to limit his prerogative. On the other hand, necessity compelled him to be attentive to the collection of his revenue from the Province, and to increase it as much as possible. This con- duct of the Assembly, however, contributed not a little to disgust him with the whole undertaking. Repeatedly urged to restore the Province to the crown, but long struggling against the abandonment of the brilliant hopes he had cherished to found a religious nation and a model of true freedom, his growing necessities and the constant opposition of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, finally com- pelled him to take that step. Several circumstances which occurred durino- the administration of Gookin contributed to produce this resolution. The Queen required the aid of the Province towards the conquest of Canada, in which the New England colonies assisted her with zeal. Pennsylvania was required to furnish and support 150 men, at an estimated expense of £4,000. The Assembly voted a free gift to the Queen of £800. To this was added the Governor's salary of £200, which, however, they would not allow until he should have passed the bills presented to him, and redressed their grievances, which bore chiefly on the retention of Logan. The latter being about to visit England on the Proprietary's business, at the next sitting of the Assembly demanded a trial, instead of granting which, the Assembly ordered the sheriff to take him into custody; the Governor prevented his arrest by issuing a supersedeas. This put the Assembly quite out of temper and arrested all business, besides the entering on their minutes of a protest against the Governor's illegal and arbitrary measures. Logan went to London, fully justified his conduct, and returned to the Province confirmed in his office, and enjoying more than ever the favor of the Proprietar3^ Penn addressed a touching letter to the Assembly, in which he detailed and described their unjust and illegal pretensions, taxed them with ingratitude, took the part of Logan, and finally informed them that if they should persist in their opposition to his government, he must seriously consider what he should do with regard to his Province, and his determination should be governed by the con- duct of the future Assembly. This letter effected an instantaneous change in the minds of the people. A new Assembly was chosen in 1110. Harmony of action ensued between 1710. it and Governor Gookin. They completed by their laws the organiza- tion of the courts of justice, and voted to the Queen the sum of £2,000, although they were well informed of her determination to go to war with France. The expedition to Canada, says Gordon, proved most disastrous. Colonel Nicholson, under whom served Colonels Schuyler, Whiting, and Ingoldsb}'', mus- tered at Albany two thousand colonists, one thousand Germans from the Pala- tinate, and one thousand of the Five Nation Indians, who commenced their march towards Canada on the twenty-eighth of August. The troops from Boston, composed of seven veteran regiments, of the Duke of Marl- 1712. borough's army, one battallion of marines, and two provincial regi- ments, amounting to six thousand foxir hundred men, sailed on board of sixty-eight vessels, the 30th of July, and arrived off the St. Lawrence on the 14th of August. In ascending the river, the fleet, by the unskilfullness of the pilots, or the obstinancy and distrust of the Admiral, was entangled amid 64 SIS TORY OF PENNS YL VAN^IA. rocks and islands on the northern shore, and ran imminent hazard of total destruction. Several transports, and near a thousand men, perished. Upon this disaster the remainder bore away for Cape Breton, and the expedition, by the advice of a council of naval and military officers, was abandoned, on the ground of the want of provisions, and the impossibility of procuring a seasonable supply. The Admiral sailed directl}^ for England, and the colonists returned to Boston, whilst Colonel Nicholson, thus deserted, was compelled to retreat from Fort George. Want of skill, fortitude, and perseverance were eminently conspicu- ous in the British commanders of this enterprise. In 1712, William Penn entered into an agreement with Queen Anne to cede to her the Province of Pennsylvania and the Lower Counties, for the sum of £12,000 sterling. But before the legal forms were completed, an apo- 1714. plectic stroke prostrated his vigorous mind and reduced him to the feebleness of infancy. The Queen died on the first of August, 1714, and was succeeded by George the First. Two 3'^ears subsequent. Governor Gookin arra3^ed against himself all the Quaker interest in the Province, in consequence of construing a provision in the statute of 7 and 8 William III., "that no Quaker, by virtue thereof, could be qualified or permitted to give evidence in any criminal case, or serve 1716. on juries, or hold an}' place or office of profit in the government." This act had been made perpetual in Great Britain, and was extended to the colonies for five years b}' an act of Parliament of 1 George I. In the opinion of Gookin, the extension of this act to the Provinces repealed the provincial law, and disqualified the Quakers from giving testimony in criminal cases, from sitting on juries, and from holding any office. Notwithstanding the desertion of his Council, and the remonstrances of the Assemblj^, Gookin tenaciousl}^ adhered to his construction of the statute. His good genius had now entirely abandoned him, for he now charged Richard Hill, Speaker of the Assembly, Isaac Norris, and James Logan, with disloyalty to the King and devotion to the Pretender. These allegations were utterlj"^ unfounded, and the Assembly, whither the parties charged had carried their complaint, com- pletel}' exonerated them. Expostulation with Gookin having proved 1717. vain, his Council unanimousl}^ joined in an address to William Penn, pra^'ing his recall. He met the Assembly for the last time in March, 1717, and extorted from their compassion the sum of £200, a valedictory donation. Sir William Keith,* on the first of Maj^, 1717, superseded Governor Gookin, * Sir Wii,l.iam: Keith, son of a Scottish baronet of the same name, was born in the North of Scotland about 1609. He long held a position under the ro3'al government, and was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Pennsylvani i in 1717. One of the most successful of the Proprietary executives, on being supprseded in 1726, he was imme- diately thereafter chosen to the Assembly. His course, however, in creating dissensions between the legislative and executive branches of the government, served to alienate his friends. He died in obscurity, in London, November 17, 1749. Lady Ann Keith had deceased in Philadelphia, July 31, 1740, at the age of sixty-five, and lies entombed at Christ Church graveyard. Governor Kfith published a "History of the British Plantations in America, Part I.," containing the History of Virginia, 1738; and "Collections of Papers and Tracts, " 1749. GENERAL HISTORY. 65 SIR WILLIAM KEITH. having held for some time the office of the King's surveyor of the customs for the Southern Provinces, and on his occasional visits to Philadelphia manifested much interest in the political dis- cussions of the Province, and acquired the good will of Logan, Norris, and other prominent inhabitants. He was strongly recommended for the position of Lieutenant-Governor by the Pro- vincial Council and chief inhabitants, by their friends in London, by William Penn, Jr., Mr. Logan, and others. Keith was the first Gover- nor who ventured to espouse the side of the popular party and to support its interests with the Proprietary and the Crown, on disputed subjects. He arrived at Philadelphia on the 31st of Ma}^, and convened an Assembly on the 1 9th of June. Having thoroughly studied the errors of his predecessors, he sought to benefit by their experience. Governor Keith displayed the polic}^ he meant to pursue in his first address to the Assembly. The Assembly testified their satisfaction with his address, and his kind and conciliatory manners, by an immediate grant of five hundred and fifty pounds, payable from the first moneys received in the treasur}', which they replenished by an additional bill of supply. In return, Keith framed an address to the Throne on the interesting subject of affirmation, which had the good for- tune to please the House in all respects, save that the plural number was used instead of the singular. On the 30th day of July, lYlS, William Penn died at Rushcombe, near Twyfonl, in Buckinghamshire, England, aged sevent3'-four. As the 1718. honorable Proprietary and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania,, his loss was a severe one to the Province. He discovered and adored the great truths, that happiness of society is the true object of civil power, and that freedom exists only '•''where the laws rule, and the people are parties to the /aios." On these foundations, says Gordon, was his Province erected. His merit will be the more justly appreciated by adverting to the state of the American colonies planted antecedently to the year 1680. These were Massa- chusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina. The New England colonies sprang from the natural and selfish desires of their founders to withdraw themselves from power and oppression. Religious toleration and civil liberty were not appreciated by them as rights essential to the happiness of the human race. The rights of conscience the Puritans of those Provinces demanded, were such as protected themselves from the gibbet and lash, which they applied to force the consciences of others. Their civil rights they regarded as exclusive property, acquired by purchase, the evidence of which was in their charter. Whilst Penn was ofi"ering to the world a communion of religious and civil freedom, the saints, of Massachusetts excluded from the benefits of their government all who were not members of their church, and piously flagellated or hanged those who were E 66 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. not convinced of its infallibility. Roger Williams, proscribed and expelled for his own opinions, was the first to teach that the civil magistrate might not interfere in religious matters, and that to punish men for opinion was persecu- tion. New York, without a charter or an Assembly, was subject to the caprice of its governors, in civil as in ecclesiastical matters. New Jersey had a free, a liberal, but an impracticable constitution. The attempt to establish in that Province the basis of a free government, though unsuccessful, and throwing the administration into the hands of the Crown, was not useless. The people wore introduced to the knowledge of sound political principles, which were never altogether abandoned. Maryland, possessing the most liberal and the best digested constitution that had emanated from a British monarch, and the most independent of the ro^'^al power, had been involved in civil war and religious persecutions during the Revolution, and was then reduced to order and good government, by the resumption of executive power by the Calverts. But the Roman Catholic faith of its governors and principal inhabitants rendered its polic}^ suspected by Protestants. Carolina was the subject of a most fanciful experiment of the renowned Locke, who framed for it an aristocratical constitu- tion, totally inconsistent with the light of the age in which he lived ; establishing an hereditary nobility, with lai'ge and unalienable landed estates, and the Church of England as the religion of the State. Penn wisely modelled the royal charter for his Province as closel}' as possible upon the Maryland grant ; and, though at the first institution of the government, he was doubtful of the propriety of giving the Assembly the power to originate laws, experience soon taught him the wisdom of this measure. His government secui-ed the blessings of propert}^ and personal freedom alike to Christian and to infidel; placed all persons on an equality before the laws, and admitted Christians of ever}' denomination to a full participation of political rights. The experience of almost two hundred years, during which political science has been widely extended, has added nothing essential to human happiness which his S3'stem had not provided ; unless it be found in those constitutions which make no discrimination in the religious faith of the citizens. PENN S BOOK PLATE. CHAPTER lY. PROPRIETARY RULE. ADMINISTRATIONS OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR KEITH, GORDON, LOGAN, THOMAS, PALMER, AND HAMILTON. 1718-1754. p"ECUNIAIlILY involved at his death, the Province was encumbered by the Proprietary's mortgage of 1708 and his contract with the Grown for the sale of the government. His will, dated 1712, was made ante- cedently to, but in contemplation of, this contract. He provided for the issue of his first marriage b}^ the devise of his English and Irish estates ; which, producing fifteen hundred pounds sterling per annum, were estimated of greater value than his American possessions. From the latter he made provision for the payment of his debts, and for his widow and her children. The govern- ment of the Province and territories he devised to the Earls of Oxford, Morti- mer, and Pawlet, in trust, to sell to the Queen, or any other person. His estate in the soil he devised to other trustees, in trust, to sell so much as should be necessary for the payment of his debts ; to assign to liis daughter Letitia, and the three children of his son William, ten thousand acres each, and to convey tlie remainder, at the discretion of his widow, to her children, subject to an annuity to herself of three hundred pounds sterling per annum. He appointed her sole executrix and legatee of his personal estate. Three questions arose on his devise of the government: 1, Whether it was valid against the heir-at-law, who claimed by descent? 2, Whether the object of the trust had not been already effected, by the contract of the Proprietary with the Queen ? 3, Whether, by consequence, his interest was not converted into personality ? In which case it passed in absolute property to the widow. From their doubts on these points, the trustees refused to act, unless imder a decree of the Court of Chancery, whose interposition was also required by the commis- sioners of the treasury, before payment of the balance due on the purchase, to the executrix. A suit in this court was accordingly instituted, which Icept the family property in a state of great uncertainty for many j'ears ; during which Mrs. Penn, as executrix and trustee, assumed the superintendence of provincial affairs. In the year 1727, the family disputes, the Proprietary's will having been established in the Exchequer, were compromised ; and the crown lawyers and ministry concurring in opinion, that the Proprietary's agreement was void, from liis inability to make a proper surrender of the government, it devolved, on tlie death of William Penn the younger, and his son Springett, to John, Thomas, and Richard Penn. The almost unbounded confidence of the Province in Keith enabled him, m 1720, to establish two measures hitherto repugnant to the Assembly, an 1720. equity court, dependent on the Governor's will, of which he was chan- cellor, and a militia organized by like authority. The great influx of foreigners alarmed the Assembly, who dreaded their settle- 67 r,8 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. ment o:i the frontier. Attempts to naturalize them were treated with coklness. Even the Germans, whose industry and utility were proverbial, could not remove the prevailing jealousy. Many Palatines, long resident in the Province, applied for naturalization in 1721, but not until 1724 was leave granted to bring in a bill, provided they should individually obtain from a justice of the peace a certificate of the value of their property and nature of their religious faith. A bill to that effect, presented to the Governor in the following jear, was forthwith returned by him on the ground that in a country where English liberty and law prevailed, a scrutiny into the private conversation and faith of the citizens, and particularl}'^ into their estates, was unjust and dangerous in precedent. The Hoiise yielded to the force of his reasons, and did not insist upon their bill, but it was not until some time afterwards that the privileges of subjects were granted to the Palatines. Indeed, the timidity of the Assembly induced them to check the importation of foreigners by a duty on all coming to reside in the Province. A disagreement relating to hunting-grounds, between the Southern and Penn- sylvania Indians, threatened to disturb the peace of the Province. To avert this, says Proud, Keith paid a visit to the Governor of Virginia, with 1721. whom he framed a convention, confining the Indians on the north and south of the Potomac to their respective sides of that river; which the Pennsylvania and FIac Nation Indians, at a general conference, held at Cones- toga, on the 6th of July, 1721, fully ratified. This visit was made with much state. Keith was attended by a suit of seventy horsemen, many of them well armed, and was welcomed on his return, at the upper ferry on the Schuylkill, by the mayor and aldermen of Philadelphia, accompanied by two hundred of the most respectable citizens. The Governor of Maryland proposed at this time to make surve^-s on the Susquehanna, within the bounds claimed by Pennsylvania, and within the present county of York. Keith resolved to resist this attempt by force, and ordered out a militia company from New Castle. His Council, however, dis- couraged every resort to violence, even should the Marylanders employ force to effect their object. The Indians became alarmed at the proposed encroachment from Maryland, and after much hesitation, consented to convey to Keith, that he might have a better title to resist the Marylanders, a large tract of land for the use of Springett Penn, the grandson of William Penn, afterwards known by the name of Springettsbury Manor. The fears of the Province were soon after again awakened by a quarrel between two brothers named Cartlidge and an Indian near Conestoga, in which the latter was killed, with many circumstances of cruelty. The known princi- ples of revenge professed by the Indians gave reason to apprehend severe retaliation. Policy an 1 justice required a rigid inquiry, and the infliction of exemplary punishment on the murderers. The Assembly commanded a coro- ner's inquest to be holden on the body, though two months buried in the interior of the country, and the arrest of the accused. Messengers were dispatclied to the Five Nations to deprecate hostilities, and, to prevent further irregularities, the prohibition of the sale of spirituous liquors to the Indians was re-enacted, with additional penalties. The Indians invited Keith to meet them, with the Governors of Virginia, New York, and the New England Colonies, in OENEBAL HISTORY. 69 council at Albany, where, with great magnanimity, ih.Qj pardoned the offence of the Cartlidges, and requested they might be discharged without further punish- ment. The address of the King merits a place here : " The great King of the Five Nations," said the reporter, " is sorry for the death of the Indian that was killed, for he was of his own flesh and blood ; he believes the Governor is also sorry; but, now that it is done, there is no help for it, and he desires that Cartlidge may not be put to death, nor that he should be spared for a time and afterwards executed ; one life is enough to be lost ; there should not two die. The King's heart is good to the Governor, and all the English." The Governor was attended on his journey to Albany by Messrs. Hill, Norris, and Hamilton, of his Council. A part of the emigration to the colonies was composed of servants, who were of two classes. The first and larger, poor and oppressed in the land of their nativity, sometimes the victims of political changes or religious intolerance, submitted to a temporary servitude, as the price of freedom, plenty, and peace. The second, vagrants and felons, the dregs of the British populace, were cast by the mother country upon her colonies, with the most selfish disregard of the feelings she outraged. From this moral pestilence the first settler shrunk with horror. In 1682 the Pennsylvania Council proposed to prohibit the introduc- tion of convicts, but the evil was then prospective to them only, and no law was enacted. But an act was now passed, which, though not prohibitory in terms, was such in effect. A duty of five pounds was imposed upon every convicted felon brought into the Province, and the importer was required to give surety for the good behavior of the convict for one year ; and to render these pro- visions effectual, the owner or master was bound, under a penalty of twenty pounds, to render, on oath or affirmation, within twenty-four hours after the arrival of the vessel, an account to the collector of the names of the servants and passengers. But such account was not required when bond was given con- ditioned for the re-exportation of such servants within six months. In the year 1122, owing to various circumstances, but chiefly by a deficiency in the circulating medium, commercial embarrassments ensued. 1722. Governor Keith proposed to overcome this difficulty by the intro- duction of paper money. The Assembly proceeded, with the utmost caution and circumspection, in this important affair, for, with full knowledge of the examples and mistakes of the other colonies, they felt it chiefly incumbent upon them to prevent the depreciation of their bills, "which nothing could so much effect as an over-quantity, defect of solid security, and of proper provisions to recall and cancel them," so in this, their first experiment of the kind, they only issued £15,000 on such terms as appeared most likely to be effectual to keep up their credit, and gradually to reduce and sink them. For which purpose the act, among several others, was passed by the Governor on the second of March following. But from the advantage which was 1723. soon experienced by this emission, together with the insuflflciency of the sum, the government was induced, in the latter end of the same year, to emit £30,000 more on the same terms. Governor Keith, in espousing the popular cause, secured the approbation and confidence of the Assembly, but unfortunately incurred the displeasure of the 7 HIS TOR Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. Proprietary party and its leader, James Logan. Complications arose, which eventuated in the triumph of the latter and the deposition of the former, who was decidedly the best of the Proprietary deputies. "Differing," wrote Franklin, " from the great body of the people whom he governed, in religion and manners, he acquired their esteem and confidence. If he sought popularity, he promoted the public happiness ; and his courage in resisting the demands of the family may be ascribed to a higher motive tlian private interest. The conduct of the Assembly towards him was neither honorable nor politic ; for his sins against his principals were virtues to the people, with whom he was deservedly a favor- ite ; and the House should have given him such substantial marks of their gratitude as would have tempted his successors to walk in his steps. But fear of further offence to the Proprietary family, the influence of Logan, and a quarrel between the Governor and Lloyd, turned their attention from him to his successor." After his removal. Sir William Keith resided some time in the Province, and was elected to the Assembly. He shortly afterwards returned to England, where he died. Patrick Gordon* was appointed successor of Governor Keith by the family, and formally proposed to the Crown, by 1726. Springett Penn, their heir-at-law. He seems to have first met the Assembly in the beginning of the 6th month, 1726, though he arrived in the Province, with his family, some time before. The increase of foreigners, particularly of Germans, from the Palatinate, again produced serious apprehensions in the Province, even the mother country fearing that Penns3'lvania was about to become a colony of aliens. Under instructions from the ministry, the Assembl}'- passed "an impolitic act," imposing a duty of forty shillings per head on all foreigners. The PATRICK GORDON. ... . . , « , r, rapid immigration, however, of the Scotch- Irish, changed the course of the Quaker opposition to the Swiss 1727. and Germans, for the interests and dispositions of the former being ever antagonistic to the Friends, the " foreigners " were more cajoled, and the odious law repealed. By this stroke of policy the Quakers retained their supremacy in the legislative councils of the Province far longer, for we have it on the authority of Mr. Sypher, that prior to 1727 over fifty thousand persons, mostly Germans, had found new homes in Pennsylvania. In May, 1729, the county of Lancaster was set off from that of Chester. It was the first move towards that rapid division of the Province, which, 1729. in the present days of the Commonwealth, comprises sixty-six counties. Although the population of the new county was nearly as great as * Patrick Gordon, born in England in 1664, was bred to arms, and served from his youth to near the close of Queen Anne's reign, with a high reputation. He was Lieutenant- Governor under the Proprietaries, from 1726 to 1736. He died at Philadelphia, August 5, 1736. He published " Two Indian Treaties at Conestogoe," 1728. GENERAL HIlSTOliY. 71 Bucks or Chester, it was allowed one-half the number of representatives in the Assembly. During this year the old State House, or Independence Hall, was commenced, although not completed before 1734. THE OLD PROVINCIAL STATK HOUSE. The enterprising public spirit of Benjamin Franklin, says Sherman Day, now began to display itself, by founding one of those monuments which will perpetu- ate his memory long after the plain marble slab that covers his grave shall have decayed. The promotion of literature had been little attended to in Pcnnsjd- vaiiia. . Most of the inhabitants were too much immersed in business to 1731. think of scientific pursuits ; and those few whose inclinations led them to study, found it difficult to gratify them, for the want of libraries sufficiently large. The establishment of a public library was an important event. This was first set on foot by Franklin, about the year 1731. Fifty per- sons subscribed forty shillings each, and agreed to pay ten shillings annually.' The number increased, and in 1742 the company was incorporated by the name of the Library Company of Philadelphia. The Penn family distinguished them- selves by donations to it. In 1732 Thomas Penn, and in 1734 John Penn, his elder brother, both Pro- prietaries, arrived in the Province, and received from the colonists and 1732. the Assembl}' those marks of respect due to their station, and to the sons of the illustrious founder. John Penn returned to England in 1735, to oppose the pretensions of Lord Baltimore; but Thomas Penn remained for some years in the Province, spending his time much after tlic manner of an English country gentleman. He was cold and distant in his intercourse with society, and consequently unpopular. On his departure for Europe, in 1741, the Assembly presented him with an affectionate address, for which he returned them his warmest thanks. This year, 1733, the Provincial government first became apprehensive of the designs of the French in the western country, by establishing trading 1733. posts on the head waters of the Allegheny and Ohio, claiming, by virtue of some ti'eaty, all the lands lying on those rivers. With a view to frustrate their designs, which obviously tended to alienate the Indians from the 72 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YLVANIA. English, James Logan proposed that a treaty should be holden with the Shaw anese and other tribes, and that they should be invited to remove nearer the English settlements. According to his suggestion a treaty was held at Phila- delphia with the Six Nations, who confirmed the designs of the French, and promised perpetual friendship with the English. In the minutes of the Provincial Council we find the following record of vio- lent transactions on the Maryland frontier west of the Susquehanna: " At a council, held at Philadelphia, May, 14, 1734, the Proprietary (Thomas Penn) informed the Board of some very unneighborly proceedings of 1734. the Province of Maryland in not only harassing some of the inhabitants of this Province who live on the borders, but likewise in extending their claims much farther than had ever heretofore been pretended to by Mary- land, and carrying off several persons and imprisoning them ; that some time since they carried off John Hendricks and Joshua Minshall from their settle- ments on Susquehanna, and still detain them in the Goal of Annapolis ; that of late two others have been taken from the borders of New Castle County, and carried likewise to Annapolis ; that as these men will probably be brought to a trial at the ensuing Provincial Court of Maryland, he had spoke to Andrew Hamilton, Esq., to appear for them, but as these violent proceedings tend manifestly to the breach of his Majesty's peace, and rendering all the borderers insecure, both in their persons and estates, he was now to advise with the Council on such measures as are most fit to be proposed, for maintaining peace between his Majesty's subjects of both Provinces. " Then was read a letter from the Lieutenant-Governor of Maryland to the Lieutenant-Governor of this Province, dated the 24th of February last, with an answer of the latter thereto, dated the 8th of March following, on which some observations being made, the Proprietor said that he intended to make use of the opportunity of Mr. Hamilton's going to Annapolis, to press the Lieutenant- Governor of Maryland to enter into such measures as should be most advisable, for preventing such irregular proceedings for the future, and as he designed that his secretary, Mr. Georges, should accompany Mr. Hamilton, he had drawn up instructions for them, which being laid before the Board, were read, as was likewise a draught of a letter from the Lieutenant-Governor of this Province to the Lieutenant-Governor of Maryland. On consideration thereof had, the Board are of opinion that the proposed measures are absolutely necessary at this time, for securing the peace of his Majesty's subjects, and the said instruc- tions, together with the foregoing draught, being approved and ordered to be en- tered on the Records of Council, the Governor is desired to grant such creden- tials to the persons entrusted with the negotiations, as may show them fully autho- rized by tliis government for the purposes in the said instructions contained." Messrs. Hamilton and Georges, the persons named in the preceding i>ara- graph, having been appointed commissioners for the Proprietaries to execute certain articles of agreement concluded between the said Proprietaries and Lord Baltimore, bearing date May 10, 1732, for the running, marking, and laying out the lines, limits, and boundaries between the two Provinces, visited Anna- polis, and on their return presented the report of their negotiations, which was far from satisfactory. Thereupon, in consequence of a representation addressed GENERAL HISTOBY. 73 to him by the Assembly, the Governor, under date August 19th, 1734, wrote to the justices of the counties of Chester, Lancaster, and of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, on Delaware, as follows : " You are not, I believe, insensible how much the whole country has been disappointed in the just hopes which had been entertained of seeing a final period put to those long depending disputes between this government and that of Maryland, touching their respective boundaries, hy the execution of the solemn agreement concluded between the Proprietaries of each. It is, however, no small satisfaction to me, that I can now acquaint you that this agreement, with the proceedings of the commis- sioners thereon, having been laid before his Majesty^ attorney and solicitor general, we have had the pleasure of lately receiving their opinion, that the agreement still remains valid and binding on both Proprietaries, although their commissioners, by reason of difference in sentiments, have not carried it into execution. Now, as the northern bounds, formerly set by the Lord Baltimore to himself, diflfer not much from those lately agreed upon, I know not how we can judge better or with more certainty, of any bounds by which we can limit our present jurisdiction, than near the place where it is known thej"^ will fall when the lines shall be actually run. " In the meantime, that a stop may be put to any further insults on the people of this government, and encroachments on lands within the bounds of the same, I am again to renew to you those pressing instances I have repeatedly made, that agreeable to the duty of your stations, you exert your utmost endeavors for preserving peace throughout your county, and protecting all the inhabitants in their just and right possessions, in the legal and necessary defence of which every person ought to be encouraged to appear with boldness, and to be assured of receiving all the countenance that lawful authority can give. And as the late disturbances have been in a great measure owing to the unjust attempts of those who, pretending right to, or claiming disputed lands, under that pretence, have come many miles into this Province, and with force pos- sessed themselves of lands for which they can have no lawful grant from any other persons but our Honorable Proprietors only, and have likewise committed very great violences upon sundry of our inhabitants, you are to give strict orders for apprehending and securing all such who have been principals or accessories therein, as well as those who hereafter shall presume to offer any injury to the persons or professions of his Majesty's pe iceable subjects, or encroach on any lands within the known and reputed limits of your county, that they may be brought to condign punishment. But as in the year 1724, it was agreed 'that for avoiding all manner of contention or difference between the inhabitants of ^»he two Provinces, no person or persons should be disturbed or molested in their possessions they then held on either side,' you are desired still to have a par- ticular regard to those entitled to the benefit of that agreement, while they behave themselves peaceably. "And to the end that these directions be punctually observed and complied with, you are to order the sheriff of the county, with his oflScers, frequently to visit your borders, and those parts where either late disturbances have happened, or anything to the prejudice of the people is 11 : to be attempted, giving all needful assistance wherever it may be requisite. I should likewise promise my- 74 HISTOB T OF PENNS YL VANIA . self much good from some of your number making a progress through these parts, when your conveniency would admit, or any exigency may require it, depending on your prudence that whatever measures you shall take for the defence of the inhabitants, and for seizing and securing, offenders, will be such as that we may be at no loss whenever called upon to justify them." The intercourse with the Indians at this period continued to be of an amicablo nature, notwithstanding occasional disturbances, almost uniformly caused by the too liberal distribution of rum. A specimen of the kindliness with which the chil- dren of the foi'est turned to the white man is furnished in the following extract from a speech of Hetaquantagechty : " That he comes hither from the Six Nations, on business relating to the last Treaty held between them and this Government; that on his road hither he heard the melancholy news of the Governor's loss, by the death of his spouse ; that he once resolved to turn back lest the Governor's affliction should prevent him f^-om attending to business, but thinking it better to proceed forward, he is pleased to find the Governor present with them ; that he takes part in his grief, and if he had a handkerchief good and fine enough to present to the Governor, he would give it to wipe away his tears ;" then presenting some strings of wampum to the Governor, he desired that the Governor would " lay aside his grief and turn his thoughts to business, as he had done before." B}-^ the death of Springett Penn and Mrs. Hannah Penn, the Assem- 1735. bly conceived that Governor Gordon's authority was determined, and accordingly refused to act upon a message which he had sent them, and adjourned themselves to the last day of their term. But a new commission, signed by John, Thomas, and Richard Penn, in whom the government was now vested, was received in October. In the approbation given to this appointment by the King there is an express reservation of the right of the Crown to the government of the Lower Counties on the Delaware. In August, 1736, Governor Gordon died. " His administration," 1736. says Gordon, " was in all respects a happy one. No circumstance oc- curred requiring him to weigh in opposite scales his duty to the people and to the Proprietaries. The unanimity of the Assembly, the Council, and the Governor, gave an uninterrupted course to the prosperity of the Province. The wisdom which guided her counsels was strongly portrayed in her internal peace, increased population, improved morals, and thriving commerce." On the 19th of September, 1737, the famous "Indian Walk" was 1737. performed by Edward Marshall, an account of which is given in the sketch of Bucks county. This walk, according to Charles Thomson, was the cause of jealousies and heart-burnings among the Indians, which eventu- ally broke out in loud complaints of injustice and atrocious acts of savage ven- geance. The very first murder committed by them after this transaction was on the very land they believed themselves cheated out of. The Indians always contended, says Mr. Buck, that the walk should be up the river by the nearest . path, as was done in the first day and a half's walk by William Penn, and not by the compass across the country, as was done in this instance. On the death of Governor Gordon, the administration of the govern. 1738. ment devolved on the Council, of which James Logan was president, which he held until August, 1738, when George Thomas, a planter of GENERAL HISTOBY. 75 Antigua, was appointed by the Proprietaries.* Difficulties still ensuing between the people of Maryland and of Pennsylvania, consequent on the unsettled state of the boundary, Governor Thomas at once gave his attention to the question of jurisdiction over the disputed territory. It was mutually agreed, therefore, •' that the respective Proprietaries should hold and exercise jurisdiction over the lands occupied by themselves and tenants at the date of the agreement, though such lands were beyond the limits thereinafter prescribed, until the final settle- ment of the boundary lines, and that the tenants of the one should not interfere with the other." The Proprietary land office having been closed from 1718 to the year 1732, during the minorities of Richard and Thomas Penn, emigrants seated themselves without title on such vacant lands as they found convenient. The number of settlers of this kind entitled them to great consideration. Their rights accruino- by priority of settlement, were recognized by the public, and passed, with their improvements, through many hands, in confidence that they would receive the Proprietary sanction. Much agitation was produced when the Provincial pro- clamation required all who had not obtained and paid for warrants, to pay to the receiver-general, within four months, the sums due for their lands, under penalty of ejectment. As a consequence, great difficulties arose ; the Assembly souo-ht to compromise the matter, payment of the purchase money being postponed for several years longer. On the 23d of October, 1739, war was declared between Great Britain and Spain. Prior to this. Governor Thomas endeavored to stimulate his peo- 1739. pie to active measures of defence. To the solicitations of the Governor the Assembly " pleaded their charter and their consciences." Unfortu- nately, he run a tilt with the religious opinions of a people who measured their merit by the extent of suffering for conscience sake. The communications which passed between the Governor and the Assembly show neither a forbearing spirit on one side, nor an even-tempered one on the other. At length the demand of the home government for troops compelled the Executive to raise by his own exertions the number of men required. Four hundred men was the entire quota, and these were raised in the space of three months, many of the recruits, how- ever, being bond-servants, willing to exchange their service and freedom dues, for nominal liberty and soldier's pay. The year 1740 is remarkable in the annals of Pennsylvania, by the labors of the renowned Whitfield. He landed at Lewes, early in November, 1739, 1740. and came thence to Philadelphia. His arri\^l, says Gordon, disturbed the religious harmony which had prevailed for so many years. He drew to himself many followers from all denominations, who, influenced by the energy of his manner, the thunder of his voice, and his flowing eloquence, were ready to subscribe his unnatural and incomprehensible faith. Especially in the Scotch-Irish sections of the Province, between the Delaware and the Susquehanna, * Sir George Thomas, the son of a wealthy planter, was born at Antigua, abont 1700. He was a member of the Council of that island at the time of his appointment of Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania, a position he held from 1738 to 1747. From 1752 to 1766, he was governor of the Leeward and Carribee Islands. In 1766, he was created a baronet. He died in London, January 11, 1775, 7 6 HIS TOli ¥ OF PENNS YL VANIA. were the numbers of his hearers immense. At Fagg's Manor, it is stated that twelve thousand people were congregated at one time to listen to this great revi- valist of the eighteenth century. For a while, no one opposed the wild extrava- gance of Whitfield and his converts, until at the location named, the Rev. John Roan boldly stood up and controverted the doctrines of the enthusiasts. In March, 1744, hostilities were openly declared between France and Great Britain. The peaceful era of Pennsylvania was now at an end, and 1744. the dark cloud of savage warfare began to gather on the western frontier. The lands acquired by the Indian walk, and by purchasing the Shawanese lands without their consent, were now to be paid for by the blood of the colonists. The Delawares refused to leave the Forks of Delaware. The Six Nations were called on to order them off, which they did, in the overbearing tone of conquerors and masters. They retired to Wyoming, with Jihe repeated wrongs rankling in their breasts. Benjamin Franklin now became prominent as a public man, and published His " Plain Truth," to endeavor to conciliate the Executive and Assembly, and awaken them both to the importance of military preparations. He was appointed a colonel, but declined ; he preferred to wield the pen. James Logan,* too, who justified defen- sive war, assisted the cause with his means. A battery was erected below the city of Philadelphia, from funds raised by lottery, in which many of the Quakers were adventurers. " These military preparations were necessary to intimidate a foreign enemy, and to curb the hostile disposition of the Indians. On the eve of a war with France, the alienation of the natives was greatly to be dreaded. Governor x.».r, T. ..T Thomas dispatched a messenger to Conrad JAMES LO(}AN. * " Weiser, the Provincial interpreter, directing him to proceed to Shamokin, to renew the assurances of friendship, and to pro- pose his mediation between the Indians and the government of Virginia, occasioned by an unpleasant rencontre between some Onondagas and Oneidas with the English, while on an excursion against the Tallapoosas, resident in * James Looan was born at Lurgan, Ireland, October 20, 1674, of Scottish parentage. A t the age of thirteen he had acquired Latin, Greelv, and some Hebrew, and afterwards mas- tered mathematics, and the French, Spanish, and Italian languages. While engaged in trade between Dublin and Bristol, William Penn made proposals to him to accompany him to America as his secretary, which he accepted, and landed at Pljiladelphia in December, 1699. By Penn he was invested with many important trusts, which he discharged witlil fidelity. Although he never received the appointment of governor of the Province, on several occasions he assumed the executive functions. He tilled the offices of provincial secretary, commissioner of propert}', and chief Justice. He was t le warm friend of the Indians, possessed uncommon abilities, great wisdom, and moderation. He died at his country seat, near Philadelphia, October 31, 1751. He was the author of " Experimentfe Meletematse Plantarum Generatione," 1739 ; of two other Latin treatises of a scientific char- acter, published in Holland; of an English translation of Cicero's " De Souectute," 1741; and of Cato's " Distichs," besides a variety of papers on ethics. GENERAL HISTOBY. 77 that colony. Happily this attention induced them to hold a treaty the ensuing spring, and to refrain from hostility in the meantime. A conference was held with the Deputies of the Six Nations at Lancaster, commencing on the 22d of June, 1744, and ending on the 4th of Jul 3' following, which was attended by Governor Thomas in person, and by the Commissioners of Virginia and Maryland. All matters of dispute were satisfactorily settled, and the Iroquois engaged to prevent the French and their Indian allies from marching through their country to attack the English settlements. This conference, however, did not remove causes of future disquiet. These lay in the encroachments of the settlers and in the conduct of the traders. The attempt of Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, to enlist the other colonies in a design for attacking the French settlements at Cape Breton, found no favor in Pennsylvania, the Assembly refusing assistance, upon the specious plea that they had not been consulted. The plan, however, having been approved by the British Ministry, directions were sent to the Provincial authorities to furnish men, provisions, and shipping for the expedition. The Assembly acting upon the matter, resolved to grant the sum of four thousand pounds to be expended in the purchase of bread, beef, pork, flour, wheat, or other grain. The enterprise against Louisburg terminated honorably for those who had projected and executed it. The Shawanese Indians on the Ohio, who had long shown s3^mptoms of disaffection to the English, and subserviency to the French cause, now 1745. openly assumed a hostile character. The policy of the French had been long directed to seduce all the Indian tribes from the English interest, and their efforts at this juncture upon the Six Nations produced great alarm in Pennsylvania. Commissioners were dispatched to a convention at Albany, held in October, 1745, by the Governor of New York, and commis- sioners from the Province of Pennsylvania and Colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut, with the Indians of the Six Nations, to induce the latter, if possible, to take up the hatchet against the French and become parties in the war. The Six Nations showed no disposition to enter the contest, and the result of the conference was far from satisfactory. In May, 1746, instructions were forwarded to the Provincial Government to raise forces to attempt the conquest of Canada. Governor Thomas 1746. forthwith summoned the Assembly, who, after considerable delay, voted five thousand pounds. The Governor raised four companies of over one hundred men each, commanded by Captains William Trent, John Shannon, Samuel Perry, and John Deimer, which were forwarded at once to Albany. Though the attempt on Canada was abandoned, the troops were retained nearly eighteen months on the Hudson River, with the view of over-awing the Indians. On the 5th of May, 1747, the Governor communicated to the 1747. Assembly the death of John Penn, one of the Proprietaries, and his own resolution, on account of ill-health, to resign the government. On the departure of Governor Thomas, the executive administration devolved on the Council, of which Anthony Palmer was president, until the 1749. arrival of James Hamilton, son of Andrew Hamilton, former Speaker of the Assembly, as Lieutenant-Governor, November 23, 1749. 78 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The cereal crops were very abundant in 1751 and 1752. An extract, translated from the German in the Chron. Ephrat., 190, is quite a curiosity: "The years 1751 and 1752 have been so fruitful in wheat and other grain, that men in wanton carelessness sought to waste the supply ; for the precious wheat, which might have supported many poor, they used to fatten hogs, which afterwards they consumed in their sumptuousness. Besides, distilleries were erected everywhere, and thus this great blessing was turned into strong drink, which gave rise to much disorder." These years of plenty were followed by a season of scarceness, covering the years 1753-1755, and on the heels of it came Indian hostilities. The progress of the white population, says Gordon, towards the west continued to alarm and irritate the Indians. The new settlers, impatient of the delays of the land office, or unable or unwilling to pay for their lands, or in search of richer soils, sought homes in districts to which the Indian title had not been extinguished. Especially was this the case with the Scotch-Irish, who seated themselves on the west of the Susquehanna, on the Juniata and its tributary streams, in the Tuscarora Valley, in the Great and Little Coves formed by the Kittatinny and the Tuscarora hills, and at the Big and Little Connolloways. Some of these settlements were commenced prior to 1740, and rapidly increased, in despite of the complaints of tlie Indians, the laws of the Province, or the proclamations of the Governor. An alarming crisis was at hand. The French, now hovering around the great lakes, sedulously applied themselves to seduce the Indians from their alleo'iance to the English. The Shawanese had already joined them ; the Dela- wares waited only for an opportunity to revenge their wrongs; and of the Six Nations, the Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, were wavering. To keep the Indians in favor of the Province required much cunning diplomacy and expensive presents. In this alarming juncture the old flame of civil dissension burst out with increased force. The presents to the Indians, with the erection of a line of forts along the frontier, and the maintenance of a militarj' force, drew heavily upon the provincial purse. The Assembl}'^, the popular branch, urged that the Proprietary estates should be taxed, as well as those of humble individuals. The Proprietaries, through their deputies, refused, and pleaded prerogative, charter, and law ; the Assembly in turn pleaded equity, common danger, and common benefit, requiring a common expense. The Proprietaries offered bounties in lands yet to be conquered from the Indians, and the privilege of issuing more paper mone^^ ; the Assembly wanted something more tangil)le. The Assembly passed laws, laying taxes, and granting supplies, but annexing conditions ; the Governors opposed the conditions, but were willing to aid the Assembly in taxing the people, but not the Proprietaries. Here were the germs of revolution, not fully matured until twenty years later. In the mean- time, the frontiers were left exposed, while these frivolous disputes continued. The pacific principles, too, of the Quakers, and Dunkards, and Mennonists, and Schwenckfelders, came in to complicate the strife ; but as the danger increased, they prudently kept aloof from public office, leaving the managefticnt of the war to sects less scrupulous. The pulpit and the press, says Armor, were deeply involved in the discussion, and the population was divided into opposing factions upon this question. GENERAL HISTORY. 7y The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was scarcely regarded more than a truce by the French in America. Eager to extend their territories, and to connect their northern possessions with Louisiana, they had projected a line of forts and military posts from the one to the other along the Mississippi and the Ohio. They explored and occupied the land upon the latter stream, buried in many places leaden plates with inscriptions declaratory of their claims to that river and the lands adjacent thereto. Establishing themselves at Presqu'Isle, the French proceeded southward, erected a fort at Au Boeuf, and one at the mouth of French Creek, known as Fort Machault. This intention being communicated to Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, he dispatched George Washington, in the autumn of 1753, 1753. to inquire by what right these encroachments were made. Having performed his journey, which took about two months to accomplish, he rc3ported the answer of Legardeau St. Pierre, the commandant upon the Ohio, dated at the fort on Le Boeuf River, which was evasive. The English government having learned the designs and operations of the French, who pretended they derived their claims to the Ohio River and its appurtenances from the discovery of La Salle sixty years previous, remonstrated with the Court of Versailles, but to no purpose. Deceived, they resolved to oppose force with force. Accordingly, to combine the efforts of the colonies, if possible, a conference was ordered by the ministry at Albany, in July, 1754, to which the Six 1754. Nations were invited. Governor Hamilton, unable to be present, com- missioned Messrs. John Penn and Richard Peters, of the Council, and Isaac Norris and Benjamin Franklin, of the Assembly, who carried with them £500 as the Provincial present to the Indians. Although not satisfactory in its results to the confederated council, the Pennsylvania commissioners secured a great part of the land in the Province, to which the Indian title was not extinct, comprehending the lands lying southwest of a line beginning one mile above the mouth of Penn's Creek, and running northwest by west " to the western boundary of the State." So far, however, from striking the western, it struck the northern boundary a little west of Conewingo Creek. The Shawanese, Delawares, and Monseys, on the Susque- hanna, Juniata, Allegheny, and Ohio rivers, thus found their lands " sold from under their feet," which the Six Nations had guaranteed to them on their removal from the eastern waters. It was highly dissatisfactory to these tribes, and was a partial cause of their alienation from the English interest. In this convention, however, a plan was proposed for a political union, and adopted on the 4th of July. It was subsequently submitted to the home government and the Provincial Assemblies. The former condemned it, says Franklin, as too democratic ; the latter rejected it, as containing too much prerogative. In Pennsylvania it was negatived without discussion. CHAPTER Y. PROPRIETARY RULE. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. BRADDOCK'S EXPEDITION. INDIAN RAVAGES ON THE FRONTIER. 1754-1756. NSIGN WARD, while engaged in completing a stockade at the forks of the Ohio, was surprised by the appearance of a large French force, \ under Contrecoeur. The Ensign was obliged to surrender his position . and retreat. The driving of the Virginia troops from the Ohio and the erection of Fort Duquesne by the French force, aroused the Virginia authorities, and Governor Hamilton strongly urged the Pennsylvania Assembly to organize the militia in aid of Governor Dinwiddle's preparations against the French. This ; body, always factious, evaded the subject, by questioning the invasion of the Province, declaring the action of the Governor as imprudent, and adjourned. Virginia, however, raised a force of three hundred men, under command of Colonel Fry and Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, and near the Great Meadows, a > detachment of the French force, under Jumonville, sent to intercept the Virgi- ^ nians, was defeated, and their commander killed. Near that point Fort Necessity = was erected by Colonel Washington, who succeeded to the command by the death of Colonel Fry, being reinforced by two companies of regulars. Marching out with his little band to dislodge the French from Fort Duquesne, recently erected by them, the advance of a large force of the enemy compelled the young comman- der to fall back to his stockade, which they immediately prepared to strengthen. Before it was completed they were attacked by the French under M. de Villier. Notwithstanding an obstinate defence, Washington was obliged to capitulate, i His courage and conduct, however, were greatly applauded. J On receiving the news of Washington's defeat, Governor Hamilton convened the Assembly in special session on the 6th of August, but unpleasant altercations between the executive and legislative were produced, "and their labors were nugator3^" Robert Hunter Morris* succeeded Governor Hamilton in October, the latter having requested to be relieved from his duties. A new Assembly had been elected about the time of his arrival. At its session in December, the Governor com- , municated to it the royal order for a concert with the other colonies, commanding J them not only to act vigorously in defence of their own government, but to aid the other colonies to repel every hostile attempt. This body were well aware of the progress of the French, of their completion of Fort Duquesne, and their pre- j parations to occupy the country of the Twightwees with numerous settlers. The j * Robert Hunter Morris was the eldest son of Lewis Morris, Chief Justice of New York and New Jersey, born about 1699. On the appointment of his father to the governor- ship of New Jersey, in 1731, the son succeeded him as Chief Justice of that State, a position he held until 1757, when he resigned the office. He was Lieutenant-Governor of the Pro- vince of Pennsylvania from 1754 to 1756. He died the 20th of February, 1764. 80 GENERAL HISTOBY. 81 Six Nation Indians, now more numerous on the western waters than in their ancient seats, cold to the English cause, and divided among themselves, barely- maintained their neutrality. The small bodj' of English troops, collected on the frontiers, was weakened by desertion and corrupted by insubordination. The Indians who still adhered to the Province, and had retired before the French, were seated at Aughwick. They admired the courage of the enemy, contemned the pacific temper of the Assembly, and were scarcely kept in quiet by the liber- ality of the Province to their families, and its forbearance towards the license of their chiefs. The Assembly prepared a bill for the issue of forty thousand pounds currency, appropriating twenty thousand pounds to the use of the King, redeemable by the excise in twelve years, and the balance to supply the torn and defaced bills of former issues. But the Governor objected the royal instructions, so often urged by his predecessor, yet conceded, that, as he might dispense with the suspending clause in extraordinary cases, he would venture to sanction the bill, if the sum granted to the King were made redeemable within five years. This proposition was unhesitatingly rejected. The government of Great Britain had at length determined to oppose energetically the growing power of the French in America. Two regiments of foot from Ireland, under the command of Colonels Dunbar and Halkett were ordered to Virginia, to be there reinforced ; and Governor Shirley and Sir William Pepperell were directed to raise two regiments of a thousand men each to be officered from New England, and commanded by themselves. Pennsyl- vania was required to collect three thousand men for enlistment, to be placed at the disposal of a commander-in-chief of rank and capacity, who would be appointed to command all the King's forces in America ; to supply the troops on their arrival with provisions, and to furnish all necessaries for the soldiers landed or raised within the Province ; to provide the officers with means for traveling* for impressing carriages, and quartering troops. And, as these were " locall matters, arising entirely within her government, his Majesty expected the- charges thereof to be borne by his subjects within the Province ; whilst articles, of more general concern would be charged upon a common fund, to be raised; from all the colonies of North America." Toward this fund the Governor was directed to urge the Assembly to contribute liberally, until a union of the northern colonies for genex'al defence could be efiected. In answer to a message of the Governor, based on these requisitions, the House referred him to the money bill they had sent him ; and, after a recapitula- tion of their arguments against his objections, they intimated an opinion, that his refusal to pass the bill was occasioned by the Proprietary instructions, which they requested might be shown to them. He evaded a direct answer to this request, but assured them that his instructions were designed to promote the real happiness of the inhabitants, and contained nothing which his duty would not have required had they never been given. And, though it was indecorous and unprecedented for the House to demand their exhibition, still he would com- municate them when necessary for the public service ; it was sufficient now, to . say that he was instructed by the Proprietaries earnestly to recommend to them the defence of the Province, not only by the grant of money to the King, but by F T 82 HISTOR Y OF PEXNS YL VANIA. the cstablishmont of a regular militia, the purchase of arms and military stores, and the erection of magazines. He would add, he said, to his former reasons for negativing their bill, the present state of the treasury, which did, or ought to, contain fifteen thousand pounds, and had an annual revenue of seven thousand per annum. With these resources, and a rich and numerous population, he deemed it unpardonable to disobey the royal instructions. The Assembly now seized on the Governor's denial of a precedent to the call for Proprietary instructions. They adverted to the right of Parliament to ask from the Crown such information as they deemed necessary, and thence inferred their own right to inspect his instructions, which they supported by examples from the administrations of Sir William Keith and Colonel Thomas. Then, assuming his instructions to be inconsistent with their views, they declined to proceed further in their public labors until, by a knowledge of the Proprietary designs, they might be enabled to labor successfully. The public service now required this ; and, as they were about to address the King in support of their civil and religious liberties, the Proprietary instructions, their force, and validity, would form the great burden of their petition, unless satisfied by the Governor that remonstrance on that subject was unnecessary. But this threat availed not. Mr. Morris denied their right, and persisted in his refusal. The pertinacity of the Governor, says Gordon, produced from the House a long address, in which they reviewed all the objections that had been made to their money bills, and dwelt with much earnestness upon the injustice and t3'ranny of administering the government by Proprietary instructions, kept secret from the people, instead of their constitution. " These instructions," they said, " as they have occasionally been made a part of the public records, have been judged by Governor, council, and representatives, either — 1, Inconsist- ent with the legal prerogative of the Crown, settled by act of Parliament ; 2, or a positive breach of the charter of privileges to the people ; 3, or absurd in their conclusions, and, therefore, impracticable; 4, or void in themselves: therefore, if, after exhibition of his instructions, the Governor, finding them to be such as had heretofore been given, should find reason, notwithstanding the bonds he may have given to follow them, to disobey them, they would cheerfully grant such further sums for the King's use as the circumstances of the country would bear, and in a manner least burdensome to the inhabitants." But that no doubt might exist of their disposition to obey the orders of the Crown in all things not forbidden by their consciences, the Assembly unanimously resolved to borrow, on the credit of the House, the sum of £5,000, to be expended in the purchase of fresh provisions, for the use of the King's troops on their arrival, and appointed a committee to negotiate the loan. A series of long and angry messages and replies resulted in a determination on the part of the Assembly to address the King, in testimony of their loyalty and aff'ection, and to represent to him the difficulties produced by Proprietary instructions. On the 14th of January, Major-General Edward Braddock, Sir John St. Clair, Adjutant-General, and the regiments of Dunbar and Halkett sailed 1755. from Cork ; and they arrived early in March at Alexandria, in Virginia, whence they marched to Fredericktown. in Maryland. The place of GENEBAL HISTORY. 83 debarkation was selected with that ignorance and want of judgment which distinguished the British ministry. The country could furnish neither provi- sions nor carriages for the army ; while Pennsylvania, rich in grain, and well stocked with wagons, could readily supply food, and the means to transport the army to any point. The Assembly, apprehending the General to be prejudiced against them, sent Mr. Franklin to undeceive him, with instructions, however, not to assume the character of their agent, but to present himself as Postmaster- General, disposed to make his office subservient to the General's plans. While Franklin was with the army the return of the wagons obtainable was made, from which it appeared that there were not more than twenty-five, and not all of those serviceable. Braddock, says Gordon, was surprised, declared the expedi- tion at an end, and exclaimed against the ministers for having sent them into a country destitute of the means of transportation. On Franklin expressing his regret that the army had not been landed in Pennsylvania, where such means abounded, Braddock seized eagerly on his words, and commissioned him, on liberal terms, to procure one hundred and fifty wagons, and fifteen hundred pack- horses. Franklin, on his return, circulated advertisements through the counties of York, Lancaster, and Cumberland, and by an artful address obtained, in two weeks, all the wagons, two hundred and fifty pack-horses, and much popularity for himself. He stated in his address that he found the General incensed at the delay of the horses and carriages he had expected from Philadelphia, and disposed to send an armed force to seize the carriages, horses, and drivers necessary for the service. But that he, apprehending the visit of British soldiers, in their present temper, would be very inconvenient to the inhabitants, was desirous to try what might be done by fair and equitable means ; and that an opportunity was now presented of obtaining £30,000 in silver and gold, which would supply the deficiency of the Provincial currency. He expended £800 received from the General, advanced £200 himself, and gave his bonds for the payment of the value of such horses as should be lost in the service, the owners refusing to rely upon Braddock's promise, alleging that he was unknown to them. The claims made against him in consequence of this engagement amounted to £20,000, and were not settled by the government until after much delay and trouble. The Adjutant-General, immediately on the arrival of the troops, required of Governor Morris that roads should be cut to facilitate their march and the supply of provisions. General Braddock demanded the establishment of a post between Philadelphia and Winchester, the Pennsylvania quota of men, and her portion of the general fund directed to be raised for the public service. The Assembly, specially summoned, met on the IHh of March, and imme- diately provided for the expense of a mail and the opening of the roads ; and though they gave no direct encouragement to the raising of troops, they applied themselves assiduously to establish the necessar}- funds. As the French drew a considerable portion of their supplies from the English colonies, it became expedient to prohibit the export of provisions to French ports. This measure was adopted by the Assembly of Pennsylvania with great cheerfulness. A council of the Governors of New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, 84 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, was held at the Camp at Alexandria, in Virginia, on the 14th of April, 1755, to settle with General Braddock a plan of military operations. Three expeditions were resolved on. The first, against Fort Duquesne, under the command of General Braddock in person, with the British troops, and such aid as he couid draw from Maryland and Virginia ; the second, against Niagara and Fort Frontignac, under General Shirley, with his own and Pepperell's regiments ; and the third, originally proposed by Massachu- setts, against Crown Point, to be executed altogether with colonial troops from New England and New York, under Major-General William Johnson of New York. General Braddock removed his armj^ to a post on Wills' Creek, since called braddock's route. Fort Cumberland, where he awaited the wagons and other necessary supplies from Pennsylvania. From this place, confident of success, he informed the Governors of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, that, should he take Fort Duquesne in its present condition, he would, after some additions, garrison it, and leave there the guns, ammunition, and stores he should find in it. But, should the enemy abandon and destroy the fortifications, as he apprehended, he would repair the fort, or construct another. In the latter case he required the necessary means of defence to be furnished by the colonies, and to be forwarded immediately, that he might not be delayed in his progress to Forts Niagara and Frontignac ; he also gave information of the enemy's intention to attack the frontier settlements as soon as he should have marched beyond them. On the 8th of June General Braddock left Fort Cumberland. Scaroodaya, GENEEAL HISTOHY. 85 successor to the Half-King of the Senecas, and Monacatootha, whose acquain- tance Washington had made on the Ohio on his mission to Le Bceuf, with about one hundred and fifty Indians, Senecas and Delawares, accompanied him. George Croghan, the Indian agent of Pennsylvania, and a frontiersman of great value called the " Wild Hunter " or Captain Jack, were also with him. The first brigade, under Sir Peter Halkett, led the way, and on the 9th the main body followed. They spent the third night only five miles from the first. A large spring, bearing Braddock's name, marks the place of encampment at the present day. The route continued up Braddock's run to the forks of the stream nine miles from Cumberland, when it turned to the left in order to reach a point on the ridge favorable to an easy descent into the valley of George's Creek. " It is surprising," says Mr. Atkinson, who faithfully surveyed the route trodden by that unfortunate army, " that having reached this high ground, the favorable spur by which the national road accomplishes the ascent of the Great Savage Mountain, did not strike the attention of Braddock's engineers, as the labor necessary to surmount the barrier from the deep valley of George's Creek must have contributed greatly to those bitter complaints which the General made against the Provincial government of Pennsylvania in particular, for their failure to assist him more eflfectively in the transportation department." Passing a mile to the south of Frostburg, the road approaches the east foot of Savage Mountain, which it crosses about one mile south of the national road, and thence by very favorable ground, through the dense forests of white pine peculiar to that region, it got to the north of the national road, near the gloomy tract called the Shades of Death. This was the 15th of June, when the gloom of the summer woods and the favorable shelter which these enormous pines would give an Indian enemy, must have made a most sensible impression on the minds of that devoted army of the insecurity of their mode of advance. This, doubtless, had its share in causing the council of war held at the Little Meadows on the day following. To this place, distant only twenty miles from Cumber- land, Sir John St. Clair and Major Chapman had been dispatched on the 2'7th of May to build a fort. The conclusion of the council was to push on with a picked force of 1,200 men and twelve pieces of cannon, and the line of march, now more compact, was resumed on the 19th. Passing over ground to the south of the Little Crossings, the army spent the night of the 21st at the Bear Camp, supposed to be about midway to the Great Crossings, which it reached on the 23d. The route thence to the Great Meadows, or Fort Necessity, was well chosen, though over a mountainous tract, conforming very nearly to the ground now occupied by the national road, and keeping on the dividing ridge between the waters flowing into the Youghiogheny on the one hand and the Cheat River on the other. On the 30th of June, the army forded the former river at Stewart's Crossings, and thence passed a rough road over a mountain. A few miles onward they came to a great swamp, which detained them part of a day in clearing a road. They next advanced to Salt Lick Creek, now called Jacob's Creek, where a council of war was held, on the 3d of July, to consider a suggestion of Sir John St. Clair, that Colonel Dunbar's detachment should be ordered to join the main body. This proposal was rejected, on the ground that Dunbar could 86 HIS TOB Y OF PUNNS YL VANIA. not join them in less than thirteen days ; that this would cause such a consump- tion of provisions as to i*ender it necessary to bring forward another convoy I from Fort Cumberland ; and that in the meantime the French might be strengthened by a reinforcement which was dally expected at Fort Duquesne, and moreover, the two divisions could not move together after their junction. l j On the 4th the army again marched, and advanced to Turtle Creek, about twelve miles from its mouth, where they arrived on the 7th, This was the name of the eastern branch of Bushy Run, and the place of encampment was a short distance northerly of the present village of Stewartsville, Westmoreland County. It was General Braddock's intention to cross Turtle Creek, and approach Fort Duquesne, on the other side ; but the banks were so precipitous, and presented such obstacles to crossing with his artillery and heavy baggage, that he hesitated, and Sir John St. Clair went out with a party to reconnoitre. On his return before night, he reported that he had found the ridge which led to Fort Duquesne, but that considerable work would be necessary to prepare a road for crossing Turtle Creek. This route was finally abandoned, and on the 8th the army marched eight miles, and encamped not far from the Monongahela, west of the Youghiogheny, and near what is called, on Scull's map, " Sugar Run." When Braddock reached this place, it was his design to pass through the narrows, but he was informed by the guide, who had been sent out to explore, that the passage was very difficult, about two miles in length, with a river on the left, and a high mountain on the right, and that much work must be done to make it passable for carriages. At the same time he was told that there were two good fords across the Monongahela, where the water was shallow, and the banks not steep. With these views of the case, he determined to cross the ford the next morning. The order of march was given out, and all the arrangements were made for an early movement. About eight o'clock on the morning of the 9th, the advanced division, under Colonel Gage, crossed the ford and pushed forward. After the whole army had crossed and marched about a mile, Braddock received a note from Colonel Gage, giving notice that he had passed the second ford without difficulty. A little ^before two o'clock the whole army had crossed this ford, and was arranged in the order of march on the river plateau. Colonel Gage, with the advanced party, was then ordered to march, and while the main body was yet standing on the plain, the action began near the river. Not a single man of the enemy had before been seen. To the brave grenadiers, says Patterson, who had stood firm on the plains of Europe, amid tempests of cannon balls cutting down whole platoons of their comrades, this new species of warfare was perfectly appalling, and unable longer to breast the girdle of fire which enveloped them, they gave way in confusion, involving the whole army in distress, dismay, and disorder. In such a dilemma, with hundreds of his men falling at every discharge, his ranks converted into a wild and reckless multitude, unable to rally and too proud to retreat, Braddock obstinately refused to allow the provincial troops, according to Watson, to fight the Indians in their own way, but with a madness incomprehensible, did his utmost to form the men into platoons and wheel them into close columns. The result was horrible, and the sacrifice of life without a GENERAL IIISTOBT. 87 parallel at that time, in Indian warfare. The Provincial regiments, unable to keep together, spread through the surrounding wood , and by this means did all the execution that was effected. Every man fought for himself, and rushing to BBADDOCK'S FORCES SURPRISED BY AN AMBUSOADK. the trees from behind which gleamed the flash of the rifle, the brave frontiers- men often bayoneted the savage at liis post. This perilous enterprise, however, was attended with a terrible sacrifice. Out of three full companies of Virginia troops, but thirty men were left. 88 MISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. This appalling scene lasted three hours, during which the army stood exposed to the steady fire of a concealed but niost deadly foe, and men fell on every side like grass before the sweep of the sickle. Finally, General Braddock, after having five horses killed under him, fell mortally wounded by the hand of an outraged American named Faucett. At his fall all order gave way, and what remained of that so lately proud army, rushed heedlessly into the river, abandon- ing all to the fury of the savages and French. Artillery, ammunition, baggage, including the camp chest of General Braddock, all fell into the hands of the victorious enemy. The retreating army rushed wildly forward, and did not stop until coming up to the rear division. So appalled were the latter at the terrible disaster, that the entire army retreated with disgraceful precipitancy to Fort Cumberland. This, according to Smollett, " was the most extraordinary victorv ever obtained, and the farthest flight ever made." It was the most disastrous defeat ever sustained by any European army in America. Sixty-three officers and seven hundred and fourteen privates were killed or dangerously wounded. There is, perhaps, no instance upon record, where so great a proportion of officers were killed. Out of the eighty-six com- posing the regiment, but twenty-three escaped unhurt. Their brilliant uniform seemed sure marks for the deadly' aim of the savage. On that disastrous day the military genius of Washington shone forth with much of that splendor which afterwards made him so illustrious. His courage, energy, bravery, and skill displayed on this occasion marked him as possessed of the highest order of military talents. After the fall of Braddock with his Provin- cial troops, he covered the retreat, and saved the remnant of the army from annihilation. General Braddock was taken to Dunbar's Camp, on the summit of Laurel Hill, where he breathed his last, on the fourth day after the battle. His body was interred in the centre of the road, and the entire army marched over the spot in order that the remains of the unfortunate General might not be desecrated by savage hands. In 1802, according to the Hon. Andrew Stewart, while repairing the old military road, the remains of General Braddock were re-interred at the foot of a large white oak tree, except a few which found their way into the possession of Mr. Peale, of Philadelphia, and in the conflagration of his museum were finally destroyed. In the correspondence of General Braddock with his government, from the time of his arrival in Virginia to his defeat, he complains that Pennsylvania and Virginia would not give the aid he demanded. The disputes at that period in the Proprietary government, says Duponceau, account in some degree but not sufficiently for these results. The Quaker spirit in Pennsylvania may be sup- posed to have produced them, but it was used as a means instead of a primary cause. It is certain that at that time a leading Quaker, who was speaker of the Assembly, said in debate : " I had rather see Philadelphia sacked three times by the French than vote a single copper for the war." It is easy to see from this the difficulties Braddock had to contend with. Had he received the earnest support of the Province, his success would have been assured. The Scotch- GENERAL HISTORY. 89 Irish, who settled on the frontiers, were busy protecting their own homes, and although several companies offered their services to General Braddock, he did not accept them, not from the motives ascribed to him by most historians, but from the fact that they were actually required at their own firesides, which had already' been invaded by the savage foe. After the retreat of the army, the savages, unwilling to follow the French in pui'suit, fell upon the field and preyed on the rich plunder which lay before them Three years after [1758], by direction of General Forbes, the remains of many of the slain in Braddock's army were gathered up and buried. The number of French and Indians engaged in this affair has never been fully ascertained, but variously estimated at from four to eight hundred. The commander of the French-Indian force was Captain Beaujeu. Contrecoeur has generally been credited with the victory, but among the records of baptisms and deaths at Fort Duquesne during the years 1754 and '55, is this entry: " L'an mille sept cinquante cinq le neuf de Julliet a estd tue au combat donne contre les Anglois et le mesme jour que dessus, Mr. Leonard Daniel, escuyer, Sieur de Beaujeux capitaine d'infenterie commandant du Fort Duquesne et de L'armde, lequel estoit ag^ d'environt de quarente cinq ans ayant estd en confesse et fait ses devotions le mesme jour, son corps a estd inhumd le douze du mesme mois dans le cimitiere du Fort Duquesne sous le titre de I'Assomption de la Ste Yierge a la belle Riviere et cela avec les ceremonies ordinaires par nous pre Recolet soussign^ aumonier du Roy au susdit fort en foy de quoy avons signd."* Reall}' it matters little to us at the present who was in command of the French and Indians, but in the light of history, " honor be to him to whom honor is due." Dunbar proposed to return with his armj', yet strong enough to meet the enemy, to Philadelphia ; but consented, on the remonstrance of the Assembly of Pennsylvania, to keep on the frontiers. He requested a conference with Governor Morris, at Shippensburg ; but Governor Shirley' having succeeded to the chief command of the forces in America, though at first he directed Dunbar to renew the enterprise on Fort Duquesne, and to draw upon the neighboring Provinces for men and munitions, changed his mind, and determined to employ his troops elsewhere, leaving to the populous Provinces of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, the care of their own defence. The consternation at Braddock's defeat was very great in Pennsylvania. The retreat of Dunbar left the whole frontier uncovered ; whilst the inhabitants, unarmed and undisciplined, were compelled hastily to seek the means of defence or of flight. In describing the exposed state of the Province, and the miseries which threatened it, the Governor had occasion to be entirely satisfied with his own eloquence ; and had his resolution to defend it equalled the earnestness of his appeal to the Assembly, the people might have been spared much suffering. * Translation.—^^ M. Leonard Daniel, Esqr., Sieur de Beaujeux, captain of infantry, com- mander of tlie Fort Duquesne, and of the army, on the 9th day of July, in the year 1755, and in the forty-tifth year of his age. The same day, after having confessed and said his devotions, lie was killed in battle with the English. His body was interred on the twelfth of tlie same month, in the cemetery of the Fort Duquesne, at the Beautiful River." 90 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. The Assembly immediately voted fifty thousand pounds to the King's use, to be raised by a tax of twelve pence per pound, and twenty shillings per head, yearly, for two years, on all estates, real and personal, throughout the Province, the Proprietary estate not excepted. This was not in accordance with the Proprietary instructions, and therefore returned by the Governor. In the long discussions which ensued between the two branches of government, the people began to become alarmed, as they beheld with dread the procrastination of the measures for defence, and earnestly demanded arms and ammunition. The enemy, long restrained by fear of another attack, and scarce crediting his senses when he discovered the defenceless state of the frontiers, now roamed unmolested and fearlessly along the western lines of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, committing the most appalling outrages and wanton cruelties which the cupidity and ferocity of the savage could dictate. The first inroads into Pennsylvania were into Cumberland county, whence they were soon extended to the Susquehanna. The inhabitants, dwelling at the distance of from one to three miles apart, fell unresistingly, were captured, or fied in terror to the interior settlements. The main body of the enemy encamped on the Susquehanna, thirty miles above Harris' Ferry, whence they extended them- selves on both sides the river, below the Kittatinny Mountains. The settle- ments at the Great Cove in Cumberland county, now Fulton, were destroyed, and many of the inhabitants slaughtered or made captives, and the same fate fell upon Tulpehocken, upon Mahano}'', and Gnadenhutten. Under date of October 29, John Harris wrote to the Governor : " We expect the enemy upon us every day, and the inhabitants are abandoning their i)lanta- tions, being greatly discouraged at the approach of such a number of cruel savages, and no sign of assistance. The Indians are cutting us off every day, and I had a certain account of about fifteen hundred Indians, besides French, being on their jnarch against us and Virginia, and now close on our borders, their scouts scalping our families on our frontiers daily. Andrew Montour and others at Shamokin desired me to take care ; that there was forty Indians out many days, and intended to burn my house and destroy myself and family. I have this day cut holes in my house, and is determined to hold out to the last extremity if I can get some men to stand by me, few of which I yet can at present, every one being in fear of their own families being cut off every hour (such is our situation). I am informed that a French officer was expected at Shamokin this week with a party of Delawares and Shawanese, no doubt to take possession of our river ; and, as to the state of the Susquehanna Indians, a great part of them are actually in the French interest ; but if we should raise a number of men immediately as will be able to take possession of some con- venient place up Susquehanna, and build a strong fort in spite of Fi-ench or Indians, perhaps some Indians may join us, but it is trusting to uncertainty to depend upon them in my opinion. We ought to insist on the Indians declaring either for or against us. As soon as we are prepared for them, we must bid up for scalps and keep the woods full of our people hunting them, or they will ruin cur Province, for they are a dreadful enemy. We impatiently look for assis- tance. I have sent out two Indian spies to Shamokin, they are Mohawks, and I expect they will return in a day or two. Consider our situation, and rouse your G ENSEAL HIS TOB Y. 9 1 people downwards, and not let about fifteen hundred villains distress such a number of inhabitants as is in Pennsylvania, which actually they will, if they possess our provisions and frontiers long, as they now have many thousands of bushels of our corn and wheat in possession already, for .the inhabitants goes off and leaves all." In consequence of these melancholy tidings, the Governor summoned the Assembly for the 3d of November, when he laid before them an account of the proceedings of the enemy, and demanded money and a militia law. Petitions were poured in from all parts of the Province ; from the frontier counties, prajnng for arms and munitions ; from the middle counties, deprecating further resistance to the views of the Governor, and requiring, if it were necessar}^, a partial sacri- fice of the property of the citizens for the defence of their lives ; and that the religious scruples of the members of the Assembly might no longer prevent the defence of the country. By the middle of the month, the savages had "entered the passes o. the Blue Mountains, broke into the counties of Lancaster, Berks, and Northampton, committing murder, devastations, and other kind of horrid mischief," to use the language of Governor Morris, and yet the Assembly delayed the measures of defence required of them. The Governor, astonished at the obstinacy of the Assembl}'-, for such he chai'acterized it, again sent a message requesting that body to strengthen his hands and afford assistance to the back inhabitants, but they l)led in excuse that they feared the alienating the affections of the Indians, and in a measure refused to grant the means necessary for the protection of the frontiers. In the meantime, the Proprietaries, alarmed by Braddock's defeat, now came forward and offered a donation for defence of £5,000, to be collected from arrears of quit-rents ; but they refused to grant it on any other ground than as a free gift. The Assembly waived their rights for a time, in consideration of the distressed state of the Province, and passed a bill to strike £30,000 in bills of credit, based upon the excise. This was approved by the Governor. The cold indifference of the Assembly at such a crisis awoke the deepest indignation throughout the Province. Public meetings were held in various parts of Lancaster and in the frontier counties, at which it was resolved that they would "repair to Philadelphia and compel the provincial authorities to pass proper laws to defend the country and oppose the enemy." In addition, the dead bodies of some of the murdered and mangled were sent to that cit}^ and hauled about the streets, with placards announcing that these were victims of the Quaker policy of non-resistance. A large and threatening mob surrounded the House of Assembly^ placed the dead bodies in the doorway, and demanded imme- diate relief for the people of the frontiers. Such indeed were the desperate measures resorted to for self-defence. To guard against the Indian devastations, a chain of forts and block-houses were erected at an expense of eighty-five thousand pounds, by the Province of Pennsylvania, along the Kittatinny hills, from the river Delaware to the Mary- land line, commanding the principal passes of the mountains, garrisoned with from twenty to seventy-five provincials, as the situation and importance of the places respectively required. The Moravians of Bethlehem cheerfully fortified 92 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. their town and took up arms in self-defence. Franklin took up the sword, and, with his son William, raised without difficulty over five hundred men, proceeded to the frontier, and assisted in erecting and garrisoning the line of forts. KAKLY MAP OF THE PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA. (From Bumphrey'a Aooount of the Misaiooa.) CHAPTEK yi. REWARD FOR INDIAN SCALPS. DESTRUCTION OP KITTANNINQ. EXPEDITION OP GENERAL FORBES. PONTIAC's CONSPIRACY. BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION. 1756-1763. aggravating had the enemy's conduct become, so terribly desolated the homes of the frontiersmen, that Governor Morris issued a pro- clamation on the 14th of April, offering the following bounties, hoping thereby to incite not only the energies of the soldiers, but to alarm those Indians who were still friendly : " For every male Indian enemy above twelve years old who shall be taken prisoner and delivered at any forts, 1756. garrisoned by the troops in pay of this Province, or at any of the county towns to the keepers of the common jails there, the sum of one hun- dred and fifty Spanish dollars or pieces of eight ; for the scalp of every male Indian enemy above the age of twelve years, produced as evidence of their being killed, the sum of one hundred and thirty pieces of eight ; for every female Indian taken prisoner and brought in as aforesaid, and for every male Indian prisoner under the age of twelve years, taken and brought in as aforesaid, one hundred and thirty pieces of eight; for the scalp of every Indian woman, pro- duced as evidence of their being killed, the sum of fifty pieces of eight ; and for every English subject that has been taken and carried from this Province into captivity that shall be recovered and brought in and delivered at the city of Philadelphia to the Governor of this Province, the sum of one hundred and fifty pieces of eight, but nothing for their scalps ; and that there shall be paid to every oflflcer or soldier as are or shall be in the pay of this Province who shall redeem and deliver any English subject carried into captivity as aforesaid, or shall take, bring in, and produce any enemy prisoner, or scalp as aforesaid, one-half of the said several and respective premiums and bounties." This proclamation gave great offence to the Assembly, but the times were perilous, and the bounties were absolutely necessary to secure the protection of the borders. To the credit of the hardy pioneers of Pennsylvania be it said, no Indian was wantonly killed for the sake of the reward. On the 20th of August, William Denny* arrived in the Province, superseding Governor Morris. He was hailed with joy by the Assembly, who flattered them- selves that with a change of government there would be a change of measures. Upon making known the Proprietary instructions, to which he stated he was compelled to adhere, all friendly feeling was at an end, and there was a renewal of the old discord. Before Governor Morris was superseded, he concerted with Colonel John * William Denny, a native of England, born September, 1718, was well educated and in high favor at Court. He was Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania from August, 1756, to October, 1759. Returning to England on his removal from ofl&ce, he spent the remainder of his days in retirement on an annuity from the Crown. He died previous to rhe War of Independence. 93 94 HISTOIi Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Armstrong an expedition against the Indian town of Kittanning, on the Alle gheny, the stronghold of Captains Jacobs and Shingas, the most active Indian chiefs, and from whence they distributed their war parties along the frontier. On the arrival of Governor Denny, Morris communicated the plan of his enter- prise to him and his Council. Colonel Armstrong marched trom Fort Shirley on the 30th of August, with three hundred men, having with him, besides other officers. Captains Hamilton, Mercer, Ward, and Potter, On the 2d of September he joined an advance party at tlie Beaver dams, near Frankstown. On the 7th, in the evening, within six miles of Kittanning, the scouts discovered a fire in the road, and around it, as they reported, three, or at most, four, Indians. It was deemed prudent not to attack this part}' ; but lest some of them should escape and alarm the town. Lieutenant Hogg and twelve men were left to watch them, with orders to fall upon them at day-break. The main body, making a circuit, proceeded to the village. Guided by the whooping of the Indians at a dance, the army approached the place by the river, about one hundred perches below the town, at three o'clock in the morning, near a cornfield, in which a number of the enemy were lodged, out of their cabins, on account of the heat of the weather. As soon as the dawn of day made the town visible the troops attacked it through the corn- field, killing several of the enemy. Captain Jacobs, their principal chief, sounded the war-whoop, and defended his house bravely through loop-holes in the logs ; and the Indians generally refused quarter, which was oflTered them, declaring that they were men, and would not be prisoners. Colonel Armstrong, who had received a miisktt ball in his shoulder, ordered their houses to be set on fire over their heads. Again the Indians were required to surrender, and again refused, one of them declaring that he did not care for death, as he could kill four or five before he died, and as the heat approached some of them began to sing. Others burst from their houses and attempted to reach the river, but were Instantly shot down. Captain Jacobs, in getting out of a window, was shot, as also a squaw, and a lad called the king's son. The Indians had a number of small arms in their houses, loaded, which went off in quick succession as the fire came to them ; and quantities of gunpowder, which were stored in every house, blew up from time to time, throwing some of the bodies of the enemy a great height in the air. A party of Indians on the opposite side of the river fired on the troops, and were seen to cross the river at a distance, as if to surround them ; but they contented themselves with collecting some horses which were near the town to carry off their wounded, and then retreated without attempting to take from the cornfield those who were killed there in the beginning of the action. Several of the enemy were killed in the river as they attempted to escape by fording it, and between thirty and forty in the whole were destroyed. Eleven English prisoners were released, who informed that, besides the powder, of which the Indians boasted they had enough for ten years' war with the English, there was a great quantity of goods burned, which the French had pre- sented to them but ten days before; that two batteaux of French Indians were to join Captain Jacobs to make an attack upon Fort Shirley, and that twenty- four warriors had set out before them on the preceding evening. These proved to be the party discovered around the fire, as the troops approached Kittanning. GENERAL HISTORY. 95 Pursuant to his orders, and rel^'ing upon the report made by the scouts, Lieu- tenant Hogg had attacked them, and killed three at tlie first fire. He, however, found them too strong for his force, and having lost some of his best men, the others fled, leaving him wounded, overlooked by the enemy in their pursuit of the fugitives. lie was saved by the army on their return. Captain, afterwards General, Mercer was wounded in the action at Kittanning, but was carried off safely by his men. The corporation of Philadelphia, on occasion of this victory, on the 5th of January following, addressed a complimentary letter to Colonel Armstrong, thanking him and his officers for their gallant conduct, and presented him with a piece of plate. A medal was also struck, having for device an officer followed bv two soldiers, the officer pointing to a soldier shooting from behind a tree, and an Indian piostrate before him; in the back-ground Indian houses in flames. Legend: Kittanning destroyed by Colonel Armstrong, September the 8th, 1756. Reverse Device: The arms of the corporation. Legend: The gift of the corpo- ration of Philadelphia. The destruction of the town of Kittanning, and the Indian families there, was a severe stroke on the savages. Hitherto the English had not assailed them in their towns, and they fancied that they would not venture to approach them. But now, though urged by an unquenchable thirst of vengeance to retaliate the 1 low they had received, they dreaded that in their absence on war parties, their wigwams might be reduced to ashes. Such of them as belonged to Kittanning, and had escaped tiie carnage, refused to settle again on the east of Foit Du- quesne, and resolved to place that fortress and the French garrison between them and the English. On the 8th of November, 1156, began the Grand Council at Easton, between Governor Denny and the Delaware King Teedyuscung and other chiefs and warriors. Teedj^uscung was the chief speaker on this occasion, and with an eloquence unsurpassed by any Indian chieftain, supported the rights of his nation with great dignity and spirit. Unfortunately he was not correctly reported, the Commissioners of the Council and Assembly striking out so much of his address as reflected upon certain transactions of the Provincial Govern- ment of Pennsylvania. The conference lasted nine days. All matters of diff'erence were inquired into, particularly in relation to the " Indian Walk," and the purchase of lands on the West Branch and Penn's Creek at the Treaty of Albany in 1754. The necessity of a militia law was, in a great measure, obviated by the forces raised by the Governor and Provincial Commissioners. They consisted of twent3'-five companies, amounting to fourteen hundred men. Eight companies, under the command of Major James Burd, called the Augusta regiment, were stationed at Fort Augusta; eight companies on the west side of the Susque- hanna, commanded by Lieutenant- Colonel Armstrong, called the second battalion of the Pennsylvania regiment, were thus divided: Two companies at Fort Lyttleton, on Aughwick Creek, which empties into the Juniata River; two companies on Conococheague Creek, which communicates with the Potomac; two companies at Fort Morris, in Shippensburg, and two companies at Carlisle. Nine companies, called the second battalion of the Pennsylvania regiment, 96 HLSTOR Y OF PENKS YL VAKIA. commanded by Lieutenanl-Colonel Conrad Weiser, were thus distributed : One company at Fort Augusta ; one at Hunter's mill, seven miles above Harris' Ferry, on the Susquehanna ; one-half company on the Swatara, at the foot of the North Mountain ; one company and a half at Fort Henry, close to the gap of the mountain called the Tolihea Gap ; one company at Fort William, near the forks of the Schuylkill River, six miles beyond the mountain ; one company at Fort Allen, at Gnadenhutten, on the Lehigh ; the other three companies were scattered between the rivers Lehigh and Delaware, at the disposition of the captains, some at farm houses, others at mills, from three to twenty in a place. In May of the following year, a conference was held at Lancaster, 1757. with deputies from the Six Nations, at which were present Governor Denny, Colonel Stanwix, and quite a number of the Council and Assembly. The negotiations for peace, which had been commenced with Teedyuscung, were not accelerated by this recent council, and the Province was still exposed to continued devastation from the French and the western Indians, who roamed in small parties over the countr}^, avoiding or attacking the forts and armed provincialists as they judged most safe. The counties of Cumberland, Berks, Northampton, and Lancaster, were, during the spring and summer months of 1757, kept in continual alarm, and some of the savage scalping parties were pushed on to within thirty miles of Philadelphia. Many of these wretches paid, with their lives, the just penalty of their temerity. But their sufferings bore no comparison with those of the unfortunate inhabitants. Incessant anxiety pervaded every family in the counties we have mentioned ; their slumbers were broken by the yell of demons, or by the dread of an attack, scarce less horrid than their actual presence. The ground was plowed, the seed sown, and the harvest gathered, under the fear of the tomahawk and rifle. Scarce any outdoor labor was safelj' executed, unless protected by arms in the hands of the laborers, or by Provincial troops. Women visiting: their sick neighbors were shot or captured ; children driving home cattle from the field were killed and scalped ; whilst the enemy, dastardly as cruel, shrunk from every equality of force. Many of the richest neighborhoods were deserted, and property of every kind given up to the foe. Many instances of heroism were displayed by men, women, and children in the defence of themselves and their homes, and in pursuing and combating the enemy. According to Gordon there was certainly a great want of ability and energy in the constituted authorities and the people of the Prorince. United councils and well-directed efforts might have driven the barbarians to their savage haunts, and repeated the chastisement they received at Kittan- ning, until they sued for peace. But imbecility distinguished the British ministers and officers, and discord paralyzed the efforts of the Provinces, especially that of Pennsylvania. Despite the warlike attitude of England, nothing was done to annoy the French or to check the depredations of the savages, until a change of 1758. ministry, and the master mind of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, as- sumed control of government. Endowed with a high order of intel- lect, eloquent, profound, and patriotic, it seemed as though the " heavens began to brighten and the storm to lose its power," the moment his mighty hand laid GENERAL HISTORY. 97 hold of the helm of state. He seemed to possess in an eminent degree the full confidence of the nation and the command of all its resources. His plans of operacions were grand, his policy bold, liberal, and enlightened, all which seemed greatly to animate the colonists and inspire them with renewed hopes. They resolved to make every effort and sacrifice which the occasion might require. A circular from the Premier assured the colonial governments that he was deter- mined to repair past losses, and would immediately send to America a force suf- ficient to accomplish the purpose. He called upon the different governments to raise as many men as possible, promising to send over all the necessary muni- tions of war, and pledging himself to pay liberally all soldiers who enlisted. Pennsylvania equipped two thousand seven hundred men, while the neigh- boring Provinces contributed large quotas. Three expeditions were determined upon, and the most active measures taken to bring them to the field. The Western expedition, more properly connected with the history of Penn- sylvania, is the only one to which we shall refer. It was placed under the com- mand of General John Forbes, an officer of great skill, energy, and resolution.* His army consisted of nearly nine thousand men, embracing British regulars, and provincials from Pennsylvania and the Lower Counties, Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina. The troops from the latter governments rendezvoused at Winchester, while the Pennsylvanians, under Colonel Bouquet, assembled at Raystown. The Commander-in-Chief, with the regulars, marched from Phila- delphia to effect a junction with the force at Raystown, but in consequence of severe indisposition. General Forbes did not get farther than Carlisle, when he was compelled to stop. He marched to Bedford about the middle of September (1758), where he met the provincial troops under Colonel Washington. At the suggestion of Bouquet and the Penns^dvania oflflcers, a new road was cut direct from Raystown to Loyal-hanna, a distance of forty-five miles, where Colonel Bouquet erected a fort. From this point Major Grant, with a select body of eight hundred men, was sent forward to ascertain the situation of affairs at the Forks, and to gain information as to the best mode of attack. During the night of the 20th of September he reached the hill near the junction of the two rivers now known by his name, and, at early dawn on the 21st, marched towards the fort. Presently, the French and Indians outrushed in great numbers, and ere the commander had time to press his men to the conflict, or even before they could bring their guns to bear, the foe were upon them, dealing death at every blow. Major Lewis, with his detachment of the rear guard, hearing the sound of battle, hurried to the relief of Major Grant, but this accession of strength was insufficient to check the headlong rush of the enemy, and both officers were taken prisoners. But a handful escaped to the camp of Colonel Bouquet. On the 1st of November, General Forbes reached Loyal-hanna, and with as little delay as possible pushed on toward Fort Duquesne. When within a few miles of the fort, the General was chagrined to learn that the French, becoming alarmed at the augmented force of the English, and having lost most of their Indian allies, determined to abandon their position. Unwilling to leave to their successors anything to rejoice over, the former fired all the buildings and placed a slow-match to their magazine. The whole party then descended the Ohio by water. About midnight, as the army of Forbes lay at Turtle Creek, a 98 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. I[ PLAN OF FORT PITT. " a tremendous explosion," says Ormsby in his narrative, " was heard from the westward, upon which the old General swore that the French magazine was blown up, either by accident or design." On the 25th of November the army took peaceable possession of the place, the blackened walls and charred out-posts alone remaining of that once proud fortress. On its ruins rose Fort Pitt. With the fall of Fort Duquesne terminated the struggle between France and England in the valley of the Ohio. The posts on French Creek still remained, but it was deemed unnecessary to proceed against them, as the character of the war in the North left very little doubt that the contest would soon cease, by the complete overthrow of the French. In 1759, Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Niagara, and Quebec, j'ielded to the British arms, and on the 8th of September of the follow- ing year (1760), Montreal, Detroit, and all of Canada were surrendered by the French. The Treaty- of Fontain- bleau, in November, 1762, put an end to the war. Another council was held in Easton, in October, 1758, at which the chiefs, both of the Six Nations and the Delawares, were present, and met the agents of Pennsylvania and New Jerse}^, and George Croghan, the agent of Sir William Johnson. The causes of the late war were fully discussed, complaints of the Indians concerning land were listened to, and all differences amicably adjusted ; and a message was sent by the Si^ Nations ordering the Shawanese and Twigt- wees, on the Ohio, to desist from their hostilities, on penalty of being attacked by them. Teedyuscung, at this treaty, received one of those insulting taunts from the Six Nations by which they too often exhibited their national supe- riority ; taunts, however, which were deepl}- revenged upon the whites in after years, when the Delawares had thrown off the galling yoke. Teedyuscung supported his station with dignity and firmness, and refused to succumb ; and the different Indian tribes at length became reconciled to each other. The capture of Quebec in 1759, b}' the force under the command of 1759. the lamented General Wolfe, created, not only in England, but in the Provinces, "a delirium of joy." Franklin, who was in England as the agent of Pennsylvania, amidst the excitement occasioned by the victory for the British arms, was necessitated to correct the misrepresentation of the motives and conduct of the Assembly and inhabitants of Pennsylvania. While there he published an " Historical Review of Pennsylvania," but, written for party purposes, it contains party views, and, of consequence, violations of truth. In October, 1759, Governor Denny was superseded by James Hamilton. The removal of the former was in consequence of yielding to the demands of the Assembly and passing their money bill. I'i GENERAL HISTORY. 99 JAMES HAMILTON. The results of the late campaign, whilst they inspirited the Provinces to new exertions, brought peace and security to the middle colonies. The 1760. impoverished and exiled agriculturists, to the number of four thou- sand, returned to their labors, which, prosecuted in security-, brought contentment and competence, whilst the merchant again found sources of wealth in the Indian trade. Penns3dvania, oppressed by taxes, and largely indebted to the soldiery, gladly seized the occasion to reduce her force to one hundred and fifty men, officers included, against the remonstrances of the Governor, and the Generals Amherst and Stanwix. But, on command of the Crown to furnish a like number of troops as for the last campaign, the Assem- bly voted twenty-seven hundred men, and re- ported a bill, granting to his Majesty's use one himdred thousand pounds, for lev3dng, paying, and clothing them. The town of Boston having been afflicted by a grievous conflagration, the Assembly of Pennsylvania, on the application of Governor Pownall, of Massachusetts, and at the instance of Governor Hamilton, * gene- rously granted to the sufferers the sum of fifteen hundred pounds. During the winter the French attempted to retrieve their affairs in Canada. A large force was concentrated at Montreal, but General Amherst, Commanrler- iu-Chief of the British forces in America, had an array competent to the utter annihilation of the French, and too ambitious to effect this object, moved simul- taneously the armies of Quebec, Lake Champlain, and Lake Ontario, on Montreal. With this corps, composed of ten thousand British and Provincials, and one thousand Indians under Sir William Johnson, resistance was in vain, and. in September every French post had capitulated. Thus fell forever the great . power of France in America. The whole of the forces raised b}' the Province of Penns3dvania had: 1761. been discharged at the close of the last campaign, except one hundred and fifty men, a part of whom were employed in transporting provisions- from Niagara, and in garrison at Presqu'Isle and Le Boeuf. These were detained until they should be relieved by a detachment of tlie Royal Americans, but such was the weakness of that regiment that this had hitherto been impracticable. The remainder was in garrison at Forts Allen and Augusta. The latter, situated at the forks of the Susquehanna, commanded both branches of that river, which * James Hamiltox was the son of Andrew Hamilton, and a native of Philadelphia, born about 1711. At the death of his father, in 1741, he was left in possession of a hand- some fortune, and in the appointment of prothonotary, then the most lucrative office in the Province. He was appointed Lieutenant Governor in 1748, serving to October, 1754. Ho filled the same offli-e from 1759 to 1763. He held several other offices of distinction in the Province, and enjoyed the confidence and esteem of the people, but his loyal feelings to • the Crown caused him to be unfriendly to the Revolution. He died at New York, August: 14, 1783. 100 HIS TOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. rendered its preservation highly important. The Governor urged the Assembly to provide means to pay the troops for the time they had remained in service beyond their contract, and to maintain Fort Augusta. To the latter the House assented after much debate, voting a guard of thirty men; but the former they promptly refused, referring the men for payment to the Crown, by which they were employed. The Province of Pennsylvania now looked for the enjoj^ment of a long and undisturbed peace, since her mild and forbearing policy had conciliated the Indians, and their dangerous neighbors, the French, were removed. But the sources in which they sought for safety were fruitful of dangers. The unpro- tected state of the frontiers, consequent on the discharge of the forces of the middle and southern colonies, held forth irresistible temptations to the whetted appetite of tlie border savages for plunder. Their hostility had been rewarded rather than chastised by Penns3dvania ; every treaty of peace was accompanied by rich presents, and their detention of the prisoners was overlooked upon slight apologies, thougli obviously done to afford opportunities for new treaties and additional gifts. The mistaken and perverted humanity of the Quakers had softened down their offences, and its apologies gave them confidence in their allegations of injuries received from the whites. These reasons, however, are insufficient to account for the wide extension of the Indian confederacy, which was probably caused by motives of profound polic}'. The aborigines beheld the French driven out of their whole country, themselves threatened by forts com- manding the great lakes and rivers, and they felt that an immediate and mighty effort was necessary to restrain the tide, which now, unimpeded, would spread Itself over the continent. War with Spain was declared on the 4ta of Januar}^ 1Y62. This 1762. created a greater alarm for the safety of the Province, and especially ' for Philadelphia, than had previously existed, as Spain was then in possession of a powerful navy. The Governor forthwith convened the Assembly, and the members being sensible of the weakness of the Province, the House immediately appropriated £23,500, which appears to have been the parliamentary allotment for 1159. Five ' thousand pounds were also appropriated for the erection of a fort mounting twenty cannon, on Mud Island, near the mouth of the Schuylkill. The fortifica- ' tion, hurriedly erected during this period of alarm, and which bore the name of j the island upon which it was erected, has been supplied by the respectable fort- ress known as Fort Miffiin, being so named in honor of Governor Thomas 1 Mifflin. ' The large number of negroes imported about this time became alarming to the people. The Assembly of Pennsylvania had enacted a law imposing a prohibi- '|j tory duty on their introduction, which was repealed by the Crown. Other' colonies, including Virginia and South Carolina, had enacted laws to restrain ' the importation of slaves, but the enactments failed to receive th^ royal sane- ' tion. Bancroft says, "never before had England pursued the traffic in negroes with such eager avarice." Pitt resigned his position as head of the British f Ministry, and was succeeded by the Earl of Egremont— a most unfortunate change for colonial independence. A treaty of peace between England and :. , OEh'EEAL HIS TOR Y. 101 France was concluded towards the close of this 3'ear, but was not proclaimed in Philadelphia until the 2Gth of January, 1763. Peace with Spain soon followed, leaving our ancestors none but Indian enemies to contend with. For boldness of attempt and depth of design, the Kiyasuta and Pontiac war, so named by the frontier inhabitants, was perhaps unsurpassed in 1763. the annals of border warfare. Schemed by such renowned chiefs, Kiyasuta, head of the Senccas, and Pontiac, of the Ottawas, the numerous tribes lying within the reach of their influence were easily com- manded for the prosecution of an}' new project. Not only in possession of these grand facilities to engage numerous warriors for the present purpose, they availed themselves still of additional means to secure a powerful confederacy, by calling in aid their eloquence to represent the necessity there was for defence of their own rights, in making a deadly lepulse against the encroachments of the English colonies, which they represented as having finally in view the hostile displacement or extermination of every western tribe from the region they now occupied. With such means to stimulate them to action, while the recompense of their services, by the acquisition of spoil and the more inviting reward, the renown of the warrior, were related to them in the most seductive colors, it may not be wondered that the plan of those cunning chieftains was immediately approved of, and a zealous interest manifested. The grand scheme projected by these Napoleons of the western wilderness seems to have been to arouse the tribes severally of the country, and all those thoj could reach by their eloquence, to join in striking a decisive blow on the frontiers, and, as it were, throw terror into tlie ver^' heart of the colonies, and thereby effectually and for ever repulse them from encroachments into the valley of the West. A certain day was set apart, it seems, for making the general assault, while the scheme was to be kept in profound silence, that they might come upon their victims in an unguarded hour. All the forts were to be simulta- neously attacked as well as the settlements, and all individuals whom they could come upon, and with one bold sweep, as it were, raze to the earth everything bearing the mark of their doomed enemies. The season of harvest was chosen, that the attention of the people might at the time be drawn to their crops, as well as the work of havoc then be greater by their destruction of them. When the attack was made it was found not to be simultaneous. That on Fort Pitt and vicinity was made almost two or three days before the time agreed upon for the general attack, although it was done with tlie belief at the time that the day had arived. The misunderstanding was said to proceed from the oflS- ciousness of a Delaware squaw, who was desirous that their plans might be deranged. At the grand council held by all the tribes for the appointment of the day for the general attack and making the necessary- arrangements for it, a bundle of rods had been put into the hands of ever}'^ tribe, each bundle contain- ing as many rods as there were days till the day when the general attack was to be made. One rod was to be drawn from the bundle every morning, and when a single one remained, it was the signal for the outbreak. The squaw spoken of had purposely extracted two or three rods unknowingly to the others, thinking it might materially disconcert, if not defeat, their project. From this circum- 102 HISTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. stance was said to arise the untimely action of the Indians about Fort Pitt. •But everywhere else the attack had been simultaneous, so correct and in such concert had they moved. The Shawanese and Delawares appear to have been the most active, and in pursuance of their bold and bloody project, the moment arriving for the general assault, the first intelligence their fated enemies had of the preconcerted work of death was a murderous attack made upon them without discrimination wherever met with. The frontier settlements of Pennsylvania, and the neighboring provinces of Maryland and Virginia, were immediately overrun with scalping parties, " marking their way with blood and devastation wherever they went, and all the examples of savage cruelty which never fail to accompany an Indian war." Almost every fort along the lakes and the Ohio was instantly attacked, and those that did not fall under the first assault were surrounded, and a resolute siege commenced. In a short time, so vigorous were the savages, that eight out of eleven forts were taken — Venango, Le Boeuf, Presqu'Isle, with the chain of stockades west of the Ohio; Fort Pitt, Detroit, and Niagara alone maintaining. These being better garrisoned, were prepared to withstand an attack with but little danger. After the first panic had passed away, the refugee settlers associated them- selves together, and, under the care of divisions of the regular troops and militia, succeeded in collecting and saving the remnant of their crops. In the latter end of August, a party of volunteers from Lancaster county, one hundred and ten in number, intercepted at Muncey Creek Hill a number of Indians proceeding from Great Island, in the Susquehanna, to the frontier settlements of the Province. The Indians, who were about fifty in number, were compelled to fly, after a half hour's sharp firing. They renewed the attack, however, twice on the next day, but without success. In these skirmishes the Indians lost twelve killed, and many wounded ; the provincials, four killed, and as many wounded. Colonel Armstrong collected a force of about three hundred volunteers from the vicinity of Shippensburg, Bedford, and Carlisle, under Captains Laughlin, Patterson, Hamilton, Crawford, Sharp, and others, for the purpose of attacking the settlements of Muncey and the Great Island. This little army left Fort Shirley, on the Aughwick, on the 30th of September, in high hopes of surprising the enemy, and inflicting upon them a severe punishment. But on their arrival they discovered that the Indians had left their settlement some days before. Colonel Armstrong having learned that there was a small village called Myonaghquia, to which it was supposed the savages had retired, pushed on with a party of one hundred and fifty men, and traveled with such expedition and secrecy, that the enemy, a few only in number, were scarce able to escape, ' leaving their food hot upon their bark tables, which was prepared for dinner. The army destroyed at this village, and at Great Island, a large quantity of ^ grain and other provisions. During this time Fort Pitt remained in the most hazardous condition. And what may have been its situation already, apprehensions for the worst were enter- tained, for no accounts from it had been received of late, and in fact nothing GENERAL HISTORY. 103 definite since it had been attacked, wlien it had been surrounded by the Indians, and " all communication cut off from it even by message." Placed at so great a distance from the inhabited portions of the Province, and rendered still more inaccessible from the then almost impassible mountains that intercepted the way, it could not be conveniently heard from, nor could assistance be rendered it with- out great expense of labor and time ; and a considerable force being requisite for their own safety, to undertake a march so distant, some delay could not be avoided. Endeavors in the Province to raise men proving nearly abortive, although the Assembly at the first outbreak of the savages had ordered seven hundred men to be raised for the protection of the frontiers during harvest, yet all attempts now seemed to have little effect. The delay which had thus been occasioned increased the alarm for those at Fort Pitt, from whom no intelligence still was had, while the audacity of depredating parties was increased, as they discovered the settlers fleeing before them, and no very apparent effort being made to check them. All exertions proving fruitless to raise the requisite forces. General Amherst, Commander-in-Chief of the army in America, promptly dispatched Colonel Bou- quet to the relief of Fort Pitt. Gathering together " the shattered remnants of the Forty-second and Seventy-second Regiments, lately returned from the West Indies," comprising in all scarcely five hundred men, the gallant Bouquet set out for a long and tedious march through the forests. His little army were indeed invalids, "reinforced with the last man that could be removed from the hospi- tal," and many were so infirm that about sixty were conveyed in wagons ; but these had been brought along more with a view of being left as reinforcements at the small posts by the way. Accompanying this little force, however, were six companies of rangers from Lancaster and Cumberland counties, amounting to two hundred, all that could possibly be spared from the Provincial volunteers, who were guarding their own homes from the inroads of the enemy. Reaching Carlisle, Colonel Bouquet found nothing had been done to carry out the orders which had been given to prepare a convoy of provisions on the frontiers. All was terror and consternation ; the greatest part of Cumberland county, through which the army had to pass, was deserted ; and the roads were covered with distressed families, flying from their settlements, and destitute of all the necessaries of life. In the midst of this confusion, says Bouquet in his journal, the supplies required for the expedition became very precarious ; nor was it less difficult to procure horses and wagons for the use of the troops. However in about two weeks after his arrival at Carlisle, by the prudent and active meas- ures pursued by the commander, joined to his knowledge of the country and the diligence of those he employed, the requisite provisions and articles of con- veyance were procured, and the army proceeded. Considerable anxiety had been felt for the safety of Fort Ligonier. It had been surrounded and attacked by the savages, and fears were entertained of its falling into their hands. There being a large quantity of military stores within it, it became a matter of great moment to keep it from falling into the hands of the Indians. Captain Currie, who commanded at Fort Bedford, apprehensive of this, had early sent twenty volunteers, good marksmen, to its aid. The perilous situation of Fort Ligonier coming to Colonel Bouquet's knowledge after he left 104 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Carlisle, and fearing the savages might carry it, and thereby enabled, from the munitions of war that would fall into their hands, to make a more vigorous attack on Fort Pitt, and likely demolish it before he could reach it, he determined to send a small detachment ahead to its relief. A party of thirty men was dis- patched with proper guides, who, with skillful and forced marches, succeeded in making their way through the woods, undiscovered by the enemy till they came within sight of the Fort, where they were intercepted by the Indians, but by making a sally, reached the Fort amidst some random shots unhurt. Fort Bedford also, at this time, was in rather a ruinous condition and weakly garrisoned, although it had been strengthened by the two small intermediate posts, Forts Loudoun and Lyttleton, which had been abandoned for that purpose. The families for twenty and thirty miles around had collected themselves here for safety so soon as the alarm had reached them ; and many had not yet reached the Fort when they found themselves pursued by the merciless enemy, with whose hands some forty persons fell, those not being scalped and killed carried into hopeless captivity. Satisfied with their slaughter, they made no attack on the Fort, happily for those within it, for the attempt might have proved successful, there being but a few volunteers to defend it, until two companies of infantry detached from the approaching array had reached it. On the 25th of July the rear of the army reached Bedford, but nothing satisfactory could be gathered respecting the enemy nor the situation of Fort Pitt. The force moved forward with some diffi- culty across the mountains to Ligonier. Every- thing was yet in uncertainty, and the army again continued their route. Before them lay the Turtle Creek hills, a deep and dangerous defile. Colonel Bouquet concluded to pass these during the night, by a forced march, as an advantageous position there might be chosen by the savages to wayla}- REDOUBT AT FORT PITT, 1763. ^^^ troops. Approachlng these hills the 5th of August, after a march of seventeen miles, and it being yet early in the afternoon, it was determined to halt at Bushy Run, a short distance ahead, and there rest the troops till towards evening, and pass the Turtle Creek defile during the ensuing night ; but when within about a half-mile from the creek, the advanced guard of the army was suddenly surprised by an ambuscade of Indians opening a brisk fire of musketry upon them. Being speedily and firmly supported, by bringing up the rear, a charge of bayonets was ordered, which efiectually routed the savages, when they were pursued a short distance. But no sooner was the pursuit given up than they returned and renewed the attack with redoubled vigor, while at the same moment a most galling fire was opened by the parties who had been concealed on some high ground that skirted the flanks of the army. A general charge with the whole line was now made, which proved eflfective, and the savages were obliged to give way ; but withal to no purpose, for no sooner was the pursuit again given up than the Indians renewed the attack with their wonted ferocity. The action continued without intermission the whole afternoon — a confused and irregular attack by the forces of both parties. The enemy, routed from one GENERAL H1S2 0EY. 105 skulking place, would retreat to another. But Colonel Bouquet made it an object as much as possible to keep his troops collected, that they might not be broken in upon and dispersed by the enemy. The battle ended with the day without any decided advantage to either. With the first dawn of morning the war-whoop was again raised, and in a moment there seemed a thousand startling yells to break in every direction around. At this signal a rush was made by the Indians on all sides, but the lines ready formed were not to be taken by surprise, and effectually repulsed the savages in every attempt. Betaking themselves to the trees, the Indians poured an incessant fire with great precision into the little army. Fatigued with the previous day's march and the battle of the preceding evening, combined with the exposure to a hot August sun, with no water within their reach, the troops began indeed to be dispirited. Attacked with a dogged determination, and fired upon without intercession, they could neither retreat nor proceed. It became obvious, therefore, that a desperate effort must be made to save the army from total destruction. The commander happily bethought himself of a stratagem that might prove successful, which, as the troops were still disposed in a circle from the previous night, consisted in making a manoeuvre of the appearance of a precipitate retreat from one side, so as to entrap the assailants in pursuit, who would rush as thoughtless within the enclosure of lines which lay in ambuscade. The snare was set in direction of the enemy's deadliest fire, and most hai)pily succeeded in enticing them from their places of concealment. Before aware, they were under a most destructive fire of the troops; and ere they could retreat, they received so deadly a charge from the regulars, that they fled with the utmost precipitation. This secured the victory. The woods around were immediately abandoned by the others, and the conflict ceased. This had been the whole Indian force from Fort Pitt, remarks Patterson in his " Backwoods," who, after lying around that place for three months, keeping up a vigorous siege, and being on the alert for a force to come against them from the settlements, early became apprised of the approach of Colonel Bouquet, and informed duly by their spies of the movement of the enemy, the}' deter- mined, as was expected, to await tiiera on the most advantageous ground, aware that if they succeeded in defeating the troops, the extent of country they had already gained sway over, by their sudden and bold movements, would not only be maintained, but a probability follow that they might strike consternation into the very heart of the settlements. It is indeed impossible to say what influence might have been exerted over the settlements of Pennsylvania in particular, had this little army been cut off. It is certain, possession of the country might not have been regained till the work of destruction had been completed west of the mountains. But so stunning were the results of this battle to the savages, dis- may at once siezed them and confidence was lost. Though looked upon as a small engagement, there doubtless hung upon it results nigh as important to the colonies as the issue of the more renowned battle on the Plains of Abraham, when a Wolfe and a Montcalm met to decide the destinies of their respective nations. The little battle of Bushy Run was the means of disheartening the Indians and causing them to abandon designs which, if they had continued to execute lOG HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. with the same rigor that had characterized them for a little more than three months since they had commenced the assault, might have effected much that would be fearful to relate. In this engagement Colonel Bouquet lost about fifty men, and had sixty wounded, the savages about sixty of their best warriors and many of their most distinguished chiefs. Their forces were made up with warriors from the Dela- ware, Shawanese, Mingo, Wyandot, Mohickan, Miami, and Ottawa tribes, and doubtless the flower of their nations, for the importance of the issue of the first decisive engagement had most likely been well weighed by them, and therefore an effort made for the victory. Tlie army again pursued their route, and in four days reached Fort Titt, with but little interruption except " a few scattering shots from a disheartened and flying enemy." The Indians immediately withdrew and retired beyond the Ohio. Fort Pitt relieved, found its little group of inhabitants again breathing the open air, after a constant siege of more than three months. THE OLD PENN OHAIR. CHAPTER YII. INPIAN DEPREDATIONS ON THE FRONTIERS. THE DESTRUCTION OP THE INDIANS AT CONESTOGA. THE SO-CALLED INSURRECTION OF THE PAXTANG BOYS. BOU- QUET'S EXPEDITION TO THE MUSKINGUM. 1763-1764. HE expedition of Bouquet served, in a great measure, to cheek the depredations of the Indians, and for a few months the frontiers of Pennsylvania were quiet. Had the Assembly acted promptl}' in the matter, an effectual defence could have been provided. As the winter approached, and the dread of the regular forces subsided, the savages commenced and prosecuted their outrages on the northern and western frontier, and, occasionally, penetrated the interior counties. They seldom appeared in force, and when they did, were uniformly defeated and routed by the rangers, or parties of the inhabitants ; but in small squads, stealing through the woods, they attacked the settlers in their homes in the dead of the night, or whilst engaged in their occupations in the fields, burning houses and barns, and slaughtering men, women, and children. Sometimes these parties were disco- vered and pursued, and, when overtaken, shot and bayoneted without mercy. The road to Fort Pitt was again interrupted. A supply of provisions, under a convoy of sixty men, was forwarded from Bedford to Fort Pitt, but, on gain- ing the foot of the Allegheny mountains, was compelled to return, having learned that the passages were occupied by the savages. Some fragments of the Dela- ware and Six Nation tribes remained at their settlements in the interior, refusing to join their brethren in arms, professing afiection to the colonists, and avowing a determination to continue neutral. But the neutrality of a part, at least, of these Indians, was very doubtful. Many outrages were committed in consequence, as was generally believed, of the information and advice the^' gave to the invaders ; and some murders were perpetrated, which the public voice ascribed to a party under the protection of the Moravian Brethren. The situation of the frontiers was truly deplorable, principally owing to the supineness of the Provincial authorities, for the Quakers, who controlled the government, were, to use the language of Lazarus Stewart, "more solicitous for the welfare of the blood- thirsty Indian than for the lives of the frontiersmen." In their blind partiality, bigotry, and political prejudice, they would not readily accede to the demands of those of a different religious faith. To them, therefore, was greatly attributable the reign of horror and devastation in the border counties. The government was deaf to all entreaties, and General Amherst, commander of the British forces in America, did not hesitate to give his feelings an emphatic expression. " The conduct of the Pennsylvania Assembly, ^^ he wrote, "is altogether so infatu- ated and stupidly obstinate, that I want words to express my indignation thereat." Nevertheless, the sturdy Scotch-Irish and Germans of the frontiers rallied for 107 108 HIS TOB T OF PENNS YL VANIA. their own defence, and the entire force of Col. Bouquet was composed of them. The inhabitants of Paxtang, then Lancaster, now Dauphin, at the outset of " Pontiac's conspiracy," enrolled themselves into several companies, the Rev. INDIAN DEPREDATIONS ON THE FRONTIEKS. John Elder being their colonel Lazarus Stewart, Matthew Smith, and Ashor Clayton, men of acknowledged military ability and prowess, commanded distinct companies of "rangers." These brave men were ever on the alert, watching GENERAL HISTORY. 109 with eagle eye the Indian marauders, who, during Pontiac's war, swooped down upon the defenceless frontiers of Cumberland and Lancaster counties. "High mountains, swollen rivers, or great distances never deterred or appalled them. Their courage and fortitude were equal to every undertaking, and woe betide the red men when their blood-stained tracks once met their eyes." The Paxtang rangers were truly the terror of the Indians ; swift on foot, excellent horse- men, good shots, skillful in pursuit or in escape, dexterous as scouts, and expert in manoeuvring On the 4tL of August, 1T63, Col. Elder wrote to the Governor : "The service your honor was pleased to appoint me to I have performed to the best of my power, though not with success equal to my desires. However, both companies will, I imagine, be complete in a few days. There are now upwards of thirty men in each, exclusive of officers, who are now and have been employed since their enlistment in such service as is thought most safe and encouraging to the frontier inhabitants, who are, here and everywhere else in the back counties, quite sunk and dispirited, so that it 's to be feared that at any attack of the enemy a considerable part of the country will be evacuated, as all seem inclin- able to seek safety rather in flight than in opposing the savage foe." On the 9th of September, 17C3, a few of the rangers who had encamped in Berks county were apprised of the approach of Ihe Indians by their out-scouts. The Indians advanced cautiously, to take them by surprise. When near, with savage yells, they rushed forward ; but the rangers, springing to their feet, shot the three in front. The rest fled into a thicket and escaped. The Indians were armed with guns and provi-led with ammunition. These Indians were on their way from the Moravian Indians, in Northampton county, to the Big Island. Runners were sent to the diflferent parties of rangers with information, and others set out in pursuit of those who fled. The rangers who started in pursuit were baffled by the superior skill and artifice of the Indians. That they went to the Big Island wa^ beyond a doubt. The Paxtang band were now deter- mined to watch, with scrutinizing eyes, the Indians who visited Conestoga, and Nain, and Wichetnnk, and ascertain the treacherous. The Provincial commissioners, on being informed of the above particu- lars, subsequently in uired into the facts with the Governor, and reported the result to the Assembly on tlie 21st of October: " Upon inquiry made before the Governor into the late conduct of the Moravians and their Indians at Nain and Wichetunk, it was their opinion that the said Indians have been, and still are, secretly supplied by the Brethren with arms and ammuni'Jon, which they, the said Indians, having an intercourse with our enemies on the frontiers, do barter and exchange with them, to the great danger of the neighboring inhabi- tants, and that there is much reason to suspect the said Moravian Indians have also been principally concerned in the late murders committed near Bethlehem, in the county of Northampton, which renders it absolutely necessary to remove them into the interior parts of the Province, where their behavior may be more closely observed. It was ordered by the House of Assembly that the Indians be invited down and lodged at some convenient place, and supported at the public expense. Some were placed in the barracks, others on Province Island." About the middle of October, when the murder of the Stinson family and 1 1 HISTOB T OF PENNS TL VANIA. others reached the ears of the Paxtang men, they solicited their colonel, the Rev. Mr. Elder, to obtain pei'mission of the Governor to allow them to make an excursion against the enemy. Another object had in view was " to destroy the immense quantities of corn left hy the New England men at Wyoming, which if not consumed, would be a considerable magazine to the enemy, and enable them with more ease to distress the inhabitants." At the most earnest solicitation, therefore, of his men, Colonel Elder allowed the companies of Captains Stewart and Clayton to proceed to Wyoming. They marched in three days and a half one hundred and ten miles on foot. When they reached Wyoming they learned that the bloodthirsty savage had preceded them, entering the valley from the direction of Northampton count}^, and then taken their departure up the river, murdering all the settlers. Colonel Elder, in his letter to Governor Hamilton, was under the impression that owing to the exposed condition of that region of country, the New England men had fled from the valley. Dispirited and shocked at the Indian atrocities, the rangers, after burying the massacred, burned the Indian houses and a quantity of corn left standing, and returned to their homes. Such scenes as these frontiersmen beheld were calculated to rouse resentment in their breasts against all of the name of Indian, and we who live perfectly secure in this year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six cannot form an adequate conception of the perils which encom- passed the hearths and homes of our ancestors. One need not wonder at the desperation to which they were driven, when through the neglect of the Provincial authorities, the depredations of the savages grew more frequent. Governor Hamilton, it is true, called the attention of the Assembly to the sad condition of the settlers on the frontiers, of the houses destroyed, farms laid waste, barns, grain, fences, etc., burned to ashes, and numberless murders, but all to no purpose. The murders in and around Paxtang, notwithstanding the vigilance of the rangers, became numerous, and many a family mourned for some of their number shot by the secret foe or carried away captive. The frontiersmen took their rifles with them to the field and to the sanctuary. Their colonel and pastor placed his trusty piece beside him in the pulpit. It is stated that at one time the meeting-bouse was surrounded while he was preaching; but their spies hav- ing counted the rifles, the Indians retired from their ambuscade without making an attack. Deed after deed was perpetrated by the savage Indians — but where these came from was a mystery. Indians had been traced by the scouts to the wigwams of the friendly Indians at Conestoga and to those of the Moravian Indians in Northampton county. Suspicion was awakened; the questions, "Are these Christian Indians treache- rous ? Are their wigwams the harbors of our deadly foe ? Do they conceal the nightly prowling assassin of the forest — the villain, who, with savage ferocity, tore the innocent babe from the bosom of its mother where it had been quietly reposing, and hurled it in the fire ? The mangled bodies of our friends cry aloud for vengeance." Such were the questions, surmises, and expressions of the exasperated people. The Paxtang rangers were active in endeavoring to dis- cover the perpetrators of those acts of violence. The Quakers who controlled the government, as heretofore remarked, "seemed QENEBAL HIS TOBY. Ill resolved," says Parkman, " that they would neither defend the people of the frontier nor allow them to defend themselves, vehemently inveighed against all expeditions to cut off the Indian marauders. Their security was owing to their local situation, being confined to the eastern part of the Province." That such was the case, rather than to the kind feelings of the Indian towards them, is shown by the fact that of the very few living in exposed positions several were killed. The people declared openly they no longer confided in the professions of the Governor or his advisers; numbers of volunteers joined the rangers of Northamp- ton, Berks, Lancaster, York, and Cumberland, who were engaged in tracing the midnight assassins. On the Manor, a portion of land surveyed for the Proprie- taries, situated in Lancaster county near where the borough of Columbia is located, was settled a band of squalid, miserable Indians — the refuse of sundry tribes. Time and again they were suspected of murder and thievery, and their movements at this crisis were closely watched. Strange Indians were constantly coming and going. Colonel Elder, under date of September 13, 1763, thus wrote to Governor Hamilton: " I suggest to you the propriety of an imme- diate removal of the Indians from Conestoga, and placing a garrison in their room. In case this is done, I pledge myself for the future security of the frontiers.^' Subsequently, on taking charge of the ex- ecutive afiairs of the Province, in October, Governor John Penn* replied as follows : "The Indians of Conestoga have been repre- sented as innocent, helpless, and dependent on this government for support. The faith of this government is pledged for their protection. I cannot remove them without adequate cause. The contract made with William Penn was a private agreement, afterwards confirmed by several treaties. Care has been taken by the provincial committee that no Indians but our own visit Conestoga. Whatever can be faithfully executed under the laws, shall be as faithfully performed." John Harris had previously' made a similar request : " The Indians here I hope 3'our honor will be pleased to cause to be removed to some other place, as I donH like their company.''^ The rangers, finding appeals to the authorities useless, resolved on taking the law into their own hands. Several Indian murderers had been traced to Cones- toga, and it was determined to take them prisoners. Captain Stewart, whose men JOHN PENN. * John Penn, the son of Richard and grandson of William Penn, was born in Philadel- phia, in 1728, from which circumstance he was called the "American Penn." He was Gov- ernor of the Province from 1763 to 1771, and also from 1773 to the end of the Proprietary government in 1776. He continued in the country during the Revolution. In 1777, having refused to sign a parole, he was confined by the Whigs at Fredericksburg, Va. Governor Penn died at his country seat in Bucks county, in February, 1795. J 12 JIISTOR T OF PENXS YL VANIA. ascertained this fact, acquainted his colonel of the object, who seemed rather to encourage his command to make the trial, as an example was necessary to be made for the safety of tlie frontier inhabitants. The destruction of the Conesto- gas was not then projected. That was the result of the attempted capture. Parkman and Webster, following Rupp, state that Colonel Elder, learning of an intent to destroy the entire tribe, as they were about to set off, rode after them commanding them to desist; that Stewart threatened to shoot his horse, and mucli more. Such was not the case. From a letter dated Paxtang, December 16, 1763, written to Governor Penn, he says: "On receiving intelligence, the 13th inst, that a number of persons were assembled on purpose to go and cut off the Conestoga Indians, in concert with Mr. Foster, the neighboring magis- trate, I hurried off an express with a written message to that party, ' entreating them to desist from such an undertaking, representing to them the unlawfulness and barbarity of such an action, that it 's cruel and unchristian in its nature, and would be fatal in its consequences to themselves and families ; that private persons have no right to take the lives of any under the protection of the legisla- ture ; that they must, if they proceeded in that affair, lay their accounts to meet with a severe prosecution, and become liable even to capital punishment ; that they need not expect that the country would endeavor to conceal or screen them from punishment, but that they would be detected and given up to the resent- ment of the government.' These things I urged in the warmest terms in order to prevail with them to drop the enterprise, but to no purpose." Not to be deterred, the rangers reached the Indian settlement before day- light. The barking of some dogs discovered them, and a number of strange Indians rushed from their wigwams, brandishing their tomahawks. This show of resistance was sufficient inducement for the rangers to make use of their arms. In a few moments every Indian present fell before the unerring fire of the brave frontiersmen. The act accomplished, they mounted their horses and returned severally to their homes. Unfortunately a number of the Indians were absent from Conestoga, prowling about the neighboring settlements, doubtless on pre- datory incursions. The destruction at the Manor becoming known, they were placed in the Lancaster work-house for protection. Among these vagabonds ■were two well known to Parson Elder's scouts. An express being sent to Philadelphia with the news, great excitement ensued, and Governor Penn issued a proclamation relative thereto. Notwithstanding its fine array of words, it fell upon the Province harmless. Outside of the Quaker settlements every one heartily- a[)proved of the measures taken by the Paxtang rangers. The presence of the remaining Indians at Lancaster soon became a cause of great uneasiness to the magistrates and people, for as previously remarked, two or three were notorious scoundrels. It may be here related that several of the strange Indians harbored at Conestoga, who were also absent at the destruction of the villnge, made their escape and reached Philadelphia, where they joined the Moravian Indians from Nain and Wichetunk, and there secreted. The removal of the Conestoga Indians from Lancaster was requested by the chief magistrate, Edward Shippen. Governor Penn proved very tardy, and we are of the opinion he cared little about them, or he would have acted promptly GENERAL HISTORY, 113 Day after day passed by, and the excitement throughout the frontiers became greater. The rangers, who found that their work had been only half done, consulted as to what measures should be further proceeded with. Captain Stewart proposed to capture the principal Indian outlaw, who was confined in the Lancaster work-house, and take him to Carlisle jail, where he could be held for trial. This was heartily approved of, and accordingly a detachment of the rangers, variously estimated at from twenty to fifty, proceeded to Lancaster on the 27th of December, broke into the work-house, and but for the show of resistance would have eflfected their purpose. But the younger portion of the rangers, to whom was confided this work, were so enraged at the defiance of the Lidians, that before their resentment could be repressed by Captain Stewart, the unerring rifle was employed, and the last of the so-called Conestogas had yielded up his life. In a few minutes thereafter, mounting their horses, the daring rangers were safe from pursuit. George Gibson, who, from his acquain- tance with the principal frontiersmen of his time, in a letter written some years after, gives the most plausible account of this transaction, which bore such an important part in the early history of the Province. He says : " No murder has been committed since the removal of the friendly Indians and the destruction of Conestoga — a strong proof that the murders were committed under the cloak of the Moravian Indians. ... A description of an Indian who had, with great barbarity, murdered a family on the Susquehanna, near Paxtang, was sent to Lazarus Stewart at Lancaster. This Indian had been traced to Conestoga. On the day of its destruction he was on a hunting expedition. When he heard that the rangers were in pursuit of him, he fled to Philadelphia. . . . The three or four who entered the work-house at Lancaster were directed by Stewart, to seize on the murderer, and give him to his charge. When those outside heard the report of the guns within, several of the rangers alighted, thinking their friends in danger, and hastened to the door. The more active of the' Indians, endeavoring to make their escape, were met by them and shot. No children were killed by the Paxtang boys. No act of savage butchery was. committed." If the excitement throughout the Province was great after the affair at Cones- toga, this last transaction set everything in a ferment. " No language," says Rev. Dr. Wallace, '• can describe the outcry which arose from the Quakers in Philadelphia, or the excitement which swayed to and fro in the frontiers and in the city." The Quakers blamed the Governor, the Governor the Assembly, and the latter censured everybody except their own inaction. Two proclamations were issued by the Provincial authorities offering rewards for the seizure of those concerned in the destruction of the Indians, but this was impossible, owing to the exasperation of the frontiersmen, who heartily approved of the action of the rangers. On the 27th of December, the Rev. Mr. Elder hurriedly wrote to Governor Penn : " The storm, which had been so long gathering, has at length exploded. Had government removed the Indians from Conestoga, as was frequentl}' urged without success, this painful catastrophy might have been avoided. What could I do with men heated to madness ? All that I could do was done. I expos- tulated, but life and reason were set at defiance, and yet the men, in private life,. H !l 1 1 4 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. were virtuous and respectable— not cruel, but mild and merciful. . . . The time will arrive when each palliating circumstance will be calmly weighed. This deed, magnified into the blackest of crimes, shall be considered one of those youthful ebullitions of wrath caused by momentary excitement, to which human infirmity is subjected." To this extenuating and warm-hearted letter, came a reply, under date of December 29, 1763, from the Governor: "As it is absolutely necessary, for the preservation of peace and good order in the government, that an immediate stop be put to such riotous proceedings, I beg you will continue to use your best endeavors to discourage and suppress all insurrections that may appear among any of the people over whom you have an influence, and that you will be pleased to take all the pains in your power to learn the names of the ringleaders and perpetrators of those barbarities, and to acquaint me with everything you can discover concerning them. The Commissioners, not thinking it necessary any longer to keep in pay more than one person to command the troops on the east side of the Susquehanna, came yesterday to a resolution to discontinue the pay of yourself and Mr. Seeley as commanders of the companies in Lancaster and Berks counties, which are for the future to be put under the direction of Major Clayton, as well as those in Northampton. I, therefore, desire you will deliver over to him all the Provincial arms, accoutrements, ammunition, and other military stores remaining in your possession, with an exact account of those you have distributed among the two companies. I return you thanks for the good services you have performed, and for the care and prudence with which you have conducted your military command from the beginning." From the foregoing letter of Governor John Penn, it is evident that the commissioners, or rather the Provincial Council, intended to punish 1764. both the frontier commanders, or that with the destruction of the Conestogas, there was little or no danger of Indian atrocities. The latter proved to be the case, but the authorities were cognizant of the fact that the Paxtang boj^s were correct in their surmisings, and that peace would follow the removal of the friendly Indians. It shows, also, that believiiig thus, the Provincial authorities were culpable, to a great degree, in allowing the Indians to remain on the Manor, despite the representations of Colonel Elder, John Harris, and Edward Shippcn. The Keverend Mr. Elder quietly laid by his sword, feeling confident that time would vindicate his course, whatever that may have been. The different proclamations of Governor Penn, and the action of the Assembly relative to this transaction, created immense excitement on the frontiers of Lancaster, Berks, and Northampton, and meetings were held, at which the Provincial authorities were severely condemned. Representatives were appointed to proceed to Philadelphia and demand redress and protection. Accompanying these were large delegations from the " back inhabitants." The Moravian Indians who had been confined in the barracks at Philadelphia since November, were removed to Province Island, at the reported march of "a large body of rioters (?), who were bent on destroying them also." This has been always denied, as merely a wild rumor, which, like many other reports, spread consternation and alarm in the city. The Assembly resolved to resist GENERAL HISTORY. 115 any attempt to destroy the Indians, but the latter, frightened at the reports of their threatened destruction, petitioned the authorities to send them, a hundred and fifty in number, with their two ministers, to England. But this being impracticable, the Governor furnished them an escort, to proceed through New Jersey and New York, to Sir William Johnson, under whose protection they were desirous to place themselves. William Franklin, then Governor of New Jersey, granted them a passport ; but Governor Golden, of New York, b}^ advice of his Council, refused to admit them within his Province. The Council of New York were offended by Governor Penn sending so large a body of Indians into their colony without their consent ; and professed themselves more disposed to punish than to protect the Indians from the east side of the Susque- hanna, whom they considered as their worst enemies, composed of the rogues, thieves, and runaways from other Indian nations. They also condemned the policy which returned these men to strengthen their nation. The progress of the Indians being thus obstructed. General Gage, who had succeeded General Amherst in the chief command of the English forces in America, directed two companies of the Royal Americans to re-escort them to Philadelphia, where thej'^ were secured in the barracks. The approach of the frontiersmen, about the time of the return of the Indians, renewed the excitement. The force of the former was magnified to many thousands, and six companies of foot, one of artillery, and two troops of horse, were formed to oppose them ; and some thousands of the inhabitants, including many Quakers, were prepared to render assistance, in case an attempt should be made upon the town. The barracks, also, where the Indians were lodged, under the protection of the regular ti'oops, were fortified, several works being thrown up about them, and eight pieces of cannon mounted. But the Governor would not venture to command his forces to attack the insurgents until he obtained indemnity for himself and them, by the extension to the Province of the English Riot Act. The bill extending it was passed very hastily through the House. On arriving at Germantown, the Paxtang men were met bj' commissioners, to whom they made known their intentions, and Colonel Matthew Smith and James Gibson accompanied the former to Philadelphia, where thej^ met the Governor and the Assembly presenting their grievances, which we here give in full, as a clear and candid statement of affairs at that period. In the meantime, with a few exceptions, the party who accompanied them returned to their homes — the inhabitants of the city to their peaceful avocations. " We, Matthew Smith and James Gibson, in behalf of ourselves and his Majesty's faithful and loyal subjects, the inhabitants of the frontier counties of Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Berks, and Northampton, humbly beg leave to remonstrate and lay before 3'ou the following grievances, which we submit to your wisdom for redress. "First. We apprehend that as Freemen and English subjects, we have an indispiitable title to the same privileges and immunities with his Majesty's other subjects who reside in the interior counties of Philadelphia, Chester, and Bucks, and, therefore, ought not to be excluded from an equal share with them in the very important privilege of legislation ; nevertheless, contrary to the 1 1 6 HISTOR T OF PENNS YL VAN'IA. Proprietor's charter and the acknowledged principles of common justice and equit}', our fi\e counties are restrained from electing more than ten Represen- tativ s, viz., four for Lancaster, two for York, two for Cumberland, one for Berks, and one for Northampton, while the three counties and City of Philadel- phia, Chester, and Bucks, elect twenty-six. This we humbly conceive is oppressive, unequal, and unjust, the cause of many of our grievances, and an infringement of our natural privileges of Freedom and equality ; wherefore, we humbly pray that we may be no longer deprived of an equal number with the three aforesaid counties, to represent us in Assembly. " Secondly. We understand that a bill is now before the House of Assembl}-, wherein it is provided that such persons as shall be charged with killing any Indians in Lancaster county, shall not be tried in the county where the fact was committed, but in the counties of Philadelphia, Chester, or Bucks. This is mani- festly to deprive British subjects of their known privileges, to cast an eternal reproach upon whole counties, as if they were unfit to serve their country in the quality of jurymen, and to contradict the well-known laws of the British nation in a point whereon life, liberty, and security essentially depend, namely, that of being tried by their equals in the neighborhood where their own, their accusers, and the witnesses' character and credit, with the circumstances of the fact, are best known, and instead thereof putting their lives in the hands of strangers, who may as justly be suspected of partiality to as the frontier counties can be of prejudices against Indians ; and this, too, in favor of Indians only, against his Majesty's faithful and loyal subjects. Besides, it is well known that the design of it is to comprehend a fact committed before such a law was thought of. And if such practices were tolerated, no man could be secure in his most valuable interest. We are also informed, to our great surprise, that this bill has actually received the assent of a majority of the House, which we are persuaded could not have been the case, had our frontier counties been equally represented in Assembly. However, we hope that the Legislature of this Province will never enact a law of so dangerous a tendency, or take away from his Majesty's good subjects a privilege so long esteemed sacred by Englishmen. "Thirdly. During the late and present Indian War, the frontiers of this Province have been repeatedl}' attacked and ravaged b}' skulking paities of the Indians, who have with the most savage cruelty murdered men, women, and children, without distinction, and have reduced near a thousand families to the most extreme distress. It grieves us to the very heart to see siich of our frontier inhabitants as have escaped savage fur^^ with the loss of their parents, their children, their wives, or relatives, left destitute by the public, and exposed to the most ci'uel poverty and wretchedness, while upwards of an hundred and twenty of these savages, who are with great reason suspected of being guilt}' of these horrid barbarities, under the mask of friendship, haA'e procured themselves to be taken under the protection of the Government, with a view to elude the fury of the brave relatives of the murdered, and are now maintained at the public expense. Some of these Indians, now in the barracks of Philadelphia, are confessedl}' a part of the Wyalusing Indians, which tribe is now at war with us, and the others are the Moravian Indians, who, living with us under the GENERAL HISTOUT. UY cloak of friendship, carried on a correspondence with our known enemies on the Great Island. We cannot but observe, with sorrow and indignation, that aome persons in this Province are at pains to extenuate the barbarous cruelties practised by these savages on our murdered brethren and relatives, which are shocking to human nature, and must pierce every heart but that of the hardened perpetrators or their abettors ; nor is it less distressing to hear others pleading that although the Wyalusing tribe is at war with us, yet that part of it which is under the protection of the Government, may be friendly to the English, and innocent. In what nation under the sun was it ever the custom that when a neighboring nation took up arms, not an individual should be touched but only the persons that offered hostilities ? Who ever proclaimed war with a part of a nation, and not with the whole ? Had these Indians disapproved of the perfidy of their tribe, and been willing to cultivate and preserve friendship with us, why did they not give notice of the war before it happened, as it is known to be the result of long deliberations, and a preconcerted combination among them ? Why did they not leave their tribe immediately, and come among us before there was ground to suspect them, or war was actually waged with their tribe ? No, they stayed amongst them, were privy to their murders and revenges, until we had destroyed their pro- visions, and when they could no longer subsist at home, they come, not as deserters, but as friends, to be maintained through the winter, that they may be able to scalp and butcher us in the spring. " And as to the Moravian Indians, there are strong grounds at least to supect their friendship, as it is known they carried on a correspondence with our enemies on the Great Island. We killed three Indians going from Bethlehem to the Great Island with blankets, ammunition, and provisions, which is an undeniable proof that the Moravian Indians were in confederacy with our open enemies ; and we cannot but be filled with indignation to hear this action of ours painted in the most odious and detestable colors, as if we had inhu- manly murdered our guides, who preserved us from perishing in the woods, when we only killed three of our known enemies, who attempted to shoot us when we surprised them. And, besides all this, we understand that one of these very Indians is proved, by the oath of Stinson's widow, to be the very person that murdered her husband. How, then, comes it to pass that he alone, of all the Moravian Indians, should join the enemy to murder that family ? Or can it be supposed that any enemy Indians, contrary to their known custom of making war, should penetrate into the heart of a settled country to bum, plunder, and murder the inhabitants, and not molest any houses in their return, or ever be seen or heard of? Or how can we account for it, that no ravages have been committed in Northampton county since the removal of the Moravian Indians, when the Great Cove has been struck since ? These things put it beyond doubt with us that the Indians now at Philadelphia are his Majesty's perfidious enemies, and, therefore, to protect and maintain them at the public expense, while our suffering brethren on the frontiers are almost destitute of the necessaries of life, and are neglected by the public, is sufficient to make us mad with rage, and tempt us to do what nothing but the most violent necessity can vindicate. We humbly and earnestlv pray, 1 1 8 HIS TORT OF PENNS YL VANIA. therefore, that those enemies of his Majesty may be removed as soon as possible out of the Province. " Fourthly. We humbly conceive that it is contrary to the maxims of good policy, and extremely dangerous to our frontiers, to suffer any Indians, of what tribe soever, to live within the inhabited parts of this Province while we are engaged in an Indian war, as experience has taught us that they are all perfidious, and their claim to freedom and independency puts it in their power to act as spies, to entertain and give intelligence to our enemies, and to furnish them with provisions and warlike stores. To this fatal intercourse between our pretended friends and open enemies, we must ascribe the greatest of the ravages and murders that have been committed in the course of this and the last Indian war. We, therefore, pray that this grievance be taken under consideration and remedied. "Fifthly. We cannot help lamenting that no provision has been hitherto made, that such of our frontier inhabitants as have been wounded in defence of the Province, their lives and liberties, may be taken care of, and cured of their wounds at the public expense. We, therefore, pray that this grievance may be redressed. "Sixthly. In the late Indian war, this Province, with others of his Majesty's colonies, gave rewards for Indian scalps, to encourage the seeking them in their own country, as the most likely means of destroying or reducing them to reason, but no such encouragement has been given in this war, which has damped the spirits of many brave men, who are willing to venture their lives in parties against the enemy. We, therefore, pray that public rewards may be proposed for Indian scalps, which may be adequate to the dangers attending enterprizes of this nature. "Seventhly. We daily lament that numbers of our nearest and dearest relatives are still in captivity among the savage heathen, to be trained up in all their ignorance and barbarity, or to be tortured to death with all the contrivances of Indian cruelty, for attempting to make their escape from bondage ; we see they pay no regard to the many solemn promises they have made to restore our friends who are in bondage amongst them. We, therefore, earnestly pray that no trade may hereafter be permitted to be carried on with them until our brethren and relatives are brought home to us. " Eighthly. We complain that a certain society of people in this Province, in the late Indian war, and at several treaties held by the King's representatives, openly loaded the Indians with presents, and that J. P., a leader of the said society, in defiance of all government, not only abetted our Indian enemies, but kept up a private intelligence with them, and publicly received from them a belt of wampum, as if he had been our Governor, or authorized by the King to treat with his enemies. By this means the Indians have been taught to despise us as a weak and disunited people, and from this fatal source have arose many of our calamities under which we groan. We humbly pray, therefore, that this grievance may be redressed, and that no private subject be hereafter permitted to treat with, or carry on a conespondence with, our enemies. "Ninthly. We cannot but observe with sorrow, that Fort Augusta, which has been very expensive to this Province, has afforded us but little assistance OENEEAL- HISTOEY. 119 during this or tlie last war. Tlie men that were stationed at that place neither helped our distressed inhabitants to save their crops, nor did they attack our enemies in their towns, or patrol on our frontiers. We humbly request that proper measures may be taken to make that garrison more serviceable to us in our distress, if it can be done. " N. B — We are far from intending any reflection against the commanding officer stationed at Augusta, as we presume his conduct was always directed by those from whom he received his orders. " Signed on behalf of ourselves, and by appointment of a great number of the frontier inhabitants. " Matthew Smith, "February 13th, 1764." "James Gibson. The memorial of Gibson and Smith was sustained by another, having fifteen hundred signatures. The Assembly sent these memorials to a committee, which recommended a conference with the representatives of the back inhabitants, in order to convince them and the people that their complaints were unfounded. The House invited the Governor to participate in this conference, but he declined the measure, as incompatible with the dignity and subversive of the order of the government. He recommended them to investigate the merits of the petitions, and should any bill grow out of the investigation, he promised to give it due attention. The Assembly took no further steps. The bill directing persons charged with murdering an Indian in Lancaster county to be tried in Philadelphia, Bucks, or Chester, became a law, but no conviction for that ofience was ever had. Pamphlets, says Webster, without number, truth, or decency, poured like a torrent from the press. The Quakers took the pen to hold up the deed to execration ; and many others seized the opportunity to defame the Irish Presbyterians as ignorant bigots and lawless marauders. A dialogue between Andrew Trueman and Thomas Zealot, speaks of " Saunders Kent, an elder these thirty years, that gaed to duty" just before the massacre, and while he "was saying grace till a pint of whiskey, a wild lad ran his gully (knife) through the wame of a heathen wean." This, and much more that is worse, lacks the first requisite of a good lie ; it does not look like truth ; it makes the Irish Presby- terians talk like English churchmen, to whom the phrase " saying grace " is peculiar. " Gaeing to duty " is a thrust at family worship in use among Presby- terians, but highly ridiculous to godless " sayers of grace." The Presbyterians replied that Teedyuscung confessed that he would not have complained of the new settlers if he had not been encouraged by prominent Quakers. They produced affidavits that the Indians who were killed were drunken, debauched, insolent, quarrelsome, and dangerous ; they refer to the Christian Indian, Renatus, as notoriously bad, and assert that the Indian who shot Stinson, in Allen township, while rising from his bed, was secured in Philadelphia from justice, and comforted in a good room, with a warm bed and stove. They also charged that the representation in the Assembly was unequal, and that Lancaster, with a larger population, was allowed fewer members than other counties. II 1 20 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Violent and bitter as were the attacks of the Quaker pamphleteers, Parson Elder was only casually alluded to. With the exception of the following, written to Colonel Burd, he made no attempt to reply to any of these, leaving his cause with God and posterity : " Lazarus Stewart is still threatened by the Philadelphia party ; he and his friends talk of leaving.- If they do, the Province will lose some of its best friends, and that by the faults of others, not their own ; for if any cruelty was practised on the Indians at Conestoga or at Lancaster, it was not by his or their hands. There is great reason to believe that much injustice has been done to all concerned. In the contrariness of accounts we must infer that much rests for support on the imagination or interest of the witnesses. The characters of Stewart and his friends were well established Ruffians, nor brutal, they were not; but humane, liberal, and moral, nay, relio-ious. It is evidently not the wish of the party to give Stewart a fair hearing. All he desires is to be put on trial at Lancaster, near the scenes of the horrible butcheries committed by the Indians at Tulpehocken, etc., where he can have the testimony of the scouts and rangers, men whose services can never be sufficiently rewarded. The pamphlet has been sent by my friends and enemies ; it failed to inflict a wound ; it is at least but a garbled statement ; it carries with it the seeds of its own dissolution. That the hatchet was used is denied, and is it not reasonable to suppose that men, accustomed to the use of guns, would make use of their favorite weapons ? The inference is plain, that the bodies of the Indians were thus mangled after death by certain persons, to excite a feeling against the Paxtang boys. This fact, Stewart says, he can and will establish in a fair trial at Lancaster, York, or Carlisle. At any rate we are all suffering at present by the secret influence of a faction — a faction who has shown their love to the Indians by not exposing themselves to its influence in the frontier settlements." The " pamphlet " alluded to in the foregoing was the notorious article written by Benjamin Franklin for political effect. He acknowledged, in a letter to Lord Kames, that his object was a political one. As such, its tissue of falsehoods caused his defeat for member of the Assembly, a position he had held for four- teen years. Fortunately for him, the Revolution brought him into prominence, and the past was forgotten. From several letters of Governor John Penn written during this period to his uncle Thomas Penn, we glean the following facts, which, when properly con- sidered, will in a great measure remove the odium which prejudiced histo- rians have thrown upon this transaction. In one, of the date of Nov. 11, 1763, he says : " I have had petitions every day from the frontier inhabitants request- ing assistance against the Indians, who still continue their ravages in the most cruel manner." He alludes to the fact of the "■ Indians on the Manor " in Lancaster county being concerned in several murders in that county. In another : " It is beyond a doubt that many of the the Indians now in town [referring to the Moravian Indians confined in the Barracks] have also been concerned in com- mitting murder among the back settlers. Many of the people have had their wives and children murdered and scalped, their houses burnt to the ground, their cattle desti'oyed, and from an easy plentiful life, are now become beggars. " The Conestoga Indians, but also those that lived at Bethlehem and in other GENERAL HISTORY. 121 parts of the Province, were all perfidious — were in the French interest and in combination with our open enemies." These are some of the private views of the executive of the Province, who, to cajole the Assembly, like Franklin, deemed it policy' to yield for a time to the popular clamor and misrepresentation, and publicly declare sentiments directly opposite to those he held and conceived. We have neither time nor inclination to give too much prominence to this affair ; but desiring to palliate the transaction, we have presented our argument. In addi- tion to all we have said — it is well known that an investigation was had into the matter, by the magistrate (Shippen), at Lancaster, but the evidence against the Indians was so condemnatory that it was not only suppressed but destroyed. All efforts, therefore, to carry into effect the proclamation of the Governor was really suspended, so far as his authority went, in regard to which grave com- plaints were made by the Assembly, who seemed to bend all their energies to per- secute the offenders. The march to Philadelphia, we again reiterate, was not to destroy the Indians protected there. In a subsequent letter, Governor Penn says : " We expect a thousand of the back inhabitants in town, to insist upon the Assembly granting their request with regard to the increase of representatives, to put them upon an equality with the rest of the counties. They have from time to time presented several petitions for the purpose, which have been always disregarded by the House ; for which purpose they intend to come in person. I am of opinion they [the Assembly] will never come into, as it will be the means of lessening the power of the Governing few in this Province." What more convincing proof is needed of the object of the Paxtang men in going to Philadelphia ? Their motives obviously misconstrued — their actions vilified — their principles malign- ed, and for one hundred and twenty j^ears they have rested under the obloquy "of murderers and rioters." In the light of history, through recent research, it is time that their conduct be justified, and the wrong done them be righted. " Truth is a Divine attribute," and history is truth, but unfortunatel}- too much prejudice tinctures the records of the past, and he who would write truly, must compare the internal with the external history of every transaction. It is only by this means correct conclusions are arrived at, and impartial history written. This transaction gave rise to these among other questions, and the pamjAlets on the popular side may truly be said to have sown the seeds of the Revolution : "Was the destruction of the Indians in Lancaster county justifiable on the plea of necessity ? " "Was the policy adopted by the Proprietary government in treating with Indians, judicious? " Early in 1764, extensive measures were resolved upon for the reduction of the Indians. General Gage determined to attack them on two sides, and to force them from the frontiers by carrying the war into the heart of their own country. One corps was destined, under Colonel Bradstreet, to act against the Wyandots, Ottawas, Chippewas, and other nations living upon or near the lakes; whilst another, under the command of Colonel Bouquet, should attack the Delawares, Shawanese, Mingoes, Moliickans, and other nations between the Ohio and the lakes. These corps were to act in concert, and as that of Colonel Bradstreet would be first ready, he was directed to proceed to Detroit, Michilimackinack, and other places, and on his return to encamp and remain at Sandusky, to awe ! I \ 1 2 2 HIS TOE Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. from that position the numerous tribes of Western Indians, and prevent them from rendering aid to those on the Ohio, whilst Colonel Bouquet should attack the latter in the midst of their settlements. Part of the Forty-second and Sixtieth Regiments were allotted to Colonel Bouquet, to be joined with two hundred friendly Indians, and troops from Virginia and Pennsylvania, The Indians never came, and Virginia could spare but few men, having already organized seven hundred for the defence of her own frontier. The quota of Pennsylvania was one thousand, and the Assembly, with great alac- rity, resolved to raise this force, and to maintain it they voted fifty thousand pounds. • Bouquet's expedition to the Muskingum, in the autumn of 1764, overawed the Indians, who sued for peace. The Delawares, Shawanese, and Senecas agreed to cease hostilities, and surrender a great number of prisoners taken during the recent wars. The return of these prisoners, many of whom were children, carried joy to many an anxious heart in Pennsylvania. Some of the prisoners had formed attachments among the Indians which they were loath to break. The first application to the Assembly for supplies revived the old controversy with the Proprietaries. Indeed, harmony was scarcely to be expected between one of the Proprietary family as Governor on one side, and the Assembly on the other. That the Proprietary estates were to be taxed, was a question settled ; but how, and upon what basis they were to be assessed, was a subject of contro- versy, and the Proprietaries, as usual, leaned strongly to their own interests. The Assembly were compelled to yield to the necessities of the Province, and the supplies were granted ; but the conduct of the Governor so incensed the Assembly, that they determined, by a large majority, to petition the King to purchase the jurisdiction of the Province from the Proprietaries, and vest the government directly in the Crown. And among the important questions which agitated and inflamed the public mind at this period was this: "Whether a Proprietary government or one with kingly powers was the government best adapted to this Province ? " To break down the feudal power, and bring the people and the Crown in direct communication, is in all countries the first great step towards popular freedom, and prepares the way for the next step, the direct conflict between the Crown and the people. It so happened, however, that in this case the avarice of the British ministry outran the anti-feudal propensities of the people, and brought the colonies at once to the last great struggle between the people and the Crown. There was much opposition from leading men in the Province against throwing off" the Proprietary dominion. Isaac Norris, the venerable Speaker, John Dickinson, afterwards distinguished in the Revolution, and Rev. Gilbert Tennant, and Rev. Francis Allison, representing the Presbyterian interest, with William Allen, chief-justice, and afterwards father-in-law of Gov- j ernor Penn, were strong in opposition to the measure. The Quakers, on the . other hand, supported it, and were sustained by several successive assemblies. Benjamin Franklin was appointed provincial agent to urge the measure before the ministry in London. He sailed for England, November 1, 1764, and found ; on his arrival that he had to contend with a power far stronger and more obsti- ■ nate than the Proprietaries themselves, even with the very power whose protec- ,- lion he had come to seek. CHAPTER YIII. RELATIONS BETWEEN ENGLAND AND THE COLONIES. MASON AND DIXON'S LINE. THE OUTSET OF THE REVOLUTION. RESOLVES AND INSTRUCTIONS OF THE PROVINCIAL DEPUTIES. THE COMMITTEE OF SAFETY. 1765-1775. RIENDLY as were the relations between the colonies and the mother country, they would doubtless have continued, had the fonner not seen fit to pursue a new policy towards the latter with respect to revenue and taxation. The colonies, until then, had been permitted to tax themselves. The first act of Parliament aiming at the drawing of a revenue from the colonies, was passed September 29, 1764, the preamble running thus : " Whereas, it is just and necessary that a revenue be raised in America for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same, we, the Commons," etc. This act imposed a duty on "clayed sugar, indigo, coffee, etc., etc., being the produce of a colony not under the dominion of his Majesty." On the subject of the right of the British Parliament to tax the colonies, it was asserted in the mother country " to be essential to the unity, and of course, to the prosperity of the empire, that the British Parliament should haA'e a right of taxation over every part of the royal dominions." In the colonies it was contended " that taxation and representation were inseparable, and that they could not be safe, if their property might be taken from them, -without their consent." This claim of the right of taxation on the one side, and the denial of it on the other, was the very hinge on which the Revolution turned. In accordance with the policy to be observed towards America, the next year, 1765, the famous Stamp Act passed both houses of Parliament. 1765. This ordained that instruments of writing, such as deeds, bonds, notes, etc., among the colonies, should be null and void, unless executed on stamped paper, for which a duty should be paid to the Crown. The efforts of the American colonies to stay the mad career of the English ministry proved unavailing. The Stamp Act was passed with slight opposition by the Commons, and with unanimity by the Lords. Dr. Franklin labored earnestly to avert a measure which his sagacity and extensive acquaintance with the American people taught him was pregnant with danger to the British empire ; but he entertained not the idea that it would be forcibly resisted. He wrote to Mr. Charles Thomson, " The sun of liberty is set, you must light up the candles of industry and economy.''^ To which Mr. Thomson replied, " he was apprehensive that other lights would be the consequence." To Mr. Ingersoll, Franklin said, " Go home and tell your people to get children as fast as they can," intimating that the period for successful opposition had not yet arrived. The opposition to the Stamp Act in America was so decided and universal 123 n 124 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. that Parliament had only the alternative to compel submission or to 1766. repeal the act. It was repealed on 18th of March, 1766, but accom- panying it was one known as the Declaratory Act^ more hostile to American rights than any of its predecessors. The act affirmed " that Parlia- ment have, and of right ought to have, power to bind (he colonies in all cases whatsoever^ The news of the repeal reached America in May following, and caused unbounded demonstrations of joy. Though the Quakers generally would not have violently resisted the execution of the law, they shared with others the joy produced by the tidings of the repeal. The French and Indian wars had been happily terminated, and the controversy with the mother country appeared now to be the only event that could again give rise to the " wars and fightings," which had already become a snare to many youthful members of the society. During the year 176t was run the so-called Mason and Dixon's 1767. line, and that every Pennsylvanian may know the interesting history relating thereto, we give this resum^ of that important transaction : In 1632 Charles the First granted to Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baron of Baltimore, " all that part of the peninsula, or Chersonese, lying in the parts of America between the ocean on the east and the bay of Chesapeake on the west, divided from the residue thereof by a right line drawn from the pro- montory or headland, called Watkin's point, situated upon the bay aforesaid, and near the river of Wighco [Wicomico ?] on the west, unto the main ocean on the east, and between that bounflary on the south, and that part of the bay of Delaware on the north, which lieth under the fortieth degree of latitude, where New England terminates." Under this grant. Lord Baltimore and his descendants claimed the whole Peninsula, from the above-mentioned "right line" to the 40th degree of latitude; but his title, in strictness, only extended to that portion of it hitherto unsettled, or uncultivated (kactenus inculta) — and the Dutch and Swedes had previously settled on the western margin of the Delaware. The Duke of York subsequently conquered not only the Dutch settlements east of the Delaware (now parts of New York and New Jersey), but also those on the western shore, and exercised sovereignty over them until 1682 — when he transferred his claim on the western shore and bay of Delaware to William Penn, who had early perceived the importance of owning that side of the river all the way from his Province to the ocean ; and hence the annexation of the " three Lower Counties on Delaware " now constituting the State of that name. The title being contested, and the late owner being now King James the Second, it was ordered by a decree of his Council, in 1685, "that for avoiding further differences, the tract of land lying between the bay of Delaware and the eastern sea on the one side, and the Chesapeake Bay on the other, be divided ' into equal parts, by a line from the latitude of Cape Henlopen to the fortieth degree of north latitude, the southern boundary of Pennsylvania by charter — and that the one-half thereof lying toward the bay of Delaware- and the eastern sea, be adjudged to belong to his Majest}^, and the other half to the Lord Balti- more, as comprised in his charter." The decrees of royalty not being as debatable, just then, as they have been GENERAL HISTORY. 125 since, of course the recent conveyance of the eastei-n half of the Peninsula t( "William Penn by His Majesty, while Duke of York, was regarded as entirely valid. This decree, however, did not remove the difficulty existing between the Proprietaries ; for the true situation of Cape Henlopen was still uncertain, and the middle of the Peninsula was yet to be ascertained. The occurrence of death among the parties, and the existence of a litigious spirit, protracted the dispute until the 10th of May, 1732 — when an agreement was entered into by the sons of William Penn and Charles Lord Baltimore, great grandson of the original patentee of Maryland. They mutually agreed " that a semi-circle should be drawn at twelve English statute miles around New Castle, agreeably to the deed of the Duke of York to William Penn, in 1682; that an east and west line should be drawn, beginning at Cape Henlopen — which was admitted to be below Cape Cornelius — and running westward to the exact middle of the Peninsula ; that from the exact middle of the Peninsula, between the two bays of Chesapeake and Delaware, and the end of the line inter- secting it in the latitude of Cape Henlopen, a line should be run northward, so as to form a tangent with the periphery of the semi-circle at New Castle, drawn with the radius of twelve English statute miles, whether such a line should take a due north course or not ; that after the said northwardly line should touch the New Castle semi-circle, it should be run further northward until it reached the same latitude as fifteen English statute miles due south of the most southern part of the city of Philadelphia ; that from the northern point of such line, a due west line should be run, at least for the present, across the Susquehanna river, and twenty-five miles beyond it — and to the western limits of Pennsylvania, when occasion and the improvements of the country should require ; that that part of the due west line not actually run, though imaginary, should be consi- dered to be the true boundary of Maryland and Pennsylvania ; " . . . and "that the route should be well marked by trees and other natural objects, and designated by stone pillars, sculptured with the arms of the contracting parties, facing their respective possessions." This important document, though seemingly so free from ambiguity, was afterward the subject of much litigation; but was finally carried into complete effect, in all its parts. It accounts for the remarkable boundaries of the "three Lower Counties" — which counties, however, would not stay annexed to Pennsyl- vania, and at the Revolution, became the valiant little State of Delaware. The quiet of the Provinces continuing to be interrupted by the conflicting claims of settlers along the border — both parties applied, in 173*7, to the King's Council, for some order which should lessen or allay these ferments. An ami- cable temporary arrangement, however, was in the meantime effected by the parties; and they agreed "that all the vacant land not now possessed by, or under either of them, on the east side of Susquehanna river down as far as fifteen miles and a quarter south of the latitude of the most southern part of the city of Philadelphia, and on the west side of Susquehanna, as far south as fourteen miles and three-quarters south of the latitude of the most southern part of the city of Philadelphia, should be subject to the temporary and provisional juris- diction of Pennsylvania; and that all vacant land not possessed by or undei either, on both sides of the Susquehanna, south of the said temporary limits, !l i26 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. should 1)6 subject to the jurisdiction of Maryland, until the boundaries were finally settled — but to be without prejudice to either party." And when this Convention was reported to the Council, His Majesty was pleased to order, "that the Proprietaries of the said respective Provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania do cause the said agreement to be carried into execution." The order was accordingly promulgated by proclamation in the Provinces, and commissioners were the following year appointed to run the temporary line : Richard Peters and Lawrence Growden, on the part of Pennsylvania, and Colonel Levi Gale and Samuel Chamberlain, on that of Maryland. These com- missioners commenced their active operations in the spring of 1739 (their place of beginning does not appear) — and after proceeding as far as the eastern bank of the Susquehanna, were interrupted by the departure of Colonel Gale, on account of death and sickness in his family, and the declaration of Mr. Chamber- lain, that he had no authority to continue operations without the attendance of his colleague. The Pennsylvania commissioners, deeming their power to proceed limited to a joint operation with those of Maryland, were thereupon instructed by Governor Thomas to proceed alone. They accordingly did so ; and ran the line westward of the Susquehanna, "to the most western of the Kittochtinny Hills," which now forms the western boundary of the county of Franklin. The course ran by these commissioners formed the famous "temporary line" — so well known to the lawyers and early settlers along the southern border of Pennsylvania. The controversy, nevertheless, still continued ; the cause got into chanceiy, on the construction of the agreement of May 10, 1732, and was not decided until 1750. On the hearing, Lord Baltimore's counsel contended that it could not be carried into effect, by reason of its A'agueness, uncertaintj*, &c. The Lord Chancellor (Hardwick), however, overcame all the objections — urged in a long-winded argument of five days duration — and decreed a performance of the articles of agreement. He directed that new commissioners should be appointed within three months after the decree, who should commence their operations in November following. He further ordered that the centre of the semi-circle should be fixed as near the centre of the town of New Castle as may be — that it should be described with a radius of twelve English statute miles, "so that no part of the town should be further than that distance from the peri- phery: and that Cape Henlopen should be taken to be situated as it was laid down in the chart accompanying the articles of agreement" (?. e. at Fenwick's Island, about fifteen miles southward of the present Cape Henlopen). The commissioners were appointed agreeably to the decree, and met at New Castle on the 15th of November, 1750. They fixed upon the court house in New Castle as the centre for drawing the semi-circle ; but Lord Baltimore's commis- sioners conjured up a new and unexpected difficulty, by insisting that the radii of the semi-circle should be measured superficially, without allowing for the inequalities of the ground — regardless of the absurd consequences resulting from such mode of measurement in creating inequalit}^ in the radii, and the conse- quent impossibility of describing any thing deserving the name of a semi-circle. Yet, as the objection was persisted in, the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania were again under the necessity of a further application to chancery; and, in 1751, obtained a decision in favor of horizontal measurement. ;. GENERAL HISTORY. 12^ The commissioners again proceeded in their task. Having run the semi- circle in conformity with the Lord Chancellor's decree, and marked it on the ground, they commenced their operations at the point then known as Cape Hcnlopen. The fixing of the southern boundary of the " three Lower Counties " at Fen- wick's Island, requires explanation — inasmuch as the chart adopted by the Proprietaries in their agreement of 1732, gives to the cape opposite Cape May, at the mouth of the Delaware Bay, the name of Cape Cornelius (afterward, for a time, called Cape James), and to the point, or "false cape," at Fenwick's Island, the name of Cape Henlopen ; while the charts of the present day trans- pose that order. How, or why the names become thus transposed on the charts and maps of our time, seems not to be clearly understood ; but that they have changed positions since 1732, is an unquestionable fact. As the Lord Chancellor had decided that Cape Henlopen should be taken to be where it had been agreed to be, nineteen years before — the ingenuity of the commissioners of Maryland could devise no further objections in that particular; and they proceeded, in conjunction with those of Pennsylvania, to run the line across the peninsula, and to ascertain "the exact middle," as a point from whence to run the northwardly line to form a tangent with the semi-circle at New Castle. The line between the two bays, in the latitude of the Cape Henlopen of that time, was then run; and after some further delay, and cavilling about the distance, by his commissioners, Frederick Lord Baltimore — wear}' of the contro- versy — entered into articles of agreement with Thomas and Richard Penn, July 4, 1760, which at length effectually closed their tedious and irksome altercations. B}' this agreement it was covenanted that the semi-circle, as already run, should be adopted ; that the distance across the Peninsula, in the latitude of Cape Henlopen, should be taken to have been rightly run, at 69 miles and 298| perches from the stone pillar east of " the mulberry tree, at Fenwick's Island," marked with the arms of the contracting parties ; that the middle of such line should be ascertained, and a stone pillar should be fixed at that point ; that from such point a northwardly line should be run, whether the same should be due north or not, so as to form a tangent with the semi-circle at New Castle, drawn with a radius of twelve English statute horizontal miles from the court house in that place — and past the said point of contact further north till it reached the latitude of fifteen miles south of the most southern part of Phila- vlelphia; that from said fifteen mile point, a line should be run due west — to the utmost longitude of Pennsylvania ; that all claim should be released to the terri- tory within those limits then to be ascertained, and that the Penns should appoint commissioners to run the lines as yet unfinished. "The Commissioners appointed under the deed of 1760 addressed them- selves, at once, to the completion of the peninsular east and west line, and to tracing the twelve mile circle — appointing to this end the best surveyors the}' could obtain. The mode of proceeding was to measure with the common chain, holding it as nearly horizontal as they could, the direction being kept by sighting along poles, set up in what they called vistan, cut by them through the forest. . . . But the progress made was very slow ; and at the end of three 4 128 mSTOB Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. years, little more was accomplished than the peninsular line and the measure- ment of a radius." This left to be ascertained and established, " the tangent, from the middle point of the peninsular line to the tangent point— the meridian from thence to a point fifteen miles south of the most southern part of the city of Philadelphia with the arc of the circle to the west of it — the fifteen miles distance and the parallel of latitude westward from its termination." It remains now, as simply and succinctly as practicable, to relate, that on the 4th of August, 1763, the Penns, Thomas and Richard, and Frederick, Lord Baltimore then being together in London, agreed with Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, "two mathematicians and surveyors," "to mark, run out, settle fix, and determine all such parts of the circle, marks, lines, and boundaries as were mentioned in the several articles or commissions, and were not yet completed ;" that Messrs. Mason and Dixon arrived in Philadelphia, November 15, 1763, received their instructions from the commissioners of the two Provinces, December 9, 1763, and forthwith engaged in the work assigned to them ; that they ascertained the latitude of the southernmost part of the city of Philadelphia (viz.: 39° 56' 29.1" north — or more accurately, according to Colonel Graham, 39° 56' 37.4"), which was agreed to be in the north wall of the house then occupied by Thomas Plumstead and Joseph Huddle, on the south side of Cedar Street ; and then, in January and February, 1764, they measured thirty-one miles westward of the city (probably from the margin of the river Delaware), to the forks of the Brandywine, where they planted a quartzose stone known then, and to this day, in the vicinage, as " the Star-gazers' Stone," i a short distance west of the Chester coimty alms-house, in the same latitude as the southernmost part of Philadelphia (which stone is 6 miles 264 perches west of the meridian of the court house in West Chester ; and a due east line from it intersects said meridian four hundred and forty-six and one-half perches, or nearly a mile and a half south of the court house ; that in the spring of 1764, after a satisfactory " star-gazing," in the forks of the Brandywine — they ran, from said stone, a due south line fifteen English statute miles (in the first mile crossing the West Bran lywine three times), horizontally measured by levels each twenty feet in length and this was re-measured in like manner nearly three years after- wards), to a post marked Wesl^ ascertaining there, also, the latitude of the place (then computed at 39° 43' 18", now more exactly calculated to be 39° 43' 26.3" north) ; that they then repaired to a post, marked Middle^ at the middle point of the peninsular west line running from Cape Henlopen (Fenwick's Island) to Chesapeake Bay, and thence, during the summer of 1764, they ran, marked, and described the tangent line, agreed on by the Proprietaries. Then, in the autumn of 1764, from the post marked West, at fifteen miles south of Philadel- phia, they set off and produced a parallel of latitude westward, as far as to the ' river Susquehanna ; then they went to the tangent point, and in 1764-5, ran thence a meridian line northward until it intersected the said parallel of latitude, > at the distance of 5 miles, 1 chain, and 50 links, thus and there determining and fixing the northeast corner of Maryland. Next, in 1765, they described such portion of the semicircle round New Castle, as fell westward of the said f meridian, or due north line from the tangent point. " This little bow or arc" — reaching into Maryland — " is about a mile and a half long, and its middle width GENEBAL HISTOBT. 129 one hundred and sixteen feet ; from its upper end, where the three States join, to the fifteen mile point, where the great Mason and Dixon's line begins, is a little over three and a half miles ; and from the fifteen mile corner due east to the circle, is a little over three quarters of a mile — room enough for three or four good farms. This was the only part of the circle which Mason and Dixon ran." The surveyors appear to have moved about considerably, and to have repeated their operations at several points, but finally they proceeded with the intention of continuing the west line bej'ond the Susquehanna, to the end of five degrees of longitude from the river Delaware, in the parallel of said west line; and in the years 1766-7 they extended the same to the distance of 230 miles, 18 chains, and 21 links, from the beginning of said line, at the northeast corner of Maryland (or 244 miles, 38 chains, and 36 links, from the river Delaware), near to an Indian war-path, on the borders of a stream called Dunkard creek ; but were there prevented, by the aboriginal Proprietaries, from continuing the said line to the end of five degrees of longitude (the western limits of Pennsylvania), which, in the latitude of said line, they found — and the commissioners agreed — to be 267 miles, 58 chains, and 90 links, at the rate of 53 miles, 167.1 perches, to a degree. Colonel Graham, however, estimates the length of the southern boundary of Penn- sylvania at 266 miles, 24 chains, and 80 links. The line thus run was subsequently (November 9, 1768) certified by the commissioners to have been marked, described, and perpetuated, by setting up and erecting therein stones at the end of every mile, from the place of beginning to the distance of 132 miles, near the foot of a hill called and known by the name of Sideling Hill — every five mile-stone having on the side facing the north the arms of Thomas Penn and Richard Penn graved thereon, and on the south side the arms of Lord Baltimore. Those stones were imported from England, and were hewn from that variety of calcareous, rock known as Oolite or Roe stone. The line thus marked is stated to have been measured horizontally — the- hills and mountains with a sixteen and a half-foot level ; and the vista, cut through the forest, eight yards wide, was " seen about two miles, beautifully terminating to the eye in a point." The residue of the southern boundary line of Pennsylvania — something less than twenty-two miles — was afterward (in 1782) run by other sur- veyors; it was not, however, completed and permanently marked until 1784. The interference of the Indians having arrested the further proceedings of Mason and Dixon, those gentlemen returned to Philadelphia and rejiorted the facts to the commissioners; when they received an honorable discharge on the 26th of December, 1767, having been engaged in the service about four years. They were allowed twenty-one shillings each per day for one month, from > June 21, of the last year, and the residue of the time, ten shillings and six. pence each per day, for the expenses, etc., and no more until they embarked for England; and then the allowance of ten shillings and six pence sterling per day was again to take place, and continue until their arrival in England.' I 130 EISTOE Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. The amount paid by the Penns, under those proceedings, from 1T60 to 1*768, was thirty-four thousand two hundred pounds, Pennsylvania currency. Dr, Maskelyne, the Astronomer Roj^al, in an introduction to the Observa- tions of Mason and Dixon, in the Philosophical Transactions, remarks : " In the course of this work they traced out and measured some lines lying in and near the meridian, and extended, in all, somewhat more than one hundred miles ; and, for this purpose, the country in these parts (i. e., on the Peninsula) being all overgrown with trees, large openings were cut through the woods, in the direction of the lines, which formed the straightest and most regular, as well as extensive vistas that, perhaps, were ever made. Messrs. Mason and Dixon perceived that a most inviting opportunity was here given for deter- mining the length of a degree of latitude, from the measure of near a degree and a half. Moreover, one remarkable circumstance very much favored the undertaking, which was, that the country through which the lines run was, for the most part, as level as if it had been laid out by art." The astronomical observations for determining the length of a degree of latitude were begun on the 11th of October, 1766, and continued to the 16th of that month. The degree of latitude measured 363,763 feet, about 68.9 miles. Colonel Graham says, "their measurement for determining the length of a degree of latitude" was performed "in the year 1768, under the auspices of the Royal Society of London, after they had finished the marking of the boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania, and were discharged from the service of the Commissioners." The difference of latitude, of the stone planted in the forks of Brandywine, and the middle post, in the western Peninsular line — or the amplitude of the celestial arch, answering to the distance between the parallels of latitude passing through these points — has been found by sector to be 1° 28' 45". In 1767 a bill passed Parliament, imposing certain duties on tea, glass, paper, and painters' colors, imported into the colonies from Great Britain. This act, with several others, re-kindled the opposition of the colonies. Again associations were formed to prevent the importation of British goods, and meetings called to resolve, petition, and remonstrate. The British ministers, deluded into the belief that a reduction of the tax would restore tranquility, promised that five-sixths of the taxes imposed in 1767 should be repealed; and in 1770 all were abolished, save three pence per pound on tea. In Philadelphia the non-importation resolutions were signed bj' all of the principal merchants and business men of that city. The lawless white men on the frontiers continued to encroach upon the Indian lands, and to provoke hostilities by atrocious murders of inoffensive Indians. Another savage war menaced the Province in 1767-'68, but was prevented by the timely intervention of Sir William Johnson. At his sug- gestion a great council was held at Fort Stanwix, in New York, at which all grievances were adjusted ; and a treaty was made, November 5, 1768. 1768, with the Six Nations, which conveyed to the Proprietaries all the land within a boundary extending from the New York line on the Susquehanna, past Towanda and Tyadaghton creek, up the West Branch, over to Kittanning, and thence down the Ohio. This was then called the New Purchase, GENERAL HISTORY. 131 and opened a wide field of adventure to the hardy pioneers of Pennsylvania. It was a vast school too, in which some of the bravest soldiers of the subsequent wars were reared. In 1769 both houses of Parliament, in an address to the King, requested him to order the Governor of Massachusetts to take notice of such as might be guilty of treason, that they might be sent to England and tried there. In 1771, John Penn having returned to England, Mr. James Hamil- 1771. ton administered for a short time as president of the council, until the arrival of Richard Penn,* younger brother of John, as lieutenant-gover- nor, in the autumn of the same year. Richard Penn's administration only con- tinued until the return of his brother John, in September, 1773 ; but he appears during that short term to have won the sincere affections of his fellow-citizens. The recommendations of meetings 1773. and associations to suspend the impor- tation of tea had been so strictly com- plied with, that but little had been brought into the country. The consequence was, that vast quantities, seventeen millions of pounds, had accumulated on the hands of the East India Company. For their relief. Parliament now authorized them to export this tea to any part of the world, free of duty. Confident of now n -,■ 1 i. x- ^u • i • » • ^1 RICHARD PENN. nnduig a market for their tea in America, the East India Company freighted several ships with that article for the different colonies, and appointed agents to dispose of it. The colonists resolved to obstruct the sale of that tea and to refuse the payment of even three pence bj' way of duty. On the approach of the tea ships destined for Philadelphia, the pilots 1774. in the river Delaware were warned not to conduct them into harbor; and their captains, apprised of the foregoing resolutions, deeming it unsafe to land their cargoes, consented to return without making an entry at the custom house, the owners of goods ordered from England, on board these vessels, cheerfully submitting to the inconvenience of having their merchandise returned to Great Britain. It is stated that a large quantity of tea was destroyed on the Cohansey. The captains of vessels addressed to New York wisely adopted the same resolu'.ion. The tea sent to Charleston was landed and stored, but not offered for sale; and having been placed in damp cellars, became rotten, and was entirely lost. The ships designed for Boston entered that port. * Richard Penn was born in England, in 1734. He vvasbrother of John Penn, and was a member of the Provincial Council, and naval ofRctr during the latter's administration. He married Miss Mary McMasters, of Philadelphia. He was Governor of the Province from 1771 to 1773, and such was the confidence in him that, in 1775, wuen he embarked for Kngland, he was entrusted with the second petition of Congress to the King. On his arrival in London, he was examined in the House of Lords as to American affairs. He subse- quently, became a member of Parliament. He died in England, May 27, 1811. 132 HI8T0BY OF PENNSYLVANIA. and the energj^ of Governor Hutchinson prevented their return ; hut before the tea could be landed, a number of colonists, pursuant to a concerted plan, dressed in Indian costume, entered the vessels, and, without doing other damage, broke open three hundred and forty-two chests of tea, and emptied their contents into the water. Such was the union of sentiment among the people, and so systematic their opposition, that not a single chest of the cargoes sent out by the East India Company was sold for its benefit. These proceedings were communicated hy the King to Parliament on March Yth, 1774, and measures were speedily adopted contemplating the submission of the rebellious colonists. An act was passed called the " Boston Port Bill," by which the port of Boston was closed and the custom house transferred to Salem ; by another act the charter of Massachusetts was subverted, the nomina tion of councillors, magistrates, and other officers being vested in the Crown during the royal pleasure ; by a third act the Governor of that colony was directed and authorized to send persons indicted for murder or any other capital offence, to any other colony, or to Great Britain, for trial. A bill was also passed for quartering soldiers upon the inhabitants. The inhabitants of Boston had foreseen the present crisis, and they met it with undaunted spirit. Information of the passage of the Port Act was received on the tenth of May, and on the thirteenth, the town resolved "that, if the other colonies would unite with them to stop all importations from Great Britain and the West Indies until that act should be repealed, it would prove the salvation of North America and her liberties ; but should they continue their exports and imports, there was reason to fear that fraud, power, and the most odious oppression would triumph over justice, right, social happiness, and freedom." A copy of this resolution was transmitted to the other colonies, the inhabitants of which expressed deep sympathy in the sufferings of their brethren in Boston, endured in the common cause; and concurring in opinion with them on the propriet}- of convening a Provincial Congress, delegates for that purpose were generally chosen. Throughout the continent, the first of June, the day on which the Boston Port Act was to take effect, on the resolution of the Assembly of Virginia, was adopted " as a day of fasting, humiliation, and praj-er, to implore the Divine interposition to avert the heavy calamity which threatened destruction to their civil rights, and the evils of civil war, and to give one heart and one mind to the people, firmly to oppose every invasion of their liberties." The terms " TlVuVys " and " To/'ies " were introduced at this time — the former to describe those in sympathy with the cause of Boston, and arrayed on the: side of the colonies against Parliament; the latter to designate those whose sympathies were with Great Britain against the colonies. Throughout the country, and especially in Pennsylvania, the warmest interest and most cordial sympathy were manifested for the people of Boston. The committee of correspondence for the city of Philadelphia, early in June sent a circular to the principal citizens of the different counties, in which they say: "The Governor declining to call the Assembly, renders it necessary to take the sentiments of the inhabitants ; and for that purpose it is agreed to call a meeting of the inhabitants of this city and the county at GENERAL HISTORY. 133 the State House, on Wednesday, the 15th instant. And as we would wish to have the sentiments and concurrence of our brethren in the several counties, who are equally interested with us in the general cause, we earnestly desire you to call together the principal inhabitants of your county and take their sentiments. We shall forward to you by eveiy occasion, any matters of consequence that come to our knowledge, and we should be glad you would choose and appoint a committee to correspond with us." This was signed by Charles Thomson, the clerk of the first Continental Con- gress. In pursuance of these suggestions, meetings were held in every part of the State, especially in the middle and western counties, where the Scotch-Irish took the lead. Deputies were chosen from every district in the Province, who assembled at Philadelphia on the 15th of July. There were present, for the city and county of Philadelphia: Thomas Willing, John Dickinson, Peter Chevalier Edward Pennington, Thomas Wharton, John Cox, Joseph Reed, Thomas Whar- ton, Jun., Samuel Erwin, Thomas Fitzsimons, Doctor William Smith, Isaac Howell, Adam Hubley, George Schlosser, Samuel Miles, Thomas Mifflin, Chris- topher Ludwick, Joseph Moulder, Anthony Morris, Jun,, George Gray, John Nixon, Jacob Barge, Thomas Penrose, John M, Nesbitt, Jonathan B. Smith James Mease, Thomas Barcla}', Benjamin Marshall, Samuel Howell, William Moulder, John Roberts, John Bayard, William Rush, and Charles Thomson. Bucks — John Kidd, Henry Wynkoop, Joseph Kirkbride, John Wilkinson, and James Wallace. Chester — Francis Richardson, Elisha Price, John Hart, Anthony Wayne Hugh Lloyd, John Sellers, Francis Johnston, and Richard Reiley. Lancaster — George Ross, James Webb, Joseph Ferree, Matthias Slough, Emanuel Carpenter, William Atlee, Alexander Lowrey, and Moses Irwin. York — James Smith, Joseph Donaldson, and Thomas Hartley. Cumberland — James Wilson, Robert Magaw, and William Irvine. Berks — Edward Biddle, Daniel Brodhead, Jonathan Potts, Thomas Dundas, and Christopher Schultz. Northampton — William Edmunds, Peter Kechlein, John Oakley, and Jacob Arndt. Northumberland — William Scull and Samuel Hunter. Bedford — George Woods. Westmoreland — Robert Hannah, James Cavett. Thomas Willing was chosen chairman, and Charles Thomson, clerk. It was agreed that, in case of any difference in sentiment, the question be determined by the Deputies voting by counties. The letters from Boston of the 1 3th of May were then read, and a short account given of the steps taken in consequence thereof, and the measures now pursuing in this and the neighboring provinces ; after which the following resolves were passed : " Unan. 1. That we acknowledge ourselves and the inhabitants of this Province, liege subjects of his Majesty King George the Third, to whom they and we owe and will bear true and faithful allegiance. " Unan. II. That as the idea of an unconstitutional independence on the parent state is utterly abhorent to our principles, we view the unhappy differences be- 4 134 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. tween Great Britain and the Colonies with the deepest distress and anxiety of raind, as fruitless to her, grievous to us, and destructive of the best interests of both. " Unan. III. That it is therefore our ardent desire that our ancient harmony with the mother country should be restored, and a perpetual love and union subsist between us, on the principles of the constitution, and an interchange of good offices, without the least infraction of our mutual rights. "Unan. IV. That the inhabitants of these colonies are entitled to the same rights and liberties within these colonies, that the subjects born in England are entitled to within that realm. " Unan. Y. That the power assumed by the Parliament of Great Britain to bind the people of these Colonies, by statutes, ' in all cases whatsoever,' is uncon- stitutional ; and therefore the source of these unhappy differences. " Unan. VI. That the act of Parliament for shutting up the port of Boston is unconstitutional ; oppressive to the inhabitants of that town ; dangerous to the liberties of the British Colonies ; and therefore, that we consider our brethren at Boston as suffering in the common cause of these Colonies. " Unan. VII. That the bill for altering the administration of justice in certain criminal cases within the province of Ma-ssachusetts Bay, if passed into an act of Parliament, will be as unconstitutional, oppressive, and dangerous as the act above mentioned. " Unan, VII. That the bill for changing the constitution of the province of Massachusetts Bay, established by charter, and enjoyed since the grant of that charter, if passed into an act of Parliament, will be unconstitutional and dan- gerous in its consequences to the American colonies. " Unan. IX. That there is an absolute necessity that a Congress of Deputies from the several Colonies be immediately assembled, to consult together, and form a general plan of conduct to be observed by all the Colonies, for the pur- poses of procuring relief for our grievances, preventing future dissensions, firmly establishing our rights, and restoring harmony between Great Britain and her colonies, on a constitutional foundation. " Unan. X. That, although a suspension of the commerce of this large trading province with Great Britain would greatly distress multitudes of our industrious inhabitants, yet that sacrifice, and a much greater, we are ready to offer for the preservation of our liberties ; but, in tenderness to the people of Great Britain, as well as this country, and in hopes that our just remonstrances will at length reach the ears of our gracious Sovereign, and be no longer treated with contempt by any of our fellow-subjects in England, it is our earnest desire that the Con- gress should first try the gentler mode of stating our grievances, and making a firm and decent claim of redress. ' " XI. Resolved, by a great majority. That yet notwithstanding, as an unanimity ; of councils and measures is indispensably necessary for the common welfare, if i the Congress shall judge agreements of non-importation and non-exportation expedient, the people of this Province will join with the other Principal and [ neighboring colonies in such an association of non-importation from and non- e exportation to Great Britain, as shall be agreed on at the Congress. " XII. Resolved, by a majority, That if any proceedings of the Parliament, of GENERAL HISTORY. 135 which notice shall be received on this continent, before or at the general Con- jrress, shall render it necessary in the opinion of that Congress, for the Colonies to take farther steps than are mentioned in the eleventh resolve ; in such case, the inhabitants of this Province shall adopt such farther steps, and do all in their power to carry them into execution. " Unan. XIII. That the venders of merchandise of every kind within this Pro- vince ought not to take advantage of the resolves relating to non-importation in this Province or elsewhere ; but that they ought to sell their merchandise, which they now have or may hereafter import, at the same rates they have been accustomed to do within three months last past. "Unan. XI Y. That the people of this Province will break off all trade, com- merce, or dealing of any kind with any colony on this continent, or with any city or town in such colony, or with any individual in any such colony, city, or town, which shall refuse, decline, or neglect to adopt and carry into execution, such general plan as shall be agreed in the Congress. "Unan. XY. That it is the duty of every member of this committee to promote, as much as he can, the subscription set on foot in the several counties of this Province, for the relief of the distressed inhabitants of Boston. "Unan. XYl. That this committee give instructions on the present situation of public affairs to their representatives, who are to meet next week in Assembly, and request them to appoint a proper number of persons to attend a Congress of Deputies from the several Colonies, at such time and place as may be agreed on, to effect one general plan of conduct, for attaining the ninth resolve. "That John Dickinson, Doctor William Smith, Joseph Reed, John Kidd, Elisha Price, William Atlee, James Smith, James Wilson, Daniel Brodhead, John Oakley, and William Scull, be appointed to prepare and bring in a draught of instructions." The author of these instructions was John Dickinson, the chairman of the committee ; and as important to a proper understanding of the principles that actuated our ancestors in adopting measures which eventually resulted in the revolt of the Colonies, and as a valuable chapter in the history of the State, we give the address in full. " Gentlemen : The dissensions between Great Britain and her Colonies on this continent, commencing about ten years ago, since continually increasing, and at length grown to such an excess as to involve the latter in deep distress and dan- ger, have excited the good people of this Province to take into their serious consideration the present situation of public affairs. " The inhabitants of the several counties qualified to vote at elections, being assembled on due notice, have appointed us their deputies ; and in consequence thereof, we being in Provincial Committee met, esteem it our indispensable duty, in pursuance of the trust reposed in us, to give you such instruction, as at this important period appear to us to be proper. "We, speaking in their names and our own, acknowledge ourselves liege sub- jects to his Majesty King George the Third, to whom 'we will be faithful and bear true allegiance.' "Our judgments and affections attach us, with inviolable loyalty, to his Ma- jesty's person, family, and government. 1 36 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. " We acknowledge the prerogatives of the Sovereign, among which are included the great powers of making peace and war, treaties, leagues, and alliances bind- ing us of appointing all oflScers, except in cases where other provision is made, by grants from the Crown, or laws approved by the Crown — of confirming or annulling every act of our Assembly within the allowed time — and of hearing and determining finally, in council, appeals from our courts of justice. 'The prerogatives are limited,' as a learned judge observes, 'by bounds so certain and notorious, that it is impossible to exceed them, without the consent of the people on the one hand, or without, on the other, a violation of that original contract, which, in all states implicity, and in ours most expressly, subsists be- tween the Prince and subject — for these prerogatives are vested in the Crown for the support of society, and do not intrench any farther on our natural liber- ties, than is expedient for the maintenance of our civil.' " But it is our misfortune, that we are compelled loudly to call your attention to the consideration of another power, totally diflferent in kind — limited, as it is alleged, by no 'bounds,' and 'wearing a most dreadful aspect' with regard to America. We mean the power claimed by Parliament, of right to bind the peo- ple of these Colonies by statutes, 'in all cases whatsoever' — a power, as we are not, and, from local circumstances cannot, be represented there, utterly sub- versive of our natural and civil liberties — past events and reason convincing us that there never existed, and never can exist, a state thus subordinate to another, and yet retaining the slightest portion of freedom or happiness. "The import of the words above quoted needs no descant ; for the wit of man, as we apprehend, cannot possibly form a more clear, concise, and comprehensive definition and sentence of slavery, than these expressions contain. "This power claimed by Great Britain, and the late attempts to exercise it over these Colonies, present to our view two events, one of which must inevita- bly take place, if she shall continue to insist on her pretensions. Either, the colonists will sink from the rank of freemen into the class of slaves, over- whelmed with all the miseries and vices, proved by the history of mankind to be inseperably annexed to that deplorable condition : Or, if they have sense and virtue enough to exert themselves in striving to avoid this perdition, they must be involved in an opposition dreadful even in contemplation. " Honor, justice, and humanity call upon us to hold, and to transmit to our pos- terity, that liberty, which we received from our ancestors. It is not our duty to leave wealth to our children: But it is our duty to leave liberty to them. No infamy, ini juity, or cruelty can exceed our own, if we, born and educated in a country of freedom, entitled to its blessings, and knowing their value, pusil- lanimously deserting the post assigned us by Divine Providence, surrender suc- ceeding generations to a condition of wretchedness from which no human efforts, in all probability, will be sufficient to extricate them ; the experience of all states mournfully demonstrating to us, that when arbitrary power has been established over them, even the wisest and bravest nations that ever flourished have, in a few yeai's, degenerated into abject and wretched vassals. " So alarming are the measures already taken for laying the foundations of a despotic authority of Great Britain over us, and with such artful and incessant vigilance is the plan prosecuted, that unless the present generation can interrupt I GENERAL H18TMHS Ao£» GRZENK At this treaty, the Pennsylvania commissioners were specially instructed to inquire of the Indians which stream was really the Tyadaghton, and, also, the Indian name of Burnett's Hills, left blank in the deed of 1768. The Indians informed them Tyadaghton was what the whites call Pine creek, being the largest stream emptying into the West Branch. As to Burnett's Hills, they called them the Long Mountains, and knew them by no other name. The commissioners at this treat}- purchased the residue of the Indian lands within the limits of Pennsylvania, and the deed, signed by the chiefs of the Six Nations, is dated October 23, 1 784. This purchase was confirmed by the Wyan- dott and Delaware Indians, at Fort Mcintosh, by a deed executed by those nations, dated January 21, 1785. Thus, says Meginness, in a period of about one hundred and two years was the whole right of the Indians to the soil of Pennsylvania extinguished. The Legislature, at the time of this last treaty, being apprehensive that the directions given to the commissioners to ascertain the precise boundaries of the purchase of 1768, might produce some inconveni- ences, declared : "That the said directions did not give, nor ought not to be construed to give, to the said commissioners, any authority to ascertain, defi- nitely, the boundary lines aforesaid, in the year 1768, striking the line of the West Branch of Susquehanna, at the mouth of Lycomick or Lycoming creek, shall be the boundaries of the same purchase, to all legal interests and purposes, until the General Assembly shall otherwise regulate and declare the same." This last accession of lands was called by the whites the "New 1785. Purchase," and when the land oflQce opened in 1785, settlers rapidly flocked up the West Branch. GENEBAL HISTORY. 209 BENJAMIN FRANKMN. On the 4th of J\i\y of this year, the Philadelphia Agricultural Society, the first in the United States, was organized. On the 18th of October, Benjamin Franklin,* then on the verge of eighty, having arrived from France the previous month, was chosen President of the State, and Charles Biddle, Vice-President. The controversy in relation to the test laws which the previous year had caused the dis- ruption of the Assembly, was reviewed before the Legislature, but little relief was 1786. given by the act of 4th of March, 1786, and it was not until three years after that a bill was passed repealing all laws requiring any oath or affirmation of allegiance " from the inhabitants of the State." The islands assigned to Pennsylvania by the treaty with New Jersey were, by an act passed at this session of the Legislature, distributed among the several counties bordering on the river. Up to this time the jurisdiction over Hog island was doubtful, but it had been exer- cised by Philadelphia county. By this act that island was permanently attached to Chester county. During this year considerable activity was manifested by manufacturers and inventors. Applications were made to the Assembly for aid, by Jolin Stephens, to enable him to prosecute to perfection his discovery of the art of making blue stone melting pots equal to black lead crucibles ; by John Fitch, the exclusive right to his invention of navigating boats and vessels by steam ; * Benjamin Franklin was born at Boston, Massachusetts, on the 17th of January,, 1706. Apprenticed to his brother James, a printer, he occasionally contributed to the newspaper published by him. The brothers disagreeing, Benjamin left him, went to Philadelphia, and established himself as a printer. He subsequently visited England, where he worked as a journeyman, returned in 1726, and in 1729 became editor and proprietor of the Pennsylvania Gazette. In 1730, married Deborah Reed; commeiiced publishing "Poor Richard's Almanac," which acquired a wide celebrity. He became clerk of the Provincial Assembly in 1736, postmaster of Philadelphia, 1737, deputy postmaster, general of the British Colonies in 1753, agent of the Assembly in opposition to the claims of the Proprietary Governments of exemption from taxation in England, 1757-62. In 1752 he made, by means of a kite, the great discovery of the identity of lightning with the electric fluid. This procured him the membership of the Royal Society, the Copley gold medal, and the degree of LL.D., in 1762, from Oxford and Edinburgh. In 1755 he assisted in tarnishing transportation for Braddock's expedition. He was commissioner to the Albany Congress of 1754. While in England, in 1766, he was examined before the House of Commons on the state of affairs in the Colonies, and partly by his exertions the obnoxious Stamp Act was repealed. Returning to Philadelphia, in May, 1775, he was elected to Congress; was one of the committee to prepare, and a signer of, the Declaration of Independence. He was president of the Provincial Convention which framed the Constitution of 1776. From the close of the latter year to 1785 was ambassador to France. To him is due the principal credit of procuring the treaty of alliance with France, 1778, which secured the independence of the Colonies. With Adams and Jay, he signed the definite treaty of peace, September 3, 1783. He was President of Pennsylvania, 1785-88, and delegate to the Convention which, framed the Federal Constitution of 1787. He died at Philadelphia, April 17, 1790.' 2 1 HISTOR Y OF PEKIfS YL YANIA. \ by John Eve, manufacturer of gunpowder ; by Oliver Evans, for the exclusive right to use his inventions of machines for making cotton and woolen cards, and also a machine to clean wheat and manufacture it into flour ; by Whitehead Humphreys, for assistance to prosecute his discoveries in the art of convert- ing bar-iron into steel ; by George Wall, for exclusive manufacture of a new mathematical instrument invented by him ; and by Emanuel Bantling, for a special law of encouragement for his invention of a tube-bellows for blacksmiths. In March, 1787, the subject of the removal of the seat of the State Govern- ment from Philadelphia to Harrisburg was introduced into the Assem- 1787. bly by Mr. Findley. The preamble stated that "the people of the State suffered great inconvenience, and were subjected to unequal burdens in consequence of the seat of Government, Land Office, Treasury of the State, Comp- troller-General's Office, and Rolls' Office being fixed at Philadelphia, at the distance of four hundred miles from the Western boundary of the State." He therefore moved that a committee be appointed to bring a bill appointing commis- sioners to erect a State House at Harrisburg, on a lot of ground belonging to the State. This motion was carried by a vote of thirty-three yeas to twenty-nine nays, but was shortly afterward reconsidered and laid on the table. In May of this year [1787], the Convention to frame the Federal Con- stitution assembled in Philadelphia. Twelve States were represented. The delegates from Pennsylvania were Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, Benjamin Franklin, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, and Gouverneur Morris. General Washington was elected president, and William Jackson, secretary. The Convention sat with closed doors. It terminated its deliberations on the 18th of September, when the scheme of the Constitution was perfected. The plan had many opponents in Pennsylvania, particularly among the partisans of the State Government. A draft of the instrument was reported to the Assembly, when a motion was made to authorize the calling of a State Convention to deliberate upon its adoption. This body met on the 21st of November, and was organized by the choice of Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg as president, and James Campbell as secretary. On the 12th of December following, the final adoption of the draft of the Constitution was carried by a vote of forty-six yeas to twenty-three nays. The day after, the members of the Convention and of the Supreme Executive Council, with officers of the State, and the city of Philadelphia, and others, went in procession from the State House to the old Court House, where the ratification of the instrument was solemnly proclaimed. Twelve cannon were fired and the bells were rung. The Convention returned to the State House, where two copies of the ratification of the Constitution were signed. According to Hamilton, a motion was made that all members should sign it as an acquiescence to the principle that the majority should govern, which was strenuously objected to by the opponents of this instrument. The Federal Constitution, after its adoption by Pennsylvania, was submitted to the other States, and as State after State approved of it, the exultation of the " Federalists," as they were called, and the chagrin of the " Anti- Federalists," were displayed with more and more violence. In several States processions had taken place to celebrate the inauguration of the new era, but in GENERAL HISTORY. 211 Pennsylvania, says AVestcott, there had been no celebnition of this kind, the proceedings in reference to the adoption of the Constitution being hurrietl through so as not to allow of any public display. It was decided, however, that as soon as the ninth State acceded to it, measures should be taken for public rejoicing. Delaware, New Jersey, Georgia, Pennsylvania, Con- 1788. necticut, Maryland, South Carolina, and Massachusetts had adopted it prior to June, 1788, and when, on the 21st of that month. New Hampshire, "the ninth State, ratified it, it was determined by the citizens of Philadel[)hia to celebrate the formation of the new Union on the ensuing 4th of July. By that time Virginia had acceded to the Constitution. This pageant Was as imposing as it was possible for the authorities and people of Pennsyl- vania, in their enthusiasm, to make it, and not only in the metropolis, but in every town in the State was the occasion one of patriotism and splendor. The adoption of the Constitution, says Mr. Westcott, rendered the institu- tion of measures necessary for the election of members of Congress and electors of President and Vice President of the United States. In order to avail themselves as fully as possible of the privileges afforded, the Anti-Federalists were early at work. A few among the leading men of this party assembled in convention at Harrisburg in September, ostensibly for the purpose of recom- mending a revision of tlie new Constitution. Blair McClenachan was chairman of this small assembly, and General John A. Hanna secretary. They resolved that it was expedient to recommend an acquiescence in the Constitution, but that a revision of the instrument was necessary. Among other topics enforced was the propriety of a reform of the ratio of Congressional representation, and that Senators should be liable to be superseded or recalled at any time by the State which elected them. Several other changes were advocated, but it contented itself by nominating a general ticket for Congress. The action of this body was immediately denounced, and as the nominees were Anti-Federalists, it was said that power to enforce the new Constitutional system ought not to be granted to its opponents. A new convention was called to meet at Lancaster, which selected candidates for Congress and electors for President. The election of members of Congress took place in November, and in the State six of the nominees on the Federal ticket were elected, and two (David Muhlenberg, of Montgomery, and Daniel Ileister, of Berks), who, although Federalists, had, with two others of the same politics, been placed as a matter of policy with the opposition ticket. On the 14th of October, Vice President Muhlenberg resigning, David Redick, of Washington county, was chosen to that station. On the 5th of November following, General Thomas Mifflin succeeded Benjamin Franklin, who declined a re-election on account of his advanced years. At the same time George Ross, of Lancaster, was elected Vice President. The first election for electors of President of the United States under the new Constitution was held in January. The Federal ticket was success- 1789. ful — the ten votes of Pennsylvania were given for George Washington as President, and eight votes for John Adams, and two for John Ilan- cock for Vice President. Eleven of the thirteen States participated in the elec- tion — two not having ratified the Constitution, and the other not having provided for the choosing of electors. General Washington received the 212 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. unanimous vote as President, and John Adams had the majority for Vice President. The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 proving inadequate for the require- ments of a useful and effective government, its revision was demanded. On the 24th of March the Assembl}- passed resolutions recommending the election of delegates to form a new Constitution. The Supreme Executive Council I'efused to promulgate this action of the Assembly. In September following the latter body passed resolutions for calling a convention. At the election in October delegates were chosen, and on the fourth Tuesday of Xovember the Convention assembled in Philadelphia, electing Thomas Mifflin, President. After a long session the members adjourned in the ensuing year to meet again, when 1790. the subject of the Constitution was again taken up and concluded, and the new instrument adopted September 2, 1790. The most radical changes were made in the executive and legislative branches of government. The Assembly ceased to have the sole right to make laws, a Senate being created. The Supreme Executive Council was abolished. A governor was directed to be elected, to whom the administration of affairs was to be entrusted. The former judicial system was continued, excepting that the judges of the higher courts were to be appointed during good behavior, instead of for seven years. The Bill of Rights re-enacted the old Provincial provision copied into the first Constitution, respecting freedom of worship, rights of conscience, and exemptions from compulsory contributions for the support of any ministry. The recognition of God, and of a future state of rewards and punishments, was still demanded of all holding office, but a belief in the divine inspiration of the Old and New Testaments was not included. The Council of Censors ceased to have authority ; and Pennsylvania conformed in all important matters to the system upon which the new Federal Government was to be administered. In the autumn of 1790, depredations on the frontiers became of common occurrence, and as little could be done to arrest them without marching into the heart of the Indian settlements, this was determined upon, and General Josiah Harmar was ordered to march upon the towns bordering on the Miami. The result was unfortunate, owing to the ruinous plan of acting in detachments ; by this means one-half of the regular force was lost. This abortive expedition served only to encourage the enemy, and to give additional rancor to their incursions. The failure of General Harmar made a deep impression upon the American nation, and was followed by a loud demand for a greater force, under the command of a more experienced general. General Arthur St. Clair, a native of Pennsylvania, an officer of the Revolu- tion, and then Govei'nor of the Northwestern territory, was placed in the year following at the head of a regular force of about fifteen hundred men, well furnished with artillery, and six hundred militia. Like Harmar's, this expedi- tion was a disastrous failure, ending in the total route of St. Clair's army, and the loss of many officers and men. This, in proportion to the number engaged, was enormous and unparalleled, except in the affair of Braddock. Sixty-eight officers were killed upon the spot, and twenty-eight wounded. Out of nine hun- dred privates who went into action, five hundred and fifty were left dead upon the field, and many of the survivors were wounded. CHAPTER XIV. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR MIFFLIN. THE YELLOW FEVER IN PHILADELPHIA. THE PRESQU'lSLE ESTABLISHMENT. THE WHISKEY INSURRECTION. DEFENCE OP THE FRONTIERS. 1790-1794. HE first election held under the Constitution of the Commonwealth — that of 1790, resulted in the choice of Thomas Mifflin* for Governor. General Mifflin had little or no opposition, his term of service as President being highly acceptable to the people. General Arthur St. Clair, his opponent, was highly esteemed, but the popularity of Mifflin carried him in triumph, and for three terms was chosen to the chief magistracy of Pennsylvania, and the routine of execu- tive business, sa3^s Armor, as established by him under the new Constitution, with little variation has been preserved. Several impor. tant events transpired during his administration which more than ordinarily moved the public mind. The system of internal improvements which in Pennsylvania in after years formed so great a portion of the cares of the State, and which in- volved the Commonwealth in heavy debts, dates its beginning from measures adopted during the first year of Governor Mifflin's administration. The committee appointed by the Legislature at their session in 1790, made a long and valuable report on the 19th of February, 1791, in which the results of the 1791. examinations made in previous years by the commissioners were embodied. The members of this committee were of opinion that the * Thomas Mifflin was born in Philadelphia, in 1744, of Quaker parentage. On the completion of his education in the Philadelphia College, he entered a counting-house. He visited Europe in 1765, and returning, entered into mercantile pursuits. In 1772, he was chosen to the Assembly from Philadelphia ; and in 1774, a delegate to the first Continental Congress. He was appointed majorof one of the first Pennsylvania battalions; accompanied Washington to Cambridge, as aid-de-camp ; in August, was made quarter-master general ; shortly afterwards adjutant general; brigadier general, March 16, 1776; and major gen- eral, February 19, 1777. He commanded the covering party during the retreat from Long Island. After the battle of Germantown, he resigned his position in the army. In 1782, was elected a delegate to Congress, of which body he was president in 1783. He was mem- ber and speaker of the Legislature in 1785 ; a delegate to the convention to frame the Federal constitution in 1787 ; President of the Supreme Executive Council froni October, 1788, to December, 1790; president of the convention which framed the constitution of 1790; Governor of the State from 1790 to 1799; and died at Lancaster, January 21, 1800, while serv- ing as a member of the Legislature. 213 THOMAS MIFFLIN. 1 2 1 4 HIS TOR Y OF FEIGNS YL VAN I A . \ Delaware river could be an important channel for the introduction of the trade and produce of New York by a portage of nineteen miles, and by extending two other short portages to Lake Ontario. They estimated that a safe boat and raft navi- gation might be made to the Northern boundar}^ of the State for £25,000. In re- gard to the connection of the Delaware and Allegheny rivers, they stated various interesting facts. In 1*790 it was said that one hundred and fifty thousand bushels of wheat had been brought down the Susquehanna, and passed through Middle- town for Philadelphia, a large proportion of which came from the Juniata. In 1788 a considerable quantity of flour went up the Susquehanna for the settlers of Northumberland. A further report was made in April, by which appropriations for opening the rivers were recommended, and that the Governor should issue a proclamation inviting proposals for undertaking the construction of canals and locks in and near the waters of the Tulpehocken and Quittapahilla ; that a canal should be made from Frankstown to Poplar run ; that proposals should be invited for clearing the Susquehanna from "Wright's ferry to the Maryland line ; that the construction of a turnpike road from Philadelphia through Lancaster to the Susquehanna should be contracted for; also, other roads throughout the State. The bill was passed on the 6th of April, and in August Governor Mifflin apprised the Legislature that he had made contracts for the improvement of cer- tain streams, but that several propositions had not yet met with persons wiWing to undertake the specified work." In the meanwhile, continues Mr. Westcott, "an association was formed for promoting the improvement of roads and inland navigation," and the Assembly was asked to pass an act of incorporation for " a company for opening a canal and lock navigation between the rivers Schuylkill and Susquehanna, or by the waters of the Tulpehocken and Quittapahilla, and the Quittapahilla and Swatara in the counties of Berks and Dauphin." The public interest was strongly aroused in favor of this enterprise, and the most sanguine ideas of its impor- tance and successful accomplishment were indulged in. It is stated that forty thousand shares were subscribed for, when the number were but one thousand. To give all an equal chance, the shares were distributed among the subscribers by lottery. This enterprise began in 1792, was completed after some years, and is now known as the Union Canal. In April, 1793, a corapan}^ was chartered for the purpose of constructing a canal and lock navigation in the west branch of the Brandywine. 1793. On the same day "The Conewago Canal Company " was authorized to open and improve the navigation of the Susquehanna river, from Wright's ferry to the mouth of the Swatara. This project was an important object in the great scheme for internal improvement and intercourse with the West. The remains of this canal around the Great Falls are still to be seen. During the same year the Bank of Pennsylvania was incorporated by the Legislature, the opinion being expressed that it would "promote the regular, permanent, and successful operation of the finances of the State, and be produc- tive of great benefit to trade and industry in general." The State subscribed for one-third of the entire stock — and branches were established at Lancaster, Har- risburg, Reading, Easton, and Pittsburgh. These were discontinued in 1810; in 1843 the State sold its stock, and with the financial crisis of 1857 it sunk in ruin. GENERAL HISTORY. 215 In 1793, the affairs of the French revolution created undue excitement in America, and much sympathy was expressed by the people of the Union in that terrible convulsion which shook Europe to its centre. The appointment of M. Genet as Minister from the French Republic to the United States, raised the enthusiasm to the highest pitch. Upon the arrival of Genet, the streets of Phil- adelphia were the scene of continual excitement. Every effort was made by the Federal and State governments to stem the tide of Gallic madness which threat- ened violence, owing to the number of English and French sailors then in the port of the capital. A British ship, the Granger, was captured in the Delaware, but being in violation of the laws of nations, was promptly released. Following this a vessel named the Sally was fitted out as a French privateer. The State government determined to make an effort to maintain the neutrality of the port, and Mr. Dallas, Secretary of the Commonwealth, was directed by Governor Mifflin to wait on M. Genet, and forbid the sailing of the vessel. In the course of the violent controversy which ensued during this interveiw. Genet said that he " would appeal from the President to the people." This expression, so severely criticised and denounced by the citizens and the press, was emphatically denied by the French minister. He gave his promise that the privateer should not leave, but in violation she did sail a few days afterward. A committee of merchants waited on Governor Mifflin and entreated him to pre- serve neutrality. The governor assured them that every measure would be taken ; and the Federal authorities also showed earnestness in the determina- tion to repress the proceedings of M, Genet. In the heated discussions which resulted, Governor Mifflin maintained a reserved and dignified position. At the opening of the session of the Legislature in August, the Executive reported the measures which were taken to preserve the neutrality of the ports. In accordance with his views, an appropriation was made for the erection of a battery on Mud island, for the purpose of commanding the river Delaware. It was during this year that the dreaded pestilence, the yellow fever, ravaged Philadelphia, spreading dismay and terror. The general consternation which incited many to flee from the destroyer, "produced scenes of distress and misery," wrote Matthew Carey, " of which parallels are rarely to be met with, and which nothing could palliate but the extraordinary public panic and the great law of self-preservation. Men of affluent fortunes, who gave daily employ- ment and sustenance to hundreds, were abandoned to the care of a negro, after their wives, children, friends, clerks, and servants had fled away and left them to their fate. In some cases, at the commencement of the disorder, no money could procure proper attendance. With the poor the case was as might be ex- pected, infinitely worse than the rich. Many of these perished without a human being to hand them a drink of water, to administer medicines, or to perform any charitable office for them. Various instances occurred of dead bodies found lying in the streets, of persons who had no house or habitation and could pro- cure no shelter." The cessation of business, in consequence of the plague, threw hundreds of poor people out of employment. Want and famine made their appearance. While the fatal atmosphere of contagion overspread the devoted city, says Westcott, the most frightful exaggerations of the real condi- II 2 1 r, HISTOR T OF PENNS YL VANIA. tion of things were spread throughout the country, the consequence of which very soon became serious. In nearly all the cities and towns, near and far, with a few humane exceptions, all intercourse with Philadelphia was prohibited. This added to the general distress. At last the benevolence of the inhabitants elsewhere came to the relief, and contributions in money and provisions were poured out with a liberal hand. The mortality', it is stated, was about five thousand, equal to twenty -two per cent, of those remaining in the city. Among those attacked were Governor Mifflin and Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury under Washington. Both recovered, and on the 14th of November the Executive issued a proclamation, stating the pestilence had ceased, and fixing a day of thanksgiving, fasting, and prayer. The defence of the western portion of the State from Indian incur- 1794. sions again required the prompt attention of the authorities, and on the 28th of February, IT 94, the Legislature passed an act for raising soldiers for the defence of the river Delaware and of the western frontiers. At the same time efforts were made toward the laying out of a town at Presqu'Isle, " in order to facilitate and promote the progress of settlement within the Com- monwealth, and to afford additional security to the frontiers thereof." Governor Mifflin transmitted to the President of the United States a cop^^ of this act, apprehending the difflculties which soon manifested themselves. Prior to this he had sent to Captain Ebenezer Denny a commission, giving him the command of the Allegheny company, ordered to protect Messrs. William Irvine, Andrew Ellicott, and Albert Gallatin, who had been appointed commissioners to lay out the town. For the same object, a post had been established at Le Boeuf, two miles below the site of the old French fort of that name. On the arrival of the detachment at Fort Franklin the news were not favorable toward an estab- lishment at Presqu'Isle. The Indians had been irritated by the British, and meditated an opposition to the government. General Wilkins, in writing to Mr. Dallas, stated " the English are fixed in their opposition to the opening of the road to Presqu'Isle, and are determined to send a number of English and Indians to cut them off." On the 24th of May Governor Mifflin applied to the President to order one thousand militia from the Western brigades, raised for the frontier defence, to support the commissioners who were authorized to lay out the towns. The brigade inspectors of Westmoreland, Washington, Allegheny, and Fayette, accordingly made a draft for that number to co-operate with Captain Denny's detachment, under the command of General Wilkins. The citizens of North- western Pennsylvania urged on improvements, and the President, fearful of giving offence to the Indians, advised a temporary cessation. Governor Mifflin, in writing to the Secretary of War, said : " Some of the old grievances, alleged to have been suffered from the Union, the inflammatory speech of Lord Dorchester, the constant machinations of British agents, and the corruption of the British tribes, had, in truth, previously excited that hostile disposition which you seem to consider the effect of the measures pursued by Pennsjdvania for establishing a town at Presqu'Isle. ... I desire to be clearly under- stood that on my part no assent is given to any proposition that shall bring in doubt or controversy the rights of the States. ... At the same time I am ^M QENEliAL EISTOBY. 217 anxious to promote the views of the general government, and to avoid increasing the dissatisfaction of the Six Nations, or in any manner extending the sphere of Indian hostilities." Orders were issued to Captain Denny to proceed no farther with his detachment than Le Boeuf, where under the direction of General Wilkins two small block-houses had been erected for the protection of the commissioners. Attorney-General Bradford having been written to by the Secretar}^ of War as to the constitutionality of raising four companies of troops " for the port of Philadelphia and the defence of the frontiers," replied : " There is nothing in the Constitution, I apprehend, which prohibits the several States from keeping troops in time of war. If peace shall be made with the Indians, and the United States be engaged in no other war, these troops cannot be constitutionally kept up in Pennsylvania, although the war should continue to rage in Europe." A rumor prevailing that a large body of Indians, assisted by the British, had been seen crossing the lake, and others descending the Allegheny, with the object of taking Fort Franklin, destroying the settlement at Cussewago, and then make an establishment at Presqu'Isle, Captain Denny removed to Yenango with his men, at the same time ordering the brigades to be ready when called. On the 18th of June, at Buffalo creek, a council was held with the Six Nations, by Captain Denny and the Pennsylvania commissioner. General Chapin. Cornplanter addressed the conference, in substance as follows : " That they depended upon the Americans to do all in their power to assist them ; they wished Colonel Johnson, the British agent, and General Chapin to remove back over the line which they had laid out. This line began at 'Bail's town, and in a direct line crossed French creek, just below Mead's, and on the head of the Cu3'ahoga ; from thence to the Muskingum, and down the Ohio and to the mouth and up the Mississippi, leaving a small square for a trading house at the mouth of the rivers, and one where Clarksville now stands. If this removal was at- tended to immediately, they should consider them friends ; if not, they must be considered enemies." Mr. EUicott and Captain Denny desired an interval of an hour to prepare an answer, at the expiration of which they replied as follows : " By the peace of 1782 the King of Great Britain ceded all the lands of Penn- sylvania, which they claim, but from regard to justice they desired to fairly purchase it from the Six Nations — the real owners of the soil. The purchase north of the north boundary of Pennsylvania, west of the Conewango river. Lake Chatauqua, and the path leading from thence to Lake Erie, and south of said lake, was made of your chiefs at Fort Harmar by Generals Butler and Gibson, and the money and goods punctually paid them. They had also sold those lands to such people as chose to settle and work them, and it was their duty to protect them from depredations. Their military preparations were in- tended as a defence from hostile Western Indians, not supposing they needed any from the Six Nations, whom they considered their friends and allies. They could not consistently with their duty remove from the lands they had purchased, unless directed to do so by the great council of the people, to whom they would immediately send their message. They had been ordered by the great council of Pennsylvania to their present post, and they could not move from thence until orders came for that purpose." It 2 1 8 HIS TOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. At another conference, held at the same place, the Indians maintained that they " had decided upon their boundaries, and wished for nothing but justice — they wanted room for their children. If a garrison were established at Pres lu'Isle the southern Indians might do injury and the Six Nations be blamed for it." In October, the President, at the desire of the Indians, appointed a conference at Canandaigua for the purpose of establishing a firm and permanent friendship with the Six Nations, and appointed Colonel Timothy Pickering sole agent for this purpose. At this council all difficulties were amicably settled, a large tract of land west of the Phelps and Gorham purchase in New York was reserved to them, with $14,500 in goods ; and fifty-nine sachems signed a treaty of perpetual peace and friendship with the United States. Although active preparations were made for carrying out the intentions of the Legislature, an act was subsequently passed to suspend the laying out of a town at Presqu'Isle, and it was not until the 18th of April, 1195, that, all difficulties removed, the same body authorized the laying out of the towns at Le Boeuf, at the mouth of Conewango creek, at the mouth of the French creek, and at Presqu'Isle. At this time transpired the important events to which we shall now refer. Perhaps no part of the history of Pennsylvania is less understood than the insur- rection of 1794, commonly known as the "Whiskey Insurrection." We give, therefore, a summary of the various excise laws of Pennsylvania, with their fate as indicating the temper of the people on that subject, together with a notice of the hardships the early settlers of Western Pennsylvania had to endure, the disturbances following the enactment of an excise law by Congress, and of the measures, peaceable and military, taken to suppress them. On the 16th of March, 1684, the first excise was imposed by the Assembly of the Province, in an act entitled " Bill of Aid and Assistance of the Government." [Votes of Assembly, I. 29.] This objectionable feature thereof was soon after repealed, and not renewed until the year 1738, when the Provincial Assembly passed " An Act for laying an excise on wine, rum, brandy, and other spirits." So unpopular was this act, that it remained in force only a few months. In May, 1744, it was again renewed by the Assembly, for the purpose of providing money without a general tax, not only to purchase arms and ;ni;muni- tion for defence, but to answer such demands as might be made upon the inhabitants of the Province by his Majesty for distressing the public enemy in America. This was not long in operation. In the year 1772, the attention of the Assembly was once more called to the excise as a productive source of revenue, and a duty was levied on domestic and foreign spirits. At first, however, as to home distilled spirits it was not executed, and, indeed, hardly any steps were taken for the purpose, particularly in the older counties. But during the Revolutionary war, the necessities of the State and a temporary unpopularity of distillation, owing to the immense amount of grain consumed, rendered the collection of duties both necessary and practicable, and a considerable revenue was thereby attained. Towards the end of the war th act was repealed. In 1780, Congress resolved that an allowance of an additional sum should be made to the army, to compensate for the ('epreciation of its pay. This was GENERAL HISTORY. 219 distributed among the States for discharge. Pennsylvania made several appro- priations for the purpose, but the revenues so applied turned out to be unproductive. The depreciation fund was always favorably regarded, and upon an application of the officers of the Pennsylvania Line, another effort was made, the revenue arising from the excise remaining uncollected was appropriated to this fund, and vigorous measures were taken for its collection. [Dallas, II. 162.] Great changes, however, had taken place in the disposition of the people since the first imposition of these duties. The neighboring States were free from the burthen, and in New Jersey, where a law had been passed for the purpose, its execution had been entirely prevented by a powerful combination. The Pennsyl- vania law, therefore, met with great opposition, especially west of the Alleghenies, and there is no evidence that the excise was ever paid in that section. The majority of the people in the western counties of the State were of Scotch- Irish descent. They had heard of the exaction and oppression in the old country under the excise laws — that houses were entered by excise officers, the most private apartments examined, and that confiscations and imprisonment followed if the smallest quantity of whiskey was discovered not marked with the official brand. They also remembered that resistance to the stamp act and duty on tea, at the commencement of the Revolution, began by the destruction of the tea and a refusal to use the royal stamps; that the design was not to break allegiance to the British throne, but to force a repeal of these odious laws. They were almost to a man enemies to the British government, and had contributed their full proportion in service in establishing the independence of America. To them no other tax of equal amount would have been half so odious. Holding these opinions, it is not to be wondered at, that the more hot-headed resorted to threats of violence, and precipitated the riotous proceedings which are detailed in the pages following. The condition of the Western counties at this period we shall briefly describe. This portion of Pennsylvania was partially settled from ten or fifteen years be- fore the war of the Revolution. During that contest the people west of the mountains had to defend themselves against the murderous attacks of the Indians on their borders. The savage foe often made incursions into the settle- ments, murdered men, women, and children, burnt their cabins and destroyed their grain and cattle. On one occasion they penetrated into the centre of Westmoreland county, burnt the county town, killed several of the inhabitants, and carried off as prisoners the daughters of Hanna, the original proprietor of the place. In the summer season, for several years, the men placed their wives and children in block-houses, guarded by the old men, while the young and active hoed their corn and harvested their crops in parties, some keeping watch and others per- forming the work. They were also called on for their quota of men to fight the British on the Atlantic coast. " When a boy," says Dr. Carnahan in an . excellent resume of the transaction, " I have heard from the lips of western men of the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, and also of the horrors and sufferings of the Jersey prison-ships. For several years after the peace of 1783, there was nothing but a horse-path over the mountains; so that salt, iron, powder, lead, and other necessary articles had to be carried on pack- 220 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. horses from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. As late as 1794, the year of the insurrection, so bad were the roads that freight in wagons cost from five to ten dollars per hundred pounds, salt sold for five dollars a bushel ; iron and steel from fifteen to twenty cents per pound in Pittsburgh. '• Western Pennsylvania is a hilly but remarkably healthy and fertile region, and in its virgin state the soil produced wheat, rye, corn, and other grains in abundance with very little culture. But there was no market. While the formers east of the mountains were growing rich by means of the French revolution and the general war in Europe, those west of the mountains could find no outlet for their abundant harvests. The freight of a barrel of flour from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia would cost nearly as much as it would bring in that market. The mouth of the Mississippi was then in the hands of the Spanish, and there were no houses of established character in New Orleans to which produce could be consigned. Merchants in Pittsburgh and elsewhere would not purchase wheat or flour and run the risk of sending it down the river in boats, which were liable to be fired on by the Indians from the banks of the Ohio, the boatmen murdered, and their cargoes destroyed " Trade down the river was carried on in this way : A farmer of more enter- prise than his neighbors, would build a boat or ark of rough plank, load it with his own produce and that of his neighbors who were willing to send a venture, and he would float down the Ohio and Mississippi and sell at New Orleans for what he could get, and make his way back in a vessel to New York ; or what was more common, he would come through Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia, over the mountains and through cane-brakes, wearing a girdle of Spanish dollars round his body, which might serve as a corset in case an Indian, as was very likely, should shoot at him." Wheat was so plentiful and of so little value that it was a common practice to grind that of the best quality and feed it to the cattle, while rye, corn, and barley would bring no price as food for man or beast. The only way left for the inhabi- tants to obtain a little money to purchase salt, iron, and other articles necessary in carrying on their farming operations, was by distilling their grain and reducing it into a more portable form, and sending the whiskey over the mountains or down the Ohio to Kentucky, then rapidly filling up and affording a market for that article. The lawfulness or morality of making and drinking whiskey was not in that day called in question. When Western Pennsylvania was in the condition described, the Federal Constitution was adopted, and a most difficult problem was presented, viz. : How to provide ways and means to support the government, to pay just and pressing Revolutionary claims, and sustain an army to subdue the Indians still harassing the frontiers. The duties on goods imported were very far from adequate to the wants of the new government. Taxes were laid on articles supposed to be the least necessary, and, among other things, on distilled .liquors or on the stills with which they were manufactured. The Constitution of the United States provided ''that all duties, imports, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States." (Section 8.) But it is manifest that the same article may be taxed alike in all the States, and yet the tax may be very unequal and oppressive in particular parts of the country. Excise on stills and whiskey operated in this way, little or no whiskey was GENERAL HIiSTOHT. 221 manufactured in some of the States, and in different parts of the same State. The Western people saw and felt that the excise pressed on them, who were the least able to bear the burden, more heavily than on any other part of the Union. They had more stills and made more whiskey than an equal population in any part of the country. There were very few or no large manufactories where grain was bought and cash paid. There was not capital in the country for that purpose. In some neighborhoods every fifth or sixth farmer was a distiller, who, during the winter season, manufactured his own grain and that of his neighbors in a portable and saleable article. They foresaw that what little money was brought into the country by the sale of whiskey would be carried away in the form of excise duties. The people of Western Pennsylvania then regarded a tax on whiskey in the same light as the citizens of the State would now a United States tax on coal and iron. The State tax, as heretofore remarked, having remained a dead letter for years, was repealed, a circumstance not likely to incline the people to submit to a similar law passed by Congress on the 3d of March, 1791, at the suggestion of General Hamilton, then Secretary of the Treasury. This law laid an excise of four pence per gallon on all distilled spirits. The members from Western Pennsylvania — Smilie, of Fayette, and Findley, of Westmoreland — stoutly opposed the passage of the law, and on their return among their constituents loudly and openly disapproved of it. Albert Gallatin, then residing in Fayette county, also opposed the law by all constitutional methods. It was with some difficulty that any one could be found to accept the office of inspector in the western district on account of its unpopularity. The first public meeting in opposition was held at Redstone Old Fort, 27th July, 1791, where it was concerted that county committees should meet at the four county seats of Fayette, Allegheny, Westmoreland, and Washington. On the 23d of August the committee of Washington county passed resolutions, and published them in the Pittsburgh Gazette, to the effect that " any person who had accepted or might accept an office under Congress in order to carry the law into effect, should be considered inimical to the interests of the countr3', and recommending to the citizens of Washington county to treat every person accepting such office with contempt, and absolutely to refuse all kind of com- munication or intercourse with him, and withhold from him all aid, support, and comfort." i ^,^ Delegates from the four counties met at Pittsburgh, on the 7th of September, 1791, and passed severe resolutions against the law. These meetings, composed of influential citizens, served to give consistency to the opposition. j J On the 5th of September, 1791, a party, armed and disguised, waylaid Robert Johnson, collector of Allegheny and Washington, near Pigeon creek, in Washington county, tarred and feathered him, cut off his hair, and took away his horse, leaving him to travel on foot in that mortifying condition. Several per- sons were proceeded against for the outrage, but the deputy marshal dared not serve the process, and " if he had attempted it, believes he should not have returned alive." The man sent privately with the process was seized, whipped, tarred and feathered, his money and horse taken from him, blindfolded and tied m the woods, where he remained five hours. V 222 HISTOE Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. In October, 1T91, an unhappy person, named Wilson, who was in some measure " disordered in his intellects," and affected to be, perhaps thought lie was, an exciseman, and was making inquiry for distillers, was pursued by a party in disguise, taken out of his bed, and carried several miles to a black- smith's shop. There they stripped off his clothes and burned them, and having burned him with a hot iron in several places, they tarred and feathered him and dismissed him, naked and wounded. The unhappy man conceived himself to be a martyr to the discharge of an important duty. In Congress, 8th of May, 1792, material modifications were made in the law, lightening the duty, allowing monthly pa^'ments, &c. In August, 1792, the Government succeeded in getting the use of William Faulkner's house, a captain in the United States arm}', for an inspection office. He was threatened with scalping, tarring and feathering, and compelled to promise not lo let his house for that purpose, and to publish his promise in the Pittsburgh Gazelle. The Picsident issued a proclamation the 15th of September, 1792, enjoining all persons to submit to the law, and desist from all unlawful proceedings. The Government determined — first, to prosecute delinquents ; second, to seize unex- cised spirits on their way to market ; and third, to make no purchases for the army except of such spirits as had paid duty. In April, 1793, a party in disguise attacked in the night the house of Benja- min Wells, collector in Fayette county, but he being from home, thej' broke open his house, threatened, terrified, and abused his family. Warrants were issued against the offenders by Judges Isaac Mason and James Findley, but the sheriff refused to execute them, whereupon he was indicted. On the 22d of November the}^ again attacked the house of Benjamin Wells in the night. They compelled him to surrender his commission and books, and required him to publish a resignation of his office within two weeks in the papers, on pain of having his house burned. / Notwithstanding these excesses, the law appeared, during the latter part of 1793, to be rather gaining ground. Several principal distillers complied, and others showed a disposition, but were restrained by fear. In June, 1794, John Wells, the collector for Westmoreland, opened his office at the house of Philip Reagan, in that count}'. An attack was made in the night by a numerous body of men. Reagan expected them, and had prepared himself with guns and one or two men. The firing commenced from the house, and the assailants fired at it for some time, without effect on either side. The insurgents then set fire to Reagan's barn, which they burned, and retired. In the course of a day or two 150 men returned to renew the attack. After some parleying, Rea- gan, rather than shed blood, proposed to capitulate, provided they would give him honorable terms and assurances that they would neither abuse his person nor destroy his propert}', Jie to give up his commission, and never again act as an exciseman. These stipulations were agreed to, reduced to writing and signer, b}' the parties. Reagan then opened his door, and came out with a keg of whis- key and treated them. However, after the whiskey was drunk, some of them began to say that he was let off too easy, and that he ought to be set up as a tar- get to be shot at. Some were for tarring and feathering him, but others took OENEBAL HISTORY. 223 his part, and said he had acted manfully, and that after capitulating they were bound to treat him honorably. At length they got to fighting amongst them- selves. After this it was proposed and carried that Reagan should be court- martialed, and that they would march off right away to Ben. Wells, of Fayette county, the excise officer there, and catch him and try him and Reagan both together. They set out accordingly, taking Reagan along, but when they arrived at Wells' house he was not there, so they set fire to it and burned it to the ground with all its contents. They left an ambush near the ruins, in order to seize Wells. Next morning he was taken, but during the night, as Reagan had escaped and Wells was very submissive with them, they let him off without further moles- tation. /vThe next attack was made on Captain Webster, the excise oflJcer for Somer- set county, by a company of about 150 men from Westmoreland. They took his commission from him, and made him promise never again to act as a collector of excise. An attempt was made by some of the party to fire his haystacks, but it was prevented by others. They marched homeward, taking Webster a few miles. Seeing him very submissive, they ordered him to mount a stump and repeat his promise never again to act as a collector of excise, and to hurrah three times for "Tom the Tinker," after which they dismissed him. This term, " Tom the Tinker," came into popular use to designate the oppo- sition to the excise law. It was not given by adversaries as a term of reproach, but assumed by the insurgents in disguise at an early period. " A certain John Holcroft," says Mr. Brackenridge, " was thought to have made the first applica- tion of it at the attack on William Coughran, whose still was cut to pieces. This was humorously called mending his still. The menders, of course must be tink- ers, and the name collectively became Tom the Tinker." Advertisements were put up on trees and other conspicuous places, with the signature of " Tom the Tinker," threatening individuals, admonishing or commanding them. Menacing letters, with the same signature, were sent to the Pittsburgh Gazette, with orders to publish them, and the editor did not dare refuse. " At Braddock's field the acclamation was, ' Hurrah for Tom the Tinker I' ' Are you a Tom Tinker's man ?' Every man tvas willing to be thought so, and some had great trouble to wipe off imputations to the contrary." Mr. Findley says " it afterwards appeared that the letters did not originate with Holcroft, though the inventor of them has never been discovered." The office in Washington opened to receive the annual entries of stills, after repeated attempts, was suppressed. At first the sign was pulled down. On the 6th of June, twelve persons, armed and painted black, broke into the house of John Lynn, where the office was kept, and, beguiling him by a promise of safety to come down stairs, they seized and tied him, threatened to hang him, took him into the woods, cut off his hair, tarred and feathered him, and swore him never again to allow the use of his house for an office, never to disclose their names, and never again to aid the excise ; having done this, they bound him, naked, to a tree and left him. He extricated himself next morning. They afterwards pulled down part of his house, and compelled him to seek an asylum elsewhere. In Congress, on the 5th of June, 1794, the excise law was amended. Those, however, who desired not amendment, but absolute repeal, were thereby incited fl 224 HIS TOE Y OF PENNS YL VAN I A . to push matters to a more violent crisis. It became indispensable for the gov- ernment to meet the opposition with more decision. Process Issued against a number of non-complying distillers in Fayette and Allegheny. Indictments were found against Robert Smilie and John M'Culloch, rioters, and process issued accordingly. It was cause of great and just complaint in the Western counties, that the Fed- eral courts sat only on the eastern side of the mountains, and that individuals were subjected to ruinous expenses when forced to attend them. The processes, requiring the delinquent distillers to appear at Philadelphia, arrived in the west at the period of harvest, when small parties of men were likely to be assembled together in the fields. In Fayette county the marshal executed his pi'ocesses without interruption, though under discouraging circumstances. In that county the most influential citizens and distillers had, at a meeting in the winter or spring previous, agreed to promote submission to the laws, on condition that a change should be made in the officers. In Allegheny county, the marshal had successfully served all the processes except the last, when, unfortunately, he went into Pittsburgh. The next day, 15th July, 1794, he went in company with General Neville, the inspector, to serve the last writ on a distiller named Miller, near Peters' creek. It is believed that had Major Lenox, the marshal, gone alone to serve that remaining one, there would have been no interruption. Unfortunately he called on the inspector to accom- pany him. General Neville was a man of the most deserved popularity, says Judge Wilkinson, and in order to allay opposition to the law as far as possible, was appointed inspector for Western Pennsylvania. His appearing, however, in company with the marshal, excited the indignation of some of Miller's neighbors, and on the return of the marshal and inspector, they were followed by five or six men armed, and a gun was discharged towards them, not, it is believed, with a design to injure, but to alarm them and show their dislike towards the inspector. On the day of this occurrence, there was a military' meeting at Mingo creek, about seven miles distant from the inspector's house, for the purpose of drafting men to go against the Indians. A report of the attack on the marshal and inspector was carried to this meeting, and on the day following, at daylight, about thirty young men, headed by John Holcroft, the reputed " Tom the Tinker," assembled at the house of the inspector and demanded the delivery of his commission and oflSicial papers. This was refused, and the firing of guns commenced. It is not known who fired the first gun — the insurgents always maintaining that it came from the house, and their only intention was to alarm the inspector, and to cause him to deliver his papers. The firing went on for some time from the house and from the assailants. At length a horn was sounded in the house, and then there was a discharge of fire-arms from the negro quarters, which stood apart from the mansion house. From the guns of the negroes, who probably used small shots, five or six of the insurgents were wounded, one of them mortally. Forthwith the report spread that the blood of citizens bad been shed, and a call was made on all who valued liberty or life to assemble at Mingo creek meeting-house, prepaied to avenge the outrage. Some went willingly, others were compelled to go. A large number assembled at the place of rendezvous. Three men were appointed to GENERAL HISTORY. 225 direct the expedition, and Major Macfarlane, who had been an officer in the Pennsylvania Line of the Revolution, was chosen to command the armed force. When they were within half a mile of Neville's house, leaving those who had no fire-arms in charge of the horses, they advanced. After the first attack, Neville had left his house, and Major Kirkpatrick, with ten or twelve United States soldiers, had come to defend it. Kirkpatrick was allied to the family of Neville by marriage. When the assailants approached the house, the three men who were to superintend the affair took their station on an eminence at a distance. Macfarlane and his men approached within gun-shot and demanded Neville. It was answered that Neville was not in the house nor on the premises. His commission and official papers were then demanded, with a declaration that if they were not delivered they would be taken by force. Kirkpatrick replied that he had a sufficient force to defend the house, and he would not surrender the papers. Macfarlane informed him that he would wait until the women and children, which he observed were in the house, had withdrawn, and then he would commence the attack, unless his demands were complied with. The women withdrew and the firing began on both sides. After several rounds the firing seemed to cease from the house, and Mac- farlane, supposing a parley was desired, stepped from behind a tree which protected him and ordered his men to stop. At that instant a ball from the house struck him, and he expired in a few minutes. Some of the assailants, without orders, applied a torch to the barn ; from the barn the fire spread to the other out-buildings, and from them to the dwelling house. When the house caught fire, Kirkpatrick surrendered and was permitted to leave with his command uninjured. The death and funeral of Macfarlane greatly increased the excitement, and runners were sent forth to call a meeting of the people at Mingo creek meeting- house, to determine what measures were to be taken. In the town of Washing- ton, among others, the messenger urged David Bradford and Colonel Johnt Marshall to attend the proposed meeting. At first they both refused. Marshall said he would have nothing to do with the business ; and Bradford declined on the- ground that he was prosecuting attorney for the county, and that his services in that capacity might hereafter be called for. They afterwards changed their minds, attended the meeting, where, hearing the story of what they called the murder of Macfarlane, their sympathies became excited, and from that moment they took a warm and active part. The prominent persons at this meeting were those named, and Messrs. Parkinson, Cook, and Brackenridge. The latter, it appears, attended for the purpose of gaining their confidence. He suggested that though what they had done might be morally right, yet it was legally wrong, and advised the propriety of consulting their fellow citizens. A meeting of delegates from the Western counties was therefore ordered to be held at Parkinson's Ferry, now Monongahela city, on the 14th of August. A night or two after the meeting at Mingo creek, Bradford and Marshall got possession of the Pittsburgh and Philadelphia mail. The post-boy had been attacked and the mail taken from him by two men near Greensburg. The object was to ascertain what had been written to the east respecting the disturbance.. Letters were found giving sad accounts of their doings, and naming individuals. 226 HIS TORT OF PENNS TL VANIA. concerned. Those of General Gibson, Colonel Presley Neville, Mr. Brison, and Mr. Edward Day, gave the greatest offence to the insurgents. The documents not referring to this affair were put into the mail bag and returned to the post- office in Pittsburgh. The authors of the objectionable letters were, in conse- quence, obliged to leave Pittsburgh, by some circuitous route, or conceal tliemselves, that it might be given out publicly that they were gone. In the meantime, Bradford and others, without a semblance of authority, issued a circular letter to the colonels of the several regiments in the Western counties, requiring them to assemble their commands at the usual place of rendezvous, fully equipped with fire-arms and ammunition and four days' provision, and from thence to march to Braddock's Field, so as to arrive on Friday, the 1st of August. Strange to say, it was in many instances promptly obeyed ; many who despised it at heart did not dare to disobey it. Bradford afterwards denied that he gave such an order, but this is in existence. There were but three days between the date of the orders and the time of assem- blage, yet a vast and excited multitude was brought together, many in companies, under arms. Some were well disposed towards the government, but came for j fear of being proscribed ; others as mere spectators ; others, such as Judge * Brackenridge and several from Pittsburgh, to put themselves, if possible, at the j head of the multitude, and restrain them, by organization and management, from proceeding to open outrage and rebellion. Great apprehension was entertained that the insurgents might proceed to Pittsburgh and burn the town. The obnoxious persons had been banished, as if by authority, in deference to the demands of the Tom Tinker men, and the Pittsburgh delegation were careful to announce the fact at Braddock's Field. Probabl}- the majority of those assembled were secretly well disposed towards the government, but afraid to come out and avow it. Mr. Brackenridge thus describes the feeling that prevailed there and throughout the Western counties : "A breath in favor of the law was sufficient to ruin any man. it was considered as a badge of Toryism. A clergyman was not thought orthodox in the pulpit unless against the law. A physician was not capable of administering medicine, unless his princip es were right in this respect. A lawyer could have got no practice without at least concealing his sentiments, if for the law ; nor could a merchant at a country store get custom. On the contrary, to talk against the law was the way to office and emolument. To go to the Legislature or to Congress, you must make a noise against it. It was the Shibboleth of safety, and the ladder of ambition." It was proposed by Bradford to march and attack the garrison at Pittsburgh, but this was abandoned. Bradford now moved that the troops should go on to Pittsburgh. " Yes," said Brackenridge, " by all means ; at least to give a proof that the strictest order can be observed, and no damage done. We will just march through, and, taking a turn, come out upon the plain on the banks of the Monongahela ; and after taking a little whiskey with the inhabitants, the troops will embark and cross the river." Officers having been appointed, Edward Cook and Bradford, generals, and Colonel Blakenay, officer of the day, the insurgents marched in a body, by the Monongahela road, to Pittsburgh. By the wily management of some of the Pittsburgh gentlemen, the greater part of the company, after being diverted by a treat, were got across the Monongahela. A GENERAL HISTORY. 227 few, however, remained, determined to burn General Neville's house, in town, and General Gibson's and others. By the influence of Colonel Cook, Marshall, and others of the insurgent party, this outrage was prevented. Major Kirk- patrick's barn, across the river, was burned. If they had succeeded in burning two or three houses, the whole town must have been consumed. " The people," says Mr. Brackenridge, " were mad. It never came into my head to use force on the occasion. I thought it safest to give good words and good drink, rather than balls and powder. It cost me four barrels of old whiskey that day, and I would rather spare that than a quart of blood." An account of these turbulent proceedings reaching the State and national authorities, a conference was immediately held. Governor Mifflin, on the 6th of August, appointed Chief-Justice M'Kean and General William Irvine to proceed immediately to the Western country to ascertain the facts relative to the late riots, and, if practicable, to bring the insurgents to a sense of their duty. The day following, President Washington issued a proclamation of warning, commanding "all persons being insurgents, on or before the 1st da^- of September, to disperse and retire peaceably to their respective abodes," at the same time directing the raising of troops, to be held in readiness to march at a moment's warning." The quotas of the States were as follows : Infantry. Cavalry. Artillery. Totaj. Pennsylvania.. 4,500 500 200 5,200 New Jersey 1,500 500 100 2,100 Maryland 2,000 200 150 2,350 Virginia 3,000 300 ... 3,300 11,000 1,500 450 12,950 The same day, Governor Mifl^in issued a similar proclamation, directing the quota of the State to be armed and equipped as speedily as possible. The Governor issued a second proclamation, calling together the Assembly of the State in special session. On the 8th, the President appointed James Ross. Jasper Yeates, and William Bradford forthwith to repair to the Western counties and confer with sucli bodies or individuals as they may approve, " in order to quiet and extinguish the insur- rection," giving them full instructions and ample powers concerning the same. These proceedings in the east had not been received west of the AUeghenies previous to the meeting called for the 14th of August, at Parkinson's Ferry. This was composed of two hundred and sixty delegates, elected by the respective counties of Westmoreland, Fayette, Allegheny, Washington, and that part of Bedford lying west of the mountains, and by the county of Ohio, in Virginia. Many had been sent with a view to stem the current of disorder until it had time to cool down. This, however, was only to be accomplished, as some thought, not by open opposition, but by covert management. Colonel Cook was appointed chairman, and Albert Gallatin secretary. Gallatin, Brackenridge, and Judge Edgar, of Washington count}', took a prominent part in the discussions. The intemperate resolutions were gradually softened down or explained awa3^ The organic force of the insurrection was condensed into a committee of sixty, one from each township ; and this committee was again represented by a standing It 228 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. committee of twelve. The committee of sixty was to meet at Redstone Old Fort, on the 2d of September, and the standing committee were in tlie meantime to confer with the United States commissioners, whose arrival had been announced at Pittsburgh, during the meeting. To gain time and restore quietness was the great object with Gallatin and his friends. Mr. Gallatin presented with great force the folly of past resistance, and the ruinous consequences to the country of the continuance of ihe insurrection. He urged that the government was bound to vindicate the laws, and that it would surely send an overwhelming force ao-ainst them. He placed the subject in a new light, and showed the insurrection to be a much more serious affair than it had before appeared. The Pennsylvania commissioners reached Pittsburgh on the Hth. On the 20th the commissioners on the part of the Union, with those on the part of the State, met the committee appointed at the meeting at Parkinson's Ferry. At this conference, preliminary proceedings were taken which resulted in proposi- tions by both bodies of commissioners, who explicitly declared that the exercise of the powers vested in them " to suspend prosecutions," " to engage for a general pardon and oblivion of them," " must be preceded by full and satisfactory assurances of a sincere determination in the people to obey the laws of the United States." The committee presented their grievances, dwelling principally, says Chief-Justice M'Kean, on their being sued in the courts of the United States, and compelled to attend trials at the distance of three hundred miles from their places of abode, before judges and jurors who were strangers to them. Every argument against an excise was urged, but it was clearly evidenced that there was an apprehension in the gentlemen of the committee themselves respecting the safety of their own persons and property, if they should even recommend what they conceived best for the people in the . deplorable situation to which they had brought tnemselves. The conference adjourned to the 28th of August, to meet the committee of sixty at Redstone Old Fort, now Brownsville, where, after two days' session, the propositions of the commissioners were finally recommended for acceptance. The meeting was opened by a long, sensible, and eloquent speech by Mr. Gallatin, in favor of law and order. Mr. Brackenridge enforced and enlarged upon the arguments already advanced by Gallatin. Bradford, in opposition, let off a most intemperate harangue ; but when he found the vote, 34 to 23, was against him, he retired in disgust. Afterwards, alleging that he was not supported by his friends, he signed the terms of submission, and advised others to do it. Judge Edgar summed up the argument for submission, and, by his pious and respectable character and his venerable appearance, won many over to his side. Such was the fear of the popular frenzy that it was with difficulty a vote could be had at this meeting. No one would vote by standing up. None would write a \ea or nay, lest his handwriting should be recognized. At last it was determined that yea and naj' should be written by the secretary on the same pieces of paper, and be distributed, leaving each member to chew up or destroy one of the words, while he put the other in the box. This resulted in the appointment of another committee to confer with the commissioners, who were also empowered " to communicate throughout the several counties the day at which the sense of the people was expected to be taken " on this question, GENEBAL HISTOBY. 229 '' Will the people submit to the laws of the United States upon the terms proposed by the commissioners of the United States ? " The foregoing test of submission was to be signed individually by the citizen? throughout the Western counties before or on the 11th of September. Only te' days intervened, says Rev. Dr. Carnahan, between the offer of the new terms ano the day on which each individual should secure an amnesty of the past by a written promise of submission to the laws. Four of these days passed before the terms were printed, leaving only six days to circulate information over a region much larger than the State of New Jersey. There was no opportunity to instruct the people respecting what was to be done. The consequence was that in some places the people did not meet at all. All the commissioners had returned to Philadelphia before the day of signing, except James Ross, who remained to carry the signatures to the govern- ment. Bradford and Marshall signed on the day appointed, and to the credit of the former be it stated, that he made a long speech exhorting the people to submit. The report of the commissioners, however, was so unfavorable, that the President though it necessary to send over the mountains the army alread}- collected, but within a few days after Mr. Ross left with the papers signed, a sudden and great change took place in the sentiments and conduct of the insurgents. Various meetings were held, and strong resolutions were passed, expressing their ready submission to the laws of the land. Ohio county, Virginia, was the only exception — the inhabitants of that district being as rebellious as ever. The army, as previously stated, consisted of 12,950 men. Governor Henry Lee, of Virginia, was placed in chief command. Governor Thomas Mifflin, of Pennsylvania ; Governor Richard Ilowell, of New Jerse}^ ; Governor Thomas S. Lee, of Maryland ; and General Daniel Morgan of Virginia, commanded the volunteers from the respective States. The President, accompanied by General Henry Knox, Secretary of War ; General Alex. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury ; and Judge Richard Peters, of the United States District Court, set out for Western Pennsylvania on the 1st of October. On Friday His Excellency reached Harrisburg, and on the day following, Carlisle, where the main body of the army had preceded him. The meeting of the Committee of Safety at Parkinson's Ferry, on the 2d of October, appointed William Findley, of Westmoreland, and David Redick, of Washington county, commissioners to wait on the President and to assure him that submission and order could be restored without the aid of military force. They met President Washington at Carlisle on the 10th, where several interviews were had. They made known to him the change that had taken place, that the great body of people, who had no concern in the disorders, remained ' quietly at home and attended to their business, had become convinced that the ] violence used would ruin the country ; that they had formed themselves into I associations to suppress disorder and to promote submission to the laws. The I President in I'eply, stated that as the army was already on its way to the disaffected region, the orders would not be countermanded, yet assured the delegates that no violence would be used, and all that was desired was to I have the inhabitants come back to their allegiance. 230 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The commissioners returned, called another meeting of the Committee of Safety at Parkinson's Ferry, on the 24th, and made their report. Assurances were received from all parts of the country that resistance to the laws had been abandoned, and that no excise officer would be molested in the execution of his duties. The same commissioners, with the addition of Messrs. Ephriam Doug- lass and Thomas Morton, were appointed to meet the President on his arrival at Bedford, and inform him of the state of the country. The President left Carlisle on the Ilth of October, reaching Chambersburg on the same day, Williamsport on the 1.3th, and Fort Cumberland on the 14th, where he reviewed the left division of the armj', consisting of the Virginia and Maryland volunteers. On the 19th, he arrived at Bedford, where he remained two or three days, then returned to the Capital, which he reached on the 28th. In the meantime, the commissioners appointed by the insurgents, finding that the President had left for the east, proceeded to Uniontown, to confer with General Lee, in whose hands all power to treat with them had been delegated, who received them with civility, assuring them that no exertions would be wanting on his part to prevent injury to the persons and property of the peaceable inhabitants. He bade the commissioners to " quiet the apprehensions of all on this score," that he expected on the part of " all good citizens the most active and faithful co-operation, which could not be more effectually given than by circulating in the most public manner, the truth among the people, and by inducing the various clubs which had so successfully poisoned the minds of the inhabitants to continue their usual meetings for the pious purpose of contradicting with their customary formalities their past pernicious doctrines. A conduct, he continued, so candid should partially atone for the injuries which, in a great degree, may be attributed to their instrumentality, and must have a propitious influence in administering a radical cure to the existing disorders." This report was printed and widely circulated. The General himself published an address to the inhabitants of the " Four Western Counties," recommending the subscribing " an oath to support the Constitution and obey the laws, and by entering into an association to protect and aid all the officers of the government in the execution of their respective duties." Notices were at once issued by all the justices of the peace that books were opened at their respective offices " to receive the tests or oaths of allegiance of all good citizens." At the same time General Neville gave official notice for the immediate entering of all stills. At once the people attended to the require- ments of the commander-in-chief of the army and the law, and on the ITth of November, general orders were issued for the immediate return of the troops, except a small detachment under General Morgan, directed to remain at Pitts- burgh " for the winter defence." A formal investigation was held by Judge Peters, at which information was made against many who had really been guilty of no offence against the Government. Quite a number were arrested and carried to Pittsburgh. Some were released through the inteposition of influential friends, while others, less fortunate, were sent to Philadelphia for trial, where they were imprisoned for ten or twelve months. Several were finally tried, one or two convicted, but GENERAL HISTORY. 231 subsequently pardoned. David Bradford, who had been excepted from the amnesty, fled down the Ohio river, escaping into the Spanish dominions. The peculiar course which Mr. Brackenridge had taken placed him, for a time, in a very awkward predicament, as well as in personal danger. He was denounced to the government as having been one of the leaders of the insurrec- tion. He had certainly taken an active part in the public meetings, and apparently acted with the insurgents. The turning point in his case was the quo animo, the motive for his peculiar conduct. Fortunatelj', his motives had been fully known, throughout his whole course, to Hon. James Ross, who explained his conduct to the Secretary of the Treasury. At the close of the examination the Secretary, General Hamilton, said to him, " In the course of yesterday I had uneasy feelings. I was concerned for you as for a man qf talents. My impressions were unfavorable. You may have observed it. I now think it my duty to inform 3^ou that not a single one remains. Had we listened to some people, I do not know what might have been done. There is a side to your account. Your conduct has been horribly misrepresented, owing to misconception. I will announce you in this point to General Lee, who repre- sents the Executive. You are in no personal danger. You will not be troubled even by a simple inquisition by the judge. What may be due to yourself with the public, is another question." Albert Gallatin, as also Judge Addison, were censui-ed for the part taken therein, but no men stood higher in the opinion, not only of the President of the United States, but of the Pennsylvania authorities. William Findley and Hugli H. Brackenridge, each wrote a History of the Insurrection, but they endeavored simply to defend the parts they took in the transaction. In the language of Dr. Carnahan, " this occurrence was salutary as an example, showing that the Federal Government was not a rope of sand, which might be broken at the will of any section of the country whenever any State or part of a State thought a particular law unjust or oppressive." This year, August 20, General Anthony Wayne gained a complete victory over the combined forces of the Indians. His pursuit of them even to the gates of the British fort, the destruction of McKee's house, and the Indian cornfields, close to that fort, and his very decided correspondence with the British com- mandant, broke the spirit of the Indians and led to the treaty of Fort Greenville, by which the Indian title to the eastern portion of the State of Ohio was ceded to the United States. This removed all danger of hostile incursions into Western Pennsylvania, and thus also contributed to the rapid settlement of that section of the State. CHAPTER XY. jay's treaty, the fries insurrection, removal of the seat of govern- ment. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS M'KEAN AND SNYDER. WAR OF 1812. 1795-1817. HE terms of the treaty witli Great Britain, commonly called Jay's, upon being made known caused intense excitement, and a violent spirit of opposition, says Westcott, to its ratification was immedi- ately displayed. Town meetings were called in Philadelphia, and BTJIJ^DING ERECTKD BY PENNSYLVANIA FOR THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. lFac-8imile of an Old Print. 3 memorials were presented to the President of the United States upon the 1795. subject. These demonstrations were all intended to have an influence upon Washington, who had not 3'et signed the treaty, but they were without effect. Despite the vituperation launched against himself and Mr. Jay, he ratified the instrument on the 11th of August. In the expectancy that Philadelphia would continue to be the Capital of the nation, the Legislature erected a building on Ninth Street, with the intention of making it the official residence of the President. On the completion of the building. Governor Mifflin tendered the use of it to Mr. Adams, the President elect, who declined the offer. The building was eventually sold, and became the property of the University of Pennsylvania. In March, the President informed Congress of the difficulties which prevented the negotiation of a treaty with France. The demands of the latter were so 282 GENERAL BISTORT. 233 insolent, that the intelligence checked in part the tide of sympathy which had been setting so sti'ongly towards that unfortunate country. The Senate of Penn- sj'lvania, however, passed strong resolutions deprecating war, but they met with disaster in the House. The political excitement ran high, and the French or black cockade was worn by the over-ardent patriots of the day. As a badge of distinction it was said to be indiscreet and improper, and led many into turbulence. Governor Mifflin, in view of the prospect of a war with France, addressed a circular letter to the officers of the militia, requesting their assistance 1797. in preparing for warlike measures. The enthusiasm of the citizens became aroused, and new companies were formed where the old were not prompt in their conduct. Measures were taken by the merchants of Phila- delphia for the building of vessels of war to be loaned the government. In the beginning of July, Captain Decatur, in command of the sloop-of-war Delaware, captured a French privateer cruising about the capes. She was sent a prize to Philadelphia, and her crew forwarded to the jail at Lancaster. The imposition of the so-called " house tax " by the Federal Government, led to resistance in Lehigh, Berks, Northampton, and a small portion 1798. of Bucks and Montgomery counties. The intention of the United States was to raise a revenue to reduce the heavy debt incurred by the Revolutionary war. Had the participants clearly understood the law and the objects of Congress, they would not have deigned to resist by force the attempt at its collection. The measure was at first opposed by the women, and the methods of defence resorted to by them induced the title " The Hot Water War " to be applied to the disturbances. In Northampton county a number of persons were seized by order of the United States marshal, but rescued by a force under the leadership of John Fries. In obedience to the proclamation of the President, Governor Mifflin called out troops from Philadelphia, Bucks, Chester, Montgomery, and Lancaster. The command was given to General William Macpherson. The ringleaders were soon arrested, and taken to Phila- delphia. Fries was subsequently tried for high treason and found guilty, but his life was spared, as well as those of his companions. President Adams according them a free pardon. The removal of the Capital, always a vexatious question, began to be vigor- ously discussed shortly after the adoption of the Constitution. The location of the seat of government in a large city has ever been objectionable, from the fact that legislation is too much under the control of the municipality, and in the great State of Pennsylvania it was considered that it would be better for the interests of the Commonwealth if the Capital was centrally located. In February, 1795, a resolution jjassed the House of Representatives for the removal of the place of permanent residence of the Legislature to Carlisle. It failed in the Senate. At the session of 1796 the House again took up the matter. Reading and Carlisle were both named ; but their claims not agreed to. Lancaster was chosen by two majority; the Senate, however, interposed, and the measure was not accomplished. Two years afterwards the subject was again renewed, and Wright's Ferry on the Susquehanna piver proposed. Subse- quently a motion was made to strike out Wright's Ferry and insert Harilsburg, 234 HISTO nr OF PEJ!f^NS TL VANIA. but was lost. The bill, as passed, was amended in the Senate by the insertion of Harrisburg as the Capital. Neither House would recede, and the measure failed. In 1799 another effort proved successful, and Lancaster was 1799. selected as the seat of government. The Governor signed the bill on the 3d of April, 1799. The time from which Lancaster was to be considered the State Capital was after the first Monday of November, The Legislature met there on the 3d of December following; "and thus, after one hundred and seventeen years," says Westcott, " Philadelphia ceased to be the capital of the State, about the same time when, by the removal of the Federal Government, it ceased to be the capital of the Union." In 1799, the choice of Governor fell on Thomas M'Kean,* then chief justice of Penn- sylvania. On assuming the duties of his office, great difficulties had to be surmounted, the prin- cipal of which was the removal from office of many who had heretofore been appointed not through merit, but personal considerations only. His course was sharply criticised, and party feeling during his entire administration was exceedingly warm and bitter. Writing to Presi- dent Jefferson shortly after his induction into office, he says : " It appears that the anti-repub- licans (even those in office), are as hostile as ever, though not so insolent. To overcome them they must be shaven, for in their offices (like Samson's hair-locks) their great strength, with their disposition for mis- chief, may remain, but their power of doing it will be gone. It is out of the common order of nature to prefer enemies to friends ; the despisers of the people should not be their rulers, nor men be vested with authority in a government which they wish to destroy." The Federalists in the Legislature made an attack upon the Governor for hold- ing the principles thus enunciated, and the address of the Senate was one of accusation instead of congratulation. Governor M'Kean made a long reply, "declaring that the objectionable expressions were uttered before he assumed THOMAS M'KEAN. *Thomas M'Kean was born in Chester county, March 19, 1734. After an academic and professional course of study, he was admitted an attorney, and soon after appointed deputy attorney-general for Sussex county, Delaware. In 1757 he was elected clerk of the Penn- sylvania Assembly, and from 1762 to 1769 was member thereof for the county of New Castle. In 1765 he assisted in framing the address of the Colonies to the British House of Commons. In 1771 he was appointed collector of the port of New Castle; member of the Continental Congress in 1774, and annually re-elected until February, 1783. In 1778 he was a member of the convention which framed the Articles of Confederation ; and 1781 president of Con- gress. In addition lo these duties, in 1777 he acted as President of Delaware, and until his election of Governor, from 1777 to 1799, held that office, and executed the duties of chief justice of Pennsylvania. He was a promoter of and signer of the Declaration of Indepen- dence ; commanded a battalion which served under Washington in the winter of 1776-77. He was elected Governor of Pennsylvania three terms (1798 to 1808) under the constitution of 1790, of the convention framing which he was a member. He died at Philadelphia, on the 24th of June, 1817. ^J GENERAL HISTORY. 235 office, and that as regarded the removals from office he relied upon his right to make such changes as he deemed proper, without accountability to any person or party." During his last term of office, such was the acrimony of the opposition who controlled the Assembly, that articles of impeachment were preferred against him, but a trial was never had. Governor M'Kean submitted a paper " defining in a most lucid manner the powers and duties of the several branches of the government, legislative, judicial, and executive, and expounding clearly impeachable offences. This document is regarded with great favor by profes- sional men, and is quoted as authority upon the questions of which it treats." In his last message to the Legislature he said, " In my last personal com- munication to the Assembly, probably in the last important public act of my life, I shall be indulged, I hope, in claiming some credit for feelings corre- sponding with the solemnity of the occasion. It has been my lot to witness the progress of our country from a colonial to a national character, thi'ough the ordeal of many trials, in peace and in war. It has been my happiness to enjoy the favor and the confidence of our country in the most arduous as well as in the most auspicious stages of her political career. Thus attached by every tie of honor and of gratitude, by all the motives of social interest and affection, I contemplate the future destinies of our country with a proud but an anxious expectation. My day of exertion (of feeble exertion at the best) is past ; but for our fellow-citizens, and for their representatives in every department of the government, I can only cease to implore the blessing of Providence when I cease to exist." By a law passed in 1802, to provide for the regulation of the militia, the State cockade was directed to be blue and red. The same year was 1802. passed the first law for the education of the children of the poor gratis, although both the Constitution of 1776 and that of 1790 provided for the establishment of " a school or schools in every county." Owing to the lameness of this law, it remained a dead statute so far as some of the counties in the State were concerned. In the address of the Democratic committee for 1803, is used the following language : " As Pennsylvania is the keystone of the Democratic arch, 1803. every engine will be used to sever it from its place" — being probably the first instance in which the comparison of the Commonwealth to the keystone of an arch was used, and the origin of a figure of speech since very common. At the session of the Legislature in December, a memorial was presented from Thomas Passmore, of Philadelphia, charging Justices Yeates, Shippen, and Smith, of the Supreme Court, with oppression and false imprisonment, he having been committed for contempt of court. The subject was referred to the succeeding Assembly. This body took up the affair, and the House of Eepre- sentatives recommended that the court should be impeached for high misdemeanors. Articles of complaint were prepared and the impeachment sent to the Senate. It was not until the subsequent session that proceedings were had, when, upon the final vote in the Senate, thirteen pronounced guilty, eleven not guilty ; the constitutional majority of two-thirds not being obtained, the accused were acquitted. 236 HISTOB T OF PENI^S YL VANIA . In the month of August the first through line of coaches from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, via Lancaster, Ilarrisburg, Carlisle, Shippensburg, 1804. Bedford, Somerset, and Greensburg was established, and the time occupied about seven days. In 1805, a project was stai'ted by a portion of the Democratic party, as then organized, for revising the State Constitution. It grew out of the trial 1805. of the judges of the Supreme Court, and the advocates of the measure proposed to make the election of senators annual, to reduce the patronage of the Governor, and to limit the tenure of the judiciary. The party urging these changes assumed the name of "Constitutionalists;'' while those opposed called themselves " Friends of the People." The controversy for some time was carried on with much bitterness, but did not result in a change. This year was distinguished by an effort towards the propulsion of the first land-carriage moved by steam in the world. This was done by Oliver 1807. Evans, in July, at Philadelphia. The year following the first railroad in America was built in Ridley township, Delaware county. In October, 1808, Simon Snyder,* another member of the Constitutional convention of 1790, was elected Governor. Three 1808. years previousl}'^, on account of the estrangement of Governor M'Kean from the party which elevated him to power, his defeat was nearly effected by Mr. Snyder. The former having served the full constitutional period, the latter was nominated for Governor, and although his opponent, James Ross, was a man of eminent talent. Governor Snyder was elected by an overwhelming majority. On his accession to the gubernatorial office, difficulties with England were serious, she assum- ing the right to search American vessels for sus- pected deserters from the British navy, under cover of which the grossest out- rages were committed by British cruisers and privateers on American commerce. These depredations produced the most intense excitement. From the begin- ning of its career the United States had earnestlj' protested against the right of search. An open rupture had been apprehended for several years, but owing * Simon Snydkr was born at Lancaster, November 5, 1759. His father, Anthony Snyder, was a native ol Oppenheim in Germany, emigrating to America in 1748. He apprenticed himself at the age of seventeen to the trade of a tanner at York, and during intervals pur- sued his studies. In 1784 he removed to Selinsgrove, where he entered into mercantile pursuits. He was early elected a justice of the peace, which office he held for twelve years. He was a member of the Convention which framed the Constitution of 1790 ; and in 1797 was elected a member of the House of Representatives, of which he was chosen Speaker in 1802, serving in that position for six successive terms. With him originated the arbitration principle incorporated with other wholesome provisions for the adjustment of controversies brought before justices of the peace, in a law commonly called the "hundred dollar law." In 1808 he was elected Governor of Pennsylvania, and served for three terms. Upon retiring from that office in 1817, he was chosen to the State Senate, but died while a member of that body, November 9, 1819. SIMON SNYPER. GENERAL HISTOEY. 237 to the amicable nature of the Federal Government the resort to arms was delayed until all hopes of settling existing difficulties with England were at an end. As early as 1807 active preparations were made by the United States for defence, and about five millions of dollars were appropriated by the govern- ment for war purposes. In 1811 Congress was convened a month 1811. earlier, and that body at once seconded the measures adopted by President Madison, declaring ofiensive measures, and authorizing the call of one hundred thousand troops. Pennsylvania spoke out emphatically, resolving to stand by the general government, and this course was promptly followed by nearly all the States of the Union. On the 12th of May, 1812, Governor Snyder expressed the 1812. feelings of the people of his native State, in his call for Pennsylvania's quota of fourteen thousand militia, when he said : " The Revolution of America, that great and mighty struggle, which issued in giving to the United States that place among the powers of the earth to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitled them, had scarcely been consummated, when the King, over whom we had been triumphant, began an invasion of our rights and propert}^, which has almost uninterruptedly been continued and yearly aggravated in kind and in degree. Remonstrance has followed remonstrance, but they ' have only been answered by repeated injury ' and new outrage. Their promises — their written engagements — their plighted faith — have all been wantonly violated. These wrongs have been so long endured, that our motives have been mistaken, and our national character misrepresented. Our forbearance has been called cowardice — our love of peace, a slavish fear to encounter the dangers of war. We know that these representations have no foundation in truth ; but it is time that our enemies — that our friends — that the world, should know, we are not degenerated sons of gallant sires. " For nearly thirty years we have been at peace with all the nations of the earth. The gales of prosperity, and the full tide of happiness, have borne us along; while the storm of war has been desolating the greater part of the civilized world, and inundated it with the bitter waters of affliction. All the means which wisdom and patriotism could devise have been in vain resorted to, in the hope of preserving peace. . The cup of patience — of humiliation and long suffering — has been filled to overflowing ; and the indignant arm of an injured people must be raised to dash it to the earth, and grasp the avenging sword. " In the cultivation of the earth, and in manufacturing and transporting its products, the people of the United States have been honestly, usefully, and harmlessly employed ; and for many years have we been feeding the nation whose navy ' has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, and destroyed the lives of our people.' Our ability and disposition to serve them has whetted their commercial jealousy and monopolizing animosity. " It is our property that has been plundered — it is our rights that have been invaded — it is the persons of our friends, relatives, and countrymen, that have been ' taken captive on the high seas,' and constrained ' to bear arms against their countrj'^ ; to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.' It is our flag that has been bathed in our 288 HIS TOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA . waters — made red with the blood of our fellow-citizens. Every gale from the ocean wafts to our ears the sighs, the groans of our impressed seamen, demanding retribution. It is our homes and firesides that have been invaded by 'the merciless Indian savages,' who have been instigated to pollute our sacred soil with hostile feet, and tomahawk our citizens reposing in peace in the bosom of our country. The seeds of discord have been sown amongst our people by an accredited spy of the British goveinment, at a time, too, when the relations of peace and amity were subsisting between our own an;l that government, founded on re-iterated assurances from them of national esteem and friendship. " If ever a nation had justifiable cause for war, that nation is the United States. If ever a people had motives to fight, we are that people. Our govern- ment, the watchful guardians of our welfare, have sounded the tihirm — the}' have called upon us to gird on our swords and be ready to go forth and meet our enemies. Let us hasten to obej' the government of our choice, and rail}' around the consti- tuted authorities of the Union. Let an honorable zeal glow in our bosoms, as we eagerly press forward to render our services. It would give the Governor inexpressible satisfaction, if Pennsylvania would volunteer her quota. May each State animate the others, and every citizen act as if the public weal — the national honor and independence — rested upon his single arm. The example of the heroes and statesmen of our Revolution, and the rich inheritance tlieir courage and wisdom achieved, cannot fail to urge all who love their country to flock around her standard — upborne by the right hands of freemen, planted in the sacred soil their valor won, and consecrated by a righteous cause ; — this nation may well go forth ' with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Pro- vidence,' and a conscious belief that the arm of the Lord of Hosts, the strengtli of the Mighty One of Israel, will be on our side. " The last appeal being now to be made, by an injured and indignant nation, it remains for the militia and volunteers of Pennsylvania, by a prompt co-opera- tion with her sister States, to render efficient the measures which are or may hereafter be adopted by the the United States government." Such was the enthusiasm of the hour, that in response to the Governor's call three times as many troops tendered their services as were required. The disap- pointment of some was so great that money was freely offered to secure a place among those accepted by the authorities. General William Reed, the adjutant-general of the State, speedily organized this force, which was formed into two divisions — Major-General Isaac Morrell appointed to the command of the first, and Major-General Adamson Tannehill to the second. The differences which had so long subsisted between the United States and Great Britain, and which had led to the various measures adopted for defence, finally resulted in war, which was declared by Congress on the 18th day of June, 1812. Every representative but two from Penns3'lvania, and both the senators, voted in favor of a declaration, and nobly did their constituents make known their approval of that vote. By a law of the General Assembly passed in February, 1810, the seat of government was directed to be removed to Harrisburg in the summer of 1812. Until the erection of the public buildings, for which a commission was OENEliAL HISTORY. 239 appointed, the sessions of the Legislature were held in the Court House at Har- risburg, from December, 1812, to December, 1821. In Jul3% a general alarm prevailed in the town and vicinity of Erie, in conse- quence of the appearance of a British Indian force on the opposite side of the Lake. On the 15th, orders were issued for the organization of the sixteenth division of the Penns^^lvania militia, under General Kelso, for the protection of the frontier. Arms and munitions of war were sent forward. These measures so promptly taken, prevented the British and their savage allies from polluting the soil of Pennsylvania with hostile feet. On the 3d of December, 1812, Governor Snyder, in his annual message, held this language in relation to the declaration of war by Congress against Great Britain : " The sword of the nation, which for thirty years has been rusting in its scabbard, has been drawn to maintain that independence which it had gloriously achieved. In the war of the Revolution our fathers went forth, as it were, ' with a sling, and with a stone, and smote the enemy.' Since that period our country has been abundantly blessed and its resources greatly multiplied ; millions of her sons have grown to manhood, and, inheriting the principles of their fathers, are determined to preserve the precious heritage which was pur- chased by their blood, and won by their valor." At the suggestion of the Governor, the Legislature passed an act for an additional monthly allowance to be made to the militia from Pennsylvania. Gun-boats and privateers were built and fitted out in the port of Philadelphia, the ordnance at Fort Mifflin was repaired, and energetic efforts made to place not only the Delaware river, but that portion of the State upon Lake Erie, in a state of defence. The gallant sei'vices of two eminent Pennsylvanians, Commodore Stephen Decatur, of the frigate United States, and Lieutenant James Biddle, of the Wasp, received special approbation at the hands of the Legislature, who directed an appropriate sword to be presented to each of those officers for their bravery. Early in the month of March, 1813, the blockade of the Delaware. 1813. which had been constantly anticipated from the period at which hostilities were proclaimed, was effected by the British fleet under Commodore Sir John P. Berresford. It was prosecuted with such vigor as to cut off the chief part of the foreign commerce of Philadelphia. In the course of that month, the enemy were several times repulsed by the militia of Delaware in attempts to capture small vessels close in with the shore. In obedience to requisitions from the President, a third and fourth detach- ment of one thousand men each were ordered into the service of the Union. The fourth detachment was to protect the shores of the Delaware, and the third to protect vessels of war then building and equipping in the harbor of Erie. The happy result of the latter service was amply manifested in the glorious victory on Lake Erie, which, if ever equalled, was in naval service never excelled — a victory not less brilliant in its achievements than important in its effects ; not less honorable to the nation than to the distinguished Peny. who commanded, and the brave officers and men who composed, that heroic force. The successes of Croghan, Harrison, and Chauncey, during the year, struck a fatal blow to British prowess, whether upon the land or the sea. 240 HISTOR T OF PENNS YL VANIA. At the subsequent session of the Assembly of the State, it was directed " that the thanks of the government be tendered to Captain Oliver Hazard Perry, of Rhode Island, for the brilliant action through which he succeeded in capturing His Britannic Majesty's fleet on Lake Erie," and that a gold medal be presented to him. A gold medal was likewise presented to Commodore Jesse Duncan Elliott, of Pennsylvania, for heroic conduct in that engagement, and silver medals " to those citizens of the State who nobly and gallantly volunteered on board of the American squadron on Lake Erie." In the summer and autumn of 1813, the shores of the Chesapeake and its tributary rivers were made a general scene of ruin and distress. The British force assumed the character of the incendiary in retaliation for the burning of the town of York in Upper Canada, which had been taken by the American army under General Dearborn in April of that year. This was purely accidental, but it served as a pretext for the general pillage and conflagration which followed the marching of the invading army. On the 24th of August, 1814, the enemy took possession of Washington City, no defence having been made. The commanders of the British force — General Ross and Admiral Blackburn — proceeded in person to direct and superintend the business of conflagration. " They set fire 1814. to the Capitol," says Mr. Dallas in his " Causes and Character of the War," " within whose walls were contained the halls of the Congress of the United States — the hall of their highest tribunal for the administration of justice ; the archives of the legislature and the national library. They set fire to the edifice which the United States had erected for the residence of their chief' magistrate. And they set fire to the costly and extensive buildings erected for the accommodation of the principal officers of the government in the transaction of the public business. These magnificent monuments of the progress of the arts which America had borrowed from her parent Europe, with all the testimonials of taste and literature which they contained, were on the memorable night of the 24th of August, consigned to the flames, while British officers of high rank and command united with their troops in riotous carousals by the light of the burning pile." Horror-stricken, if not conscience-stricken, at the desolation, General Ross fled from the unfortunate city. Owing to the menacing attitude of the enemy subsequent to the fearful depredations alluded to, additional requisitions were made, and the prompti- tude with which the militia of the State turned out at their country's call reflected upon them signal honor. On the 2r)th of August, Governor Snyder issued his stirring appeal for a call to arms : " The landing upon our shores," he said, "by the enemy, of hordes of marauders, for the purpose avowedly to create by plunder, burning, and general devastation, all possible individual and public distress, gives scope for action to the militia of Pennsylvania by repelling that foe, and with just indignation seek to avenge the unprovoked wrongs heaped on our unoffending country. The militia generally within the eoujities of Dauphin, Lebanon, Berks, Schuylkill, York, Adams, and Lancaster, and that part of Chester county, which constitutes the 2d brigade of the 3d division, and those corps particularly who, when danger first threatened, patriotically tendered their services in the field, are earnestly invited to rise (as on many occasions Pennsylvania has heretofore done) superior to local feeling and evasives that GENERAL HISTORY. 241 might possibly be drawn from an imperfect military system, and to repair with that alacrity which duty commands, and it is fondly hoped inclination will prompt, to the several places of brigade or regimental rendezvous that shall respectively be designated by the proper officer, and thence to march to the place of general rendezvous. " Pennsylvanians, whose hearts must be gladdened at the recital of the deeds of heroism achieved by their fellow-citizen soldiers now in arms on the Lake frontier, and within the enemy's country, now the occasion has occurred, will with ardor seek and punish that same implacable foe, now marauding on the Atlantic shores of two of our sister States." By the general orders issued the same day camps were established at Marcus Hook, on the Delaware, and at York. A force of five thousand men were soon at the latter rendezvous under the commands of Major-General Nathaniel Watson and Brigadier-Generals John Forster and John Adams. When General Ross attempted to capture Baltimore, these Pennsylvania militia marched thither and had the high honor to aid in repelling the enemy. The gallant record, during the year's campaign, of the brave Pennsylvanians who served at Chippewa and Bridgewater, reflected glory on the patriotism and valor of the old Commonwealth, and secured not only the thanks of their brave commander, but the gratitude of their countrymen. During the struggle which had just closed, he soil of Pennsylvania had never been trodden by a hostile foot, and yet it had at one time a greater number of militia and volunteers in the service of the United States than were at any time in the field from any other State in the Union, and as she furnished more men, so did she furnish more money to carry on the war. The militia and volunteers, as noted, were actually engaged in Canada, on Lake Erie, at Balti- more and elsewhere, and stood ready to repel the enemy from the States of New York and New Jerse3\ It ought not be forgotten that when four thousand New York militia, under General Van Rensselaer, arrived at Buffalo on their march to invade Canada, they refused to cross the line, on the pretext that they were not obliged to do so even to tight their country's enemies ; but soon after, when General Adamson Tannehill, with a brigade of two thousand Pennsylvanians, reached the Niagara, they did not hesitate, but promptly crossed the line and gallantly met the foe. So, too, it was the militia of Pennsylvania who manned Perry's fleet, on Lake Erie, and enabled him to announce, " We have met the enemy, and they ax'e ours." On the 11th day of February, 1815, the treaty of peace between the 1815. United States and Great Britain was ratified by the Senate. On the 20th of the same month. Captain Charles Stewart, of the frigate Constitution, with an inferior force, captured the British ships of war, Cyane and Levant. This gallant service was received everywhere with joy, and Captain Stewart's native State, Pennsylvania, presented him with a magnificent gold-hilted sword, commemorative of his distinguished bravery and skill. Q ^1 CHAPTER XVI. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS FINDLAY, HIESTER, SHULZE, WOLF. AND RITNER. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. THE COMMON SCHOOL SYSTEM. 181T-183T. HE success of the Republicans in 1817 brought to the gubernatorial office William Findlay,* of Franklin county. Governor Findlay found his position one of much care and trouble. Party rancor ran so high that at each sojourn of the Legislature during his term of office the opposition who controlled both Houses made his official conduct subject to investigation. In June, 1817, commissioners on 1817. the part of Maiyland were met by those from Penns^'lvania to examine the river Susquehanna and consider the means best calculated to improve its navigation. The commissioners reported against the continuation of the canal system adopted at Conewago, but recommended the removal of certain obstruc- tions in the river at the different rapids, as far as Northumberland. Explorations of other streams had previously been made, and an exten- sive sj'stem of internal improvements was pre- sented to the Legislature at its session 1818. in 1818 by Governor Findlaj^, the main features being the improvement of the navigation of the principal rivers, with their tributary streams within the jurisdiction of the State, as far up and as near to their sources as possible, then by connecting the heads of these streams by short portages. During Governor Findlaj^'s term of office began the opening up of the anthracite coal trade, which has grown to such immense proportions. The primary difficulty heretofore had been in sending the coal to market. Private * William Findlay was born at Mercersburg, Franklin county, June 20, 1768. His. ancestors were Scotch-Irish. He received a good English education, and was intended for the law, but owing to the pecuniary embarrassments of his father, who met with a severe loss by fire, a collegiate course, then considered necessary, was denied him. After marry- ing, in 1791, he began life as a farmer. He was appointed a brigade inspector of Franklin county, the first oflice he held. In 1797 he was elected a member of the House of Representatives. In 1803 he was again chosen to that office, and successively until January, 1807, when, having been elected State Treasurer, he resigned his seat in the House. For ten years he filled the latter position. In 1817 he was elected Governor over (Jeneral Joseph Heister. He served one term. At the session of the Legislature, in 1821-22, Governor Find- lay was chosen United States Senator for six years. At the expiration of the senatorial term, President Jacksoi\ appointed him Treasurer of the United States Mint. He died at Harris- burg, November 12, 1846. 242 WILLIAM FINDLAY. QENEBAL HISTORY 24 J enterprises, however, were encouraged, and by these means easy access was rapidly afforded for the products of the mines in the interior counties to reach the seaboard. General Joseph Hiester,* an officer of the Revolution, succeeded Governor Findlay in December, 1820. Remembering the unmerited attacks made 1820. upon his predecessor in office, he thus alludes to the subject in his inaugural : " I trust that if any errors shall be committed, they will not be chargeable to intention. They will not proceed from a willful neo-lect of duty on my part, nor from any want of devo- tion to the best interests of our country. Such errors, I may justly hope, will meet with indul- gence from an enlightened and liberal people. . . . Considering myself as elected by the people of this Commonwealth, and not by any particular denomination of persons, I shall endeavor to deserve the name of chief magis- trate of Pennsylvania, and to avoid the dis- graceful appellation of the Governor of a party." As it is with us even to-day, the great sub- ject which engrossed the minds of the 1821. citizens of the State, was the opening of a great highway to the "West — ever the grand aim of those who had the prosperity of the Commonwealth at heart. The Legislature chartered a number of canal and turnpike companies, and authorized State subscriptions to the same. The subject of education was another measure to which the attention of the people was drawn, and in his annual message Governor Hiester used this language : " Above all it appears an imperative duty to introduce and support a liberal system of education connected with some general religious instruction." The city and county of Philadelphia had been erected into "the first school district of Pennsylvania" in 1818, and during this session (1822) the city and county of Lancaster were erected into "the second school district," These, termed the Lancasterian methods, were the beginnings of that glorious system of free education, which has placed our State in the front rank of public educators. In 1822, the Legislature first met in the Capitol erected at Harrisburg. This building had occupied two years in its erection, the corner-stone 1822. having been laid on the 31st of May, 1819, with imposing ceremonies. JOSEPH HIESTER. * Joseph Hiester was born at Reading, November 18, 1752. In 1775 he raised a company of eighty men, and received liis commission as captain. When the battalion was formed he was appointed major. He participated in tlie battle of Long Island, severely wounded, was taken prisoner, and suftered a year's confinement in a British prison-ship. After his exchange he again joined the army and was wounded at Germantown. He was for many years a member of the Legislature; was delegate of the Convention of 1790, and was a member of Congress from 1797 to 1805, and again from 1815 to 1821, when he was elected Governor of the State, which station he tilled one term. He died June 10, 1832. »l 244 HIS TORT OF PENNS YL VANIA. ..J GENEBAL HISTOBT. 245 John Andrew Shulze,* of Lebanon county, was inaugurated Gover- 1823. nor December 16, 1823. For six years lie occupied the executive chair. In 1823, in his annual message. President Monroe made his celebrated decla- ration in favor of the cause of liberty in the Western hemisphere, and the non-interference of European powers in the political affairs of this continent. The determined stand taken by Mr. Monroe was warmly endorsed by the people of Pennsylvania, and the Legislature of the State, at the subsequent session, passed reso- lutions to the effect that it had afforded them "the highest gratification to observe the Presi- dent of the United States, expressing the senti- ments of millions of freemen, proclaiming to the world that any attempt on the part of the allied sovereigns of Europe to extend their political systems to any portion of the continent of America, or in any other manner to interfere in their internal concei-ns, would be considered as dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States." Governor Shulze, in transmitting these resolutions to the President, expressed his hearty endorsement of the doctrines therein set forth. During the administration of Governor Shulze, General Lafayette made his second visit to Pennsylvania, an event which produced marked and 1825. spontaneous enthusiasm among the entire population. Next to the great and good Washington, he was hailed as the deliverer of this country, and no where was he made more welcome than in this State. In 1825, the Schuylkill navigation canal, projected almost thirty years previously, although not commenced until 1815, was completed. The occasion was one of public rejoicing, and the success of the enterprise gave an impetus to other improvements. Shortly afterwards the Union canal, heretofore referred to, was also finished. The great Pennsylvania canal was prosecuted with vigor. Governor Shulze hesitated somewhat at this stupenduous plan of 1826. internal improvements by the State, and opposed the loan of a million dollars authorized by the Legislature. He was obliged to yield, how- ever, to the popular will, and before the close of his second term, six millions of dollars had been borrowed. JOHN ANDREW SHULZE. * John Andkew Shulze, the son of a Lutheran clergyman, was born at Tulpehocken, Berks county, July 19, 1775. He received u classical education and studied theology. He was ordained in 1790 a Lutheran minister, and for six years oflBciated as pastor of several congregations in Berks county. Owing to a rheumatic affection, he forsook the church and entered upon mercantile pursuits. In 1806 he was elected to the Legislature, and served three years. In 1813 he was commissioned prothonotary of the new county of Lebanon, which office he tilled for eight years. In 1821 he was chosen representative, and the year following a State senator. In 1823 he was elected Governor of the State, and re-elected in 1826. In 1840 he was a member of the Electoral College. In 1846 he removed to Lancaster where he died, November 18, 1852. 246 EISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA . The main line of the public works from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh was composed of 126 miles of railroad and about 292 miles of canal. It was completed in 1831. Several branch canals were also put under contract, and the entire expenditure for the improvements amounted to over thirty-five millions of dollars. These internal improvements were managed by a board of three canal commissioners. On the 28th of March, 1825, the question of calling a convention to revise the Constitution was ordered to be submitted at the next general election, but the measure was defeated by a vote of 44,470 to 59,813. Previous to 1827, says Mr, Sypher, the only railroads in America were a short wooden railroad (to which we have heretofore referred), constructed at Leiper's stone quarry in Delaware county, Pennsylvania, and a road three miles in length, opened at the Quincy granite quarries in Massachusetts, in 1826. In May, 1827, a railroad nine miles in length was constructed from Mauch Chunk to the coal mines. This was, at the time, the longest railroad in America. In 1829, George Wolf,* of Northampton county, was chosen Governor over 1829. Joseph Ritner. At this period there began to be a change in the political horizon of the State. A fearful crusade was made against secret societies, which were de- nounced as tending to subvert free govern- ment. Commencing in the New England States, the reported abduction of a traitor to the free-masons in New York, assisted to spread rapidly the contagion, and party lines were almost equally drawn in the State of Pennsylvania. The Federal party lost its iden- tity, and the Anti-Masons sprung up like mush- rooms. Their candidate for Governor was defeated at the first election by seventeen thousand, and at the second by only three thousand votes out of a poll of almost two hundred thousand. When Governor Wolf came into office the financial affairs of the Common- wealth, owing to the extensive scheme of public improvements, then well progressing, were in a deplorable condition. There was but one course to pur- sue which would maintain the credit of the State, and that was to push the works to rapid completion. This was done, and in a few j^ears he with others had the proud satisfaction of beholding how far these needed improvements went towards developing the resources of Pennsjdvania. GEORGE WOLF. * George Wolf was a native of Allen township, Northampton county, where he was born, August 12, 1777. He received a classical education. Before his majority he acted as clerk to the prothonotary, at the same time studying law under John Ross. President Jefferson appointed him postmaster at Easton,and shortly after Governor M'Kean commis- sioned him as Clerk of the Orphans' Court, which office he held until 1809. In 1814 he was chosen member of the Legislature, and in 1824 a representative in Congress, a position he filled for three terms. From 1829 to 1835 he occupied the executive chair of the State. General Jackson appointed him comptroller of the Treasury in 1836, and President Van Buren collector of the port of Philadelphia in 1838. He died at Philadelphia, March 11, 1840. GENEBAL HISTORY 247 At this period measures were adopted which has secured for the children of the Commonwealth the system of public or free education — being the levying of a tax for a school fund. The Governor, in his annual message, 1831. December, 1831, says in reference thereto : " It is cause for no ordinary measure of gratification that the Legislature, at its last session, considered this subject worthy of its deliberations, and advancing one step towards the intellectual regeneration of the State by laying a foundation for raising a fund to be employed hereafter in the righteous cause of a practical general education ; and it is no less gratifying to know that public opinion is giving strong indications of having undergone a favorable change in reference to this momentous measure, and by its gradual but powerful workings is fast dispelling the grovelling fallacies, but too long prevalent, that gold is preferable to knowledge and that dollars and cents are of a higher estimation than learning. ... I would suggest for your consideration the propriety of appointing a commission, to consist of three or more talented and intelligent individuals, known friends of a liberal and enlightened system of education, whose duty it should be to collect all the information and possess themselves of all the facts and knowledge that can be obtained from any quarter having a bearing upon or connection with the subject of education, and to arrange and embody the same in a report to the Legislature." In compliance with this wise recommendation, a bill was eventually drawn embodjung what were 1834. believed to be the best features of those systems which had been most successful in other States, and at the session of 1834 passed both branches of the Legislature with a unani- mit}^ rarely equalled in legislation. On the 14th of April, the Legislature again passed an act for submitting the question of calling a convention, which was approved at the general election by a vote of 87,570 to 73,166. At the next session of the Assembly, March 29, 1836, an act was passed directing the convention. In 1835, at a period of unusual 1835. political excitement, Joseph Ritner,* of Westmoreland county, was elected Governor. Owing to a defection in the ranks of the party to whom Governor Wolf gave adherence, the vote was divided between him and Henry A. Muhlenberg, resulting in his defeat. JOSEPH RITNER. * Joseph Ritner was born in Berks county, March 25, 1780, He was brought up as a farmer, with little advantages of education. About 1802 he removed to Washington county. Was elected a member of the Legislature from that county, serving six years, and for two years was Speaker of the House of Representatives. In 1835 he was elected Governor of Pennsylvania, as the Anti-Masonic candidate. He was an earnest advocate of the common school system, so successfully inaugurated during the administration of Governor Wolf, and also a strong opponent of human slavery. In 1848 he was nominated by President Taylor director of the mint, Philadelphia, in which capacity he served for a short time. He died on the 16th day of October, 1869. 248 HIS TOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA . Notwithstanding the perfect unanimity which attended the passage of the school law of 1834, in many sections of the State persons were sent to the Legislature especially to secure its abolition. It was at this time that such men as Wolf, and Ritner, and Stevens, stood up in advocacy of the common school sj^stem, and which fortunately resulted in preserving the law intact, except so far as to divest it of any objectionable features. In the language of Mr. Burrowes, "When the agitating divisions of the day shall have sunk into comparative insignificance, and names be only repeated in connection with some great act of public benefaction, those of George Wolf and Joseph Ritner will be classed by Pennsylvania among the noblest on her long list ; the one for his early and manly advocacy, and the other for his well-timed and determined support, of the Free School." CHAPTER XVII. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. » BUCKSHOT WAR." ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVER- NORS PORTER, SHUNK, JOHNSTON, POLLOCK, AND PACKER. 1837-1861. N the 2d of May, 1837, the convention, of which John Sergeant was elected president, assembled at Harrisburg for the jxirpose of revising the constitution of the Commonwealth. Adjournino- in July, the convention met again at Harrisburg in October, and removed in December to Philadelphia, where their labors were closed 1838. on the 22d February, 1838. The amendments were adopted by the people at the subsequent annual election. In conformity with the more important amendments, the political year commenced in January ; rotation in office was secured by allowing the Governor but two terms of three years each in any term of nine years ; the senatorial term was reduced to three years ; the power of the Legislature to grant banking privileges was abridged and regulated ; private property could not be taken for public use without compensation previously se- cured ; the Governor's patronage was nearly all taken away, and the election of many officers heretofore appointed by him was vested in the people or their repre- sentatives ; the Governor's nomination of judicial officers was to be confirmed in the Senate with open doors ; all life offices were abolished; judges of the Supreme Court were to be commissioned for fifteen years — jDresidents of the common jileas, and other law judges, for ten years — and associate judges for five years — if the}' so long behaved themselves well ; the right of sufl'rage was extended to all white freemen twenty-one years old, one year resident in the State, having within two years paid a tax assessed ten days before the election, and having resided ten days immediately preceding in the district ; white freemen between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-two, citizens of the United States, having resided a year in the State and ten days in the district, could vote without paying any tax ; two successive Legislatures, with the approbation of the people at a subsequent election, once in five years, could add to the Constitution whatcA^er other amendments experience may have required. The amendments proposed wei'e ratified at the general election in October by a vote of 113,971 to 112,759. At the October election (1838) David R. Porter, of Huntingdon, was chosen Governor, in a hotly contested political canvass over Governor Ritner. The defeated party issued an ill-timed and ill-advised address, advising their friends " to treat the election as if it had not been held." It was determined therefore to investigate the election, and to do this the political complexion of the Legislature would be decisive. The majority of the Senate was Anti-masonic, but the control of the House of Representatives hinged upon the admission of certain members from Philadelphia whose seats were contested. The votes of one of the districts in that city were thrown out by 249 250 BIISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA . reason of fraud, and the Democratic delegation returned. The Anti-masonic leturn judges refused to sign the certificates, "and botli parties made out returns each for a different delegation, and sent them to the Secretary of the Common- wealth." The Democratic returns were correct, and should have been promptly received " without question." When the Legislature met, the Senate organized by tne choice of Anti-ma- sonic officers. In the House a fierce struggle ensued, both delegations claiming seats. The consequence was that each party went into an election for speaker, each appointing tellers. Two speakers were elected and took their seat upon the platform — William Hopkins being the choice of the Democrats, and Thomas S. Cun- ningham of the opposition. The Democrats be- lieving they were in the right, left out of view the rejection of the votes of the Philadelphia district. However, when the returns from the secretary's office were opened, the certificate of the minority had been sent in, thus giving the advantage to the Anti-masons. It was then a question which of the two Houses would be recognized by the Senate and the Governor. At this stage of the proceedings, a number of men (from Philadelphia especially), collected in the lobby, and when the Senate after organization proceeded to business, interrupted it by their disgraceful and menacing conduct. The other branch of the Legislature was in like manner disturbed, and thus both Houses were compelled to disperse. The crowd having taken possession cf the halls proceeded to the Court House, where impassioned harangues were indulged in and a committee of safety appointed. For several days all business was suspen- ded, and the Governor, alarmed for his own personal safety, ordered out the militia, and fearing this might prove insufficient, called on the United States authorities for help. The latter refused, but the militia under Major-Generals Patterson and Alexander, came promptly in response. For two or three days during this contest, the danger of a collision was imminent, but wiser counsels 1839. prevailed, and the Senate having voted to recognize the section of the House presided over by Mr. Hopkins, the so-called "Insurrection at Harrisburg " was virtually ended. This was what is commonly known as the " Buck-shot War." DAVID K. PORTER. * David Rittenhouse Porter, the son of General Andrew Porter, of the Revolution, was born near Norristown, Montgomery county, October 31, 1788. He received a good classical education. When his father was appointed surveyor-general, young Porter went as his assistant. During this period he studied law, but his health becoming impaired, he removed to Huntingdon county, where he engaged in the manufacture of iron. In 1819 he was elected member of the Assembly, serving two years. In 1821 Governor Hlester appointed him prothonotary of Huntingdon county. In 1836 he was chosen State senator, and from 1838 to 1845 filled the office of Governor of the Commonwealth. He died at Harrisburg, August 6, 18G7. GENEBAL RISTOBY. 251 (jrovernor Porter in his first annual message to the Legislature held the follow- ing views, which for far-sightedness were somewhat remarkable, insomuch as as they were the subject of considerable ridicule by the press : " There are two subjects which are essentially necessary to the full fruition of the bene- fits to be derived from our main lines of canals and railroads between the eastern and western sections of the Commonwealth, as to awaken the earnest solicitude of every true Pennsylvanian, I allude to the removal of the obstructions to steamboat navigation in the Allegheny, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers from Pitts- burgh to the Gulf of Mexico, and from Pittsburgh up the Allegheny as far as the same may be found practicable by the survey authorized under direction of the general government, and to the .construction of a continuous railroad from the city of Pittsburgh through or near the capitals of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, to some point on the Mississippi river at or near St, Louis." In 1836, the charter of the second bank of the United States expired, but the United States Bank of Pennsylvania was chartered by the State Legislature, with the same capital of $35,000,000, and, purchasing the assets and assuming the liabilities of the old bank, continued the business under the same roof. In 1837, a reaction commenced. All the banks, with very rare exceptions, sus- pended specie payment throughout the Union. A resumption was attempted in 1839, but was only persevered in by the banks of New England and New York. This new suspension, however, was not generally followed by contraction of the currency in Pennsylvania until 1841, when an attempt was made to 1841. resume, but it proved fatal to the bank in question and the Girard ban'k, which were obliged to go into liquidation ; while nearly all the banks of this State, and of all the States south and west of it continued their suspension. To relieve the distressing pressure throughout the State, consequent upon the downfall of the great banks, and the general reaction of all private speculations, and also to provide temporary means for meeting the demands upon the State treasury, the banks, still in a state of suspension, were permitted, by a law of 4th May, 1841, to issue small notes, of the denominations of $1, $2, and $3, which were loaned to the State, and were redeemable in State stock whenever $100 were presented in one parcel. The treasury of the State still being embarrassed, the State stocks became depreciated (being at one time as low as $35 for $100), and the small notes depending upon it, sympathized in the depreciation, but not to an equal extent. An attempt to coerce the banks to specie payments, in the spring of 1842, was unsuccessful, the State having made no adequate provision for the redemption of the small notes, called 1842. relief notes. A few city banks resumed ; others failed ; the country banks generally remained in a state of suspension, and the relief notes, at a discount of from seven to ten per cent., formed the only currency throughout the State. During this year the State made only a partial payment, in depre- ciated funds, of the semi-annual interest on her stocks, and her credit, hitherto sustained with difficulty, sunk with that of other delinquent States. The legisla- tive provisions of 1842 and 1843, especially the tax law of July, 1842, tended in a great measure to replenish the exhausted treasury, and resuscitate the credit of the State. In 1843 arose a new political organization which had for its principles reform It 252 HISTOB T OF PENNS YL VANIA. 1843. in the naturalization laws, the reading of the Bible in the public schools^ and the election or appointment of native Americans only to office. "American Republican Associations," as the societies were termed, were rapidly organized, especially in the large cities. " Beware of foreign influence," was the rallying cry of this ephemeral party, who were charged with religious proscription, intolerance, and persecution. A very large proportion of the inhabi- tants of Philadelphia were of foreign extraction, if not of foreign birth. The attempt to infuse religious prejudices into political contests always results in outrage, disorder, blood, tumult, and conflagrations. Such was the consequence in the metropolis — a series of riotous proceedings in April and May, 1844, which required at last the State authorities to check. Governor Porter 1844. issued a proclamation calling "into immediate service all the volunteer companies belonging to the first division of the Pennsylvania militia," under the command of Major-General Patterson. Over-awed for the time by the presence of this armed force, the lawless proceedings ceased, but no sooner did the military retire, than the same spirit fanned anew the flames of discord. The militia were again called out, and the city placed under martial law. A conflict arose between the populace and the troops, which resulted in the latter firing into an unarmed crowd of citizens. Several were killed and a number wounded. The excitement became intense. The Governor went in person to the city and used every exertion to quiet the turbulent and disafl"ected, which result- ed successfully — and thus ended the lawless pro- ceedings which disgraced the proud escutcheon of not only the city of Philadelphia but the State of Pennsjdvania. Having served two terms. Governor Porter was succeeded in office by his former 1845. Secretary of the Commonwealth, Fran- cis R. Shunk,* at that time from Alle- gheny county. During his first term but little of interest transpired in Pennsylvania, the en- tire attention of the people of the State being drawn to the war with Mexico, brought about by the annexation of Texas. Congress, on the 13th of May, 1846, announced that by the act ot 1846. Mexico a state of war existed between that government and the United States, and for the purpose of prosecuting it to a speedy and successful termination, the President was authorized to employ the militia, naval, and * Fkancis Rawn Shunk was born at the Trappe, Montgomery county, August 7, 1788. He became a teacher at the age of fifteen, and in 1812 received the appointment as clerk in the Surveyor-General's office under General Andrew Porter. In 1814 he marched as a private soldier to the defence of Baltimore. In September, 1816, he was admitted to the practice of the law. He filled the position of assistant and then principal clerk of the House of Representatives for several years; next became secretary to the Board of Canal Commissioners; and in 1839 Governor Porter appointed him secretary of the Common- wealth. In 1842 he removed to Pittsburgh, engaging in his profession. In 1844 he was elected Governor of Pennsylvania, and re-elected in 1847. He died on the 30th of July, 1848. FRANCIS R. SHUNK. GENEBAL HISTOBY. 253 military forces of the United States and to call for and accept the services of fifty thousand volunteers. In pursuance of this authority the President requested six regiments of volunteer infantry to be held in readiness to serve for twelve months, or to the end of the war. Within a period of thirty days the offer of ninety companies, sufficient to fill nine regiments, were received — manifesting an old-time pat- riotism and zeal highly crecatable to the State. In November, 1846, orders were sent for the mustering into the service of the United States one regiment of volunteers, and on the 15th day of De- cember the first regiment was organized at Pittsburgh — six of the companies composing it were from Philadelphia, one from Pottsville, one from Wilkes- Barre and two from Pittsburgh, under the command of Colonel Wynkoop. At the request of the President, the second regiment of volunteer infantry was mustered into service on the 5th of January, 184*7, at Pittsburgh. One of the companies composing this force was organized in Philadelphia, one 1847. in Reading, one in Mauch Chunk, one in Harrisburg, one in Danville, two in Cambria county, one in Westmoreland county, one in Fayette county, and one in Pittsburgh. Colonel Roberts was placed in command, to which succeeded Colonel Geary. Two additional companies were subsequently mustered into service and sent to the field. One of these was from Bedford, the other from Mifflin county. The record of the gallant services of these troops on the fields of Mexico it is not our province now to recall. At Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Chepultepec, and the City of Mexico, their bravery and valor secured the highest commenda- tions of their venerated chieftain. Just as the remnant were returning from the South with their 1848. laurels, the Executive of the State, deeply lamented, passed away, hav- ing a few days pi-evious (July 9, 1848) issued the following: " To the people of Pennsylvania : " It having pleased Divine Providence to deprive me of the strength neces- sary to the further discharge of the duties of your chief magistrate, and to lay me on a bed of sickness, from which I am admonished by my physicians and my own increasing debility, I may, in all human probability, never rise, I have resolved, upon mature reflection, under a conviction of duty, on this day, to restore to you the trust with which your suffrages have clothed me, in order that you may avail yourselves of the provision of the Constitution to choose a suc- cessor at the next general election. I therefore hereby resign the office of Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and direct this, my resigna- tion, to be filed in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth. " In taking leave of you under circumstances so solemn, accept my gratitude for the confidence you have reposed in me. My prayer is that peace, virtue, intelligence, and religion may pervade all your borders — that the free institutions you have inherited from your ancestors may remain unimpaired till the latest posterity — that the same kind Providence, which has already so signally blessed you, may conduct you to a still higher state of individual and social happiness — and when the world shall close upon you, as I feel it is soon about to close upon 254 HIS TO BY OF PENNSYLVANIA. me, that you may enjoy the consolations of the Christian's faith, and be gathered, without a wanderer lost, into the fold of the Great Shepherd above." Governor Shunk was succeeded in office by William F. Johnston,* then Speaker of the Senate, according to the provisions of the Constitution, The vacancy having occurred three months before the time fixed for the annual elec- tion, the acting Governor therefore issued the necessary writs for the election of a chief magistrate, which resulted in the choice of Mr. Johnston. Owing to a number of illegal seizures of fugi- tives from labor, on the 3d of March previous the Assembly passed an act to prohibit the exercise of certain powers heretofore employed by the judicial officers of the State, relative to the ren- dition of fugitive slaves, forbidding the use of the jails of the Commonwealth for the deten- tion of such persons, and also repealing so much of the act of 1780 as authorized the masters or owners of slaves to bring and retain such within the State for a period of six months. This act was considered in the Southern States as being inimical to the faithful observance of Pennsylvania's Federal obligations. Fidelity in the discharge of every constitutional duty has distinguished our government and people, and whatever may have been the mischievous opinions then propagated beyond our borders, the}- were conceived in error of our true history. Attention having been called to the neglected and sufiering condition of the insane poor of the State in 1844, the Legislature, at the subsequent session, pro- vided for the establishment of an as3dum for this unfortunate class, to be located within ten miles of the seat of government. The citizens of Harrisburg, with the aid of a liberal appropriation by Dauphin county, purchased a farm adjoining that city, and in 1848 the commissioners appointed by the State began the erection of the first building ei'ected by the Commonwealth for the reception of the insane To the individual exertions of an estimable and philanthropic lad}^. Miss Dorothea L. Dix, are we indebted for the active interest taken by the Common- wealth in these noble charities. WILLIAM p. JOHNSTON. * William Freame Johnston was born at Greensburg, Westmoreland county, Novem- ber 29, 1808. With a limited academic education, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in May, 1829. Removing to Armstrong county, he av^s appointed District Attornej^ a position he held until 1832. He represented Armstrong county for several years in the Lower House of the Assembly, and in 1847 was elected a member of the Senate from the district composed of the counties of Armstrong, Indiana, Cambria, and Clearfield. At the close of the session of 1848, he was elected Speaker of the Senate for the interim, and on the resig- nation of Governor Shunk on July 9th following, assumed the gubernatorial functions according to the provisions of the Constitution. At the general election in October, be was elected for the full term, serving until January 20, 1852. On retiring from office. Governor Johnston entered into active business life. He was appointed by President Johnson collector of the port of Philadelphia, but owing to the hostility of the United States Senate to most of that President's appointments, he was not confirmed. He died at Pittsburgh, October 25. 1872. GENEliAL HIISTORY. 255 It was not until this year that the common school system was adopted throughout the entire State — and in the educational epoch of our history, stands conspicuous. From this time onward rapid strides were made — improvements in the system and defects remedied. In 1849 considerable excitement existed in Pittsburgh and the western part of the State, occasioned by the erection of a bridge over the Ohio river 1849. at Wheeling, owing to the obstruction to navigation of that highway in times of high water. The Legislature was appealed to, eventually Congress, and finally the Supreme Court of the United States. Measures, however, were adopted which removed all objections. During Governor Johnston's administration, the attention of the Legislature was called to the records of the Provincial and State governments, which in their then condition were inaccessible, and that body authorized their publication Twent3'-nine volumes of these documents, includins: a general index, edited by Samuel Hazard, were printed. They form almost complete details of the trans- actions of government from 1682 to 1790 — invaluable in their importance to a full comprehension of the early history of Pennsylvania. The passage by Congress of the fugitive slave law was a matter of 1850. vast importance to the State. Situate on the borders of the slave States of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, wrongs were to be feared and disorders apprehended. For years previous the southern slave felt free whenever he touched the soil of the Land of Penn, but the enactment of the compromise measures of 1850 obliged him to flee beyond the confines of the States. The year following a serious riot occurred at Christiana, Lancaster county ; and in other localities the arrest of fugitives led to disturbances of the peace and bloodshed. William Bigler,* of Clearfield, as- 1852. sumed the functions of the chief magis- tracy January 20, 1852. During Gov- erner Bigler's term of office several very important measures were adopted by the Legis- lature, the principal of which were the estab- lishing the office of county superintendent of WILLIAM BIGLKR. *Wtlliam Bigler was born at Shermansburg, January 1, 1814. He received a fair school education. Learned printing witli liis brother from 1830 to 1833, at Bellefonte. In the latter year he established the Clearfield Democrat, which he successfully carried on for a number of years. He subsequently disposed of his paper and entered into mercantile pursuits. In 1841 he was elected to the State Senate, chosen Speaker in the spring of 1843, and at the opening of the session of 1844. In October following, he was re-elected to the Senate. In 1849 appointed a reveime commissioner. In 1851, elected Governor of the State, serving for three years. In January, 1855, he was elected for the term of six years to the United States Senate. Governor Bigler was a prominent delegate of the Constitutional Convention of 1873, and to his labors are we indebted for a number of the beneficial fea- tures of this instrument. He was one of the earliest championsof the Centennial Exposition of 1876, and represented Pennsylvania in the Board of Finance, and his eftbrts ministered greatly to its successful issue. His residence is at Clearfield. 256 HISTOR Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. n common schools, and the founding of the Pennsylvania training school for feeble-minded children. The completion of the Pennsylvania railroad from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh, in February, 1854, added a powerful impulse to the development of the 1854. resources of the State, and perfected that grand scheme by which almost a century previous the inhabitants of the metropolis sought to secure the trade of the West. With the completion of this important route, lateral roads were built, until at the present time a map of that thoroughfare presents the appearance of a gigantic tree with innumerable branches. The consolidation act of the 2d of February, by which the county of Philadelphia was blotted out of existence, merging it into the city, was a notable event of the year The North Branch canal, the last of the sys- tem of internal improvements undertaken by the Commonwealth, was completed. Owing to some mismanagement the work had been dis- continued for ten or twelve years. It opened an outlet to the inexhaustible mines of coal with which that section abounds. At the October election, 1855, James 1855. Pollock,* of Northumberland, was chosen Governor by a large majority. He was nominated and supported by the Know- Nothing party, an organization closely allied to the Native American Association. At this JAMES POLLOCK. period the subject of the introduction of slavery into the Territories was warmly agitated through- out the length and breadth of the State. By the act of the 16th of May, the main line of the public works 1857. of the State was directed to be sold. On the 25th of June following Governor Pollock caused the same to be done, and on the 31st day of Jul}^ the whole line of the public works between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh was transferred to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, at the price of seven millions five hundred thousand dollars. Following this sale, measures were taken for the disposal of the remaining divisions of the public improvements. They had failed to be a source of revenue to the State, and the application of the proceeds to the payment of the debt of the Commonwealth soon led to the removal of taxation by the State. * Jamks Pollock was born at Milton. Northumberland county, September 11, 1810. His early education was committed to the care of Rev. David Kirkpatrick, who had charge of the classical academy at Milton. He graduated at Princeton, September, 1831 ; in 1835 he received the degree of A.M. in course, and in 1855 the honorary degree of LL.D. was confer- red upon him. Jefferson College conferred a like honor in 1857. In November, 1833, he was admitted to the bar ; in 1835 appointed District Attorney for Northumberland county ; from 1843 to 1849 served as member of Congress; in 1850 appointed president judge of the eighth judicial district, and in 1854 Governor of Pennsylvania. In the so-called com- promise convention assembled at Washington in February and March, 1861, Governor Pollock represented Pennsylvania. From 1861 to l-^eo he filled the oflBce of Director of the United States Mint under the appointment of President Lincoln. In 1869 he was re- instated by President Grant to the same position, which office he now [1876] holds. GENEllAL HISTORY 25 T In the summer of this year [1857], a serious financial revulsion occurred, resulting in the suspension of specie paj^ments by the banks of Pennsylvania and other States of the Union, followed by the failure of many long-established com- mercial houses, leading to the destruction of confidence, and to the general embarrassment and depression of trade, and threatening to affect disastrously the credit of the Commonwealth and the great industrial interests of the people. In order to release the banks from the penalties and forfeitures incurred by a suspension of specie payments. Governor Pollock convened the Legislature in "extraordinary session " on the 6th of October. On the 13th an act was passed " providing for the resumption of specie payments by the banks and for the relief of debtors," to go into immediate effect. This law had the desired result, and public confidence being restored, the different branches of industry revived, and the communit}' saved from bankruptcy and ruin. When William F. Packer,* of Lycoming county, assumed the office of Governor on the 19th of January, 1858, the great ques- 1858. tion which occupied the minds of the people not only of the State but of the Union was the admission of Kansas among the great family of States. Although by the act of 1857, separating the office of superintendent of public schools from that of secretary of the Commonwealth, provi- sion was made for the establishment of norm\l schools, it was not until 1859- that any such was recognized. The first was that located at Millersville, Lan- caster count}'. In 1859 the celebrated raid into Virginia by John Brown occurred, by which the public property of the United States at Harper's Ferry was seized, and the- lives of citizens of that State sacrificed by that band of desperadoes, who, in their mad zeal, attempted to excite the slave population to insurrection. The^ subsequent trial and conviction of John Brown by no means quenched the flames of disunion which the Missouri compromise of 1820, the fugitive slave law of 1850,, and the Kansas-Nebraska imbroglio had united in kindling. The election of Presi- dent Lincoln in 1860 causelessly precipitated the measures which led to civi" war. On the 20th of December, South Carolina passed by a unanimous vote the * William Fisher Packer was born in Howard township, Centre county, April 2, 1807. At the age of thirteen he began to learn the profession of printing in the office of Samuel J. Packer, at Sunbury. Mr. Packer's newspaper being discontinued, William F. returned to Centre county, completing his apprenticeship in the office of the Patriot. In 1825, he was appointed clerk in the register's office of Lycoming county. In 1827 he began the study of law, but purchasing an interest shortly after in tlie Gazette, he continued liis editorial career with that paper until 1830, when he assisted in establishing the Keystone at Ilarrisburg, remaining connected therewith until 1841. In February, 1839, he was appointed a member of the Board of Canal Commissioners; in 1842, Auditor-General of the Common- wealth ; in 1847, and 1848, elected member of the Legislature, being chosen the latter year Speaker of the House ; in 1849, elected to the Senate ; and in 1857, Governor of the Com-, monwealth. He died in the city of Williamsport, September 27, 1870. WILLIAM 258 inSTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. ordinance of secession. Governor Packer, in bis last message to the Legislature, expressed in plain terms the fearful position in which not only South Carolina, but the other States preparing for similar action, had placed themselves. " The advocates of secession," he said, " claim that the Union is merely a compact between the several States composing it, and that any one of the States which may feel aggrieved may, at its pleasure, declare that it will no longer be a party to the compact. This doctrine is clearly erroneous. The Constitution of the United States is something more than a mere compact, or agreement, between the several States. As applied to nations, a compact is but a treaty which may be abrogated at the will of either party ; responsible to the other party for its bad faith in refusing to keep its engagement, but entirely irresponsible to any superior tribunal. A government, on the other hand, whether created by consent or conquest, when clothed with legislative, judicial, and executive powers, is necessarily in its nature sovereign ; and from this sovereignty flows its right to enforce its laws and decrees by civil process, and in an emergency, by its military and naval power. The government owes protection to the people, and they in turn owe it their allegiance. Its laws cannot be violated by its citizens without accountability to the tribunals created to enforce its decrees and to punish offenders. Organized resistance to it is rebellion." On the 24th of December, on the attempt to ship ordnance from the arsenal at Pittsburgh for the purpose of supplying southern ports, the citizens of that city rightly refused permission, and it was prevented. UNION LEAGUE HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA. I CHAPTER XYIII. THE CIVIL WAR. ESTABLISHMENT OF CAMP CURTTN. PENNSYLVANIA TROOPS THE FIRST TO REACH THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. THE BATTLE FLAGS OF THE STATE. PENNSYLVANIA INVADED BY THE CONFEDERATES. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVEN- TION OF 1873. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS CURTIN, GEARY, AND HART- RANFT. 1861-1876. TITTERINGS of the coming storm were approaching nearer and nearer, and the year opened up gloomily. In the midst of this portentous overshadowing, on the 15th of January, Andrew G. Curtin,* of Centre county, took charge of the helm of State. In his inaugural he took occasion "to declare that Pennsylvania would under any circumstances, render a full and determined support of the free 1861. institutions of the Union," . . . and pledged himself to stand betweeen the Constitution and all en- croachments instigated by hatred, ambition, fanaticism, and folly. On the 17th of February, the House passed a series of resolutions approbatory of Major Anderson, and Governor Hicks of Maryland, and pledging to that State the fellowship and support of Pennsylvania. The month previous the House had passed resolutions taking high ground in favor of sustaining the Constitution and the Union. In Philadelphia and tlu'oughout the State, meetings were held for the avowal of the same sentiments at that time. It was by this means that the elements of opposition to treason were called forth and put in motion. Threatening as was the danger, no one anticipated that it would break forth so suddenly, nor that it would grow to such fearful proportions as it in a brief time assumed. The Governor was aware of the solid patriotism of the citizens of the State, in the stubborn will, the ability, and resources of the Common- wealth. It is true, when the leaders of the South, who had long secretly been preparing to dissolve the Union, unmasked their design b}^ the attack on Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor. South Carolina, on the 12th day of April, 1861, no State in the Union was less prepared, so far as munitions of war were ANDREW G. CURTIN. * Andrew Gregg Curtin was born at Bellefonte, Centre county, April 28, 1817. Admitted to the bar in 1830, and practiced at Bellefonte. From 1855 to 1858 he was Secretary of the Commonwealth and superintendent of common schools. In 1860 he was elected Governor of Pennsj'lvania. When the war for the Union broke out he was o4ie of the most zealous of the war governors of the Northern State-. He was re-elected in 1803. Active in the election of General Grant to the Presidency, he was honored with the appointment of Minister to Russia in 1869. He returned in 187ii, and was elected a member of the convention which framed the present Constitution of the State. He resides at Bellefonte. 259 41 260 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VAJS'IA. concerned, to take part in an armed conflict, than Pennsylvania at that time. Her volunteer soldiery system had fallen into decay. There were less vohintec r military companies in the State up to 1860 than ever before were on the rolls of the Adjutant-General's office. While the militia system had fallen into contempt, by reason of the burlesques to which it was made a subject, the distaste for that service had grown with the long period of peace which had surrounded the country ; and this, added to the fact that the large Quakei' and Menonnite portion of the population, the strong Methodist and Presby- terian elements which exist in all parts of the Commonwealth, and which, as a rule, held the mere trade in war in abhorrence, pervaded the State, so barren in military material, that when the first tokens of the impending storm were seen by the movement of secession, the people of Pennsylvania looked on with seeming indifference, lulling themselves in the false security which their hopes that there would be no collision, inspired. But when that first overt act was committed, and the news was flashed over the North, it created no fiercer feeling of resentment elsewhere than it did throughout the Kej'stone State. On the 15th day of the same month, the President of the United States issued a proclamation calling out seventy-five thousand militia from the different States to serve for three months, in the war thus precipitated, and a requisition at once made on this State for fourteen regiments. The alacrit}' with which these regiments were furnished, demonstrated not so much the military ardor, as it did the patriotic spirit of the people. As before remarked, the citizens had no clear idea of the horrors of war — the shedding of human blood and the sacrifice of human life was a thing fearfully horrible to them — which they did not fully realize were to be the enormous effects of the attack on Fort Sumter. When they responded to the call for troops, they rushed forward believing their firm appearance would over-awe the insurgents, and a single bloodless campaign end the trouble between the South and the National government. Hence, instead of fourteen regiments, sufficient rushed to Harrisburg to organize twenty-five. But there were two men — Pennsylvanians — who comprehended the situation from the outset. General Simon Cameron, Secretary of War under President Lincoln, advised the organization of the most powerful army the North could raise, so that at one blow armed Rebellion might be effectually crushed. Governor Curtin took advantage of the excess of men off"ering their services, and began at once, after the complement of the three months' men had been furnished to the Federal government, to organize the famous Reserve corps. He discovered the approach- ing tornado in the distance, and thus commenced to prepare for its furj', the Reserves being the only troops well-organized and disciplined in the North ready for the service of the Union at the moment of the disaster of the first battle of Bull Run. On the 18th of April, Camp Curtin was regularly and formally established in the north-western suburbs of Harrisburg. It was the first regular camp formed north of the Susquehanna in the loyal States, and before the end of the month of April, twenty-five regiments were sent to the field from its precincts. On the 30th of April, Governor Curtin called an extra session of the Legislature, for the purpose of providing means for the better establishment of the State Militia, for the passage of financial measures, the assumption of a military debt GENERAL HISTORY. 261 thea already created, and to organize an army for State defence. The Legisla- ture, when convened, acted with energetic promptness. On the 15th day of May, following, an act was passed providing for the organization of the Reserve corps, to consist of thirteen regiments of infantry, one regiment of cavalry, and one of artillery. The first military organization which, according to documentary evidence, began the active preparations for defence, was the Ringgold light artillery, of Reading. Early in Januar^'^, 1861, Captain McKnight believed he foresaw the signs of impending danger, and he therefore councilled with his men, who agreed to devote a certain portion of each day to drill and discipline. On the morning of the 12th of April Governor Curtin received the following dispatch from Philadelphia : " The war is commenced. The batteries began firing at four o'clock this morning. Major Anderson replied, and a brisk cannonading commenced. This is reliable, and has just come by associated press. The A^essels were not in sight." This intelligence referred to the attack on Fort Sumter, and was at once flash- ed from the Capital, by orders of the Governor, to all parts of the State. The news was interpreted as the precipitation of a great rebellion. Three days later, the President issued his proclamation calling out the militia. The Secretary of War telegraphed to Governor Curtin to send two regiments of the quota of four- teen from this State within two days. Washington city was reported as in imminent peril, being entirely unprotected and at the mercy of the assailants then in arms in Virginia. The utter lack of military organizations outside the cities of the State was remarkable at this period — so remarkable, indeed, as to have no doubt been understood and acted upon by the insurgent leaders, because the same condition existed in all the Middle and Eastern States, where a continuous period of peace had almost completely deadened military ardor. Aside from Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, there were few militar}^ companies in the State fully armed and equipped, and of these not one-fourth contained the minimum number (thirty-two) of men. But, as the appeal for men was disseminated through the towns and villages of the interior, the officers of whatever military- organizations which did exist promptly rallied their men and tendered their services to the Governor. The Ringgold light artillery. Captain McKnight, of Reading; the Logan guards. Captain Selheimer, of Lewistown ; the Washington artillery, Captain Wren, and the National light infantry. Captain McDonald, of Pottsville ; and the Allen rifles. Captain Yeager, of Allentown, were the first, or among the very first to off"er their services in an armed and disciplined condition for immediate action. When the Ringgold light artillery, numbering one hundred and two men, reached Harrisburg, and word was sent to the Secretary of War of the presence of so strong a company at the State Capital, he at once telegraphed for its immediate presence in Washington, but for prudential reasons the order was suppressed. On the morning of the 18th of April, a detachment of regulars of company "H," 4th artillery, numbering fift}^ men, arrived in Harrisburg from the West, in command of Lieutenant Pemberton. This young officer was of Northern extraction, but his Southern sympathies led him into the Rebel service, where he 262 HIS TOE Y OF PJEJ!^WS YL VANIA . rose to the grade of Lieutenant-General, and had the felicitous favor of being captured, with his entire command, at Vicksburg. The five volunteer com- panies having been mustered into the United States service by Captain Seneca G. Simmons, of the 7th United States infantr}-, the regulars and the volunteers referred to departed on the same train, the first for Fort McHenry, and the latter for Washington. The volunteers marched two miles through the cuty of Balti- more, then filled with Southern sympathizers, ready to obstruct their passage through the city. On leaving the cars at Bolton to march to Camden station, a battalion was formed in this order : Pemberton's regulars on the right, Selheim- er's Logan guards next, and Yeager, Wren, and McDonald following — McKnight, with the Ringgold artillery, bringing up the rear. As the column was formed at Bolton station, the Baltimore police appeared in large force, headed by Marshal Kane, followed by a mob, who at once attacked the volunteers, and were counte- nanced by the police sent to give them a safe conduct through the city. The men were ordered to maintain their discipline, and to make no reply to the ribald slang of the ruffians who menaced them. When in the centre of the cit}', the regulars under Pemberton filed off toward Fort MoHenry, leaving the volunteers to pursue their march to Camden station. This seemed to be a signal to the mob, and at once the air was filled with flying missiles, while e\Qvy species of oath and imprecation were flung at the volunteers as they moved onward. Not a man made a reply — steadih', silently, sternly, and undauntedly the five companies moved over the rough, cobble-stone streets. At every step the mob increased — almost every house contributed to swell the stream of fury — women screamed encouragement from latticed blinds — but with unblanched faces and a steady step the brave men who hurried to the rescue of the National Capital never for a moment wavered, marching like veterans, as the mob gave way before and around them, they forced their passage to the depot. The mob believed that a portion of the Logan guards carried loaded guns, because their half-cocked pieces dis- played percussion caps, but in reality, there was not a load of powder or ball in the entire five companies; nevertheless the feint of displaying the caps, which was done partly as a jest on leaving the cars at Bolton station, saved the men from the bloody attack which was hurled the next day at a force of Massa- chusetts troops passing through the city. As it was, when the troops were boarding the cars at Camden station, the infuriated rabble who had dogged their steps hurled bricks, stones, clubs, and mud into their disorganized ranks, without, fortunately, injuring a man. Attempts were made to throw the cars from the track, to detach the locomotive, and to break the machinery — all of which failed, the train leaving the depot amid the demoniac yells of the disappointed ruffians whose thirst for blood was now aroused to a savage fury. The solici- tude of Governor Curtin for the safe transit of these troops through Baltimore was intense. He remained at the telegraph oflice in Harrisburg receiving dis- patches depicting the scene in the streets of Baltimore, and when at length it was announced that the train had passed out of the reach of their assailants, with the men on board, he emphatically declared tliat not another Pennsylvania soldier should march through Baltimore unarmed, but fully prepared to defend himself. At seven o'clock, p.m., of the 18th, these five companies reached Washington, GENEBAL HISTORY. 263 and were at once properly quartered. They were the first troops which arrived from any State to defend the National Capital, constituting the advance of that mighty host which speedily followed from the North, the West, and the East, and which eventually defeated the slaveholder's rebellion for the destruction of the fairest heritage in the shape of a government man ever bequeathed to his brother. The following resolution was passed by Congress in recognition of the gallantry displayed by the soldiers from Pennsylvania who passed through Bal- timore on the ever-memorable 18th of April : " 37th Congress, U. S., July 22, 1861. '•'' Resoloed, That the thanks of this House are due, and are hereby tendered, to the five hundred and thirty soldiers from Pennsylvania, who passed through the mob at Baltimore and reached Washington on the 18th of April last, for the defence of the National Capital. " Galusha a. Grow, " Speaker of the House of Representatives.'''' On the day when the first troops contributed by the State for the defence of the National Capital were pursuing their march through the streets of Baltimore, other volunteers were arriving in Harrisburg — the railroad depots were over- flowing with recruits — the public grounds around the State Capitol were covered with improvised shelter for troops — the Capitol was occupied b}^ them, and it was at once apparent that a great camp must be established, where raw recruits could be received, drilled, equipped, and armed for active service. Accordinglj', what was known as the Dauphin County Agricultural Society's park, an eligible plot of ground in the northwestern portion of the suburbs of Harrisburg, was taken possession of by the authorities. It lay within two hundred feet of the Pennsylvania railroad on the east, and a thousand on the west from the Sus- quehanna river, and was, perhaps, the finest site for a great camp of instruction and depot for military stores in the Commonwealth. Camp Curtin was founded on the 18th of April, 1861, and before the end of that month twenty-five regi- ments were formed there and sent to the field. It can be inferred from this, the energy and enthusiasm with which the authorities and people of Pennsylvania entered into the conflict for the defence of the Union after the assault on Fort Sumter had fully aroused their patriotic resentment. Captain G. A. C. Seller, of Harrisburg, organized the first military opera- tions at Camp Curtin ; and under the immediate direction of the State authorities before the regular recruiting and instruction of men at that post, the Secretary of the Commonwealth, Eli Slifer, had, previously to the establishment of the camp on the 18th of April, assumed the discharge of certain military func- tions, such as replying to telegraph offers of ti'oops, affording information as to quotas of companies ; but after the regular opening of Camp Curtin, Captain Seller was formally put in command, which position he held by commission from the 28th of May to the 31st of July, 1861, during which he displayed great energy, but by exposure and over-work contracted a disease, from which he died. Having relinquished the command of the camp on the date named, he was suc- ceeded by Colonel John H. Taggart, 12th Regiment, P. V. Early on the 21st of April, there arrived in Harrisburg troops in companies from Ohio, consisting of men from Cincinnati, Cleveland, Urbana, Mansfield, 204 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Dayton, Zanesville. and Steubenville, who were quartered at Camp Curtin. The intelligence had reached Harrisburg of the burning of the bridges on the Northern Central railroad, and a body of two thousand men were at once thrown forward from Camp Curtin, followed by three hundred regulars from Carlisle barracks with a batter}' of flying artiller3^ When these troops reached Cockeysville, Md., it produced the most intense excitement along the Northern Central railroad lead- ing into Baltimore, while in that city the sympathizers with the rebellion were thrown into convulsive rage at the threat which this advance of troops seemed to imply, of an attack on that place. It was believed there that the troops in Fort McHenry were awaiting the arrival of the troops from Cockeysville to shell Baltimore. In the meantime the few companies enlisted at the former locality were subjected to almost equal anxiety, as they were there without tents or proper commissary supplies, expecting hourly to be overwhelmed by the advance of a powerful force from disloyal Baltimore. On the 2*7th of April, at least three thousand men had arrived at Camp Cur- tin ; two thousand were encamped at Lancaster, and three thousand were in readiness to march from Philadelphia. The twent^^-five regiments which were fitted out at Camp Curtin, consisting of 20,175 men, were clothed, armed, equipped, subsisted, and transported hy the State, in consequence of the inability of the Federal Government to perform this service. At the completion of the three months enlistment, over ten thousand of these men were returned to Camp Curtin. Their condition while in service on the Southern border of the State, in Maryland and Virginia, was not the best, as they were compelled, to a great extent, to do without cooked rations or tents, and much complaint was uttered in consequence. Colonel Thomas Welsh, of Lancaster county, assumed the command of Camp Curtin in July, 1861, which he held until the complete organization of his regiment, the 45th, and its departure for the scene of war, on the 21st of October following, having received its flag from Governor Curtin on the day previous. Until Colonel Welsli took command of the Camp, its organization and discipline were not as rigid as strict military rule demanded. This was partly owing to the peculiar condition of the levies which daily arrived. The three months' men had been principally organized under the militia laws of the State, and from the troops which had acquired that short experience in actual service, the nine months' men were recruited — after which came the requisition for the three-years' men, and with it a sterner element in both camp and field, which brought up the standard of the troops sent to the front to the very highest veteran efficienc}'. Colonel Welsh gave to the discipline of Camp Curtin its first strict military rule, in the enforcement of which he was ablj seconded by Adjutant W. W. Jennings, of Harrisburg, who served from the opening of the Camp in that position until he was elected Colonel of the 127th regiment. During the year 1862, when the organization of the three years, 1882. regiments began, drafts were ordered by the Federal Government, and as the Federal authorities apportioned the quotas to the States, the State authorities in turn apportioned quotas to the several counties, where they were sub-divided among towns and townships. To fill up these quotas and thus «l GENERAL HISTOET. 265 escape the draft, called into existence a business in bounties, bj^ which hundreds of thousands of dollars were spent if not squandered. Agents from the several counties of the State were stationed at Camp Curtin for the purpose of offering bounties to recruits, a business which was converted into a rivalry out of which official fraud and personal corruption grew to frightful proportions, filling up companies frequently with men who were physically and mentally incompetent, and in many cases with otliers who shirked their duty when in the field, or sought to escape before they reached the front. Nevertheless, Pennsylvania met the demands made upon her by the "War Department with the utmost alacrity, and the best material she could command. Of the quota of the State, under the call of July 1, 1862, forty-tliree regiments of volunteers, aggregating 40,383 men, were put into service, and under the' draft, ordered August 4th of the same year, fifteen regiments, con- taining an aggregate force of 15,000 men, organized and sent forward. During the same period nine independent batteries of artillery were organized in the State, with an aggregate strength of 1,358 oflScers and men. The speed with which Governor Curtin pushed forward these men elicited the warmest acknowledgments of the War Department, through which President Lincoln forwarded his thanks to the people of Pennsjdvania for the promptness with which they responded to the call for troops. By the liberal offer of bounties the draft was rendered unnecessary in nearly all parts of the State, each county quota being in most part filled up by the nine months' men, who, on reaching Camp Curtin, in most instances re-enlisted for the war. In the month of September, after the second disaster at Bull Run, it became evident that the enemy had adopted an aggressive policy, and was about to invade the Northern States through Maryland and the southern border of Pennsylvania. At the period of this crisis, Governor Curtin, with his usual alacrity and foresight, solicited and received authority from the President to issue a proclamation calling into immediate service fifty thousand of the freemen of the State. Under this call twenty-five regiments and four companies of infantry, fourteen unattached companies of cavalry, and four batteries of artillery were immediately organized and sent to the border, the greater portion advancing beyond the State line into Maryland. General John F. Reynolds, at that time commanding the Pennsylvania Reserve corps, was put temporarily in charge of these troops, and when the crisis ended which made their appearance in the field necessary, Governor Curtin was thanked by Major-General McClel- lan for his zeal in thus covering the southern border of his State, which materially aided in frustrating the Southern incursion into the heart of Penn- sylvania, and probably further North. Early in June, 1863, before the dispersing of General Milroy's force at Winchester, the general government took the alarm, and an order from 1863. the War department constituted two new military departments, one of them being that of the Susquehanna, under the the command of General Couch, the other that of the Monongahela, under the command of General W. T. H. Brooks. On the 12th of June, Governor Curtin called out the entire militia of the State. Prompt was the response, and large numbers of troops came at once to Harrisburg, offering their services for the emergency. Unfortu- ^1 266 HISTOB Y OF PEWWS YL VANIA. nately, the general government refused to accept on that first call any troops for less than six months. The men, who had suddenly left their homes, were uuprepai'ed for an absence of six months, and would not be mustered into the service of the United States. In this dilemma, Governor Curtin was appealed to, tliat he should receive the offering troops on account of the State, as we had a right to defend our territory without the consent of the genei'al government — but to prevent a conflict of authority, the Governor would not consent thereto. It was on the 26th of June that the second proclamation of Governor Curtin was issued, limiting the service to ninety days, or for the emergency. However, in the interim between the 17th and the 26th of the month eight regi- ments and one battalion had been mustered in for the emergency. During this dela}^ the battle of Gettysburg had occurred, and the rebel force retreated south of the Potomac ere the entire number of troops called by the Stafe were in motion. This circumstance has given rise to the charge of lack of patriotism by Mr. Greeley and other historians of the war. It is stated by the former that " the uniformed and disciplined regiments of New York city generally and promptly went to the front, but that the number of Pennsylvanians, Marylanders, and West Virginians, who set their faces resolutely towards the enemy in this crisis bore but a slim proportion to that of their brethren, who seemed just then to have urgent business east of the Susquehanna or west of the Ohio ;" in other words, that the country was profoundly disheartened, while the army had already absorbed what was bravest and most patriotic of its militia — and he puts down the number of Pennsylvanians who finally responded to the calls at twenty-five thousand, with the force of New Yorlc at fifteen thousand, and New Jersey at three thousand. The New York and New Jersey troops were not required to be mustered into the United States service for six months, but were received as they came, for the emergency. This should be properly understood. There was no lack of patriotism on tlie part of the people of Pennsylvania on this occasion, but the paucity of State troops was attributable, in a great degree, to the action of the State and National authorities. That the people of the State would have responded to a proper call before the battle of Gettysburg is evident from the alacrity which was exhibited on the occasion of that made by the Governor in September, 1862. It has been stated that the object of the Secretary of War in calling foi troops for so long a period as six months was in a great measure to have a large force ready to guard the line of the Potomac when necessary. Had a longer time been afforded for that purpose, troops might have been obtained, but it was unwise to make a call for the period noted, when the invasion of the State was imminent. The first evidence the inhabitants of the Cumberland Valley had of the rebel approach, was the flight of Milroy's wagon train, which was ordered, as alleged, to secure itself on the east side of the Susquehanna. The horse and mule teams, laden with army supplies, thronged the main road from the State line, and afforded substantial evidence of Milroy's overthrow. Soon followed trains of farm wagons not only from Maryland, but from York, Franklin, and Cumberland counties, too numerous to find accommodations at Harrisburg or in GENEBAL HISTORY. 267 ts viciiiitiy, but which pushed on to Lebanon, Berks, and Lancaster counties. Many of these trains were crowded with produce and house furniture, most of ohera leaving behind the women and children. Loose cattle, horses, colts, and calves abounded. Pedestrians also pushed along with the caravan, some carrying what they well could. So precipitate was the flight that many amusing incidents occurred, of which it is not our province at the present to rehearse. While the female portion of the rural districts remained behind with their household goods to guard, in the towns along the railroads there prevailed a general alarm, and those who could left for places of security. As far east as Harrisburg was this especially the case ; railroad cars were crowded, and other vehicles were called into requisition. But the commotion was not confined to them. Banks were cleared of their money and valuable papers, numerous stores of their goods, and at the Capitol of the State, the important and valuable papers of the departments, the books of the State Library, as also the different county records, were removed to places of safety. In the midst of the consternation which prevailed, the men of the State who were not with the militia were firm, and the able-bodied went to work upon the fortifications on the west of the Susquehanna, opposite Harrisburg, subsequently named Fort Washington, with the hope of some, and the expectation of others, that the Confederate force, if it came at all, would come directly down the valley. Troops were likewise stationed at the different fording places of the river, and breastworks thrown up. The New York and New Jersey troops did not by any means comprise all the effective militia force in the valley. They were of some use in swelling the number of our forces at Fort Washington, and it is now reported that Colonel Jenkins, who with his command of eight hundred men, spent a night at Mechanicsburg, approached Harrisburg as far as Oyster's Point, where a slight artillery skirmish ensued, but that officer ascended a hill in the valley from which he had a view of the defences opposite the Capital, and upon inquiry was informed that a large Union force, with considerable artillery, occupied that city. However, the Army of the Potomac was approaching, the Confederate troops sent for, and on Monday, June 29, their forces at Carlisle and York fell back to concentrate. Of the subsequent events — the three days' fight at Gettysburg — that decisive battle which struck the death-knell of the Southern Confederacy, we shall describe in full in subsequent pages. In July 1864, the Confederate forces again crossed the Potomac, 1864. threatening the southern border of the State, and marched towards the National Capital. Under the pressing demands of the Federal authori- ties, all the organized troops in Pennsylvania were immediately sent forward. The Southern army was defeated and driven back. A column of three thousand men had however crossed into the State, and on the 30th of July, burned the town of Chambersburg. The full details of this transaction are given elsewhere. Although the people of all the Southern border suff"ered much from the incursions of the enemy, Chambersburg was the only town entirely destroyed within the limits of any loyal State. The citizens of that place were suddenly reduced to 208 HIS TOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. poverty, and for a time, were sustained by the active benevolence of the people of other portions of the Commonwealth. The burning of Chambersburg was an act of ruthless vandalism unnecessary at the time as a means of promoting the protection or the success of the invader, and perpetrated merely as a show of bravado, in defiance of all honorable warfare and the sacred rights of humanity. The inhabitants offered no resistance at the time to the advance — there was no Union force intrenched in the town, and therefore, no necessity to fire it as a means of dislodging an enemy. The history of all the campaigns in which the troops of Pennsylvania took GENERAL HOSPITAL,, CAMP CURTIN, 1863. [From a Photograph by D. C. Burnite.] part is also the history of Camp Curtin. It was on that classic ground that these troops were in great part recruited, mustered-in, and mustered-out. After the mustering in of the nine months' men, the Federal authorities took charge of Camp Curtin, the aflfairs of which were thenceforth, to the end of the war, entirely conducted through the War Department. Tlie control of all troops after they were mustered into the United States service passed out of the hands of the State, yet the Governor of the Commonwealth did not cease vigilantly to care for their welfare, to look after their comfort in the field, and their succor when sick or wounded. Camp Curtin, besides being a vast depot of military stores and rendezvous for troops passing to and from the array in the field, was also a hospital for the accommodation of the sick and wounded, and for the quar- tering of prisoners captured in battle. In addition to the relief afforded by the government in hospitals attached to this and other camps, the citizens in various portions of the State were unceasing in their attention to the wounded or dis- eased-stricken heroes. After those sanguinary conflicts at Antietam and Getty s- GENERAL HISTORY . 269 burg, when numerous hospitals were improvised, and indeed during the four years of war, the entire population of the State busied themselves in providing such aid that the military stores did not afford, in which noble duty women and children vied with old and young men in contributing the utmost in their power. Governor Curtin, at the close of the war, in a special message to the Legisla- ture thus referred to the part which the people had taken in the struggle to maintain the Union and preserve the Government : " Proceeding in the strict line of duty, the resources of Pennsylvania, whether in men or money, have neither been withheld or squandered. The history of the conduct of our people in the field is illuminated with incidents of heroism worthy of conspicuous notice ; but it would be impossible to mention them in the proper limits of a message, without doing injustice, or, perhaps, making invidious dis- tinctions. It would be alike impossible to furnish a history of the associated benevolence and of the large individual contributions to the comfort of our peo- ple in the field and hospital, or of the names and services, at all times, of our volunteer surgeons, when called to assist in the hospital or on the battle field ; nor is it possible to do justice to the many patriotic Christian men who were always ready to respond when summoned to the exercise of acts of humanity and benevolence. Our armies were sustained and strengthened in the field, by the patriotic devotion of their friends at home ; and we can never render full justice to the heaven-directed, patriotic, Christian benevolence of the women of the • State." With this message all operations at the various camps were brought to a close. At the great rendezvous. Camp Curtin, the ground was restored to the uses of agriculture, and to-day is partly occupied by private residences. But the scenes enacted there will never be forgotten. It was the Altar on which Pennsylvania laid her most precious offerings for the safety of the Union of which she is the Keystone. The flower of her youth and the robust maturity of her strongest manhood passed into and out of that camp to the field of battle — some to perish amid its carnage, others to return wounded or sickened unto death, and still others unharmed, the survivors of the great conflict, who now live to wear its honors and enjoy the fruits of the victory for Liberty and Union, which their valor helped to win. During the four years of war, Pennsylvania sent to the Federal or Union army 210 regiments and several unattached companies, numbering in all 387,284 men, including the 25,000 militia in service in Septembei', 1862. 1861. — Under call of the President of April 15, 1861, for three months, 20,919; "Pennsylvania reserve volunteer corps" sent into the United States service under the call of the President of July 22, 1861, for three years, 15,856; organized under act of Congress of July 22, 1861, for three years, 93,759; making 130,594. 1862. — Under call of the President of July 7, 1862, including eighteen nine- months regiments, 40,383; organized under draft ordered August 4, 1862, for nine months, 15,100 ; independent companies for three years, 1,358 ; recruits forwarded by superintendents of recruiting service, 9,259 ; enlistments in organizations of other States and in the regular army, 5,000; making 71,100- 1863. — Organized under special authority from War Department for three 11 270 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. years, 1,066; under call of the President of June, 1863, for six months, 4,484; for the emergency, 7,062; recruits forwarded by superintendents of recruiting service, 4,458 ; enlistments in regular army, 934 ; militia called out in June for ninet}' days, 25,042 ; making 43,046. 1864. — Re-enlistments in old organizations for three years, 17,876 ; organized under special authority from War Department for three 3'^ears, 9,867 ; under call of July 27, for one year, 16,094 ; under call of July 6, for one hundred days, 7,675 ; recruits forwarded by superintendents of recruiting service, 26,567 ; drafted men and substitutes, 10,651 ; recruits for regular army, 2,974 ; making 91,704. 1865. — Under call of the President of December 19, 1864, for one year, 9,645; recruits forwarded by superintendents of recruiting service, 9,133; drafted men and substitutes, 6,675 ; recruits for regular army, 387 ; making 25,840; and a total of 362,284 men. To this should be added the militia called out in 1862, amounting to 25,000, which go to make up the grand total of 387,284 men furnished by Pennsylvania. There is no feature so attractive in the organization and services of the regiments which Pennsylvania contributed to aid in crushing the insurrection of the people of the slave States, than that of the origin of the regimental battle flags, the actions in which they were borne, their present condition, and place of deposit. In May, 1861, the Society of the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania, an organization formed of the surviving officers of the Revolutionary war and their descendants, tendered to Governor Curtin a donation of five hundred dollars, to be used toward arming and equipping the volunteers of the State. On the Sth of May the Governor, in a special message to the Legislature, announced the tender of this money, and requested that he be authorized to receive and directed how to apply it. In a series of joint resolutions, the Assembly directed him to apply the money to the purchase of regimental flags to be inscribed with the arms of the State. Other resolutions were passed providing for ascertaining how the several regiments of Pennsylvania in the war of the Revolution, in that of 1812, and with Mexico, were numbered, the divisions of the service in which the}^ were distributed, and in what action said regiments distinguished themselves ; that having obtained these particulars, the Governor should procure regimental standards, inscribed with the numbers of those regiments respectively, on which should be engrossed such data. The standards thus were delivered to the regi- ments then in the field or forming, bearing the regimental numbers corresponding to the regiments of Pennsylvania in former wars. The Reserves secured the greater portion of the flags thus inscribed with the dates of the Revolution and succeeding wars. The Governor was also authorized to procure flags for all tlie regiments of the State serving in the Union army, emblazoned with the number thereof and the coat of arms of the Commonwealth. These resolutions provided for the return of all the standards to the possession of the State at the close of the war, to be inscribed as the valor and good conduct of the soldiers of each regiment deserved ; and whenever the country may be involved in any future war, they are to be delivered to the regiments then formed according to their number as they may be called into service. GEN Eli AL HISTORY. 271 Such was the origin of the battle-flags of Pennsylvania. The Governor in person presented each regiment with one of these ensigns, the ceremony either taking place at camps within the State or in the camps of the armies at the front to which they were assigned. Such events were always interesting — the mag- netic eloquence of the fervid Governor eliciting the spontaneous enthusiasm of the men who received their standards with vows that were zealously kept, while the pledges of personal devotion which the Governor made to care for them in sickness, wounds, and death, and to provide for the widows and orplians of those who perished, were as religiously fulfilled. Every regiment that went into service bearing one of these flags never lost its identity with the State which contributed it to the national defence, and to that extent the fame those soldiers made for themselves on the field of battle was reflected back on the old Com- monwealth, where its lustre will long be preserved, not as an object of irritation between the sections which antagonized each other in the late civil war, but as an evidence of national devotion and personal valor which is destined in after years to be prized in grateful remembrance. Two hundred and eighteen of these flags have been returned to the State, and are deposited in a room specially arranged for their safe keeping in the Capitol at Harrisburg. They are enumerated by beginning with the 11th regiment, Colonel Richard Coulter's, to that used by the 215th, Colonel Thomas Wistar's. The condition of the standards impresses the beholder with the havoc through which they were carried. That of the 100th regiment now consists of only three small pieces of tattered silk. The flag of the 150th was captured at Gettysburg and afterwards recaptured among the baggage of the President of the so-called Southern Confederacy. That of the 90th has its staff" shot away ; the 1 48th is in a similar condition, as well as greatly riddled by bullets. Two flags of the 51st are torn and riddled, having been carried in some of the fiercest struggles of the conflict. The original flag of the Buck-tail regiment (42d), with a portion of a buck-tail still on the top of the staff", is an object of much curiosity. The State possesses no more valuable deposit in its archives than these flags. The older they become the more valuable and more venerated they will be. Another subject growing out of the war was the adoption of the system of soldiers' orphans schools. Of the facts connected with their origin and growth we shall refer in brief terms. In the message of Governor Curtin, of January Y, 1863, he says: "In July last, I received, at Pittsburgh, by telegraph, an off'er from the Pennsylvania railroad company of a donation of $50,000, to assist in paying bounties to volunteers. I declined this off'er, because I had no authority to accept it on behalf of the public, and was unwilling to undertake the disbursement of the fund in my private capacity. I have since received a letter on the subject from the company, suggesting other modes of disposing of the money, a copy of which is annexed to this message." To Colonel Thomas A. Scott, then vice-president of that great corporation, are we really indebted for originating and suggesting t'le establishment of that system which led the way to provide for tlie edu- cation and maintenance of the destitute orphans of soldiers. At the request of the Governor, a bill was prepared by Professor J. P. Wickersham, then principal of the State Normal school at Millersville, embodying the provisions necessary 11 272 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. for carrying into effect the measures proposed in tlie message concerning tliese wards of the State. This bill was not acted on for want of time, but a short act was passed authorizing the Governor to accept the donation of the railroad company, and to use it, at his discretion, for the purposes designated. In order to accomplish this, the Governor, on the IGth of June, 1864, duly com missioned Thomas H. Burrowes, Superintendent of Soldiers' Orphans. Dr. Burrowes began at once to organize the system. A number of schools will- ino- to receive pupils were selected in ditferent parts of the State, through the assistance of the patriotic and public-spirited citizens in the several counties who acted as superintending committees. By the 9th of February, 1865, six schools and five homes had contracted to receive two hundred and seventy-six orphans. The task of finding suitable institutions willing to receive soldiers' orphans, under all the circumstances attending the matter, was one of extreme difficulty; and a man less hopeful than Dr. Burrowes, one with more calculation and less faith, would not have succeeded in accomplishing it. He had but $50,000 at command, several of the Normal schools declined his request to erect additional buildings for the accommodation of such orphans as he might send to them, the prices asked for taking care of the orphans by a number of boarding schools to which he applied were higlier than he could pay, and, worse than all, there was a general want of confidence in the permanency of the enterprise. Still, full of faith and zeal, the superintendent labored on in his good work, and, at last, had the good fortune of seeing the obstacles that at first stood in the way of his plans, in great measure overcome. The Legislature of 1865 passed an act, approved March 23, "establishing the right principle that the destitute orphans of our brave soldiers are to be the children of the State," and appropriating $15,000 to carry on the work for the year. Although this measure finally passed both Houses unanimously, it met in its progress some very strong opposition, and Dr. Burrowes says, " it owes its origination entirely to the wise forethought and untiring exertions of Governor Curtin." The expenses of the first year amounted to $103,817 61, but no one appre- ciated even then the magnitude of the system building up. For nearly ten years the number of orphans under the care of the Commonwealth have been about eiglit thousand annually, at an annual expense of nearly half a million dollars. "No calculation," said Governor Geary in his message of 1868, "can furnish an estimate of the benefits and blessings that are constantly flowing from these institutions. Thousands of orphan children are enjoying their parental care, moral culture, and educational training, who otherwise would have suffered poverty and want, and been left to grow up in idleness and neglect. Many a widow's heart has been gladdened by the protection, comfort, and reli- gious solicitude extended to her fatherless offspring, and thousands are the prayers devoutly uttered for those who have not been unmindful of them in the time of their affliction. In making the generous disposition it has done for these destitute and helpless orphans, the Legislature deserves and receives the heartiest thanks of every good citizen, all of whom will cordially approve a • continuance of that beneficence. In shielding, protecting, and educating the GENERAL HISTORY. 2V3 children of our dead soldiers, the Legislature is nobly performing its duty. These children are not mere objects of charity or pensioners upon our bounty but the wards of the Commonwealth, and have just claims, earned by the blood of their fathers, upon its support and guardianship, which can only be withheld at the sacrifice of philanthropy, honor, patriotism. State pride, and every prin- ciple of humanity." As early as 1S64, measures were taken by the Executive and Legislature looking to the preparation of a history of the men who went forward in the armies of the country from this State in the great battles for the Union. Subse- quently, 1866, Prof. Samuel P. Bates 1866. was appointed to this work. Five im- perial octavo volumes of over one thou- sand pages each give a valuable history of every regiment from the State — an enduring monu- ment, not only of the bravery of the sons of Pennsylvania, but of the power and the glorj' of the good old Commonwealth. On the I5th of January, 1867, Gene- 1867. ral John W. Geary,* of Westmoreland county, was inaugurated Governor of the State, a position in which, by election to a second term, he served six years. Daring that period the debt of the Commonwealth was re- '■ JOHN W. GEARr. duced over ten millions of dollars. It was a time of unusual activity in business, and the proper development of the indus- trial resources of Pennsylvania. During the war for the Union, the so-called " border counties," York, Adams, Cumberland, Franklin, Fulton, Bedford, and Perry, suffered severely, not only through the invasion of tlie Southern forces, but incidentally by the marching of the Federal troops interposing to drive the former from the State. The citizens who thus sustained destruction and loss of property appealed to the 1868 Legislature for aid. That body generously considered the matter and took measures to afibrd the citizens the necessary assistance. The Governor appointed a board of commissioners agreeably to the act of April 9, * John White Geary was born at Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland county, December 30, 1819. He taught school, became a merchant's clerk in Pittsburgh, afterward studied at Jefferson College ; finally became a civil engineer, and for several years was connected with the Allegheny Portage railroad. He was lieutenant-colonel of the second Pennsyl- vania regiment in the Mexican war; wounded at Chapultepec, and for meritorious conduct was made first commander of the city of Mexico after its capture and colonel of his regi- ment. In 1849 was made postmaster of San Francisco, soon after alcalde of that city, and its first mayor. In 1852 returned to Pennsylvania and settled on his farm in Westmoreland county. From July, 1856, to March, 1857, he was Governor of Kansas. Early in 1861 raised and equipped the 28th Pennsylvania volunteers ; promoted brigadier-general of volunteers April 25, 1862 ; wounded at Cedar Mountain ; led the 2nd division of the 12tii corps at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wauhatchie, and Lookout Mountain; com- manded the 2d division of the 20th corps in Sherman's march to the sea ; appointed military governor of Savannah on its capture, December 22, 1864 ; elected Governor of Pennsyl- vania, 1867, serving two terms. He died suddenly, at Harrisburg, on February 8, 1873. 8 274 HIS TORY OF PENNS YL VA NIA. 1868, who were authorized to adjudicate the claims thereof, and although the amounts allowed were small, they served to afford temporary relief. By an act of the Assembly adopted April 22, 1858, a monument was erected this year, on the grounds of the Capitol at Harrisburg, to commemorate the heroic virtues of the " citizens of Pennsylvania who were slain or lost their lives In the late war with Mexico." Pf|iPS^ THE PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENT TO THE HEROES OF MEXICO. At the session of the Legislature of 1810, an effort was made to take from the sinking fund of tlie State bonds to the value of nine and a half 1870. millions of dollars, the proceeds of the sales of the public improvements formerly owned by it, in aid of certain railroads. The Governor inter- posing his veto, prevented this contemplated outrage. In the month of July, 18T1, a serious disturbance of the public peace 1871. and order of the city of Williamsport took place, rendering the civil authority powerless. Under this necessity a reliable military force was sent forward under command of General Jesse Merrill, to protect and aid the authorities in enforcing the civil processes. By the presence of the troops the law-abiding citizens were encouraged and the lawless disheartened. This was termed at the time " the saw-dust war." il GENERAL HISTORY. 275 A Bureau of Labor Statistics and of Agriculture was established by an act of the Legislature of April 12, 1872. General John F. Hartranft,* of Montgomery county, assumed the office of Governor on the 21st of January, 1873, The inland fisheries of nearly all the States having toward the middle of the century shown a very great falling off in consequence of the absence of all legal regulation, the New England States, commencing with Massachusetts, took the subject in hand in 1865, and immediately thereafter, on the 30th of March, 1866, the State of Pennsylvania followed her example. Colonel James Worrall was appointed commis- sioner by Governor Curtin, to make an exami- nation of the streams of the State, the artificial obstructions to the passage of fish, and to report such measures as should be proper to re-stock and protect them. In the summer of 1868, several gentlemen of Harrisburg, to test the matter of propagating fish from other streams, introduced the black bass of the Potomac into the Susquehanna, and through appropriate legislation the result has been successful. Fish-ways were created in the dams which crossed the more important .,,,,„.,.,,,, „ JOHN F. HARTRANFT. rivers — mtended to facilitate the passage of anadromous fishes up and down the streams. The Legislature in 18T3 1873. made appropriations for carrying out this object, and the Fishery com- missioners have zealously devoted themselves to this work; and Pennsylvania has advanced equally with the most energetic of the other States. The pernicious and alarming results of special legislation, with other evils connected with the working of the Constitution of 1838, demanded a reform in that instrument. On the 2nd of June, 1871, the General Assembly, to further that object, passed a resolution to submit the calling of a convention to the people *JoHN Frederick Hartranft was born in New Hanover township, Montgomery county, December 16, 1830. In his seventeenth year he entered the preparatory depart- ment of Marshall College, and subsequently was transferred to Union College, Schenectady, where he graduated iq 1853 ; studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1859. At the out- set of the civil war he raised the 4th Pennsylvania regiment. At the first Bull Run battle he served on General Franklin's staff, the period of enlistment of his regiment having expired one day previous. Upon the muster out of this "three months' " regiment, Colo- nel Hartranft organized the 51st. He accompanied General Burnside in his expedition to North Carolina in March, 1862, and with his regiment was in all the engagements of the 9th corps, including Vicksburg; led the famous charge that carried the stone bridge at Antietam ; was made brigadier-general May 12, 1864 ; in command of the 3d division, 9th army corps, March 25, 1865, gallantly recaptured Fort Stead man in the lines before Rich- mond, for which he was breveted major-general. Was elected auditor-general of Penn- sylvania, in 1865, and on August 29, 1866, the President tendered him the position of colo- nel in the regular army, which he declined. In 1868, General Hartranft was re-elected auditor-general. In 1872 he was chosen Governor of the Commonwealth, and re-elected in 1875 for the term of three years. 276 EISTOB Y OF PENI^S TL VANIA. of the State. At the general election held in October following, the vote for holding a constitutional convention was 328,354 to 70,205 against the measure. The Legislature, by its act of April 11, 1872, made provision for the calling of the same, and to secure a full and free expression of opinion in the convention without party or political bias, the plan of minority representation was adopted. The delegates elected assembled at the State Capitol, Harrisburg, on Tuesday, November 13, 1872, adjourned from thence to Philadelphia on the 27th, where it assembled on the 7th of January, 1873. The draft of the Constitution having been adopted by that body, it was submitted to the qualified electors of the Commonwealth on Tuesday, the 18th day of December, and was approved by a vote of 253,560 for, and 109,198 against the measure. As thus adopted, the new Constitution of 1873 comprises the following reforms : An increase of the number of senators and representatives of the General Assembly ; biennial sessions of the Legislature ; the election by the people of sundry officers heretofore chosen ; minority representation ; modifications of the pardoning power ; a change in the tenure and mode of choosing the judiciary ; a change in the date of the annual elections ; prohibition of all special legislation, with other changes of vital importance to the interests of the people at large. The 1874. Constitution went into effect the first day of January, 1874. Although it is imperfect in certain points, the Constitution is considered a model instrument, and during the two years in which it has been in operation, given the greatest satisfaction to the people. In March, 1874, owing to the seizure of railroad trains bj^ a mob at Susque- hanna depot on the New York and Erie Railroad, troops were ordered forward by the Governor, who succeeded in quelling the disturbance and restoring con- fidence. Disturbances in the mining regions occurred during this and the following year; but by the prompt calling out of the military by Governor Hartranft, order and peace were preserved. The new constitution providing for the election of a Lieutenant-Governor who was to act as President of the Senate, in November John Latta* of West- moreland county, was chosen for a period of four years. On the 18th day of January, 1876, Governor Hartranft re- 1876. assumed the executive functions under the constitution of 1873; and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, founded by deeds of Peace, has become the Empire State of the Union — first in population, first in wealth, first in industrial resources, and first in political influence. * John Latta was born in Unity township, Westmoreland county, in 1836. He received an academic education, graduated at Yale Law School, admitted to the bar in 1859, and located at Greensburg. Mr. Latta served in the Senate 1864-5, and in the House 1872-3. Elected Lieutenant-Governor 1874. PART II. COUNTY HISTORIES. 277 278 HIS TOE Y OF PENJSfS YL VANIA. V ORGANIZATION OF COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS. Chester* Bucks* Philadelphia*.... Lancaster York Cumberland Berks Northampton.... Bedford Northumberland Westmorelandt.. Washington Fayette Franklin Montgomery Dauphin Luzerne Huntlnifdon Allegheny Delaware Mifflin Somerset , Lycoming Greene Wayne Adams Centre Armstrong Butler , Beaver Crawford Erie Mercer Venango Warren Indiana Jefferson M'Kean Potter Tioga Cambria aporte Tionesta McConnellsburg New Castle.. Danville Middlelmrg . Emporium ., 1^ 1788 1778 1682 1730 1741 1751 1748 1738 1766 1772 1782 1782 1789 1764 1784 1785 1783 1767 1765 1849 1790 1795 1796 1796 1826 1780 179S 1804 1803 1791 1795 1795 1803 1795 1795 1805 1830 1807 1807 ■1806 1805 1805 1812 1811 1816 1751 1760 1802 1785 1800 1822 1791 1806 1790 1815 1833 1812 1850 1852 1786 1802 1790 1800 1861 •Chester, Bucks, and Philadelphia were the three original counties established at the first settlement of the Province of Pennsylvania. t In 1785 part of the purchase of 1784 was added to Westmoreland. t Previous to March 24, 1812, this county was called Ontario, but Its name was changed to Bradford on that day. S Part of Venango added by act approved October 31, 1866. ADAMS COUNTY. BY AARON SHEELY, GETTYSBURG. [With acknowledgments to Edward McPherspn, D. J. Benner, and Joseph S, Gitt-I DAMS county was originally included within the ample limits of Chester county. Soon after the settlement of Pennsylvania by William Penn, in 1G82, the Province was divided by its proprietor into three mil counties, Bucks, Chester, and Philadelphia. Lancaster county was separated from Chester by act of May 10, 1729, and was the first county established subsequent to the formation of the three original counties. The first division of Lancaster county was by act of August 9, 1749, when York county was separated from it. York, M'hich then included what is now Adams, was the first county erected west of the Susquehanna river, and embraced all that terri- tory bounded on the west and north by the South mountain, on the east by the Susquehanna, and on the south by Maryland. The county being very large, and the distance from the upper end to the county-seat being great, a movement looking to the formation of a new county was set on foot as early as 1790. Much feeling was soon developed in reference to this matter. Those living within easy reach of the old county-town manifested their selfishness by violently opposing the measure, while those residing within the limits of the proposed new county were just as active and zealous in favor of a separation. Public meetings were held, petitions for and remonstrances against the erection of a new county were industriously circulated, signers to each obtained, and presented to the Legislature. Finally, after ten years of contention and strife, the separation took place by virtue of an act of Assembly dated January 22, 1800. The new county was named Adams, in honor of John Adams, who was President of the United States from 1797 to 1801. The commissioners to mark and run the line dividing Adams from York county were Jacob Spangler, deputy surveyor of York county, Samuel Sloan, deputy surveyor of Adams county, and William Waugh. In June, 1790, when the formation of a new count}' was first agitated, James Cunningham, Jonathan Iloge, and James Johnston were appointed commis- sioners to fix upon a site for the county seat. After some deliberation the Com- missioners selected for this purpose a tract of one hundred and twenty-five acres, in Sti-aban township, belonging to Garret Yanasdal, and described as " lying between the two roads leading from Hunter's and Gettys' towns to the Brick House, including part of each road to Swift run," and being in part the present site of Hunterstown. In 1791 the subject was again agitated. The Reverend Alexander Dobbin and David Moore, Sen., were appointed trustees for the new county, with full powers, for them and their representatives, to take assurances of all offers for the payment of money, or for the conveyance or transfer of any property in trust, for the use of public buildings to be erected in the town of Gettysburg. 279 280 HISTOR T OF PENNS YL VANIA. Adams county is bounded on the north by Cumberland, east by York, south by the State of Maryland, and west by Franklin. Its length from east to west is 27 miles, and its breadth from north to south is 24 miles. The area is 248 square miles, or about 350,000 acres. The surface of the county is greatly diversified. The South mountain, the first great chain of hills west of the sea-board, extends along the entire western and northern borders. The other principal elevations are Round, Wolf's, Spangler's, Gulp's, and Harper's hills, with Big and Little Round Top, in the central and southern parts. The principal stream is Conewago creek, which has its source in the South mountain, near the dividing line between Adams and Franklin, receiving in its course Opossum creek. Plum run, and Miley's run from the north ; and Beaver Dam run, Swift run, Little Conewago, Pine run, Deep run, and Beaver creek from the south, pursuing a winding north and north-east course into York county, through which it passes, and finally finds its way into the Susquehanna near York Haven. Marsh creek, the second stream in size and importance in the county, also takes its rise in the South mountain, near the source of the Conewago, flows south-east to the Monococy river, in Maryland, draining the southern portions of the county and receiving in its course North Branch, Little Marsh creek, Wil- loughby's run. Rock creek, and Little's run. The entire length of this stream is about 25 miles, and in its course it furnishes excellent water power for ten grist and flouring mills, besides a large number of saw mills and several factoiies. The first-mentioned of its tributaries. North Branch, is interesting because of its sub- terranean source in the South mountain, in Franklin township, some fc-ur miles north of Cashtown. The sound of this underground stream is first heard in a wild and rocky ravine a short distance north of the public road leading from Hilltown to Buchanan valley, and near Black Sam's cabin, a rude hut once occupied by an old colored man, who here lived the lonely and solitary life of a hermit. After pursuing a southerly course for about two miles, now roaring and thundering among subterranean rocks, and anon moving so slowly and quietly that its direction can only be determined by a faint gurgling and trick- ling sound, it finally appears above ground. Geologically, Adams county belongs to the south-eastern or sea-board district of Pennsylvania, and is an undulating plain of reddish, sandy-clay soil, in the northern and western portions, while in the eastern part a gray micaceous soil is found. The Lawrentian system, the oldest known to geologists, is represented in the South mountain. The Mesozoic, or New Red Sandstone formation, spreads itself thinly over a portion of the county. The principal minerals of importance are copper, found both in a native state and as a carbonate, in the western and central parts of the countj' ; and crystalline iron ore, much of it magnetic, and some hematite. The central part of Franklin township, about a mile east of Cashtown, is particularly rich in mngnetic ore of superior quality. The belt of country stretching from near Littlestown to Hanover, York county, near the line of the railroad, also yields annually immense quantities of iron. The great ore beds of the South mountain seem to lie at considerable depths beneath the surface, and with few exceptions, have not been reached. They will undoubtedl}', in the near future, become a source of great wealth to this part of ill ADAMS COUNTY. 281 the State. Recent surveys and tests indicate that the iron ore of this county is not only excellent in quality but almost inexhaustible in quantity. Some of the beds of magnetic iron ore are traceable for many miles, having become decom- posed along their outcrops in places, thus affording extensive surface mines of brown hematite. Limestone occurs in large quantities in the northern, eastern, and western parts of the county, and has become a source of great wealth to the people. Thousands of tons of limestone are annually converted into lime, which is used largely by farmers all over the county in the improvement of their land. The liberal use of lime as a fertilizer by farmers has wrought a wondrous change in this county during the last twenty-five years. Broad stretches of worn-out lands that formerly did not produce sufficient to pay the taxes assessed against them, have been rendered fertile and productive by the generous use of this agent. Hundreds of fields that were once too poor to grow even briars anl weeds have been, by its use, made to literally blossom as the rose. Many farms that, years ago, only impoverished those who cultivated them, now yield the most abundant crops of grain, grass, fruits, and vegetables, enriching those who till them, and all by the judicious application of lime. The county exports annually large numbers of horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, and poultry, besides immense quantities of farm and garden products, such as wheat, corn, r3^e, oats, timothy and clover seed, hay, apples, peaches, grapes, strawberries, butter, and eggs. Much iron ore is also sent out of the county every year, bringing in a good revenue. Though for a time an object of reproach for the poverty of its soil and for its limited resources, Adams county now compares favorably with any county of its size in the State in everything that is necessary to make a county prosperous and its people happy. Between 1736 and 1740 there were early settlements made by the Scotch- Irish who had previously been residing in the lower end of York county. Among these were William McClellan, Joseph Farris, Hugh McKean, Matthew Black, Robert McPherson, William Black, James Agnew, John Alexander, Moses Jenkins, Richard Hall, Richard Fosset, Adam Hall, James Wilson, John Steel, John Johnson, John Hamilton, Hugh Vogan, John McWharter, Hugh Sweeny, Titus Barley, Thomas Hosack, some of the Allisons, Campbells, Morrisons, Edies, etc. The majority of these early settlers located on an immense tract of land comprising about one-fifth of the available land of Adams county laid out for the Proprietaries' use, and named the Manor of Maske. When the Provincial surveyors arrived for the purpose of running its lines, the settlers upon it, not understanding or not approving the purpose, drove them off by force. Some of the settlers had taken out regular warrants, others had licenses, and some were there probably without either. As a result, the lines were not run till January, 1766, and the return of them was made, on the 7th of April, 1768, to the land office. The Manor, as then survej^ed, is nearly a perfect oblong. The southerly line is 1,887 perches ; the northern, 1,900 perches ; the western line, 3,842 perches ; and the eastern 3,964. It is nearly six miles wide, and about twelve miles long. The southern line is probably a-half mile north of Mason and Dixon's line, and the II 282 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. northern is about mid-way between Mummasburg and Arendtsville, skirting a point marked on the county map as Texas, on the road from Gettysburg to Mid- dletown, does not quite reach the Ccnewago creek. The Manor covers the towns of Gettysburg and Mummasburg, the hamlet of Seven Stars, and probably McKnightstown, all of the township of Cumberland, except a small strip of half a mile along the Maryland line, nearly the whole of Freedom, about one- third of Highland, the southeast corner of Franklin, the southern section of Butler, the western fringe of Straban, and a smaller fringe on the west side of Mount Joy. Gett^'sburg is situated north of the centre, and on the eastern edge of the Manor, and is thus about five and a-half miles from the northern line and seven and a-half from the southern. The Manor is separated by a narrow strip on the west from Carroll's Tract, or " Carroll's Delight," as it was originally called, and which was surveyed under Maryland authority on the 3d of April, 1732. It was patented August 8, 1735, to Charles, Mary, and Eleanor Carroll, whose agents made sales of warrants for many years, supposing that the land lay within the grant of Lord Baltimore and in the county of Frederick. As originally surveyed, " Carroll's Delight " con- tained 5,000 acres. From the period of the organization of the county to the breaking out of the civil war, Adams county presents no striking features in her history, and not until July, 1863, when that terrible conflict between the armies of the two sec- tions of the Union took place within her borders, are the details of sufficient general interest. Leaving these matters, we proceed to narrate the events imme- diately preceding THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. The month of June, 1863, was probably the darkest period in the history of the great civil war. The conflict had been raging for more than two years with results wholly incommensurate with the means employed. Dissatisfaction with the conduct thereof was general. The conscription, which had been resorted to in most of the States, increased the popular discontent. Rumors of foreign intervention began to darken the political horizon. In the south-west, aff'airs were in a critical condition. The array of the Potomac had sustained repeated and severe reverses on the soil of Virginia. Such was the aspect of aflTairs when the enemy, flushed with victor}', and his army augmented by large numbers of fresh troops, suddenly assumed the offensive by a bold invasion of the north. The Confederate army under General Lee left its position near Fredericks- burg on the 9th of June, moving in a north-westerly direction, and within a few days the valley of the Shenandoah was freed from the only opposing force by the dispersion of Milroy's command, at Winchester. On the 22d, Lee threw E well's corps across the Potomac, at Shepherdstown and Williamsi)ort, with orders to advance upon Hagerstown, Maryland, Lee fol- lowing a few days later with the other two corps of his army, commanded respec- tively by Longstreet and A. P. Hill. From Hagerstown, General Ewell, with Rodes' and Johnson's divisions, preceded by Jenkins' cavalry, marched to Chambersburg, and thence to Carlisle, where lie arrived on the 27th. Early's division of Ewell's corps, which had occupied Boonsboro, moved to Greenwood, *i ADAMS COUNTY. 283 a point on the turnpike leading from Chanibersburg to Baltimore, eight miles from the former place, whence in pursuance of instructions from Lee, Early marclied in the direction of Gettysburg. At Cashtown, eight miles from Gettys- burg, Early divided his force, sending Gordon's brigade to Gettysburg with directions to occupy the town, whilst with the remainder of his command betook the more direct road to York by way of Mummasburg, where he encamped for the night. Soon after Gordon's brigade had taken possession of the town. Gen- eral Early, with his staff, came in from Mummasburg for the purpose of commu- nicating with the borough authorities in regard to subsistence for his troops. Pending these negotiations, it was discovered that several cars at the depot were filled with supplies for Colonel Jennings' 26th regiment, P. V. M. These were at once captured and appropriated by the invaders, and thus the town was undoubtedly spared a burdensome levy. The railroad bridge across Rock creek, half a mile east of the town, was soon fired by order of General Gordon, and whilst it was in a blaze a number of cars were ignited and started down the track, but they passed over the bridge and were consumed a short distance beyond. Altogether about twenty cars were burned, belonging to the Pennsylvania, Northern Central, and Hanover Branch railroad companies, besides three or four belonging to individuals. One of the cars contained a supply of muskets for Colonel Jennings' command, and these were also destroyed, their captors pro- fessing to have no use for them. The Confederate advance consisted of White's cavalr}^, numbering about 150 men, and as they entered the town they charged up Chambersburg street at a rapid rate, in pursuit of a number of persons on horseback who were hurrying out York and Baltimore streets trying to escape. A few shots were fired, and the fugitives halted, in one instance a member of Bell's cavalry was pursued out the Baltimore turnpike, for a distance of nearly two miles, by a Confederate cavalryman, and, after being vainly halted several times, was shot and instantly killed. As early as June 11th, the War Department at Washington, as a precau- tionary measure, assigned Major General W. T. H. Brooks to the Department of the Monongahela, and Major General D. N. Couch to the Department of the Susquehanna, with the headquarters of the latter at Harrisburg. General Couch detailed Major G. 0. Haller, of the 7th Regular Infantr}^ to duty at Gettysburg, with orders to assume command of military operations in the count}'. His dispositions were made with promptness and energy. On the evening of the 20th he addressed a large public meeting at the Adams county court house, urging the citizens of Gettysburg to prepare for the emergency, as it was evident their homes and firesides were about to be invaded. Sunday morning, the 21st, the City Troop of Philadelphia, under command of Captain Samuel J. Randall, arrived and reported for duty. These men furnished their own uniforms and equipments, a most complete outfit, and gave their services without pay. They did excellent duty on the mountain as scouts, carefully watching and reporting the movements of the enemy. The 26th Regiment, P. V. M., Colonel W. W. Jennings, arrived from Harrisburg on the morning of the 26th. Immediately on their arrival the regiment was sent out on a reconnoitering expedition in the direction of Cashtown, and after 284 EISTOB Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. proceeding about three miles they were surprised by White's Conftderate cavalry and thirty-six of their number captured. These were taken into Gettysburg as prisoners, and subsequently paroled at the Court House. The next morning, the 27th, one hundred more of the regiment were taken prisoners about three miles out the Mummasburg road, where six hundred of them had encamped. These were paroled at Hunterstown later in the day. Bell's cavalry, a home company, accepted by the Governor, and formally sworn into the United States service for six months by Major Haller, on the 24 th, performed very efficient service as scouts, frequently coming in contact with the enemy, making narrow escapes, and bringing in much valuable infor- mation. On Saturday, the 27th, the enemy left for Hanover, East Berlin, and York. Sunday, the 28th, at 12 M., two regiments of Federal cavalry, about 2,000 strong, commanded by General Cowpland, entered Gettysburg from the direction of Emmittsburg. Tuesday, the 30th, at 9^ a.m., a portion of General Hill's corps, comprising several thousand men, advanced on the turnpike from Cashtown to within two miles of Gettysburg, but being only on a reconnoitering expe- dition they fell back within an hour. General Stuart, with the Confederate cavalry, did not cross the Potomac with the rest of Lee's army, but crossed near Harper's Ferry, and managed to elude every cavalry force sent after him, until he reached the town of Hanover, in Pennsylvania, where, on the 29th, he was defeated by Kilpatrick in a fierce engagement of eight hours, after which he moved in the direction of York. Meanwhile, on the 11th and 12th of June, the Union army had broken up its encampment and marched northward on a line nearly parallel with that of the enemy. The route of the army was kept carefully concealed, and it was not even known that it had crossed the Potomac until the 27th, when the headquarters were at Frederick city, which had been abandoned by the enemy. On this day General Hooker was relieved from the command of the army, which was con- ferred upon General George G. Meade, of Pennsylvania. On the morning after assuming command. General Meade ordered the main body of his army to march northward into Pennsylvania, in the general direction of Harrisburg, and on a line parallel with the route taken by Lee, but on the east side of South moun- tain. Major-General Reynolds, commanding the 1st corps, occupied the ex- treme left of the army of the Potomac, and was instructed by Meade to feel Lee and carefully watch his movements, but not to bring on a general engage- ment unless it became imperatively necessary to do so. On Tuesday, the 30th, about noon, Buford's Federal cavalry, 6,000 strong, came in on the Emmittsburg road, passed through Gettysburg, and encamped in two divisions a few hundred yards beyond the borough limits, the one on the Chambersburg pike, and the other on the Mummasburg road, placing their artillery in position. The same afternoon the 1st corps of infantry, 8,000 men, under General Reynolds, and the 11th corps, numbering 15,000, commanded by General 0. 0. Howard, came from Emmittsburg to Marsh creek, five miles south-west of Gettysburg, where they encamped for the night. It now became evident that a great battle was about to be fought in the immediate vicinity of Gettysburg, invested as it was by 29,000 Federal troops, and at least twice this number of Confederates. ADAMS COUNTY. 285 Gettysburg is situated on a beautiful plain between two slightly elevated ridges, which have become classic by reason of the important part they were made to play in the grand drama enacted here. The elevation west of the town, a gently rising ground, is known as Seminary ridge, the Lutheran Theological Seminary being located here, and is distant just one mile from the centre of the town, which it overlooks. This ridge extends many miles in a direction almost due north and south from the Seminary, and formed the main line of Confe- derate defences during the last two days of the battle. It was on this ridge, where the Chambersburg pike crosses it, that General Lee established his head- quarters after the first day's engagement. The elevation east of the town is called Cemetery hill, from the fact that Evergreen cemetery, a citizen's burying ground, occupies some eighteen acres of beau- tiful ground on its east- ern and western slopes, on the south side of the Baltimore pike, and about half a mile from the town. This ridge commences a few hundred yards north of the entrance to this cemetery, and extends far to the south in a line parallel to Seminary ridge. Big and Little Round Top are both spurs of this ridge, which formed the main line of Federal defences during the second and third day's fighting. A short distance east of the ceme- tery this ridge curves sharply to the right, forming two rocky prominences, known respectively as Gulp's hill and Spangler's hill, and terminating in Wolfs hill a rough and thickly wooded knob east of Rock creek, which is a sluggish stream winding among these hills. Not only does Gettysbui'g possess many natural advantages for the fighting of a great battle in its vicinity, but its numerous and excellent roads give it additional value in a strategic point of view, being situated at the conver- gence of ten great roads, which radiate from it like the spokes of a wheel. The turnpike from Baltimore, by which the 6th and 12th corps were advancing, comes in on the south-east ; the road from Taney town, by which the 2nd, 3d, and 5th were approaching, comes from the south ; that from Emraittsburg, by which the 1st and 11th were advancing, comes in from the south-west ; that from Hagers- town, used by Lee as one of his thoroughfares, approaches from the west; that from Chambersburg, by which the corps of Longstreet and Hill were marching, comes in on the north-west ; those from Mummasburg, Carlisle, Harrisburg, and GENERALi LEE'S HEAD-QUARTERS AT GETTYSBURG. [From a, Photograph by W. H, Tipton i Co., Gettysburg.] 286 HISTOB Y OF PFNNS YL VANIA. York, by which Ewell's troops were advancing, coming from the north and noi'th-east ; and that from Hanover, used chiefly by the cavalry troops of Kil- patrick and Stuart, coming from the east. THE FIRST day's BATTLE. On AVednesday, July 1st, at 9^ o'clock in the morning, skirmishing began be- tween General Buford's dismounted cavalry and the advancing Confederates ; and by 10 o'clock the artillery was brought into play. Willoughby's run flows immediately west of the position occupied by Buford. Pender's and Heth's divisions of Hill's corps, numbering 20,000 men, had moved down the Chambers- burg road, and had posted themselves along the line of the stream just mentioned, followed by Anderson's division of the same corps, and occupied a position near the Hagerstown road. Skirmishing soon brought on a battle, when sharp cannonading commenced on both sides, the gallant Buford bravely holding his ground against a superior force of the enemy. Meantime General Reynolds, on receiving intelligence from Buford of the presence of the Confederates in the vicinity of Gettysburg, hastily left his encampment on the Emmittsburg road at Marsh creek, five miles distant, and hurried up his corps, at the same time sending word back to General Howard, requesting him, as a prudential measure, to bring up the lltb corps as rapidly as possible. The 11th had also been coming up the Emmittsburg road, but finding it crowded with the wagon train of the 1st corps, they started ofl" on a by-way leading to the Taneytown road, and were still on this by-way when Reynolds' messenger reached them. When the 1st had reached the Peach orchard, two miles from Gettysburg, and while many of the men were slaking their thirst and filling their canteens with water drawn from Wentz's well, the sound of heavy and rapid cannon firing was heard in the direction of the Chambersburg road beyond Gettys- burg. Almost at the same instant Captain Mitchell, a gallant aid upon General Reynolds' staff, came dashing down the road, with orders to the various division commanders to push forward their divisions as rapidly as possible. The 1st corps consisted of three divisions, and marched in the following order : First division under General Wadsworth ; Second division under General Doubleday ; next came five full batteries of artillery under Colonel Wainright; and bringing up the rear came the splendid Third division of General Robinson. The order was given to double quick, which was instantly obeyed, the troops keeping the road until they reached the brick house to the right, on Codori's farm, where they took to the fields and marched in the direction of the ridge to the left, which they reached a short distance south of the Seminary. Wadsworth's division, composed of Meredith's and Cutler's brigades, had the advance, with Cutler on the right and Meredith on the left. Arriving at the Seminary, the near presence of the enemy became at once manifest. General Reynolds promptly ordered a battery in position, and rode forward to select ground for a line of battle. Sadly unfortunate for him and for his country, that so sorely needed his well-tried ser- vices, he fell pierced through the head by a ball from a sharp-shooter's rifle, and was borne to the rear mortally wounded. General Abner Doubleday immedi- ately assumed command of the corps, but there was no time to wait for orders ADAMS COUNTY. 28T from the new commancler. Instantly, right and left, Cutler, with his veterans, and Meredith, with his famous " Iron Brigade," wheeled into line on the double quick. Cutler, having the advance, opened the attack. Meredith became engaged a few minutes later. The fighting on the right was fearful for a while, and resulted in the capture of a portion of Davis' Mississippi brigade, which had taken refuge in an unfinished railroad cut. On the left the struggle was, if pos- sible, still more severe and bloody. A strong force advanced from the woods on the edge of which Reynolds had fallen but a short while before, and, though volley after volley was poured into the column, the men did not waver. The proximity and strength of the enemy at last became so threatening that the second division was ordered to make a charge, which was successful. Many of the enemy were shot, bayoneted, and driven to partial retreat, Archer's bri- gade of 1,500 men being captured on the banks of Willoughby's run. Our ranks suffered severely in this demonstration, and it was evident such fighting could not long continue. Wadsworth's brave men, who had been contending for two hours against a superior force of the enemy, began to show signs of exhaustion. Rodes' division of E well's corps, numbering 12,000 men, had come up on the right and was pressing the 1st corps so hard that the veterans, who had been holding their ground so long and so firmly against large odds, began to waver. But just at the critical moment, when the sun stood at high noon. General O. 0. Howard arrived with the 11th corps, and, posting Steinwehr's division on Cemetery hill as a reserve, marched directly through the town with the divisions of Schurz and Barlow, and at once formed a line of battle to the right of the Chambersburg road along Seminary ridge. A charge was soon made by the entire force in front, comprising the coips of Hill and Ewell, 62,000 strong. The shock was awful. The superior numbers of the enemy enabled them to overlap both flanks of the Union army, threatening them with capture. Finally General Howard found it necessary to order a retreat, and the bleeding and exhausted remnants of the two devoted corps retired through the different streets of the town to Cemetery hill, where they took up a new position, the 1st corps to the left and the 1st and 3d divisions of the 11th corps to the right and rear of Steinwehr. The 11th corps, being heavily pressed, lost about 2,500 prisoners in the retreat through the town. General Meade received intelligence of the engagement at Gettysburg about noon, while he was on Pipe Creek hill, near Taneytown, Maryland, about 14 miles distant, selecting a line of battle. Shortly afterwards a second message arrived announcing the deatli of General Reynolds. Meade at once dictated an order to General W. S. Hancock, dated 1:10 p.m., directing him to turn his corps, the 2d, over to General Gibbon and proceed to the front, assume command of all the troops there, and make such dispositions as the exigencies of the case might require. Hancock arrived on the field at 3:30 p.m., while the retreat to Cemetery hill was in progress, and did much by his presence and influence to restore order and inspire the men with confidence in themselves and their new position. By half-past four p.m. the troops were securely posted in their new position, and the effective fire of artillery and sharp-shooters prevented further pursuit by the enemy. About 5 o'clock in the evening General Sickles arrived from Emmittsburg with the principal part of the 3d corps, and took m 288 EISTOBY OF PENI^SYLVANIA. position on Cemetery ritlge to the left of Howard, oceupj-ing nearly the whole of the line to Round Top. An hour later, Sloeum's 12th corps came up the Baltimore turnpike and occupied the extreme right of the line, embracing Gulp's, Spangler's, and Wolf's hills. Thus ended the action of the first day THE SECOND DAY'S BATTLE. On the morning of tlie 2d, the following were the dispositions of the two armies. General Meade, who arrived on the battle-field about eleven o'clock the night previous, assuming the active direction of affairs: The 12th corps, General Slocum commanding, was placed on his right ; General Williams commanding the 1st division of the 12th corps took the extreme right, his right resting on Rock creek, with one brigade thrown to the east of the creek to occupy Wolf's hill, and to protect the ex- treme right flank. The remainder of Williams' division occupied an irregular line stretching from the creek to Gulp's hill, by the way of Spangler's spring. General Geary, com- manding the 2d divi- sion, occupied Gulp's hill, and joined unto the 11th corps in posi- tion on Cemetery hill. To the south of Cemetery hill were, first, the lemnants of the 1st corps under Doubleday. Continuing the line toward the left, were the 2nd corps (Hancock's), the 3d (Sickles'), and later in the day, the 5th (Sykes') occu- pying the naturally entrenched heights of Little Round Top. On the part of the Confederates, General Longstreet's corps had the right, with Hood's and McLaw's divisions in order; General A. P. Hill's corps had the centre, with An- derson's, Heth's, and Pender's divisions in order; General Ewell's corps had the left, with Rodes', Early's, and Johnson's divisions in order. The 6th corps (General Sedgwick's) did not arrive until late in the day, and was held in reserve and used where its presence was most needed. Lockwood's brigade of Mary- land troops arrived on the field with the 6th corps and was temporarily assigned to the 12th corps, and relieved one of Williams' brigades that had been protect- ing Wolfs hill. General Meade established his headquarters on the Taneytown road, a short distance to the rear of his line. General Lee had his headquarters on the Chambersburg road, a short distance to the rear of the Seminary ridge. GENERAL MEADE'S HEAD-QUARTERS AT GETTYSBURG. [From a Photograph by W. H. Tipton & Co., Gettysburg.] ADAMS COUNT V. 289 Both commanders were thus in superior positions to communicate promptly and easily with all parts of their lines. The Confederate forces were now all in posi- tion with the exception of Pickett's division, of Longstreet's corps, which had been detailed at Chambersburg to guard the wagon trains and to keep open Lee's communication with the Potomac against any flank movement from Harrisburg, by the Cumberland Valley. Strategically the positions of the two armies were in accordance with the topography of the ground heretofore described ; the Federal army occupying Cemetery hill, as a centre, with flanks resting upon the elevated lines, on the right, to Wolf's hill, and, on the left, to Little and Big Round Tops, which ad- mirably and effectually protected the left flank of the array, as Wolf's hill and Rock creek did the right. The movements of troops on the right were fully masked by heavy timber, the left being more open. From Round Top to Cemetery hill the Union line generally faced the west, but from this hill to the extreme left the line curved back on itself so much that it faced nearly in the opposite direction. This curved line gave General Meade a great advantage in speedily moving troops from one flank to the other. The Confederates, on Semi- nary Ridge, had a line of very similar form, but necessarily much longer. A comparison of the two lines shows that the Federal line was only one-third of that of their adversaries. The night, and Thursday till mid-day, passed in comparative silence ; what little firing was done was confined to the skirmish line. But the two armies were not idle ; artillery was brought up, the heavy guns that arrived with the 2d corps were put in position, regiments and brigades marched and counter-marched from one part of the line to another, weak points were strengthened, salients were- covered with double lines, mattock and spade and shovel were in useful requisi- tion, rifle pits dotted the line, wood fences were swept away and combined with stone walls to give additional strength to the temporary defences, orderlies- dashed from point to point bearing orders that were as promptly obeyed ; the heavy rumble of army wagons showed that provisions and ammunition were being distributed to the men, and ambulances hurrying to and fro pointed out. plainly that the work of death was soon' to begin. At 3 o'clock, the artillery on the Federal and on the Confederate sides was Id' position ; and everything seemed ready for the work of death to commence. It was only a few minutes before 4 o'clock when a gun from Seminary ridge was fired. In an instant both lines were a blaze of artillery and musketry, and the action became general on the Federal left. It soon became evident that the ene- my's object here was to crush Sickles. Hood's and McLaw's divisions moved from under their cover on Seminary ridge, in solid columns, across an open space, and engaged Sickles, at the peach orchard, in a hand-to-hand fight. Ward's and DeTrobriand's brigades, of Birney's division, of the 3d corps, received the main force of the enemy's onset. The remainder of Birney's divi- sion was also hotly engaged. Gallantly the regiments and brigades met the attack — ably supported by a deadly artillery fire — volley for volley of the enemy was returned, inch by inch they yielded the ground, back over the ridge into the- meadows of wheat and corn were they driven, but so stubbornly did the}' contest, it that they had to abandon many of their wounded. A new impulse — a rally, ai T 11 290 HISTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. cheer, and back their force was driven ; and the brigades re-occupied their first position. Fresh regiments filled up the gap made in the Confederate ranks — the shock of battle again was felt, the plain became enveloped in smoke, and the left of the 3d corps (Birney's division) was once more driven back. Cheering his men on by his words, General Sickles did all that a brave commander could do. Pass- ino- towards the left of his corps, into the Peach orchard, General Sickles' foot was carried off by a cannon shot. The command of the corps now devolved on Birney. The retreat of Birney's left was accelerated by the fact that General Longstreet's right was prolonged by the interval of two brigades beyond his (Birney's) left; and a quick flank movement of these brigades would have com- pletely enveloped his shattered troops. The right of the 3d corps fared no better. Birney's division having given way, exposed Humphreys' division and Graham's brigade on the right — still advanced to the Emmittsburg road — to the fiercest assaults of the enemy, both on flank and front. These officers saw that nothing but the best generalship could extricate their commands, as their right was separated from the 2d corps by half a mile of ground, their left was exposed by Birney's retreat, and the enemy was pressing them on all sides. Left without supports, Humphreys determined to do his best to get his command out of the dilemma. Drawing ofl" his men by detail, reforming his line of battle, attacking the enemy at every van- tage ground with overwhelming impetuosity, taking advantage of his enemy's weakness, with the skilled eye of an engineer, to increase his own chances of escape, Humphreys commenced his retrograde movement from the line of the Emmittsburg road with 5,000 men, and formed a line to the left of the 2d corps, on the extension of Cemetery Hill, with 3,000 men — a loss of 2,000 men bearing testimony in the language of blood to the desperation of the fight. Humphreys' division was now in the position originally contemplated for it by General Meade, in his general instructions to corps commanders. In its new posi- tion the division was still assaulted by the enemy, but its right protected by the 2d corps and its left by the timber stretching towards Little Round Top, it used its vantage of the high ground in such a manner as to repel every assault of the enemy, who at last retired beyond the Emmittsburg road. Even if the 3d corps was driven from its first position along its whole line, and the Confederates were left in possession of the field, yet one important eff'ort had to be made before Longstreet had performed satisfactorily the work assigned him by General Lee — and that was to occupy Little and Big Round Top. This was the prize that eclipsed all others in the eyes of the Confederate commander- in-chief, and to secure it was the main object of the fight of this day on his right. It was to accomplish this that Longstreet was directed to project two of Hood's brigades beyond the left of Sickles, and, forcing back the 3d corps with the remaining brigades and Anderson's division, these two brigades were at the proper moment to make a dash for these hills ; and once their rocky crests in pos- session, it would have been next to impossible to dislodge them. While these brigades were moving forward. General Meade was making such dispositions of his troops as frustrated the design of the enemy on these hills, and probably saved the army. General Meade had seen that Sickles could not maintain I ADAMS COUNTY. 291 his isolated position at the commencement of the action, and immediately dis- patched aid from his reserves. General Warren, engineer-in-chief on General Meade's staff, noticing the nakedness of Little Round Top, and its importance as the key to the Federal left, hastly detached General Vincent's brigade, of the 5th corps, and ordered it into position on its summit. By a rapid movement General Vincent reached the height, and had scarcely time to advant.-igeously form his men on the rocky and broken summit, and construct a few hastily formed rifle-pits, before the exultant Confederates, debouching from the heavy timber into the open space at the 'foot of the hill, and, with a yell and a rush, attempted to scale the rocky citadel. Like the rugged, weather-beaten rocks behind whose immov- able ramparts the men fought, Vincent's brigade met the enemy's shock. But the most determined bravery must yield before overwhelming numbers, and Vin- cent and his handful of men were borne down and would have become, together with the hill, the prize, had not General Weed, fortunately at that moment, arrived on the ground with his brigade. This new enemy was too much for the Confederates, and they retired from the hill — but not before both Generals Weed and Vincent had laid down their lives in its defence. Birney's old division, which was tje first to retreat from the line of the Emmitsburg road, sought the cover of the two brigades of General Barnes' division — 5th corps — sent to its relief. These brigades joined battle with the Confederates, in the woods some distance in front of Little Round Top, and so overwhelming were they assailed — the assailants encouraged by the prospects of an easy victor}' — that they were soon routed. Then Caldwell's division — temporarily detached from Hancock's corps, to relieve the pressing necessities of this position, but slightly more to the right, by a detour along the flanks of Lit- tle Round Top, entered the low skirt of woodland, where they became at once hotly engaged. With unparalleled courage, inch by inch, from rock to rock, and from tree to tree, this division disputed the ground, but the impetuosity of the Confederates was irresistible — human effort could not stand before it, the little advantage of one moment was swept away in the general disaster, and, broken, overpowered, the division sought safety in flight, with the loss of one-half their number, and having to lament the death of two of its brave brigade commanders — Cross and Zook, falling at the heads of their commands. General Ayers' division — mainly composed of regulars — now took the place that had been so disastrous to Barnes and Caldwell. This division stood like a wall of adamant to the fiercest shocks of the Confederates ; and had defied every attempt to break its ranks, until being out-flanked, it manoeuvred so as to form a new front, and under this advantage covered its retreat to the defences of Little Round Top. The intermediate low ground from Round Top to the timber — the posi- tion of the Confederates — was now unoccupied. A long and hearty cheer arose from the Confederate lines, tlie dead in the woods behind them, the groans of the wounded around them, were alike forgotten in the thought that they had beaten the foe — that they had only to move forward to occupy the desired summit, and then they could rest their weary frames. The line was formed ; and debouching from the cover of timber, every eye sought the heights beyond ; and no wonder it is that a shudder passed over them and an involuntary "halt," for from the ^1 292 HISTOB Y OF P hNNS YL VA NFA . crest of the hill, in the rays of the setting sun gleamed the brightness of an impassable wall of steel, and from every accessible crag and spur frowned down the gaping mouths of light and heavy artillery. In addition to the artillerj'. General Meade had thoroughly garnished the hill with fresh troops from the 5th and 6th corps. But the pause was only for a moment. General Crawford's division of the Pennsylvania Reserves, with General McCandless' brigade in advance, moved quickly and in compact order down the slope of the hill ; and with a volley and an order to charge, his men rushed upon the enemy with that determination and steadiness that contributed to the decision of more than one battle field. But Longstreet's troops were too used to success during the da}'', and thought the final victory too near their grasp, to yield without a desperate struggle. With words of cheer and examples of daring the Confederate officers urged on their men ; for a few moments the result was in doubt ; just then McCandless' brigade poured a destructive volley into the enemy's ranks, and the fight was decided at this point. Night was slowly settling down ; the Confederates sought the shelter of a wheat field some distance in the rear, and there passed the night. Crawford's men occupied the timber — under cover of a stone wall, that had been the scene of such bloody fighting during the day. But while the exciting scenes just mentioned were taking place in front of Round Top, while Sickles and Longstreet were massing their strength on a field that was favorable to the latter in all except the last grand struggle, it must not be thought that the remaining corps, divisions, and biigades were lying quietly on their arms uninterosted spectators of the exciting scenes in their immediate vicinity. General Lee, in initiating the attack on the 3d corps, had other plans in view. The attack on Sickles and the possession of Little and Big Round Tops were the most important of Lee's plans, 3'et it was equally important that both Hill and Ewell should so threaten the Union lines that General Meade would not be able to weaken them by sending reinforcements to his left. In succession after the attack on the 3d corps, the conflict extended along the Federal line, and the 2d corps with the left of the 1st became hotly engaged. The actnon was of short duration, and resulted in the repulse of the Confederates, but not before General Hancock was wounded in the thigh, and General Gibbon, upon whom the command of the 2d corps devolved after the fall of Hancock, was wounded in the shoulder. General Howard, already on the morning of the first day's fight, before the disaster to his own corps, saw the strategic importance of Cemetery and Gulp's hills, and immediatel}- detailed for their protection Steinwehr'sdivision of his corps. As soon as General Meade arrived on the field, he at a glance saw that these two points were the keys to the Federal position, and felt the necessity of properly strengthening them by massed artillery in such positions as commanded the ap- proaches. In addition to the artillery, Cemetery hill was protected at this hour by the 11th corps, Gulp's hill by one brigade of General Geary's division of the 12th corps, the remaining two brigades having at an earlier hour been sent to the left of the line and having not yet returned, and General Williams' division, of the same corps, deployed farther to the right, by Spangler's hill, to cover the ap- proaches by the way of Rock creek. ADAMS COUNTY. 293 General Ewell had his whole corps by this time in position, and, in accord- ance with General Lee's plan of battle, detailed three brigades to carry the works on Cemetery hill, among which brigades were the celebrated Louisiana Tigers. Through the east end of the town and across the open field they came in solid column, exposed to a murderous fire from artillery and musketry. Not a waver in their line, though under a deadly fire, up to the foot of the hill, then with a rush they charged to the very mouths of the guns. Protected as the Federals were by hastily constructed earthworks, they poured volley after volley into the advancing ranks. For a few moments there was a hand to hand fight over the very guns, the Federal cannoniers even using rammers and handspikes when they were unable to serve their pieces any longer. So nearly were the Confederates in possession of this point, that they succeeded in spiking two guns. There is no doubt that the success of the Confederates in driving back the artillerymen, and thus capturing the point,was mainly due to the fact that the support of the artillery did not act with that promptness and determination that should characterize efficient troops. These supports were the shattered regiments of the 11th corps. But just at the critical moment, when two guns were already spiked and the artillerymen were driven from more guns. General Richard Coulter's brigade, of the 6th corps, fell into a position commanding the threatened line, and at the com- mand " Charge," precipitated itself upon the enemy. The fight was renewed with increased fury ; the enemy were determined not to give up the victory so nearly won ; Coulter's men at the point of the bayonet pressed them backward inch by inch ; again they rallied ; again were they repulsed. Their reinforcements did not arrive, and at last Early and his brigades were beaten back, and sought safety in flight. Early in this attack lost one-half his men, and was compelled by the steady fire from the lately beleaguered hill, to abandon his dead and wounded where the}' fell. Thus tlie second attack on the Federal lines during the day had failed of success, though at one period both promised victory for General Lee. General Lee had now attacked in detail every part of the Federal line except one, and that was the position of the 12th corps, extending from Cemetery hill to Rock creek, with General Geary's division, now reduced to Greene's brigade, on Culp's hill, and Williams' division, on Spangler's hill, and Lockwood's Mary- land brigade, temporarily assigned, on Wolfs hill. Greene's position was the weakest, as he had with his brigade to cover the division front, General Geary, with the remaining bligades, not yet having returned from the left. But his men were not idle, and pick and shovel were used to so good efleet, that his men were protected by a line of rifle-pits following the line of the hills to the creek. The whole line was situated in a dense belt of timber. At 8i o'clock, p.m., Johnson's division, of Ewell's corps, advanced under cover of the darkness and timber close to the Federal lines, and began a vigorous and simultaneous attack on the 12th corps from Culp's hill to Wolf's hill. The Federal batteries on Culp's Hill commanded to a certain extent an enfilading fire on the advancing enemy, and thus did admirable service from behind their earth-works in lifting the brunt of an overwhelming attack from Geary's line. Lockwood, on Wolf's hill, from among the rocky covers fought the enemy with success. In conse- quence of the broken and irregular formation of the hill, the fight was more on the guerilla order, each man for himself. After several hours stubborn fighting. 2S4 HISTOR Y OF PENN8 YL VANIA. the Confederate left was driven back, except several small commands, which secured a lodgment in the timber near McAllister's dam, and surrendered a? prisoners the next morning when they discovered that they were isolated ana surrounded. Farther towards the left, Williams' division held the ground in the timber and open meadow around Spangler's spring. His right was pushed back to McAl- lister's dam, by a superior force of the enemy, who tried to force his lines on the west bank of Rock creek, but being exposed to the fire of a Federal battery on the Baltimore road, they fell back out of reach of Williams' line. Between Williams' division and the batteries on Gulp's hill, lay Greene's brigade. As though knowing intuitively that this was the weakest point of the 12th corps. General Lee made this the principal point of attack, and to Generals Stewart and Walker, of Ewell's corps, was assigned the duty of directing the assault. Again and again did these Generals hurl their forces against Greene, and again and again were they repulsed. Greene's men, from behind their rifle-pits, delivered volley after volley into the rapidly-thinning ranks of the foe. After several assaults. Walker and Stewart drew off their commands, reduced by the fight more than one-half, and left Greene in undisputed possession of the ground. Between Greene and Williams was a gap made vacant by the withdrawal of Geary's two brigades, and which was but poorly garnished by the details from Greene. This weak position was also sharply attacked, and everything was carried away before the Confederates. Advancing through this gap by the southern flank of Gulp's hill, a considerable Confederate force passed around the flanks of the Federal lines, and, without any opposition, reached a position a little to the east of the Baltimore road and within a third of a mile of General Meade's headquarters. Probably fearing a trap, as they saw no enemy, they with- drew by the same way they came and took up their quarters for the remainder of the night under cover of the very rifle pits dug by their enemy. Thus closed the second day's battle. General Meade's losses had been heavy ; Sickles had been driven back from his first line ; Caldwell's, Barnes', and Ayers' divisions had been badly cut up ; Generals Hancock and Gibbon were wounded ; Generals Vincent, Weed, Zook, and Gross were killed; two guns were spiked, but, on the other hand, the new line of the 3d corps was infinitely better adapted to defence in front, and guarded by natural fortifications on its outer flank ; the enemy had failed in their assaults at all but one small gap between Greene and Williams; Meade's army was jubilant over its successes; the men felt as though the tide of invasion was again to be rolled back to the soil where treason first drew the sword ; his line was stronger now than at any previous hour of the engagement, and he felt more able to repel attack. THE THIRD DAY'S BATTLE. During the night, Pickett's division of Longstreet's corps came up from Chambersburg and took position between Anderson and Heth, nearly opposite the Federal left centre. Rodes, also, withdrew the main part of his division from the town, uniting with Early's command in front of the Federal right in such a way as to take advantage, as soon as morning opened, of the break made ADAMS COUNTY. 295 in the right of Geary's division the evening previous. McGowan's and Daniel's brigades, of Hill's corps, were moved to the support of Johnson's line in front of Gulp's hill, while Smith's and Walker's brigades, of Longstreet's corps, were also sent to the Confederate left. At an early hour Colonel Best, who had placed his artillery on Powers' hill, an advantageous position on the Baltimore road to the rear of Cemetery hill, opened a furious cannonade, to dislodge the Confederates from their position in Geary's line. For an hour the storm of shot and shell raged. There had been PLAN OF THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURa, no reply yet from the enemy. Then General Geary, having returned from Round Top with two brigades, and General Shaler, with a brigade of the 6th corps, began the attack, and for an hour and a half the battle raged with unexampled fury in the timber of Spangler's hill and spring. Steadily the Federals advanced, driving the enemy from point to point, taking advantage promptly of every defection in the foe's ranks, and ably supported by part of the 5th corps and Humphreys' division of the 3d corps. The ground was obstinately contested, and Geary was making slow work in dislodging the enemy, when Greene executed a flank movement so as to give his brigade a more commanding position, and Lockwood's brigade, on Wolfs hill, being reinforced and forming an advance line, secured an enfilade fire. Assaulted now in both flanks as well as in front, the enemy were compelled to fall back, but only to take up a new line — make a last stand. Geary, now being in possession of his 296 SIS TOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. original line, made a bold dash on the new line of the enem}^, who, failing of promised reinforcements, made but one effort to stem the tide of defeat and then sought safety in flight. Thus the Confederates were dislodged from their advan- tages of the evening before, but at a heavy loss for both sides. General Meade's line was now again intact from extreme right to extreme left, the enemy having been repulsed at every point. Thus closed the battle on the Federal right. The next act in this bloody drama was the great duel with cannon between the two armies, preparatory to Pickett's grand charge. " The movements of the enemy (Confederates)," says the Annual Encyclopedia, " thus far had been made rather to cover up his designs than as serious efforts against General Meade. The battle of the previous day had demonstrated that the issue of the struggle turned on the occupation of Cemetery hill. To get this, therefore, was the object of General Lee. Early in the morning preparations had been made by General Lee for a general attack on General Meade's whole line, while a large force was concentrated against his centre for the purpose of taking by force the ground he occupied." With this object in view and for the purpose of prepar- ing for the infantry assault, General Lee massed his artillery in a line that enveloped more than one-half of the point against which the attack was to be directed, namel}'. Cemetery Hill, and the positions of the 1st and 2d corps on the prolongation of this hill towards Round Top. " General Longstreet massed a large number of long range guns — fifty-five in number — " says the corre- spondent of the Richmond Enquirer^ writing from the battle-field, " upon the crest of a slight eminence just in front of Perry's and Wilcox's brigades, and a little to the left of the heights upon which they were to open. Lieutenant- General Hill massed some sixty guns along the hill in front of Posey's and Mahone's brigades and almost immediately in front of the heights." These parks of artillery were increased by batteries in position farther towards the flanks. General Meade had not been idle during these hours. Satisfied that General LfcC'b intentions were to make a general assault on Cemetery hill and the lines of the 1st and 2d corps, he did what any good commander would have done, namely, strengthened this part of his position. He put his artillery in position, battery after battery forming in park, until he had at least one hundred guns in line. The infantry divisions and brigades were protected by reserve lines wherever it was thought there was the greatest danger of penetration in the anticipated charge. At 1 o'clock the signal gun was fired and the cannonading began — canno- nading that, for number of pieces, intensity of lire and duration, has never had its equal on the Western Continent and scarcely a superior in the annals of European warfare. It is thus described by a spectator in the Federal lines : " The storm broke upon us so suddenly that soldiers and officers, who leaped as it began from their tents or lazy seats on the grass, were stricken in their rising with mortal wounds, and died — some with cigars between their teeth, some with pieces of food in their fingers, and one at least — a pale young German from Pennsjdvania — with a miniature of his sister in his hands. Horses fell, shrieking such awful cries as Cooper told of, and writhing themselves about in mortal agony. The boards of fences, scattered by explosion, flew in splinters ADAMS COUNTY. 297 through the air. The earth, torn up in clouds, blinded the eyes of hurrying men ; and through the branches of the trees and among the gravestones of the cemetery a shower of destruction crashed ceaselessly." From Batchelder's Illustrated Tourist's Guide, the following account of the artillery duel and the movements of Federal troops is taken : " At one o'clock the artillery fire opened, and for two hours the heaviest artillery duel ever experienced on this continent was kept up. When it closed, the infantry (Confederate) advanced and like an avalanche swept majestically across the plain. It was received with a fearful hurricane of missiles, solid shot, spherical case, shrapnell, shell, canister, and every invention known to modern warfare. Still on it came, up to the very works behind which lay the Union troops. The Union line was broken at the ' copse ' of trees, and forced back over the ridge ; and for a moment of terrible suspense, victory hung trembling in the balance. Hall's brigade on Webb's left (Webb being in command of the temporarily broken line) rushed to his assistance, and Ha^-s' division rose from the stone wall and delivered a perfect sheet of flame. Woodruff's battery, in the grove to our right, was run forward, turned to the left and swept the whole valley with canister. The 8th Ohio volunteers, on the skirmish line beyond the grove and the Emmittsburg road, 'changed front forward on left company;' Stannard's brigade, on Hall's left, moved by the right flank, 'changed front forward on first battalion;' Webb's first line united with his reserve, and all opened a converging fire of musketry, and the repulse was complete ; 4,500 men threw down their arms and came in as prisoners." The correspondent of the Richmond Enquirer giA^es the following graphic picture of the artillery duel and Pickett's charge which followed : " The fire of our guns was concentrated upon the enemy's line on the heights stormed the day before by Wright's brigade. Our fire drew a most terrific one from the enemy's batteries, posted along the heights from a point near Cemetery hill to the point in their line opposite to the position of AVilcox. I have never yet heard such artillery firing. The enemy must have liad over one hundred guns, which, in addition to our one hundred and fifteen, made the air hideous with most discordant noise ; the very earth shook beneath our feet, and the hills and rocks seemed to reel like a drunken man. For one and a half hours this mest terrific firing was continued, during which time the shrieking of shells, the crash of falling timber, the fragments of rock flying through the air shattered from the cliflTs by solid shot, the heavy mutterings from the valley between the opposing armies, the splash of bursting shrapnell and the fierce neighing of wounded artillery horses, made a picture terribly grand and sublime, but which my pen utterly fails to describe. Now the storming party was moved up, Pickett's division in advance, supported on the right by Wilcox's brigade, and o n the left b}' Ileth's division commanded by Pettigrew. The left of Pickett's division occupied the same ground over which Wright had passed the day before. I stood upon an eminence and watched this advance with great interest ; I had seen brave men pass over that fatal valley the day before ; I had witnessed their death struggle with the foe on the opposite heights ; I had observed their return with shattered ranks, a bleeding mass, but with unstained banners ; now I saw their valiant comrades prepare for the same 298 HISTORY OF PENKSYLVAN^IA. ' bloody trial, and already felt that their efforts would be vain, unless their supports should be as true as steel and as brave as lions. Now they move forward; with steadj^, measured tread they advance upon the foe. Their banners float defiantly in the breeze, as onward in beautiful order they press across the plain. I have never seen since the war began (and I have been in all the great fights of this army) troops enter a fight in such splendid order as did this splendid division of Pickett's. Now Pettig^reVs com m andlnsmerge from the woods upon Pickett' sleft, and sweep down the slope of the hill to the valley beneath, and some two or three hundred yards in the rear of Pickett. I saw ^. by the wavering of this line as they entered the conflict that they wanted the firmness of nerve and steadiness of tread which so characterized Pickett's men, and I felt that these men would not, could not stand the tremendous ordeal to which they would be soon subjected. These were mostly raw troops which had been recently brought from the South, and who had, perhaps, never been under fire — who certainly had never been in any very severe fight — and I trembled for their conduct. Just as Pickett was getting well under the enemy's fire, our batteries ceased firing. This was a fearful moment for Pickett and his brave command. Why do not our guns re-open their fire? is the inquiry that rises upon every lip. Still our batteries are as silent as death! But on press Pickett's brave Virginians ; and now the enemy open upon them from more than fifty guns, a terrible fire of grape, shell, and canister. On, on they move in unbroken line, delivering a deadly fire as they advance. Now they have reached the p]mmittsburg road, and here they meet a severe fire from the heavy masses of the enemy's infantry, posted behind the stone fence, while their artillery, now free from the annoyance of our artillery, turn their whole fire upon this devoted band. Still they remain firm. Now again they advance; they storm the stone fence ; the Yankees fly. The enemy's batteries are, one by one, silenced in quick succession as Pickett's men deliver their fire at the gunners and drive them from their pieces. I see Kemper and Armistead plant their banners in the enemy's works. I heard their glad shouts of victory. " Let us look after Pettigrew's division," continues the same correspondent. "Where are they now? While tlie victorious shout of the gallant Virginians is still ringing in my ears, I turn my eyes to the left, and there, all over the plain in utmost confusion, is scattered this strong division. Their line is broken ; they are flying, apparently panic-stricken, to the rear. The gallant Pettigrew is wounded, but he still retains command, and is vainly striving to rally his men. Still the moving mass rush pell-mell to the rear, and Pickett is left alone to contend with the hordes of the enem}' now pouring in on him on ever}'^ side. Garnett falls, killed by a minie ball, and Kemper, the brave and chivalrous, reels under a mortal wound and is taken to the rear. Now the enemy move around strong flanking bodies of infantry, and are rapidly gaining Pickett's rear. The order is given to fall back, and our men commence the movement, doggedly contending for ever}' inch of ground. The enemy press heavily our retreating line, and many noble spirits who had passed safely through the fiery ordeal of the advance charge, now fall on the right and on the left. Armistead is wounded and left in the enemy's hands. At this critical moment the shattered remnant of Wright's r u'^^^i M"^^ iXr^^u. jL4iuU.ylo ^^^n 44A %0^ ADAMS COUNTY. 299 Georgia brigade is moved forward to cover their retreat, and tlie fight closes here." During this attack on General Meade's left centre, Generals Longstreet and Ewell threatened the Federal flanks, but without any apparent success. With the repulse of Pickett closed General Lee's aggressive movements, and from this on he acted mainly on the defensive. ■ The Federal ammunition and provision trains had been placed in position to the rear of Round Top as a place of security. While the assault by Pickett was being made against the Federal left centre, Hood's and McLaw's divisions attempted to gain possession of these trains by executing a flank movement to the south of Round Top, by turning the flank of the 6th corps. The enemy advanced in three lines and were meeting with considerable success when General Kilpatrick, whose cavalry division had been on duty protecting the Federal left flank, made a vigorous attack on the flank of the rear line of the enemy. This threw the enemy in confusion, and Kilpatrick moving his left rapidly foi'ward, exposed the foe to the danger of being completely enveloped and cut off from their supports. The Pennsylvania Reserves, under McCandless, pressed hotly upon the enemy in front of Round Top and drove them back in disorder, leaving part of a battery, three hundred prisoners, and flve thousand stand of arms in the hands of this gallant command. At the same time General Gregg and his cavalry made an assault, in accordance with orders, on Ewell 's left and Stuart's cavalr}'', and met with decisive success. Thus closed the battle of Gettysburg — a battle unsurpassed in desperate fighting, distinguished bravery on both sides, and heavy losses, in any of the many battles of the war — a battle than which none was as important in ultimate results. Up to this time the general average of results was in favor of the Con- federate forces ; although defeated in numerous engagements, the troops of the Confederacy were handled in such a manner that victory resulted even out of defeat. Never had the chances of the Confederacy been so bright nor their hopes of success so apparently assured. All three of its armies were flushed with recent victories ; Lee's army with the victory of Chancellorsville ; the army of the Ten- nessee with a series of out-manoeuvres of their Federal opponents, and General Grant's hammering away at Vicksburg it was confidently predicted would result in defeat. When General Lee decided on the Pennsylvania invasion, although undertaken contrary to the advice and far-seeing counsels of discerning South- erners, including even Mr. Davis, the President of the Confederacy, he felt, and the world endorsed it, that he was at the head of an army that had never known defeat. This confidence is further indicated by General Lee changing the char- acter of the war from a defensive to an aggressive one. Although not anxious to precipitate a general engagement, and manoeuvring in such a manner as to avoid it, yet General Lee did not wish the world to understand by this conduct that he entertained any doubts of the result of such an engagement. General Lee's plan of the invasion, no doubt, included the burden of the support of both armies by the Northern States, and at the same time to so manoeuvre his army and so take position that the Federal army would have to assume the attack and thus expose New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington to his control. He had fully weighed the military energy and capacities for moving large bodies 11 300 HIS TOB T OF PENNS YL VANIA. of men with rapidity from one base to anotlier, as shown by the previous Federal commanders ; but Meade's promptness and celerity in following him upon the east slope of the mountains completely disconcerted his calculations. When Reynolds and Hill began the fight on Wednesday morning, and Ewell's corps crushed down all opposition, so that the advantages of the day were in favor of the Southern army, General Lee had no idea that he was in front of the whole army of the Potomac. The result of the first day's fight confirmed this theory ; and the Confederate forces were inspired with such unbounded enthusiasm at the success of Wednesday's fighting that General Lee could not doubtlessly have prevented an attack b^^ his troops even when he learned that he was confronted by the whole army of the Potomac. Howard's selection and Hancock's wise defences of Cemetery hill, and the lines on elevated ground both towards the right and left which were protected by Wolfs hill and Little and Big Round Top, did much to ensure the success of the Federal forces and repel the repeated assaults of the enemy. Notwithstanding General Lee's orders and congratula- tions to his troops shortly after the battle convinced his men even against the facts that their defeat was not so great as it was in reality, this battle was the great turning point of the war. The army of Northern Virginia, whose boast had been that it had never suffered defeat, received here a blow from which it never recovered, sustained losses which all the governmental machinery could never replace. From this date on to the close of the war, never was the Confederac}'^ able to put such an army into the field, and was compelled after this time to act on the defensive instead of initiating campaigns. The following is as nearly an official list of the casualties of the battles as is obtainable. The Federal losses were four thousand eight hundred and thirty- four killed, including those who died in the various general hospitals located on the field by the surgeons in charge ; fourteen thousand seven hundred and nine wounded, and six thousand six hundred and forty-three missing, of whom nearly four thousand were taken prisoners, mostly from Howard's corps in the first day's fight ; making a total loss of twenty-five thousand one hundred and eighty-six. Among the killed were Generals Reynolds, "Vincent, Weed, Zook, Cross, and Farnsworth — the last named falling in Kilpatrick's charge on Hood's command on the extreme left, late on Friday afternoon. The list of wounded included Major-Generals Sickles, Hancock, Butterfield, Doubleday, and Birney, and Brigadier-Generals Barlow, Barnes, Gibbon, Hunt, Graham, Paul, and Willard. The Confederate loss was six thousand five hundred killed ; twenty-six thou- sand wounded ; nine thousand prisoners, and four thousand stragglers ; making a grand total loss of over forty thousand men, besides three guns, forty-one stand- ards, and twenty-five thousand stand of small arms. Their retreat was so hasty that many of their dead were buried by the Union forces, and their means of con- veyance so inadequate that several thousand of their wounded fell into the Federa. hands, an insufficient number of surgeons being left with the wounded to give them the proper surgical attention. Among the dead were Major-Generals Pender, and Brigadier-Generals Barksdale (died on the battle field), Armistead (died in Fede- ral hospital several days after), Garnett (in Pickett's charge), and Semmes ; the wounded were Major-Generals Hood, Heth, and Trimble, and Brigadier-Gene- rals Kemper, Scales, Anderson, Pettigrew, wounded in the battle field and killed ADA31S COUNTY. 301 at Falling Waters, Hampton, Jones, and Jenkins. Generals Archer and Kemper were among the prisoners taken — the former captured with the Mississippi brio-- ade in the first day's fight, the latter abandoned in the Seminary hospital as mor- tally wounded on the retreat of his command. The excess in killed and wounded among the Confederates is due to the fact that General Lee was compelled, being the attacking party, to fight his men on more open ground. The numerical strength of the two armies is rather difficult to determine, but it is a safe state- ment to put General Lee's army, when it crossed the Potomac, at one hundred and five thousand men, with ninet3'-five thousand actively engaged ; the Federal scA'enty-five thousand, with sixty -five thousand actively engaged. Friday night passed away without any alarms — the Federals in doubt whether the fight was to be renewed on the following day, while General Lee was per- fecting his arrangements to successfully conduct his retrograde movement to the Potomac and the valley of the Shenandoah. Under the cover of the darkness General Ewell's corps was withdrawn from its line through the town and placed in the works on Seminary ridge. At an early hour on Saturday morning strong details from both armies began the solemn work of burying the dead and collect ing the wounded into the general hospitals. The dead of both armies were interred after the usual hasty manner of such burying parties, on the field where they fell. (Afterwards the Union dead were collected together in the National cemetery, with the exception of between one thousand and twelve hundred who were removed to their homes in the loyal States. The Confederate dead remained in their hasty graves, in the cultivated fields and rock}' timber land, with very little effort made to distinguish them from each other until after the war, when the bodies as far as possible were raised, coffined, and removed to places of inter- ment among their friends in the South.) The morning was hazy, and for several hours the rain fell in torrents. From an early hour General Lee was sending towards Hagerstown such of his wounded as could bear transportation or had been removed within his lines during the progress of the battle. After noon, he began withdrawing, by the roads leading through the mountain passes, his artil- lery and wagon trains, with which latter he was heavily loaded down — the pro- duct of the rich Pennsylvania farms upon which contributions had been levied right and left. By dark the whole Confederate army was in motion in the same direction, its retreat concealed and protected by a heavy rear column. The route taken was by Fairfield and the Monterey mountain gap. On Monday General Lee reached Hagerstown, and took position with his army. The pursuit by General Meade is thus given in his report : " The 5th and 6th of July were employed in succoring the wounded and burying the dead. Major General Sedgwick, commanding the 6th corps, having pushed the pursuit of the enemy as far as the Fairfield pass and the mountains, and reporting that the pass was very strong — one in which a small force of the enemy could hold in cheek and delay for a considerable time any pursuing force — I determined to follow the enemy by a flank movement, and accordingly, leaving Mcintosh's brigade of cavalry and Neil's brigade of infantry to continue harrassing the enemy, I put the army in motion for Middletown (Maryland), and orders were immediately sent to Major-General French, at Frederick, to re-occupy Harper's Ferry, and send a force to occupy Turner's Pass, in South mountair. I subse- 302 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. quently ascertained that Major-General French had not only anticipated these orders in part, but had pushed a cavalry force to Williamsport and Falling Waters, where they destroyed the enemy's pontoon bridge and captured its guard. Buford was at the same time sent to Williamsport and Hagerstown. The duty above assigned to the cavalry was most successfully accomplished, the enemy being greatly harrassed, his trains destroyed, and many captures of guns and prisoners made. After halting a day at Middletown to procure necessary supplies and bring up trains, the array moved through South moun- tain, and by the 12th of July was in front of the enemy, who occupied a strong position on the heights near the marsh which runs in advance of Williamsport. In taking this position, several skirmishes and affairs had been had with the enem}^, principally by the cavalry and the 6th corps. The 13th was occupi<^d in reconnoisances of the enemy's position and preparations for an attack, but on advancing on the morning of the 14th, it was ascertained that he had retired the night previous by the bridge at Falling Waters and ford at Williamsport. The cavalry overtook the rear guard at Falling Waters, capturing two guns and numerous prisoners. Previous to the retreat of tlie enem}^, Gregg's division of cavahy was crossed at Harper's Ferry, and coming up with the rear of the enemy at Charlestown and Shepardstown, had a spirited contest, in which the enemy was driven to Martinsburg and Winchester, and pursued and harrassed in his retreat." " The pursuit was resumed b}' a flank movement," continues General Meade in his report, " of the army, crossing the Potomac at Berlin and moving down the Loudon valley. The cavalry were immediately pushed into several passes of the Blue ridge, and having learned from servants of the withdrawal of the Con- federate army from the lower valley of the Shenandoali, the army (the 3d corps. Major General French, being in advance), was moved into Manassas gap, in the hope of being able to intercept a portion of the enemy in possession of the gap, which was disputed so successfully as to enable the rear guard to withdraw by the way of Strasburg. The Confederate array retiring to the Rapidan, a position was taken with this array on the line of the Rappahannock, and the campaign terminated about the close of July." The history of this battle would be incomplete without recording the part taken in it by the raw troops organized mostly in the States of Pennsylvania and New York, and assembled at Harrisburg by orders from the War Depart- ment. General Couch, the commander of this department, did all he could to organize for active service these troops, in connection with General W. F. Smith, who was assigned to the command of the 1st division. This division took position opposite Harrisburg when General Lee's army was advancing by the Cumberland valley, and constructed a system of earth-works for defence. As soon as Lee's retreat became known General Smith advanced up the valley with six thousand infantry, two batteries, and a small force of cavalry, and at Carlisle met General W. H. H. Lee, who expected to meet Ewell there. Lee attacked Smith with artillery, but the latter was so well posted that the attack was soon abandoned. General Smith advanced towards Chambersburg, followed by General Dana with the second division of Couch's command. General Couch now transferred his headquarters to Chambersburg, but General Lee soon after ADA3fS COUNTY. this withdrew with his whole arm\ to the south side of the Potomac, and two divisions saw no further service at this time. Gettysburg, a post borough and the county seat, stands on a beautiful plain mid- way between two slightl}^ elevated ridges a little more than a mile apart — the one to the west being known as Seminary ridge, while the one to the south-east is called Cemetery hill — and is 3 within easy view of js the South mountain, ^ eight miles distant, :3 which sweeps in a ma- 2 jestic curve far as the S eye can reach to the > south and north-east, x It is surrounded by 3 a fertile and well cultivated countrj-, which exports annuall}' large quantities of farm produce. It is noted for its pure and salubrious air, and has long been esteemed as one of the heal hiest districts in the State. The town was laid out by James Gettys about tlieyear IVSO, and has been named after him It became the county seat of Adams in 1800, and incorporated as i borough in 1807. The court house, jail, and almshouse are large and commodious build- i'lsrs. and are well 303 these adapted to their several uses. The private dwellings are generally built in a neat 304 HISTOB T OF PENNS TL VANIA. I and substantial manner, while a few of those more recently erected display much taste and elegance in their architecture and surroundings. Gettysburg branch of the Hanover Junction, Hanover, and Gettysburg railroad has its western terminus here, and is doing a fair business. It has changed hands several times, and is at present owned and worked by the Hanover company. It was formally opened to business on Thursday, December 16, 1859. A Lutheran Theological Seminary is located here, and is in a flourishing condition. This highly important and useful Institution, established by the General Synod, was opened for the reception of students in 1826. Dr. S. S. Schmucker, who was the first professor, served in that position for almost forty j^ears. Over five hundred men have been students in this seminary. It is under the control of a Board of Directors, chosen by eight surrounding synods. The present faculty consist of Rev. James A. Brown, D.D., professor of didactic theology, and chairman of the faculty ; Rev. Charles A. Hay, D.D., professor of Hebrew and the Old 'I estament exegesis, German language and literature, and pastoral theology ; Rev. E. J. Wolf, A.M., professor of Greek and New Testament exegesis, Biblical and ecclesiastical history and archaeology ; Rev. J. G. Morris, D.D., lecturer on pulpit elocution and the relations of science and revelation. Through the liberality of Rev. S. A. Holman, A.M., a lectureship on the Augsburg Confesssion has been endowed, and also another on " Methods in Ministerial Work," by John L. Rice, Esq., of Baltimore. An appropriate celebration of the fiftieth anniversary and a general reunion has recently taken place in connection with the commencement in June, 1876. The seminary edifice is a plain but handsome four-story brick building, 40 by 100 feet, occupying a commanding eminence on a ridge about half a mile to the west of tlie town, of which it commands a beautiful view. A number of rooms have been furnished by congregations and benevolent individuals, by which the expenses of indigent students are materially diminished. At a short distance on each side of the seminary are fine, large brick houses, occupied by professors in the institution. The library' of the seminary is one of the most valuable collections of theological works in this country, containing many volumes written in all the languages of Europe, and treating of every branch of theological science. A large number of these were procured in Germany by the Rev. Benjamin Kurtz, D.D., and many others, consisting of the latest and best works of English and American theological literature, were subsequently obtained through the personal exertions of Dr. Schmucker. Pennsylvania College is charmingly situated in the town. It had its origin in the wants of the community in general, and in those of the Theological Seminary in particular. Some of the applicants for admission to that institution being found deficient in classical attainments, it was resolved in 1827 to estab- lish a preparatory school, to be under the direction of the Lutheran Church, ^ and appointed Rev. S. S. Schmucker, D.D., and Rev. J. Herbst to select a teacher and make the necessary arrangements for the establishment of the school. Rev. D. Jacobs, A.M., was chosen as teacher, and in June, 1827, the school went into operation, as a preparatory department of the seminary. From this humble be- ginning it gradually rose to importance and influence. The school building was sold for debt in 1829, and was purchased by Dr. Schmucker, who divided the ADAMS COUNTY. 305 price of the purchase into shares of fiftj^ dollars each, which he induced promi- nent ministers in different parts of the country to purchase. Certain articles of agreement, which were duly executed, gave to the stockholders the management of the fiscal affairs of the school, and to the directors and professors of the Theological Seminary the selection of the teachers and the regulation of the course of study and discipline, and giving to the school the title of Gettysburg Gymnasium. Under the new management the number of pupils increased very rapidly. Rev. D. Jacobs died in 1830, and was succeeded in 1831 by Rev. H L. PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE, GETTYSBURG. Baugher, A.M., as Principal. The number of pupils continuing to increase, measures were adopted a few years later b}'^ which a charter was obtained from the Legislature incorporating the institution under the name of Pennsylvania College. The college was organized, under very favorable auspices, on the 4th of July, 1832, and went into full operation in October following. Professors in the different departments were at once appointed, Drs. Schmucker and Hazelius, of the Theological Seminary, serving temporarily' and gratuitously, the former as professor of intellectual and moral philosophy, the latter as professor of the Latin language. Rev. H. L. Baugher and Professor M. Jacobs, who had already established a high reputation as teachers in the Gymnasium, were regularly appointed, the former as professor of the Greek language and literature, and the latter as professor of mathematics and the physical sciences. Through the strenuous exertions of Thaddeus Stevens, who then (1833) represented Adams county in the Legislature, fifteen thousand dollars were appropriated by the Commonwealth to this institution, payable in five years. Without this opportune succor, it is doubtful if Pennsylvania College would have become an established fact. In October, 1834, Rev. C. P. Krauth, D.D., a gentleman of IT 306 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. ripe scholarship, became president of the college. From this time the college entered upon a career of great success and prosperity, other teachers and professors being added from time to time, as the needs of the institution required and its means justified. In connection with the college, and as a feeder to it, there is a preparatory department, in which instruction is given in all the branches usually embraced in a thorough English course, and affording to those who desire to prepare for business, or for college, every advantage for acquiring a knowledge of the elements of Latin, Greek, and mathematics. A large and commodious building was erected a few years ago on Carlisle Street, several hundred yards east of the college, for the use of the preparatory department, and has been named Stevens Hall, in honor of Thaddeus Stevens, a life- long fiiend of the college, who donated $500 for that purpose. Through the liberality of some of the friends of the college, an observatory has been erected and furnished with a full equipment of astronomical and meteorological instruments. A large equatorial telescope has been mounted, a transit instrument, an astronomical clock, and chronograph have been purchased, and are freely used for the general purposes of class instruction. A large gymnasium has also recently been erected, affording opportunity to students for exercise, recreation, and general physical culture. The students attend, under such regulations as they themselves, in their Gymnasium Associa- tion, establish, and ample time is afforded for voluntary exercise. The college library contains 7,200 valuable works. Each of the libraries of the two literary societies contains 6,000 volumes of well selected and standard volumes, to which additions are constantly made by donations and by appropriations of money for that purpose. Linnoen Hall stands a few rods west of the college building, contains a large and valuable collection of zoological specimens, minerals, fossils, coins, relics, antiquities, and other curiosities. The botanical collection is large and well arranged, and contains a full representation of American flora. Few colleges possess a more complete cabinet of minerals than the one now belong- ing to Pennsylvania College. The Soldiers' National Cemetery is by far the most attractive and sadly beau- tiful of the many points of interest on the field of Gettysburg. Here, beneath the soil they defended so well, repose the brave men who, after surviving many a hard-fought engagement, came at last to die on these beautil'ul hills and plains. Here, under the sod which so many of them drenched with their life's blood, rest the heroes who saved a nation, and whose noble deeds will ever merit a grateful people's remembrance. This cemetery embraces seventeen acres of gently rising ground south of the Baltimore turnpike, and adjoining Evergreen Cemetery Owing to the necessary haste with which everything had to be done during the battle, and for some days subsequent to it, many of our brave soldiers were but insufficiently buried. Indeed, many of those who fell during the first day's fight remained unburied until Monday, the sixth day following after Lee's retreat, when decomposition had so far progressed as to render anything like proper interment impossible. A few bodies received no burial whatever, and were left to be devoured by hogs and birds. In many cases the bodies were left as they fell, and were covered only by heaping a little loose earth over them. The rains 307 NATIONAL MONUMENT AT GETTYSBURG. fFrom a Photograph by W. H. Tipton & Co., Gettysborg.] 308 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANlA. soon washing off this meagre covering, the bodies were left exposed. As a gene- ral thing the marks on the graves, where marked at all, were but temporary, and were liable to be speedily obliterated by the action of the weather. Such was the spectacle that presented itself to Governor Curtin, who, shortly after the battle, visited the hospitals in and around Gettysburg for the purpose of ministering to the wants of the wounded and dying. The Governor and a few friends, among whom was David Wills, of Gettysburg, at once conceived the idea of taking measures for collecting these remains and burying them decently and in order, in a cemetery to be provided for the purpose. Mr. Wills accordingly submitted a proposition and plan for this purpose, by letter dated July 24, 1863, to Governor Curtin. The Governor promptly approved the measure, and directed Mr. Wills to correspond with the Governors of the diffe- rent States with a view to securing their co-operation and aid. The project was seconded with great promptness by all the executives addressed on the subject. Grounds favorably situated were selected by Mr. Wills, as agent for Governor Curtin, and purchased for the State of Pennsylvania, " for the specific purpose of the burial of the soldiers who fell in defence of the Union in the battle of Gettysburg, and that lots in this cemetery should be gratuitously tendered to each State having such dead on the field. The expenses of the removal of the dead, of the laying out, ornamenting, and enclosing the grounds, and erecting a lodge for the keeper, and of constructing a suitable monument to the memory of the dead, to be borne by the several States, and assessed in proportion to their population." The grounds embraced in this cemetery are those on which the Federa. line of battle rested on the second and third days of July, and constitute the most urominent and important position on the whole battle-field. They have been tastefully laid out with walks and lawns, and planted with trees and shrubs. The cemetei'y proper is located on the central and highest portion of the grounds, next the citizens' burial-ground, and is in the form of a semi-circle, within which the bodies of the fallen soldiers are interred in sections, a large granite block with suitable inscription marking the section for each State respectively, with the number of bodies in each. The head-stones to the graves are all alike, and form a continuous line of granite blocks, rising nine inches above the ground, and having the name, company, and regiment, of each soldier sculptured on it. The entrance to the cemetery-grounds is on the Baltimore turnpike, through a large iron gateway, appropriately ornamented, with a beautiful iron fence the wh">le length of the front. The interments in the National Cemetery are as follows: Maine, 104; New Hampshire, 49 ; Vermont, 61 ; Massachusetts, 159; Rhode Island, 12 ; Connecti- cut, 22 ; New York, 867 ; New Jersey, T8 ; Pennsylvania, 534 ; Delaware, 15 ; Maryland, 22; West Virginia, 11 ; Ohio, 181 ; Indiana, 80 ; Illinois, 6 ; Michigan, 171 ; Wisconsin, 73 ; Minnesota, 52 ; United States regulai's, 138 ; three lots with unknown dead, 979 — total, 3,564. The care of the cemetery by commissioners from so many States being found inconvenient and burdensome, it was resolved by the board of managers, June 22, 1871, to enter into negotiations with the Secretary of War for its transfer to the General Government. After some correspondence and several conferences, ADAMS COUNTY. 309 the cemetery was finally transferred to the United States, and on the 1st day of May, 1872, the National Government took formal and complete possession and control of it. The National monument, so grand in conception, so happy in design, and so beautiful in execution, occupies a commanding position near the semi-circle of graves, and was erected by the several States in memorj'^ of the brave men who here offered up their lives on the altar of their country. The design of the monument is purely historical, and has been executed in a manner so strikingly natural and truthful that any discerning mind will at a glance comprehend its full meaning and purpose. The superstructure is sixt}^ feet high, and consists of a massive pedestal of light grey granite, from Westei'ly, Rhode Island, twenty-five feet square at the base, and is crowned with a colossal statue of white marble, representing the Genius of Liberty. Standing upon a three-quarter globe, she holds with her right hand the victor's wreath of laurel, while with her left she clasps the victorious sword. Projecting from the angles of the pedestals are four buttresses, supporting an equal number of allegorical statues of white marble, representing respectively. War, History, Peace, and Plenty. . . . War is personified by a statue of an American soldier, who, resting from the conflict, relates to History the story of the battle which this monument is intended to commemorate. History, in listening attitude, records with stylus and tablet the achievements of the field, and the names of the honored dead. . . . Peace is symbolized by a statue of the American mechanic, characterized by appropriate acces- Bories. . . . Plenty is represented by a female figure, with a sheaf of wheat and the fruits of the earth, typifying peace and abundance as the soldier's crowning triumph. This beautiful monument and statuary were designed by J. G. Batterson, of Hartford, Connecticut, and were executed in Italy under the immediate supervision of Randolph Rogers, the distinguished American sculptor. The main die of the pedestal is octagonal in form, paneled upon each face. The cornice and plinth above are also octagonal, and are heavily moulded. Upon this plinth rests an octagonal moulded base bearing upon its face, in high relief, the National arms. The upper die and cap are circular in form, the die being encircled by stars equal in number with the States, whose sons gave up their lives as the price of the victory won at Gettysburg. This monument, as it stands, cost $50,000. The purchase of the ground, the removal and re-interring of the dead, the granite head-stones, the stone wall and iron fence, the gateway and the porter's lodge, and the laying out and orna- mentation of the grounds, cost about $80,000. The Reynolds statue cost $10,000 — thus making the cost of the cemetery, and everything pertaining to it, about $140,000. The first object of special interest that presents itself on entering the cemetery is the beautiful statue erected to the memory of Major-General John Fulton Reynolds, who fell early in the first day's action. It is of bronze, of heroic size, standing on a pedestal of Quincy granite. The right hand, holding a field glass, hangs loosely at his side, while the left grasps the hilt of his 3 1 HIS TO E Y OF PENNS YL YA NIA . sword. The ^ce is turned towards the north-west, the direction from which the enemy was advancing, and the direction in which he was looking when he received his death wound. The statue was cast at the foundry of Messrs. Robert Wood & Co., Philadelphia, from a model furnished by Mr. J. Q. A. Ward, of New York. The artist has given his subject an easy, graceful, and life-like attitude, and makes him look every inch the true soldier that he was. The Katalysine springs, which have be- come so celebrated as a resort for invalids, are situate two miles west of Gettysburg, near Wil- loughby's run, and are embraced within the area of the first day's battle- field. LiTTLESTO\yN, for- merly called Petersburg, is the second town in size and importance in the county, and in 1870 contained a population of 847. It is on the Gettys- l)urg and Baltimore turn- pike, and is ten miles south-east from the for- mer place. The Frede- rick and Pennsylvania Line railroad passing through the place, has added much to its business prosperity. The town is pleasantly located, in a fertile and highly improved country, and presents a fine appearance. The town was formerly a part of Germany township, having been incorporated as a borough by decree of C H Id u < o o o o u > ^ :^ u S o j t^ ^ u u J > <; <: o ^ o iz: 2 H ::^ ^ ^ > o 4 O i^ •-' > ^ h Q O > H ^ H 3: (V. X '> O 00 si to X Q u ^ W M > .J X Q^ ^ <-»-< P^ tq M <^ H ^ Q (^ ^ u S H W h > ^ H X O o H u ^ > 5^^ t3 ^ W ^ to Q^ u :^ 3 ^ ty Q > J to , tX to U Oh Oi ALLEGHENY COUNTY: 319 crowned with a mound which guarded an opening in the wall near hj. Scarcely a vestige now remains, but we have seen it recently stated that a small mound is still to be seen on the ridge at McKee's rocks below the mouth of the same stream. It was the locality of Shingas, the famous Indian warrior. There were numerous Indian villages within the present limits of Allegheny county, but except in the historical details of one hundred and twenty years ago, nothing remains of the royalty which swayed the inhabitants of the Ohio. The principal of these was Shannopin's town. It was situated, says Mr. Darlington, on the banks of the Allegheny river, now in the corporate limits of the City of Pittsburgh. It was small, had about twenty families of Delawares, and was much frequented by the traders. By it ran the main Indian path from the East to the West. In April, 1730', Governor Thomas, at Philadeli>iiia, received a message from "the Chieffs of ye Delewares at Allegaening, on the main road," taken down (written) by Edmund Cartlidge, and interpreted by James Letort, noted traders. Among the names signed to the letter is that of " Shannopin his >< mark." The chief's message was to explain the cause of the death of a white man named Hart, and the wounding of another, Robeson, occasioned by rum, the bringing such great quantities into the woods, they desii'ed the Governor to sup- press, as well as to limit the number of traders. Shannopin's name is signed to several documents in, the archives of the State. He appeared occasionally^ at Councils held with the Governor. He died in 1740. Towards the close of the seventeenth century the French, through the adventures and discoveries of LaSalle, Marquette, and others, gained a most excellent knowledge of the country of tiie Ohio and Mississippi, and at once measures were adopted looking to the extension of the French empire, claiming the vast territory west of the AUeghenies. As early as 1719 the French began actively to erect a line of forts for the purpose of connecting Canada with the valley of the Mississippi, but it was not until 1749 that measures were taken to exfeend their trade with the Indians on the Allegheny. The year previous a movement had been made towards a permanent settlement on the Ohio river by the English colonies. Thomas Lee, one of His Majesty's council in Virginia, formed the design of effecting a settlement on the wild lands west of the Allegheny mountains, through the agency of an association of gentlemen. Before this date there were no English residents in those regions. A few traders wandered from tribe to tribe, and dwelt among the Indians, but they neither cultivated nor occupied the land. Mr. Lee associated with liiraself Mr. Hanbury, a merchant from London, and twelve persons in Virginia and Marj'land, composing the " Ohio Land Company." One-half million acres of land were granted them, to be taken principall}' on the south side of the Ohio, between the Monongahela and Kanahawa, and on which they wei'e required to settle one hundred families and erect and maintain a fort. The Englishmen claimed title under a charter of Charles II., strengthened by a treaty with the Six Nations. In 1749, Captain Louis Celoron, a French officer, was dispatched by the Governor-General of New France (Canada) to take possession of the country along the Allegheny and Ohio rivers. He performed that duty, and deposited leaden plates bearing inscriptions at the mouths of the prominent streams. Several of the plates were eventually secured. The one placed at Venango was 320 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. dated 29th July, 1749,* at forks of the Ohio, 3d August, 1149, and at mouth of Kanahawa, 18th August, 1749. In 1750 Christopher Gist was dispatched by the Ohio Company to make explorations, and also an examination of the Ohio on the south side to within fifteen miles of the Falls. In June, 1752, a conference was held at Logstown, fourteen miles below Pittsburgh, on the right bank of the Ohio, with the Indian chiefs of the neighboring tribes. The commissioners, consisting of Colonel Fry, Captain Loamax, and Mr. Patton, desired an explanation of the treaty held at Lancaster in 1744, when the Delaware Indians ceded to the English the lands on the Ohio. The chiefs objected, stating that there was " no sale of lands west of the warrior's road which ran at the foot of the Allegheny ridge." The Commis- sioners finally induced them, by the offer of presents, to ratify the treaty and relinquish the Indian title to lands south of the Ohio and east of the Kanahawa. Soon after the treaty at Logstown, Gist was appointed surveyor of the Ohio Company, and directed to lay out a town and fort near the mouth of Chartier's creek. It seems, however, that this project was abandoned, and subsequently the location was changed to the forks of the Ohio. About this time (1753) the Fi'ench, as referred to previously, were carrying out their grand scheme for uniting Canada with Louisiana, and it was decided to erect one fort at Logstown and one at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela. In the prosecution of this scheme, and to enforce their claim to the whole country on the Ohio, they seized the storehouse at the former place belonging to the traders, with all the goods and skins, amounting to the value of twenty thousand pounds. In the fall of 1753, accounts were received that a considerable French force had arrived at Presqu'Isle, on their way to the Ohio ; and in October of that j'^ear, George Washington was selected as a messenger, to proceed by the way of Logstown to the French commandant, wherever he might be found, to demand information as to the object of the French troops. Washington departed imme- diately from Williamsburg, and arrived at the forks about the 23d or 24th of November, 1753. He examined the point, and thought it a favorable position for a fort. He then proceeded to Logstown — and thence to the French comman- dant at Le BcEuf, from whom he received a very unsatisfactory reply. mmediately on the return of Washington to Virginia, Captain Trent, with a company of troops, was directed to proceed to the Ohio, and establish himself at that locality. In the early part of 1754 was commenced the first building on the site whei-e Pittsburgh now stands. Of the arrival of the French convoy, the capitulation and the retiring of the English, and of the important events which transpired in this section of Pennsylvania during the expeditions of Gene- rals Braddock, Forbes, and Bouquet, we have alluded in the general history. By reference thereto, it will be seen that the French retained possession of For*-. Duquesne from the 17th of April, 1754, to the 24th of November, 1758. This position, of course, gave them an influence over the neighboring Indians, which was so used as to inflict upon the frontier settlers much distress and bloodshed. The importance of this position, in a military point of view, was duly appreci- *ror translation of the one at Frencli creek, see History of Venango county. ALLEGHUIfT COUNTY. 321 ated by the English, and early and energetic efforts were therefore adopted to expel the French. Upon its occupancy by General Forbes' army in 1758, the English proceeded to the erection of works for the defence of the post. A small square stockade with a bastion at each angle was constructed on the banks of the Monongahela between the present site of Liberty and West streets in Pittsburgh. This was only intended for temporary use, for in the year following, General Stanwix erected more substantial works, which in honor of the then British Premier, he named Fort Pitt. In 1764, Colonel Bouquet built a redoubt on the site of the fort which is stiL standing. It is simplj^ a square stone building, and is located north of Penn street west of Point street, a few feet back of Brewery alley. The first town of Pittsburgh was built near the Fort, in 1760. It was divided into the upper and lower town. In a carefully prepared list of the houses and inhabitants outside of the fort, made for Colonel Bouquet, April 15, 1761, by Captain William Clapham, and headed "A return of the number of houses, of the names of owners, and number of men, women, and children, in each house. Fort Pitt, April 14, 1761," the number of inhabitants is two hundred and thirty-three men, women, and children, with the addition of ninety-five officers, soldiers, and their families residing in the town, making the whole number three hundred and thirty-two. Houses, one hundred and four. The lower town was nearest the fort, the upper on tlie higher ground, principally along the bank of the Monon- gahela, extending as far as the present Market Street. In this list of the early inhabitants are the well-known names of George Croghan, William Trent, John Ormsby, John Campbell, Bphraim Blaine, and Thomas Small. Settlements were also made along the Monongahela and its tributaries, and the inhabitants seem to have enjoyed comparative quiet, until the year 1763, when, during the Pontiac war, Fort Pitt was completely surrounded by the savage foe, who cut off all communication with the interior of the country, and greatly annoyed the garrison by an incessant discharge of musketry and arrows. The post was finally relieved by Colonel Bouquet, who in the following year retaliated by marching with a sufficient force to the Muskingum, and there dictated terms of peace to the hostile tribes of the north-west. The second town of Pittsburgh was laid out in 1765, by Colonel John Camp- bell, by permission of the commanding officer at Fort Pitt. It comprised the ground within Water, Market, Second, and Ferry streets. Campbell's plan of lots was subsequently incorporated unaltered in the survey made by George Woods for the Penns in 1784, and is known as the " Old Military Plan." Two of the houses built on lots in that plan are now standing on Water street, near Ferry. They are constructed of hewn logs weatherboarded. These, with the two on the southeast corner of Penn and Marbury (Third) street, formerly owned and occupied by General Richard Butler and his brother, Colonel William, are the oldest in Pittsburgh or west of the Alleghenies. Of course the old brick redoubt of Colonel Bouquet before referred to, between the Point and Penn street, is excepted. It, however, was not originally built for a dwel- ling-house, but as an outwork or addition to Fort Pitt. From this period until the close of the Revolutionary war but little improve- V 322 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. meut was made at Fort Pitt. The fear of Indian hostilities, or the actua. existence of Indian warfare, prevented immigration. In 1775, the number of dwelling-houses within the limits of Fort Pitt did not, according to the most authentic accounts, exceed twenty-five or thirty. During the Revolution, the Penn family being adherents of the British government, the Assembly confiscated all their property except certain manors &c., of which surveys had been actually made and returned into the land-office prior to the 4th of July, 177G, and also except any estates which the Proprieta- ries held in their private capacities by devise, purchase, or descent. Pittsburgh, and the country eastward of it and south of the Monongahela, containing 5,766 acres, composed one of these manors (surveyed in 1769), and of course remained as the property of the Penns. In the spring of 1784, arrangements were made by Tench Francis, the agent of the Proprietaries, to lay out the Manor of Pitts- burgh in town and out-lots, and to sell them without delay. For this purpose he engaged George Woods, of Bedford, an experienced surveyor, to execute the work. The manor lots found a ready sale, and in 1786, Judge Brackenridge, then a young attorney in the new town, estimated the number of houses at one hundred, and the population at about five hundred. Previous to this there were no buildings outside the fort, except those already noticed occupied by Indian traders and a few mechanics and soldiers' families. The inhabitants of Allegheny county took a conspicuous part in the " Whiskey Insurrection" of 1794. Liberty poles were erected and people assembled in arms and compelled the officers of the Excise to leave the country or resign. Their object was to compel a repeal of the law and not to subvert the govern- ment, but they unfortunately pursued the wrong course to effect their object. From 1790 to 1800, says Harris, the business of Pittsburgh and the West was small, but gradually improving. The fur trade was the most important. Con- siderable supplies of goods were received from the Illinois country by barges. On the 19th of May, 1798, the galley President Adams was launched at Pittsburgh. She was the first vessel built then competent for a sea voyage, and was constructed by order of the government of the United States, in its prepa- rations for the threatened war with France. In July, the Senator Ross was ready to launch, but on account of low water it was not accomplished until the spring of 1799. In the spring of 1797, arrangements were made by James O'Hara and Isaac Craig, for the erection of the first glass works in Pittsburgh, and William Eich- baum, superintendent of glass works at the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, engaged to direct the building of the works. This was the beginning of that business now so extensively carried on. So many difficulties, however, were encountered that after a few years Major Craig retired. General O'Hara persevered, and after a very large expenditure of money and labor succeeded in the manufac- ture of glass. During this year the first paper-mill west of the Alleghenies was erected at Pittsburgh. In 1802-3 Pittsburgh and the country around it were greatly excited by the impeachment and subsequent removal of Alexander Addison, then president iudge of the judicial district. This was owing to party spirit which during the administration of the elder Adams ran exceedingly high. ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 323 From 1802 to 1805 four ships, three brigs, and three schooners were built at Pittsburgh, while two vessels were constructed at Elizabethtown. On the first day of January, 1804, a branch of the Bank of Pennsylvania was established here in a stone building on the east side of Second Street, between Ferry Street and Chancery Lane. During that year the first iron foundry was erected by Joseph McClurg. The year 1811 inaugurated a revolution in the commerce and noted an epoch in the history of Pittsburgh well worthy of commemoration. In this j^ear the genius of Fulton and the theory of Fitch had a practical and successful test in the application of steam as a propelling power to vessels against a strong cur rent. The year previous [1810], Messrs. Fulton, Livingston, and Rossevilt, constituting a firm, organized for the purpose of testing Fulton's plan, com- menced the building of a boat, the dimensions of which were — keel, a hundred and thirty-eight feet ; burden, some three hundred tons, cabin below deck, port- holes, bow-sprit, &c. Forty thousand dollars were invested in this enterprise, and in March, 1811, the first steamboat ever built or run on western waters was launched at Pittsburgh, and duly christened the New Orleans, On the 24th of December this steamboat left for the Crescent city. The New Orleans arrived safely at her destination. Shortly after she went into the regular packet trade between Natchez and New Orleans, in which she continued two 3^ears, clearing $20,000 the first. In 1814 she was snagged and lost near Baton Rouge. The second steamboat constructed at this port was the Comet, launched in 1813. In 1814 the Mississippi steamboat company built the Vesuvius and -^tna. From this time onward, for a period of fifty years, the number of boats constructed at Pittsburgh was immense, and the progress and development of the place was rapid. During the war of 1812, Pittsburgh sent a company into the North-western territory to join the command of General Harrison that won a lasting fame for its bravery. It was named the Pittsburgh Blues, and was under the command of Captain James R. Butler. The Blues fought at Fort Meigs and Mississineway, losing a number of their men in those contests. Pittsburgh, by an act of Assembly at the sessions of 1815-16, became a city — taking its date from March 18, 1816. At the first election for municipal officers under the city charter, Major Ebenezer Denny was chosen mayor. In August 1825, a convention of the friends of internal improvements, con- sisting of delegates from forty-six counties of the State, met at Harrisburg, and passed resolutions in favor of " opening an entire and complete communication from the Susquehanna to the Allegheny and Ohio, and from the Alleghen^^ to Lake Erie, by the nearest and most practicable route." The Juniata and Cone- maugh was reported the " most practicable route " by the commission appointed by the Governor in 1824, to explore a route for a canal from Harrisburg to Pitts- burgh. The report was adopted and the work let. In the fall of 1827 water was let into the levels at Leechburg from the " seven-mile " or Leechburg dam, but the inexperience of the contractors and workmen who had built the canal below caused innumerable difficulties. To remedy the evil occupied the balance of the fall and winter. The first canal boat ever built or run west of the mountains, was the General 324 EISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VAN I A. Abner Lacock. She was built at Apollo, Armstrong county, by Philip Dally, under the auspices of Patrick Leonard of Pittsburgh. She was intended as a freio"ht and passenger packet, had berths and curtains, after the style of the steamboats of those days. In the fall of 1834, the Philadelphia and Columbia, and the Allegheny portage railroads were completed, giving a through line to Pittsburgh, and the same month an emigrant's boat from the North Branch of the Susquehanna, passed over the inclined planes on trucks with the family in it, was launched at Johnstown, reached Pittsburgh, was run into the Ohio, and pursued its course down that river to Cairo, and was towed up the Mississippi to St. Louis. The completion of this through route gave to Pittsburgh a fresh impetus, and tended largely toward the opening up of the mineral resources of Western Pennsylvania. The salt of the Kiskiminetas soon became an important branch of traffic and barter in the east, and gave employment to a large number of men. Blast furnaces, bloomeries, etc., sprang into existence along its line, and a general life and thrift was manifest from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia. In Pittsburgh, for a time, the forwarding and commission business absorbed all other branches of trade with capitalists. The business man who had not stock or some kind of an interest in some of the lines of boats on the canals, or the steamboats or other modes of transportation on the rivers, was not regarded as either wealthy or enterprising. In 1834, an experimental trip was made from Pittsburgh to Johnstown with a little steamboat, but not proving satisfactory for many reasons, all ideas of applying steam to canal boats was abandoned. In 1835 the Erie canal, or tlie greater portion of it, was put into operation, opening up another large mineral and agricultural field to Pittsburgh, where the products found a ready market, and augmented the amount of business done there. The boats reached Pittsburgh by being towed by steam-tugs up the Ohio from the mouth of Beaver creek, twenty-six miles below the city. Soon after this a canal called the Cross-cut was built, connecting the Erie with the Ohio canal at Akron, Ohio. The junction of the Erie and Cross-cut was made at the mouth of the Mahoning river, in tlie Beaver valley, some four miles below New Castle. By this connection, long before there vvas a railroad in the West, freight could be shipped to Cleveland, Erie, Buffalo, Detroit, Portsmouth, Chillicothe, and other iatermediat3 paints, without breaking bulk. All these advantages, taken in connection with the fact of Pittsburgh being the head of navigation of the western and south-western waters, it is little to be wondered at that she became a nucleus for all blanches of trade, and a power in the manu- facturing world. In 1836 was commenced the improving of the Monongahela by locks and dams, to meet the efforts of Marylanders east of the mountains, and opening a channel of commerce with Pittsburgh by way of the Potomac canal to Cumber- and, and the Cumberland pike to Brownsville. Alter much opposition the work was completed in 1844, and it proved to be one of the greatest features of the Iron City's success. The pools or slack water offered ample harbors for the loading of coal boats and barges, and the coal trade of the Monongahela has ever since been the source of great revenue to the company which, under the ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 325 lead of General James K. Moorhead, constructed it, to the exporters and the public generally. In 1839 the Valley Forge, the first iron steamboat made in the United States, was built at Pittsburgh. On the tenth day of April, 1845, occurred the great fire at Pittsburgh, burning over a space of fifty-six acres. The aggregate loss of property amounted to over five millions of dollars, and many fiimilies were rendered homeless. Aid came in freely from the neighboring towns and cities, while the Legislature, then in session, made an appropriation of fifty thousand dollars to relieve the distressed inhabitants, of which amount, however, only thirty thousand dollars was drawn from the Treasury. On the 29th of March, 1872, the consolidation of the Southside with Pittsburgh was eflfected by an act of the Assembly, which bill received the sanction of the Governor on the 2d of April, following. The Southside included eleven boroughs, having a population of 35,000 — Birmingham. East Birmingham, Ormsb}', Allen- town, St. Clair, South Pittsburgh, Monongahela, Mt. Washington, Union, West Pittsburgh, and Temperanceville. Although the details herewith given are in fact the history of Pittsburgh itself, there are other matters connected with that city to which we will make reference. Pittsburgh is the second city of Pennsylvania in population and importance. It is substantially and compactly built, and con- tains many fine residences, par- ticularly in the east section. A large number of the principal avenues are graded and paved. Horse cars run through the principal streets and to the suburbs. Seven bridges span the Allegheny river and five the Monongahela... From its situation, Pittsburgh enjoys excellent commercial facilities, and has become the centre of an extensive commerce with the Western States ; of its industrial resources we have referred to in full. The extent of its iron manufactories has given it the appellation of the "Iron City," while the heavy pall of smoke that constantly overhangs it. produced by burning bituminous coal in all the dwelling-houses and manufacturing establishments, has caused it to be styled the "Smoky City." Sraithfield street is the ]n-incipal business thorough- fare, and trade is very active in Penn and Liberty streets and Fifth avenue, which contain many handsome retail stores. Among the public buildings are the municipal hall, corner of Sinithfield and Virgin streets, costing seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars, with a granite front and a massive central tower ; the Court House, a solid stone edifice, corner of Fifth avenue and Grant street, with a columned portico, and surmounted by a dome ; the custom house CITY HAT.L, PITT.SBURGH. 32g JUSTOB T OF PENNS YL VANIA. and post office, a commodious structure of stone, corner of Smithfield street and Fifth avenue- and the United States Arsenal, a group of spacious buildings standing in the midst of ornamental grounds in the northeast section of the city. The new and elegant building of the Mercantile Library is in Penn street; it cost two hundred and fifty thousany the way of the New York canals to the lakes, or south by way of Baltimore and the national turnpike to Wheeling, Virginia, and partly over the Pennsylvania turnpike roads from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, and from Pittsburgh down the Ohio by steamboats. And all these missed any sight of Beaver county's natural beauties and advantages. The price of passage in a stage coach from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, for some time before and after 1830, was $18 to $20 and $22 ; and freight charges by Conestoga wagons were, from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, from three cents to five cents per pound ; and the time occupied in travel between the two cities in the fastest stage line was three and one-half to four days and nights ; and even until the railroads from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh were in operation, or until telegraphic lines were established, an answer to a letter sent from Beaver post office could not be received at that office in less time than eight to ten days. And even after the completion of the public works, and until about the close of our last war, the close proximity of Beaver to Pittsburgh, instead of working to promote the growth of Beaver county, operated to its disadvantage in various ways. The Pittsburghers labored to impress upon strangers from the East and elsewhere who were looking and inquiring for sites to engage in the erection of BEAVER COUNTY. 343 works, factories, &c., that coal in Pittsburgh was so cheap, and an engine of sufficient power for their purposes would cost so little, and could be got upon such terms there, and which could all be paid out of their daily profits, and had so many hard things to urge against water power generally, and there particularly, that they — seekers — were deterred from locating in Beaver count}-. Another fact — as argued — which operated against establishing industrial works in Beaver, was that Beaver county had no banking accommodations ; whereas, Pittsburgh had a great abundance of banking and exchange facilities ; that while a business man or a manufacturer wishing to get his bills of exchanoe cashed would be required, under the rules, if living out of the county — city — to furnish two acceptable city endorsers, or go to a broker and pay him according as he could make terms. Before the Pennsylvania public improvements were completed, the market for flour, grain, manufactured goods of all kinds, was the " home mai'ket " and the Ohio river and western waters, up to the year 1830. The war of 1812 with Great Britain caused a check upon the growth and prosperity of the count}' in population and business. Many of the citizens entered the army and went to the frontiers, and generally supported the government most zealously. The law of April, 1792, opened up the " territory north and west of the Ohio " to occupancy, which was previously an uninhabited wilderness, and had been in possession of the Indians until after General Wayne's treaty of Green- ville in 1195, and for a year or more thereafter considered to be unsafe for families to settle in. Under this law of 1792 great troubles arose, and great litigation and almost never-ending lawsuits grew out of disputes between those claiming " title under purchase from the State," and those claiming under "settlement and improvement." This retarded the growth and improvement of Beaver for more than fifty j^ears. One case may be named as a proof for this. General Daniel Brodhead, an officer in service under General George Wash- ington, when in command at Fort Pitt, became well acquainted with the " Falls of Beaver and the Black Walnut Bottom on the west side of Beaver river." Aware of the great value of the site for manufacturing purposes, when this law of April, 1792, was passed, he, on the day of its passage, made purchase of warrants for two tracts of four hundred acres each, covering the Black Walnut Bottom and the " middle falls of Beaver." In August, 1801, he sold these two tracts of land to David Hoopes, of Chester county, for three thousand dollars, receiving one hundred dollars on account, binding himself to make good title and give possession at a fixed time. David Hoopes, with a company of friends, went out the same year to take possession of the land, and to begin building mills, etc., but found it in possession of " settlers," claiming the land under " settlement and improvement." He was obliged to buy fift}' acres, embracing some of the bottom and water power, and the next year began making improvements. An iron-blast furnace was built, also a grist-mill, saw-mill, &c. ; and in 1806 a town plot was made, lots sold, and under various firms — Hoopes, Townsend & Co. ; J. Wilson & Co. ; Barker, Greege & Co. ; and 0. Ormsby. Until the year 1818, a large business was done in the " Brighton " estate, when, owing to the general financial depression, the furnaces could not be worked with profit, and the mills, furnace, forge, &c., were permitted to become dilapi- 344 HISTOB T OF PENNS YL VANIA. dated and ruinous. Previous to this time, the Harmony Society, then located in Butler county, would have purchased the place — these two tracts of land and the improvements thereon — for $32,000, but for the disputes about the title of a large part thereof. Had it not been for this defect in title, this numerous and influential society would have taken and improved it instead of removing to the State of Indiana, which they did shortl}' afterwards. General Brodhead institu- ted suit in the United States Court of Equity in Philadelphia, and obtaining a judgment, in his favor dispossessed the original settlers, some of them leasing pirt of the land from him and others leaving the place altogether. The population in 1810 was 12,168, which had inci*eased at the census of 1820 to 15,340. The most important event during the decade thereafter, causing the increase of population, business, etc., was the coming into the county of the Harmony Society from Harmony, Indiana, in the year 1825, and locating upon a large tract of land on the Ohio river, possessing one of the most beautiful of the very many sites for a town or city, upon which they laid out the town of Economy, and erected factories, mills, and workshops. The Society added largely to the population, and made a market for many agricultural products, wool, etc. Their industry, economy in gardening, and in fruit culture, had a most inspiring and stimulating effect, constantly growing to the present time. The population had increased by the census of 1830 to 24,206. The influence of a protective tariff" and the United States bank, which had done so much for Eastern Pennsylvania, had for good reached even west and north of the Ohio river to Beaver county. James Patterson, a citizen of Philadelphia, on a visit to Pittsburgh and the West, was by an accident induced to visit Beaver county, in the spring of 1829, and falling in love with the water-power, etc., at Brighton, on the Beaver river, purchased the estate embracing about thirteen hundred acres. The old works were in a state of ruin and decay. He removed his family, machinery, etc., the same year, and began some improvements of the property. He erected a flour-mill, in which, during a number of years, he did a thriving business in purchasing wheat in the country around, making extra famil}^ flour for the Philadelphia market. During the working of the Pennsylvania public improvements, large quantities were sent to the East. He also built a cotton factory, spinning coarse yarns for a market, and much of which he had made by local weavers into plaids, checks, etc., and giving employment to many work-people, spreading more money through the country than had ever been done before. At this time, and until the good eflects of the working of the canals, etc., after completion were felt, the price of wheat at the Falls was forty to fifty cents per bushel — fifty cents per day for a laboring man, or a country carpenter; very good coal delivered for four and one-half to five cents per bushel. The pi-ice paid the digger was one cent and five-eighths per bushel. The purchase and cash price paid to Mr. Oliver Ormsby, of (near) Pittsburgh, Allegheny count}^, made quite an impression, and was the cause of much real estate in the county changing hands and many improvements of importance being made. The progress and completion in the county of the State canal to New Castle, produced a sensible effect upon the spirits of the people and upon values generally. The people of the eounty received with great approval the public school law, BEAVER COUNTY. 345 and put it in force by building school-houses, etc., early after its passage, and it has grown with the people since, until it is now a great power for good. The chartering b}^ the State of Pennsylvania of the United States Bank, and establishing a branch thereof in New Brighton, had considerable influence at the time and for a few years thereafter, in stimulating and promoting real busi- ness and improvements, as also of all manner of wild speculation. Manufac- turers and owners of real estate were induced not only to enlarge their fac- tories, and work shops, but to build additional ones, and to embark in new and large business operations, requiring much money, which they were led to believe they could obtain abundantly from their branch bank. Everything went on swimmingly till the mother bank in Philadelphia failed, and assignt'd the in- debtedness due to the branch in New Brighton to Philadelphia Bank " Trustees," when great distress and ruin fell upon many of the people and the business of the county, and values of real estate and other property were prostrate and almost entirely without a price in the market. The effects of the so-called panic of 1873 are not to be compared with the consequences of this failure of the United States Bank in Beaver county. Under the labor, influence, and cost of a citizen of the county, a verj^ large amount of these debts due in Beaver county, apf)roximating $200,000, was compromised and paid, by the assignments of cash, real estate, bank stocks, etc., to the verj^ great benefit of debtor and creditor. By these compromises, most of the manufacturers were enabled, at least in a small way, to resume operations and gradually, but slowly, confidence and business revived again. The population of the county, as per census of 1840, had grown to be 29,368. During the time from 1840 to 1850 the county interests continued to labor under the bad influences of the failure of the bank referred to, and the general depres- sion of business and losses incurred by some of her manufacturers by the great fire of 1845 in Pittsburgh, but trade and population gradually improved. The census of 1850 showed the population to be 26,689. This reduction in the number of inhabitants was caused by the act of the Legislature, March 20, 1849, b^^ which a part of Beaver county territory was taken to form Lawrence county, and Beaver lost thereby 9,130 of her citizens. The contract for build- ing the Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad through this county was made April 24, 1850. The first locomotive passed up Beaver creek as far as Block House run, July 30, 1851. The first "excursion train " came from Pittsburgh, 23d October, 1851, and passed beyond the summit towards Alliance, Ohio. Under the influence of general prosperity in the East, and under the hopes inspired by the railroad enterprises in and through the county, an eastern company purchased, in 1853, through a real estate agent, James Patterson's estate, mills, etc., at Brighton, on the B. aver, and also from Ovid Pinne}' his large projierty at Rochester, on the Ohio. Great expectations were formed of the good results to the general interests from this purchase and the improve- ments which were expected to follow. But after a very sickly existence and unwise management, and the loss of the cotton factory and the original machinery therein from fire, by the act of an incendiary, and much damage to the property otherwise, the company utterly failed, and the owner, holding a mortgage for most of the purchase mone^-, had a long and most vexatious suit 346 BISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. at law to dispossess them, and was sued for $70,000 damages, because in the deed of mortgage it was stipulated that one per cent, should annually be paid, over six per cent., to cover State or municipal taxes upon money at interest. The census of 1860 finds the population to be 29,140. The panic of 1857 had a very bad influence upon business in the county, as had also the two first years of our late war. The great majority of the people sustained the Government in the war with great zeal and spirit, promptly fui-nishing volunteers and recruits for the army as required of them, and as promptly paid all taxes and income. Each borough and township was made a military district, and furnished its quota of men as they were called, and paid their recruits in cash at the time, the bounty agreed upon to each, the county incurring no debt or obligation for this purpose. And owing to this fact the county has for a number of years past been free from debt. There is probably no county in the State which in proportion to popula- tion put more soldiers in the army than did Beaver. An effoi't was made during two sessions of Congress, in the years 1861-2 and 1862-3, to induce the government to purchase the Brighton estate, with its great water powers, for the erection of a National armory for making large and small guns, and for which a committee of National engineers, appointed by the government in 1825, had recommended it after careful examination of many sites in the West — but which, owing mainly to the opposition of the Pittsburgh " Board of Trade," which pressed for its location in Pittsburgh — was unsuccessful. Failing to induce manufacturers or capitalists from abroad to buy and improve the property for their own and the general benefit, the Harmony Society of Economy undertook the task to induce private manufacturers to buy lots, water powers, etc., and in that way do in a retail way what Mr. Patterson had failed to do by wholesale. The Society, accordingly, in the year 1866, had made a new survey of the town — Bi'ighton — very much enlarging its boundaries, and appointed H. F. & J. Reeves, real estate agents, to offer for sale building lots, water lots, houses and lots, etc., etc., at low prices to improvers. The lots sold quickly under this management, and the town grew in poj^ulation and business very rapidly, and the people asked to be incorporated into a borough, and were so in the year 1870. It is now believed to be the largest manufac- turing town in this county, and one of the largest in Western Pennsylvania, outside of Pittsburgh. The population as per the census of 1870 was 3,112. The taxables assessed in December, 1875, were 1,104 (eleven hundred and four); number of children enrolled January 1, 1876, was 782 (seven hundred and eightj'-two). The whole population will not therefore be less than 4,500. The census of 1870 makes the whole population of Beaver 37,612, and it is at this time [1876] over 45,000. The population increase per cent, from 1850 to 1860 was nine (9) per cent. ; from 1860 to 1870 it was twenty-five (25) per cent. The old Pennsylvania Beaver division of the canal owned by the Erie canal company', which for mau}^ years had been doing no good to the company or the people, was sold, and the Harmony Society finally became the owner of the title, then sold off the dams, canal-bed, and tow-path, from the lower end of New Brighton up the river to the mouth of the Conoquenessing creek — which makes the water power available for manufacturing purposes much greater at Beaver BEAVER COUNTY. 347 Falls than ever before. The Erie canal used for passing boats very much of the water, and waded much more needlessly', and doing little good most of the time. Much is said and often repeated of the hardships and sufferings endured by " the early pioneers " who first settled upon our frontiers to clear up the land and make themselves a home and a farm ; but their lives and fortunes are most hapi^y and successful when compared with the lives and fortunes of those who first undertook the task of improving the natural advantages and to build up a business for their own and the country's best welfare in this county. The whole history and experience of those who first began the improvements on the Beaver at Brighton, from Hoopes, Townsend & Co., until Oliver Ormsby became the owner, showed nothing but a continual contest with adverse circumstances and obstructions of all sorts, and of troubles, and discords, and opposition from their neighbors, and while being friends were themselves very wnfriendly one with another ; and which continued as long as most of the parties lived, and exists with some to this day. A gentleman who was one of the firms owning and operating the works, and the best business man of them all, left Beaver countj' with so strong a hatred and antipath}' to those people and the place, that he would not put his foot ashore in Beaver county, when he came up to receive a certain sum of money from Mr. Patterson, and to deliver an important title paper which he had held. The future prospects for the county are most promising. A railroad, the Pittsburgh and Erie, has been recently located, from Pittsburgh coming down the Ohio through this county on the south side, crossing the Ohio at Beaver, and running up the Beaver from there through Fallston, Beaver Falls, etc., up to the junction of the Mahoning river, beyond, westward and northward. In the not far distant future, the valleys on the sides of our rivers presenting the routes of iron railways built at low grades, and being made at a cheaper cost than they have been hitherto, will carry freights at all seasons, at a rate and under circumstances which shippers w^ill prefer to any thing which could be offered even upon an improved navigation of the Ohio river. This, too, would work greatly to the benefit of Beaver county, where exist so many of the elements required for economical manufacturing. In a short time, too, the coal now sent down southward by the Ohio from Pittsburgh will not be required there, which will work much in favor of manufacturers in Pittsburgh and vicinity. Beaver borough was laid out by the State surveyor and approved and con- firmed by the Assembl}', March 6, 1793. The site is that upon which General Mcintosh built the fort named after him in 1778. The town was first named Mcintosh, but subsequently called after the name of the stream. General Washington, on an exploring expedition down the Ohio, A.D. 1770, stopped at the mouth of Beaver, and speaks of the site in his diary as a fine body of land. It was also the site of a so-called French built town as early as 1754. The lots of ground as laid out were sold on the 12th day of July, by commis- sioners appointed for the purpose, viz., David Bradford, James Marshall, and Andrew Swearingen. The sale began in Washington, Pa., and continued from day to day, and finished August 12, 1793, nearly all of the lots being sold. Among the first purchasers, and who afterwards moved to the town, were James Allison, Robert Totm, and Char]"« Davidson, Guion Greer, Thomas 348 HISTOJl T OF PENH'S YL VANIA. Henry, David Johnston, Samuel Johnston, Joseph Lawrence, and James Lyon. The town was formed into a borough, March 29, 1802, and originally extended east of the Beaver, including much of what is now Rochester and all Bridgewater. Beaver is beautifull}^ situated on a high plateau of land, giving a .arge view of the Ohio on both sides above and below the town, which is rarely equalled. It is favored with very good and never-failing springs of water, conveyed in pipes generally through the streets ; the atmosphere is pure and he.ilth}', as the county generally is proved to be ; and th?. population by the censua of 1870 was 1,120. It has recently' made rapid increase in numbers and in value of general improvements. There is no place on the river better suited as a place for a home, churches, and schools, with quiet and good order prcA-ailing. Prior to 1829, the Presbyterian brick church, now standing-, was the only one south of Darlington and for many miles up or down the river. In this church the Rev. A. B. Quay was pastor, and alternated his labors between it and the service of the Coloniza- tion Society as their agent, accord inr^ as his health permitted. He was a scholar and Christian minister of zeal and great service to tis chui-ch and societ}'. He died here worn out in the service, much respected and regretted. The first Methodist church was erected about 1830. The present building is of recent construction. There are also United Presbyterian and Roman Catholic churches. The " Beaver College a:ad Musical In- stitute," well-known and very highly appreciated, is located here, of which the Hon. Daniel Agnew is president and Rev. R. T. Taylor principal. At the upper end of the town is the " Beaver Female Seminary," under the charge of the Rev. Tho- mas Kennedy, and is in a prosperous and promi- sing condition. Bridgewater borough was fo.-med from a portion of Beaver, a part of Sharon, and another small part o^ Fallston, and lies along the Beaver from Fallston line down to the Ohio rivsr. The population by the census of 1870 was 1,119, and it is estimated by resident citizens to have much increased in numbers since that time. There are three iron foundries, two saw, and one grist mill ; two wagon factories, three tanneries, and many minor industries. The first bridge across the Beaver river is at this place, and is a good, solid- Pennsylvania bridge. Robert Dgrragh, a very early pioneer in Beaver county, opened a store at this locality. He served one term as State Senator from Beaver and Washington. He d.ed at the advanced age of ninety-five. The Hon. John Dickey lived in the bt^unds of this borough many years, and died in it. Wm. Davidson, George Hinds, and John Boles, settkd here at an early date. BEAVER COLLEGE AT BEAVER. BEAVER COUNTY, 349 The " Beaver Point," on the Ohio end of the borough, is a beautiful location at the junction of the Ohio and Beaver rivers. It was for many 3^ears a great for- warding place for agricultural products down the river Ohio, and the landino- and storing of goods from New Orleans, upwards, and from Pittsburgh, further east. The land at this point was bought early afttr 1803 by the Harmony Society, upon which they built a warehouse for storing goods received and shipped by the river, and which thej' sold before their removal from Butler county, "West It was used for the same purpose as late, at least, as 1850. Upon the locks of the canal entering the Ohio, was ei'ected the first steamboat built for carrying passengers to and from Beaver to Pittsburgh, by John Dickey and others, of a size as they calculated would pass through those locks. It did pass through once, and was found to be too tight a fit, consuming too much time in the transit. She ran for a time from below the locks, and it being found that she was too small for that trade, was sold to go down the river, and the steamboats Beaver, Falls- ton, and New Castle were subsequently built and put in successful operation, landing for a time at this place, and also at Rochester, where large warehouses were erected to accommodate the trade. Fallston is built on the west bank of the Beaver on a narrow bottom, at the foot of a high bluff or hill, and was as early as 1830 famous for the variety of its manufactures. It was at that time the chief and almost only point of mechanical and manufacturing industry in the county, excepting at Economy. Wool, paper, linseed oil, scythes, baskets, carpets, lasts, etc., were among the manufactures of the town in that day, but do not now exist there, and are superseded by larger and more important works. A road under the hills, called the "narrows," about a mile long, lies between this place and Beaver Falls. A good substantial covered bridge divides it from New Brighton, which last named place owes much of its population and wealth to the people and industries of this always busy and industrious town. About one-third of the distance between Beaver Falls and Fallston there is a dam Duilt across the Beaver for the common use of New Brighton and Fallston. The water power which this dam and the race-way affords is immense, eacli side being entitled to one-half thereof. A race-way is conducted down the narrows through the town to the works where it gives some seventeen or eighteen feet fall for use. It was among the first to improve the power of these water-falls for manufactur- ing purposes. John Pugh and Evan Pugh, David Townsend, Benjamin Town- send, Abel Townsend, and Thomas Thorniley, were among the early settlers. Miner, Champlin & Co., in 1828, established a factory for making buckets, tubs, etc., which became in time a great business, and at a later daj'^ under the firm of Miner & Merrick, was one of the very best managed and most successful works of the kind in this country. Owing to the nature of the enterprise and the development of the West the enterprise could no longer be made to pay, and it is dead. In 1826 a wire-works was erected and started by Reese, Townsend & Co William P. Townsend & Co., the present proprietors, have in recent years built a solid and perfect stone building of large capacity for the business. A large business has been successfully carried on for some years past in making superior white lead kegs. Besides these establishments, there are the extensive saw-mills of Miner & Co.; M. & S. H. Darragh's machine and engine works 350 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Herron & Kennedy's flour and grist-mill ; and John Thorniley's stove foundry. The town has grown and extended over the second bench or plateau, south of the water-power works. In 1831 an academy was built which was used foi educational and religious purposes. The Presbyterians of the Falls of Beaver o-enerally were organized into a church body, and had children baptized in it shortly after its erection by the Rev. Mr. Hughs, of Darlington, before the church building was erected in New Brighton. The history of manufactures in this place is very suggestive, particularly in an economical view. In 1830, and for a short time before and after that period wool carding for the far- mers was a large business of the place. The far- mers Avould bring their wool here to be carded, and when done would take it home and spin it into yarn, and either weave it at home or bring it, which was most com- monly the case, to the woolen-mills to be made into goods for male and female wear. In a short time, however, they came to believe it best to sell their wool for cash, and trade in the stores for goods for wearing apparel. This ruined the business of wool carding, and in a great degree the business of the woolen factories. New Brighton is situated on the eastern side ( f the Beaver, and is con- nected with BeaA-er Falls by a coA'ei-ed toll bridge built and finished b}' Le Barron in 1833-4, and is a solid structure. A short distance above this the iron bridge of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago railroad company crosses it also. In 1829 David Townsend purchased from Thomas Bradford, of Philadelphia, the tract of land, No. 93, upon which the best part of the town has been since built. Mr. Tow^nsend had purchased this tract by articles of agreement from the latter, some considerable time previous, but paid no money on it, but was to pay 2,000 dollars on a fixed day in the summer or early autumn of 1829. As early as 1801, David and Benjamin Townsend bought tract No. 94. Tract No. 95 was bought by James Patterson in July, 1829, from Oliver Ormsby, the title to the tract being then in the name of David Shields, of Allegheny county, as it had been from an early day. In 1829 the only improvement upon No. 94 was the house of W. Webster and that of the large stone flour mill, unfinished, and perhaps a small one story house near where the VIEW OF NKW BRIGHTON. [From a Photograph by H. Noss, New Brighton.] BEAVER COUNTY. 35 1 Novelty Works now are, and back east of the rising ground. Benjamin Town- send had then built the house where E, P. Townsend now lives. The town, as it now stands, covers the western end, or part of the two " benches," of them, Nos. 95, 94, 93, 92, and 91. The manufacturing business of the counties was theu mainly done in Fallston, and the owners of the works lived there. After the purchase of No, 93, David Townsend laid it out as the streets, etc., are now ; the No. 94 was previously laid out as it is now. The first improvements, except the stone mill, were begun on No. 92. This town has its water powers under the control of a water company, as has the Fallston owners their water powers ; and they both joined a short time ago in building a strong and safe new dam, and made also improvements in their race-way and head-gates. They have now under good and safe command a very large water power of about eighteen feet fall. There were built and started many works upon this race-way for various kinds of manufacture. Circumstances have changed the character of many of them ; fire destroyed some, and for various reasons the business in others has been altered. When David Townsend died, his executors sold the lots at public sale, and many of them were purchased by business men in Fallston, who built and improved upon them and themselves occupied them. By the progress of the canal to completion and when completed, through the town, a great impulse was given to its growth. The establishment of the U. S. Branch Bank here also helped it greatly, but the finishing of the Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad to the town, with the great partiality of the engineers and officers shown to it, made a wonderful addition to its business and advancement. To all these good influences may be added the fact, that large tracts of land, north-west of New Brighton, owned by the heirs of Benjamin Chew, Senr., were put into market and sold rapidly to good, industrious settlers, who cleared the lands and improved the markets and business of the town ; to this also was added the same eflTects caused by the sales of large tracts of land owned by Thomas Bradford, by his grandson, B. R. Bradford, as agent resident in Beaver count3^ New Brighton suflfered severely, as did the whole of the count}', by the fail- ure of the United States Bank. Adversities from various causes were visited, and fell upon some individuals and business firms ; but the general course of the town has been very successful, much more so than usual with young towns in a new country. There lived, and yet are living, in this town numbers of persons who deserve to be mentioned and gratefully remembered for their influence upon the indus- tries^ and growth of this town, Fallston, and the county generally, prominent among whom was John Pugh. He was a professional miller, and did much, in his purchase of wheat for his mills in Fallston, to promote the agricultural inte- rests of the county ; and as a president of the Branch Bank, in co-operation with the cashier, Dr. W. H. Denny, did much to promote business at the Falls and in the county generally. Uobert Townsend was a model business man, and a friend to the Falls. David Townsend, William Townsend, Benjamin Wilde, John Miner, Silas Merrick, W. T. Kennedy, and others, both living and dead, were most influential. 352 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. The town is now lighted by gas, and is steadily improving, and is altogether a delightful place of residence, and destined to a much larger growth. The industries of New Brighton are deserving of special notice in a descrip- tion of the town, but our limited space forbids. In 1842, the Keystone woolen mills was established for the manufacture of cloths and cassimeres, by William Wilde, who for a period of over thirty years successfully managed the enterprise. It is now owned by Mr. Bancroft, of New York, who proposes to devote the manufacture chiefly to flannels and water-proof. In addition to these works, there are the Novelty Works, employed in the manufacture of knitting machines, three large flouring mills, the Pennsylvania bridge and machinery works of White & Sons, Merrick's grate and front works, and the Pioneer flag mills of Bently & Gerring, all giving employment to a large number of persons, and by their success adding much to the prosperity of this enterprising borough. There are nine churches of as many denominations. The site upon which Brighton and Beaver Falls was in part first laid out had the first improvements made upon it in the summer of 1801 b}^ David Hoopes & Co., who had made the purchase previously referred to, but were obliged to pur- chase again from the occupant fifty acres, and some time thereafter another fifty acres, on which the erection of a grist and saw mills, forge, charcoal furnace for pigs, hollow-ware, stoves, etc., was commenced and put into successful operation. In 1806, Isaac Wilson & Co., now the owners, had surveyed and laid out a plot of a town and sold lots to improvers, built dwelling-houses, etc., and a large business was done, to the great benefit of the county, by the four or five firms which succeeded each other as owners in quick succession. They called the new town " Brighton." Oliver Ormsby kept the works in operation, under the super- intendence of James Glen and John Dickey, until about 1818, when, owing to the general depression in business, caused by the peace of 1814 with England, which removed all let and hindrance to English and other fov'^ign iron and other manu- factured goods flooding our country, to the ruin of home industry and all values, and to other causes, it suspended. Thus this place and its work, for so many years the chief and almost the only point of manufacturing industry in the county, remained dead in ruins, until the year 1829, when it was purchased by James Patterson, long a citizen of Philadelphia, from Mr. Ormsby, and under his labors and expenditures it again was rebuilt, and became a point from which considerable money was spread abroad through the county and country around in the payment of labor, wheat, wool, etc., for twenty years and more. Mr. Patterson had great difficulty in consummating the purchase with Ormsby, inconsequence of he and the other owners of Gen. Brodhead's title to the land, having brought in a bill of $10,000 damages against the General for money they had been obliged to pay to those in possession for wool, ores, land, etc., which they held against the balance due the General for the original purchase from him — he not having given them possession, as he was bound to have done. The General's heirs would not make deed without the balance due being paid them. Mr. Pat- terson, to avoid law suits and trouble, agreed, finally, to pay the amount due the General's heirs. Notwithstanding all this, he was destined to contend at law through many vexatious and costly damaging suits, to make good his titles and become free from his opponents, who were many and influential. BEAVEB COUNTY. 353 The suits growing out of the disputed parts of the two portions of land sold by General Brodhead to David Hoopes & Co., in 1801 — and which the former began in the United States Court in Philadelphia in 1812, and obtained a judg- ment in his favor and had the United States marshal dispossess the occupants — were, unfortunately, not terminated finally until about the year 1865 or '6, when the United States Supreme Court in banc decided the last of them in favor of James Patterson, which made General Brodhead's title good ; after there having been in his favor one verdict in Beaver County Court, affirmed in the State Supreme Court, and twice in the United States District Court of Pennsylvania. It was the same case in which, when one of the lawyers was pleading before Judge David Green, for a new trial, a verdict having been rendered for Mr. Patterson, the judge on the bench said to him, " that in all his experience, which whether as a surveyor, a lawyer, or a judge, in Pennsylvania State, county, and in the United States courts, he had never known a case of land ejectment come into court so weak in every respect as this one which he was attorney for, nor one so strong and clear as that of the plaintiff, Mr. Patterson." These suits were costly and more vexatious and very injurious to the best interests of the country, and were prosecuted not by the original settlers, or claimants, but by neighboring proprietors, who, while improving their own properties, were tempted to disregard " party lines" in doing so, owing to the absence and neglect of the owner of the Brighton estate. In the year 1830 Brighton had no post office. In 1831 James Patterson was appointed postmaster, when by law it was entitled to a mail by horse twice a week. The postmaster carried it at his own expense daily for many years from Beaver town. There are now thirty-eight post offices in the county, and Beaver Falls receives two mails daily from the East by rail and one from the West. Lease & Robertson, paper makers, made agreement with Mr. Patterson to build a paper mill in Brighton, in 1831, to be driven by steam power, for which, and heat- ing purposes, the latter agreed to supply the coal from his coal banks, delivered at the mill, for ten years time for four and a-half cents per bushel. Experience proved the fact to Mr. Robertson, after running his mill by steam power some years, that he could make paper much more economically by water power than by that of steam, even with coal costing under four and a-half cents per bushel, when he bought land and water-power at the head of the Falls, and built a paper mill, which he operated successfully many years, allowing his steam mill to go to decay and ruin, after removing such paper machinery as he could use in his new mill. Mr. Robertson, in the manufacture of paper and wall paper, gave employment to many, thereby aiding in promoting the general interest. Having failed in his last efforts to make sale of the whole property to the United State government, for an armory and foundry for big cannon, Mr. Patterson surrendered the property to the Harmony Society, who undertook the task of inducing private parties to buy by retail lots for dwellings, water lots for mills, etc. They revised the plot of Brighton, very much enlarging it, extend- ing it along the Beaver nearly if not quite, three miles, over ground remarkably well suited by nature for a town or city, and changed its name from Brighton to that of Beaver Falls. One i-eason for this change was that the place had been known by the name of Beaver Falls in tlie county in its earliest days ; and X 354 HIS TO B Y OF PENNS YL VAN I A. another reason, tliat New Brighton having, under the influences of the canal passino- through it, and afterwards by the Ohio and Pittsburgh railroad stopping in it and passhig through its streets and much favoring it, grown much larger than » Brighton "—people were in the habit of dropping " New " and calling their town^Brighton, and calling Brighton proper " Old Brighton." This made confusion, and the people of Brighton were willing to adopt a name about which there could be no other " claimant "—at least in the county. VIEW OF BEAVER PALLS. [From a Pencil Sketch, by Eobjohns.] Beaver Falls has now grown to be one of the most important and well-estab- lished manufacturing and successful business towns, not only in the county, but in Western Pennsylvania. In the census of 1870 the population was found to be 3,112, which at present exceeds 4,500. There has been built upon a triangular lot, surrounded by sixty-feet streets— the gift of the Society— a large, three- story school-house, at a cost of somewhere near $30,000, for the public schools. The town begins south of the toll bridge across the Beaver, connecting Beaver Falls with New Brighton, and just at the mouth, or northern end, of the road called the " narrows," on the banks of Beaver, between Fallston and Beaver Falls, the hills bearing to the north-west for some distance, and then turning to bear north-eastward, and the Beaver shore bearing from the bridge north-east- wardly for some distance, and then bending north-westward, makes the plot of the town and valley much in the shape of a pear — the narrows being the stem. In it is the toll bridge— the bridge of the Pittsburgh and Chicago railroad. The width of the Beaver where this railroad bridge crosses the river is five hundred BEAVER COUNTY. 855 feet. The first dam above this bridge across the Beaver is seven hundred and forty feet long, giving a fall of water for mill purposes of about twenty feet, flowing the water back nearly two miles, near to another dam across that stream, affording a fall of about the same value, and flowing a pool of water back about seven miles to the mouth of the Conequenessing creek. The town extends north of this dam for a considerable distance. These two dams can and will at a very early day be made to give jointly not less than forty feet of fall, with a much greater supply of water than was ever at command for mill and manufac- turing purposes. In the hills lying west of the town are veins of very good bituminous coal. Those mostly now worked ai'e a little over three feet thick. The hills also on the east bank of the river have the same veins with a greater thickness. The Pittsburgh and Chicago railroad runs at the foot of the hills on the west side of the town. There is a gas company, which supplies the borough with gas for the town lamps, etc., etc. There is also a water company, which may be said at present to consist of the Harmony" Society, which has put up water works, pumping the water for general use from a very large supply under the rocks underlying the town, by improved machinery and great power. Pipes are laid through most of the streets, and many houses supplied thereby. The industries of Beaver Falls are on such a large scale and of such vast importance that although it would be desirable to describe them fully, we can merely allude to them, to show how extensive are the manufacturing facilities of the town, a very Pittsburgh in miniature, and rapidly growing in wealth and consequence. Steel works of Abel Pedder & Co., started in 18Y5 ; Beaver Falls cutlery, one of the first enterprises built in the town, giving employment to over three hundred persons, including one hundred Chinese brought from the Pacific in 1873; the Pittsburgh hinge company' and Western file company have large and extensive works ; the axe and hoe works of Joseph Graff «& Com- pany ; Beaver Falls companj^'s operative foundry ; saw works of Emerson, Ford & Co. ; Economy stove and hollow ware works ; shovelworks, H. M. Meyers & Co. ; and the Beaver Falls flour mills. In addition to the foregoing extensive manufacturing establishments, there are quite a number which, although of minor importance, in the aggregate employ many hands, such as planing mills, casket works, machine shops, foun- dries, paper mill, carriage and glass works ; and beside all these industries, there are several coal mines — the whole going to make up such varied manu- facturing enterprises, that show the active means of the prosperity of Beaver Falls. Economy. — The site of this town of economy and industrj' was purchased by Rev. George Rapp for the Harmony Society, then living in New Harmony, Indiana, and to which the Society removed in the year 1825, having lived ten years, increasing in numbers and wealth during their residence there, although previously, as a Society, living in Harmony, Butler county. Pa., ten years prior to their moving to Indiana. This site, upon which they built their new town of Economy, is one of the most beautiful anywhere upon the banks of the Ohio or elsewhere. It is on elevated ground, sloping gently back 356 HISTOBT OF PENNSYL VANIA. from the river. Their number then above seven hundred souls ; and at once began the erection of dwellings, mills, and factories, such as are usually necessary for so large a population in a busy manufacturing town. Rev. George Rapp, as spiritual head, " Father," and Frederick Rapp, as temporal business manager, were still with them as in Butler county and in Indiana State. Their thus coming again into Pennsylvania had vei-y great influence upon the general interests and prosperity of this county, which continued to increase by their enterprise and their power for good to all. They built an extensive ASSEMBLY HALL, AT ECONOMY. woolen factory, where a very large quantity of wool was manufactured into blankets, sattinets, etc., for which they purchased large quantities of the wool raised in the county ; they erected a cotton factory, spinning coarse cottons for sale, and weaving much of it into sheetings, shirtings, and many other branches of manufactures ; and cleared and cultivated many acres of good lands. Everything went on prosperously until the appearance in the society of a man calling himself Count Leon — an enthusiast and impostor, as he finally proved himself to have been — when, under his influence and that of the women and others brought with him, discord and ill-feelings arose, which ended in a division of the society, about one-third of their number leaving the Society with Count Leon, under the wise counsels of Father Rapp, by a compromise, paying them in cash one hundred and five thousand dollars ($105,000) to leave the place altogether, which they did. They purchased and formed a new society, under Leon, at what is now known as Phillipsburg, on the Ohio, opposite Beaver. The Society, after the departure from among them of the discontented, lived prosperously and happy under the lead of " Father Rapp " until his death, ■which occurred on the 7th of August, 1847. He was a most remarkable man in BEAVER COUNTY. 357 many respects. " He made and left his impress on the Society, which still exists as he left it, only with diminution in numbers." And it ma^' be further said, that this impression was even more remarkable upon those of the Society who left it with Leon, after having been long yeai's under his training and spiritual influences — that while going out with Leon and into the world to do for them- selves, as many did from the time of first leaving, and all of them afterwards, each and all of them continued without exception to conduct themselves as good citizens, moral and upright, and many of them to-day are among the best people of the county. The influence of the Society was all good and influential in all the country around them, in economy, gardening, farming generally, sheep raising, etc. Upon the death of George Rapp, R. L. Baker and Jacob Henx'ici were formally elected trustees of the society, and took charge of all temporal interests. Under their administration, as the numbers of the society decreased naturally, and their factories ceased to be operated at home, they extended their attention, under the special care particularb'-i 0^^ \\ Jacob Henrici, to outside enterprises, as had not been done during theTi and Vof Father Rapp, and with great and marked benefit to the interests of the Society and to the objects and neighborhoods where this attention and influence were directed. During the lifetime of Mr. Baker, the reputation and respect for these trustees as good business men, of large and liberal views, were generally very much increased. The influence of the Society, under their trusteeship, extended far and wide. They showed them- selves ready and willing to aid every good work which promised to promote the public welfare. Though conscientiously non-combatants, they were most zealous and hearty supporters of the government during the war, and not only contri- buted money for the relief of the soldiers, but paid large bounties for sub- stitutes for any who were drafted for the army, or called for from their military division of the country. Under their direction the Darlington cannel coal field was developed, and a very superior railroad made, some six or seven miles long, from the mines extending to New Galilee, connecting with the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago railway. Their means and enter- prise were mainly instrumental in making the Little Saw-Mill railroad, which brought and brings yet out such large quantities of good coal of so much benefit to the many rolling mills and other interests in that neighborhood and for export. But in the midst of this beneficial labor, R. L. Baker, that faithful trustee and good Christian man, died, much beloved and regretted in and out of the Society. He lived devoted to what he believed to be religious duty, self- denying, and faithful to all duties. After the death of their beloved " Baker," the Harmonists elected Jonathan Lenz as a trustee with Jacob Henrici — the latter as senior and spiritual leader. Mr. Lenz had been one of the first in the Society, and was greatly respected. Beaver Falls had made much progress in the development of its natural advan- tages, under the care and nursing of Baker and Henrici, in which Mr. Baker had taken great interest, and to whom it owes its name of Beaver Falls ; and this eflScient care and interest have been since extended, to the immense benefit of the town and its various interests, and to the whole count\'^, and with a good and oertain prospect of valuable pecuniar}'^ benefits, in the near future, of the Society. 358 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. And it is firmly believed that " Beaver Falls " will prove to be in all time, as it is now, the most material monument in the memorj'- of the '' Harmony Society " and its trustees, of any other which they may or can leave of the good they have or may do on earth. The members of the Society are now all old or elderly men and women, with quite a number of persons, mainly young, who live with them. They are the same economical, industrious, frugal people they ever were. Their church is a fine building, which has a large clock in the steeple, with bells ; and during the whole of the existence of this church and the society at Economy it would have been and would now be a good lesson of how Christian people should conduct themselves in entering the " House of God," while they re- main there, and for their departure. In this church, upon the bell ringing, the people en- ter, and in a very short time all are quietly seated, are grave and CHURCH OF THE HARMONISTS, ECONOMY. soberly attentive during the services, and after, depart orderly, none enterino- or departing during the time of worship. The trustees, Messrs. Henrici and Lenz, are fully and actively occupied in the discharge of all their various and special duties and cares. Their and the Society's whole lives have been examples worthy of stud}', and, in almost all things, of imitation. Rochester borough is situated on the east side of the Beaver river, at the junction of that stream with the Ohio, and contains about 2,500 inhabitants. It has an extensive front upon the Ohio river, with a very good landino- for steamboats to load and unload freights and passengers. It is favorably situated for manufacturing, which is now being carried on to a considerable extent. The Rochester Tumbler company's glass works is located here, and doing a large business; also the Rochester casket manufactory; the Rochester foundry ; Pen- dleton & Bros.' fire-brick works; Scott, Boyle & Williams' lumber yard and saw mill company; L. H. Oatraan's lumber yard, saw and planing mills; Monroe Miller & Co.'s planing mills, sash and door factory ; William Miller's planing mill and sash and door factory ; Whitfield & Co.'s planing mill and sash and°door factory; which, together with other minor works, give employment to a large number of employees. The advantages of shipping to all points of the country are unsurpassed. In addition to the Ohio river, there are the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad, the Cleveland and Pittsburgh railroad, the BEAVEB COUNTY. 359 Erie and Pittsburgh railroad, the Mahoning Yalley railroad, the New Castle and Franklin railroad, all passing and stopping here each way. The attention of capitalists was first attracted to this point about 1835. Ovid Pinney came here about that time and purchased a large amount of land, and laid out a town, but owing to the crash of 1838 to 1840, a damper fell on the place, from which it did not recover till 1850, when the Pittsburgh, Fort Wajnie and Chicago railroad and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh railroad were com- menced, and a new impetus given to the place. The early pioneers here were the Rev. Francis Reno, and his sons Lewis and William, Atlas E. Lacock, William Porter, George Hinds, Sylvester Dunham, Samuel and John Stiles, Wilson Frazer, John Boles, Charles and John M. Lukens, Hamilton Clark, Clark Parks & Co., James A. Sholes, Frederick C. H. Speyerer, George C. Speyerer The proprietors of the tumbler glass works deserve much credit, for in their enterprise and public spirit, have drilled wells for gas for manufacturing uses at their works, which they have succeeded in obtaining. Philipsbukg is situated on the south side of the Ohio river, opposite the mouth of the Beaver river, and was occupied and improved as a boat yard for building steam boats, keel boats, etc., for quite a number of years before 1 832, when they sold the lands and improvements, as stated, to Count Leon. Their purchase included some eight hundred acres of land, which were purchased for the soceders from the Economy Society and others. They changed their name to New Philadelphia Society, and their town New Philadelphia. They erected a hotel, factories, etc., and pioposed to rival Economy in manufacturing. They organized a society, and Count Leon as president, and a board of twelve managers, which lasted some eighteen months, and then dissolved and the property divided. Those that remained after the dissolution of the soc:"'^^' formed a company, and carried on a woolen and grist mills for eight 3'^ears, and then dissolved. Count Leon with his followers went southward. The large buildings were sold to Dr. Acker, who opened a water cure, which was highly successful for years. He sold to Dr. Baels, who also met with success. Here for ten years has been located one of the State's Soldiers' Orphan schools — Pennsylvania's great charity — under the superintendence of Rev. W. G. Taj'^lor, D. D. This school has been considered among the best and most suc- cessful of the schools in the State. The school building is 40x44 feet, three stories, with wings 30x36 feet. The dwelling is 110x44 feet, four stories. The arrangement and adaptation of these buildings are complete. There are two hundred and ten acres of ground connected with the school. The buildings and grounds were furnished at the private expense of Dr. Taylor. The present popu- lation of the village is about six hundred, of which two hundred are in the Orphans' Home. Philipsburg is a fine site for manufacturing, and will no doubt be so improved if the railroad from Pittsburgh comes down on the south side and crosses the Ohio from there to Beaver. Freedom borough is situated on the north-west bank of the Ohio river above Rochester and adjoining it. It was founded in 1832, by Stephen Philips and Jona- than Betz, who entered into partnership for steamboat building, for which the place was deemed well suited, and where a great many good and large and small boats have been built by this firm and that of Philips and Graham. By the 360 BIS TOE Y OF FENNS YL VANIA. census of 1870 the population was six hundred and thirty-four, and as the place is prosperous and growing, the present number may be estimated at eight hun. dred. The chief business of the place is steamboat building. The Excelsior Oil Company is located here and do a large business. There is a saw mill, lath, shingle, sash, and door factory, five brick works, and other minor industrial establishments. Darlington is a village nine miles north-west of Beaver, and was a thriving place in stage coach times and before railroads. Since then it has barely held its own. It was many years well and favorably known for its church and academ}^, where many received from the Rev. Mr. Hughs and other teachers a good education. It is situated on the Little Beaver, in the midst of a thriving country and mining district. There is on the Ohio river, above Freedom, the town of Baden, through which passes the railroad, and also Remington; and below Beaver, on the Ohio and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh railroad, the large and prosperous town of Industry, and another equally so, Smith's Ferry, at the mouth of Little Beaver, up which creek there are in operation one hundred and fifty producing oil wells, total production of oil being one hundred and ten barrels per da}'. A pipe three and a half miles long with a branch brings the oil to Smith's Ferry. There are three refineries, two at Smith's Ferr}^ A growing town. New Galilee, is on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wa3^ne, and Chicago railway, some seven miles north-west from Beaver Falls, and near to Darlington. Above Beaver Falls on the Beaver and the railroad to Erie and the West, there are Homewood, Clinton, etc. In fact it may be said that along the Ohio through the county and on the railroads, population and towns are almost, and ultiinately will be, continuous ; and so in the count}^ up and on the Beaver river, from its mouth to the Lawrence line. A thriving town near the Washington county line should be mentioned. — Frankfort, near which is the Frankfort Springs, a favorite resort for health and recreation in the summer months. CENTENNIAL MEDAL— REVERSE. BEDFOKD COUNTY. BY CHARLES N. HICKOK, BEDFORD. [In consenting to furnish a synopsis of thie early history of Bedford county, the writer anticipated diflSculties in producing a full and reliable paper, but until he had fairly commenced the work, he had not the most remote idea of the many obstacles there were in the way of a conscientious performance of this duty, and nothing but the fact that his word had been given to his friend, tlie general Editor of this work, prevented the relin- quishment, at an early day, of a task, to say the best of it, very discouraging. The data, rendered by the lapse of time obscure and meagre, could be found, even for this short sketch, only after much and laborious search. Circumstances, the occurrence of which were evident, required sometimes weeks of patient labor to establish as facts by the records, and others were substantiated only by incidental and collateral proofs, almost as legendary as the occurrences themselves. While what has been here recorded as history is, we think, reliable, many things interesting, if only they could have been proven true, have been rejected, because the author was not sure upon which side of the doubtful line that divides romance from history they were located. In the labor incurred, the writer gratefully acknowledges the aid of the following named friends, without whose kind co-ope- ration he is conscious his efforts must have proved abortive, viz.: William P. Schell, John Cessna, Samuel L. Russell, John Mower, John P. Reed, Joseph W. Tate, and Samuel Ket- terman, Esquires, and others.] HE county of Bedford was created March 9, 1771, by an act of the General Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, entitled "An act for erecting a part of the county of Cumberland into a separate county ;" and the commissioners appointed to " run, mark out, and distinguish the boundary lines between the said counties of Cumberland and Bedford," were Robert McCrea, William Miller, and Robert Moore. The reason assigned for the erection of the new county was " the great hardships the inhabitants of the western parts of the county of Cumberland lie under, from being so remote from the present seat of judicature and the public offices." The boundary lines were defined as follows, "that is to say, beginning where the Province line crosses the Tuscarora mountain, and running along the summit of that mountain to the gap near the head of Path valley ; thence with a north line to the Juniata ; thence with the Juniata to the mouth of Shaver's creek • thence north-east to the line of Berks county ; thence along the Berks county line north-westward to the western boundaries of the Province ; thence south- ward, according to the western boundary of the Province, to the south-west corner of the Province ; and from thence eastward with the southern line of the Province to the place of beginning," embracing, as the reader will perceive, the entire south-western portion of the State, from the West Branch of the Susque- hanna and the Cove, or Tuscarora mountain, westward to the Ohio and Virginia line. The lines thus set forth, by the act passed " in the eleventh year of the present reign " (George III.), not being considered sufficiently explicit, a subse- quent act was passed, March 21, 1772, in which the limits were more definitely explained, " to the end that the boundaries of the county of Bedford may be 3fil 362 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. certainly known," and George Woods, William Elliott, Robert Moore, and .Robert McCrea were appointed to carry the order of the General Assembly into effect. The area of this county, once so immense, has been gradually restricted, by the erection of Northumberland county, in 1Y72, Westmoreland in 1773, Hun- tingdon in 1787, Somerset in 1795, Cambria in 1804, Blair in 1846, and Fulton in 1850; and the one jurisdiction has, in time, been divided and sub-divided, until some twenty counties, or portions of counties, now occupy the territory of the original county of Bedford. The name it bears was evidently given to it from the fact that the town of THE PROVINCIAL COURT HOUSE AND JAIL AT BEDFORD. [From a Sketch by John Mower, Esq., taken from memory.] Bedford was selected as its county seat. The town was doubtless so called from the fort of that name there located. In fact, this name was assigned to the town by Governor John Penn, when, by his order, it was laid out in 1766, although it was commonly so designated as early as 1759 or 1760, and there is some reason for believing at a still earlier period. The reasons for thus naming the fort are, so far as we can learn, only traditionary. It is more than probable, however, that the tradition, in one instance, is correct, viz. : That the fort erected at Raystown, during the latter part of the reign of George II., received its name in honor of one of the dukes of the house of Bedford, in England. Various other reasons are assigned, but they are, to say the least, questionable. The reasons the writer of this paper has for concluding that the defence known as Fort Bedford was erected toward the close of the reign of King BEDFORD COUNTY. 363 George II., viz., not earlier than 1Y55 nor later than 1759, are as follows : There is circumstantial and incidental evidence almost as conclusive as positive proof, that protective and defensive works of some kind existed at Raystown (Bedford) for several years prior to General Braddock's expedition in 1155. The earliest traditions are very obscure as to the date of the first settlement of che locality. One Rea, whose previous or subsequent history is unknown, settled there in 1751, and the hamlet and the branch of the Juniata on whose banks it was built, doubtless derived their name from him, but there are intima- tions that there were settlements in the vicinity earlier still, and that fully a decade before Forbes' expedition in 1158, it wa'=-.^ "cA-'^-' ^^'l settlement, or there was there a defence of some kind to which ti^^iu^ga oattered within an area of thirty or fort}^ miles, could fly for protection ^.^mst the incursions of the savages. Always, prior to that year (1158), so far as we can discover, all letters and official papers were dated at " Ra^s- town," "Camp at Rays- town," or " Fort at Rays- town." General Forbes, while encamped there when on his expedition for the relief of the gar- rison at Fort Duquesne, dates his letters from " Camp at Raystown." In 1159 and thereafter, these dates change. In August of that year, General Stanwix, on his way to the borders of the Province on Lake Erie, dates his official papers at " Bedford," and " Fort Bedford." This is the earliest mention we have discovered of " Fort Bed- ford." In July, 1155, immediately after Braddock's disaster. Colonel James Burd proposed cutting a road from Fort Cumberland to "Ray's Town," and suggested erecting a fort at that place, " to shut up the other road and save the back inhabitants." While this proposition of Colonel Burd's might, as isolated evidence, be considered as indicating that no work of defence was in existence at Raystown at that time, there is ample collateral evidence that a fort of some kind was then standing, but from lack of size, or strength, or from decay, it was insufficient for the exigencies of the time, and hence his proposal to build. A fort, such as he suggested, must have been erected prior to 1159. In fact, the " Old Fort House," a view of which we present to our readers, and which is still standing (1816) in good condition, and a large and commodious building for the period in which it was erected, is known to have been THE OLD FORT BEDFORD HOUSE. [From a Photograph by T. E. Gettys, Bedford.] 364 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. the officers' quarters in the fort before that time, and was designated as the " King's House." The act of 1711, providing for the erection of Bedford county, also contained the followino- clause, to wit : " That it shall and may be lawful to and for Arthur St. Clair Bernard Dougherty, esquires ; Thomas Coulter, William Procter, and George Woods, gentlemen ; or any of them, to purchase and take assurance to them and their heirs of a piece of land situate in some convenient place in said town (Bedford), in trust and for the use of the inhabitants of the said county, and thereon to erect and build a court hous'e and prison, sufficient to accommo- date the public service of sav3 county, and for the use and conveniency of the inhabitants." / In pursuance of the foregoing, a purchase was made and the deed recorded as the " Deed of James McCashlin to Arthur St. Clair, Bernard Dougherty, George Woods, and William Procter, esquires ; and Thomas Coulter, gentleman, trustees appointed by the General Assembly of the Province to erect a jail and court house in the county of Bedford, for lot No. 6, bounded partly by the public square, dated November 10, 1771, consideration one hundred pounds." The lot No. 6 referred to, is that now occupied by the residence of Mrs. Samuel H. Tate, on the north-east corner of the square. Why the public buildings were not placed there, as at first intended, and were built instead in the north-west quarter of the square, is not now and probably never will be known. There was, however, so I am informed by several old citizens, a log structure on the corner of this lot (No. 6) temporarily occupied as a court house, and probably built to be used for that purpose, while the more permanent one was in the slow process of erection, and between this building and the north line of the lot, and standing back from Juliann street, to the rear of where H. D. Tate's law office now is, was, in the recollection of many of the present citizens, a low, one-story log house that was built for and used as a jail for several years. A letter we have just been shown by Chief Burgess Sansom, written many years ago by his uncle. Rev. James Sansom, speaks of his father (Rev. James) having delivered the logs for the first court house. The permanent " court house and prison," built on the portion of the square in front of where the Lutheran church now stands, was an unusually extensive and substantial building for that day, being massively constructed of the blue limestone of the vicinity. It was demolished about the year 1838, by order of the court, it having been declared a nuisance, after a greater and much less excusable nuisance had been perpetrated in the erection of the present public structure on the opposite quarter of the square ; thus, so long as it shall be permitted to stand, deforming what is otherwise one of the most beautiful town parks in the Commonwealth. The engraving of the old provincial buildings is a reproduction of a pencil sketch, by John Mower, Esq., the oldest living member of the Bedford bar, and the only individual, who was contemporary with it, whose fine artistic taste and skill could have been brought to bear to rescue it from oblivion. A number of the old citizens who remembered the building, but could not recall it in detail, pronounce this sketch perfect. The jail, with its dark dungeon for convicts, its cell for ordinary criminals, and its debtor's prison with the grated window, BEDFOBD COUNTY. 365 occupied the lower story to the left of the centre door. The balance of the first floor, on the right, was the jailor's residence, in the wings of which, in early days, the elections were held. The court room comprised the entire second story, and was entered by the stair-case from without. In one corner of the court room a flight of steps led to the third story, or attic, under the high roof, in which were the grand jury and other jury rooms. The early courts of the county were not held as now by " men learned in the law," but by "justices nominated and authorized by the Governor for the time being, by commissions under the broad seal of the Province." The flrst "court of quarter sessions of the peace and jail delivery" was held April 16, 1171, "before William Procter, Jr., Robert Cluggage, Robert Hanna, George Wilson, William Lochery, and William McConnell, Esquires, justices of our Lord the King, to hear and determine divers felonies and misdemeanors com- mitted in said county." The other justices appointed and commissioned by George III., with the above, were John Frazer, Bernard Dougherty, Arthur St. Clair, William Crawford, James Milligan, Thomas Gist, Dorsey Penticost, Alexander McKee, and George Woods. The first commissioners were Robert Hanna, Dorsey Penticost, and John Stevenson. The first grand jur}^ were James Anderson, Charles Cessna, James McCashlin, Thomas Kenton, Allen Rose, George Milliken, John Moore, Robert Culbertson, George Funk, John Huff, Rinard Wolfe, Valentine Shadacer, Thomas Hay, Samuel Drennin, Edward Rose, Samuel Skinner, William Parker, Christopher Miller, Thomas Croyal, Adam Sam, Jacob Fisher, and David Rinard. William Procter was the first sherifi". Arthur St. Clair was appointed first prothonotary, recorder, and clerk of court, by Governor .John Penn, March 12, HYl, and deputy register for the probate of wills, 18th of same month, by Benjamin Chew, Register General. The first deed recorded in the archives of the county is that of George Croghan to John Campbell, Esq., merchant of Fort Pitt, dated 29th November, 1170. It recites, that " Whereas Johonoissa, Scanayadia, and Caseantinica, chiefs or sachems of the Six Nations of Indians, did by the deed duly dated August, A.D. 1749, sell to the said Croghan in fee a certain tract of land on the south side of the Monongahela river, beginning at the mouth of Turtle creek, and thence down the said river to its junction with the Ohio, computed to be ten miles," etc. The second paper recorded is an aflSdavit of James Pollock, on the 4th April, 1771, that he lost a note for three pounds. The third paper recorded is a "mortgage made 14th January, 1771, between Francis Howard, now of Fort Pitt, ensign in his Majesty's 18th reg't of Foot, and Edward Hand, of the same, surgeon mate in said reg't, on both sides of Chartier's creek, for 1636 acres of land. Acknowledged before Charles Edmunston, Capt. 18th Reg't. commanding." The next record is of the deed heretofore mentioned of lot No. 6, to the com- missioners. Then comes a deed of John Hardin, dated 15th February, 1772, to John Hardin, Jr., " in consideration of natural love and affection, for his lands this side of Laurel Hill, negroes, stock, and other substances, moveable and immoveable." The last paper we shall mention as throwing some vague light upon the early 366 HISTO BY OF PFNNS YL VANIA. settlement of Bedford county, is a deed of the Indians to Garrett (Gerrard ?) Pendergrass. We give a cop}^ of the deed in full, as interesting, not alone from the fact that it is a conveyance of the ground on which Allegheny City now stands, then in Bedford county, but also that this conveyance was in lieu, as the reader will see, of the ground on which Bedford is built, and which having belonged to Pendergrass at a very early day — he was evidently dispossessed of previous to the settlement of 'Ra.y at the place. This is one of a number of the incidental proofs which justify the reader in believing that the early settlement of Bedford was even earlier than we have been accustomed to suppose. The deed is as follows, viz : " Know all men by these presents, that whereas a certain Garrett Pender- grass, Senior, of Bedford settlement, in the Province of Pennsylvania, and County of Cumberland, was settled some number of years past by leave of the chiefs and deputy's of the Six Nations of Indians, on a Tract of Land where Bed- ford is now situate, while the said land was yet the property of us and our said Chiefs and deputy's. Said Pendergrass being dispossessed of said lands In the time of the war between the French and English, and before Said Pendergrass could saifly return to live on said land it was Entered upon by people who have from time to time and yet continues to keep said Pendergrass from the enjoyment of said tract of Land, and said Pendergrass, at the last treaty held at Fort Pitt with the representatives of the Six Nations, informed our said chiefs or their representatives or deputy's that he was deprived of the above tract of land as above mentioned, whereupon us and our said deputy's did then at the said treaty, give him, the said Pendergrass, our leave in writing under our hands to settle on a tract of land called the Long Reach near the mouth of the Yau- ghyagain, but the said last mentioned tract being at the time of the said treaty, or before it, improved by some other person or persons, contrary to our expec- tations, for which reason the said Pendergrass has not obtained possession of the latter mentioned tract and cannot quietly enjoy neither of the two above mentioned Tracts ; Know ye, therefore, that we the under or within bound subscri- bers, who have hereunto caused our names to be set, and have put our marks, the first of us assigning being one of the chiefs and the other two deput3^'s off the said Six nations, do give and grant to the said Garrett Pendergrass, his heirs and trustees forever, our full leave and liberty of us, and for and in behalf of the said Six Nations to settle on a tract of land on the north side of the Aligania River opposite to Fort Pitt, in form of a Cemi Circle from said land- ing ; hereby granting to him and his heirs, trustees, and assigns, full liberty to build houses, make improvements, and cultivate the said tract of land or any part thereof, and that he, the said Pendergrass may the more quietly enjoy the said land, and any benefit that him, his heirs, or assigns shall make or can make thereby, we do for ourselves and in behalf of the said Six Nations discharge all people whatsoever from molesting or disturbing him the said Pendergrass, his heirs, trustees, or assigns, in the possession or quiat enjoyment of the said land, or any part thereof, and we do by these presents, firmly engage and promise to answer all objections that any Indian tribe or tribes may have to the making of the above settlement. " In witness whereof we have caused our names to be subscribed, and have BEDFOED COUNTY. 36T hereunto set our marks, in the month of February, in the j^ear of our Lord God one thousand seven hundred and seventy. Anonguit, (mark), a turtle. Enishshera, or Captain Henry Mountare, (his | mark). CoNNEHRACA-HECAT, or the White Mingo, (his mark), a circle, 0. " Signed and agreed to before James Elliott. " Garrett Penderqrass, Jr." "Bedford, ss. " Came before me, the subscriber, one of his Majesty's justices of the peace of said county, the within named Indians, viz. : Anonguit, Enishshera, or Captain Henry Mountare, and Connehraca-hecat, or the White Mingo, and acknowledged the within instrument of writing, or bill of sale, to be their act and deed, and desired the same might be recorded as such. Given under my hand and seal in the month of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy. "James Elliott. " Recorded 19th September, 1772." The first attorney sworn in was Robert Magraw, at the first session of the courts of the county, April 16, 1771, on motion of Bernard Dougherty, one of the justices, there being no attorney to make the motion. Afterwards, at the same session, on motion of Robert Magraw, the following were admitted to practice, viz.: Andrew Ross, Philip Pandleton, Robert Galbraith, David Sample, and James Wilson, and at the ensuing term, July 16, 1771, David Grier, David Espy, and George Brent were admitted. The names recommended to the Governor for license as tavern-keepers in 1771, were Margaret Frazer, Jean Woods, Frederic Naugel, George Funk, John Campbell, Joseph Irwin, John Miller, and Samuel Paxton. The old inns, or tavern-houses of Frederic Naugel and George Funk are still standing on West Pitt Street, and were famous in their day as synonyms of good cheer for " man and beast." That of George Funk was the aristocratic inn (hotels were un- known at that day), and the headquarters of the judges, lawyers, and military officers. The last of the Funk family died about fifteen years ago, and the descendants of Frederic Naugel are still with us, one of them (Frederic) still living on the farm, adjoining the town, owned by his ancestor. The first judge " learned in the law " appears to have been James Riddle, who died in Cham- bersburg in 1838, leaving an honorable record. The members, from Bedford county, of the convention which adopted the State Constitution of September 28, 1776, were Benjamin Elliott; Thomas Coulter, ancestor of Judge Coulter of Westmoreland ; John Burd ; John Wil- kins, father of Judge Wilkins, late of Pittsburgh ; John Cessna, great-grand- father of Hon. John Cessna of Bedford ; Thomas Smith, and Joseph Powell. The members of the State Constitutional Convention of February 5, 1790, were Joseph Powell, and John Piper, afterward member of the House of Repre- sentatives of Pennsylvania, of whom it is recorded that he made a leap across the open circle beneath the dome of the State House at Harrisburg, while it was unfinished as to the railing around it. From numerous traditions he was a remarkable athlete. It will hardly be considered an unpardonable digression to mention here a 368 HIS TOE Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. number of names intimately associated with the history of Bedford county, in its courts and offices, who, at various periods, have become prominent in State and VIEW AT BEDFORD SPRINGS. National affairs, viz. : Hon. Thomas Smith, who held several appointments of trust under the government, and was afterwards judge of the Supreme Court; Hon. Jonathan Walker, judge of the court, father of Hon. Robert J. Walker, BEDFORD COUNTY. 369 United States Senator from Mississippi, and Secretary of the National Treasury, who resided here in his boyhood, and received his early education here; Hon. Charles Huston, judge, afterwards supreme judge ; Hon. John Tod, judge, after- wards supreme judge, lived and died here; Hon. Jeremiah S. Black, judge, afterwards supreme judge. Secretary of State of United States, Secretary of War, and Attorney General United States ; Hon. William Wilkins, judge. United States Senator, Minister to Russia, and Secretary of War of United States, lived in early life with his father in the house one mile north of Bedford, on the HoUi- daysburg road, now occupied by Samuel Carney ; Hon. John S. Carlisle, United States Senator from West Virginia, is the son of a Bedford lawyer ; General Arthur St. Clair, of Revolutionary fame, was the first prothonotary and register of Bedford county ; Hon. David Mann, father of William F. and D. F. Mann, a gentleman of sterling worth, was appointed prothonotary in 1809 by Governor Snyder, and reappointed by Governor Findlay, serving twelve years, was State senator in 1821, and Auditor-General under Governor Shulze, 1824— '27. Hon. Job Mann, nephew of the above, was prothonotarj' for twelve years, afterwards State Treasurer of Pennsylvania and representative in Congress ; Hon. Alexander Thompson, judge, and member of Congress, a man of remarkable uprightness, purity, and simplicity of character ; Hon. James M. Russell, nephew of the first law judge of the county (Riddle), was a lawyer here for over fifty years, a repre- sentative in Congress, and a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1831- '38 ; Hon. S. M. Barclay, a prominent lawyer and senator of the State ; Hon. Alexander King, judge of the district and State Senator; Hon. Francis Jordan, Secretary of State of Pennsylvania, is a native of Bedford county, studied law, was admitted and practiced in early life at the Bedford bar ; Hon. Alexander L. Russell, son of James M., member of the Bedford bar, afterwards Secretary of State and Adjutant- General of Pennsylvania; Hon. Samuel L. Russell, brother of the above, a member of the Bedford bar, and member of Congress, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1872-'73 ; Hon. John Cessna, member of the bar,, speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1851 and 1863, member of the forty-first and forty-third Congress, and filled many other important public and party offices; Hon. William P. Schell, member of the bar, also Speaker of Pennsylvania House of Representatives. There are and have been many others whom Bedford might claim, who have had honorable influence in public affairs,, but we are restricted by want of space to the above mentioned. The original townships, several of which will be recognized as now belonging to other localities, were Ayr, Bedford, Cumberland, Barree, Dublin, Colerain, Brother's Valley, Fairfield, Mt. Pleasant, Hempfield, Pitt (now Allegheny county),. Tyrone, Spring Hill, Rosstrevor, Armstrong (now Armstrong county), and Tullileague. The present townships are Bedford, Broad Top, Colerain, Cumber land Valley, Hopewell, Harrison, Juniata, Londonderry, Libety, Monroe, Napier, East Providence, West Providence, East St. Clair, West St. Clair, Southampton, Snake Spring, Union, Middle Woodbury, and South Woodbury. The early record of Bedford county abounds in the fearful incidents usual to wild and perilous border life, which if narrated here would make this sketch,, albeit veritable history, seem a romance. Our space, however, is limited, and we must forbear. Often and terrible were the visitations of the savages to the Y 370 niSTOET OF PENNSYLVANIA. homes of the early settlers, and the obliterations of entire families, and the dispersion or destruction of settlements were of not infrequent occurrence. One incident of the kind — the massacre of the Tull family — is an illustration of the remark and we allude to it to the exclusion of others as thrilling and dire, because the circumstance has been perpetuated in the memories of the inhabitants from the locality, having ever since borne the name of the fated family. Every school child in the county knows of or has heard of " Tull's Hill." It lies on the Pittsburgh turnpike, six miles west of Bedford, and has its name from the murder in 1777 by the Indians of a family of that name, consisting of the parents and nine children. The writer many years ago saw an old citizen, who when a young man of nineteen years, passed the smouldering ruins of the Tull cabin the day of the massacre, and saw the mutilated remains of the victims. He made his escape to Fort Bedford. We give the following extract of an account of this massacre, which was written by John Mower, Esq., some thirty years ago. " There were ten children, nine daughters and a son; but at the time referred to the son was absent. At that time the Indians were particularly troublesome, and the inhabitants had abandoned their improvements and taken refuge in the fort; but Tull's family disregarded the danger and remained on their im- provements. One Williams, who had made a settlement about three miles west of Tull's, and near where the town of Schellsburg now stands, had i-eturned to his farm to sow some flaxseed ; he had a son with him, and remained out about a week. The road to his improvement passed Tull's house. On their return, as they approached Tail's, they saw a smoke, and coming nearer, discovered that it arose from the burning ruins of Tull's house. Upon a nearer approach, the son saw an object in the garden, which by a slight movement had attracted his atten- tion, and looking more closely, they found it was the old man just expiring. At the same moment, tlie son discovered on the ground near him an Indian paint- bag. They at once understood the whole matter, and knowing that the Indians were still near, fled at once to the fort. Next day a force went out from the fort to examine, and after some search, found the mother with an infant in her arms, both scalped. A short distance in the same direction, they found the eldest daughter also scalped. A short distance from her, the next daughter in the same situation, and scattered about at intervals, the rest of the children but one, who, from circumstances, they supposed had been burned." The following extract from the Pennsyloania Gazette of August 30, 1764, incidentally explains the perilous state of affairs at that time, and this continued to be the condition of things, at intervals, until 1780. The extract is as follows : " All appears quiet at present along the frontier, except about Bedford, wliere there are, according to intelligence from thence, some of the savages lying in wait for opportunity of doing mischief. They attempted, very lately, to take a man that was fishing, but he got off. The people are returning over the hills to their places, which we are afraid is too soon." General Bouquet writes to Governor Penn, August 25, 1764, as follows: "A party of thirty or forty Indians have killed, near Bedford, one Isaac Stimble, an industrious inhabitant of Ligonier ; taken some horses loaded with merchants' goods, and shot some cattle, after Colonel Reed's detachment had passed that post." BEDFORD COUNTY. 371 We learn, also, from Rev. Dr. Dorr's Historical account of Christ and St. Peter's churches, Philadelphia, that in July, 1763, the." back inhabitants," Bedford, with other points, were in such distressed condition from the "inroads of the savages," that the congregations of Christ and St. Peter's Episcopal churches of Philadel- phia, at the instance of their Rector, Rev. Richard Peters, contributed the sum of £662 3s. for their relief, and after corresponding with the minister and war- dens of the Episcopal church, at Carlisle, for information, sent "supplies of flour, rice, medicine, and other necessaries, together with two chests of arms and half a barrel of powder, four hundred pounds of lead, two hundred of swan shot, and one thousand flints." The inhabitants of Bedford county have alwaj'S been with the advance of their fellow-citizens of other localities in furnishing brave men for the defence of the rights of their country. Reference to the archives and records of the Commonwealth shows that in the early French and Indian wars, the war of the Revolu- tion, the late war with Eng- land, the Mexican war, and the recent civil war, Bedford county has always furnished, never less, and often more, tuan its full quota of those who voluntarily gave their services, in the camp and in tne field, to their country. We are indebted to Hon. William P. Schell for the data of the following geographical and geological description of the county : All of the geological strata within the limits of Pennsyl- vania, from the Trenton or lower limestone up to and in- cluding the coal formation, are found in the county. The great Apalachian chain of mountains have their tread north-east and south- west through the count}'. The western boundary is formed by the Great and the Little Allegheny mountains, which abound in coal, iron ore, and fire-clay. The eastern boundary is formed by Ray's Hill and Broad Top moun- tains. They contain a very su[)erior coal, known as the Broad Top, semi-bitu- minoas, and also iron. The central portion of the county is traversed by several mountain ranges — Terrace, Tussey's, Dunning's, Evit's, Will's, and Buffalo mountains, all of which contain one or more valuable seams of fossil iron ore, excepting the first named, which contains an excellent red hematite ore. There are over two hundred square miles of fossil iron ore within the limits of the county. Embosomed in these ESPY HOUSE — WASHINGTON'S HEAD-QUARTERS, 1774. fFrom a Pliotograph by T. R. Gettys, Bedford.] 372 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. moimtain ranges are some of the most beautiful and fertile limestone valleys to be found anywhere. Many of them are of the same geological formation as Lebanon valley, the great Cumberland valley, and the limestone land of Lancas- ter county. Morrison's cove is some eight miles in width, and extends some twelve miles in this county and through Blair and Centre counties. The land is as fertile and as well improved as any part of the " garden spot of the State " — Lancaster county. Snake Spring valley. Friend's cove, and Milligan's cove are also composed of the Trenton or lower strata of limestone. These valleys are generally underlaid with a very rich brown and red hematite iron ore. There are also several very beautiful and fertile valleys of the upper or Hilderberg limestone formation, to wit: Bedford, Cumberland valley, Dutch Corner, St. Clair, and "Will's Creek valleys. Chestnut ridge, near Schellsburg, is also of the same formation. Within a distance of ten miles, on an east and west line, may be found every geological stratum within the State, except those beneath the Tren- ton limestone. Bedford county is, without doubt, one of the richest iron counties in the State, as it contains almost every variety of ore — the fossil, the hematite, and the carbonaceous ores. Iron can be made at lower rates than elsewhere in the Slate, as coal, iron ore, and limestone are found in great abundance in close proximity, and these are all intersected by a railroad running diagonally north- east and south-west, through the entire length of the county. The natural scenery of Bedford county is perhaps unsurpassed for pictu- resqueness and variety. The wild mountain views alternate witli rare rural scenes. The valleys especially attract the attention of tourists, and some of the landscapes are pronounced, by persons traveled in this and other lands, as beautiful as any the sun shines upon. The climate is pure and healthful. The manufacturing facilities of the county are as yet comparatively unde- veloped. There are several extensive iron furnaces, some of which have been nearly a century in operation. One, the Bloomfield furnace, in Morrison's cove, furnishes iron of such peculiarly excellent and tenacious quality that it was exclusively used during the recent war for the manufacture of the immense cannon used by the government. There are several manufactories of woolen goods, planing mills, and a large number of extensive steam tanneries, but in all these industries, especially the iron interest, the reserve supply of material untouched is simply inexhaustible. The town of Bedford was laid out in June, 1766, by order issued by Governor John Penn to the Surveyor-General of the Province, John Lukens, and it was incorporated as a borough, by act of Assembl}' of the State, 13th March, 1795. The original plan of the town, which has been enlarged by sub- sequent additions, was similar to all the old towns of the Penns, having equally sized squares, divided by streets intersecting each other at right angles, and a central park or square. It had three streets running east and west, viz., Penn, Pitt, and John, the two latter being on the north and south, and each sixty feet in width, and the first named being central, between the other two, and eighty feet in width. These are crossed at regular intervals b}' six other streets, running north and south, named respectively, Juliann, Thomas, Richard, Bed- BEDFORD COUNTY, 373 ford, East, and West streets, each of the wi IlIi of sixty feet. The personal names, feminine and masculine, perhaps more home-like than euphonious, which some of these streets bear, were given (so says tradition) by John Lukens in honor of members of the Governor's family. The limits of the borough have been gradually enlarged, until to-day it covers an area of one mile from east to west, by one and a quarter miles north to south. At the time of the survey by John Lukens, the streets of Raystown, viz., the road from the east to Fort Pitt and the path south to Fort Cumberland, entered the hamlet on lines parallel with the Old Fort, or King's house. The survey of Lukens changed these courses, for his orders were to " lay out the streets parallel with and at right angles with Colonel Bouquet's house." This house is the large limestone mansion known as the " Woods house," that stands on Pitt street, directly opposite the Old Fort house, and is now the residence of A. B. Carn. It is, even for the present day, a spacious, elegant mansion, massive and durable in style, and unless it should be removed to make way for business houses, will be as strong and secure a century hence as it is now. Why it was called Colonel Bouquet's house is not now known, unless it being his head-quar- ters in 1758, when he remained some time at Bedford with his force of 7,850 men, and his again occupying it temporarily in 1763, associated his name with it. It is sure he never owned it, nor had his permanent residence in Bedford. The house was built prior to 1758, tradition says by a Captain Klem, a Scotch- man, and at an early day came into the possession of George Woods, Esquire, one of the King's justices, and was for several generations the residence of himself and descendants, having passed out of ihe family within the last thirty years. The only buildings contemporary, or nearly so, with it now standing are the Old Fort or King's house ; the Funk and Xawgel taverns, on West Pitt street ; the old Barclay house in the south-east suburb, known as the " Grove ;" the " Espy house," a picture of which is given, interesting as Washington's head- quarters in October, 1794, when he came to Bedford on his expedition to the western counties during the Whiskey Insurrection. It is also a matter worthy of note that General Arthur St. Clair had his first prothonotary's office, in 1771 and 1772, in the basement of the rear building of the Espy house. The Old Fort, or " King's house," stands at an angle eccentric from the town lines, facing a private square at the intersection of Pitt and Juliann streets. It is a somewhat singular circumstance, in this land of change, that this property is now owned by a descendant (David F. Mann) of one of the first home officers commissioned in the war of the Revolution, Captain Andrew Mann, father of the late Hon. David Mann. The old house is built of oak logs, and is yet substantial and in good pre- servation. It had a smooth clay floor on the first story, still to be seen under the modern flooring, and split logs flooring the second story. The building is now covered with weather boarding, but the clap-boarding of the gable ends is still to be seen from the inside, fastened with immense wrought-iron spikes. In the old Nawgel tavern, the old split oak floor, nailed with the same huge home- made spikes, is to be seen. Lying to the eastward of the King's house, and sloping downward to what is now East street, was th*' " King's orchard," some fifteen acres planted in apple 374 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA, trees, the last one of which was standing as lately as about 1855, having sur- vived its companions many years. This orchard seems to have been used in early times as a burial-place for the settlers and soldiers of the fort, the graves being scattered without regard to order all over the space alluded to, some sino-ly, others in small clusters, as evidenced by the frequent exhumation ot human remains, from the early years of the borough to the present time, in excavating for buildings and other purposes. These remains are still occasion- ally brought to the surface in the ordinary work of cultivating the gardens in the compactly built portion of the town which was once the King's orchard. But a dozen years ago, in digging the cellar for the brick house on the north side of Penn street, immediately east of the Presbyterian church, the workmen discovered what were evidently the remains of two adult persons in early man- hood and womanhood, probably man and wife, who had, from indications shown by the appearance of the bones, met deaths of violence. In the forehead of the female skeleton was the perforation made by the leaden bullet which was found in the cavity of the skull. After the town was surveyed in 1766, the interments seem to have been principally confined, for some thirty years, to the Episcopal burial-ground on Penn street, east of Richard, also a part of the King's orchard, which, at the laying out of the town, was donated by Governor Penn to "the Churc^h for a burial-place." In removing the remains of the dead from this old graveyard to the new cemetery, some ten years since, remains of several, sup- posed to be British officers, were among those taken up. In the grave of one, thought b}' the old inhabitants to be that of a Colonel Campbell, were found, besides the massive coffin handles, a breast-pin containing a lady's miniature, and a pair of very rich, old fashioned, gold linked sleeve-buttons. The remains of Justice Bernard Dougherty, Judge Scott, and others of the early pioneers, were deposited in this ground. In the old graveyard on Juliann street, south of the original borough line, also donated by order of Governor Penn to the " Lutherans and Cjilvinists of the town," commonly known as the Presbyterian graveyard, also lie the remains of many of the first settlers. It is in this ground that John Tod, judge of the Su- preme Court, is buried. There is also another tomb in this enclosure, around which cluster interesting memories — it is that of Colonel Levin Powell, of Virgi- nia, who died in Bedford while visiting the springs for his health in 1810. He was the Colonel Powell in connection .with whose name the following characte- ristic anecdote is narrated. Colonel Powell was a candidate for Congress in the district in which Washington resided, and they were not on amicable terms, although of the same party. As the General alighted from his horse and walked up to the polls to announce his vote, as was the custom of the time in Virginia, the crowd, curious to know how he would vote, under the circumstances, followed him. Washington observing this, exclaimed, in words that have passed into a proverb: "Gentlemen, I vote for principles, not men," and then directed the clerk to record his vote for Colonel Levin Powell. The early settlers of Bedford were principally English, also the Scotch-Irish, and the German element were largely represented. The descendants of a number of the pioneers still reside here, and many of them are among our first citizens. For many years the society of the town was characterized by English customs BEDFORD COUNTY. 375 and hospitality, and like Carlisle, Chambersburg, and some other of the colo- nial towns, was intelligent, select, refined, and aristocratic. The town is beautifully situated on the Raystown branch of the Juniata, in the midst of a most charming landscape, in a valley the beauties of which have formed the theme of many a poet's verse and tourist's praise. For health- fulness of location, exquisiteness of scenery, and salubrity of climate, it has few rivals. It is well built, has wide streets well paved, and is much remarked upon for the beauty and number of its shade trees. Its public edifices, court house, churches, and school buildings, are handsome and in good architectural style, and its private residences are uniformly good, and some of them quite beautiful; these are for the most part brick and stone. The" town stands upon what for many years was the great thoroughfare between the East and West — the t . rnpike leading from Philadelphia and Baltimore to Pittsburgh and Wheeling; and until the completing of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad on the south, and the Penn- sylvania Central on the north, the entire road, from Chambersburg to Pittsburgh, was teeming day and night with coaches, Conestoga wagons, and private conve^'- ances, and every interest of the town and country was prosperous. After the opening out of the railroads above mentioned, the old place was figuratively " laid on the shelf," until the completing, in 1872, of its railroad connecting the Penn- sylvania and Maryland railroads, since which time its prosperity has been on the increase. Its population has since then doubled, its inhabitants now numbering 2,500. The Bedford and Bridgeport railroad runs on the north side of the river, about two hundred yards from its main street, with which it is connected by two bridges, one of them an iron bridge of remarkable durability and beauty. There is considerable wealth concentrated here, and there is little of poverty. The citizens, as a class, are industrious, moral, and prosperous. It has one of the finest graded schools in the State. Its churches are, the Presbyterian, Catholic, Reformed, Lutheran, Episcopal, Methodist, and two African Methodist. Everett, formerly Waynesburg and Bloody Run, the second in size of the towns of Bedford county, is a thriving borough of twelve hundred inhabitants, situated on the Raystown branch of the Juniata, and the Chambersburg and Bed- ford turnpike, eight miles from the latter place. The Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, which connects with the Bedford and Bridgeport railroad at Mount Dallas, one mile west of the town, has a depot here. The town is handsomely built, and improving rapidly, and is inhabited by a moral, energetic, intelligent, and hospitable people. The private residences are principally built of brick and frame. Colonel Joseph W. Tate writes to me concerning its early history : " In reference to the borough of Bloody Run, now Everett, I find the facts to be as follows: In a deed dated 7th March, 1787, from John Musser, of Lancaster, Penn- sylvania, to Michael BarndoUar, of Frederick county, Md., there was conveyed four hundred acres of land. This was comprised in two warrants, one in the name of William Thompson, for 250 acres, the other in name of James Elliott, for 150 acres, which includes the creek or branch called Bloody run. On the first day of February, 1800, under articles of agreement, Michael BarndoUar conveyed eighty acres of the western part of the above warrants unto Samuel Tate, of Shippensburg, Pennsylvania. The above eighty acres included the Juniata river 376 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. and the stream Bloody run, from its mouth to a survey in the name of Robert Culbertson. On 13th October, 1800, Samuel Tate was by Michael Barndollar constituted attorney to procure patents for the above described lands." This was the beginning of the hamlet of Bloody Run, which finally grew into a village, and afterward was incorporated as a borough. The name was changed, a few years ago, for one perhaps more euphonious — Everett, which at times has caused some embarrassment to tourists who were in search of the historic battle- ground of Bloody Run. Colonel Tate goes on to remark that " the battle with the Indians, from which the old town derived its name, was fought on the Culbertson tract, a short dis- tance east of the steam mill, and south of Spring's. Traces of the old road can yet be seen on Culbertson's hill, west of where J. W. Barndollar's railroad ware- house now stands. The first Methodist church and graveyard were on the boundary of R. Culbertson's survey. Prior to building the Methodist church, the graveyard was west of the old stone church, and near the old log school- house. There was another graveyard at an early day, on the point west of where Blooly run empties into the Raystown branch." There are various and conflicting accounts as to the affair which gave the name of Bloody run to this stream and for many years to the town. The follow- ing, published in a London (England) paper in 1765, is perhaps as authentic as any other, viz. : " The convoy of eighty horses, loaded with goods, chiefly on his Majesty's account, as presents to the Indians, and part on account of Indian traders, were surprised in a narrow and dangerous defile in the mountains by a body of armed men. A number of horses were killed, and the whole of the goods carried away by the plunderers. The rivulet was dyed with blood, and ran into the settlement below, carrying with it the stain of crime upon its surface." The foregoing is as explicit as a report borne across the Atlantic from the wilds of the west at that day could well be. It was not in a mountain defile, however, that the melee occurred ; it was in a hollow among the hills, near the river, and not far from the base of the mountain, and the truth, as far as we can gather, is about this : The traders above referred to were doing, as some are doing in our western border to-day, gratifying their passion for lucre at the sac- rifice of the public good, viz., surreptitiously furnishing the savages with the implements and materiel of war, by which they were enabled to carry on more readily their predator^' and murderous attacks upon the settlers and their fami- lies. It were well, perhaps, if there were now, as then, stern men wlio, on their own individual responsibility, would correct the evil by visiting summary ven- geance upon the sordid knaves. ScHELLSBURQ — I am indebted to John P. Reed, Esq., grandson of the founder of Schellsburg, for the following sketch : " Schellsburg, ' the loveliest village of the plain,' is situated on the eastern slope of Chestnut ridge, one of the foot- hills of the Allegheny mountains, nine miles west of Bedford, on the turnpike leading to Pittsburgh. It was laid out by John Schell, a native of Goshenhoppen, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, in the year 1810, who was forced to leave his early home on account of the ' alien and sedition law,' and his ' liberty pole ' proclivities. He came to Bedford county about the year 1800, and stopped at ' Nine Mile town,' west of Bedford, and bought the tract of land patented as BEDFORD COUNTY. 377 'Nine Mile town,' and an adjoining tract patented in the name of ' Pekin,' about five hundred acres, from Samuel Davidson and John Anderson, of Bedford, in 1801, and on these lands, on the road leading from Bedford to Fort Pitt, he laid out the village of Schellsburg. It grew apace, and the Legislature, by act of 19th of March, 1838, made it a borough. It is a beautiful and substantial village of about five hundred inhabitants, situated near the foot of a picturesque ridge, sur- rounded by beautiful meadows and fields, forming quite an extended plain, with a fine view of the distant Buffalo ridge and the Wills mountains. John Schell donated several lots for church and educational purposes, and some ten acres of level land, on the summit of the ridge, for a church and cemetery. Here was built, mainly through his efforts, the first church (a union church of the German Reformed and Lutheran denominations) in that part of the county, which remains to-day a relic of the labors of the pioneers of this section, and is used now only as a mortuary chapel of the beautiful burial-ground that surrounds it. In the village, the Reformed, Lutheran, Methodist, and Presbyterian people are repre- sented by churches, and a creditable brick school-house supplies the wants of the villagers in that regard. A town hall is now also in process of erection. At an early day the town was the centre of business for thirty miles in a westerly and northerly direction ; now the business is more difi'used." The other boroughs of the county are Woodbury, in Morrison's cove ; St. Clairsville, ten miles north of Bedford, named in honor of Arthur St. Clair ; Rainsburg, in Friend's cove, nine miles south-east from Bedford ; Saxton, on the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, in the north-east end of the county ; CoALDALE, on Broad Top mountain ; Pleasantville, in the north-west section, where are located a large steam tannery and grist mills ; and Bridgeport, at the junction of the Bedford and Bridgeport with the Pittsburgh and Connells- ville railroad. The medicinal springs of Bedford are so widely and justly celebrated, that no sketch of this locality can be complete without some reference thereto. These springs rank foremost in Pennsylvania on account of their mineral pro- perties and medicinal efflects, and their mountain elevation and scener3\ They are a mile and a half from the town of Bedford, from which they derive their name. Besides the mineral spring, as it is called, there are found in close proximity a chalybeate spring, a powerful limestone one, a sulphur, and two sweet springs. The discovery of the remedial virtues of the Bedford waters only dates half a century back. In the year 1804, a mechanic of Bedford, Jacob Fletcher, when fishing for trout in the stream near the principal fountain, was attracted by the beauty and singularity of the waters flowing from the bank, and drank freely from them. They proved purgative and sudorific. He had suffered man}' years from rheumatic pains and formidable ulcers on the legs. On the ensuing night he was more free from pain, and slept more tranquilly than usual ; and this unexpected relief induced him to drink daily of the waters, and to bathe his limbs in tlie fountain. In a few weeks he was entirely cured. The happy effect which they had on this patient led others, laboring under various chronic diseases, to the springs. In the summer of 1805, many valetudinarians came in carriages and encamped in the valley, to seek from the munificent hand of nature their lost health. Since that period the springs have become widely famous. BERKS COUNTY. BY J. LAWRENCE GETZ, READING. EKKS county (named after Berkshire in England, where the Penn family held large landed estates) was originally formed from parts of Philadelphia county east of the river Schuylkill, and from parts of Chester and Lancaster west of the same river, by an act of the General Assembly, approved March 11th, 1752, by the Hon. James Hamilton, Governor of the Province. By the same act, Edward Scull, of Philadelphia count}^ Benjamin Lightfoot, of Chester, and Thomas Cookson, of Lancaster, were appointed commissioners to run the boundary lines. Its subdivisions at that BERKS COUNTY COURT HOUSE, READING. (From a Photograph bj Sajlor, Reading.] time consisted of sixteen townships, of which Albany, Alsace, Amity, Colebrook- dalc, Douglass, Exeter, Hereford, and Oley, were taken from Philadelphia county ; Bern, Bethel, Caernarvon, Cumru, Heidelberg, Robeson, and Tulpe- hocken, from Lancaster county ; and Union township from Chester county. Berks was reduced to its present limits by annexing tlie extreme northern part to Northumberland, 1172; and by the erection of Schuylkill county out of an additional northern part of its territory, 1811. It is bounded on the north by Schuylkill ; on the north-east by Lehigh ; on the south-east by Montgomery and Chester ; and on the south-west by Lancaster and Lebanon. Average length, 32 miles ; breadth, 28 miles ; area, 927 square miles, embracing 593,280 acres. By the petition which was presented to the General Assembly, February 4th, 378 SEEKS COUNTY. 379 1752, asking for the erection of a county to be called Berks, the population of the territory included within the then proposed limits was estimated at seven thousand. By the several decennial censuses of the United States government, taken from 1790 to 1870, inclusive, the population of the county was enumerated as follows : 1790, 30,179 ; 1800, 32,407 ; 1810, 43,146 ; 1820, 46,275 ; 1830, 53,152 ; 1840, 64,569; 1850, 77,129; 1860, 93,818; 1870, 106,701; 1876 (estimated), 120,000. The topographical features of the county are diversified. Broad fertile plains and valleys intermingle with rough hills and mountains incapable of culti- vation by the plow. But as compensation for the sterile surface of the latter, many of them contain enormous mineral wealth in the shape of iron, which awaits development, and will yet become the source of incalculable profit to the future inheritors of the soil. The southern portion of the county is traversed in a south-westerly course by the South mountain range, here and there broken into irregular spurs. In the northern part there are several elevated ridges. The Kittatinny or Blue mountain forms the boundary line between Berks and Schuylkill. The principal stream in Berks county is the river Schuylkill (" hidden creek "), so named by the Dutch, who were the first explorers of this region, and who, it is said, in their explorations of the Delaware river, passed the mouth of the Schuylkill without perceiving its existence. The Indian name of the river was Man ai-unk. It rises in the carboniferous highlands of Schuylkill count}-, and fiowing in a south-easterly direction, breaks through the Blue ridge at Port Clinton, and flows down by Hamburg, and passing Reading, becomes the dividing line between the counties of Montgomery and Chester a few miles above Pottstown. Several of its large tributaries flow through Berks count}', the principal one of which is the Tulpehocken creek, rising in Lebanon county, and flowing E.S.E., empties into the Schuylkill near Reading. The Maiden creek, another tributary, rises in the north-eastern part of the county, and flows into the Schuylkill six miles above Reading. The Manatawny rises in the south-eastern part of the county, and empties into the Schuylkill at Pottstown. There are several smaller streams in the county, viz. : Saucony, a branch of the Maiden creek ; Northkill, which empties into the Tulpehocken near Bernville ; Cacoosing and Spring creeks, which are branches of the Tulpehocken ; and Allegheny and Monocasy creeks, emptying into the Schuylkill below Reading. The Little Swatara rises at the foot of the Blue mountain, and flows in a south- westerly direction, through Lebanon county, and unites with the Great Swatara near Jonestown. These streams furnish ample water power for mills, furnaces, forges, and other manufactories. The agricultural resources of Berks are very large, and the county ranks in this respect as the third in the State, being excelled only by Chester and Lan- caster. The soil generally (with the exceptions noted on a preceding page) is of good quality, and under thorough culture. One-third is fertile limestone land, very productive in wheat and other cereals. In the southern part the red shale formation prevails. Well cultivated fields in every section testify to both the fertility of the soil and the persevering industry of the large rural popula- tion which is principally engaged in agricultural pursuits. In 1870 the total 380 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. estimated value of all farm productions, including betterments and additions to stock, was $9,1 50,7 S9. The surplus agricultural products are sent principally to the markets of Philadelphia, New York, and the Schuylkill coal regions. The chief mineral wealth of Berks consists in iron ore, which occurs in various parts of the county. At Mount Pleasant, in Colebrookdale township; in Oley township ; at Boyertown ; at Moselem, in Richmond township ; and at several other points, beds of good quality of ore are profitably worked. The products of these mines form the principal supply for the numerous furnaces in the county. An approximate idea of the extent and productive value of the various manufactories of iron in Berks county is given in the following table, compiled from the census of 1810, which contains the onl}-- reliable data accessible to the writer : MANUFACTORIES. Blooraeries Forged and rolled . . . Bolts, nuts, etc. . . . Nails and spikes . . . Wrought tubes . . . . Pig iron Castings, all kinds . . . Machinery (not specified) Engines and boilers . . Total o b i-h ►i-?5 O B M '< Cu O (t rn ". O' ?r CO 3 16 19 1,027 2 26 3 140 1 241 17 1,244 15 492 6 68 3 112 69 3,366 Capital. $62,500 2,199,659 110.000 180,000 750,000 2,378,600 626,500 72,990 95,500 "Wages. $5,133 581,260 13,564 66,250 108,410 332,945 211,623 23,090 40,600 5,475,749 $1,382,875 Value of materials consumed. $40,415 2,196,684 52,309 288,472 437,206 1,415,166 403,890 14,480 42,350 $4,890,972 Products. $59,220 2,983,755 71,000 383,500 569,634 2,041,025 718,559 68,750 107,640 $7,003,083 PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES OF THE COUNTY OTHER THAN IRON. MANUFACTORIES. Canal boats .... Boots and shoes . . Bricks Carriages and wagons Clothing Cotton goods . . . Flouring mill products Hats and caps . . . Leather tanned . . . Do. curried . . . Malt liquors .... Sash, doors, and blinds Cigars Woolen goods . . . 3 11 29 64 59 5 63 16 38 39 5 6 38 13 O 3 121 177 386 185 307 341 154 432 118 7t 66 130 282 227 Capital. $59,500 70,900 191,160 67,950 88,375 198,400 557,550 391,188 180,765 111,525 421,000 56,500 89,500 197,780 Wages. $46,470 60,150 81,416 40,846 54,647 77,450 29,555 177,460 26,191 15,777 36,720 61,417 49,910 57,473 Value of materials. $106,401 89,622 97,915 44,064 137,143 175,574 1,127,265 458,299 281,499 250,961 150,715 112,852 86,198 158,795 Products. $155,801 170,417 260,110 137,233 228,801 299,550 1 ,308,233 951.880 348,564 314,831 257.679 211,861 196,543 285,435 BEBKS COUNTY. 381 The number of manufacturing establishments of all descriptions in Berks county, as returned by the census of 1870, was 1,440. Total number of hands employed, 8,991; capital invested, $11,182,603 ; wages paid annually, $2,711,231 ; materials consumed, $10,646,049; value of products, $16,243,453. Estimated value in 1875, being 50 per centum added, $24,365,179. It has been the fashion with writers for the press, for the most part unac- quainted with the history and character of the inhabitants of Berks county, to represent them as an ignorant people, inimical to education. To such an extent has this misrepresentation been carried, that, up to a very recent period, the " Dumb Dutch " of Berks had become a by-word of reproach against this people indiscriminately. Nothing could be farther from the truth. In every settlement of Berks county, from the earliest dates, the school house was reared contempora- neously with the church; secular education went hand in hand with religious instruction, and the schoolmaster was regarded as second only to the pastor in the importance of his functions. It is true that the Germans of Berks count}', with their characteristic jealousy of all innovations upon their established customs and institutions, were slow to adopt the provisions of the common school law of Pennsylvania, which the^'^ looked upon with suspicion, as an attempt by the State to usurp authority in a matter which they believed to belong exclusively to themselves as a local and domestic regulation of which they were best qualified to have the control.. Whether right or wrong in this view is no longer a question of practical importance. Suffice it to say that, when the school system came to be fairly understood, it was readily accepted and faithfully administered, and in no county in the State do its operations and results to-day present a more gratifying exhibit. Exclusive of the city of Reading, the county is sub-divided into fifty school districts, wiih four hundred and twenty-five schools, which are kept open upon an average of six months in the year. The number of teachers employed during the school year just closed was 430 ; average number of pupils in attendance, 12,374. The annual taxation of the people for the support of these schools amounts to nearly' $105,000, and no tax is more willingly paid. The school houses are all substantially built, and many of them have been constructed after the most improved models of school architecture. The earliest internal improvements which brought Berks county into direct communication with other sections of the State were the three great turnpike roads, namely, the Reading and Perkiomen, from Philadelphia to Reading, fifty- two miles ; the Centre, an extension of the former, from Reading to Sunbury, eighty-two miles; and the Berks and Dauphin, from Reading to Harrisburg, fifty-two miles. These highways have been preserved in good repair at a very small annual expenditure, and attest the wisdom and engineering skill of the old surveyors by whom they were constructed. The turnpikes were succeeded by the canals, of which the Union canal is the oldest, having been projected in 1821, and opened to navigation in 1826. It commences at Middletown, on the Susque- hanna, and enters the Schuylkill at Reading. The Schuylkill canal, although projected at a later date, was completed about the same time. It extends from Port Carbon, in the Schuylkill coal region, follows the course of the river down through Reading, and terminates at Fairmount, Philadelphia. Its whole length 382 SIS TOB Y OF PENJSfS YL VAN! A. is one bundred and eight miles. It is now operated, under lease, by the Reading railroad companj'. The county is intersected by railroads in almost ever}' direction, chief of which is the main line of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad, completed through from Philadelphia to Pottsville, ninety-three miles, in 1842. All the other lines of railway', with one exception, althougb constructed by independent companie-j, liave now passed under the control of that great corporation, either by consolidation or lease. The Lebanon Vallej' branch, from Reading to Harris- burg, fift^'-four miles, connects with the Pennsylvania railroad at the latter city. The East Pennsylvania branch, from Reading to AUentown, thirty-six miles, connects with the Lehigh Valley railroad at that station, and forms a link in what is known as the AUentown route from New York to the West. The Read- ing and Columbia, and Lancaster branch, forty miles, connects at Columbia with railways to York and Port Deposit. The Berks and Lehigh branch, fortv-three miles, from Reading to Slatington, connects at that point with the Lehigh Vallej' railroad. The other branches are the Colebrookdale, twelve miles, from Pottstown to Barto, and the Kutztown, four and one-half miles, from Topton to Kutztown, which are elsewhere noticed. The exception referred to is the Wilmington and Reading railroad, sixty-four miles, connecting with the Pennsylvania railroad at Coatesville, and with the Philadelphia, Wilming- ton, and Baltimore railroad at Wilmington. The South Mountain and Boston railroad, now under construction, and a portion of tlie Pennsylvania division of which has been graded, passes in a direct line from east to west, through the northern portion of Berks county, along the fertile valley of the Tulpehocken. This road will extend from the Susquehanna river, near Ilarrisburg, on the south-west, in a north-easterly course to the Hudson river, opposite Poughkeepsie, New York. When completed, it will form a connection with Reading by means of the Straustown branch, twenty miles in length, from the main line which takes Straustown in its route. This brancli passes tlirough the borough of Bernville. The first settlements within the present limits of Berks county were made between the years 1704 to 1712, by some English members of the Society of Friends, French Huguenots, and German emigrants from the Palatinate, in Wahlink, or Oley, a name which signifies, in the Indian tongue, "a tract of land encompassed by hills." Among the Friends who first domiciled here were Artliur Lee and George Boone, the ancestor of Daniel Boone, the famous pioneer of Kentucky. Prominent among the first German settlers at or near Oley was Hans Keim, the ancestor of the Keim family of Reading. The Huguenots who settled in Berks first endeavored to find a home in New York. Abraham De Turck, of Oley, one of their descendants, in a letter dated March, 1844, to I. D. Rupp, author of the " History of Berks County," wrote : " My ancestor, Isaac Turk, or De Turck, lived in France, and being a Huguenot, was obliged to flee to Frankenthal in the Palatinate. He emigrated to America in the days of Queen Anne (17G9), settled in the State of New York, in the neighborhood of Esopus, and removed to Oley 1712. The patent of my land is dated 1712." About 1714 or 1715, a few Swedes settled in Amity township. There still BEEKS COUNTY. 383 stands a relic of this settlement — a two story house, built of the native sand- stone, on the east bank of the Schuylkill, at the village of Douglassville, in the front wall of which there is a stone bearing the initials and date " I. M. I., 1716." A settlement was begun in Tulpehocken, in 1723, by some Germans who had fled from the Palatinate in 1708 or 1709, and taken refuge in England at the invitation of Queen Anne. In December, 1709, three thousand of these refugees embarked at London in ten ships for New York. Nearly one-half of them perished on the voyage. The survivors arrived at New York in June, 1710, and settled at various points on the Hudson. In the winter of 1712-13, about fifty families took up lands and established their homes on the Scoharie, within the limits of the present county of Scoharie. Others soon joined them there, and after encountering the various trials and hardships incident to the immigrant for several years, they brought much of the land under culture, and founded flourishing hamlets in the midst of rich fields of corn and productive gardens. But while rejoicing in the prospect of peace and prosperity, they were suddenly notified that the lands which they had improved belonged to the State, and that they must relinquish them to the lawful claimant. Submitting patiently to adverse fate, they sadly left their homes on the Scoharie for Pennsylvania, where they found an asylum among the Indians. Piloted by a friendly Indian, in the spring of 1723, they finally reached the head of the Tulpehocken creek, and settled on Indian lands about eighteen miles west of Reading. Having pro- vided temporary shelter for their wives and children, their next care was to send deputies to Lieutenant-Governor Keith, to ask permission to settle on the Tulpe- hocken creek. He granted their petition on condition that they would, as soon as possible, make full satisfaction to the Proprietary or his agent, for such lands as should be allotted them. A few years later, fifty other families removed from the Scoharie to Tulpehocken. This new accession aroused the hostility of the natives. At a council, held June 5, 1728, in Philadelphia, in tiie presence of a large audience, one of the chiefs, Allummapees, otherwise Sassoo- nan, king of the Delawares, plaintively alluded to the encroachments upon his people which had been made bj'^ the Germans, In addressing James Logan, president of the council, he said : "I am now an old man and must soon die; my children may wonder to see their father's lands gone from them, without receiving anything for them, and they left with no place of their own to live on. This may occasion a difference between their children and us hereafter. I would willingly prevent any misunderstanding that may happen." In 1729 there was another accession of Palatines, prominent among whom was Conrad Weiser, who afterwards played an important part in the colonial history' of Berks county. To quiet and fully satisfy the Indians, 'Thomas Penn, son of the Proprietary of Pennsylvania, purchased the lands in this region from the Indians in 1732, and from him the settlers derived valid titles to the lands they occupied. But the attempts to preserve peace between the German settlers of Berks county and the Indians were all unavailing. To relate in detail all the atrocities committed by the natives from 1744 to 1764, would exceed the compass of this limited sketch. In 1744, when war was declared between Great 384 HISTO BY OF PENNS YL VANIA. Britain and France, the latter easily succeeded in exciting the hostility of the Indians against the English, and the French found them not only willing but eager to join them in their acts of plunder and rapine. Soon after Braddock's defeat at Fort Duquesne, in July, 1755, the Indians made marauding incursions into Berks county from the direction of the Blue mountain. They devastated, by fire and slaughter, many parts of the county. Hundreds of houses were laid in ashes, hundreds of persons were scalped and slain, and many, without distinction as to age or sex, were taken captives by the savages, and subjected to tortures from which death was a blessed release. Conrad Weiser, who was then commander of the Provincial forces in Berks, wrote numerous letters which are still in existence, to Lieutenant-Governor Morris, giving thrilling accounts of the deplorable condition of the settlements. In one letter, dated the latter part of 1755, he wrote : " This country is in a dismal condition. It can't hold out long. Consternation, pove:ty, confusion everywhere." Alarms of this kind continued in Berks and other counties till 1778, when the Indiana were finally driven beyond the Allegheny mountains. Although the first settlers of Berks county were chiefly Germans, the colonial records show that emigrants of other European nationalities also I sought and found homes here. Reference has been made to the settlements of Friends and French Huguenots in Oley, and of Swedes in Amity. Besides these, there were settlements of Huguenots in Alsace township, contiguous to Reading, and in Greenwich, on the border of Lehigh county ; in Bern, of Swiss ; in Brecknock, Caernarvon, and Cumru, of Welsh; in Maiden Creek, of Friends; in Robeson, of Friends, English, and Welsh ; and in Union, of Swedes, English, and Welsh. A few Dutch families settled in Pike township, about 1730, and their descendants still reside there upon the ancestral estates. John Pott, a descend- ant of one of these families, built the first furnace in Pottsville, and gave the I name' to the town, which has since become the great depot of the Schuylkill coal region. He is also credited with having been the discoverer of the uiility of anthracite coal. Hereford township, in the extreme eastern corner of the county bordering upon Montgomery and Lehigh, was settled principally by 4 Schwenkfelders," a religious sect founded by Kaspar von Schwenkfeld, a Bobleman of Silesia. His adherents were persecuted by both Roman Catholics and Protestants, and in 1734 a considerable number of them emigrated to Pennsylvania, and settled on contiguous lands in Berks, Montgomery, and Lehigh. Their descendants in these counties still number about three hundred I families and eight hundred members, and have five churches and school- f houses. The inhabitants of Berks, being for the most part composed of immigrants, and the descendants of immigrants, who had either been driven from or voluntarily left their native countrj' to escape from civil oppression or religious persecution, it was natural that they should have been among the first to espouse the cause of the Colonies in resisting the usurpations of the British Crown. In June, 1775. after the first blood had been shed for American freedom in the battles of Lex- ington and Bunker Hill, the Assembly, in session at Philadelphia, recommended to the commissioners and assessors of Berks county "to immediately provide four hundred firelocks with bayonets, cartridge boxes with twenty-three rounds of SEEKS COUNTY. 385 cartridges in every box, and knapsacks for the Immediate use of drafted soldiers." This recommendation was promptly adopted. At a meeting held at Reading, January 2, 1776, Edward Biddle, Jonathan Potts, Mark Bird, Christopher Schultz, John Patton, Sebastian Levan, and Baltzer Gehr, were appointed delegates to a convention, held at Philadelphia, January 22, 1776, to devise measures for effectual resistance to the mother coun- try; and Edward Biddle, Jonathan Potts, William Rehrer, Christopher Witman, and Mark Bird, were constituted a committee of correspondence. When, on July 4, 1776, the delegates of the "Associators of Pennsylvania " met at Lancaster, to choose two brigadier-generals to command the battalions and forces of Pennsyl- vania, Berks county was represented hy Colonels Bird, Patton, and Levan ; Majors Gabriel Hiester, Jones, Lindemuth, and Loefller; Lieutenants Cremer, Lutz, Rice, and Miller; Adjutant S. Eby ; Captains Keim and May; and pri- vates Ilartman, Filbert, Morgan, Tolbert, Spohn, Wenrich, Moser, Seltzer, Win- ter, Lerch, Wister, and Smack. While this convention was being held, the representatives in Congress unani- mously declared the thirteen Colonies free and independent States. This act gave an impetus to the struggle which induced the patriots of Berks to make common cause with their brethren already in arms, by enlisting for active service whenever their country should call them into the fleld. During the winter of l776-'77, when the British were in possession of Phila- delphia, Reading was the resort of many fugitive families from the metropolis, and it is related that, notwithstanding the gloomy prospects of the army under Washington, the little town became the scene of much gaiety. The society of the refugees received accessions of visitors from time to time — officers of the army, and others, who found relief from the contemplation of the common suffer- ing in card parties, balls, sleighing excursions, and kindred pleasures. General Mifflin (afterwards Governor of the Commonwealth) held a country-seat named "Angelica," three miles south-east of Reading, which subsequently became the property of the county, and is now occupied by the alms-house and county hos- pital buildings. lie was out of command in the array at this time, and was residing here. It was during this dark interval of the war that Reading became the head-quarters of the " Conway Cabal," which had for its object the deposi- tion of Washington as Commander in-Chief, and the substitution of General Gates. General Mifflin was, for a time, a leading spirit among these malcontents, but subsequently regretted the step he had taken, apologized for his conduct, and was restored to favor. During the same period, a body of Hessian prisoners, who had been captured at Trenton in December, 1776, together with some British, and the principal Scotch Royalists who had been captured in North Carolina, were brought to Reading, and confined in a sort of rude barracks on Penn's Mount, east of the town, where they remained some time. To protect themselves against the incle- menc3' of the winter, they built huts from the stones which they found there in great abundance, the ruins of which may still be traced by the curious antiquary. These prisoners were under the command of Captain Philip Miller, of Reading, who fought in the battle of Trenton. At the beginning of the year 1777, the number of available efficient men in z 386 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Berks was reported at about four thousand. On the 5th and 6th days of May, in that 3'ear, they met at convenient places to elect field officers, and formed themselves into companies and classes, agreeably to law. July 28, 17 IT, the Council of Safety at Philadelphia, in the exigency of affairs, when the invasion of Pennsylvania by the British was apprehended, ordered Colonel Jacob Morgan, of Berks, forthwith to embody one class of the militia of the county and send them to Chester. The command was promptly complied with, the militia exhibiting the warmest zeal in the cause upon which the future fate of the American States depended. Some of the inhabitants, however, here as elsewhere, were not equally zealous, assigning as a reason for not responding to the call, that they were unprovided with arms, ammunition, and other necessaries. In August following, a second class of the militia of Berks were ordered out, the force, including officers and privates, aggregating six hundred and fifty-six " hearty and able men." In November, the fifth and sixth classes were notified to appear at Reading, with all the arms, accoutrements, and blankets they could procure. There was at this time a great want of arms and ammunition. In this exigency, proper persons were appointed by the commissioners to go from house to house to collect arms, blankets, and whatever could be made available for the service, and forward them to the commissioners. In July, 1180, a requisition was made upon Berks to furnish, monthly, six hundred barrels of flour, six hundred tons of forage, two hundred horses, and twenty wagons. The last order from the Council of Safety was issued September 11, 1T81, for three classes of the militia of Berks county. This, as well as the several previous requisitions, both for men and munitions of war, as well as for supplies for subsistence, were promptly complied with. During the entire period of tlie Revolutionary struggle, from 1TT5 to 1783, Pennsylvania furnislied 29,555 "effective men." Of these, 7,357 were militia, and 22,198 were regular Continental troops. Of this number Berks county furnished its full quota.. In the Whiskey Insurrection of 1794, the town of Reading furnished a com- pany of volunteers to aid in subduing the malcontents in the west. In the war of 1812-14, Berks county furnished two full regiments of militia and volunteers, which constituted the Second Brigade Pennsylvania Militia, under command of General John Addams, of Reading. Jeremiah Shappell and John Lotz were Colonels of tlic First and Second regiments respectively. The captains of the several companies were: George Zieber, Jacob Marshall, Tho- mas Moore, John Maugcr, George Marx, George Ritter, Jonathan Jones, Henry Willotz, John May, John Christian, Gabriel Old, Daniel De B. Keim, and William Hain. These troops marched to the defence of Baltimore in the fall of 1814, when that city was threatened by the British, and remained in camp there until the conclusion of peace. When war was declared between the United States and Mexico (1846) three companies of volunteers were recruited in Reading and the vicinity, and tendered their services to the government. Only one of them was accepted, the Reading Artillerists, Captain Thomas S. Leoser, which became Company A of J BERKS COUNTY. 387 the Second Pennsylvania regiment, and did gallant service under General Scott in all the engagements from Vera Cruz to the capture of the city of Mexico. In the late war of the rebellion Berks county attested her devotion to the cause of the Union by sending into the field forty-eight full companies of volun- teers, who served in various regiments, chiefly in the Army of the Potomac, and many of these gallant men, officers and privates, yielded up their lives a willing sacrifice upon the altar of their country. In every sanguinary engagement of the campaign their names were found in the list of killed, wounded, and prisoners. The future historian will do justice to their memories. The drafts of 1863, which were obnoxious to the people of many districts and resisted in some, met with no obstacles to their enforcement here, and two full regiments of drafted men were obtained, who willingly submitted to the decrees of war, and faithfully served out the term for which they were recruited. It deserves to be noted here that the Ringgold Light Artillery of Reading, Captain James McKnight, was the first company that reported at Harrisburg in response to President Lincoln's proclamation of April 15, 1861, calling for 75,0U0 men, and was one of the five Pennsylvania companies that first arrived at Washington for the defence of the Capital. The territorial subdivisions of Berks consist of the city of Reading, eight boroughs and forty-one townships. The following table gives the date of formation, population, and valuation of taxable property of each : Districts. Albany, Alsace, Amity, Bern, Bern, Upper, Beriiville (bor.), Bethel, Birdsboro (bor.). Boyertown (bor.), Brecknock, Caernarvon, Centre, Colebrookdale, Cumru, District, Douglass, Earl, Exeter, Fleetwood (bor.), Greenwich, Hamburg (bor.), Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Lo'r, Heidelberg, N'th, Hereford, o 3^ 00 S o ?= O i-h :3 o C3 1752 1,510 1752 1,294 1752 1,646 1752 2,124 1821 2,008 1850 457 1752 2,285 1872 *1,000 1866 690 1752 813 1752 927 1842 1,529 1752 l,(i60 1752 2,573 175U 724 1752 1,072 1781 1,022 1752 2,239 1873 *600 1759 2,151 1803 1,590 1752 1,193 1842 2,480 1842 979 1752 1,260 Valuation $1 ,048,365 882,273 1,465,158 1,501,092 1,774,227 220,053 1,898,955 660.060 602,619 534,990 797,125 1,405,590 1,107,981 1,785,877 503,358 813,555 516,135 2,076,834 326,871 1,462,620 773,106 1 ,601 ,625 2,302,926 772.660 1,277,904 Districts. So O h-b 3 Jefferson , Kutztown (bor.), Longswamp, Maiden Creek, Marion , Maxatawny, Muhlenberg, Oley, Ontelaunee, Penn, Perry, Pike, Reading, Richmond, Robeson, Rockland, Ruscomb Manor, Spring, Topton (bor.), Tulpeliocken, Tulpehocken, U., Union. Washington, ^Vindsor, Womelsdorf (bo.), 1851 1815 1759 1752 1843 1752 1850 1752 1850 1841 1849 1813 1783 1752 1752 1759 1759 1850 1876 1752 1820 1752 1839 1759 1837 o 00 ^ 1,133 1,045 2,910 1.615 1,440 2,531 1,547 1,986 1,339 1,515 1,680 925 33,930 2,874 2,458 1,451 1,408 2,253 *400 2.013 1,196 2,165 1,609 1.211 1,031 Valuation 858,405 572,643 1,310,366 1,803,966 1,641,957 2,863,344 1,626,228 2,875,161 1,382,259 1,243,998 1,282,035 480,177 34,700,000 2,067,936 l,260,u37 967,170 682,974 2,217.398 1,431,669 845,865 1.109,625 1,483,221 683,094 531,099 * Estimated population, 1870. Hamburg was settled as early as 1120, by emigrants from the free State of 388 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Hamburg, German}^, and hence when incorporated as a borough, it was appro- priately so named. It is beautifully situated on the east bank of the Schuylkill river, sixteen miles north-east of Reading, and has become one of the principal stations on the Philadelphia and Reading railroad between Reading and Potts- ville. The projected South Mountain railroad will span the Schuylkill at this point, and run through the northern portion of the town. It has considerable trade and manufactures, and contains many fine buildings, including five churches and three large school houses. KuTZTOWN was settled by Germans about the year 1733. It is situated on the old post road between Reading and Easton, seventeen miles north-east of Reading. It is now connected with the East Pennsylvania branch of the Phila- delphia and Reading railroad at Topton station, by a branch of the (uncom- pleted) Allcntown railroad. Since 1860 Kutztown has increased rapidly in population and business. It is now the most flourishing borough in the county. The Keystone State normal school is located upon a commanding site over- looking the town, and is one of the finest educational institutions in the country. It consists of a central building of simple, but imposing, architectural propor- tions, crowned with a tower and flanked by wings, the whole presenting a front of two hundred and forty feet. The surrounding grounds have been beautifully improved with parterres of grass and shrubbery, with walks shaded by numerous trees. The main building was originally the " Maxatawny seminary," which was enlarged to its present dimensions during the years 1865-'66. September 13, 1866, the school was officially recognized as the State Normal School of the Third District of Pennsylvania. It has boarding accommodations for three hundred, and school accommodations for four hundred, students. The number of students enrolled in the catalogue of 1875 was five hundred and sixteen, of whom four hundred and sevent3^-one were males. The whole cost of the build- ing-* and grounds was about $85,000. WoMELSDORF was Settled in 1723, by some of the German families who had originally found homes in Scoharie county, New York, but were obliged to surrender their lands there in consequence of defective titles. It was laid out as a town by John Wommelsdorfi", from whom it derived its name. It is situated near the Tulpehocken creek, on the Berks and Dauphin turnpike road, fourteen miles west of Reading. Conrad Wciser settled near Womelsdorf in 1729, and his remains were interred there in the family burying-ground, which is still preserved intact as a venerated spot. Up to the date of its incorporation as a borough, Womelsdorf was included in Heidelberg township. The Bethany Orphans' Home, founded by the Reformed church, is situated in a beautiful grove of eighty-eight acres of" land, near Womelsdorf station on the Lebanon Valley branch of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad, about half a mile south of the borough. The building is large and commodious, and is abundantly sup- plied with the purest water from the South Mountain spring. Previous to the purchase of the property for the Home, in 1868, it was known as " Manderbach's Springs," and was much frequented by strangers as a summer resort. There is a tradition among the inhabitants of Womelsdorf that Washington tarried there over night, in October, 1794, on his way to take command of the troops who had rendezvoused at Carlisle to march to suppress the Whiskey Insurrection in BEBKS COUNTY. 389 Western Pennsylvania, and that, on this occasion, accompanied by General Joseph Hiester and other persons of note, he visited the grave of Conrad Weiser. BiRDSBORO, formerly included in Robeson township, is a flourishing manu- facturing town on the Schuylkill, eight miles south-east of Reading. It is an important station on the main line of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad, and the Wilmington and Reading railroad. The extensive iron works of Messrs. E. & G. Brooke, consisting of furnaces, rolling mill, and nail factory, are situated here, and make it the centre of a large trade. It has several fine churches and many elegant private residences. BoYERTOWN, set off from Colebrookdale township, is situated on the Cole- brookdale railroad, about eight miles from Pottstown, where the latter connects with the Philadelphia and Reading road. Its inhabitants are prin- cipally interested in the min- ing of iron ore, large deposits of rich magnetic ore lying in the immediate vicinity, some of the veins of which extend under a portion of the ground on which the town has been built. The Colebrookdale iron works, two miles distant, are engaged extensively in the manufacture of castings of va- rious kinds, principally wagon- boxes and sad-irons. Boyer- town contains two large aca- demies and boarding schools, and is a favorite summer re- sort for Philadelphians. Fleetavood, set off from Richmond township, is a sta- tion on the East Pennsylvania branch of the Reading railroad, eleven miles east of Reading, and since the completion of that road in 1858, has grown into a thriving manufacturing town. Bernville is situated on the Union canal, fourteen miles north-west from Reading. It has an industrious population, and several manufacturing establish- ments of note. The South Mountain railroad, now in process of construction, will pass through the borough, which will give a new impetus to the business of the vicinity. ToPTON, the youngest borough in the county, set off from Longswamp town- ship, February 12, 1816, is situated eighteen miles north-east of Reading, on the East Pennsylvania railroad, at its junction with the Kutztown branch. THE OLD HAIN'S CHURCn, NKAR WERNERSVILLE. [From a Photograph by Leaman & Lee, Beading.] 390 HISTOR T OF PENNS YL VAJSflA. Leesport, on the Schuylkill river, and also a station on the Philadelphia and Reading railroad, nine miles north of Reading, is a flourishing village, A large anthracite furnace, owned by the Leesport Iron company, is in operation here. MoRGANTOWN, a village in Caernarvon township on the Conestoga turnpike road, thirteen miles south from Reading, was settled about 1140, by emigrants from North Wales, principally workers in iron, and is one of the few places in Berks county where the German language has never prevailed. It was named after its founder. Colonel Jacob Morgan, a distinguished soldier of the Revolu- tionary war, and is noted as the birthplace of many men who have become prominent in the public affairs of the country, among whom may be named the Hon. J. Glancy Jones, ex-Member of Congress and Minister to Austria, and the Hon. Hiester Clymer, ex-State Senator Lind now Member of Congress. The first inhabitant of Caernarvon was David Jones, a Welsh iron-master, who purchased about one thousand acres of land in 1735, and was the first to successfully develop the iron industry of Pennsylvania. The mines now known as " Jones's Mine Holes," arc upon a portion of the original purchase of this pio- neer, and for many years were a source of wealth to him and his descendants. An old mansion is still standing on the turnpike, two miles from Morgantown, which was built in 1752 by his son, Jonathan Jones, who afterwards had a colo- nel's commission in the Revolutionary army. These were the ancestors of the Hon. J. Glancy Jones. YiRQiNSViLLE, hitlicrto an obscure village in Richmond township, four miles from Kutztown, has become a place of note since the discovery, in 1871, of a remarkable natural curiosity now known as the " Crystal Cave." This subter- ranean wonder was disclosed by some men engaged in quarrying stone, and is regarded with admiration by all who have examined it. The cave is of vast dimensions, and crystal formations of every shape and color are found within its recesses. Chief among these is a splendid wing-shaped brace of pendants hanging from a lofty projection, and most appropriately named the "Angel's Wings." A large hotel has been built near the cave, and since the village has become a railroad station by the completion of the Berks and Lehigh road, numerous strangers and parties of pleasure visit the place during the summer season. The whole territory of Berks count}' is dotted with numerous villages, beau- tiful in situation, thriving in business, and delightful as rural retreats ; but it is the province of the gazetteer rather than the historian to describe them. CuMRU township is entitled to notice under this head, as being the seat of the county almshouse and hospital buildings, upon a large and highly cultivated farm of over five hundred acres, which was formerly the property of Governor Thomas MifiHin, and where he resided during his intervals of retirement from the public duties of his eventful life. The new hospital for the insane, completed in 1875, is a large :ind commodious structure, in which all the modern appliances for the comfort iind relief of this afflicted class have been introduced. An average of five hundred inmates are subsisted here, mainly from the products of the farm. It is easily accessible from the city, from which it is three miles distant, over an excellent macadamized road. Reading, the seat of justice of Berks county, was named after the ancient BERKS COUNTY. 391 boiough of Reading and market-town of Berkshire in England, whicL it is said to resemble in some of its geographical environs. It was laid out in the fall of 1748, by the agents of Richard and Thomas Penn, then Proprietaries of the Pro- vince of Pennsylvania. Settlers were invited to it " as a new town of great natural advantages of location, and destined to become a prosperous place." In 1752, when the county of Berks was erected, and Reading was made the capital, \ it contained 130 dwelling houses, 106 families, and 378 inhabitants. The original settlers were principally Germans, who had emigrated from Wirtemberg \ and the Palatinate, although a few Friends who settled here under the patronage | of the Penns had control of the government prior to the Revolution. The Germans, however, being the more numerous, gave character to the town both in ) language and customs. For many years the German tongue was almost exclu- J sively spoken, and it is still used in social intercourse and religious worship by a considerable portion of the present population. Reading was incor- porated as a borough in 1783, and as a city in 1847. It is beautifully situated on the eastern bank of the Schuylkill river, fifty-two miles east (fifty-four by railroad) of Ilarrisburg, and fifty-two miles north-west (fifty eight by railroad) of Philadelphia. It is built upon a plain sloping gently from Penn's Mount, an eminence on the eastern side, to the river, which gives it great natui'al facilities for drainage. The streets are wide and well graded, and generally intersect each other at right angles, and form in their course almost exact indices of the cardinal points of the compass. Reading is abundantly supplied with pure water from various mountain streams which have been from time to time conducted into reservoirs on Penn's Mount, and thence distributed throughout the city. The first spring water was introduced by the Reading water company, a private corporation, in 1822, whose property and franchises ■were purchased by the city in 18G5, for the sum of $300,000, and since then they have been under the supervision of a board of four commissioners elected at stated terms by the city councils. The Reading gas company was chartered in 1848. The works are situated on the Schuylkill canal, at the foot of Fifth street. The present boundaries of Reading comprise an area of about four thousand acres, extending three and one-tenth miles north and south, and two and four- tenths miles east and west. Its municipal subdivisions consist of eleven wards, nearly equal in territorial extent and population, each of which elects one member of the select council for a term of three years, and four members of common council (or more, according to the ratio of taxable inhabitants) for a term of two 3'^ears. The mayor is elected biennially, and has the appointment of the police force of the city, which now consists of a chief, one lieutenant, two sergeants, and tliirt^'-five patrolmen, subject to confirmation by the select council. All Imws and ordinances of councils must have the approval of the ma3'or. Reading has an efficient volunteer fire department, consisting of ten compa- nies — seven steam-engines, two hook-and-ladder, and one hose compan3' — which are mainly supported b}- appropriations from the city treasury, at an average annual cost of $17,000. The councils have general control of the property and apparatus of the companies; and their immediate direction, when in service, is committed to a chief engineer and two assistants, who are elected annually by 392 HISTUB F OF PENNS YL VANIA. the Firemen's Union, an incorporated body composed of delegates representing the several companies composing the department. The lire-alarm telegraph, adopted 1875, has proved of incalculable service in saving the city from destruc- tive conflagrations, by the promptness with which the discovery of fires is signaled, and the exact indication of the locality where the services of the firemen are needed. Reading was among the first districts in the Commonwealth to accept the provisions of the Common School law of 1834, and although the progress of the new system of education was at first slow, it gradually grew into favor, until the public schools of Reading attained to a rank entitling them to be classed among the best in the State. The city now constitutes an independent school district, under special laws, and is governed by a board of controllers, composed of four members from each ward. The schools consist of a high school, in charge of a principal and eight assistants, seven grammar schools, six intermediate schools, thirteen secondary schools, and forty primaries. A corps of one hundred and thirty-two teachers are required to conduct these schools — all females except the principal of the high school and four of his assistants. The general supervision of the schools is committed to a city superintendent, elected annually by the board of controllers. Number of school-houses in 18t6, twenty-two. Pupils of all grades in attendance, 7,000. Prior to 1830, the compilers of the gazetteers found nothing worthy of remark in relation to Reading, except that many of its inhabitants were engaged in the manufacture of wool hats. The hat manufacture still constitutes a branch of its productive industry, but it has been long since exceeded by other manu- facturing industries, chief among which are the various products of iron • although cotton and woolen goods, boots and shoes, agricultural implements, furniture, leather, bricks, carriages, and indeed almost every article that ministers to the necessity or convenience of man, are produced here for the supply of home and distant markets. The principal workshops of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad company are established here, consisting of forges, rolling mills, foundries, locomotive works, car shops, and others, which give employ- ment to about three thousand laborers and skilled mechanics. The first public buildings erected in Reading were the court house (1762) t the jail (1770), and the State house (1793). The court house stood in the open square, at the intersection of Penn and Fifth streets, which was then the geographical centre of the town. It was a small two-story structure of rubble work, painted red, with nothing pretending to ornament, if we may except a diminutive belfry which contained a small bell and the town clock, the dials of which were never known within the memory of the oldest inhabitant to mark the hours correctly. There was a tradition among the " old wives," that the clock was bewitched, and that no human skill ever could make it go right. Whatever might have been the cause, the fact was so. The old court house was demolished in 1841, having been superseded in 1840 by the completion of the present court house, a large and elegant structure, composed in the Ionic order of Grecian architecture, with basement and portico of sandstone, and a cupola twenty-four feet in diameter at the base, and eighty-four feet in height above the roof. This building was enlarged a few years ago by an addition to the rear, and I BEBKS COUNTY. 393 now contains two spacious court rooms, commodious offices for the several county officers, a large law library room, jury rooms, vaults, etc. The old jail, a long, low, heavy two-story stone structure, built for durability, certainly if not for ornament, is still standing on the north-east corner of Fifth and Washington streets, with very little alteration in its original appearance, and is occupied for business purposes. If not disturbed by the onward march of improvement, it bids fair to endure for another century. The new county prison, designed and erected in 1840 by the celebrated architect, John Haviland, stands on a command- ing site on the south-western slope of Penn's Mount, at the junction of Penn street and Perkiomen avenue. It is built of red sandstone, in the castellated THE PROVINCIAL COURT HOUSE AT READING. Erected in 1762, Demolished In 1841. [From » Drawing b^ F. A. Holtzirart, 1838.] Gothic style, and is a conspicuous ornament of the city, if, indeed, a penal insti- tution can be viewed in an ornamental light. The State house, which, prior to 1840, was occupied by the public offices of the county, and as a town hall, was a plain but substantial two-story brick building, on the north-east corner of Penn and Fifth streets. It was converted into places of business after ceasing to be used for public purposes, and was destroyed by fire, January, 1872. Reading contains many other large and elegant public edifices and private mansions, which give it the appearance of a metropolitan city. Among the former are the Academy of Music, Grand Opera House, market houses, the Key- Btone Ilall, Library Ilall, City Hall, Masonic Temple, now in course of erectioni St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum, under the charge of the Roman Catholic Sisters 394 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. of Charity, the diocesan school of the Protestant Episcopal church, parochial school of St. Paul's Roman Catholic church, and others. The new passenger depot of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad company, in the northern section of the city, where the several branches of this great corporation connect with its main line, is, in convenience of arrangement, architectural taste, eligible loca- tion, and beautiful park-like surroundings, one of the most complete structures of the kind in the United States. It has been truly denominated " the pride of the city and the admiration of all travelers." One of the few houses of ante-revolutionary date, which still stands as a monu- ment of the colonial era of Reading, is the two-story stone building on the north-east corner of the public square at Fifth and Penn streets, now occupied by the Farmers' National Bank. It was erected in 1764, and was originally kept as a public-house or tavern (the " hotel" is an institution of later times). Tradition says that Washington was entertained here when on his way to join the troops which had been called out to suppress the Whiskey Insurrection in 1794, and this incident has been so well authenticated that it ma\' be set down as a fact. The building has under- gone some alterations and improvements, but is well pi'eserved in nearly its primitive form. The Friends were the first to make pro- vision for religious instruction in Reading. In 1750 they erected a meeting-house and school-house, plain log structures, on a lot set apart for the purpose in the locality' now known as the corner of Washington and Ash streets. These relics of the past cen- tury have long since disappeared, and the present generation knows nothing of their existence, except from the photographs of them which have been fortunately pre- served. The next house of religious worship was the German Reformed church, erected about 1762, on the site of the present large and beautiful First Reformed church on Washington street, above Sixth. The Lutheran " Church of the Trinity," on the north-west corner of Washington and Sixth streets, was erected in 1791, and, with the exception of the graceful tapering spire which rises from the tower on the western gable-end to the height of two hundred and one feet six inches, and various improvements in the interior arrangements, stands to-day almost as it stood in its original form. The Roman Catholics built a chapel here in 1791, on the east side of Seventh street, between Franklin and Chestnut, which was occupied for worship until the year 1846, when St. Peter's church, on South- Fifth street, was erected. Up to the year 1824, when the Presbyterian church was organized, the religious services of the churches were conducted exclusively in the German language. The English portion of the inhabitants, whose number was then small, assembled on every alternate Sunday, in the Reading academy, TRINITY LTJTHEKAN CHURCH. BEBKS COUNTY. 595 which stood on the south-west corner of Seventh and Chestnut streets (now occu- pied by one of the railroad machine shops), where the Rev. John F. Grier, D.D., principal of the academy, ministered to them in their own tongue. The Epis- copal church, which occupied the site of the present Christ cathedral, was erected in 1826. The Methodists, although existing as a society previous to that date, erected their first church in 1828 ; the Baptists about the same period ; and the Uni- versalists in 1830. Reading now contains more than thirty church edifices, of which five are Lutheran, five Reformed, four Methodist, three Presbyterian, two Protestant Episcopal, two Roman Catholic, two Baptist, and others representing the various religious denominations in the United States. The Charles Evans cemetery, founded in 1846 by a munificent donation of land and money from the late Charles Evans, Esq., long a distin- guished member of the Berks county bar, is beautifully situated on an eminence in the northern suburb of Reading. It is adorn- ed with an imposing front and gateway on Centre avenue, of dark sandstone, in the point- ed Gothic style, and a chapel of red freestone in the same style, de- signed and constructed by the late John M. Grics, of Philadelphia (a major in the Union ai'm}^, killed at the battle of Fair Oaks), which is universally admired as one of the purest gems of Gothic architecture. In 1810, according to the first official census of record, Reading had a popu- lation of 3,462. During the thirty years following, its increase was very gradual, and the census of 1840 reported the number of its inhabitants at 8,392. But from that time onward it took a new departure, and the enumeration of 1850 deve- loped the fact that it had nearly doubled its population within the preceding decade. In 1850, the little rural borough had expanded into the prosperous city of 15,743 inhabitants. Thus, in just one century from the date of the foundation of the town, the prediction of the Penns that it was "destined to become a prosperous place," was fully verified. By the census of 1870, the population was enumerated at 33,930, which may be safely estimated to have increased by this time (1876) to 40,000. To predict the future of Reading is be^'ond the power of human foreknowledge. Notwithstanding the prevailing depression of its manufacturing industries, resulting from the universal financial panic of 1873, the destiny of this city is assured, and should it increase in the same ratio as it has advanced in the past, a decennial addition of fifty per centum will give it a population of not less than 250,000 fifty years hence. THE CEMETERY GATE AT READING. [From a Photograph by Saylor, Reading.] 396 BLAIR COUNTY. BY A. K. BELL, D.D., HOLLIDAYSBURG. I LAIR COUNTY was formed from parts of Huntingdon and Bedford, b}^ an Act of Assembly, approved the 26th day of February, 1846' The act declares that on and after the fourth Monday of July, 1846, the territory within the townships of North Woodberry and Green- field, in the county of Bedford, and the territory within the townships of Alle- gheny, Antis, Snyder, Tyrone, Frankstown, Blair, Huston, Woodberry, and a portion of Morris, in the county of Huntingdon, should constitute a new county, to be known as Blair County. The county takes its name from John Blair, or rather John Blair, Jun., whose home was some four miles west of Holli- daysburg, on the Hun- tingdon, Cambria, and Indiana turnpike, former- ly known as the " North- ern pike." He was in his day a man of mark, fore- most in every public en- terprise, and well de- served the honor thus con- ferred upon him. Holli- daysburg was made, from the beginning, the county seat. The general surface of the county is moun'^ain- ous. Bounded on the west by Cambria, it takes in the eastern slope of the Allegheny mount/ains. It has Clearfield and Centre counties on the north, Huntingdon on the east, and Bedford on the south. It has within its borders. Brush, Canoe, Dunning's, Short, Cove, and Lock mountains, more or less, one and the same mountains, and all running north and south. These mountains are all rich in minerals, while the valleys are well watered and fertile. Iron is the principal manufacture of the county. It is an old iron region. Formerly there were a large number of small charcoal furnaces and forges. Prior 397 BLAIR COUNTY COURT HOUSE. [From the Design of the Architect, David S. Qendell.] 398 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. to the building of the canal, the iron was hauled in wagons to Pittsburgh, at a cost of some thirty dollars per ton. Most of the old furnaces and forges are no longer worked, giving place to larger furnaces, worked with coke, to rolling mills, and nail factories. The present number of furnaces in use is ten, capable of pro- ducing one thousand tons of metal per week, with four rolling mills and two nail factories. The furnaces are known, as Etna in Catharine township, Juniata at Williamsburg, Springfield in Woodberry, Rodman in Taylor, Gap or Martha in Freedom, Frankstown at Frankstown, Number One and Number Two in Hollidaysburg, Allegheny and Bennington in Allegheny'. Hollidaysburg has two rolling mills, and two nail factories ;, Duncansville, a rolling mill and nail factory ; and Logan township, a rolling mill. The iron ore of the county, though not specially rich, is abundant and of a superior quality; large quantities are shipped elsewhere. The agricultural products of the county arc considerable and varied, yet not sufficient for the population, wliich in 1870 was 38,051, and is now, 1876, perhaps 44,000. The farmers are intelligent, enterprising, and well to do. Perhaps in all the State there is not a finer farming neighborhood or better farms than are found in Morrison's Cove and Sinking Spring Valley. The great Pennsylvania railroad passes through the count}^, entering its borders some three miles east of Tyrone ; and to this road the county owes A^ery largely its prosperity. A branch road leaves the main line at Altoona, running to Hollidaysburg, Newry, Williamsburg, Martinsburg, and Henrietta. This branch is among tlie most profitable belonging to this great corporation, doing a heavy freight and passenger business. At Bell's Mills, a narrow gauge road connects with tlie main line, extending some seven miles to Lloydsvillc, in Cambria county. This is among the first, if not the first, narrow gauge roads in the country, and is a complete success. The scener3' along this road is wild be\'ond description, far superior in every respect to that along the main line from Altoona to Gallitzin. Other branch roads leave the main line at Tyrone, running to Clearfield and Lock Haven. Indeed, " Little Blair " is almost a railroad county, with Altoona, the chief of railroad towns, in her very centre. The usual Indian troubles, incident to the first settlement of the Juniata valley, marked the early history of what is now Blair county. The stories per- taining thereto have been written and re-written. No doubt the early settlers endured great hardships and privations. The Indians were savage, cruel, and treacherous, sparing neither women nor children. From one standpoint we can but regard them, and rightly, as savages. And yet we must not forget the circumstances surrounding them, and mourn that no one lives to tell tlie story of their wrongs. That they were wronged and cheated no one doubts ; and could we have the story of these wrongs, we might feel that if they did inhuman deeds, they had, at the hands of the whites, great provocations. The politics of Blair county from its organization have been moderate Republicanism, while many of the most worthy citizens have been and are of Democratic tendencies. Neither party, as a general rule, are able to carry a bad man into office. Good and true men have usually filled the county offices, and fill them this centennial year. Some townships in the county have not for years had a house licensed to sell intoxicating drinks. The common schools, though BLAIB COUNTY. 399 not all they should be, are, nevertheless, cherished by the people — their joy and their pride. Originally, the entire Juniata valley was settled largely by Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, and after them the Lutherans. Both denominations have still a strong hold throughout the valley. Methodists, Baptists, and others, have come in since the first settlements, and have a habitation and a home. In Blair county the Presbyterians would seem to lead in numbers, influence, and wealth. The Lutherans and Methodists are both numerous and active, while the Baptists, the youngest of the leading denominations, are not behind in every good word and work. All in all, we claim for " Little Blair " in her mountain home, an 'V DISTANT VIEW OF THE AL.LEGHEXIES. intelligent, enterprising, and upright citizenship, loyal to themselves, the State. and the Union. During the war for the Union, they may have differed as to measures, but treason found no home in Blair county. The blood of her first- born helped to fill the baptistry of the Nation's second baptism. Sinking Spring valley is noted as the place from whence the Government received lead in the early stages of the Revolutionary war. The mines were most likely known to the French as long ago as 1750. The Indians of this region, after they had obtained fire-arms, could always secure abundance of lead, but from whence was long a secret. General Daniel Roberdeau, member of Congress from Pennsylvania, was appointed in 1778, to proceed to the valley and superin- tend the mines. They were worked perhaps until the fall of 1779, or until a supply was received through the French. The Arch Spring and CaA'e in this valley are among the greatest curiosities to be met with anywhere. The spring comes forth from an opening, arched over by nature, and with a suflScient supply of water to drive a large grist.-mill. A \ 400 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. little below the mill the spring disappears ; coming again to the surface, it runs some distance and enters a cave, passing under Cave mountain, it flows into the Juniata at Water Street. The locality thus named by the early settlers is frequently alluded to in the Provincial records. Loo-an's valley, a valley extending from Tyrone to Altoona, takes its name from Captain Logan (not the Mingo), an Indian chief of the Delaware tribe who, for several years, resided in the locality. One of his homes was at the bio- spring adjoining Tyrone, and the other at the spring on the farm of David Henshy, Esq., in Antis township. Logan had been deposed by his tribe on account of the loss of an eye, before coming to the Juniata valley. The springs still bear the name of Logan, and are in themselves very fine. The entire valley has felt the quickening influence of the railroad, and do honor to the old Indian chief, who was a true friend of the white man. Scotch and Canoe valleys are parts of Frankstown and Catharine townships, and are very fertile. Scotch valley is somewhat noted as one of the earliest settlements in the county, and as the home of the Moore family, many of the descendants still residing there. The Moores came from Scotland — the father, Samuel Moore, seven sons, and two daughters. They stopped for a time in Kishacoquillas valley, and then came to Scotch valley, five miles beyond the nearest habitation. This was in 1768. Some time after they were joined by the Irwins, Crawfords, Fraziers, Bells, Stewarts, and others, all Scotchmen. Their descendants are in all the region round about and in parts beyond. We may not forget as among the valleys of Bl.air county, its Morrison's cove, but another name for valley. You enter it either at Williamsburg or through the gap at Roaring Spring, itself a curiosity, and the largest spring in the county. Around it, within a few years, a thriving village has sprung up, having a fine paper-mill, foundry, and several churches. And now, in the cove, and as you pass along, you are ready to ask, wherein is old Lancaster better than this before my eyes ? Such farms, buildings, deposits of limestone and iron ore, are but seldom met. All in all, Morrison's cove has few equals, viewed from what- ever standpoint you may take. In 1749 a few Scotch-Irish families settled in the cove, most of whom perished at the hands of the Indians. The entire cove was afterwards purchased by the Penns for £400, or $2,000. In 1755 a colony of Dunkards, or German Baptists, settled in the cove, and many of their de- scendants are still there, retaining well-nigh the same simplicity which marked their fathers — '" non-resistants — producers — non-consumers." HoLLiDAYSBURG Still remains the county seat, and for years it was the chief town in all this region. The town takes its name from William and Adam Holliday, who settled here in the year 1768. They were on their way West, but on reaching this point they decided to stop and settle. As Adam drove the first stake in the ground, he remarked to William : " Whoever is alive a hundred years hence will find here a considerable sized town," all of which has been realized. The town took its start with the building of the canal, it being the head of canal navigation east of the mountains. Here for years all goods going east and west were transhipped to boats and cars. The basin, in these days, presented a lively, busy scene. But all this has passed away. The basin has been filled up, and the boatman's horn is heard no more. Nevertheless, Holli- SCBNE AT ALLEGRIPPUS, ON THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. 2 A— 401 'I 402 HIS TOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. daysburg remains a pleasant, prosperous town, with a population, embracing Gaysport and environs, of fully 5,000. The county buildings are among the best in the State, erected at a cost of some $225,000. Hollidayburg has, moreover, six fine houses of worship — two Catholic, one Baptist, one Lutheran, one Methodist, and one Presbyterian ; a superior female seminary, a large hall, and other public buildings. The iron works in the place give employment to a large number of hands, while the local trade is considerable. Altoona is the metropolis of the county, a city of no mean pretentions, and as a railroad town, second to none in the Union. On the location of the Penn- sylvania railroad in 1849, the present site, then a farm owned by David Robeson, Esq., was selected for the shops, offices, etc., of this young but now giant corpo- ration. The company now occupy all of one hundred and twenty two acres, and is still extending its improvements. The Logan House, the grand railroad hotel, is a model establishment. All the Pennsylvania railroad buildings are of the sub- stantial kind, the machinery the very best, giving employment to thousands of men, and turning out such work as is seldom met with elsewhere. Some twelve church buildings speak well for the morals of the town, while the large and commodious school-houses assure the stranger the children are not forgotten. Altoona has three banks, one public hall, one daily and three weekly newspapers. Population in 1870, 10,610, increased in 1876 to perhaps 13,000. All in all, the "Mountain City " is the city of all this region. Tyrone is another town, the outgrowth of the railroad, and laid out about the same time with Altoona. It is located some fourteen miles east of Altoona, at the mouth of Bald Eagle valley, and takes its name from an old iron works in the neighborhood, known as Tyrone Forges. The rapid growth of Tyrone is owing to two branch roads connecting with the main line at this point, the one running to the coal and lumber region of Clearfield county, the other connecting with the Philadelphia and Erie railroad at Lock Haven. A large coal and lumber trade is here brought upon the main line, making Tyrone station one of the most important between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. The place has a good local trade, with a population in 1870 of 1,800; has eight churches, two public halls, two banks, three planing-mills, and a steam tannery. A new railroad from Tyrone to Lewisburg is in course of construction, which when completed will somewhat add to the importance of the " little cit^^ " among the hills, while it will open up a direct route to the anthracite coal regions. Williamsburg, a village in the south-eastern part of the county, in Wood- berry township, pleasantly located on the south branch of the Juniata. It was laid out in 1794, by a German named Jacob Ake. One of the finest springs of water to be met with anywhere flows through the town, furnishing water power for a grist-mill, furnace, and other machinery. Population some 900. Frankstown, on the Juniata, two miles east of Hollidaysburg, is perhaps the oldest village in all this region, having been originally an Indian town known as Assunnepachla. Its present name is derived from an old German Indian trader, Stephen Franks, who made this place his home. The Indians remained here until 1755, when they went West, joined the French, and made war on Father Onas, or William Penn. The^^ did so because the year previous the Penns, for a paltry sum, had bought the whole region of the Juniata from the Iroquois a* I BLAIB COUNTY. 403 Albany, N Y. Prior to the building of the canal, Frankstown was a place of some note on the route from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh ; since then it has made but little progress. One of the Cambria iron company's furnaces is at this point, and gives employment to a goodly number of the residents. Martinsburg is an old town, beautiful for situation, in Woodberry township, otherwise Morrison's Cove, and distant some twelve miles from Hollidaysburg, on the Hollidaysburg branch road. It contains several churches, a bank, a planing- mill, a high school, and a foundry. In the midst of one of the finest farming districts, it has considerable local trade. Newry is another old town, situate in Blair township, some four miles west of Hollidaysburg. It has a railroad connecting with the Hollidaysburg branch at Y switches. Newry, prior to the building of the turnpike, was on the main road east and west. At present it has but little trade, yet, withal, it is a pleasant, quiet place, having for many 3^ears the only Roman Catholic church in the count}'. Organization of Townships. — Allegheny was, prior to the formation of Blair county, in 1846, a township of Huntingdon county. As it then existed, it joined Antis on the north. In 1852, Logan was formed out of Allegheny and Antis; hence, Allegheny is now bounded on the north by Logan, on the west by Cam- bria county, on the south by Blair and Juniata, and on the east by Frankstown. Antis, like Allegheny, was a_part of Huntingdon county. It is said the name is that of a somewhat noted Torj^ who resided here during the Revolutionary War. In 1852, the southern portion of the township was taken to form Logan. As Antis now stands, it is bounded on the north by Snyder, on the east by Tyrone, on the south by Logan, and on the west by Cambria county. Blair came out from Huntingdon county, and surrounds Hollidaysburg, the county seat. It originally was taken from Allegheny and Frankstown, and as now organized is bounded on the north by Allegheny and Frankstown, on the east by Frankstown and Taylor, on the south by Freedom, and on the west by Allegheny. Catharine was part of Morris in Huntingdon county, and became a township in 1 846, by the organization of Blair county. It is bounded on the north and east by Huntingdon county, south by Woodberr}^, and west by Frankstown and Tyrone. Frankstown was a township of Huntingdon county, until the formation of Blair county in 1846. Some changes have since been made in its boundaries, but none of any importance. As it now stands, is is bounded on the north by Tyrone and Catharine, on the east by Woodberry and Huston, on the south by Taylor, and on the west by Blair, Allegheny, and Logan. Freedom belonged originally to Bedford county, and as part of Greenfield First, in 1841, Juniata was formed out of Grreenfleld, and in 1857 Freedom was created out of Juniata. It has Greenfield on the south, Juniata on the west, Blair on the north, and Taylor on the east. Greenfield, an old township of Bedford county, became part of Blair county in 1846. Since then both Freedom and Juniata have been taken from it. It is bounded on the south by Bedford county, on the west by Somerset county, on the north by Juniata and Freedom, and on the east by Taylor. 404 HISTOR Y OF PENWS YL VAN I A. Huston was originally a township of Bedford county. It is bounded on the south by Bedford county, on the east by Huntingdon county, on the north by Woodberry, and on the west by Frankstown. Juniata, taken from Greenfield and organized as a township in 1847. It has Cambria county on the West, Allegheny on the north, Freedom on the east, and Greenfield on the south. Logan was formed in 1850 out of Allegheny and Antis, and lies around Altoona. It is bounded on the north by Antis, on the east by Tyrone and Frankstown, on the south by Allegheny, and on the west by Cambria county North Woodberry originally belonged to Bedford county. It has Bedford county on the south, Taylor on the west, Huston on the north, Huntingdon count}^ on the east. Snyder came from Huntingdon county, and is bounded on the north by Center county, on the east by Huntingdon county, on the south by Antis, and on the west by Cambria county. It has within it the borough of Tyrone. Taylor was formed in 1855, out of North Woodberry and Huston. It has Bedford county on the south ; Greenfield, Freedom, and Blair, on the west ; Frankstown on the north, and North Woodberry on the east. Tyrone an old township of Huntingdon county, and until incorporated into Blair county in 1846. It has Logan and Antis on the west, Snyder on the north, Catharine on the east, and Frankstown on the south. Woodberry came from Huntingdon county, and has within it the town of Williamsburg, It is bounded on the south by Huston, west b}' Frankstown, north by Catharine, and on the east by Huntingdon county. Fifteen townships in all, Allegheny, Antis, Blair, Catharine, Frankstown Snyder, Tyrone, and Woodberry, originally from Huntingdon county ; Green field, Huston, N^orth Woodberry, from Bedford county ; and Freedom, Juniata, Logan, and Taylor, formed since the organization of Blair count}', in 1846. BRADFORD COUNTY. BY REV. DAVID CRAFT, WYALUSING. HAT part of Pennsylvania now known as Bradford county, was formerly included in Northampton. At this time, however, it was the home of the red man, there being not more than two or three white families residing within the county limits at the formation of Northumberland in 1772. By the act of Assembly erecting the county of Luzerne, its boundaries were made to include nearly all of present Bradford, leaving a small triangle in the northwestern part of the county, whose base was about six miles on the State line, and its vertex at the southwestern angle of the county, which was subsequently included in Lycoming. VIEW OF THP] BOROUfiH OF TOWANDA. [From s Photograph by G. H. Wood, Towanda.] For the purpose of legislating Colonel John Franklin out of the Assembly, to which the people of Luzerne persisted in sending him, and where his earnest and persevering advocacy of the claims of the Connecticut settlers rendered him exceedingly obnoxious to those holding Pennsylvania titles in his district, and to the Pennsylvania Landholders' Association, which exerted great influence in the Legislature, an act was passed April 2, 1804, setting off so much of Luzerne as lies north and west of a line run from the East Branch ot the Susquehanna river, where it crosses the State line, thence southerly to the northeast corner of Claverack (one of the townships of the Susquehanna Company), thence by the northwest and southwest sides of Claverack to its southwest corner, which was near the present village of Monroeton, thence by a 405 406 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. line running due west to the line separating the two counties, and attaching it to Lycoming. On the 21st of February, 1810, an act was passed to erect parts of Luzerne and Lycoming counties into separate county districts, in which the first section provided that " such parts of those counties included within the following lines, to wit : Beginning at the fortieth milestone standing on the north line of the State ; thence running south to a point due east of the head of the Wyalusing Falls in the Susquehanna river ; thence southwesterly to the nearest point in the Lycoming count}^ line ; thence in a direct line to the southeast corner of Tioga county, at the Beaver Dam, on Towanda creek ; thence northerly along the east line of Tioga county to the eightieth milestone standing on the north line of the State ; thence east along said line to the fortieth milestone, the place of beginning — be and is hereby erected into a separate county, to be henceforth called Ontario county, and the place of holding courts of justice in and for said countj^ shall be fixed by three commissioners to be appointed by the Governor, at any place at a distance not exceeding seven miles from the centre of the county which may be most beneficial to and convenient for the same." The Governor appointed Samuel Satterlee, Moses Coolbaugh, and Justus Gaylord, trustees of the new county, who employed Jonathan Stevens, Esq., then deputy surveyor for this district, to survey the bounds thereof. By an act passed March 28, 1811, the trustees of the county of Ontario "are hereby authorized and required to establish a point east of the Slippery Rocks, (so called), at the head of Wyalusing Falls, in the river Susquehanna, for the southeast corner of Ontario county ; from thence a line run west to the said Slip- pery Rocks ; from thence a southwesterly course to the nearest point of Lycom- ing county, is hereby established as the southern boundary of the said county." The remaining lines were left unchanged, and form the present boundaries of the county On the 24th of Mai'ch, 1812, an act was passed which provided for the elec- tion of county officers at the regular election of the next October, for organizing the county for judicial purposes, and for changing its name from Ontario to that of Bradford, in honor of William Bradford, formerly Attorney-General of the United States, and directed the courts to be held at the house of William Means, Esq., of Meansville, in Towanda township, until suitable county build- ings should be erected. Bradford was united with Tioga, Susquehanna, Wayne, and Luzerne counties, to form the Eleventh Judicial District. John Bannister Gibson, after- ward one of the judges of the Supreme Court, was appointed president judge ; John McKearj and George Scott were his associates. The other county officers were, Abner C. Rockwell, sheriff;. Charles F. Welles, prothonotary, clerk of the sessions and Oyer and Terminer, register and recorder, and clerk of the Orphans Court; William Myer, Justus Gaylord, Jr., and Joseph Kinney, commis- sioners ; Henry Wilson, prosecuting attorney ; John Horton, coroner ; Harry Spalding, treasurer. The venires were issued for a jury, and the whole machinery of the organiza- tion was put in motion January 18, 1813, the day fixed by law for the new county to go into operation. On this day the commissions of the several officers BBADFOBD COUNTY. 407 were read, and the oaths administered with great pomp and ceremony There was considerable strife in the neighborhoods around the geographical centre of the new county for the county seat, especially between Wysox, Monroeton, and Towanda, but in consideration of the donation of ample grounds for county buildings, the commissioners located the county seat at Meansville, as it was then called, and the new county commissioners were instructed to proceed with all diligence to erect suitable buildings for the accommodation of the county offices. As the counties are now organized, Bradford is bounded on the east by Susquehanna, on the east and south by Wyoming, on the south by Sullivan and Lycoming, and on the west by Tioga. Its average length from east to west is a trifle less than forty miles, and its mean breadth from north to south about twenty-nine and one half miles, and includes within its boundary lines one thousand one hundred and seventy-four square miles, or seven hundred fifty-one thousand, three hundred and sixty acres, being in area the third county in the Commonwealth. The north-east branch of the Susquehanna enters the county from the State of New York, between the fifty-sixth and fifty-seventh mile-stones, and, running about six and a half miles in a south-westerly direction, receives its principal affluent, the Tioga, which finally enters the county near the sixty-second mile stone. The peninsula between the two rivers has been called Tioga-Point from the first settlement of the country. From the junction, the river pursues, with many windings, a mean south-easterly course, and leaves the county at the north-western angle of Wyoming county. Besides these, the principal streams m the west are Seeley's, South, Bentley's, and Orcut's creeks, flowing north into the Tioga ; the Sugar creek, the Towanda, Durell's creek, and the Sugar run, which empty into the Susquehanna from the west. On the east are the Wappusening, which runs north ; Horn creek, the Wysox, and the Wyalusing, running west into the Susquehanna. These creeks, with their numerous branches, the waters of the Apolacon in the north-east, of the Tuscarora in the south-east, and of the Loyal Sock in the south-west, and many smaller streams, make Bradford one of the best watered counties in the State. The surface of the county is uneven, being broken by numerous ridges of high hills, whose general course is from the south-west to the north-east, with spurs running north, which make the water sheds of the streams flowing in that direction. East of the river are high table lands in Tuscarora, Pike, Herrick, Orwell, and Warren townships, which are excellent grazing lands and produce good crops of summer grains, but there ai'e no peaks of any considerable height. In the west are Mt. Pisgah and Mt. Elizabeth, and near the south-eastern corner of the county are the Tyler and Round Top. The principal ranges are the Armenia mountains, in the western part of the county, and the Barclay moun- tains — the Burnett's hills which formed part of the boundary in the Indian pur- chase of 1168 — between the main and Schraeder branches of the Towanda creek. The Susquehanna, in its passage through the county, instead of following a natural valley, like most large rivers, breaks through successive ranges of hills, whose precipitous escarpments in some places tower hundreds of feet above the stream, so that on each side it is bordered with alternate sections of hills with 408 SIS TOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. their intervening valleys, thus affording a pleasing variety of landscape to the traveler, and many views of picturesque beauty for the artist. This peculiarity of the Susquehanna valley, if valley it can be called, has produced a scenery which a celebrated Scotch essayist describes " beautiful as the gates of para- dise," of almost world-wide reputation. The flats along the river, usually at the mouths of the larger creeks, are rich bottoms, frequently intersected by a gravel ridge running parallel with the river, and were seats of Indian villages, who had made partial clearings for corn patches long before the country was known to the white man. Along the creeks are fertile alluvial flats of varying width, which, as the river is approached, are bounded by steep hill sides. On the higher lands the soil is heavier, sometimes clayey, but productive. Agriculture is the chief employment of the people. The county is well adapted to grazing, especially in the northern and western portions of it, where butter is the cliief production, for which the county is justly celebrated. Bradford county butter commands a ready sale and the highest price in any market to which it is sent. In some portions of the county considerable atten- tion has been given, of late, to improved varieties of stock, both of horses, cattle, and sheep, and the stock now seen on many of the farms of the county will compare favorably with the finest cattle herds of the countr3^ Oats, corn, and buckwheat are the principal grains. Grood crops of wheat are usually raised on the river and creek flats, but the amount is seldom suffi- cient for home consumption. Barley, millet, and hops have been grown in small crops, but the experiment has not as yet proved successful. Potatoes are largely cultivated, and many thousands of bushels are annuall}^ sent to the market. Within a few years past, hay has become an important article of export, and every season thousands of tons are sent to the coal-producing regions of the State. The principal mineral productions are coal and flagging. The coal is found on the Barclay mountain, geologically the highest land in the county. It is of the semi-bituminous variety, and is peculiarly adapted to manufacturing, black- smithing, and locomotive uses. At present the mining is carried on by the Erie railway. Fall Creek, and Carbon Run companies. A railroad from the mines connects with the Pennsylvania and New York railroad, at Towanda, and brings several thousand tons annually to the market. Most of the flagging quarries are found along the creeks a short distance from the river. There are also some beds of building stone. These are of the blue-stone vai'iety, easily worked, but enduring a great amount of wear and exposure. The quarrying and shipping of stone has of late become an important industry. At Austinville, Columbia township, in the western part of the county, considerable quantities of iron ore are mined, which is claimed to be of a superior quality. Iron has been found in other parts of the county, but as yet no attempt has been made to bring it into market. The whole of Bradford was originally covered with heavy forests, in some parts of pine and hemlock, in others of beech and maple. There were magnifi- cent walnuts along the river; black ash, birch, and oak were frequently found in the forests. For many years the manufacture of lumber and shingles was largely i BBABFORD COUNTY. 409 carried on. These were hauled to the river or larger creeks, rafted and floated down the river to the several markets below. Every spring the river would be thickly dotted with rafts of various kinds and sizes, bearing the fruits of the winter's work, running the hazard of being stranded or being crushed by some mismanagement, to tind a market at Harrisburg, Middletown, Baltimore, or Phila- delphia, when many times the proceeds would scarcely be sufficient to pay for the rafting and running. The first saw-mill built in the county was by Anthony Rummerfield, on the creek which bears his name, before the Revolutionary war. Since then, there has been a time when they could be counted by the thousand. With the disappearance of the forest, this branch of industry has correspond- ingly diminished, and the greater facilities of transportation furnished by rail- roads have made rafting a thing of comparatively rare occurrence. Except from the south-western part of the county, very little lumber is now sent to the mar- ket. The water power furnished by the creeks affords facilities for manufactur- ing of various kinds, but as yet, except for running of grist and saw-mills, it has remained unused. Within a few years past a variety of manufactures have been initiated, which will be noticed under the sketches of the towns where they are located. When the white people first began to visit this county, Tioga — Diahoga, as it is more frequentl}^ written in the journals of the earlier travelers — was the " fore town " of the Iroquois, who at that time held all the Indian tribes of Pennsylva- nia and New Jersey in subjection, and assigned the Susquehanna valley to the Delawares, whose lands they were selling from time to time to the whites. Tioga was the southern gate to the Confederacy, through which, or by the Mohawk, all strangers must enter their territory or be treated as spies and enemies. Here was stationed a sachem, whose business it was to examine all who applied for admission into the Iroquois country, and whose decision upon all such requests was final. To this point all the great paths led, which were frequented b}'^ warriors, hunters, and travelers. At the mouth of the Sugar creek, Oscului (meaning the Fierce) was also an old Indian town, second in importance to Tioga, standing at the junction of the path leading from the West Branch to the Susquehanna, with the great Warrior path down the river. It was a convenient resting place for travelers, and a rendezvous for hunting and war parties. At this place are the remains of what appears to be an ancient fortification, which from its construction and the relics found in it, would indicate that it was constructed by a people allied to the mound builders of the West, and point to an occupancy anterior to that of the Iroquois At Wyalusing was an ancient Indian town, traces of which were visible as late as 1750, called Gahontoto, inhabited by a people who were neither Delawares nor Iroquois, called by the latter Tehotitachsae, against whom the Cayugas made war and exterminated them, before the Indians knew the use of fire arms, when they fought with bows and arrows. At Towanda and Wysox were at various times Indian settlements, but they do not, at least within historic times, seem to have been permanent places of abode. Subsequently' Towanda was one of the national burying places for the Nanticokes, after their removal among the Iroquois. In 1752, Papunhank, a Minsi chieftain of some importance, with about twenty 4 1 Q HIS TORY OF PENNS TL VANIA . families built at Wyalusing. Their houses for the most part were constructed of split logs, one end of which was set into the ground, and upon the other were placed poles which were covered with bark. The description given of this town Iw travelers would indicate that not only in the structure of their houses, but in the general character of the people, they were far in advance of most of the native settlements. Papunhank frequently visited Philadelphia, where he became acquainted with several Quakers, and acquired some knowledge of Christianity, and, at length, set himself up as a teacher to his people. In the month of May, 1160, Christian Frederick Post, on his way with a messao-e from the Governor of Pennsylvania to the great Council at Onondaga, stopped over night at the town, and at their request, gave them a sermon from the text, "Behold I bring you tidings of great joy," etc.— Luke ii. 8-11. This without doubt was the first gospel sermon preached in the county. In the mean- while some other families had come into the town, among whom were Job Chilla- way, who had at times acted as government interpreter, and Tom Curtis, both men of intelligence and influence. Papunhank's people losing confidence in him as a religious teacher, on account of his own bad life, began to consult about taking measures for inviting a white teacher to settle among them. In their councils however, they were divided in opinion, one party being in favor of the Quakers, and the other of the Moravians, and so equal was the strength of the two parties that neither was dis- posed to yield to the other. Their differences were compromised by agreeing to accept the first teacher who came. John Woolman, the prominent Quaker evangelist, having made the acquain- tance of some of the Wyalusing Indians at Philadelphia, probably of Papunhank himself, after much deliberation, set out in company with Benjamin Parvin, to visit the town, in May, 1763, purposing, if he should be well received, to remain with them and teach them the gospel. In the meanwhile, news of the awakened interest in religion at Wyalusing coming to the ears of David Zeisberger, the celebrated Moravian apostle to the Indians, he left Bethlehem on the 18th of May, passing Woolman on the mountain below Wilkes-Barre, where they dined together, reached Wyalusing on the 23d, two days before him. Above the Lackawanna, Zeisberger was met by Job Chillaway, who informed him of the conclusion of the council, and accompanied him to Papunhank's town. Here he was received as the divinely sent messenger, to teach them the great words of the Christian religion, and though wearied from the long journey, at once, that very day, set about preaching the gospel to his waiting and anxious hearers. Never had the great preacher a more attentive audience, and never did he speak " the great words " with more fervor and zeal. Woolman, on his arrival, was kindly received, but was informed that, accord- ing to the decisions of their council, Zeisberger must be regarded as their accepted teacher. After remaining five days to assist in inaugurating the good work, and witnessing the kind i-eception of the gospel, he departed, with man}' prayers for the abundant success of the mission. This opportune arrival of Zeisberger was the occasion of founding one of the most important and success- BBADFOBD COUNTY. 411 ful missions ever established among our North American Indians. On such apparently trifling events do important results turn. Zeisberger being so well received, was appointed resident missionary at Wyalusing, by the Mission Board at Bethlehem, and with great success prosecuted his labors here and at Tawandaemenk, an Indian village, consisting of twelve or fourteen Delaware families, relatives of Anthony, his helper, on the flats at the mouth of the Towanda creek. Scarcely had a month elapsed from the time of Zeisberger's first visit to Wyalusing, before the Pontiac war broke out, and the messengers of that celebrated chieftain were visiting every village on the Susquehanna, urging the Indians to again dig up the hatchet they had so recently buried. Already the emissaries were at Wyalusing before Zeisberger was commanded to leave the town. All was now excitement and commotion ; and the intrepid missionary was compelled to suspend the work so auspiciously begun, and of which there seemed such bright prospects of abundant success, but not before he had baptized Papunhank, who received the name of John, and another Indian who was called Peter. The Moravian Christian Int completed. Although the unfortunate Louis XVI. and his accomplished Queen had passed under the guillotine before the settlement had been commenced, yet the news of that event did not reach here until some time after, and the colonists entertained high expectations of being able to afford a secure retreat for the royal family until the storm of the Revolution had passed over. For this purpose, large buildings were put up at the settlement in Terry, but their hopes, as many others which had been awakened in reference to their enterprise, were doomed to disappoint- ment. Must of the emigrants having been wealthy gentlemen in Paris, and some of them members of the royal household, entirely ignorant of farming, and unused to manual labor, found great difficulty in adapting themselves to their new con- dition. Yet they endured their privations with fortitude, and cheerfully set about the laborious task of clearing and cultivating the heavily timbered lands, from which they had been led to expect immediately such large returns. About the same time that Asylum was founded, M. Brevost, a Parisian gentlemen of great wealtli, celebrated for his benevolence, contracted for a large tract of land on the Chenango river, in the State of New York, where he founded another colony, composed of eight or ten families. But failure to receive from France expected funds, the unfavorable character of the location, discouraged the colonists, and led them to abandon their plantations and remove to Asylum, which although thus increased in numbers, was not much strength- ened in wealth or working force. It is said a Frenchman never forgets the sunny vales of his native land, and never goes to any country where he does not long to return to his own beloved France. In addition to this characteristic love for his native home, there was much to render the colonists discontented with their situation. Ignorance of our language, and of the prices which ought to be paid for labor and supplies led them often to be imposed upon by the cupidity of their Yankee neighbors. Exposure to such unaccustomed hardships and privations was attended with pain and suffering. Then they were disappointed in their expectations of income from their investment, many of them having expended everything in the purchase of land, which was a burden instead of a revenue, annoyed by the poverty of the country, and the difficulty of obtaining supplies, it is no wonder that most o. them regarded Asylum as a place to be endured rather than one in which it was desirable to live ; and when Napoleon came into power and repealed the laws or expatriation which had been passed against the emigrants, with the promise of the restoration of their confiscated estates on their return, the greater part gladly embraced the opportunit}' and went back to France. Some of them removed to Philadelphia, and two or three to other parts of the country, but three remained in the vicinity of Asylum. The late Hon. John La Porte, who was Speaker of 1 426 EISTOB Y OF P ENNS YL VANIA. the General assembly in 1832, the fifth term of his membership, from 1832 to 1836 a member of Congress, and Surveyor General of Pennsylvania in the years 1845 to 1851 was a descendant of one of those families ; those of the others are known as among the best citizens of the county. During the continuance of the settlement, it was visited by several distin- guished personages, who since have obtained a world-wide reputation. In 1195, Louis Philippe spent several weeks at Asylum, enjoying the hospitality of M. Talon. Tallyrand spent some time here ; Count de la Rochefoucauld was several days at Asylum while on his journey through the States in 1795-6, and his ob- servations on the character of the colonists afi'ord the fullest account that has been given of them. In 1796, the town consisted of about fifty log houses, occupied by about forty families. Among the most noted of these, besides those already mentioned were M. De Blacons, a member of the French Constituent Assembly from Dauphine ; M. De Montule, a captain of a troop of horse ; M. Beaulieu, a captain of infantry in the French service, and who served in this country under Potosky ; Dr. Buzzard, a planter from St. Domingo, and M. Dandelot, an officer in the French infantry. But perhaps the best known of all, at least in this country, was M. Dupetit-Thouars, or as hewas generally called by the Americans, the Admiral. Wrecked while on voyage in search of La Perouse, he reached Asylum destitute of everything but an unfaltering courage, a genial temper, and the chivalrous pride of a Frenchman. Disdaining to be a pensioner on the bounty of his countrymen, he obtained a grant of four hundred acres in the dense wilderness of now Sullivan county, and went out literally single-handed, having lost an arm in the French naval service, commenced a clearing, built himself a house, returning to Asylum once a week for necessary food and change of apparel. He returned to his native country, obtained a position in the navy, saying he had yet another arm to give to France, was placed in command of the ship Le Tonnant and killed in the battle of the Nile. The borough of Dushore, which includes the clearings of this indomitable Frenchman, was named in honor of him, this being nearly the anglicised pronunciation of his name. Although the first settlers of this county were poor, having enjoyed but few advantages of religious or intellectual culture, and for many years were harassed by the uncertainty of the titles to their lands, yet true to their New England traditions, their first thought, after securing shelter for their families and some means for their subsistence, was to secure the advantages of the church and the school for themselves and their cliildren. As early as 1791, a Congregational church was organized at Wysauking, and two years afterward, a Presbyterian church, consisting of thirteen members, was organized at Wyalusing. This was probably the fii-st church established on the Presbyterian plan in all Northern Pennsylvania. Both these organizations have continued in existence until the present time, although the former, like moit of the churches in the county on the Congregational basis, has adopted the Presby- terian form of government. The same year, 1793, Rev. William Colbert, a Methodist itinerant, was appointed to a circuit, which included all of this county and extended up into the Lake country of New York, who organized the first Methodist class at the house of Wanton Rice, on Schuefeldt's flats — Asylum BBADFORD COUNTY. 427 The year before, Rev. John Hill had been in the county, but it is not known that he did more than to explore the ground. Rev. Mi*. SpaflFord, a Baptist minister, was, this year, preaching on the Wyalusing creek, and Rev. Thomas Smiley, about the same time, commenced preaching along the river and the Towanda creek, where and on Sugar creek, Baptist churches were soon after organized. The Congregational church of Smithfield was organized in Poultney, Vermont, in February', 1801, previous to the removal of its members to this county. A Universalist society was organized near this time, in the upper part of the county. The whole number of religious societies now in the county is one hun- dred and thirteen, with a total membership of more than eight3'-two hundred, of which the leading denominations are Methodist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Disciples. Schools were commenced in the settlements along the river about 1790. The teacher was paid by a subscription taken in the neighborhood, and taught read- ing, writing, and spelling, with the rudiments of arithmetic. Inferior as these schools were, when measured by the present standard, they were sufficient for the necessities of the times. They were sometimes attended by old and young, and father and son might be seen in the same school studying the same lessons. The Susquehanna company divided their townships into fifty-three equal parts, of which fifty were allowed to the settlers, and of the remaining three, one was assigned to the first minister who settled in the township, one to the church, and the other to the school. In the townships in this county, certificates were issued to a committee appointed by the proprietors of the townsliip, who sold the lots and divided the proceeds among the several neigh- borhoods in the proportion to the number of families. As early as 1797, an academical association was formed at Athens, funds were secured, and a building- erected. In 1813, it was incorporated by an act of the Legislature, and a grant of two thousand dollars was made to the trustees, for which the academy was to furnish free tuition to four poor children, not exceeding two years each, provided there is application made for them. In 1854, the Susquehanna Collegiate Institute was incorporated, a large four-story brick building was put up at the cost of about sixteen thousand dollars, an endowment in scholarships secured, and the institution opened in the fall of 1855, in which normal, prepara- tory, commercial, and higher English courses have been established, where pupils receive thorough training in the various branches of which these courses are composed, from an efficient corps of teachers. Besides these and several private schools, there are now three hundred and eighty-eight public schools in the county where the elementary branches are taught, besides higher grades in the larger towns in which more than sixteen thousand pupils receive instruction from about six hundred teachers, at an annual expense of about eighty thousand dollars. The War of 1812 occurred about the time of the organization of the county, and although the martial spirit of the people had been exhibited in keeping up various military organizations, yet neither in this nor in the Mexican war did the county furnish many soldiers who were in actual service. In the War for the Union, however, Bradford took an earnest and conspicuous part. Her sons rushed to the conflict to maintain the government their fathers 428 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. fought to establish. No sooner was the news that Fort Sumter had been fired upon by the rebel hosts flashed over the country than the whole county was ablaze with excitement. At a public meeting held in Towanda, a large number volunteered in answer to the President's call for troops to enforce the demands of the Federal government. This was followed by public meetings held in other parts of the county ; companies were organized for military drill, and the sound of the fife and drum were heard on almost every street corner. Nor was this all. The ladies met in almost every neighborhood to prepare such things as were thought needful for those about starting for the field of battle, and supplies for field and hospital. At first these contributions were made without much system, and but little or no account was taken either of the amount or value of the contributions. After the organization of the Sanitary and Christian commissions, auxiliary societies were established and contribu- tions made in nearly every township in the county. Men gave and women worked for these as never before for any benevolent enterprise. It touched the tenderest sympathies of the human heart, and kindled every slumbering spark of patriotism in the breast. In Athens alone, during the year 1864, thirty-five boxes and six hundred and thirty-eight dollars in cash were sent to the Christian commission, and this, perhaps, is but a fair average for the whole count}^ As nearly as can now be ascertained, Bradford county sent more than eighteen hundred men into the field, besides emergency men. In the 141st regiment seven companies were from Bradford, besides companies in the Reserve corps and other regiments, and a large number who enlisted in the State of XeW York. Bradford county soldiers were in every branch of the service ; they could be found in all the armies, and the navy upon the seas, in the army of the Potomac from its organization until the surrender of Lee at Appomattox, at Beaufort, with Sherman in his march to the sea, at Nashville and Chattanooga, with Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley ; where, in hard service and gallant bi'avery, they were surpassed by no troops in the Union armies. The record of their deeds is in their country's history, their blood enriched many a battle-field, their suffer- ings are told in the horrors of rebel prisons, and their bones rest in the National cemeteries. One indication of the general progress of a community is found in the politi- cal divisions required for the convenience, and the ability and willingness to bear the burdens which such divisions impose, therefore the history of township organizations, as well as tables showing increase of population, wealth, and pro- duction, indicate the growth in financial ability and homogeneousness of the people. At the March sessions of 1790, the Court divided Luzerne county into eleven townships, two of which, Tioga and Wyalusing, covered the area of the northern part of Wyoming, of Susquehanna, and of Bradford counties, except a narrow strip of the southern border of the latter, a dense, uninhabited wilderness, which was included in Tunkhannock township. By this order Tioga was bounded on the north by the north line of the State ; on the south by an east and west line passing through the Standing Stone ; and on the east and west by the lines of the county. This township was about fifteen miles in width from north to south, and more than seventy miles long. Wyalusing was bounded on the north BBADFOBB COUNTY. 429 by the south line of Tioga ; on the south by an east and west line passing through the mouth of the Meshoppen creek ; on the east and west by the county lines It was about ten miles in breadth, and in length about the same as Tioga. In 1795, a strip of nearly six miles in width was cut off the south side of Tioga, and erected into a separate township, called Wysox, and in 1797 the remaining part of old Tioga was again divided. The lower part was called Ulster, and the upper part Athens, and thus the name Tioga, which from time immemo- rial had been attached to the peninsula at the " meeting of the waters," was lost to our county. These townships were from time to time subdivided, to suit the convenience of the inhabitants, of which the ten following, viz., Athens, Burlington, Canton, Orwell, Smithfield, Towanda, Ulster, Wysox, and parts of Wyalusing and Rush, were included in Bradford. Out of these ten, thirty-seven townships have since been formed. Albany is on the Fo^^ler branch of the Towanda, along which runs the Sulli- van and Erie railroad, and took its name from a township of the Susquehanna company, which covered part of its area. It was taken from Asylum and Monroe in 1824. The valley of the creek is narrow and bounded by high hills. The French had made several small clearings in the neighborliood of Laddsburg, erected the frame of a saw-mill, and had several sugar camps in the vicinit}', but made no attempts at a permanent settlement, and their lands fell into the hands of the celebrated Dr. Priestly, who, to induce settlers to come upon his lands, offered lots of seventy-five acres each to the first four who would locate upon his land. This offer was accepted by Sheffield Wilcox and Horatio Ladd, who with their families moved into the township in 1801. Daniel Miller and a few others came soon after, but the construction of the Berwick and Newtown turnpike in 1817-19, was the means of settling it much more rapidly. Nearly all of the township is now covered with fruitful farms. New Albany, on the Sullivan and Erie railroad, is a place of considerable business. Laddsburo has quite a trade in bark and lumber. The opening of the railroad has given an impulse to business along its line, which in a short time will add much to the wealth and business of the township. Armenia is on the western border of the county, from which it is practically cut off by the ranges of the Armenia mountains. It takes its name from the Susquehanna company's township of the same name, which included part of its area, and the high hill which bounds three sides of the township doubtless sug- gested the name for both. The township was set off from Canton and Troy in 1843. It is uneven, sparsely inhabited, and contains a large proportion of wild land. Asylum was set off from Wyalusing in 1814. It received its name from the French people, whose town was embraced in its territory, which was the Scheu- feldt's flats, or Wooster of former times, on which several families were located previous to the battle of Wyoming. Soon after the close of the Revolutionar}'- war, Robert Alexander and his son purchased the Forsythe farm on the upper end of the flats. Wanton Rice settled below them, and Captain Richard Townley on the lower part. In 1793 these parties sold out their claim to the French, and removed from the county. Stephen Durell came up from Wyoming, where he was one of the earliest settlers, and located near the month of the creek, which 430 ^IS TOR V OF PENJ^S YL VANIA. bears his name, where he had a small mill ; Amos Bennett, with his two sons-in- law, Benjamin Akely and Richard Benjamin, at the mouth of Bennett's creek, on land occupied by Samuel and Azariah Ketchem before the Revolutionary war, and Samuel Cole returned to his plantation at Macedonia. Athens is situated in a beautiful section of country, at the confluence of the Susquehanna and the Tioga or Chemung rivers. The spot was known during the Revolution and in the early part of this century as Tioga Point. Tiogj, (mean- ing the meeting of the waters), originally the name of the place, is still the legal name in Pennsylvania of the river, which in New York is called Chemung. Prior to the Revolution, and as far back as 1737, when Conrad Weiser, the celebrated interpreter and Indian agent, made his first visit to the Six Nations, it was the site of the Indian town Diahoga, the most extensive Indian settlement within the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania north of Shamokin, it being on the main trail of the Six Nations from the Wyoming valle}' to the north. Here the paths diverged, that to Genesee and Niagara following up the Tioga, while that to Onondaga followed for some distance further up the Susquehanna. The first white man who made this place, then becoming known as Tioga and Tioga Point, his home, was John Secord, who in the early summer of 1778 had here a cabin and some cattle, and tilled the soil. It was at this place in that year that Butler, and perhaps Brandt, with their English and Indians, rendez- voused and prepared for their descent on Wyoming, and hither they returned after the massacre. When they took their final departure, Secord went with them, and disappears from our history. In September, 1778, Colonel Hartley, with a force of four hundred men, came as far north as this place, and burned Tioga, and Queen Esther's palace and town. In the following year, during his expe- dition against the Indians, General Sullivan made Tioga the base of his opera- tions. He ascended the river, arriving here with three thousand five hundred men on the 11th of August, and erected block houses and a stockade, extending across the peninsula from river to river, called Fort Sullivan. General Clinton pushed across the country from Albany to Otsego Lake, with eighteen hundred men, and floated down the Susquehanna, uniting his forces with Sullivan, August 22d. The whole army lay here until the 27th, when it went on its march of devastation, leaving Tioga a military station, under command of Colonel Shrieve, whence Sullivan derived his supplies, and to which he sent his wounded. The expedi'ion returned here victorious, and on the 4th of October the fort was demolished and the army went down the river to Wyoming. In 1783 white adventurers and pioneers first crept up the river as far as Tioga Point. The first settlor after the war of whom there is any positive information was Benjamin Patterson, who squatted on the east side of the Susquehanna, as did, shortly after, one Miller and one Moore. About 1783 a man named Andreas Budd erected a cabin on the point, and in the next year Jacob Snell, from Stroudsburg, settled Vest of the Tioga, where, on the 5th of July, 1784, was born the first white native — the late Major Abraham Snell. In 1784, or early in 1785, Matthicis Hollenback, of Wilkes-Barre, opened here a trading-house. In May, 1786, the Susquehanna company issued a grant for a township, to be called Athens, and in May and June of that year it was surveyed, and the village plat laid out by Colonel John Jenkins, Colonel John P'ranklin, and BBADFOBD COUNTY. 43 1 Colonel Elisha Satterlee. The site of the village was granted by Pennsylvania, May 17, 1785, to Josiah Lockhart, of Lancaster, under lottery warrant Number one, the land being embraced within the purchase from the Indians of October, 1784, but the first settlements were made under the Connecticut title by New England people. Colonel Satterlee and his brother-in-law. Major Elisha Math- ewson, came up from Wyoming and made improvements in 1787, and the next year settled here permanently. Colonel Franklin built a house in 1787, and was intending to settle here the same year, but was arrested for high treason against the State of Pennsylvania, and confined in irons in Philadelphia. It was alleged that the Connecticut settlers, of whom he was the recognized leader, were about to erect a new State in Northern Pennsylvania, with Franklin as governor. He was detained in prison nearly two 3'ears, and, immediately after his release in 1789, settled permanently in Athens. Franklin, Satterlee, and Mathewson, were the most prominent of the early settlers ; they had all served in the war, were in Wyoming during the Yankee and Pennamite troubles, and had been here with Sullivan. In 1796, a warrant for a Masonic lodge, still in existence, was granted ; 1797 an academy, afterwards endowed by the State, and now in a very flourishing condition, was organized ; in the summer of 1800 the post office was established ; in 1812 the first church — Presbyterian — was organized. Athens was incor- porated as a borough in 1832, and has now a population of about one thousand five hundred. The continuation of the Lehigh Valley railroad passes through it ; and just above the borough limits, but within the township of Athens, at a new station called Sayre, connection is made with the Geneva, Ithaca, and Athens, and the Southern Central railroads. Barclay covers the coal fields of the Towanda and Fall Creek companies, and the large saw-mills of the Schraeder land company. Barclay, Fall Creek, Graydon, and Carbon Run in LeRoy township, are raining villages. The land is owned by the companies, and the business is carried on by them. It is said that but one freeholder lives upon the mountain. The Barclay railroad connects the mines with the Pennsylvania and New York railroad at Towanda. The Barclay mines and railroad are at present operated by the Erie railway company, who hold a lease of the works. The township was cut off from Franklin in 1867. Mining and lumbering is the only business carried on in the township. Burlington was one of the original townships at the organization of the county, and lies on the Sugar creek between Towanda and Troy. The great thoroughfare between the North and West branches of the Susquehanna, known as the Sheshequin Path i)assed through this town, and soon after the close of the Revolution settlers began to push up the creek. The Susquehanna company's township — Juddsburg — which covered a large part of Burlington, was granted in the summer of 1786, and about that time Joseph Ballard, John Clark, Moses Calkins, Stephen Ballard, and Jacob Swaine, were found settled along the creek. They were earnest defenders of the Connecticut title, and held to their rights with great pertinacity. They manifested the same enterprise in improving as in main- taining their rights, so that this has become one of the leading townships in the county. Neheminh Allen and John McKean were among the prominent persons Avho came in soon after. General Samuel McKean was, for a number of years, one of the most prominent citizens of the county, and held various offices of II 432 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VAKIA. trust, having reached the United States Senate, where he held his seat for si^ years. In 1825 the township was divided, the western part taking the name of West Burlington. Burlington borough, near the line dividing the two townships, is a village of some business, and the most important point on the creek between Towanda and Troy. Mountain Lake, near the borough, is a place of resort for pleasure parties. Luther's Mills and West Burlington each are places of con- siderable business. Canton was originally a part of Burlington, but the line dividing Luzerne county in 1804, divided also the township, and that part of it remaining in Lu- zerne took the name of Canton. It is situated on the head waters of tlie To- wanda, whose broad and beautiful valley contains some of the best farms in the county. The first settlements were made in HOG, '97, and '98, by the families of Ezra Spalding, Ebenezer Byxbe, Ashmun Gillett, and some others. The town has increased rapidly in wealth and population. Canton borough, incorporated in 1864, is pleasantly situated on the Williamsport and Elmira railroad, is an im- portant centre for business, and for shipping of agricultural products. Minne- QUA, two miles above, also on the railroad, is becoming famous as a watering place. During the season the house is filled with guests seeking health and rest. The mineral spring on the premises has already attained great celebrity for its medicinal qualities. Alba, in the northern part of the township, made a borough in 1863, is a thriving place. East Canton is a place of some business, and contains a number of pleasant private residences. Columbia was taken from Smithfield in 1813, and is a fine dairy region. About 1798, the whole township was an unbroken forest. Two brothers by the name of Ballard, Nathaniel Morgan, and some others, were among the first emigrants. The borough of Sylvania, in the southern part, was incorporated in 1853. AusTiNViLLE is a place of considerable business. Columbia Cross RoABS and Snedekerville are stations on the Williamsport and Elmira railroad of some importance. Franklin was organized in 1819, from territory taken from Canton, Troj', and Burlington, and lies in the valley of the Towanda creek. Franklin Dale in the east, and West Franklin in the west of the township, are small villages. David Allen and Elisha Wilcox were among its first settlers. The flats along the creek are covered by good farms, and the hill sides, though steep, contain good grazing land. Granville was erected into a separate township in 1831, out of parts of Franklin. Burlington, and Troy. Granville Corners, Granville Center, West Granville, and the Summit, the latter on the Williamsport and Elmira railroad, are quiet little villages. The soil afi'ords fine pasture, and grazing is the principal business of its people. Herrick Is situated on high table land, and is among the latest settled town- ships of the county. In the southern part of the township is a large Irish popu- lation from Ballibay, Ireland, who are among the most industrious and intelligent people of the country. Raising of cattle and butter making are the principal employments of the people. The township was set off from Wyalusing in 1837. LeRoy was constituted a township out of territory taken from Canton and Franklin in 1835, and was settled by the Holcombs about 1796. Along the creek BRADFORD COUNTY. 433 the land is fertile, but a large part of the township is still covered with forest. The village of LeRoy is pleasantly situated on the Towanda creek. Litchfield was taken from Athens in 1821. It began to be settled in 1788 by Thomas Park, who was soon followed by Elijah Wolcott and others. Since that time the improvements have been rapid. Litchfield, near the centre, is the most considerable village in the township. The same year, 1821, Monroe was set off from Burlington and Towanda. The valley of the Towanda here is broad, and afforded an inviting home to the pioneer adventurer. Among its first settlers were Reed Brockawa}' and Noadiah Crannier, at Monroeton, John Schraeder, near Greenwood, and the Fowlers, on the brancli that bears their name. The southern part of the township is mountainous, and covered with timber, except along the south or Fowler branch, where there is a belt of good farming land. Monroeton was incorporated as a borough in 1855. At this point is the junction of the Sullivan and Erie with the Barclay railroad, and is a place of some importance. At Greenwood, two miles west, on the Towanda, is a large tannery, and a manufactory for small wooden articles. Lumbering and agriculture are the chief occupations of the people. Orwell, whose original name was Mt. Zion, had been established as a township prior to the organization of the county, and is a fine grazing district. It was settled in the beginning of the present century by Francis Mesusan and Dan Russell, on the Wysox creek, and Asahel Johnson, Samuel Wells. Levi Frisbie, and Capt. Josiah Grant, in other parts of the township. Orwell Hill and Pottep viLLE are the principal places in the township. Overton was made a separate township in 1853, out of territory taiJen iron. Albany, Franklin, and Monroe. The principal place is Overton, in the south- eastern corner. The township is sparsely settled, by far the greater part of its area being wild land. Pike was taken from Orwell and a part of the old township of Rush, which was included in Bradford, and erected into a township in 1813. The first settlements were made along its northern part, on the Wyalusing, in 1194-6, by Abraham Taj'lor, Elisha Keeler, Isaac Brownson, Dimon Bostwick, and others. The northern part is a high table land, on the top of which is LeRaysville, named in honor of Vincent LeRay, whose father, a Frenchman, owned about eighty thousand acres of land in the north-eastern part of the county. It was made a borough in 1863. An attempt was made to establish here a company on the plan of community of labor. The proprietors were called the Phalanx, but the experiment proved a failure. Stevensville, on the creek, is a place of consider- able business. The traveler will find as good farms and as fine herds of cattle in this and the adjoining townships as anywhere in the county. RiDGBURY was constituted a township in 1818. It had previously formed parts of Athens and Wells. Ridgbury and Middletown, im Bentley creek, which runs through the western part, are the most important places. Rome, so named because it is on the same parallel of latitude as Rome in Italy, was erected into a township from parts of Orwell and Sheshequin in 1831. About 1198 settlers began to locate farms on the Wysox, within the [jrescnt bounds of the township, among whom were Nathaniel P. Moody, Godfrey Vought, Henry Lent, Frederick Iiliklor, and Enoch Towner. The township 434 IIISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. contains many good farms, and an intelligent, enterprising population. Rome borough, in the south-western part, incorporated in 1861, is pleasantly situated on the Wysox. Smithfield. one of the original townships, is located on high ground, and is noted as one of the best butter-making districts in the county. Settlements in it were begun in 1796 by Reuben Mitchell, who was shortly after followed by others. East Smithfield, near the centre, is a thriving place. Here is located the Congregational church, which was organized in Poultney, Vermont, in 1801, and also a beautiful monument erected in memory of those from the township who fell in the war for the Union. Springfield, which adjoins Smithfield on the west, and which it resembles in the character of its soil, inhabitants, and productions, and from which it was taken in 1813, has for its principal places Leona, Springfield, and Mill City. In the vear 1803, the solitary wilderness which covered this township was broken by the pioneer families of Captain John Harkness, and Ezekiel & Austin Leonard, who named the township from the place of their emigration in Massachusetts. South Creek, on the north of Springfield and Columbia, was set off from Wells and Ridgbury in 1835, and is intersected from north to south by the creek which gave the name to the township, and beside of which runs the Williamsport and Elmira railroad, on which are the State Line and Gillett's stations, where are pleasantly located villages. The soil is adapted to grazing, especially on the high lands which border the creek valley. Standing Stone derives its name from a high rock standing in the opposite side of the river, which has been a land-mark from the earliest settlement of the country. It was erected into a township out of parts of Herrick and Wysox in 1841. Settlements were commenced in this township as early as 1774, by Lemuel Fitch, Simon Spalding, Henry Birney, Richard Fitzgerald, and Anthony Rummerfield, on the creek which bears his name, and where he erected the first saw-mill built in the county. Th 'se settlements were broken up by the Indians and Tories during the Revolutionary war ; — Fitch being taken off and died in captivity ; Spalding enlisted in the Continental army. Birney and Fitzgerald returned to their old homes soon after the close of the war, and others followed subsequently. Along the river are fine grain-producing farms ; those on the hills are better adapted to pasturage. Standing Stone and Rummerfield are stations on the Pennsylvania and New York division of the Lehigh Valley railroad. Sheshequin, on the east side of the river, opposite tlie old Indian town from which it receives its name, was set off from Ulster in 1820. Here had been the meadows and cornfields of the red man from time immemorial, and to the army of General Sullivan afforded a pleasant camping ground, and so attracted the at- tention of some of the soldiers in that campaign, that immediately after the close of the war, in 1783, General Simon Spalding, Judge Obadiah Gore, and a num- ber of other families, located themselves on its broad flats. The settlers rapidly increased, so that, for a number of years, Sheshequin was the source of supply for the pioneer settlers of all the northern part of the county. Then General Spalding, Joseph Kinney, Esq., and Colonel Joseph Kingsbury were among the leading spirits in defending the Connecticut title, and were active in locating set- tlers on the company's rights. The early prominence of this township has been I BBADFORD COUJ^TY. 435 sustained by the succeeding generations, so that Sheshequin has ever been con- sidered among the foremost of the townships of the county. Here was the home of Mrs. Julia A. Scott, nee Kinney, wliose sweet poems liave made the lovely vale of Sheshequin immortal. The village of t^heshequin is a collection oi farm houses, a quiet, beautiful place, bordered with prod active farms, and con- taining an intelligent and enterprising population. Terry was organized in 18.59. Settlements were of gun here prior to the Re- volutionary war, but were not resumed till 1788, when Jonathan Terry, in whose honor the township was named, moved his family' into the place. For a number of years the settlements were confined to the river flats, but within a few years past the back farms have been greatly improved, and now are the most produc- tive in the township. Terrytown and New Era are the most important places. TowANDA was one of the original townships. A little above the mouth 01 the creek is the site of one of the national cemeteries of the Nanticoke Indians. TowANDA, the county seat of Bradford county, Pennsylvania, is located upon the right bank of the Susquehanna river, and in the centre of a thickly populated region, whose mineral and agricultural resources are abundant . , . The bo- rough proper is located on the William Means patent of 1807, together with tlie Irwin patent of 1830, and others adjoining on the north. It was laid out in 1812 b}' Mr. Means. Thomas Overton, father of Edward Overton, donated to the county the square where the court house stands. The town grew but slowly, and in 1820 there were only four houses on Main street, above the court house, and two of them were built of logs. Main street was then called Tioga Point road. It was incorporated in 1828. The first survey for the Barclay road was made as early as 1839. The Towanda of 1876 is a tliriving borough of about six thousand inhabitants, with mining, manufacturing, and commercial interests aggregating millions annually, presenting many advantages to the capitalist, laborer, manufacturer, business man, or persons seeking a home amid an intellectual coinmuniLy, in a healthy locality. It has superior advantages for economical manufactures ; coal — both anthracite and bituminous — of the finest quality, being abundant and cheap. The dam in the river, formerly used for the canal, with the canal bed, furnish an inexhaustible water power, sufficient of itself to build up a flourishing manufac- turing town. The dam has a fall of fourteen feet, and there is little doubt that this source of wealth will be speedily utilized. Iron ore abounds in the hills ; and the excellent railroad facilities, together with these advantages, are certain to make Towanda at no distant day a great iron manufacturing point. There are three completed lines of railroads centering in Towanda, giving an easy and direct connection with all parts of the country, and aflTording every facility for the shipment of manufactured products, as well as a large and cheap supply of that great necessity, coal. Other important roads have been projected, whose completion will be of great advantage to all the interests of the borough. In the rural cemetery, near the town, on the high bank overlooking the Sus- quehanna, lie the remains of Judge Wilmot, the celebrated author of the " Wil- mot Proviso." His grave is marked by a plain headstone bearing the fo.lo vn g inscription : " David Wilmot, born January 20, 1814 ; died March 10, 1808, aged 436 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. 54 years. ' Neither slavery nor unvoluntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.'" North Towanda, set off from the old township in 1851, is a fine fanning region. Troy, at the head of Sugar creek, was separated from Burlington in 1815, and the borough incorporated in 1844. It is situated on the Williamsport and Elmira railroad, and is the centre of the great butter producing section of the count}', from wliich thousands of tons are annually shipped to the market. In population, business, and wealth it ranks next to Towanda. East Troy, three miles down the creek, is a place of some importance, with many excellent farms and pleasant homes surrounding it. TuscARORA is on the highland separating the Wyalusing and Tuscarora creeks, and formed a part of Wyalusing until 1830, when it was erected into a township. It is still frequently called by the name of Springhill, which was given it by the Susquehanna company. It is a superior grazing region, and contains many valuable farms. It began to be settled early in the present century, but since has been rapidly improved. Warren, in the extreme north-eastern part of the county, and Windham, adjoining it on tlie west, were erected out of parts of Orwell and Rush in 1813. The face of the county is broken by the valleys of the Wappasuning, the Wysox, and the Apolacon. The flats bordering the streams are adapted to tillage, while Llie ridges are fine gnizing lands. In 1196 Jeptha Brainerd and some other families settled on the Wappasiining, and two years after James Bowen, Wm. Arnold, Mr. Harding, and Mr. Gibson, settled on the south branch of the same creek, and in 1800 Ebenezer Coburn and his brother Jonathan settled farther east. This part of the county now contains a thrifty and enterprising population. Wells, in the north-west, was an unbroken wilderness until 1800, when Lemuel Gaylord purchased a farm on Sseley creek and made a settlement there. In 1803 he was followed by Solomon and Ithamar Judson. The population had increased sufficiently within the next ten years to create a demand for a new township, which was granted in 1813. It is a good farming region, steadily increasing in wealtli and population. WiLMOT, named in honor of the late David Wilmot, lies west of the river on the southern border of the county. Bordering the river are old farms whicli were settled prior to the Revolutionary war, but the hills back of them have until recently been covered with timber. The township has been rapidly settling up for the past few years, and with the disappearance of the timber, farms are being improved and rendered productive. The township, as the lines now are, was organized in 1859. Ulster was one of the original townships ; it lies on the west side of the river, and like Sheshequin, was settled soon after the close of the Revolution. Captain Benjamin Clark, Ad rial Simons, and Solomon Tracy, were among its pioneer settlers. It contains the villages of Ulster, which covers the site of the Indian town of Sheshequanink, and Milan, both stations on the Pennsjdvania and New York railroad, and places of some business. BRADFORD COUNTY. 437 Wyalusing is a sraall part of the old township, organized in 1790. It covers the site of Freidenshiitten, the Indian Mission, and was the earliest settled of any township in the county-. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people. The principal villages are Wyalusing, on the river, and Caraptown, on the Wya- lusing creek, five miles above its mouth. Sugar Hun, on the Pennsylvania and New York railroad, is noted for its shipments of bark and lumber. A few rods below the station stands the monument erected to mark the location of the Indian Mission. Homet's Ferry, Frenchtown station, near the upper line of the township, is on the old Miciscum, the Indian meadows. Wysox, also on the east side of the river, is one of the leading agricultural townships of the county. It was one of the original townships, and began to be settled in 1776. The large farm of V. E. and Joseph Piollet covers the location of these early settlements. Myersburg, two miles up the Wysox, is a place of some business. Wysox, on the Pennsylvania and New York railroad, is a mart for a large hay, grain, and butter trade. East Tow and a, just opposite the borough, with which it is connected by a bridge, is a village which has sprung up within a few years, and is rapidly growing. HORTICUI.TURAL HALT., CKNTBNNIAI, EXHIBITION. BUCKS COUNTY. [ With acknowledgments to Joseph Thomas, M.D., and W. W. H. Davis.] UCKS was one of the three original counties established by the Founder of Penns3'lvania in 1682. It took its name from a district in England, from whence came a number of the passengers by the ^^'elcome. In a letter to the Free Society of Traders, early in 1683, William Penn speaks of it as Buckingham county. The Proprietary called togetlier the first Assembly at Chester, on the 4th of December, 1682, and then BUCKS COUNTY COURT HOUSE, DOYLESTOWN. [From a Photograph hy C. Qarwood, Baltimore.] we have the first record of the county. At that time its northern boundary extended to the Kittatinny mountain, " or as far as the land might be purchased from the Indians." The formation of Northampton county in 1752 reduced the county to its present size. At the session of the Assembly alluded to, the members from Bucks were William Yardley, Samuel Darke, Robert Lucas, Nicholas Wain, John Wood, 438 BUCKS COVNTY. 439 John Clows, Thomas Fitzwater, Robert Hall, and James Bojden. Most of them were personal friends of Penn, and had either accompanied or preceded him to the Province. At a council held at Philadelphia on the 23d of first month, 1683, in the presence of the Proprietary and Governor, it was ordered that the seal of the county of Bucks be a tree and a vine. At the time of its organization William Penn selected an extensive tract of fine land on the banks of the Dela- ware, four or five miles above where Bristol now stands, which he named Penns- bury Manor. This tract originally contained over eight thousand acres. It was not until the 8th of second month, 1685, that the bounds of the county were determined. From the proceedings of the Council at that date, we learn that " the bounds of the county of Bucks and Philadelphia should be as follows : To begin at the mouth of Poetquessink creek, on Delaware, and so by the said creek, and to take in the townships of Southampton and Warminster. In obedi- ence thereto and confirmation thereof, the president and council have seriously weighed and considered the same, have and do hereby agree and order that the bounds between the said counties shall be thus : to begin at the mouth of the Poetquessink creek, on Delaware river, and go up thence along the said creek by the several courses thereof to a south-west and north-west line, which said line divides the land belonging to Joseph Growdon and compan^^ from Southampton township ; from thence by a line of marked trees along the said line one hundred and twenty perches more or less ; from thence north-west by a line of marked tr es, which said line in part divides the land belonging to Nicholas Moore from Southampton and Warminster townships, continuing the said line as far as the said county shall extend." Bucks county has the Delaware river for its north-eastern and south-eastern boundary, being located on the great bend of that stream. Lehigh and North- ampton on the north, and Montgomery on the west and south, are the bordering counties. It is about forty miles in length, with an average breadth of fifteen miles. The principal streams are the Neshaminy, Tohickon, and Durham creeks within the county, and the head-waters of the Perkiomen flowing into Montgom- ery county. The surface of the country is gently undulating, except in the northern part of the county, where ridges of the South mountain or Lehigh hills encroach upon the river plateau. Three distinct geological belts cross the county, each imparting its peculiar character to the soil and surface. Strata comprising those of the primitive formation, such as gneiss, hornblende, mica, slate, &c., occupy the south-eastern portion of the county, forming a gently undulating surface, with a moderately fertile soil. Along the river, however, the land is very productive. Next to this, occupying a broad belt and including a large portion of the county, is a red shale, accompanied in some portions with sandstone and conglomerates. This affords a very good soil, well adapted to grass and cereals. This being a forma- tion of the secondary order, there is an out-cropping in a few places of lime- stone — in Solebury and Buckingham townships. There is also a deposit of hematite iron ore found in this neighborhood, which has only recently been explored. In the upper portion of the county is the third geological belt, com- posed of primary rocks of the gneiss family, the variety called trap, and the lower sandstone. The trap rock comprises a series of parallel elevations, attain- 440 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. ing, in Haycock and Rockhill townships, mountainous proportions. The spur in the former township is called Haycock mountain, from a supposed resemblance to a cock of ha3', and the township took its name from this fact. This belt of igneous rock, beginning at the Delaware river, in the neighborhood of Bridg- ton, extends through parts of Nockamixon and Tinicum, Haycock, Rockhill, Richland, and Milford townships, and thence through Montgomery and Chester counties. Enclosed, however, among these hills are several rich limestone valleys. One of these is the valley of Durham Creek, at the month of which once stood the Durham Cave, or Devil's Hole, as it was called ; but during the past thirty 3'ears the limestone of which the cave was composed has been gradually removed for use at the iron furnaces there, until now no trace of the cave remains. Iron ore of a rich quality also abounds in several places in the northern part of the county. Lead is found at Galena, in New Britain township, and the mines were successfully worked here for several years. In the southern end of the county a number of minerals in veins of rocks of igneous origin, which here crop out, are found, and among these plumbago. In Southampton township, near the Buck tavern, a mine of this mineral was formerly worked with success. At Blackman's or Long's Mill, in Durham township, as early as 112'7, ii'on works were in successful operation. Here was fabricated from the ore, about 1756, by means of charcoal for fuel, a primitive style of stove, or furnace, pieces of which may still be seen in some parts of the county. Cannon ball, etc., were also cast here, used in the Revolution. These works were finally abandoned at this place, and extensive ones erected at the river, near Reiglesville, where the Lilly fire and burglar-proof safes were once manufactured. Messrs. Cooper & Hewitt now manufacture pig-iron only. The resources of the county are mainly agriculture. The soil along the margins of the streams is very fertile, producing large crops of cereals, but the farmers, in late years, have turned their attention considerably to stock raising and the dairy. Immense quantities of butter and milk are sent to the Phila- delphia market; and Bucks county butter has obtained a celebrity equal to that of Chester county. Hay is also a staple production, and the soil is well adapted to timothy and clover, extensive shipments of the former finding a ready sale in Philadelphia. The first settlements within the present limits of Bucks county were made by the Swedes, about the year 1670. The Swedes were familiar with the country on the Delaware as high up as the " Falls." From the records of the court at Upland, we learn that a petition was presented on the 23d of November, 1677, for a settlement and town in that locality. The number of Swedish petitioners was twenty-four. The first English settlement in Pennsylvania proper was near the Lower Falls in Bucks county, by virtue of patents from Sir Edward Andros. These were principally Quakers, who, when the colony passed into the possession of William Penn, as proprietor, had already established themselves. In fact, so prosperous was this section, that strong expectations, says Mr. Buck, were entertained by many of them at first that the city of Philadelphia would be located either at Pennsbury or Bristol, and this perhaps might have been the case had not the river channel been deemed too shallow for ship navigation up so far as those places. BUCKS COUNl Y. 441 Among the earliest inhabitants were William Yardley, James Harrison, Phineas Pemberton, William Biles, an eminent preacher, William Darke, Lyonel Brittain, William Beaks, etc. And soon afterwards, there, and near Neshaminy creek, Richard Hough, Henry Baker, Nicholas Wain, John Otter, Robert Hall ; and in Wrightstown, John Chapman and James Hatcliff, a noted preacher in the soeiet}'. In the year 1683, Thomas Janney, a celebrated preacher among the Quakers, settled near the Falls, with his family and others who at that time arrived from Cheshire, in England. After twelve years residence here, he returned to England and died there; a man of good reputation, character, and example. In 1682, John Scarborough, a coachsmith, arrived in the country with his son John, then a youth, and settled in Middletown township, but he after- wards returned to England and left his possessions to his son. John Chapman came over in 1684, and was entertained some time at Phineas Pemberton's at the Falls, who had then made some progress in improvements. Afterwards Chapman went to his purchase in Wrightstown, where, within about twelve months afterwards, his wife had two sons at one time, whence he called the place Twinborough. At this time Chapman's place was the farthest back in the woods of any English settlement; and the Indians being then numerous, much frequented his house, and were very kind to him and his f:imily, as well as to those who came after him, often supplying them with corn and other provisions, at that time very scarce. Thomas Langhorne came the same year, but died soon after. The first settlers generally came from England, and were of the middle rank, and chietiy Friends ; many of them had first settled at the Falls, but soon after removed back, as it was then called, into the woods. As they came away in the reigns of Charles, James, William, and Anne, they brought with them not only the industry, frugality, and strict domestic discipline of their education, but also a portion of those high-toned political impressions that then prevailed in England. The first surveys in what was then called Buckingham, were as early as 1683, a.nd the greater part were located before 1708. It is not easy to ascertain who made the first improvements, but most probably, from circumstances, it was Thomas and John Bye, and George Pownall, Edward Henry, and Roger Hartley ; Dr. Streper and Wm. Cooper came early; Richard Burgess, John Scarborough, grandfather of the preacher of that name, and Henr}' Paxson, were also early settlers. John and Richard Lundy, Juhn Large, and James Lenox, and Wm. Lacey, John Worstall, Jacob Holcomb, Joseph Linton, Joseph Fell, Matthew Hughes, Hugh Ely, and perhaps Richaixl Norton, came from Long Island about 1705. The first adventurers were chiefly members of the Falls meeting, and are said to have frequently attended it, and often on foot. In the year 1700 leave was granted by the quarterly meeting to hold a meeting for worship at Buckingham, which was first at the house of William Cooper. On the Manor of Pennsbury William Penn caused to be erected a spacious country residence. Upon this spot he had concentrated many a bright vision of quiet enjoyment, in the midst of his own family, and surrounded by the antici- pated honors of his station as Proprietar3\ He erected, or caused to be erected 442 HISTOB Y OF P ENNS TL VANIA. during his absence, a magnificent mansion-house, sixty feet long by forty deep, with offices and out-houses at the sides, fronting upon a beautiful garden which extended down to the river. It was in his day, and for many years afterward, the marvel . >f the neighborhood. He had the happiness to reside here for a short period with his family in 1700-1, and entertained much company in his public capacity. The increasing cares and responsibilities of the Province, and the peculiar state of the times, required his presence in England, and he never after- ward enjoyed that quiet retirement for which he had so luxuriously provided. The mansion and out-houses were neglected during his absence. A large leaden water reservoir, which had been erected on the top of the mansion to guard against fire, became leaky, and injured the walls and furniture of the house, so that it fell into premature decay, and it was taken down just before the Revolu- tion. After the peace, the whole estate was sold out of the Penn family. In addition to this manor, Penn laid out in the township of Wrightstown, and also in Newtown, a park, or as it is frequently called, a town square. The lands selected were considered the most beautiful In the township ; of an oval, smooth surface, having no chasms or large streams of water within their limits ; the soil rich and covered with heavy timber. The parks were perfect squares, near the centre of the township, and contained each about six hundred and forty acres of land. They were to be exempt from cultivation or settlement, and to be kept for purposes similar to the parks of England ; but were only continued in this manner for thirty-five or forty years, when the inhabitants of the township became dissatisfied with their continuance, as they produced much inconvenience to them from many causes. Upon these representations being made to the Pro- prietary government, the parks were divided between the land-holders, in propor- tion to the land each one held in the townships. We have already stated that Phineas Pemberton held the first commission as clerk of the courts of Bucks. The first justices of the peace for the county were Arthur Cook, Joseph Growdon, William Yardley, Thomas Janney, William Biles, Nicholas Wain, John Brock, and Henry Baker. The first purchase of land from the Indians above the Neshaminy, in Bucks, made by William Markham, the agent of William Penn, was in 1682. This pur- chase was to be bounded by the river Delaware on the north-east, and the Neshaminy on the north-west, and was to extend as far back as a man could walk in tliree daj^s. It is stated that Penn and the Indians began to walk out this land, commencing at the mouth of the Neshaminy, and walking up the Delaware ; and in one day and a half they got to a spruce tree, near Baker's creek, when Penn concluded this would include as much land as he would want at present. A line was drawn, and marked from the spruce tree to the Neshamin3\ From, the period of this purchase, numerous white settlers established them- selves northward as far as Durham, in the upper part of the county, where a furnace was erected ; and some of the scattering frontier establishments of tlie white people reached as far as the Lehigh hills. The Indians, becoming uneasy at the approach of these settlements of the white people, desired to have a limit placed upon these encroachments, and a treaty was held at Durham in 1734, which was continued at Pennsbury in May, 1735, and concluded at Philadelphia in August, 1737 ; in which the limits of the tract, as described in the deed of BUCKS COUNTY. 443 1682, were confirmed, and it was ag'-eed that the " walk " which was to determine the extent of the territory should be performed. It seems to have been expected b}' the Indians that this " walk " would not extend beyond the Ijehigh hills, about forty miles from the place where it was to begin ; but it was the desire of the Proprietary in 173*7 to extend the walk as far as possible, so as to include the land in the Forks of the Delaware, and even further up that river, to obtain, if possible, the possession of the Minisink land — a very desirable tract along the river above the Blue mountains. The time appointed for the walk was the 19th of September, 1737. The place agreed upon as the point to commence was at a chestnut tree standing a little above the present site of Wrightstown. The walk was under the superin- tendence of Timothy Smith, then sheriff of Bucks county, and Benjamin East- burn, surveyor-general. The persons employed by government to perform the walk were famous for their abilities as fast walkers, and they were to have as a compensation five pounds in money and five hundred acres of land in the purchase. They were Edward Marshall, a native of Bucks county, a noted hunter, chain carrier, etc.; James Yeates, also a native of Bucks county, a tall slim man of much agility and speed of foot ; and Solomon Jennings, a remarkable stout and strong man. At sunrise they started from the chestnut tree alluded to above Wrightstown, accompanied by a number of persons, some of whom carried refreshments for them. They walked moderately at first, but soon quickened their pace, so that the Indians frequently called to them to ivalk and not to run; but these remonstrances produced no effect, and most of the Indians left them in anger, saying thej^ were cheated. A number of people were collected about twenty miles from the starting point to see them pass. First came Yeates, stepping as light as a feather, accompanied by several persons on horseback; after him, but out of sight, came Jennings, with a strong, steady step ; and yet, far behind, came Marshall, apparently careless, swinging a hatchet alternately in one hand to balance the motion of his body, and eating a biscuit. Bets ran in favor of Yeates. Jennings and two of the Indian walkers gave out before the end of the first day, being unable to keep up with the others. But Marshall, Yeates, and one Indian kept on, and arrived at sunset on the north side of the Blue mountain. At sunrise next morning they started again, but when crossing a stream at the foot of the mountain Yeates became faint and fell, Marshall turned back and supported him until some of the attendants came up, and then continued the walk by himself. At noon, the hour when the walk was to ter- minate, he had reached a spur of the Second or Broad mountain, estimated to be eighty-six miles from the starting point. Having thus reached the furthest possible point to the north-westward, it now remained to draw a line from the end of the walk to the river Delaware. The course of this line not being described in the deed of purchase, the agent of the Proprietaries, instead of running by the nearest course to the river, ran north- eastward across the country, so as to strike the Delaware near the mouth of the Lackawaxen, thus extending far up the river, taking in all the Minisink territory, and many thousand acres more than if they had run by the nearest course to the Delaware. It is well known that the Delaware Indians immedi- ately saw and complained of the manner in which these things were done as a Ui Hit TOR Y OF PE NNS YL VANIA . Ma'slmll on Mai- opposite fraud upon them, nor would they relinquish the land until compelled to do so by the dejouties of the Six Nations, at the treaty of 1742. The proceedino-s of this walk are mentioned as one of the causes of the hostile feelings of the Indians which eventually led to war and bloodshed; and the first murder committed bv them in the Province was on the very land they believed themselves cheated out of. The Indians always contended that the walk should be up the river by the nearest path, as was done in the first day and a half's walk by William Penn, and not hy the compass across the country, as was done in this case. It is stated that afterwards, when the Surveyor-General and other persons to assist him passed over this ground, it employed them about four days to walk to the extent of the purchase. Jennings, who did not hold out to cross the Lehigh, never recovered his health, and lived but a few years after. Yeates, when taken out of the stream at the foot of the mountain, was quite blind, and died in three daj's afterwards, lived and died shall's Island, Tinicum township, on the Delaware, aged about nine- ty years. B3' an act of the Gene- ral Assembl}', passed March 20, 1724, the county build- ings for Bucks were directed to be built at Newtown, as being more central and convenient for the people. Previous to this the courts and count}' business had been transacted at Bristol for nearly a quarter of a century, but as the popu- lation kept steadily extending itself upwards more into the country, the change was a necessity. To Bucks county belongs the honor of having one of the earliest seminaries of learning in the State. The Rev. Mr. Tennent came from Ireland in 1718, and three years after settled in Bensalem ; from thence, about 1726, he removed to the Neshaminy, in Warwick township, and established an academy which was more particularly' intended for the education of ministers for the Presbyterian church. In consequence of having been constructed of logs, this school has been popularly- denominated the " Log College." During many years after the first settlement of the county the kind-hearted and industrious Friends cleared and cultivated their lands in peace, contented with their own lot, and having no cause of quarrel with others. Between them and the Indian; who dwelt among them hospitality and other kind offices had always been reciprocated, and although the black cloud of Indian warfare was friends' meeting-house, solesbury. [From a Photograph bj C. Garwood.] BUCKS COUNTY. 445 rumbling and thundering beyond the Blue mountains in 1755-1760, yet the Quakers had little to fear from it. During sevei'al generations, the simple history of the colonists of Bucks county was, that they lived in quiet and improved their farms. But at length people of other races and different religious and political opinions began to settle among and around them ; and in process of time the desolating tide of the Revolutionary war swept to and fro across their once quiet county. The American army, late in the year 1776, retreated across New Jersey into this county. General Washington defended all the passes of the river from Coryell's ferry to Bristol. His headquarters were at Newtown, while he was urging upon Congress the necessity of reinforcing the army. The enemy posted themselves along the Jersey side of the Delaware, waiting for the ice to form a bridge by which they might reach Philadelphia. The aflFairs of America at this time wore a very serious aspect. A consider- able part of New Jersey was in possession of the enemy. The American army had lost during the campaign near five thousand men by captivity and the sword ; and the few remaining regular troops, amounting to only two thousand men, were upon the eve of being disbanded, as their enlistments had been only for one 3^ear. In this dilemma. Congress invested Washington with great power; and tlie Council of Safety at Philadelphia, on the 17th of December, recommended General Wash- ington to issue his orders for the militia of Pennsylvania forthwith to join his army. In pursuance of this call, the militia of Bucks and adjoining counties flocked with alacrity in considerable numbers to Washington's standard, and so rein- forced his depleted army that in a short time afterwards he was enabled to move against and defeat the enemy at Trenton. Soon after the battle, the Hessian prisoners, nearly a thousand in number with their arms, six brass field pieces, eight standards, and a considerable quantity of munitions of war, were brought through the county on their way to Philadelphia to be sent to Lancaster. The Hessians were well clad, with large knapsacks and spatter-dashes to their legs, while on either side of them as a guard, in single file, were our countrymen, at the end of December in their worn- out summer uniforms, and some even without shoes. General Washington, on the 28th, again made Newtown his headquarters, and after remaining there a few days, he once more crossed the Delaware, and on the 3d of January engaged the enemy at Princeton. About the close of the year 1776, when the cause of America seemed to be expiring, and the attack on Trenton had not yet been made, Joseph Galloway, a prominent citizen of Bucks county, like many others in the greatest hour of need, deserted his country, doubtless thinking that Britain's powerful arm would soon crush these colonies, and his best policy wou, d therefore be to secure her friendship in time. The people of Bucks were not surprised at this ; and their previous suspicions of his loyalty proved not unfounded. The Legislature of the State, under the new Constitution, at Philadelphia, on the 17th of March, 1777, passed a militia law by which they established a sort of military tribunal in each county, composed of five officers, four sub-lieutenants, with the rank of colonel and lieutenant-colonel respectively. These officers were to hold courts, to class and district the militia, to organize them into companies and regiments, etc. Captain John Lacey, a native of Bucks, was made a 446 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. lieutenant-colonel by the militia of his district, and as the duties did not interfere with his position as one of the sub-lieutenants of the county, he acted in both capacities. Colonel Lacey was commissioned a brigadier-general on the 9th of January, 1778, and to hira was given the command of tlie militia between the rivers Schuylkill and Delaware. His instructions from General Washington were to protect the inhabitants and prevent supplies and intercourse with the enemy in Philadelphia. The duties were exceedingly arduous, and owing to the paucit}' of the force under him. and the number of Tories and well-paid spies in the county, General Lacey found it impossible to carry out his instructions with that rigidity which the exigencies of the case required. On the morning of the 13th of Januar^^, a party of British light horsemen entered Bensalem, and took John Yandergrift, the county commissioner, his son, Edward Duffield, and others, prisoners, besides capturing a large quantity of forage, and on several occasions detachments of Lacey's men were surprised and made prisoners by a superior force of the enemj'. After the departure of the British from Philadelphia in June, 1778, the country around that city became tolerably quiet, though at times apprehensions were entertained of an invasion of the enemy from their stronghold at New York. For this purpose the militia were kept in readiness to check any sudden irruption that should be made along the Delaware. On the 12th of October, 1781, at that time stationed at Newtown, they were discharged, with the thanks of General Lacey, in general orders, for the readiness they had exhibited in taking the field in defence of the State. Through all the Revolutionary contest Bucks county nobly did her duty. In the beginning, for the protection of the Northern colonies, she sent soldiers and money for their relief. When Washington was compelled to retreat through Jersey with his handful of half-clad and starving men before the victorious foe, it was in Bucks county that he raised his standard anew, and her citizens rallying to Ills assistance, contributed much to give the enemy his first check at Trenton. On all occasions she raised her quotas of men and money, and her patriotism fully equalled that of any of the other counties of the State. During the war a number of young men, either to escape from serving in the army or paying fines, and yet did not choose to enlist openly with tlie enemj', found a more profitable employment in secrect acts of treachery and piracy among their neighbors, and for which they were amply compensated by the British during their stay in Philadelphia or New York. Among these outlaws were several brothers by the name of Doane. The Doanes were a Quaker family, living in Plumstead township during the Revolution. The father was a woi'thy man ; but his six sons, as they grew to manhood, abandoned all the noble principles of the sect with which they had been reared, and retaining only so much of its outward forms as suited their nefarious schemes, they became a gang of most desperate outlaws. They were professedly Tories, and they drove for a time a very profitable trade in stealing the horses and cattle of their Whig neigh- bors, and disposing of them to the British army, then in Philadelphia. One of the brothers, Joseph, was teaching school in Plumstead. Two of the brothers had joined the British in Philadelphia, and through them the stolen horses were disposed of, and the proceeds shared. The Doanes at school were often disi)lay- BUCKS COUNTY. 447 ing their pockets full of guineas, which were at first supposed to be counterfeit ; but subsequent events proved their genuineness, and disclosed the source from which they had procured so considerable an amount of gold. Suspicion had long fastened upon the family; they were closely watclied ; and eventually, about the year 1782, the stealing of a horse belonging to Mr. Sliaw, of Flumstead, was distinctly traced to them. This brought upon Mr, Shaw, and a few others who were active in their detection, the combined malignity of the whole banditti ; and it was not long before they obtained their revenge. Uniting with themselves another villain of kindred spirit, the whole band, seven in all, including Moses Doane, who was their captain, and Joseph the schoolmaster before mentioned, fell upon Mr. Shaw at the dead of night, in his own house, bruised and lacerated him most cruelly, and decamped with all his horses and many valuables plundered from the house. A son of Mr. Shaw was dispatched to the nearest neighbors for assistance and to raise the hue and cry after the robbers. But these neighbors being Mennonists, conscientiously opposed to bearing arms, and having besides an instinctive dread of danger, declined interfering in the matter; such was the timidity and cautiousness manifested in those times between the nearest neighbors, when of different political sentiments. The young man, liowever, soon raised a number of neighbors, part of whom came to his father's assistance, and part armed themselves and went in pursuit of the robbers. The latter, after leaving poor Mr. Shaw, had proceeded to the house of Joseph Grier, and robbed him ; and then went to a tavern kept by Colonel Robert Robinson, a very corpu- lent n.an. Him they dragged from his bed, tied him in a most excruciating position, and placing him naked in the midst of them, whipped him until their ferocity was satiated. They subsequently robbed and abased several other individuals on the same night, and then escaped into Montgomery' county. Here they were overtaken, somewhere on Skippach, and so liotly pursued that they were glad to abandon the fine horses on which they rode, and betake themselves to the thicket. Joseph, the schoolmaster, was shot through the cheeks, dropped from his horse, and was taken prisoner. The others efiected their escape, and concealed themselves. The prisoner was taken to Newtown and indicted, but while awaiting trial escaped from jail, fled into New Jersey, and there, under an assumed name, taught school for nearly a year. The Federal government had offered a reward of eight hundred dollars for him or his brothers, dead or alive ; and while in a bar- room one evening he heard a man say that he would shoot any one of the Doanes, wherever he might see him, for the sake of the reward. Doane's school- bills were settled verj' suddenlj^, and he made his way into Canada. Moses, the captain of the gang, with two of the brothers, had concealed themselves in a secluded cabin, occupied by a drunken man, near the mouth of Tohickon creek. Mr. Shaw, the father, learning their place of concealment, rallied a party of men, of whom Colonel Hart was made the leader, and surrounded the house. Instead of shooting them down at once. Hart opened the door, and cried out, "Ah! j^ou're here, are you?" The Doane? seized their arms, and shot down Mr. Kennedy, one of the party. Two of the outlaws went through the back window, which seems not to have been sufficiently guarded, and made their escape into the woods. Moses, the captain, who, by the wa}-, 44 8 HIS TOE Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. was more of a gentleman than either of the other brothers, surrendered ; but immediately on his surrender he was shot down by one of the attacking party. The person wlio shot him was not, however, voluntarily of the party, but was suspected of being implicated with the Doanes in their ill-gotten gains ; and it was supposed he shot him to close his mouth against the utterance of testimony against himself. The other two were afterwards taken in Chester county, hung in Philadelphia, and brought home to be interred in Plumstead township. The Doanes were distinguished from their youth for great muscular activity'. They could run and jump beyond all competitors, and it is said one of them could jump over a wagon. Many years afterwards, the young lad Shaw, who had himself received many a severe flogging from Doane the schoolmaster, became a magistrate in Do3'les- town, and rejoiced in the dignified title of " 'Squire " Shaw. Sitting one da}^ at his window, whom should he see entering his gate but old Joseph Poane, the traitor to his country, the robber of Shaw's father, the old schoolmaster who had so often flogged him, the refugee from prison, and now a poor, degi'aded, broken- down old man. Mr. Shaw assumed Ins magisterial dignity, and met him bluntly at the door with the question, " What business have you with me, sir?" Some inquiries passed, a recognition was effected, and a cold formal shaking of hands was exchanged. The old scoundrel had returned from Canada to bring a suit against an old Quaker gentleman in thfi county, for a small legacy of some forty dollars, coming to Doane ; and he had the cool impudence to require the services of a magistrate whose father he had fornaerly robbed and nearly murdered. It is creditable to 'Squire Shaw's high sense of honor, and respect for the law he was sworn to administer, that the man received his money, and returned quietly to Canada. The meeting between the plaintiff" and the defendant is said to have been quite amusing. Their conversation was still conducted, on both sides, in the " plain language " of Quakers ; but neve-theless they abused each other most roundly — the one alleging his authority from government to blow the other's brains out, or to take him "dead or alive," and the other claiming his mone}', so long, as he thought, unjustly detained. Subsequently, a sister of the Doanes, with her husband, also returned from Canada, and made a similar claim for a legacy befoi'e 'Squire Shaw. Bucks county sent her full quota of men to aid in the suppression of tlu; rebel- lion. In April, 1861, a company of volunteers, in command of W. W. H. Davis, was raised for the defence of Washington. Under the act of May, 1861, for the organization of the Pennsylvania Resei've Corps, Bucks county furnished three companies, one in the lower end, commanded by Wm. Tliompson ; one in the middle, by David V. Feaster ; and one in the upper end, by Joseph Thomas. In the autumn of 1861 a full regiment of volunteers was recruited and organized in the county by Colonel W. W. H. Davis, called the one hundred and fourth regiment. In the latter part of the summer of 1862, Col. Samuel Croasdale, of Bucks county, organized a regiment, recruiting two companies in this count3\ He was killed, soon after entering the service, at Antictam, Maryland, September 17, 1862. Several other companies and parts of companies were subsequently recruited in the county for the war. On the 30th of May, 18G8, on a small plot in Doylestown, was erected a BUCKS COUNTY. 449 monument to the memory of the officers and men of the one hundred and fourtn regiment who fell in the war. General W. H. Emory delivered a commemorative address. DoYLESTOWN, the county seat, was first called by this name in 1178. It derived the name from William Doyle, who settled there about 1735, and kept a hostelry at the cross-roads as early as 1742. The town is situated on a hill commanding an extensive view of the fertile country around it. It became the county seat in 1812, when the public documents were removed from Newtown, and the county buildings erected. The earliest inhabitants of the neighborhood were Scotch-Irish. In 1732 a log church was founded at Deep Run, eight miles north-west of Doylestown, of which Rev. Francis McHenry was installed pastor in 1738. He died in 1757, and was succeeded, in 1 761, by the Rev. James Latta, to whom and to his succes- sors in the ministry, Hon. William Allen, of Phila- delphia, gave the lot of ground occupied by the church and parsonage. Rev. Hugh McGill in 177fi, Rev. James Grier in 1791, and Rev. Uriah DuBois in 1798, succeeded to the charge, and under the lat- ter, public worship began to be held interchangeabl3^ at Deep Run and Doyles- town in 1804, he being also principal of the academy at the latter place. The Pres- bj^terian church here was dedicated on the 13th of August, 1815. In the char- ter for the academy referred to, the State granted a certain sum, on condition that there should be a number of poor children educated gratis, not exceeding three in number at any one time. Doylestown was incorporated as a borough in 1838. About twenty years ago the Doylestown railroad was built to this place from Lansdale, a point on the North Pennsylvania railroad (it being a branch of the main trunk), and from this period Doylestown began to manifest life and materially grow. It now has extensive water works, furnishing a boun- teous supply of excellent spring water, which is obtained a short distance from the town. Its buildings and streets are lighted with gas ; new streets have been laid out, and many handsome and commodious residences have been built. A large and beautiful hall, called " Lenape Hall," with stores and market house in the basement, has been erected, constituting an ornament as well as a con- venience to the town. A flourishing boarding school for boys and girls has 2d SOIiDIEKS' MONUMENT AT DOYLESTOWN. IFrom a Photograph by 0. Garwood.] 450 HIS TOE T OF PENNS YL VANIA. been established here by a joint stock company, and also a prosperous female seminary, conducted by Rev. Sheip, The same public buildings which were originally erected still stand, with little change in their appearance. The popu- lation of the borough exceeds two thousand. Bristol is the second chartered borough in Pennsylvania. The site upon which it is erected is a part of a tract of land patented to Samuel Cliff by Sir Edmund Andros, Colonial Governor of New York. The first court house and prison (of logs) were erected here at the formation of the county, and subse- quenth rebuilt of brick in 1705. By an act of the Assembly, of the 20th March, 1724, the county seat was removed to Newtown. Sir William Keith, Governor of the Province, granted the first borough charter, on the 14th November, 1720. The petitioners for the same, " owners of a certain tract of land formerly called Buckingham, in the county of Bucks," were, Anthony Burton, John Hall, William Wharton, Joseph Bond, " and many other inhabitants of the town of Bristol ; " and the petition recites that they had already laid out streets, erected a church and meeting-house, a court house, and a prison, and that the courts had for a long time been held there, etc. Joseph Bond and John Hall were appointed burgesses, and Thomas Cliftbrd, high constable. This original charter continued in force until the Revolution. A new one was granted by the State in 1785. Graydon, whose father was president of the court in this county, says in his memoirs : " My recollections of the village of Bristol, in which I was born on the 10th of April, N. S., in the year 1755, cannot be supposed to go further back than to the year 1756 or 1757. There are few towns, perhaps, in Pennsylvania, which, in the same space of time, have been so little im- proved, or undergone less alteration. Then, as now, the great road leading from Phila- delphia to New York, first skirting the inlet, at the head of which stand the mills, and then turning short to the left along the banks of the Delaware, formed the prin- cipal and indeed only street, marked by any thing like a continuity of building. A few places for streets were opened from this main one, on which, here and there, stood an hum- ble, solitary dwelling. At a corner of two of these lanes was a Quaker meeting-house, and on a still more retired spot stood a small Epis- copal church, whose lonely grave-yard, with its surrounding woody scenery, might liave furnished an appropriate theme for such a muse as Gray's. These, together with an old brick jail (Bristol having once been the county town of Bucks), con- stituted all the public edifices in this, T[\y native town. With the exception of FRIENDS' MKKTING-HOUSE, BUCKINGHAM. [From a Photograph by C. Garwood.] BUCKS COUNTY. 45 1 the family of Dr. DeXormandie, our own, and perhaps one or two more, the prin- cipal inhabitants of Bristol were Quakers. Among these, the names of Buckley, Williams, Large, Meritt, Hutchinson, and Church, are familiar to me." In ni2 Saint James' Church was erected by the Episcopalians, and in ITH the Friends erected a meeting-house. These comprised, for a full centur}', the onlj'^ houses of worship in the borough. On the 16th of September, 1785, the Legislature passed a law to re-establish the ancient corporation of the borough of Bristol. This charter continued in force up to the year 1851, when the present charter, more satisfactory to the citizens, was adopted by the legislative authorities. Bristol is prettily located on an elevated plateau, on the right bank of the Delaware, at the mouth of Mill creek. It is opposite Burlington, and twenty miles from Philadelphia. The New Jersey division of the Pennsylvania railroad passes through the borough, and the Delaware canal has here its terminus. It has steamboat communication with the river towns, and the trade of the borough is rapidly increasing in importance. Newtown is a thriving borough, situated on a small branch of the Nesharainj^, ten miles north-west of Bristol. By an act of Assembly, passed the 20th of March, 1124, it became the county seat in place of Bristol, an honor which it held until 1812, when the courts and public offices were removed to Doylestown, as a more central situation. Newtown was one of the earliest settlements, the township from which it derives its name having been formed as early as 1686. In the original plan of survex'^s, the present borough was laid out exactly' one mile square, containing six hundred and forty acres, with the stream running through its centre. The Presbyterian church was founded about 1734, and a new house rebuilt in 1769. The academy was incorporated in 1798, and was the ninth institution of that kind in the State. While the American army were guarding the Delaware from Coryell's Ferry to Bristol, in 1776, General Washington had his headquarters at Newtown. Morris viLLE took its name from Robert Morris, the distinguished patriot and financier. He resided here for some time in a splendid mansion-house. The estate was afterwards purchased by the French royalist. General Victor Moreau, who spent about three years of exile here. The neighbors remember him as a kind-hearted, sociable man, who delighted in roaming about the banks of the river, fishing and hunting. The mansion took fire, and was consumed. The General returned to Europe, joined the allied armies, and was killed at Dresden. QuAKERTOWN, in point of size and importance, ranks the third in the county. It is situated on the head- waters of Tohickon creek, in Richland township, and on the line of the North Pennsylvania railroad. It is surrounded by a productive farming district, with a soil composed of a clay loam, admixed with red shale, being especially well adapted to grain crops and grass for lia}^ which is shipped in considerable quantity to Philadelphia and other places. Its name is derived from settlements of Friends, or Quakers, who emigrated from G wynedd to its vicinity, some time about the year 1700 ; and when a post office was established here, it was then called Quakertown, about 1803. The site of the town is a part of an extensive district, embracing several thousand acres, which was designated by the early settlers the Great Swamj), or 452 UISTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. Great Meadow, on which they pastured their cattle, while they dwelt on the more elevated or hilly territory adjacent. It afterward took the name of Flatland, and subsequently Richland, from the fertile quality of the soil. A log structure was erected by the Friends for holding their meetings (originally about a half mile south of the present town, near where William Shaw now resides), in 1710. Here they had also a burying ground, where they consigned their dead, in common with the Indian, and thus the dust of these early pioneers mingles with that of the red man, with whom they always lived in friendly intercourse. There IS, however, now no trace of the old log meeting-house, nor even a stone to mark the place of burial, yet some records in the possession of the Friends here, and tradition, preserve them from oblivion. Subsequently, about the year 1750, on the site of the present meeting house, a new building was put up for public worship, to which the scattered Friends living in Springfield, Haycock, Milford, Rockhill, and even in the more distant townships, repaired to worship God, and bury their friends and kinsmen. They had no other place for worship nearer than the Gwynedd meeting (in Mont- gomery) some twenty miles distant. Late as 1820 the village did not contain a dozen dwellings, notwithstand- ing it was on the main thoroughfare from Allentown to Philadelphia, along which was the principal travel of the settlers on the Lehigh to Philadelphia. In 1855 the town began to improve very rapidly in consequence of the North Pennsylvania railroad running near it, and it was the same year organized into a borough. In 1874 a little town called Richland Centre, which had sprung up near the station of the railroad, was annexed to the borough, making now an aggregate population of nearly two thousand. The extensive stove works of Thomas, Roberts, Stevenson, & Company, are located here. The first monthly meeting of the Friends i-ecorded here is 1741. The first white child born in the vicinity of Quakertown was John Griffith. Morris Morris gave ten acres of land for the Friends' meeting-house, etc., in 1745. Quakertown was a prominent station on the so-called " under-ground rail- road," in the days of anti-slavery excitements, to assist the fugitive slaves in making their escape to Canada. These negroes, having reached here by night usually, from West Chester (also a station), were concealed for a time by the Friends when danger of pursuit was apprehended, and then they were secretly transported in wagons to Stroud sburg, Monroe county. They came often, a dozen or more in one party, and were distributed among a number of the families of Friends, who would conceal them for a time in garrets, hay-lofts, etc. Richard Moore, recently deceased, an excellent and exemplary citizen, figured prominently in this philanthropic though perilous work. A library was established in Quakertown called the " Richland Library," by an act of incorpo- ration, dated 1795, it being, according to Commissioner Eaton, the seventh in rank of seniority in the United States. Its membership and readers embraced the most intelligent part of the citizens of the upper portions of the county. It contains near two thousand volumes. Sellersville was incorporated a borough in 1874. It is situated in Rock- hill, on the North Pennsylvania railroad, near the east branch of the Perkiomen. It contains two hotels, three stores, and an elegant public school-building. BUCKS COUNTY. 453 perhaps the finest in the county. The population is about four hundred. Cigar manufacturing is extensively carried on here and in the vicinity. The place was named after Samuel Sellers, who kept a hotel and store at this place about seventy years ago, and was elected sheriff of the county. It was then an impor- tant stopping place for teams, etc., located as it was upon the old Allentown road. Applebachville is in Haycock township, and was named after General Paul Applebach and his brother Henry, who erected the first house in the village, a hotel, and afterwards put up nearly all the other buildings. It was, for a long time, a principal stopping place for stages running on the old Bethlehem road, between Bethlehem and Philadelphia. The post office was moved here from Strawntown, a little village half a mile south of it, in 1848. Sixty years ago such was the extent of travel on this great thoroughfare for stages and heavy teams, that at very short intervals hostelries were kept, and all were frequently crowded at nights with lodgers. There were two of these in Strawntown, one kept by Nicholas Roudenbush, and the other by Joseph Brown. Hagersville, also a small village on the Bethlehem road, in Rockhill township, was named after Colonel George Hager, who built here first in 1848. Hulmeville is situated on the Neshaminy creek, about six miles from Bristol. It contains a population of three hundred and fifty, and has a number of fine edifices — churches and private dwellings. The Neshaminy afl'ords an excellent motive power here, which is utilized for manufacturing purposes. It was organized out of the township of Middletown into a borough in 1872. Attleborough was also organized out of Middletown township into a borough corporation in 1874. It is pleasantly located on an elevated site, surrounded by a fine farming district. It was an inconsiderable village over a centurj^ ago. Its present population is between five and six hundred. Organization of Townships. — The following are the dates of the organiza- tion of the different townships : . 1724 1722 . 1725 1784 . 1740 . 1702-3 1702-8 1743 . 1742 1737 1702-3 1784 , 1722 1702-3 Bedminster, . 1742 Noekamixon, . . Bensalem, 1692 Northampton, Bristol, . 1695 Plumstead, Buckingham, . 1702-3 Richland, Doylestown, . 1818 Rockhill, . Durham, 1775 Solesbury, Palls, . 1692 Southampton, . Haycock, 1743 Springfield, . Hilltown, . 1722 Tinicum, . Lower Makefield, . 1692 Upper Makefield, Middletown, . 1692 Warminster, Milford, 1734 Warrington, New Britain, . 1722 Warwick, Newtown, . 1702-3 Wrightstown, BUTLER COUNTY. BY JACOB ZIEGLER, BUTLER. [With acknowledgments to Samuel P. Irvin.'] UTLER county was formed from the county of Allegheny, hy the act of the 12th of March, 1800, and named in honor of General Richard Butler, who was killed at St. Clair's defeat. It was then bounded : " Beginning at the mouth of Buffalo creek, on the Allegheny river ; thence by a straight line running due west until it strikes the line on Beaver county ; thence north by the line of said county to the north-east corner of said county ; thence by a line north thirty-five degrees, east four- teen miles ; thence b}^ a line running due east, continuing said course to where a line running due north from the mouth of Buffalo creek, the place of beginning." The place of the county seat was not to be at a greater dis- tance than four miles from the centre of the county. The year following commissioners were appointed to run the county lines. The persons appointed for this purpose were Samuel Ripp}', Henry Evans, and John M'Bride, with Beatty Quinn as their axeman. After these commis- sioners had performed their duty and made the proper report, the Legislature ap- pointed John David, William Elliott, and Samuel Ewalt, commissioners to fix vipon a proper place for the seat of justice for the county. The place selected by them is where the town of Butler now stands. While this county was still a part of Allegheny county it contained but four townships. These were Buffalo, Middlesex, Conoquenessing, and Slippery Rock. The limits of the county now are as follows : Beginning at the mouth of the Buffalo creek at Freeport ; thence westward twenty-three miles to a 454 BUTIiER COUNTY COURT HOUSE. [Prom a Photograph by John P. Orr, Butler.] BUTLEE COUNTY . 455 corner on the west side of Alexander's district, adjoining Beaver county ; thence along said line and Beaver county, northward twenty-three miles to a corner, where the streams of Muddy creek and Slippery Rock unite ; thence along the Mercer county line north fifteen degrees, east fifteen miles to a corner near Harrisville ; thence eastward fifteen miles to a corner near the Allegheny river near Emlenton ; thence southward about thirty miles along the Armstrong- county line to the place of beginning, containing about seven hundred and eighty-five square miles. In point of mineral wealth, Butler county is among the foremost of the counties of the State, and it contains now about forty thousand inhabitants. Under the whole surface there is abundance of white, blue, black, and yellow clays, suitable for bricks and other purposes. In certain parts there are fine bodies of limestone, a portion of which is fossil. Sandstone of the best quality abounds in all localities, and bituminous and cannel coal in great quantities. Iron ore is also abundant, and as for petroleum, the county is now looked upon as the greatest oil region in the world. Some idea may be formed of the produc- tion of the latter article when it is stated that the average for the last two years has been about ten thousand iiels per day. No enterprise is equal to Llie development of oil to give rise and growth to towns, and when it fails nothing puts an end to their growth and prosperity quicker. Consequently we have Petrolia, Karns City, Greece City, Angelica, Argyle, Modoc, Troutman Farm, St. Joe, Great Belt City, and other towns all on the line of development. Of all these, however, Petrolia and Karns City seem to be the most successful. At these places the oil pro- duction is still very remunerative, and, of course, they have more stability than others. They are peopled with a thriving and industrious class, who take pride in keeping up the prosperity and business of their respective places. Greece City at one time bid fair to rival them all, but the failure of oil in large quantities has materially interfered with its growth. There are still large pumping engines at work there pumping oil to the receiving tanks at Butler, of which there are three, and from which oil cars are loaded and taken over the Butler Branch railroad to the West Pennsylvania railroad, and thence to Philadelphia over the Pennsylvania Central. There are a great many iron tanks, capable of holding thousands of barrels of oil, and pipes, through which it is transported, and owned by pipe companies to be seen in all directions. A just appreciation of the amount of business done by these companies can only be had by being an e3^e-witness and having some knowledge of the oil business. While oil is a wonderful production, and has fairly revolutionized the industry of the county, yet the gas will in all probability far exceed it in its application as fuel in propelling machinery, and also for lighting purposes. There are several wells, the Delamater and Dufiy being the largest, which throw out a volume of gas per hour suflficient to supply the city of Philadelphia two days and nights, at least, with all the gas needed. This gas is to be found in all parts of the county, and it is not exaggerating when we say that Butler will in time be the basin from which will be taken the means of both light and fuel. It is inexhaustible. 456 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. In regard to railroads, there are — the Butler Branch road running fi'om Butler to Freeport, and there connecting with the West Pennsylvania road, which gives a connection b}^ rail with Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. The Parker and Karns City railroad runs from the town of Parker on the Allegheny river, ic Armstrong count}', to Karns City, in Butler county. It is a narrow gauge road, but does a large amount of business in freight and travel. This road gives an outlet for oil producers to the Allegheny railroad, and consequently to Pitts- burgh and the upper oil region. The Shenango and Allegheny river railroad runs from Sharon, in Mercer county, to Hilliard's Mill, in Butler county ; and while there is considerable travel, it is used mainl}^ for shipping coal and the transportation of oil to the lake cities. There are other railroads in contempla- tion, and it is confidently expected the great mineral resources of the county will demand the investment of capital in their construction. The surface is beautifully distributed with hills and valleys, and streams of clear water flow in all directions. The whole is subject to cultivation, and the soil is good for farming and grazing purposes. The minerals, which abound everywhere in the county, must in time make it a great manufacturing centre ; especially when it is now an established fact that gas abounds in large quantities, and can be used for fuel in smelting iron or for manufacturing purposes with much more facility and at much cheaper rates than with coal. Timber, of the best qualit}'^, white oak, black oak, chestnut, sugar maple, etc., abound in nearl}'^ all sections of the county. Fruit is grown with considerable success, but owing to the cold lake winds which prevail in the spring of the year, not in the same abundance that is grown in more southerly places. The first map of the county, in connection with one of Allegheny count}^, was made by David Dougal, Esq. the person referred to subsequently. He was an experienced surveyor, and had spent some time among the Indians in this the then western frontier. Butler county was first settled mostly by inhabitants from the counties west of the mountains. Westmoreland and Allegheny contributed the greater portion ; Washington and Fayette a part ; and some came from east of the mountains. A few emigrated from other States. Pennsylvanians, of Irish and German extraction, native Irish, some Scotch, and some few Germans, were amongst the early pioneers. The first settlement commenced in 1792, immediately subsequent to the act of the 3d of April of that 3'ear, which provided for the survey of all that part of western Penns3'lvania lying north and west of the Ohio and Allegheny rivers and Conewango creek. No considerable settlement was made until 1796, and up to 1800-3, at which time the county town was laid out. This era gave a new stimulus to the opening up and improvement of the county. The first locations were made on the head-waters of what is called Bull creek, in the south-east corner of the county, adjoining Allegheny county. The names of these settlers were James Fulton, Henry Kennedy, Martin Kennedy, William Holtz, John Harbeson, and Abraham Frier. Previous to the formation of the count}^, the Indian disturbances on the frontiers bordering on the Allegheny were fi-equent, and the fear of the scalping knife and tomahawk prevented the rapid settlement of this locality. In the spring of 1792 a band of Indian marauders entered the limits of Butler, com- mitting numerous depredations. \ BUTLER COUNTY. 457 General Brodhead's expedition to tlie head-waters of the Allegheny, referred to in the General History, eifectually checked these inroads, and secured peace to the frontiers. One of Captain Samuel Brady's characteristic adventures with the Indians occurred on Slippery Rock creek, in this county. Although General Brodhead's summary punishment of the natives quieted the country, yet for some time he kept spies out for the purpose of watching their motions and guarding against sudden attacks on the settlements. One of these parties, under the command of Captain Brady, had the French creek country assigned as their field of dut3^ The Captain had reached the waters of Slippery Rock, a branch of Beaver, without seeing signs of Indians. Here, however, he came on an Indian trail in the evening, which he followed till dark without overtaking the enem3\ The next morning he renewed the pursuit, and overtook them while they were engaged at their morning meal. Unfortunately for him, another party of Indians were in his rear. Thej^ had fallen upon his trail, and pursued him, doubtless, with as much ardor as his pursuit had been characterized by ; and at the moment he fired upon the Indians in his front, he was, in turn, fired upon by those in his rear. He was now between two fires, and vastly outnumbered. Two of his men fell ; his tomahawk was shot from his side, and the battle-j^ell was given by the party in his rear, and loudly returned and repeated by those in his front. There was no time for hesitation ; no safetj^ in delay ; no chance of successful defence in their present position. The brave Captain and his rangers bad to flee before their enemies, who pressed on their flying footsteps with no lagging speed. Bradj- ran towards the creek. He was known by man}', if not all of them, and many and deep were the scores to be settled between him and them. They knew the country well, he did not ; and from his running towards the creek they were certain of taking him prisoner. The creek was, for a long distance above and below the point he was approaching, washed in its channel to a great depth. In the certain expectation of catching him there, the private soldiers of his party were disregarded ; and throwing down their guns and drawing their tomahawks, all pressed forward to seize their victim. Quick of ej'e, fearless of heart, and determined never to be a captive to the Indians, Brady comprehended their object and his only chance of escape the moment he saw the creek, and by one mighty eff'ort of courage and activity, defeated the one and eftected the other. He sprang across the abyss of waters, and stood, rifle in hand, on the opposite bank in safety. As quick as lightning his rifle was primed, for it was his invariable practice in loading to prime first. The next minute the powder-horn was at the gun's muzzle ; when, as he was in this act, a large Indian, who had been foremost in pursuit, came to the opposite bank, and with the manliness of a generous foe, who scorns to under- value the qualities of an enemy, said in a loud voice, and tolerable English, " Blady make good jump !" It may indeed be doubted whether the compliment was uttered in derision, for the moment he had said so he took to his heels, and, as if fearful of the return it might merit, ran as crooked as a worm-fence — some- times leaping high, at others suddenly squatting down, he appeared no way certain that Brady would not answer from the lips of his rifle. But the rifle was not yet loaded. The Captain was at the place afterwards, and ascertained that his leap was about twenty-three feet, and that the water was twenty feet deep. 458 HIS TO BY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Brady's next effort was to gather up his men. They had a place designated at which to meet, in case they should happen to be separated, and thither he went, and found the other three there. They immediately commenced their homeward march, and returned to Pittsburgh about half defeated. Three Indians had been seen to fall from the fire they gave them at breakfast. Butler borough is one of the most beautiful towns in Pennsylvania, and its location is upon a small hill, surrounded by an extensive vallej', through which flows the Conoquenessing creek. At the time the location was effected it was covered with a heavy growth of timber, and although not exactly in the centre VIKW OF THE BOROUGH OF BUTLER. [From a Photograph by John P. Orr, Butler.] of the county, yet the Commissioners deemed it the most eligible site that could be selected. Time proved the wisdom of their choice. Butler is at or near the 41° of north latitude and 3° of western longitude from the cit}^ of Washington. In 1803 the town was laid out in lots, and a sale was held in the month of August of that year. The highest bid made was for lot No. 24, in the general plan of the town, and this lot reaches to the Diamond, in the centre of which is the large and commodious court house. The bid was one hundred and twenty dollars. The balance of the lots sold for prices ranging from that amount down to as low as ten dollars. The land on which the town is located was claimed by Jolm and Samuel Cunningham, and contained one hundred and fifty acres. They made a free donation of it to the county of Butler. These gentlemen were sons of Colonel Cunningham, of revolutionary fame, and emigrated from Lancaster (now Dauphin) to this county. 1 BTJTLEB COUNTY. 459 The State of Pennsylvania purchased from the Indians in 1784 the land lying north and west of the Allegheny river and Conewango creek. In 1786-7 and in 1788 this land was run off into donation districts, and Colonel Cunningham had a contract for part of this worli. The part surveyed by John Cunningham under the contract with his father is known as the Cunningham district. The object was to give the soldiers land as a donation for their services. Robert Morris came into possession of about one hundred thousand acres, and John Cunningham, the son of Colonel Cunningham, was his agent. The act of Assembly required settlement to be made within a certain time, but by a special act Mr. Morris' right of settlement was extended for five years. The Indians still held possession, for there was a division among them as to the sale, and they refused to vacate. The consequence of this hostility was that Mr. Morris could not make settlements as re- quired, and a suit was tried at Sunbury, in this State, before Judge Mc- Kean, in which the ques- tion of prevention was settled. The suit ter- minated in favor of the Morris warrants. By Wayne's treaty in 1795 the Indians were re- moved. John Cunningham, with his brother Samuel, came into possession under Robert Morris, of fifteen hundred acres of land, one hundred and fifty acres of which they donated, as stated, to the county of Butler. During the fall of 1803, houses were built in Butler, and accommodations made for citizens and for the reception of the court. The court was opened by Judge Moore as president, and Samuel Findlay and John Parker associates. John M'Candless was sheriff". Matthew White, Jacob Mechling, and James Bovard, commissioners, with David Dougal, as their clerk. The latter gentleman is still living, and is now in the ninety-eighth year of his age. Butler has, within the past five years, made rapid progress in wealth and population, the latter almost doubled since the census of 1870. It contains, besides the public buildings, an acadeni}', Soldier's Orphans' Home, under the care of Rev. Thompson, and the Witherspoon Institute. The following are among the most prominent towns in the county, and which were organized prior to the discovery of oil : Prospect is a small place, situated on the old Franklin road, eight miles west PUBLIC suiiooL, BUILDING, BUTLER. [From a Fhotograpli by John P. Orr, Butler.] i 6 HIS TOE T OF PENNS YL VANIA. of Butler, and was laid out hy Andrew M'Gowan about the year 1805. The country surrounding it is well adapted to agriculture. Zelienople was laid out by Dr. Bassa Miller about the year 1802 or '3, and Harmony, which nearly adjoins it, by the Harmonites at about the same time. This latter place is located on the bank of the Conoquenessing creek, fifteen miles southwest from Butler. Both of these places are beautifully loca- ted in the midst of an extensive A^alley, and are surrounded by the best farms to be found in the county. The people are mostly of German descent, and carry agriculture to the highest state of perfection. Harrisville is located on the old Franklin road, in the north-west corner of the countj', twenty miles from Butler, and was laid out by Ephraim Harris about 1802 or 1803. Near this place the Shenango and Allegheny river railroad is located, over which is transported an immense quantity of coal. About one mile and a half this side of the town on the railroad are the receiving tanks of an oil company, and the oil is pumped from the place of production, put on the cars, and taken to Cleveland. Centreville is situated on the road leading from Butler to Mercer, and about fifteen miles from Butler, north-west. This place was laid out by Stephen Cooper, and is now a thriving town. MuRRiNSViLLE, situatcd on the road from Butler to Scrubgrass creek, in Venango county, about twenty miles north of Butler, was laid out by John Murrin about the year 1820. In the neighborhood of this place are great bodies of cannel coal, and efforts are being made to ship it to the lake cities. SuNBURY is situated on the road leading from Butler to Emlenton, and was laid out about the year 1820 by John Gilchrist. North Washington is situated sixteen miles north-east from Butler on the same road, and was laid out about the year 1810 or '12. Fairview, on the road from Butler to the mouth of Bear creek, is fourteen miles north-east from Butler, and was laid out by Thomas McCleary? about the year 1830. MiLLERSTOWN is in the north-east section of the county, eleven miles from Butler, and was laid out by Philip Barnhart about the year 1830. Saxenburg is nine miles south-east from Butler, was laid out by John Roeb- ling, the famous engineer and bridge builder, in the year 1835. The country around is well adapted to agriculture, and some of the best farms in the county are to be found in its vicinity. Fairview, Martinsburg, and Millerstown, already referred to in consequence of the oil development in their immediate vicinity, have grown to be places of note, not only in point of population but of business. The latter place especially has become the centre of oil operations, and here can be seen oil tanks containing thousands of barrels of oil, immense engines to pump the oil to railroad stations, hundreds of laboring men employed in various capacities, together witli many others engaged in those various pursuits which follow the development. There are small towns in the county, viz. : Martinsburg, Coylesville, Hannahstown, Brownsdale, Evansburg, Petersville, Mount Chestnut, Unionville, Eau Claire, Buena Vista, and some others not necessary to mention. All these existed before the oil excitement 1 CAMBRIA COUNTY. BY ROBERT L. JOHNSTON, EBENSBURQ. HE county of Cambria owes its existence to an act of Assembly^ passed the 26th day of March, 1804. The territory composing it was taken from the counties of Huntingdon and Somerset. The act provided " That so much of the counties of Huntingdon and Somerset, included in the following boundaries, to wit : Beginning at the Cone- maugh river, at the south-east corner of Indiana county ; thence by a straight line to the Canoe Place, on the West Branch of Susquehanna ; thence easterly alono- the line of Clearfield county to the south-westerly corner of Centre county, on the heads of Moshannon creek ; thence southerly along the Allegheny mountain to Somerset and Bedford county lines ; thence along the lines of Somerset and Bedford counties about seventeen miles, until a due west course from thence will strike the main branch of Paint creek ; thence down said creek, the different courses thereof, till it empties into Stony creek ; thence down Stony creek, the different courses, to the mouth of Mill creek ; thence a due west line till it inter- sects the lines of Somerset and Westmoreland counties ; thence northerly along said line to the place of beginning, be and the same is hereby erected into a separate county, to be henceforth called Cambria county." The same act provided that the county seat should be fixed by the Legisla- ture within seven miles of the centre of the county, and authorized the Governor to appoint three commissioners to run and mark the boundary lines. The act also provided for future representation in the Legislature as soon as the new county should be entitled thereto by an enumeration of its taxable inhabitants ; and for the appointment of three trustees to receive proposals for real estate upon which to erect the public buildings. The act organizing the county for judicial and political purposes was not passed until the 26th of January, 1807 ; until which time it was deemed only a " provisional " county, and was attached to Somerset county. An act of Assembly, passed the 29th of March, 1805, fixed the county seat at Ebensburg, and appointed John Horner, John J. Evans (both of Cambria county), and Alexander Ogle, of Somerset, trustees, to receive a grant of land for the public buildings from Rees Lloyd, John Lloyd, and Stephen Lloyd, who donated the square of ground upon which the public buildings now stand. The first general election in Cambria count}' was held in October, 180Y, and from thence is dated its full organization. The county retains its original boundaries, with the exception of the north- western corner, known in the original boundary as Canoe Place, more recently as Cherrytree, and now as Grant, the latter being the name of the post office This village, lying about equally in Cambria, Clearfield, and Indiana counties, was 461 462 SIS TOE Y OF PENNS YL VAN I A. erected into a borough and annexed to the latter county. Frequent eflforts have been made to divide the count\^, both on the extreme south and the extreme north, but they have hitherto proved unsuccessful. While the northern and southern lines of the county have never been the subject of dispute, the eastern and western lines have caused much difficulty. The western line has since been re-located, and is now settled. But the greatest trouble was in reference to the eastern line. While the act placed it " along the Alleghen}'^ mountain," it became a matter of great difficulty to trace it, there being no record of the original running, and a great portion of the summit of the mountain being without timber for axe marks ; and the mountain being cloven, so to speak, by immense chasms and ravines, it became more a matter of opinion than any certainty where the line should actuall}' be run. The inconvenience resulting from this uncertainty was remedied by an act of Assembly passed in 1849, appointing Hon. James Gwin, of Blair county, and E. A. Yickroy, of Cambria county, to run and adjust the line ; a duty which was satisfactorily performed during the same year, and a record thereof filed in the proper office. Thus located, Cambria county occupies the table land lying between the summit of the Allegheny mountain and the Laurel Hill, the westei'n line running near the western base of the latter elevation, including it, and running in the same general direction. And while it is called the " mountain county," it embraces, perhaps, more tillable surface than any of the adjoining counties, in proportion to its area. It is bounded by Clearfield, on the north ; Blair and Bedford, on the east; Somerset, on the south; and Westmoreland and Indiana, on the west. Its length is thirty-five miles, its breadth twenty-one miles ; and embraces an area of six hundred and seventy square miles. The position of the county is elevated; for, while the eastern approach to the Allegheny moun- tain is abrupt and rugged, the western descent is comparatively gentle. Besides the Allegheny and the Laurel Hill, there is no elevation in Cambria county that can be dignified with the name of mountain. The Allegheny divides Blair and Bedford from Cambria, its direction being north-easterly and south- westerly, the whole length of the county. Its greatest altitude is at the southern extremity of the county, and there is a gradual falling-off in its height till it reaches the northern line. From the centre, north, it abounds in chasms or " gaps," known as Blair's gap, Burgoon's gap, Sugar Run gap, and Bell's gap. These gaps furnished the sources of the main, or Frankstown branch of the Juniata. The Laurel Hill, in western Cambria, pursues the same general direction, and loses its character as a mountain before reaching the northern boundary. Though containing no large stream, Cambria county is well watered. The West Branch of the Susquehanna has its rise some eight miles north of Ebensburg, leaving the county at Cherry tree, formerly known as Canoe Place. Chest creek rises some three miles from Ebensburg, and pursuing a northerly course empties into the Susquehanna in Clearfield county. Clearfield creek rises near the summit of the mountain, at Gallitzin, flows north, and receiving the Beaver Dam Dranch from the west, passes into Clearfield county, and reaches the Susque- hanna below the town of Clearfield". These streams are all declared public highways. CAMBRIA COUNTY. 463 The Juniata has its rise from small streams passing through the various gaps in the Allegheny. The Conemaugh drains southern Cambria. This stream is formed of various branches: the Ebensburg branch, arising near the town of that name, and flowing south to the village of Wilmore, receives the Cresson branch, which has its source near the summit of the Allegheny, and flows in a south-westerly direction. Their united waters, pursuing the same direction, are increased by the South Fork, which flows nearly due west. At Johnstown it falls into the Stony creek, which rises in Somerset county, and flows in a northerly direction through Cambria to its junction with the smaller stream at Johnstown. Their united waters, taking the name of the Conemaugh, flow westwardl}', and, leaving the county, forms the boundary between Indiana and Westmoreland. The southern branch of Blacklick has its source north of Ebensburg, and flows west to the line of Indiana county, where, receiving an accession in the northern branch, falls into the main Blacklick, a few miles west of the county line. The waters that flow into the Atlantic, and those that seek the Gulf of Mexico, interlock in alternate dells in this county ; and the traveler, at one point on the Ebensburg and Cresson railroad, some four miles from the former place, may see from the cars, on the one side, a fountain whose waters reach the Gulf of Mexico; and on the other, exactly opposite, another whose waters pass through the Chesapeake bay to the Atlantic. Cambria county is not distinguished as an agricultural county, her soil being better adapted to grazing than grain growing. Still a large portion of the north produces excellent crops of wheat ; and the same may be said of the hilly por- tion of southern Cambria. The level portion of the county is too cold and "spouty" for fall grain, but produces excellent crops of grass. Corn is not a favorite of her soil, but oats is produced in abundance. The length and severity of the winter is all that hinders her from being one of the finest stock growing counties in the State. Coal underlies the entire surface of the county, and is mined extensively. The line of the Pennsylvania railroad, from Gallitzin to Johnstown, more than twenty-five miles, is a succession of coal drifts, from which immense quantities of the best bituminous coal is shipped, and from which large quantities of coke are manufactured. In the north and west the coal is equally abundant, but not so extensively worked for want of a convenient market. Near the north-eastern line, at Lloydsville, an extensive coal vein has recently been opened, which is shipped to the Pennsylvania railroad by a narrow gauge railroad, connecting with the former at Bell's Mills. A single deposit of cannel coal, in the western portion of the county, was operated a few years since, but is now abandoned. Iron ore abounds in many portions of the county, but is only utilized in the vicinity of Johnstown, where immense quantities are mined to supply the furnaces of the Cambria iron company. The greatest iron and steel manufacturing company in Pennsylvania, if not in the world, is located at Johnstown ; and as this company conducts other enter- prises, they shall be considered together. An establishment that directly or indirectly employs nearly seven thousand persons — men, women, and boys, and transacts a business of over ten million dollars a year, deserves separate consi- 464 HI STUB Y OF FEIGNS YL VANIA. deration. While tiie main estab- lishment and a great bulk of its employers are in Cambria, its mines, furnaces, and lands extend to Blair, Bedford, and Som- erset counties. The Conemaugb valley at Johns- town is but a few ^hundred feet across. In the mountain side, to the west, lies a deep seam of semi-bi- tuminous coal, which is exposed all along the road- f^ way, extending a vast distance, and appar- ently inexhaustible. It makes splendid coke, and is, therefore, invaluable for the company's many blast furnaces. Under this coal mine lies a fine bed of water cement. On the other side of the val- ley, and to the south, are vast beds of iron ore, coal? and lime-stone, and, im- mediately above the blast furnaces, a quarry of ex- cellent stone. Fourteen hundred tons of coal and five hundred tons of ore are mined from these beds every day. With the ex- ception of the quantity of coal which is sold to their employees, the Cam- bria Iron company con- sume all the eoal they mine in their mills and furnaces. As to iron ore. CAMBRIA COUNTY. 4t55 though they own and are interested in other mines as well (the aggregate of the ore and coal lands owned by the compan}' exceeds 50,000 acres), they are, nevertheless, large buyers of Lake Superior and other high-classed ores. The company produces about three hundred tons of pig-iron a day. The Bessemer steel works and rolling mills turn out three hundred tons of iron and steel rails in a day; in a year about seventy' thousand tons of iron rails, weighing from sixteen to eighty-three pounds to the yard, and thirty-five thousand tons of steel rails, weighing from forty-two to sixty-seven pounds to the 3'ard. The area of ground covered by these enormous works is over sixty acres, the rolling mill alone covering seven acres. In the rolling-mill there are no less than seven trains of rolls, these trains each having five pair of rolls. To keep tliese rolls supplied with heated metal requires twenty-eight heating furnaces, while forty-two double puddling furnaces furnish the heaters with the puddled bars. The Cambria Iron company has already no less than nine blast furnaces in operation, producing as previously stated, three hundred tons of pig-iron a day; but finding these insufficient for their demands, they are now erecting another very large one near the rolling-mill. Only four of the furnaces are at Johnstown. Of the others, one is at Conemaugh, about two miles from Johnstown ; two are at Hollidaysburg, to the south of Altoona ; one is at Frankstown, and another is at Bennington, on the summit of the Allegheny mountains, at the point where thev are crossed l)y the Pennsylvania railroad. The Johnstown works are marvels in their way. For the transportation of the coal and ore from the adjacent mines to the blast furnaces and mills, and carrying the pig-iron to the mills, transporting the rails, and doing all the heavy work, they have no less than eleven locomotive engines of all sizes, from the largest ordinary locomotive down to a little fellow about four feet high, called the Dwarf. The railroad track, which is a perfect network, would, if constructed in a straight line, extend over thirty-six miles of ground. Besides these works, Ashland furnace, near the eastern boundary of the count}', and Eliza furnace, on the western line, have been operated ; but both were abandoned on account of inconvenience to the market. Extensive tanneries are also operated at Johnstown and its vicinity, and also at Carrolltown, Lumber has been an important article of commerce. In the neighborhood of Johnstown, at Ebensburg, at Wilmore, and at other points, vast quantities of hard and soft lumber, such as ash, maple, cherry, poplar, cucumber, etc., have been manufactured for the eastern and western markets; and immense quantities of hemlock is shipped for building purposes. The shook business is carried on extensiveh' in various parts of the county, more particularly at Ebensburg, Cone- maugh, Summer Hill, and Chest Springs. This is the manufacture of oak timber into vessels to be shipped to Cuba and other points for molasses, rum, etc. In the north-eastern, northern, and north-western portion of the county the lumber- ing business is a heavy element of prosperity. The pine lumber trade in this region has been principally conducted by rafting the timber, sometimes manu- factured into boards ; but oftener the squared logs, formed into rafts, down the Susquehanna to the eastern market. More recently, however, what is called logging has been more generally adopted. This consists in cutting the pine logs •2 E I 466 CAMBRIA COUNTY. 467 into proper lengths, and floating ttiem down tlae stream, au naturelle, to the marlcet. Timber thus floated pays tribute at the boom at Williamsport, and thence pursues its way east. On the most trifling streams this traffic is carried on by means of splashes — that is, a dam is constructed over the stream, and the water is pent up until it becomes a large body ; the timber is put into the stream below; at the proper time the sluices or gates are opened, and the timber floated down to the river. There is no township in the county in which the lumber business is not pursued with more or less success ; and the growing scarcity of the article only enhances the value of what remains. Large quantities of butter have also been shipped from Ebensburg, Carroll- town, and other points ; while the immense quantity manufactured in the coun- try surrounding Johnstown feeds the vast numbers connected with the Cambria Iron works. Besides the foregoing, the county has derived considerable amount of her resources from houses of resort for summer visitors. Of these, notably, is the Cresson House. The Cresson Springs now ranks with Saratoga, Bedford Springs, and other celebrated watering places. The house is beautifully situated on an eminence, directly east of the Pennsylvania railroad station at Cresson, and commands a fine view of the mountain scenery. It is calculated to accom- modate a thousand visitors, and with its adjoining cottages, has the appearance of a beautiful village. It is surrounded with carefully prepared drives and delightful walks through the primeval forest ; and St. Ignatius Spring, a highly medicinal fountain (named from Ignatius Adams, a pioneer, who formerly' owned the ground on which it issues), is within a convenient plank walk from the main building. Near it are the Mansion House, at Summitville, also a delight- ful resort for visitors ; and the Callan House, about a furlong east of the Cresson House, on the line of the railroad. At Ebensburg, Bellemont is also a favorite resort, filled with strangers every season ; while the Llo3'd House, directly opposite the Ebensburg station, is a delightful resting place for the visitor. At or near Scalp Level, on the southern boundary, large numbers of sti'angers make their annual visit ; while at difl'erent points in the county, especially the eastern part of the county, a large number of summer boarding houses are put in requisition to accommodate boarders for the season. In truth, the Alleghen}^ mountain has attractions for summer visitors not to be found elsewhere. The high lands of the Alleghenies are entirely exempt from fevers and all malarious diseases. The fogs and miasma of lower regions are unknown, and a pure atmosphere is the reward of the visitant. A mid-day sun here is no less powerful and enervating than in the lower territory, but a cool breeze always tempers the atmosphere, while the nights of sweltering heat experienced elsewhere is not known in the Alleghenies, where the nights and mornings are always cool and invigorating. The early settlers of Cambria county may be divided mainly into three classes : L The families of American Catholics from Maryland and the adjacent portion of Pennsylvania (some of them descendants of the colony of Lord Baltimore), who settled in the eastern and north-eastern portion of the county, mainly in the vicinity where Loretto now stands. 2. Pennsylvania Germans, from Somerset. 468 HISTOB Y OF FUIfNS YL VA NIA . and the eastern German settlements, who occupied the south of the count}', in the neighborhood of Johnstown. 3. Emigrants from Wales, who founded Ebensburg and Beula, whose descendants still predominate within a radius of five miles of the former village. 1. The earliest actual settlement was made by Michael McGuire, about one mile east of the present village of Loretto, The following in relation to this settlement was prepared by tne present writer more than thirty-five years ago, for Day's "Historical Collections:" " Previous to the year 1'I89, the tract of country which is now included within the limits of Cambria county was a wilderness. ' Frankstown settlement,' as it was then called, was the frontier of the inhabited parts of Pennsylvania east of the Allegheny mountain. None of the pioneers had yet ventured to explore the eastern slope of the mountain. A remnant of the savage tribes still prowled through the forests, and seized every opportunity of destroying the dwellings of the settlers, and butchering such of the inhabitants as were so unfortunate as to fall into their hands. The howling of the wolf, and the shrill screaming of the catamount or American panther (both of which animals infested the country in great numbers at the period of its first settlement), mingled in nightly concert with the war-whoop of the savages. It is believed that Captain Michael McGuire was the first white man who settled within the present bounds of Cambria count3\ He settled in the neighborhood of where Loretto now stands, in the year 1790, and commenced improving that now interesting and well-cultivated portion of Allegheny township, a large portion of which is still owned bj- his descendants. Luke McGuire, Esq., and Captain Richard McGuire were sons of Michael McGuire, and came with him. Thomas Blair, of Blair's gap, Hunting- don county, was at this time the nearest neighbor Captain McGuire had. He resided at a distance of twelve miles. " Mr. McGuire was followed not long afterward by Cornelius Maguire, Richard Nagle, Wm. Dotson, Richard Ashcraft, Michael Rager, James Alcorn, and John Storm ; the last was of German descent. These were followed by others — John Trux, John Douglass, John Byrne, and, we believe, Wm. Meloy. LTnder the auspices of these men, and perhaps a few others, the country improved very rapidl}^ The first grist-mill in the county was built by Mr. John Storm. The hardships endured by these sturdy settlers are almost incredible. Exposed to the inclemency of an Allegheny winter, against the rigor of which their hastily- erected and scantily-furnished huts afforded a poor protection, their sufferings were sometimes almost beyond endurance. Yet with the most unyielding firmness did these men persevere until they secured for themselves and their posterity the inheritance which the latter at present enjoy. There was nothing that could be dignified with the name of road by which the settlers might have an intercourse with the settlements of Huntingdon county. A miserable Indian path led from the vicinity of where Loretto now stands, and intersected the road leading to Frankstown, two or three miles this side of the Summit. "Many anecdotes are related by the citizens of Allegheny township of the adventures of their heroic progenitors among the savage beasts, and the more savage Indians, which then infested the neighborhood. The latter were not slow to seize every opportunity of aggression which presented itself to their blood- CAMBBIA COUNTY. 469 thirst\' minds, and consequently the inhabitants held not only property, but life itself, by a very uncertain tenure. The truth of the following story is vouched for by many of the most respectable citizens in Allegheny and Cambria town- ships, by one of whom it has kindly been furnished us for publication. A Mr. James Alcorn had settled in the vicinity of the spot where Loretto now stands, and had built a hut and cleared a potato patch at some distance from it. The wife of Mr. Alcorn went an errand to see the potatoes, and did not return. Search was immediately made, but no trace could be found to lead to her disco- very. What became of her is to this day wrapped in mystery, and, in all human probability, we shall remain in ignorance of her fate. It was generally supposed that she had been taken by the savages, and it is even reported that she had returned several years after, but this story is not credited by any in the neighborhood." The advent of the great American missionary priest, Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin, gave renewed courage to these poor colonists. He appeared among them under the humble name of Smith (his mother's maiden name was Sehmettan), and commenced his labor with a zeal that knew no flagging for more than fortj- years, when he laid down his life in the midst of his sorrowing flock. On his arrival at the scene of his labors in 1799, he had a rude log chapel erected, and was constant in his ministrations to the spiritual and temporal wants of his people. He wrote several controversial works in the midst of his duties. His " Defence of Catholic Principles," " Letter to a Protestant Friend," and " Appeal to the Protestant Public," have a very extensive circulation among those professing his faith. He died on the 6th of May, 1840, at Loretto, having for forty-two years exercised pastoral functions in Cambria county. He was born in 1770, at Munster, in Germany. His father, Prince de Gallitzin, ranked among the highest nobility in Russia. His mother was the daughter of Field- Marshal General de Sehmettan, a celebrated officer under Frederick the Great. Her brother fell at the battle of Jena. Rev. Gallitzin held a high commission in the Russian army from his infancy. Europe in the early part of his life was desolated by war — the French revolution burst like a volcano upon that convulsed continent ; it offered no facilities or attractions for travel, and it was determined that the young Prince de Gallitzin should visit America. He landed in Baltimore in August, 1792, in compan}' with Rev. Mr. Brosius. By a train of circumstances in which the hand of Providence was strikingly visible, his mind was directed to the ecclesiastical state, and he renounced for ever his brilliant prospects. Already endowed with a splendid education, he was the more prepared to pursue his ecclesiastical studies, under the venerable Bishop Carroll, at Baltimore, with facility and success. Having completed his theological course, he spent some time on the mission in Maryland. Shortly after (1799) he directed his course to the Allegheny mountains, and found that portion of it which now constitutes Cambria county a perfect wilder- ness, almost without inhabitants or habitations. After incredible labor and privarions, and expending a princely fortune, he succeeded in making "the wildei ness blossom as the rose." His untiring zeal collected about Loretto, at the period of his decease, a Catholic population of three or four thousand. He not only extended the church by his missionary toils, but also illustrated and 4Y0 HISTOR Y OF PFNJ^S YL VANIA. defended the truth by several highly useful publications. In this extraordinary man we have not only to admire his renunciation of the brightest hopes and prospects ; his indefatigable zeal — but something greater and rarer — his wonder- ful humility. No one could ever learn from him or his mode of life, what he had been, or what he exchanged for privation and poverty. To intimate to him that you were aware of his condition, would be sure to pain and displease him. He who might have revelled in the princely halls of his ancestors, was content to spend thirty years in a rude log-cabin, almost denying himself the common comforts of life, that he might be able to clothe the naked members of Jesus Christ, the poor and distressed. Few have left behind them such examples of charity and benevolence. On the head of no one have been invoked so many blessings from the mouths of widows and orphans. It may be literall}^ said of him, " if his heart had been made of gold he would have disposed of it all in charity to the poor." A memoir of Prince Gallitzin, in the German language, was written many years ago by Rev, Peter Henry Lemke, his successor at Loretto, and by Rev. Thomas Heyden, of Bedford, in English, while a full history of his life and ministry has been published by Sarah M, Brownson, New York, 1873. After Gallitzin's arrival among the colony, he purchased large quantities of land which he conveyed to actual settlers at nominal prices. He also laid out the village of Loretto, and named it from the religious town of that name on the Adriatic. Here he sold the lots, as he sold the farm land, to merchants and mechanics, upon the condition that t\iey should be built upon within a certain time. The settlement thus inaugurated now embraces in whole or in part the town- ships of Allegheny, Clearfield, Gallitzin, Munster, Carroll, Chest, and Washing- ton, and the villages of Loretto, Chest Springs, St. Augustine, Munster, Gal- litzin, and Summitville. Within the territory where stood in 1800 the solitary log cabin chapel, there are now six fine churches with flourishing congregations. 2. The grand source of population was the Pennsylvania German stock. The pioneer of these settlers was Joseph Jahns, and those who followed in his wake were mostly Tunkers (German Tunken, to dip), and Mennonites, or Amish. Mr. Jahns (or Yahns, as he spelled his name), arrived on the scene in 1791. He found the site of the present town, an old Indian village, called Kickenapaw- ling's old town. The other settlers located in the adjacent count}", notably on Amish Hill, so named from its colony, and their descendants preponderate to the present day in the districts surrounding Johnstown. They are a thrifty, honest people ; have their clergy among themselves, rarely patronize the doctor — the lawyer, never. 3, The third settlement was made by a colony of emigrants from Wales. Ebensburg and vicinity were not settled for several years after the first settle- ment was made at Loretto and Munster. As it lay still further from the more eastern settlements than the two latter places, it of course would not so soon be occupied by the hardy emigrants. In the fall and winter of 1796, the families of Thomas Phillips, William Jenkins, Theophilus Rees, Evan Roberts, Rev. Rees Lloyd, William GriflSth, James Nicholas, Daniel Griffith, John Jones, David Thomas, Evan James, and George Roberts ; and Thomas W. Jones, Esq., John CAMBRIA COUNTY. 4-71 Jenkins, Isaac GriflSth, and John Tobias, bachelors, commenced settling in Cam- bria township, Cambria county ; and in the following spring and summer the fiimilies of the Rev. Morgan J. Rees, John J. Evans, William Rees, Simon James, William Williams (South), Thomas Griffith, John Thomas, John Rob- erts (Penbryn), John Roberts (shoemaker), David Rees, Robert Williams, and George Turner, and Thomas Griffith (farmer), James Evans, Griffith Rowland, David Edwards, Thomas Lewis, and David Davis, bachelors, followed. There were at this time several families living in the vicinity of the places where Loretto, Munster, Jefferson, and Johnstown now stand. The settlers above named, we believe, were all from Wales. They commenced making improve- ments in the different parts of what is now called Cambria township. The name which the Welsh emigrants gave to their settlement, Cambria, was derived from their former home — the mountainous part of Wales. Cambria township after- wards gave name to the county, which was, at the time of which we speak, a part of Somerset county. The tract of country on which the Welsh emigrants settled had been purchased a year or two previous by the Rev. Morgan J. Rees (mentioned above), from Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia, and by him sold to his Welsh brethren, in smaller tracts. The descendants of the Welsh are the principal population at this day of Ebensburg borough and Cambria township, while the settlement extends to a portion of all the adjoining townships. The colony, under lead of Rev. Rees Lloyd and Rev. George Roberts, were highly successful in their enterprise. They were, in religion, Dissenters, or W^elsh Independents, and were men of strong religious convictions. Their services were at first exclusively in the Welsh language, and still preaching is rendered in tliat tongue in their churches The colony, under lead of Rev. Morgan J. Rees, Baptist, settled some two miles further west, and founded Beula. They flourished for a few years, but subse- quently the town was abandoned. A large Irish emigration subsequently settled in what is now Munster and Washington townships, and what is known as Hickory Ridge, in Allegheny township. In the northern portion of the county settlements were afterwards made, both in the present bounds of Carroll township, one known as " Weakland '' settlement, the other as " Luther " settlement. These settlers were from the eastern counties, as were also those who founded " Glasgow " settlement, in the north-eastern portion of the county. In the west, on Laurel hill, Michael Rager, a revolutionaiy soldier, located at an early daj^, and his descendants occupy a large portion of the territory at present. Rev. Peter Henry Lemke, a German priest, introduced a colony of German Catholics into the neighborhood surround- ing Carrolltown, which is now a rich and thriving population. In more recent years there has been a considerable influx from the New England States, noted for their enterprise and industry. Trouble with the aborigines did not prevail to any great extent within the limits of the county. No Indian settlement, except the town of Kickenapawling (Johnstown) existed in the county. The rugged and mountainous character of the country was not adapted to the habits of the red men. Frankstown, in Blair county, and Kittanning, on the Allegheny, were noted Indian villages, and Canoe Place, since known as Cherrytree, on the Susquehanna. The north-western 472 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. corner of Cambria county was known as the head of canoe navigation on the Susquehanna. To this point the Indians ascended in their canoes ; when, drawing them from the stream, thej would strike their trail, through northern Indiana to Kittanning. From Frankstown a trail historically known as '' Kittanning Path '' passed the eastern line of Cambria county, and pursued a north-western direction through the county to Canoe Place, or Cherrytree, whence the trail just mentioned was followed to Kittanning. It will be seen that Cherrytree was noted as the head of canoe navigation on the Susquehanna, and the point of junction of the Indian trails or paths. But it obtained greater celebrity, as the northern boundary of the purchase from the Indians, at the treaty or purchase made at Fort Stanwix, November 5, 1T68. That portion of the deed is in these words : " To the heads of a creek which runs into the west branch of Susquehanna, which creek is by the Indians called Tyadaghton, and down the said creek on the south side thereof to the said west branch of Susquehanna, then crossing the said river, and running up the same on the south side thereof, the several courses thereof to the fork of the same river, which lies nearest to a place on the river Ohio, called the Kittanning, and from thence," etc. This purchase included all of Cambria county. The Kittanning Path was a well-known landmark. It is often referred to ra land warrants, was well known to the old surveyors who located lands in Cambria, as well as our older citizens. In many places it can be traced to this day. It gives the name to that triumph of science, the Kittanning point on the Pennsylvania railroad, on the declivity of the Allegheny, the path pursuing the gap which the road almost encompasses. John Hart, a German, who carried on a trade in furs, etc., with the Indians, is supposed to be the first white man who traveled this path. Some twelve miles north of Ebensburg, on the Dry Gap road, is a spot famous as the place where he, with his horse, was wont to spend the night ; and the name is frequentl}"^ called Hart's Sleeping to the present time by many of the earlier settlers. Tradition gives the name of Hartslog valley, in Huntingdon county, to him, from the fact that he there fed his horse in a kerf cat in a log. An ancient fortification exists near the Beaver Dam branch of Clearfield creek, in the north-eastern portion of the county. Some years since part of the timbers remained, showing its extent and purpose, but the plowshare has nearly obliterated the last vestige of it. It was evidently a stockade or fort for refuge against Indian aggression ; but there is no tradition concerning its construction or use. A short distance further north is a most remarkable windfall. When a primeval forest, a hurricane had passed from west to east, and in its force levelled every tree with the ground for nearly a mile in width. Nearly forty years ago, when first seen by the writer, the appearance was most striking. Approaching it from the south, in a summer's day, with a clear sky, the narrow road led through a dense forest of stately pines, through which the sun never reached the head of the traveler, the eyes are at once greeted by a vast opening, and, he believes himself, of extensive cultivation. Emerging from the woods, he finds himself on an extended plain without a single tree, but a general growth of aspen (Trembler), its leaves reflected in the bright sunshine, and a CAMBRIA COUNTY. 473 relief, appearing ethereal, after the dense forest from which he had just emerged. Tlie monarchs of the forest had all been uprooted, and small mounds (the earth which had adhered to the roots) filled the plain, while the last remains of the huge forest trees lay crumbling to the eastward, the direction in which the hurricane had passed. More recent improvements have put all this territory in cultivation, and the effect of the celebrated windfall is now, in a measure, lost ; but the post office, itself " Fallen Timber," keeps alive its memories. Cambria county furnished two companies in the war of 1812, commanded respectively by Captains Moses Canan and Richard McGuire, who were in the celebrated Black Rock expedition. Two companies volunteered for the Mexican war — the Cambria Guards, of Ebensburg, commanded by Captain James Mur- ray, afterwards Captain C. H. Heyer, and the Highlanders, from Summitville, commanded by Captain John W. Geary, afterwards Governor of Pennsylvania. The history of roads and highways possesses some local interest. Originally transportation over the mountain was carried on by packing on horses, and traveling by pathways. The nearest mill to the early Ebensburg settlers was at Blair's gap, nearly twenty miles distant. It took a day to reach the mill with the grist on horseback, and after its conversion to flour another day sufficed to get it home. The earliest road, if it may be dignified by that name, was known as Galbraith's road, which passed south of Ebensburg. From the location of the county, however, it necessarily became traversed by the various routes cross- ing from the east to Pittsburgh, or Fort Pitt, as it was then called. On the 29th March, 1787, an act of Assembly was passed appointing commissioners " to lay out a State highway, between the waters of the Frankstown branch of Juniata, and the river Conemaugh. Tiiis road, still known as the Frankstown road, crossing the Allegheny, reaches the Conemaugh at Johnstown. The stream by the same act was made a public highway. Portions of this road were changed by proceedings in the quarter sessions of the counties through which it passed, by act of April 11, 1799. By act of April 13, 1791, amended by act of April 10, 1792, the Conemaugh and its branches were declared public highways. The act of February 13, 1804, declared the Clearfield creek to the great Elk Lick (forks of Beaver Dam), a public highway. The act of April 11, 1807, appropriates money to the commissioners of Cambria county, " for improving the State road from Beula to Pittsburgh." It is a sad commentary on the history of the county, that while Pittsburgh and its environs may number two hundred thou- sand, there is not now a solitary house or inhabitant in Beula. The once thriving village, two miles west from Ebensburg, and its formidable rival, is now entirely deserted, and in many places it is difficult to trace the State road, whose improvement was in the eye of the Legislature. The public road referred to passed centrally through Cambria county by Munster, Ebensburg, and Beula, and in legislative parlance was known as the "road leading from Blair's gap to the western line of the State." All this was before the days of turnpikes. On the 4th March, 1807, an act was passed incor- porating a company to construct a turnpike " from Harrisburg through Lewis- town and Huntingdon to Pittsburgh." A supplement to this act incorporated a company for the construction of the " Huntingdon, Cambria, and Indiana Turnpike 4T4 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Road," March 20, 1810. A further supplement of February 21, 1814, directed that the turnpike should be laid out " from the house of John Blair (Blair's gap), on the east side of the Allegheny mountain, on the post road in Huntingdon county, by the best and nearest route through Munster and Ebensburg, to the house of Martin Rager, on the west side of Laurel Hill." This turnpike was not finished for travel for several years after, and passes directly through the centre of the count}'. The Dry Gap road follows the same general direction as the Kittanning path, entering the county at the gap from which it takes its name, and ex- tending north-west- erly to Cherry tree. A road was con- structed from Ebensburg to Phil- ipsburg, in Centre county, but onl}' a portion of it is now in use. General McCon- nell, of revolution- ary memox'y, a re- sident of Philadel- phia, held a large body of land in what is now Chest township, in north- ern Cambria, and Mrs. Ruth McCon- nell, the widow of his son, built a fine mansion on the pro- perty, and named her home Glencon- nell. The doors, windows, etc., were brought from Phila- delphia. A road led from "the Glen" led from Beula to VIEW ON THE OLD PORTAGE ROAD. to Ebensburg, but has long been disused. A road also the town of Somerset, which is now obliterated. But the age of improvement sped on. In 1831-32 the Portage railroad, ascending the eastern slope of the Allegheny by five inclined planei^, up which the cars were drawn by stationary engines, and descending on the west by a like number, connected at Johnstown and Hollidaysburg with the " Main Line " of Pennsylvania improvements. This great achievement (as it was then called) is CAMBRIA COUNTY. 4^5 superseded by the location of the Pennsylvania railroad, near the same line, which enters Cambria through the great tunnel at Gallitzin, and leaves the county on the line of Westmoreland and Indiana counties. Two natural curiosities worthy of note, existing in this county, deserve brief mention. The Conemaugh, in its descent of the mountain, after the accession of the South Fork, finds its course arrested by a mighty ledge of rocks, and, tui-ning to the right, passes for miles round an elevated plateau, and, returning to within a stone-s-throw of the place of divergence, pursues its downward career. Immediately west of this is the Horse-shoe viaduct, constructed for the Portage railroad, and now used by the Pennsylvania railroad. In the same manner the Blacklick, near the western line of the county, forms a peninsula. Along the public road tra- versing this neck of land is an immense rock, which has been cleft by some convulsion of nature, and affords barely room in the crevice, or crevass^e, for the passage of a wagon. The walls of this rock are perpendicular on each side, and if brought into contact would fit like joiner's work. Passing through this in the hottest summer day, the traveler experiences the coolness of an ice-house. Snow has been known to remain here till June. Ebensburg is the county seat. It is situated in the precise geographical centre of the county. The Northern turnpike passes through its principal street ; is connected with Indiana by a turnpike road, and a branch railroad connects it witli the Pennsylvania railroad at Cresson. It has also public roads leading to Carrolltown, Loretto, and Wilmore. Ebensburg was laid out about the be^innino; of the present centurj^ by Rev. Rees Lloyd, who gave it the name of his eldest son, Eben. He also conveyed, in trust, the square upon which the public build- ings now stand. The court house is a venerable building, wherein justice is still "judicially administered," but is by no means creditable to the town or the county. The jail is one of the finest and most massive, and so/e, of any in the State. An academy also stands upon the public grounds ; but is now used as a public school. Water works are in course of erection. The Sisters of St. Joseph have a Catholic school for boys, in a flourishing condition. The first court was held in the building known as the " Old Red Jail." The court room was above stairs — the prison below. It was here that Jemmy Fari-al, being sentenced for contempt of the court above, was seized with a devotional fit, and sang so lustily that the court was compelled to adjourn until his term of probation expired. Ebensburg was created a borough in 1825. Johnstown, with its aggregation of surrounding municipalities, eight in number, embraces a population of 13,842. These are, Johnstown proper, Cone- maugh, Millville, Cambria, Prospect, East Conemaugh, Franklin, Coopersdale, and Woodvale. Johnstown proper is situated at the confluence of Conemaugh creek with Stony creek, two of its wards, lying on the west side of the latter, and formerly known as Kernville. It is connected with its Kernville wards by a fine bridge across Stony creek, while a like structure crosses the Conemaugh, connecting the town with the Pennsylvania railroad and the Cambria iron works. Its location, as before stated, is on the site of Kickenapawling's Indian town, and was laid out by Joseph Jahns, before referred to, whence it derives its name. While the town itself lies mostly on a level plateau, it is surrounded on three sides by high and precipitous hills. The town is well paved, but the drainage 476 HISTOB T OF FENNS YL VANIA. o:' a portion is very difficult. It is supplied with excellent water from Wild Cat run, on Laurel Hill ; and recently additional supplies have been secured from the Conemaugh. It is distinguished for the number and excellence of its churches. The Bap- tists, Catholics, Disciples, Episcopalians, Methodists, Lutherans (English and German), Presliyterians, and United Brethren have each fine cluirch edifices. S'lndy Vale Cemetery is beautifully situated and tastefully ornamented. It is the chief burial place, im- mediately above town, on Stony creek. There are two elegant places of amuse- ment, the town hall and opera house ; a splendid market house ; one daily newspaper and three weekly newspapers, two English and one German. Formerly the borough was the con- necting point of railroad and canal transportation, and had a large number of warehouses for the deposit and transhipment of mer- chandise. These are all abandoned now, or con- verted to other purposes. Carrolltown, ten miles north of Ebensburg, is a prosperous borough, con- taining mainly German Catholic inhabitants. It boasts a very large and ele- gant Catholic church ; and close by, a Benedictine con- vent. Immediately west of t... town stands a fine brick structure — the Benedictine monastery. Father Lernk^, a German priest, was the founder of the town, and an association known as the De Lemke Society perpetuates his name and bis virtues. An extensive tannery, a brewery, and other manufactures, add to the prosperity of the village. The borough is in Carroll township. Conemaugh borough adjoins Johnstown, from which it is only divided by an imaginary line, in appearance it being the same town. In 1870 it contained 2,336 inhabitants. It lies above Johnstown on the Conemaugh side. It has an indus- trious and thriving population, the majority being laborers. MiLLVTLLE is directly opposite Johnstown, fronting on the Conemaugh above and below its junction with the Stony creek. The immense iron and steel works of the Cambria iron company, alluded to in the early portion of this sketch, are CATHOLIC CHURCH AND CONVENT AT CARROLLTOWN [From a Photograph by P L. Eck,] CAMBRIA COCfNTY. 4T7 here located. The bulk of the inhabitants are operatives in these works. It has a population of 2,500. Cambria borough lies opposite Millville, on the Conemaugh. Like it, it is mostly inhabited by operatives in the mills. East Conemaugh and Franklin lie two miles higher up the Conemaugh, the stream dividing the two boroughs. The works of the Pennsylvania railroad company are located here, and these villages are mainly inhabited by those in the employ of the company. Between these points and Conemaugh borough, the village of Woodvale is situated. Here are located the extensive woolen mills of the Cambria iron company. A short distance below Cambria borough, on the Conemaugh, is Coopersdale. Prospect borough occu- pies the northern ascent from the Conemaiigli, and is mainly inhabited by em- ployees at the iron works. L R E T T o, founded by Prince Gallitzin, is one of the oldest villages in the county. It contains a large Catholic church edifice, in front of which repose the remains of the pious foun- der, surmounted by a monument. The convent of St. Alo^^sius, under the auspices of the Sisters of Mercy, is a very imposing building, and has had the highest success as an educational establishment. The Franciscan Monastery, on an eminence west of the town, is also a large and handsome structure, known as St. Francis, school for young men. It is situate in Allegheny township. Chest Springs, on the Dry Gap road, partly in Allegheny, partly in Clear- field township, owes much of its prosperity to a New England colony, engaged in the manufacture of shook and other lumber. It has a large steam planing mill. WiLMORE, on the Pennsylvania railroad and Conemaugh creek, in Summer Hill township, is largely engaged in the lumber trade. Summitvillb, on the mountain, in Washington township, was incorporated as a borough during the palmy days of the " Old Portage railroad," and continued to thrive during its existence. On its abandonment the town declined. It is now a favorite summer resort, on account of the grateful mountain breezes. Among other villages maybe noted — Adamsburg, in Adams township; Bel- SENO, on the Indiana turnpike, in Blacklick township ; St. Lawrence and St. BoNiFACius, in Chest township, each of which boasts a handsome Catholic church ; St. Augustine, in Clearfield township, with a large Catholic church; Summer Hill, in Croyle township, with a large lumbering establishment; Gallitzin borough, at west end of Pennsylvania railroad tunnel, so named from Prince Gallitzin ; Fairview, in Jackson township, on the Johnstown road ; MuNSTER, on the Northern turnpike, in township of same name ; Plattville, in ST. ALOYSIUS' COLLEGE, LORETTO. US HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Susquehanna township ; Hemlock and Portage, in Washington township, on Pennsylvania railroad ; and Lloydsville, in White township. The last is a village of recent growth, at the terminus of the Bell's Mill narrow gauge railroad, where the mining of coal is carried on very extensively. The deserted village of Beula has already been mentioned. Originally laid out with the dimensions of a city — afterwards the formidable rival of Ebensburg; the loss of the county seat, and the changed location of the Northern turnpike, left it without resources and without hope, and it went into rapid decay. At this time the site of the "deserted village," as shown the visitor by the "oldest inhabitant," is all that remains of the once prosperous Beula. Cambria county, with Blair and Huntingdon, constitutes the twenty-fourth judicial district, Hon. John Dean, presiding ; and is attached to the Western district of Supreme Court, sitting at Pittsburgh. With Blair, Bedford, and Somerset, she forms a Congressional district. With Blair county she elects a Senator, and is entitled to two members of the House of Representatives. FKMALE SEMINARY AT WASHINGTON. CAMEKON COUNTY. BY JOHN BROOKS, STNNEMAHONING. j] AMERON County, named for the Hon. Simon Cameron, was organized by act of Assembly, March 29, 1860, from parts of Clinton, Elk, M'Kean, and Potter counties. It contains four hundred square miles, nd is within the purchase of October -iS, 1784, known as the New Purchase. It lies in latitude north 41° 30', and longitude from Greenwich west 78° 30', and among the spurs of the Alleghenies, and on the eastern slopes VIEW OP THE BOROUGH OF EMPORIUM. thereof. The mountain ridges rise here to an altitude of 2,100 feet above tide water. The Sinnemahoning river and its branches and small creeks drain nearly all the area of the county, and are debouched into the West Branch of the Susquehanna. The surface of the land within this county is much broken and rugged, occasionally interspersed with plateaus of table land upon the summits. These are mostly found in the middle and western parts of the county. The third bituminous coal basin passes into this county, a little north of the middle part, lying in a north-easterly and south-westerly direction, in which is found five workable veins of bituminous coal, and a vein of iron ore. The eastern part of the county 479 II 480 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. lies chiefly upon the crest or anticlinal axis between the second and third bitumi- nous coal basins. The surface in this section is broken, lying in ridges and abrupt slopes and cliffs, and on which are found boulders and fragments of the conglomerate rock No. 12, which attains the thickness of one hundred feet in many places. Underlying this strata of conglomerate is found the out-croppings of a vein of iron ore (by some called brown hematite), and believed to be from four to five feet in thickness, but as yet not definitely ascertained. The river flats or bottoms are alluvial and fertile. The uplands are mostly of the red shale and fire-clay soils, and are fertile and adapted to produce all the cereals and grasses of the latitude exuberently. The forests of this count}' contain a dense growth of white pine, white oak, and hemlock timber, with other varieties of oaks and pines, elms, butternut, sugar maple, cherry, etc., excepting those parts which have been devastated by the axe-man and the forest fires of the last half century. Previously this county limit afforded the Indian inhabitants superior fisliing and hunting grounds. The pure soft silvery waters teemed with the salmon, shad, pike, eel, trout, and other varieties of the finny tribe, and the forests abounded with elk, deer, black bear, raccoon, squirrels, wild turkey, pheasants, &c., all of which were evidently provocatives to the gastronomy of the Indian youths and maidens of the seventeenth and previous centuries. The pioneer families who migrated to this section of country early in the present century subsisted largely upon the abundance thus afforded. At this period it did not require the science or skill of a Ninirod and an laaak Walton to furnish their tables with " bounteous supplies." The A^erdant Esau and the piscatory adventurer or tyro alike succeeded, so easil}'^ were these necessaries of life obtained. The resources of Cameron county are chiefly the productions of the forests, the manufacture of lumber and of leather being the principal vocations. Agricul- ture (as in most all lumbering sections of country) has been sadly neglected. This has been disastrousl}-^ true of the county of Cameron. Three railroads pass into or through this county. The Philadelphia and Erie railroad passes through, and has about forty miles of grade within the county. The Buffalo, Philadelphia, and New York railroad passes into the county a dis- tance of about fourteen miles, and forms a junction with the Philadelphia and Eiie railroad at Emporium ; and the Allegheu}' Valley (low grade) railroad passes into the county about ten miles, and forms a junction with the Philadelphia and Erie railroad at Driftwood. The Cameron coal company have been producing and marketing coal occa- sionally for the twelve years past. Two large tanneries have been established within the county, consuming some eight thousand cords of bark annually, and manufacturing over sixty thousand sides of sole leather. Principally the hemlock bark is used by these tanneries. The first settlements made within the limits of Cameron county were made in the years 1809 to 1815 inclusive. In 1809-10 Andrew Overdorf, Levi Hicks, Jacob Purge, John Earl, and John Jordan moved their families here and made improvements. In 1811-12 Joseph Mason, John Ramage, Stephen Berficld, Isaac McKisson, John Spangler, and Adam Logue made settlements. In 1813-14 Benjamin Brooks, Wm. A. Wykoff, James Shafer, Joseph Brooks, and John CAMEBON COUNTY. 481 Sheflfer migrated to this section, and made improvements. In 1815-16 David Crow, Elihu Chadwick, Brewster Freeman, Robert Lewis, A. Ilousler, J. Brittain, and others ca'.ne with their fa.nilies. The early settlers were generally a hardy, active, energetic " go-ahead " class of people, hailing mostly from eastern and middle Pennsylvania, from the State of New Jersey, and from the New England States. They, as a class, though rude, were honest in their dealings ; though boorish, were hospitable and generous. Occupying, as they did, the remote outskirts of civilization, they were subjected to many privations, the more especially in this rugged section of country, without roads, except the Indian's trail, and the only mode of ingress and egress being by canoes and small boats. These early pioneers brought their families and goods in canoes up the Susquehanna river and the Sinnemahoning, propelled by manual force against the rapid current of the streams. These canoes were generally manned by a steersman and a bowsman, who with steel-pointed setting-poles placed upon the bottom of the stream upon which they threw their whole weight and force and thereby propelled their canoes forward, and by continued and repeated processes and propulsions, they frequently made twenty-five miles a day against the current, carrying in their canoes from three-fourths to one ton at a trip. On some occasions, in case of low water in the streams, the boat crew would be compelled to remove the gravel and fragments of rock from the line of their course, and wade for miles at a time in the stream, carrying and dragging their boats forward by their almost superhuman strength. Such frequent exercise of course developed an unusual vigorous muscle, and it would seem almost fabulous to describe the extraordinary feats frequently performed by these athletics of pioneer life. The first settlers were not a migratory people. Their descendants (with the exception of that of McKisson) continue to reside in this region, at the present time, and many of them within the limits of Cameron county. These families were, generally robust and fruitful. As an instance of this, ma}' be mentioned the- family of Mr. Benjamin Brooks, whose descendants, now living, number four- hundred and fifty-eight persons, three-fourths of which number reside within a radius of twenty miles from the point where their ancestor first landed in this county. The majority of these early settlers could read, but had not much education; had no schools for many years, and the education of their children, for a time, was neglected. Several of these pioneers had done efficient service in the Revolutionary war, and some in the war of 1812. Almost all the vocations of the industrial classes were represented, and all could aid in the work of extemporizing a cabin for the accommodation of the recent immigrant. Among these early settlers there were but few who professed Christianity practically. Most of them, however, held some theory of religion, mostly Baptist or Presby- terian in their views. Profanity was the common spice of convez'sation, and God was, if " not in all their thoughts," in all their mouths ; and invoked by way of execrations and imprecations more frequently than by benedictions. The use of whiskey was general ; some families of more recent emigration always kept whiskey in the house, but kept no cows, alleging that a barrel of whiskey in a. family was of more value than a cow. At this early period flax was much cultivated, and sheep raised ; and home- 2 F I 482 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. spun and woven manufactured fabrics, dyed with butternut and garden madder, constituted the greater part of the apparel of all the classes. The sugar maple furnished the sugar, and the pumpkin the molasses, for general use. Coffee was made from rye, wheat, acorns, chestnuts, and peas; tea from the spice-bush, the sassafras root, and from the aromatic plants of the kitchen garden. The Indians made frequent visits to this section of country for many years during its first occupation by the whites. They were, however, peaceable, and if they indulged in a spree, they always had one sober Indian to care for the others. In this they were more discreet than many of the whites. The celebrated battle of Peter Grove with the Indians took place at the mouth of a small creek called Grove's run, which empties into the Sinnemaho- ning, about three-quarters of a mile above the mouth of the first fork of Sinnema- honing. This occurred long before this region was settled by the whites, the frontier being Sunbury. The Groves, Peter and Michael, resided about two miles east of MifHinburg, in Buffalo valley. Union county. Peter Grove's father had been massacred by the Indians, who had exhibited contortions of the face to Peter Grove, thereby indicating how his father had made such contortions while being scalped. Peter Grove swore eternal vengeance on the murderers, and followed the party of Indians, pursuing them through the wilder- ness, until they had encamped for the night at the mouth of this small creek. Grove and his party of four men, among whom was a brother of his, observed from the summit of the fork hill of EUicott's run, about two miles east of the encampment, their locality. Seeing their camp fires from his elevated position, he and his party approached the Indian encampment stealthily, and found them near a small pond and large spring of water, on or near the bank of the river, and near the mouth of the small creek, or Grove's run. The Indians had stacked their guns against a large oak tree ; their tomahawks were sticking in the bark of a large limb that grew from the oak, quite within their reach. While all the Indians except one, who sat as a sentinel, were asleep at the foot of the oak tree, or near thereto, Peter Grove, after reconnoitering, learned their position, and after having instructed his men as to the manner of attack, they all fired except one man, and rushed upon the Indians, who had been surprised, seized part of their arms, and threw them into the pond of water near the encampment. Several Indians had been killed in the attack, and the remainder had been routed. Soon, liowever, after the Grove party left, the Indians had rallied in pursuit, and were seen descending the valley of the Susquehanna, below the mouth of the Sinne- mahoning. Peter and his men having back-tracked themselves at this point, had waded up the bed of the Susquehanna, and from the mountain-top observed the Indians on the trail ; but, mistaking the route of Grove's part}', they went down the valley, while Peter and his party crossed through the mountains, and the second day thei'eafter saw the Indians where Lock Haven now is, from the Bald Eagle mountains. Grove and his men then passed their way to the settle- ment in Buffalo valley. About the year 1820 the pond at the mouth of the creek was drained, and a gun barrel and lock found, which had not been recovered by the Indians. The marks of the dozen tomahawks, made in the limb of the old oak tree, were visible, and were to be seen until the tree fell into the river by the constant washings of the bank where it stood. The tree fell about the year 1835. CAM EBON UUUNTT. 488 Among the incidents that pertain to this county, the following may be noticed: In the year 1873 excavations were being made for a cellar under the post office building, at Sterling run, in this county. The building had been removed from its former site about forty feet, and hence the demand for the excavations for a cellar under the building at its new site. Mr. Earl, the proprietor of the grounds, in making these excavations found human bones, and proceeded the more carefully to continue his excavations, which, when completed, disclosed seventeen skeletons, evidently of Indian origin. All except two were of ordinary grown stature, while one measured over seven and a half feet from the cranium to the heel-bones. The bones had all remained undisturbed. They lay with their feet toward each other in a three-quarter circle, that is, some with their heads to the east, and then north-easterly to the north, and then north-westerly to the west. There had been a fire at the centre, between their feet, as ashes and coals were found there. The skeletons, except one smaller than the rest, were all as regularly arranged as they would be naturally in a sleeping camp of similar dimensions; the bones were many of them in a good state of preservation, particularly the teeth and jaw-bones, and some of the leg-bones and skulls. The stalwart skeleton had a stoneware or clay pipe between his teeth, as naturally as if in the act of smoking; by his side was found a vase or urn of earthenware, or stoneware, which would hold about a half gallon. This vessel was about one- third filled with a somewhat granular substance like chopped up tobacco stems or seeds. The vase had no base to stand upon, but was of the gourd-shape and rounded ; its exterior had corrugated lines crossing each other diagonally from the rim. The rim of the vase had a serrated or notched form, and the whole gave evidence that it had been constructed with some skill and care, yet there was a lack of beauty of form or symmetry, which the race were at that period evidently ignorant of. The skeletons were covered about thirty inches deep, twenty-four inches of which was red shale clay, or good brick clay. The top six inches was soil and cla}', which, doubtless, had been formed from the decayed leaves of the forest for centuries. This ground had been heavily timbered. When the first clearing was made upon it, in 1818, there had not grown immediately over or upon this spot any very large treo'i, as no roots of trees had disturbed the relics, yet the timber in the immediate vicinity had been very large white pine and oak. This spot had . been plowed and cultivated since 1818, and had been used as a garden for the last preceding ten j'ears. I visited the ground, and examined the locality and position of all the skeletons. One, the smallest, had been in the erect or crouched position, in the north-west corner of the domicile. The most reasonable theory is that this was their habitation; that their hut had been constructed of this clay, as the sur- rounding grounds were gravelly, as was also the bottom of this spot. It would seem that the gravel had been scooped away, or had been excavated to the depth of two feet, and that there had been a hut constructed of cla^' over the excava- tion, and that while reclining in their domicile some electric storm had in an instant extinguished their lives, and at the same time precipitated their mud or clay hut upon them, thus securing them from the ravages of the beasts of the forest. Emporium borough, the county seat of Cameron, was incorporated 13th Octo- 1 484 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. ber, 1864. It has a court house and jail, a Methodist, a Presbyterian, and a Catholic chuich, a graded school building, one tannery, two saw mills, one planing mill, and one grist or flouring mill. The Philadelphia and Erie railroad passes through the town, and the Buffalo and Philadelphia and New York rail- road forming a junction therewith. The town is situated on the Driftwood branch, at the junctions of the Portage creek and West creek with the Drift- wood Driftwood borough was incorporated ITth Januar}', 1872. It is located at- the junction of the Driftwood and Bennett's branches of the Sinnemahoning. It was formerly called '• Second Forks." The junction of the Allegheny Yalle}- railroad with the Philadelphia and Erie railroad is at this place. The town has two churches, one Union and one Catholic. The borough of Cameron is not organized. It is at the mouth of Hunt's lun, in Lumber township, and is the head-quarters of the Cameron coal company, who have offices here. The mills of the Hunt's Run lumber compan}- are situated here. The town took its name from the post office, which was named in honor of General Cameron, who contributed the court house bell, thereby acknowledging the compliment. Sterling Run is in Lumber township, situate at the mouth of Sterling run. There are several mills and a tannery in the vicinity, and the lands upon this run or creek comprise the greater part of the coal lands in the count}-, and are owned by Ario Pardee, Hazelton, Noyes & Whiting, and the Simpsons, of New York. The town site was owned and laid out by one Brooks, called Philosopher Brooks, who was a surveyor, a real estate dealer, and lumberman, and who built many houses and mills, and had in his employ hundreds of men and scores of teams. Sinnemahoning is a village extending from the mouth of the first forlv of Sin- nemahoning, or east fork, up to the mouth of Grove's run, and takes in tlie station on the Philadelphia and Erie railroad called by that nam*'. The greater part of the town is near the battle ground of Peter Grove and the Indians, and is called bj' some " Battle Grove," and by others " Enterprise." This town was laid out and owned by the pei'son known as Philosopher Brooks. '1 he town is partly in the township of Grove and partly in the township of Gibson. Organization of Townships. — Lumber township was organized while in Clinton county. It is the third township from the east line of the county; lies on the Driftwood branch of Sinnemahoning ; includes tiie villages of Cameron and Sterling llun. The first settlers in the township were John Spangler, Wm. Sterling, and John Sheffer, some of whose descendants still reside in the town- ship. Shippen township is the north-western township in the county, and lies on West creek, Driftwood, North creek, and Lower Portage creek. The borough of Emporium was taken out of this township. Prominent early citizens were Elihu Chadwick, Brewster Freeman, John Earl, R. Lewis, A. Housler, and John Chand- ler. Portage township lies on the Upper Portage waters, and adjoining Potter county, of which it was a part. The Buffalo railroad passes through this town- ship. There was a salt manufactory established here about 1833, now abandoned. The prominent early citizen was Hiram Sizen, who made the first improvement CAM Eli ON COUNTY. 485 and settlement, and built the first grist mill and wooden bowl manufactory, about 1828. His descendants still reside in the township. Gibson Township, named in honor of Colonel George Gibson, was organized while in Clearfield count3', and lies next to Grove township on the west, and west of the line of Houston's district, which, running north and south, passes across the Sinnemahoning, about three-fourths of a mile above the mouth of the first fork, and near the mouth of Grove's run. Driftwood borough was taken from this township. Salt was made here in 1815-16. It has two post offices and six school houses, and four railroad stations. Prominent early citizens were Joseph Mason, John Jordan, Benjamin Brooks, and others, descendants of whom still reside in the township. Grove Township, named in honor of Peter Grove, was established while the territory was in Lycoming county, before Clinton county was organized. It is the most easterly township in the county of Cameron. It lies principally on the east branch of the Sinnemahoning, or what is called the first fork. The first settlement made in the limits of the county of Cameron was made in this and Gibson townships. It has three post offices and one railway station. Among its early citizens were James Shafer, John Ramage, and William A. Wykoff. CHAMELEON FALLS, GLEN ONOKO, CARBON COUNTY. CARBON COUNTY. [With acknowledgments to Robert Klotz, Mauch Chunk.'] jARBON county was formed by an act of Assembly, passed March 13, 1813, out of parts of Northampton and Monroe counties. The commissioners appointed by the Governor to form the county were S^l Charles W. Higgins, of Northumberland county, William J. B. Andrews, of Clearfield county, and John B. Brodhead, of Pike county. The original townships were East Penn, Upper Towamensing, Lower Towamensing, Mauch Chunk, and Lausanne, from North- ampton county, and the township of Penn Forest, from Monroe county ; since which time the following clianges have been made by sub-division of townships and new townshii)S formed, viz. : Franklin [1852] ; Ma- honing, Packer [1854] ; Banks, Lehigh [1872]; Kidder [1851] ; mak- ing in all twelve town- ships, within which there are six boroughs, each having their own officers entirely inde- pendent of the town- ships from which they were taken, viz.: Mauch Chunk, East Maucli Chunk, Lehigh- ton, Weatherly, Weiss- port, and Pai ryville. The county is near- ly square, or about twenty miles each way, and is a very mountainous and wild region, with about one-third of the land adapted to agriculture. It is about equally divided by the Lehigh river, and is watered by a number of important and picturesque streams, the most promi- 486 CARBON COUNTY COURT HOUSE, MAUCH CHUNK. [From a Photograph by James ZeUner, Manch Chunk.] GABBON COUNTY. 487 nent of which are the Aquancshicola, Lizard, Poho-Poko or Big creek, Mahoning, Nesquehoning, and Quakake creeks. The principal productions of the county are coal and lumbei", and the outlets from the county to the markets are by the canal of the old Lehigh Coal and Navigation company (which had its commencement in this county), and the Lehigh Valley, and the Lehigh and Susquehanna railroads. The first discovery of coal in the valley of the Lehigh was by a hunter named Philip Ginter, in 1Y9I, on the top of Sharp mountain, now the site of the town of Summit Hill, nine miles north-west of Mauch Chunk. Making known his discovery to Colonel Jacob Weiss, residing at what is now known as Weissport, the latter took a specimen of it to Philadelphia, and submitted it to the inspec- tion of Messrs. John Nicholson, Michael Hillegas, and Charles Cist, who were so well satisfied as to its merits, that in 1792 they, with some others, formed them- selves into what was called the Lehigh Coal Mine company. Without charter or incorporation, they took up eight or ten thousand acres of unlocaled land, including the Sharp mountain. The company proceeded to open the mines, and made an appropriation of ten pounds to construct a road to the landing, a distance of nine miles. The mines were not worked to any extent, owing to the poor encouragement they received, until after the commencement of the war of 1812. They afterwards gave leases of their mines to different individuals in succession, the last of which was owned by Messrs. Cist, Miner, and Robinson, wlio started several arks of coal to Philadelphia, only three of which reached the city. They abandoned the business, disheartened by the public incredulity, in 1815. People would neither purchase it (or, when they did, would afterwards complain of being imposed upon), nor take it as a gift. At the solicitation of Colonel Weiss, an attempt was made, by permission of the Philadelphia city authorities, to burn it under the boilers at the water-works ; but it was declared that it only served to put the fire out, and the remainder was therefore broken up and scattered on the sidewalks in place of gravel. In the light of its present universal use, it is most amusing to recall the persistent discredit with which the public looked upon it in the beginning. Hand-bills were printed in English and German, stating the method of burning it, and including cer'iflcates from blacksmiths and others who had successfully used it. Sometimes journeymen were bribed to try the experiment fairly, so averse were they to any innovation of this kind. Luckily, charcoal became scarce and costly, and thus at length some were the more easily induced to test the new commodity ; but it was many years before capitalists were led to put much faith in it as a profitable invest- ment. The expenses of hauling from the mines and of transportation to the city were very great, so that in the early experiments coal cost the shippers about fourteen dollars a ton when ready for sale in Philadelphia. In July, 1818, the Lehigh Navigation company, and in October of the same year, the Lehigh Coal company were formed, which together were the foundation of the present Lehigh Coal and Navigation company. The improvement of the Lehigh was commenced in August, 1818, and under the skillful and energetic management of Josiah White, Erskine Hazard, and George F. A. Hanto, the almost insuperable obstacles in the way of the river's navigation and the trans- portation of coal were at length overcome, and the success of the settlements 488 EISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. of Mauch Chunk and vicinity assured. Several incidents connected with this development of the coal trade are of such interest that we append them : The Legislature were early aware of the importance of the navigation of the Lehigh, and in 1771 passed a law for its improvement. Subsequent laws for th;- same object were enacted in 1791, 1794, 1798, 1810, 1814, and 1816. A company was formed under one of them, which expended upwards of thirty thousand dollars in clearing out channels, one of which they attempted to make through the ledges of slate which extend across the river, about seven miles above Allentown ; but they found the slate too hard to pick, and too shelly to blow ; and at length considered it an insuperable obstacle to the completion of the work, and relin- quished it. In 1812, Messrs. White & Hazard, who were then manufacturing wire at the Falls of Schuylkill, induced a number of individuals to associate and apply to the Legislature for a law for the impi'ovement of the river Schuylkill. The coal, which was said to be on the head waters of that river, was held as an induce- ment to the Legislature to make the grant, when the senator from Schuylkill county asserted that there was no coal there — that there was a kind of " black stone " that was " called " coal, but that it would not burn. During the war, Virginia coal became very scarce, and Messrs. White & Hazard having been told by Joshua Malin that he had succeeded in making use of Lehigh coal in his rolling mill, procured a cart load of it, which cost them one dollar per bushel. This quantity was entirely wasted without getting up the requisite heat. Another cart load of it was however obtained, and a whole night spent in endeavoring to make a fire in the furnace, when the hands shut the fur- nace door and left the mill in despair. Fortunately one of them left his jacket in the mill, and returning for it in about half an hour, noticed that the door was red hot, and upon opening it, was surprised at finding the whole furnace at a glow- ing white heat. The other hands were summoned, and four separate parcels of iron were heated and rolled by the same fire, before it required renewing. The furnace was then replenished, and as letting it alone had succeeded so well, it was concluded to try it again, and the experiment was repeated with the same result. In 1821 and 1822, the quantities of coal produced were so much increased that the public became secure of a supply ; and its own good qualities, together witii its reasonable price, gave it an extensive and rapidly increasing demand. At this period, anthracite coal may be said to be permanently introduced into use. In 1824, the Lehigh company reduced the price of coal to seven dollars. In 1825, coal first came to Philadelphia by the improved navigation of the Schuyl- kill — the quantit}^ was five thousand three hundred and seventy-eight tons. The year following sixteen thousand two hundred and sixty-five tons of coal were transported on the Schuylkill, and thirty-one thousand two hundred and eighty tons on the Lehigh. Nature did not furnish enough water, by the regular flow of the river, to keep the channels at the proper depth, owing to the very great fall in the river, and the consequent rapidity of its motion. It became necessary to accumulate water by artificial means, and let it off at stated periods, and let the boats pass down with the long wave thus formed, which filled up the channels. This was effected by constructing dams in the neighborhood of Mauch Chunk, in which were placed sluice-gates of a peculiar construction, invented for the purpose by Josiah II CARBON COUNTY. 489 White (one of the managers), by means of which the water could be retained in the pool above until required for use. When the dam became full, and the water had run over it long enough for the river below the dam to acquire the depth of the ordinary flow of the river, tlie sluice-gates were let down, and the boats, which were lying in the pools above, passed down with the artificial flood. About twelve of these dams and sluices were made in 1819. The boats used on this descending navigation consisted of square boxes or arks, from sixteen to eighteen feet wide, and twenty to twenty-five feet long. At first two of these were joined together by hinges, to allow them to bend up and down in passing the dams and sluices ; and as the men became accustomed to the work, and the channels were straight- ened and improved as experience dictated, the number of sections in each boat was increased, till at last their whole length reached one hundred and eighty feet. They were steered with long oars, like a raft. Machinery' was devised for joint- ing and putting together the planks of which these boats were made, and the hands became so expert that five men would put one of the sections together and launch it in forty-five minutes. Boats of this description were used on the Lehigh till the end of the year 1831, when the Delaware division of the Pennsylvania canal was partially finished. In the last year forty thousand nine hundred and sixty-six tons were sent down, which required so many boats to be built, that, if they had all been joined in one length, they would have extended more than thirteen miles. These boats made but one trip, and were then broken up in the city, and the planks sold for lumber, the spikes, hinges, and other iron work, being returned to Mauch Chunk by land, a distance of eighty miles. The descending navigation by artificial freshets on the Lehigh is the first on record which was used as a permanent thing : though it is stated that in the expedition under General Sullivan, in 1779, General James Clinton successfully made use of the expedient to extricate his division of the army from some difficulty on the east branch of the Susquehanna, by erecting a temporary dam across the outlet of Otsego lake, which accumulated water enough to float them, when let off, and carry them down the river. The celebrity of the Lehigh coal is very extensive, from the fact that it is the hardest known anthracite in the world. The bed upon the top of Mauch Chunk mountain is fifty-three feet in thickness, exceeding, in this respect, any layer or vein as yet discovered. In 1820 three hundred and eighth-five tons completely stocked the market. Now the shipments of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation company alone reach sometimes as much as twenty thousand tons per week. It is claimed that the first railroad track ever laid down in the United States was in the streets of Mauch Chunk. It is believed that the first furnace in the countiy at which any considerable success was attained in the smelting of iron, with anthracite coal, was an old one at Mauch Chunk, temporarily fitted up for that purpose in the autumn of 1837 by Messrs. Joseph Baughman, Julius Guiteau, and Henry High, of Reading. An earlier attempt was made in the use of anthracite for fuel in iron manufacture at Mauch Chunk also in 1823-4, in a furnace built especially by persons connected with the Lehigh Coal and Naviga- tion company. It was several years after this date that similar experiments were tried at Kingston, Mass., and at Vizelle, on the borders of France and Switzerland. 490 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA, About one-third of Carbon county is adapted to agriculture. On the south and west side of the Lehigh river the soil is light gravel and red shale. On the north and east more sand and loam, underlaid with clay, which will eventually make tne best farming country, especially for grass ; and as the timber districts are becoming depleted, farming will increase. Iron, slate, and mineral paint are found in the townships of East Penn, Franklin, and Lower Towamensing, not, however, developed to any great extent, except paint, of which some four thousand tons are annually manufactured and sold by the Prince Metallic Paint company. The Carbon Iron company is located at Parryville, on the Lehigh river, six miles below Mauch Chunk. These furnaces have a capacity of six hundred tons per week. The hematite ore used in them is mined partly in the neighborhood and partly in Lehigh and Berks counties. At Weissport there is a rolling mill containing two heatmg furnaces and three double puddling furnaces, with a full complement of rolls and other machinery necessary to turn out thirty- dve tons per day of merchant bar-iron, scrolls, band-iron, etc. Punching and spike machines have recently been added. Considerable lumber is shipped from the north-west part of the county, especially from the Hickory Run and Mud Run districts, Kidder township, and some from Penn Forest township. The first settlement in Carbon county was by the Moravian missionaries in che 3'ear 1746. The converted Mohican Indians having been driven out of rfhekomeko, in New York, near the borders of Connecticut, and from Pachgat- goch in the latter state, found an asylum for a short time at Friedenshiitten, near Bethlehem. Deeming it inconvenient to maintain a large Indian congre- gation so near Bethlehem, the missionaries purchased two hundred acres on the north side of Mahoning creek, about half a mile above its junction with the Lehigh. Each Indian family possessed its own lot of ground, and began its separate housekeeping. Gnadenhiitten became a very regular and pleasant town. The church stood in the valley ; on one side the Indian houses, forming a crescent, upon a rising ground ; and on the other stood the house of the mission- aiy, and the burying-ground. The road to Wyoming and other Indian towns lay through the settlement. This was the famous path over Nescopec moun- tain, still known as the Warrior's path. The missionaries tilled their own grounds, and every Indian family their plantation ; and on the 18th of August, 1146, they had the satisfaction to partake of the first fruits of the land at a love-feast. Christian Ranch and Martin Mack w-ere the first missionaries who resided here. They were succeeded by other missionaries, who were occasion- ally removed, the brethren being of opinion that frequent changes of the minis- ters of the congregation might be useful in preventing too strong an attachment to, and dependence upon men, and fixing the hope of the Indians more upon God alone. Several parts of Scripture had been translated into the Mohican language. The congregation met morning and evening to sing and pray, and sometimes to hear a discourse upon the text of Scripture appointed for the day. The holy communion was administered to the communicants every month. The Indiftns called the communion day the great day, and such indeed it was, for the missionaries could never find words to extol the power and grace of God CABBON COUNTY. 49I revealed on these occasions. In September, 1749, Bishop [Baron] John de Watteville went to Gnadenhiitten and laid the foundation of a new church, that built in 1746 being too small, and the missionaries being obliged to preach out of doors. The Indian congregation alone consisted of five hundred persons. About this time Rev. David Brainerd and several of his Indian converts visited Grnadenhiitten. The congi'egation continued in this pleasing and regular state until the year 1754. When the Delawares and Shawanese on the Susquehanna, says Loskiel, began to waver in their allegiance to the English, and were preparing to take up the hatchet on the side of the French, it became an object of some importance to them to withdraw their Indian brethren in the missionary settlements beyond the reach of the whites, that the hostile savages might more freely descend upon the white settlements. The Christian Indians for some time resolutely refused to move to Wyoming. At length, however, a part were seduced by the influence of Teedyuscung. The Mohicans who remained were joined by the Christian Dela- wares from Meniolagomekah, and the land on the Mahoning being impoverished, and other circumstances requiring a change, the inhabitants of Gnadenhiitten removed to the north side of the Lehigh. The dwellings were removed, and a new chapel was built in June, 1754. The place was called New Gnadenhiitten, and stood where Weissport now is. The dwellings were so placed that the Mohicans lived on one, and the Delawares on the other, side of the street. The brethren at Betlilehem took the culture of the old land on the Mahoning upon themselves, made a plantation of it for the use of the Indian congregation, and converted the old chapel into a dwelling, both for the use of those brethren and sisters who had the care of the plantations, and for missionaries passing on their visits to the heathen. " The Indians in the French interest were much incensed that any of the Mora- vian Indians chose to remain at Gnadenhiitten, and determined to cut off the settlement. After Braddock's defeat, in 1755, the whole frontier was open to the inroads of the savage foe. Every day disclosed new scenes of barbarity commit- ted by the Indians. The whole country was in terror ; the neighbors of the brethren in Gnadenhiitten forsook their dwellings and fled ; but the brethren made a covenant together to remain undaunted in the place allotted them by Providence. However, no caution was omitted ; and because the white people considered every Indian as an enemy, the Indian brethren in Gnadenhiitten were advised as much as possible to keep out of their way — to buy no powder nor shot, but to strive to maintain themselves without hunting, which they willingly com- plied with. But God had otherwise ordained. On a sudden the mission-house on the Mahoning was, late in the evening of 24th November, attacked by the French Indians, burnt, and eleven of the inhabitants murdered. The family, being at supper, heard an uncommon barking of dogs, upon which Brother Sen- seman went out at the back door to see what was the matter. On the report of a gun, several ran together to open the house door. Here the Indians stood with their pieces pointed towards the door, and firing immediately upon its being opened, Martin Nitschmann was instantly killed. His wife and some others were wounded, but fled with the rest up stairs into the garret, and barricaded the door with bedsteads. Brother Partsch escaped by jumping out of a back winaow. 492 J J IS TOB Y OF PFNNS YL VANIA. Brother Worbass, who was ill in bed in a house adjoining, jumped likewise out of a back window and escaped, though the enemies had placed a guard before his door. Meanwhile the savages pursued those who had taken refuge in the garret, and strove hard to burst the door open ; but finding it too well secured, they set fire to the house, which was soon in flames. A boy called Sturgis, standing upon the flaming roof, ventured to leap ofl", and escaped ; though at first, upon opening the back door, a ball had grazed his cheek, and one side of his head was much burnt. Sister Partsch seeing this took courage, and leaped likewise from the burning roof. She came down unhurt, and unobserved by the enemies ; and thus the fervent prayer of her husband was fulfilled, who in jumping out of the back window cried aloud to God to save his wife. Brother Fabricius then leaped also off the roof, but before he could escape was perceived by tlie Indians, and instantly wounded by two balls. He was the only one whom they seized upon alive, and having dispatched him with their hatchets, took his scalp, and left him dead on the ground. The rest were all burnt alive, and Brother Senseman, who first went out at the back door, had the inexpressible grief to see his wife con- sumed by the flames. Sister Partsch could not run far for fear and trembling, but hid herself behind a tree, upon a hill near the house. From hence she saw Sister Senseman, already surrounded by the flames, standing with folded hands, and heard her call out, ' 'Tis all well, dear Saviour — I expected nothing else !' The house being consumed, the murderers set fire to the barns and stables, by which all the corn, hay, and cattle were destroyed. Then they divided the spoil, soaked some bread in milk, made a hearty meal, and departed — Sister Partsch looking on unperceived. This melancholy event proved the deliverer of the Indian congre- gation at Gnadenhiitten ; for upon hearing the report of the guns, seeing the flames, and soon learning the dreadful cause from those who had escaped, the Indian brethren immediately went to the missionary, and oflTered to attack the enemy without delay. But being advised to the contrary, they all fled into the woods, and Gnadenhiitten was cleared in a few minutes, some who already were in bed having scarce time to dress themselves. Brother Zeisberger, who had just arrived in Gnadenhiitten from Bethlehem, hastened back to give notice of this event to a body of English militia, which had marched within five miles of the spot ; but the}^ did not venture to pursue the enemy in the dark." The fugitive congregation arrived safelj' at Bethlehem. After the French and Indians had retired, the remains of those killed on the Mahoning were carefully collected from the ashes and ruins, and solemnly interred. A broad marble slab, placed there in 1788, now marks the grave, which is situated on the hill a short distance from Lehighton, and a little north of a small hamlet which occupies the site of the ancient missionary village. The following is the inscription on the marble : " To the memory of Gottlieb and Joanna Anders, with their child Christiana ; Martin and Susanna Nitschmann. Anna Catharine Senseman, John Gatter- meyer, George Fabricius, clerk; George Schweigert, John Frederick Lesly,and Martin Presser, who lived here at Gnadenhiitten unto the Lord, and lost their lives in a surprise from Indian warriors, November the 24th, 1755. Precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of his saints. — Psalm cxvi. 15." In 1756 Benjamin Franklin was sent out by the Provincial authorities to erect C ABB ON COUNTY. 493 stockade forts on the Lehigh, which was then the northern frontier. The fort erected opposite Gnadenhiitten was named Fort Allen, in honor of William Allen, chief justice of the Province. It served as a place of refuge in times of Indian depredations, and for a number of years was occupied by at least a handful of rangers and scouts. As late as 1780 the Gilbert family, living on Mahoning creek, five or six miles from Fort Allen, were carried into a bitterly painful captivity by a party of Indians, who took them to Canada, and there separated them. At the time of its occurrence this event caused intense excitement throughout the State, and from an interesting narrative published shortly after their release from captivity, we append the following synopsis : Benjamin Gilbert, a Quaker from By berry, near Philadelphia, in 1775, removed with his family to a farm on Mahoning creek, five or six miles from Fort Allen. His second wife was a widow Peart. They were comfortably situa- ted, with a good log dwelling-house, barn, and saw and grist mill. For five years this peaceable family went on industriously and prosperously ; but on the 25th April, 1780, the very year after Sullivan's expedition, they were surprised about sunrise by a party of eleven Indians, who took them all prisoners. At the Gil- bert farm they made captives of Benjamin Gilbert, Sr., aged 69 \'ears ; Elizabeth, his wife, 55 ; Joseph Gilbert, his son, 41 ; Jesse Gilbert, another son, 19; Sarah Gilbert, wife to Jesse, 19; Rebecca Gilbert, a daughter, 16; Abner Gilbert, a son, 14 ; Elizabeth Gilbert, a daughter, 12; Thomas Peart, son to Benjamin Gil- bert's wife, 23; Benjamin Gilbert, a son of John Gilbert of Philadelphia, 11; Andrew Harrigar, of German descent, 26 ; a hireling of Benjamin Gilbert's ; and Abigail Dodson, 14, a daughter of Samuel Dodson, who lived on a farm about one mile from Gilbert's mill. The whole number taken at Gilbert's was twelve. The Indians then proceeded about half a mile to Benjamin Peart's dwelling, and there captured himself, aged 27 ; Elizabeth, his wife, 20, and their child, nine months old. The last look the poor captives had of their once comfortable home was to see the flames and falling in of the roofs, from Summer Hill. The Indians led their captives on a toilsome road over Mauch Chunk and Broad mountains into the Nescopec path, and then across Quakake creek and the Moravian pine swamp to Mahoning mountain where they lodged the first night. On their way they had prepared moccasins for some of the children. Indians generally secure their prisoners by cutting down a sapling as large as a man's thigh, and therein cut notches in which they fix their legs, and over this they place a pole, crossing it with stakes drove in the ground, and on the crotches of the stakes they place other poles or riders, effectually confining the prisoners on their backs ; and besides all this they put a strap round their necks, which they fasten to a tree. In this man- ner the night passed with the Gilbert family. Their beds were hemlock branches strewed on the ground, and blankets for a covering. Andrew Montour was the leader of the Indian party. The forlorn band were dragged on over the wild and rugged region between the Lehigh and the Chemung branch of the Susquehanna. They were often ready to faint by the way, but the cruel threat of immediate death urged them again to the march. The old man, Benjamin Gilbert, indeed, had begun to fail, and had 494 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. oeen pai.ited black — a fatal omen among the Indians ; but when his cruel captors had put a rope around his neck, and appeared about to kill him, the intercessions of his wife softened their hearts, and he was saved. Subsequently, in Canada, the old man conversing with the chief observed, that he might say what none of the other Indians could, " that he had brought in the oldest man and the young- est cliild." The chiefs reply was impressive ; " It was not I, but the great God, who brought you through ; for we were determined to kill you, but were pre- vented." On the fifty-fourth day of their captivity, the Gilbert family had to encounter the fearful ordeal of the gauntlet. " The prisoners," says the author of the narrative, " were released from the heavy loads they had heretofore been compelled to carry, and were it not for the treatment they expected on theit approaching the Indian towns, and the hardship of separation, their situation would have been tolerable ; but the horror of their minds, arising from the dread- ful yells of the Indians as they approached the hamlets, is easier conceived than described — for they were no strangers to the customary cruelty exercised upon the captives on entering their towns. The Indians — men, women, and children — collect together, bringing clubs and stones in order to beat them, which they usually do with great severity, by way of revenge for their relations who have been slain. This is performed immediately upon their entering the village where the warriors reside, and cannot be avoided ; the blows, however cruel, must be borne without complaint. The prisoners are sorely beaten until their enemies are wear}' with the cruel sport. Their sufferings were in this case ver}' great ; the}' received several wounds, and two of the women who were on horseback were much bruised by falling from their horses, which were frightened by the Indians Elizabeth, the mother, took shelter by the side of one of them (a warrior), but upon his observing that she met with some favor upon his account, he sent her away ; she then received several violent blows, so that she was almost disabled. The blood trickled from their heads in a stream, their hair being cropped close, and the clothes they had on in rags, made their situation truly piteous. Whilst the Indians were inflicting this revenge upon the captives, the chief came and put a stop to any further cruelty by telling them ' it was sufficient,' which they immediately attended to." Soon after this a severer trial awaited them. They were separated from each other. Some were given over to Indians to be adopted, others were hired out by their Indian owners to service in white families, and others were sent down the lake to Montreal. Among the latter was the old patriarch Benjamin Gilbert. But the old man, accustomed to the comforts of civilized life, broken in body and mind from such unexpected calamities, sunk under the complication of woe and hardship. His remains were interred at the foot of an oak near the old fort of CoDur du Lac, on the St. Lawrence, below Ogdensburg. Some of the farail}^ met with kind treatment from the hands of British officers at Montreal, who were interested in their story, and exerted themselves to release them from captivity. Sarah Gilbert, the wife of Jesse, becoming a mother, Elizabeth left the service she was engaged in — Jesse having taken a house — that she miglit give her daughter every necessary attendance. In order to make their situation as com- fortable as possible, they took a child to nurse, which added a little to their CABBON COUNTY. 495 income. After this, Elizabeth Gilbert hired herself to iron a day for Adam Scott. While she was at her work, a little girl belonging to the house acquainted her that there were some who wanted to see her, and upon entering the room, she found six of her children. The joy and surprise she felt on this occasion were be^'ond what we shall attempt to describe. A messenger was sent to inform Jesse and his wife that Joseph Gilbert, Benjamin Peart, Elizabeth his wife, and their young child, and Abner and Elizabeth Gilbert the younger, were with their mother. Among the customs, or indeed common laws, of the Indian tribes, one of the most remarkable and interesting was adoption of prisoners. This right belonged more particularly to the females than to the warriors, and well was it for the prisoners that the election depended rather upon the voice of the mother than on that of the father, as innumerable lives were thus spared whom the warriors would have immolated. When once ailopted, if the captives assumed a cheerful aspect, entered into their modes of life, learned their language, and, in brief, acted as if the}' actually felt themselves adopted, all hardship was removed not incident to Indian modes of life. But, iCthis change of relation operated as amelioration of condition in the life of tlie prisoner, it rendered ransom extremely difficult in all cases, and in some instances precluded it altogetiier. These difficulties were exemplified in a striking manner in the i)erson of Elizabeth Gilbert the younger. This girl, only twelve years of age when captured, was adopted by an Indian family, but afterwards permitted to reside in a white family of the name of Secord, by whom she was treated as a child indeed, and to whom she became so much attached as to call ]Mr^. Secord by the endearing title of mamma. ller residence, however, in a wliite family, was a favor granted to the Secords b^' the Indian parents of Elizabeth, who regarded and claimed her as their child. Mr. Secord having business at Niagara, took Betsy, as she was called, with him; and there, after long separation, she had the happiness to meet with six of her rela- tions, most of whom liad V)eL'ii already luleased and were preparing to set out for Montreal, lingering and yearning for those tliey seemed destineil to leave behind, perhaps for ever. The sight of their beloved little sister roused every energy to effect her release, which desire was generously seconded by John Secord and Colonel Butler, wlio, soon after her visit to Niagara, sent for the Indian who claimed Elizabeth, and made overtures for her ransom. At first he declared that he " would not sell his own flesh and blood ; " but, attacked through his interest, or in other words, his necessities, the negotiation succeeded, and, as we have already seen, her youngest child was among the treasures first restored to the mother at Montreal. Eventually they were all redeemed and collected at Montreal on the 22nd of August, 1782, when they took leave of their kind friends there and returned to Byberry, after a captivity of two years and five months. The premises where stood the dwelling and improvements of the Gilbert family were on the north side of Mahoning creek, on an elevated bank about forty perches from the main road leading from Lehighton and Weissport to Tamaqua, and about four miles from the former. Benjamin Peart lived about half a mile further up the creek, and about one-fourth of a mile from the same, on the south side. 49g HIS TOR Y OF PENNS TL VANIA . The subsequent events transpiring within the limits of Carbon county are so intimately connected with its progress and development, that we have alluded to them in tlie former portion of this sketch. In the war of the Revolution, this portion of the then Northampton county, notwithstanding its frontier exposure, contributed largely to that gallant band of heroes who, under the lead of Wash- ington, gained for us our independence. In the war of 1812 the enthusiasm of the inhabitants was unbounded; and wherever and whenever required, the strucro-les of their fathers were not forgotten ; although they shared no blood- staine°d battle-field, their services helped to swell the patriot host which mustered for the defence of the Delaware and the me- tropolis of Pennsylva- nia. In the recent civil conflict Carbon county contributed her full share in men and means to put down the rebellion. Many of her sons fell on the field of strife, cement- ing by their blood the union of the States. The history of these troops we leave to the faithful local historian. Mauch Chunk, the county seat, is situated on the west bank of the Lehigh river, forty-six miles from its mouth, in what has been called the " Switzerland of Ameri- ca." It was first settled about the year 1815. It was then a perfect wil- derness, covered with MOUNT PISGAH INCLINED PliANB. forest-trees and undergrowth, and so completely hemmed in by high and sreep mountains, that it was as unlikely a spot as could be selected for a town, while any outlet by means of a wagon road seemed well ni.;h im- . possible. The borough is located on a creek of the same name, in a narrow gulch, between three hgh, steep, and rocky mountains, whose peaks average eight hundred and fifty feet above the town. Mauch Chunk is an Indian name, and means "Bear mountain." One of the peaks, in proximity to the town, is the celebrated Mount Pisgah, over which crosses the far-famed switch-back railroad, annually visited by sight-seers from all parts of the country. Until 1827 the coal was brought from the mines to the river in wagons. To Josiah White is due the honor of this enterprise, whicli has contributed so largely to the development and prosperity of this locality. By means of stationary engines at the different LA MB ON COUNTY. 497 planes, the empty cars are hauled up and returned to the mines, and the loaded ones brought as far as Summit Hill, whence they proceed, by gravity, to the shutes at Mauch Chunk. The grade varies from fifty to ninety feet per mile, except in the descent from Summit Hill to Panther Creek valley, when it is two hundred and twenty feet. The same unusual style of locomotion is also adopted for passenger cars, and affords a remarkable degree of amusement and enjoyment to the numerous visitors carried daily over this route. By a tunnel one mile in length, through the Nesquehoning mountain, from the Panther Creek valley, the coal company ships most of its coal to Mauch Chunk, retaining the switch-back road for passenger travel al- most exclusively. From the foot of Mount Pisgah a double track has been constructed to its sum- mit, a distance of two thousan 1 three hundred and twenty-two feet, with an elevation of abou nine hundred feet above the river, at an angle oi twenty degrees. The scene from the top of the plane is really su- blime. The view of Mauch Chunk, Upper Mauch Chunk, East Mauch Chunk, nestling beneath the shadows of the mountains, with the Lehigh river winding its way at its base, and alive on either side with the steam-cars and canal boats ; the succession of mountain ridges, rising range after range; the distant view of the Lehigh water gap, with occasional glimpses of intervening fields and hamlets, and the far distant view of Schooley's mountain, in New Jersey; this with much more that cannot be described, combine to make this panorama one of almost matchless beauty and grandeur. As a consequence, Mauch Chunk has become a favorite resort. The borough contains handsome church edifices of stone and brick, belonging to the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Catholic, and Methodist congregations. The county prison is a fine specimen of architecture, costing over $130,000. The court house is a plain, substantial, and commodious building. The borough is well lighted with gas, while few places enjoy so great and constant supply of pure spring water. Its industries consist principally of two extensive iron foundries and machine shops for the manufacture of stationary engines, pumps, boilers, etc., steam flour and grist mill, car repair shops, shoe 2 G THE CASCADE, GLEN ONOKO. 498 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. factories, boat yards, and two wire-rope factories. The machinery for this latter branch of manufacture was first invented in Mauch Chunk. The second ward of the borough, called Upper Mauch Chunk, is situated on the mountain, about two hundred and fift^^ feet above the main part of the town. It is a quiet and industrious place, of about one thousand inhabitants, principally Germans, who work in the different car shops and on the railroads. A grave-yard is located on the neighboring height. The grandeur and magnificence of the scenery of Carbon county is not confined to picturesque Mauch Chunk. Two miles above is situated Glen Onoko, greatly admired for its wild beauty. Its course is westerlj^, and the total ascent over nine hundred feet. It forms the channel for a pure and limpid stream, which fol- lows its eccentric course over innumerable cascades and rapids until it empties into the Lehigh. The finest view in the Glen includes not only the Chameleon Falls but also Onnko Falls and the Cas- cade, and this double vista is rich with a diver- sity of loveliness not easy to describe. The former are so called from the va- riety of colors frequently noticeable in the spray and foam. They are fifty feet high. Onoko Falls are the highest in the Glen, and are esteemed the handsomest. Their height is ninety feet. The shelving overhanging rocks on either side are covered with moss and fern, and these, with a tree now and then jutting out from their apparently sterile embrace, form a fitting embellishment to the dashing and sparkling waters which have been for centuries seeking through their fissures an outlet from their mountain source. A view of the Nescopec valley from Prospect rock is grand and imposing. For miles and miles the eye ranges over a succession of fertile valleys inter- spersed with the primeval forest. The panorama extends as far as the eye can reach. Not far distant is Cloud Point, so named from the fact that it is very frequently shrouded in filmly vapor. Here, too, the view is of equal beauty, and in the language of a celebrated tourist, " there is something indescribably grand in the solitude of this scene — forests of giant trees lifting high their heads, ONOKO FALLS, OLEN ONOKO. CARBON COUNTY. 499 through which peer rough visaged rocks, which the hand of time has failed to smooth." All along the Lehigh valley, north of Mauch Chunk, are numberless attractions. Fifty years ago it was almost an unexplored wilderness, but the ingenuity of man has triumphed, and instead of the dan- gerous defile and the impassable mountain torrent, two railroads thread the way ; and the scenic beauties — a succession of valley, precipice, mountain, rock, ravine, snowy cascade, and romantic nook, are open to the aitist and the traveller, enrapturing the one and charming the other. Not far from Cloud Point is Glen Thomas, named m honor of David Thomas, the pioneer of the iron trade of the Lehigh. In this shaded dell is the Amber Cascade, so greatly admired by all visitors to this picturesque region. The borough of East Mauch Chunk was incorpoiated in 1853. It is situated on the east side of the Lehigh river, on a level platform of land sur- rounded by mountains. The streets are wide, and it contains many handsome residences. It has a Catholic, Methodist, and Episcopal chui'ch edifices. Most of the trading is carried on with Mauch Chunk, three-quarters of a mile distant. Weissport borough was early settled by Colonel Jacob Weiss, Quartermaster-Genei'al of the Revolutionary army. It contains among other industries, an emery wheel manufactory, a foundry, boat yards, sash factory, saw mill, etc. The town is situated on a level sandy plain, along the shore of the Lehigh river, and on the site of old Fort Allen. The famous Franklin well, constructed by the celebrated printer, is in a good state of preservation. Weissport was incorporated as a borough in 1867. Lehighton, directly across the Lehigh river, and from which it takes its name, is an old town, also laid out over a hundi'ed years ago. It is a stirring borough, containing about two thou- sand inhabitants, having a foundry, pork pack- ing establishment, lumber and coal yards, grist AMBEK CASCADE, GLEN THOMAS. mill, coach factories. The Lutherans, Presbyterians, Catholic, Episcopalians, and Methodists have each a church. The famous Gnadenhiitten burjang ground is located here. The " Packerton " Lehigh Yalley railroad company's shops are located one and a half miles north of it, and also those of the Lehigh Valley and Lehigh and Susquehanna railroads. Mahoning and East Penn townships are tributary to its trade. This borough has doubled its popu- 500 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. lation in ten years, and is destined to be the largest town in Carbon county. It was incorporated in 1855. Packerton, named in honor of Hon. Asa Packer, the president of the Lehigh Valley railroad, contains the large shops of the Lehigh Valley railroad company, completed in 1863, where nearly five thousand coal and box cars were built during 1875, employing about six hundred men. Here is located the deer park of Judge Packer, seventy-five acres of which are enclosed, containing elk, ante- lope, deer, etc. Packerton contains a post office, Methodist church, and a large school-house, erec- ted by Mr. Packer, and presented by him to the school board of the Pack- erton independent school district. Adjoining this is a small hamlet known as Dolon- burg, containing a population deriv- ing their support from Packerton. Nesquehoning is a small mining village in Mauch Chunk township, on the Nesquehon- ing Valley rail- road, four and one- half miles north- west from Mauch Chunk. The inhabitants are miners, as a general thing, old residents of the county, as the place has been very steadily worked for forty 3^ears. Summit Hill, in Mauch Chunk township, is a large town, entirely a mining district of the old Lehigh coal and navigation company-. It, with the towns of Ashton and Sansford, adjoining on the west (the latter place being the east end of the tunnel made a few ^-ears ago by the Lehigh coal and navigation com- pany, nearl}' a mile long), containing repair shops, and the large amount of coal produced from the different mines, make Summit Hill, as the centre, a busy place, with a population of about three thousand hardy, sturdy miners and artisans. This is the end of the famous switch-back railroad, and by it in times past all the product was transported. Since the completion of the tunnel at Sansford, the towns are supplied by that road running from Mauch Chunk to Tamaqua station, CLOUD POINT. C ABB ON COUNTY. 501 at Sansford. The north end of the tunnel is called Houts, after one of the part- ners of the original firm of the original coal producing compan}' of 1817, Wliite, Hazard & Houts. Here are located very large works where small coal receives its second cleaning prior to its being shipped to market. Weatherly borough, a very busy, thriving town of full one thousand five hundred inhabitants, near the junction of the Mahanoy branch of the Lehigh Yalley railroad, is situated on Black creek. It contains large repair shoi)S and locomotive works for the Lehigh Valley railroad. It was incorporated in 1864. Buck Mountain, a village at the mines of that name. The Buck Mountain coal company lies in Lausanne township, adjoining the Luzerne county line. RocK-PoRT is a small town on the Lehigh river. In former days it was the outlet of the coal from the Buck Mountain company's mines to the canal. The canal was washed away in 1862, and since its abandoning is the station of the Lehigh and Sus- quehanna railroad. There is an extensive flagstone quarry near by. The poor house farm is located in the neighborhood, and is a model in its way. liEHiGH Water Gap is lo- cated where the Lehigh river cuts through the Blue moun- tains. It is known as the resi- dence of General Craig of revo- lutionary fame. A small ham- let in a very picturesque place at the junction of the Aquan- shicola creek and the Leliigh river. Mill-Port is situated two miles up Aquanshicola creek. It is a small village, containing a tannery, mill, etc., and gives the people of the village and the township of Lower Towamensing a centre of labor. Beaver Meadow, a village located in the east end of Banks township, close to the Beaver Meadow mines, also other large coal works near by and newly building, is the station of the Beaver Meadow branch of the Lehigh Valley railroad. It contains a large shoe manufactory, etc. YoRKTOWN is a mining town, in the western end of Carbon county, from which a large amount of coal is shipped by the Lehigh and Susquehanna and lichigh Valley railroads. Jeansville, a flourishing mining town, lies partly in Luzerne and partly in Carbon counties. It ships large quantities of coal. NESQUEHONING BRIDGE. CENTKE COUNTY. BY JOHN BLAIR LINN, BELLEFONTE. HE act " for creating paits of the counties of Mifflin, Northumberland, Lycoming, and Huntingdon into a separate county, to be called Centre," was approved February 19, 1800. [Dallas' Laws, vol. iv. 541.] The bounds of its territory then commenced on the river, opposite the mouth of Quinn's run (improperly called in present maps " Queen run ") ; thence running nearly due south to the mouth of Fishing creek (where '^"P&WESTPH VIEW OF THE BOROUGH OF BELLEFONTE. [From a Photograph by Moore, Bellelonte.] Mill Hall has been built since) ; thence a course a Jittle south of east, to the old north-east corner of Haines, including Nittany valley ; from which point they followed the present boundaries of the county to the Moshannon creek ; thence to the mouth of the Moshannon; thence duwn the river to the place of beginning. The act creating Clinton county (21st June, 1839, P. L., 362) carved from 502 S CENTRE COUNTY. 503 Centre the territory now embraced in tliat part of Chapman and Crugan town- ships south of the river ; all of Beech Creek, Porter, and Logan, and nearly all of Greene, Lamar, and Bald Eagle townships, in the former county. The northern line of the purchase of 1758 ran from a point on Buffalo creek, a few miles west of Mifflinburg, Union county, due west, passing through where Bellefonte now stands, to the east side of the Allegheny hills, where the boundary deflected southerly to the State line at what is now the intersection of the bounds of Bedford and Somerset with the latter. About the half, then, of the present territory of Centre was within the purchase of 1758, and that the more tillable portion, "So cautious, however, were the proprietors at this period, of offending the Indians, by making surveys beyond the line, that the most positive instructions were given the deputy surveyors on this head ; and as the line was not run, nor its exact position known, the end of Nittany mountain appears to have been assumed as a station, and a west line from thence presumed to be the purchase line," [Charles Smith, 2 Smith Laws, 122.] Cumberland county had been formed January 27, 1750, including all the western portion of the Province. All the southern half of Centre county therefore was within the bounds of Cumberland until the following changes took place : first, Bedford county was erected March 9. 1771, and that part of Frankstown township, which included the territory forming now the southern portions of Harris, Ferguson, Half-Moon, Taylor, and Rush townships, came within the bounds of Bedford, and remained there until Huntingdon was erected, September 20, 1787 ; second, Northumberland county was erected March 21, 1772, embrac- ing the present territory of the county north of the Bedford county line; speaking with reference to the lines between Bedford and Northumberland, ascer- tained in pursuance of the act of 30th of September, 1779, [Dallas' laws, vol. i. page 803,] On the 19th of September, 1789, Mifflin county was formed [Dallas' Laws, vol. ii., 718], including all the southern half of the territory of Centre except the part in Huntingdon county above referred to, and Gregg, Penn, Haines, and Miles townships, as now constituted, which remained in Northum- berland. On the 22d of September, 1766, William Maclay made the first survey in Penn's valle3',then in Cumberland county, a reservation of the Proprietaries in the name of Henry Montour, eight hundred and twenty acres, called the Manor of Succoth, described as on the head of Penn's creek, above the great Spring and north-west of it. It adjoins the Matlack survey (where Spring Mills now stands) on the north, in Gregg township, and is called for by all the surrounding surveys. On the 23d and 24th of September, 1766, Mr. Maclay surveyed what is now known as the " Manor," for the Proprietaries, embracing one thousand and thirty- five acres in what is now Potter township, described as " near the Indian path leading from the head of Penn's creek to Old Frankstown, where the waters seem to turn to Little Juniata." Its bounds ran south-westerly from the tract on which Potter's Fort tavern stands, eight hundred and fifty-seven perches, or nearly three miles, its width varying from one hundred and fiftj'-eight perches on the east, to two hundred and fifty-four and a half on the west. The Haines' surveys, run- ning from the mouth of Elk creek, along Penn's, and for nearly a mile up Sink- ing creek, were made by the same surveyor in September and October, 1766 ; a few 504 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. others were made for General Potter (now in Gregg township), in 1766. A number of surveys, commencing with the John Chandler, immediately west of Woodward, were made in October, 1766 ; but the larger portion of the valley surveys do not date beyond 1774. On November 5, 1768, the upper half of the pi-esent territory of Centre was secured by purchase at Fort Stanvvix from the Indians. It was all within Cum- berland until the erection of Northumberland, in 1772. It being within Charles Lukens' district, the oldest surveys were made by Lukens and his deputies, in the summer of 1769. The "officer's surveys," extending from Lock Haven to Howard, were made by Charles Lukens, in March and April, 1769. The Griffith Gibbon, on which Bellefonte now stands, was surveyed July 20, 1769, and the Peter Graybill (on which Milesburg is now built), on the 18th of July, 1769, then known as the " Bald Eagle Nest." The vallej'^ surveys, commencing near Stover's, in Brush valle}^, and running up to Gregg township, were all made by William Maclay, for Colonel Samuel Miles, in 1773. A manuscript journal of Richard Miles probably indicates the surveying party: "April 20, 1773, started for Shamoken, from Radnor, Chester county, in company with James and Enos Miles, Abel Thomas, and John Lewis." They passed up the river by way of Muncy Hill and Great Island ; then went up the Bald Eagle, returning by way of the Narrows, down through Buffalo valley. Elk, Penn's, Pine, Sinking, and Bald Eagle creeks had their names as early as 1766 Marsh, Beech, Spring, Fishing, Moshannon creeks, Wallis, Davis, and Buf- falo runs have their names in 1769. Scull's map of April 4, 1770, indicates the position of the Eagle's Nest, Great Plains, Big Spring, now Spring Mills, the Indian path from " the Nest," up Buffalo run to Huntingdon. In 1772 the territory was nearly all included in Buffalo and Bald Eagle town- ships, Northumberland county — Buffalo, extending up to the forks of Penn's creek, thence by a north line to the river, and Bald Eagle beginning at the forks, thence l\y a north line to the river, thence up the same to the county line, etc. At Ma}' sessions, 177j4^-PQtter _townsbip was erec ted _ outjj££gnn's,, Buffalo, and Bald Eagle, bounded eastward by a line from the top of Jack's mountain, by the four-mile tree in Reuben Haines' road in the Narrows, to the top of Nittany mountain, thence along the top thereof to the end thereof, at Spring creek, on the old path, thence south or south-east to the top of Tussey's mountain, thence along the county line to the top of Jack's mountain, etc. At February sessions, 1790, the name of Potter township was changed to Haines. The southern portion of Centre county was settled by emigrants from Cum- berland valley as early as 1766, and before that. The settlers of the northern portion came in by way of the Bald Eagle creek in 1768 and 1769. Among the earliest settlers of. this northern portion of the county were Andrew Boggs, who built his cabin on the Joseph Poultney, opposite Milesburg, Daniel and Jonas Davis, who settled a little farther down the creek, William Lamb, Richard Malone, etc. Among the Revolutionary soldiers of Centre county were Philip Barnhart, who died Aprd 3, 1843; Lawrence Bathurst ; Nicholas Bressler, died in April, 1843; Isaac Broom, wounded at Germantown ; John C. Colby, a deserter from the Hessians; Jacob Duck, died in 1836; Peter Fleck, Peter Florey, of Haines (JEN TEE COUNTY. 505 township ; Jacob Fliescher, Ludwig Friedley, John Glantz, John Garrison, of Spring; Henrj' Herring, William Hinton, of Boggs, who died in 1839, aged ninety-one years ; Christopher Keatley, of Potter township; William Kelly, John Kitchen, Daniel Koons, David Lamb, died April 19, 1831, and who was with Arnold at Quebec; Mungo Lindsay, of Col. Miles' regiment; William Mason, of Spring township; John McClean, of Potter; Jacob Miller, of Walker; Henry McEwen, of Potter, who was also at Quebec ; Alexander McWilliams ; Isaac McCamant, of Ferguson ; John F. Ream, Evan Russel, Adam Sunday, Yalen- ^line^Stober; Nicholas Schnell, of Potter, Nicholas Shanefelt, of Harris ; William Taylor; Joseph Vaughn, of Half-Moon ; David Wilson, of Bald Eagle; Joseph penn's valley, from nittany mountain. [From a Photograph by Moore, Bellefonte ] White, of Boggs ; Neal Welsh, of Half-Moon. Robert Young, of Walker, of Lowdon's company at Boston, in August, 1775 ; also James Dougherty, who was made a prisoner at Quebec, and afterwards served in Washington's Life-Guards until the end of the war. In 1776 Penn's vallej"^ was prett}'^ numerously settled, and Potter township, which then embraced that valley, was represented in the county committee of safety by John Livingston, Maurice Davis, and John Hall. A company of asso- ciators from it and the Bald Eagle settlement, in March, 1776, was officered as follows : Captain William McElhatton, First Lieutenant Andrew Boggs, Second Lieutenant Thomas Wilson, Ensign John McCormick. A Presbyterian church was organized in East Penn's valley, and a church built at Spring Mills at a very 506 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. early date. The first regular pastor, of whom we have any account, was Rev. James Martin, who commenced his labors there A)3ril 15, 1789; he died June 20, 1795 and is buried at Spring Mills. He was the ancestor of the Bell family of Blair county. On the 8th of May, 1778, the Indians killed one man on the Bald Eagle set- tlement, Simon Vaugh, a private of Captain Bell's company ; he was killed at the house of Jonas Davis, who lived a short distance below Andrew Boggs, opposite Milesburg. Robert Moore, the express rider, who took the news, stopped at the house of Jacob Standiford to feed his horse, where he found Stan- diford dead, who, with his wife and daughter, were killed and scalped, and his son, a lad of ten or eleven years of age, missing. Standiford was killed on what was lately Ephraim Keller's farm, three miles west of Potter's Fort. Henry Dale, father of Captain Christian Dale, who helped bury them, said that Standi- ford and four of his family were killed. They were buried in a corner of one of the fields on the place, where their graves may still be seen. On the 25th of July, 1778, General Potter writes from Penn's valley, " that the inhabitants of the valley are returned, and were cutting their grain. Yesterday two men of Captain Finley's company. Colonel Brodhead's regiment, went out from this place in the plains a little below my fields, and met a party of Indians, five in number, whom they engaged ; one of the soldiers, Thomas Yan Doran, was shot dead, the other, Jacob Shedacre, ran about four hundred yards, and was pursued by one of the Indians ; they attacked each other with their knives, and one excellent soldier killed his antagonist. His fate was hard, for another Indian came up and shot him. He and the Indian lay within a perch of each other ; these two soldiers served with Colonel Morgan in the last campaign." (At Bur- goyne's capture.) James Alexander, who in after years farmed the old Fort place, found a rusted hunting knife near the spot of the encounter. Two stones were put up to mark the spot, still standing on William Henning's place, near the fort. In 1792, when Reading Howell published his map, his stations on the main road were Hubler's, Aaronsburg, McCormick's, now Spring Mills, and Potter's. Connelly's is marked in Nittany valley, Malone's opposite the Nest, Antes' below. Miles' in Brush valley, Willy brook (Willy-bank), name of a stream issuing prin- cipally from Matlack's spring, and running into Spring creek ; the Buffalo Lick, on Buffalo run, on the place now owned by Mrs. Samuel H. Wilson's heirs. Aaronsburg was then the only town in the territory. In the years 1770 or 1771 Reuben Haines, a rich brewer of Philadelphia, who owned the large body of land above referred to, cut a road from the hollow just below the Northumberland bridge, up along the south side of Buffalo valley, through the narrows into Penn's valley. In 1775 a road from the Bald Eagle to Sunbury, along the west side of the Susquehanna, was laid out, and the main road through Buffalo valley was pushed up as far as the Great Plain. The turnpike era commenced March 29, 1819, with the incorporation of the Aarons- burg and Bellefonte turnpike road company and the Youngmanstown and Aaronsburg turnpike road company. Inland navigation, with the incorporation of the Bald Eagle and Spring Creek navigation company, April 14, 1834. Railroads, with the incorporation of the Tyrone and Clearfield railroad company, March 23, 1854, and the Tyrone and Lock Haven, February 21, 1857. CENTBE COUNTY. 50T The development of the iron interest of Centre county commenced with the purchase by Colonel John Patton, of the tract upon which he erected Centre furnace, now in Harris township, and twenty-eight other contiguous tracts from Mr. Wallis, May 8, 1790. He built Centre furnace in the summer of 1792. The next adventurer in that business was General Philip Benner, who bought the Rock Forge place of Mr. Matlack, May 2, 1792, and in 1793 erected his house there, together with forge, slitting, and rolling mill. In 1795 Daniel Turner erected Spring Creek forge, of which nothing remains now but the site, and in 1796 Miles Dunlap & Co. had Harmony forge, on Spring creek, in operation. In 1837 the following iron works were in operation: On Bald Eagle creek: Hannah furnace, owned by George McCulloch and Lyon, Shorb & Co. ; Martha furnace, owned by Roland Curtin ; a new furnace, owned by Adams, Irwin & Huston. On Moshannon and Clearfield creeks : Cold Stream forge, owned by Mr. Adams ; a forge and extensive screw factory, owned by Hard man Phillips. On Spring and Bald Eagle creeks : Centre furnace and Milesburg forge and rolling mill, owned by Irwin & Huston ; Eagle furnace, forge, and rolling mill, owned by Roland Curtin ; Logan furnace, forge, rolling mill, and nail fac- tory, owned by Valentine & Thomas ; Rock furnace and forge, owned by the heirs of General P. Benner ; forge owned by Irwin & Bergstresser. On Fishing creek and Bald Eagle creek : Hecla furnace and Mill Hall furnace and forge, owned hy John Mitchell & Co.; Howard furnace, owned by Harris k Co.; Wash- ington furnace and forge, owned by A. Henderson. Also, in the county : Tus- sey furnace, owned by Lyon, Shorb & Co., not now in operation ; and a furnace owned by Mr. Friedley. In all, thirteen furnaces, making annually eleven thousand six hundred tons pig metal; ten forges, making four thousand five hundred tons blooms ; three rolling mills, manufacturing two thousand three hundred tons into bar iron and nails. Aaronsburg was laid out by Aaron Levy, of the town of Northumberland, on the 4th of October, 1786. The town plan is recorded at Sunbury of that date. Aaron's square, ninety feet in breadth, extending from East street to West street, was reserved for public uses. Bellefonte was laid out by Messrs. James Dunlop and James Harris, upon the Griffith Gibbon tract, which they purchased of William Lamb, in 1795. The first members of town council were William Petriken, Roland Curtin, J. G. Low- rie, Thomas Burnside, Andrew Boggs, and Robert McLanahan. It was incorpo- rated March 8, 1806. The first water works were erected in 1808. On the 18th of March, 1814, another act of incorporation was passed, including Smithfield in the borough, and repealing the former one. Milesburg was laid out by Colonel Samuel Miles, on the Peter Graybill tract, known as the Bald Eagle's Nest, in 1793. The old Indian town stood on the right bank of the creek about a mile below where Spring creek empties into the Bald Eagle. Many applications of 1769 have reference by distance or otherwise to the Bald Eagle's Nest. The Joseph Poultney, on the opposite bank of the creek, is described '' as near the fording, including his improvement, and opposite the Nest." Milesburg was incorporated March 3, 1843. The " Bald Eagle's Nest" was the residence of an Indian chief of that name, 608 HISTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. who had built his wigwam there between two white oaks. Bald Eagle was the chief of a Muncy tribe, and commanded the party which made the attack upon a party of soldiers who were protecting some reapers on the Loyal Sock, on the 8th of August, 1778, when James Brady was mortally wounded. He was killed at Brad3''s Bend on the Allegheny, fifteen miles above Kittanning, by Captain Samuel Brady, in the early part of June, 1779. [Appendix to Pennsylvania Archives, page 131.] It was a place of resort by the Indians even after the Revolutionary war. Shawanee John and Job Chillaway, friendly Indians, made it their rendezvous. The former, who belonged to Captain Lowdon's company. BALD eagle's NEST, FROM BELOW, ON SPRING CREEK. [From a Photograph by Moore, Bellefonte.] which fought in front of Boston, died at the " Nest" many years after the war. All traces of the village have long since disappeared. Phillipsburg was laid out before Centre county was erected. Henry and James Phillips were the proprietors, and the first house was built by John Henry Simler, a Revolutionary soldier, in the year 1797. Simler enlisted in Paris, in 1780, in Captain Claudius de Berts' troop. Colonel Armand's (Marquis de La Rouarie) dragoons, and was at the taking of Cornwallis ; he was wounded in the forehead and eye by a sabre. He died in Philadelphia in 1 829. William Swansey, Robert Boggs, and Andrew Gregg, the trustees specified in the act of Assembly erecting the county, met at Bellefonte on the 31st of VENTRE COUNT F. 509 July, 1800. A conveyance for one-half of the tract of land on which the town of Bellefonte was laid out, including a moiet}'^ of the lots in said town as well as those sold or those not sold, was presented by James Dunlop and James Harris, Esqs., according to their bond given to the Governor. It was agreed that the sale of the lots should be indiscriminate, and the money arising therefrom should be divided equally between the proprietors and trustees ; and that on the first Monday of September, the residue of the part undivided in the town should be laid out in lots of two and a half acres each, and sold at public auction. It was also agreed that it would be injurious to the interests of the inhabitants to erect the prison in the public square, and that application should be made to the Legis- lature to vest the trustees with discretionary power to erect the prison in any other part of the town. On the 1st of September they met again, articled with Colonel Dunlop and Mr. Harris for payment of one half of the proceeds of lots to be sold, and contracted with Hudson Williams to build the prison on such lot as should be designated. It was to be thirty feet long and twenty-five feet wide in the clear. Among other specifications " there shall be an apartment in the cellar for a dungeon; said dungeon shall be twelve feet by nine in the clear, covered above with hewed logs laid close together, under the plank of the floor, and a proper trap door to let into the dungeon." The contract price for the jail was one thousand one hundred and sixty-two dollars. The first court held in Bellefonte was the quarter sessions of November, 1800, before Associate Judges James Potter and John Bai'ber, when, upon motion of Jonathan Walker, Esq., the following attoi'neys were qualified : Jonathan Walker, Charles Huston, Elias W. Hale, Jonathan Henderson, Robert Allison, Robert F. Stewart, William A. Patterson, John Miles, David Irvine, W. W. Laird, and John W. Hunter. The January sessions, 1801, were also held by Judge Potter and his asso- ciates ; constables appearing : for Upper Bald Eagle, William Connelly ; Lower Bald Eagle, Samuel Carpenter; Centre, John McCalmont ; Haines, Philip Frank; Miles, Stephen Bolender; Potter, Thomas Sankey ; Patton, Christian Dale. The following persons were recommended for license as inn-keepers : John Matthias Beuck, Aaronsburg ; Robert Porter, Franklin ; Thomas Wilson, Centre ; James Whitehill, Potter ; and Philip Callahan, Aaronsburg. The name of Upper Bald Eagle was changed to Spring township, and Ferguson erected, beginning at the line of Bald Eagle and Patton, near Robert Moore's, including his farm, thence through the Barrens, to include Centre furnace and James Jackson, near Half Moon, the line to be continued until it strikes the Huntingdon county line, thence along same and Centre till it strikes Tussey mountain, thence along the mountain to Patton and Potter and part of Bald Eagle, to the place of beginning. The first grand jury was assembled to April sessions, 1801, when the presi- dent judge, James Riddle, appeared on the bench for the first time in the county. The names of these jurors were William Swansey, Esq., James Harris, Esq., Philip Benner, Richard Malone, John Ball, David Barr, William Kerr, Esq., Michael Bolinger, Esq., James Whitehill, William Irvine, John Irvin, William Eyerlj'^, Esq., James Newall, Samuel Dunlop, Alexander Read, General John Pat- ton, John M. Bench, James Reynolds, Michael Weaver, and Felix Chrisman. Additional persons recommended for license : Hugh Gallagher and Benjamin 510 RIS TORT OF PENNS YL VANIA. Patton, Bellefonte ; Jacob Kepler and John Benner, Potter ; John Motz and William Lowerwine, of Haines. The first case of notoriety, particularly from the array of counsel concerned, was George McKee vs. Hugh Gallagher, 18th August, term, 1801, McKee kept a tavern in a stone house, on the lot where Thomas Reynolds now resides ; Gal- lagher, in a long frame house, which stood in the lot now occupied by D. G. Bush, Esq. A wagon loaded with whiskey in barrels did not stand over night in front of McKee's, as some one took out the pinnings, and it rushed, like the swine of old, down the declivity into the creek, and the whiskey floated off with its waters. Sine illse lacrimse. The case, however, was slander. Gallagher said George McKee stole Samuel Lamb's saddle bags. The counsel who appeared for McKee were Foulke, Reed, J. Dunlap, S. Duncan, Wallace, T. Duncan, Culloh, Thompson, Miles, McCIure, Kidd, Irwin, Allison, and Patterson. For Gallagher appeared Stewart, Walker, Henderson, Rose, Huston, Hastings, Clark, Hall, Laird, Bonham, Geramill, Burnside, Boggs, Orbison, Cadwalader, Canan, Smith, Carpenter, H. Dunlop, Dean, Hepburn, and Bellas. After exhausting all the tactics known to lawyers in attack and defence, the case was finally marked settled. The first capital case was that of negro Dan, alias Daniel Beyers, who mur- dered James Barrows, on the night of the 15th of October, 1802, in Spring town- ship. The jury returned with their verdict a valuation of him ; "valued him at two hundred and fourteen dollars." He was executed on the 13th of December, 1802, by James Duncan, Esq., then high sheriff. A large crowd, consisting of forge-men and other original characters, had assembled to witness the execution, and a company of horse, under the command of Captain James Potter (General Potter, 2d), was drawn up near the scaffold. With the first swing the rope broke, and negro Dan fell to the ground unhurt ; with that the crowd shouted " Dan is free," and headed by Archy McSwords and McCamant, they made a move to rescue him. Sheriff Duncan, who always carried a lead-loaded ri sing whip, drew it promptly, and struck McSwords a blow that might have felled an ox. McSwords scratched his head, and said, " Mr. Duncan, as you are a small man, you may pass on," with that Captain Potter's company made a charge, and William Irvin, of the troop, levelled McCamant with a blow of his sword, cutting his cap-rim through Meanwhile William Petriken stepped up to Dan, and patted him on the shoulder, saying, " Dan, you have always been a good boy, go up now and be hung like a man," which he did. The next capital case was that of James Monks, convicted of the murder of Reuben Guild, before Judge Huston, December 1, 1818. He was executed on Saturday, January 23, 1819, by John Mitchell, Esq., high sheriff. For several years prior to 1820, the people of Centre county were kept in constant terror by the operations of a bold band of highwaymen and counter- feiters, among whom were McGuire, Connelly, and David Lewis. Lewis was a son of Lewis Lewis, a former deputy surveyor under Charles Lukens, who re- moved to Centre county, then Mifllin, in 1793. They operated along the road through the Seven mountains, their last adventure being the robbery of a wagon loaded with store goods belonging to Hammond and Page of Bellefonte. An armed party from Bellefonte tracked them to the house of Samuel Smith, at the CENTRE COUNTY. 511 junction of Bennett's and Driftwood Branch, where a battle occurred, resulting in the mortal wounding of Connelly, who died July 3, at Karskadden, near the mouth of Bald Eagle, and of David Lewis, who died in the Bellefonte jail, in July, 1820. Twelve miles south-west of Bellefonte, in College township, is located the State College. As originally proposed by the Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society, and organized under its auspices, it was named the Farmer's High School of Pennsylvania. The act of incorporation is dated April 13, 1854. In 1862 its name was changed to " The Agricultural College of Pennsylvania." In 1867, the institution having then come under the law of Congress of July 2, 1862, was compelled to extend its course of instruction, in order more fully to comply with the educational requirements of that act, which directs that " the leading PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE. object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanical arts, in such manner as the Legislature of the State might prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life." The scope of the institution being thus greatly extended, the name was again changed (January, 1874) to "the Pennsylvania State College." In 1863 the Congres- sional land grant was accepted by the State, and subsequently the scrip for the 780,000 acres of land granted, sold and properly invested as an endowment fund for the State College. Since the year 1872 the annual income from this fund has been $30,000. The college property consists of a tract of four hundred acres, of which one hundred are set apart as a model and experimental farm, and worked separate from the main college farm of three hundred acres, though under the supervision of the professor of agricultui-e. The main building is a I 512 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. plain substantial structure of limestone, seated on a pleasant rise of ground, and is two hundred and fortj' feet in length, eighty feet in average breadth, and fuL five stories in height, exclusive of the basement, with ample lodging rooms chapel, library, societj'^ halls, laboratories, cabinets, and refectory for three hundred and thirty students, the whole well heated and supplied with water. A large campus for exercise and drill and extensive pleasure grounds adjoin the buildings. A full college course is pursued, consisting of instruction in agricul- ture, chemistry, geology, botany, surveying and engineering, telegraphy, physics, language, and literature, combined with military instruction. No charge is made for tuition. The faculty consists of twelve professors, of whom Rev. James Calder, D.D., is president. The State College is at present in a flourishing condition. Organization op Townships. — The original townships of Centre count}^ were Upper Bald Eagle, Lower Bald Eagle, Centre, Haines, Miles, Patton, Potter, and Warrior Mark. In January, 1801, the name of Upper Bald Eagle was changed to that of Spring township, and at the same session Ferguson was erected, including Centre furnace. January session, 1802, the name of Warrior Mark was changed to that of Half Moon. On the 26th of March, 1804, Clear- field and M'Kean counties were erected and placed under the jurisdiction of the several courts of Centre count}-. Accordingly at August session, 1804, M'Kean was erected into a township called Ceres, and Clearfield into a separate township called Chinklacamoose, by the Quarter Sessions of Centre county ; and roads laid out in those counties by the Court in 1806. At August sessions, 1807, Brad- ford and Becaria townships were erected in Clearfield county. At January sessions, 1810, Howard and Walker townships were erected out of Centre township, and the latter name abolished. Howard was called after the great philanthropist Howard, and Walker after Judge Walker, at the request of the inhabitants. At November sessions, 1810, Sergeant township was erected in M'Kean county, and called after Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant. At January sessions, 1813, Sergeant township was divided into Ogden, Walker, Cooper, Burlington, and Shippen. At November sessions. Chinklacamoose, in Clearfield, was divided, and Lawrence and Pike erected. At April sessions, 1814, Rush and Jenner townships were erected out of Half Moon, the former called after Dr. Benjamin Rush, the latter after Dr. Jenner. (On 26th January, 1815, the name Jenner was changed back to Half Moon.) In August of same year Spring township was divided, and one part called Allen, after Captain W. W. Allen, of the sloop Argus ; the other Covington, after Leonard Covington, who fell at Williamsburg. At April session, 1815, Allen was changed to Boggs, after the late Robert Boggs, and Covington back to Spring. In April, 1811, Gibson was erected out of Lawrence, in Clearfield, and called after Colonel George Gibson. In August Bald Eagle was divided, and the part adjoining Walker called " Lamar, after Major Lamar, who fell at the surprise at Paoli, in the midst of the British on the retreat. His last words were, ' Halt, boys, give these assassins one fire.' He was instantl}^ cut down by the enem}'. Shall he not be remembered b}' a grateful country ? He shall. In honor of this CENTBE COUJSriY. 513 martyr in the cause of his country, we name the within township, Lamar. N". B The above order of Major Tjamar was distinctly heard by Colonel Benjamin Burd." Signed by Jonathan Walker and James Potter. Major Marien Lamar commanded a company in Colonel Philip de Haas' battalion in the campaign of 1776, in Canada; was promoted Major of the Fourth Pennsylvania Line, and killed at Paoli, September 20, 1777. On the 27th of March, 1819, that part of the township of Bald Eagle begin- ning at the river opposite the mouth of Quinn's run, thence along the division line of the counties of Centre and Lycoming, one mile, thence by a direct line to the mouth of Sinnemahoning creek, was annexed to Lycoming, and attached to Dunstable and Chapman townships. GAP NORTH OF BELL.EFONTE. [From a Photograph by Moore, Bellefonte.J April, 1819, Logan appears among the list of townships. No record of its formation can be found. January 25, 1821, Sinnemahoning township erected in Clearfield county. Gregg township was erected November 29, 1826, and called for Hon. Andrew Gregg; Harris out of Potter, Ferguson, and Spring, April 27, 1835, and called after the late James Harris. Huston appears among the list of townsliips in April, 1839 ; no record of its erection can be found. Snow Shoe was erected out of Boggs, January 31, 1840. Marion, August 26, 1840, out of Walker. Penu appears among the list of townships in April, 1845 ; Liberty was erected August 28, 1845 ; Taylor, January 27, 1847, out of Half-Moon ; Worth, January 27, 1848, out of Taylor; Union November 25, 1850, out of Boggs; Burnside in April, 1857, and Curtin, November 25, 1857. OFFICIALS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1790, UNTIL JANUARY 1, 1839. President Judges James Riddle (Centre being annexed to the Fourth 2 H »,14 HISTOB T OF PENNS YL VANIA. District of which he was then, 1800, President Judge) ; Jonathan Walker, com missioned March 1, 1806 ; Charles Huston, commissioned July 1, 1818; Thomas Burnside, commissioned April 20, 1826. Associate Judges. — James Potter, commissioned October 20, 1800, died 1818 ; John Barber, commissioned October 22, 1800 ; Adam Harper, commissioned December 1, 1800, died November, 1827 ; Robert Boggs, commissioned Decem- ber 2, 1800; Isaac McKinney, commissioned January 8, 1819; Jacob Kryder, commissioned December 10, 1827. Deputy Attorney-Generals. — Thomas Burnside, January 12, 1809; William W. Potter ; Gratz Etting, July 17, 1819 ; James M. Petriken ; Ephraim Banks; James MacManus, February 28, 1833. Prothoywtai'ies. — Richard Miles, October 22, 1800; John G. Lowrey, May 10, 1809 ; John Rankin, February 2, 1818 ; John G. Lowrey, February 8, 1821 ; John Rankin, January 22, 1824 ; William L. Smith, March 8, 1830 ; James Gil- leland, March 23, 1831 ; George Buchanan, January 12, 1836. Registers and Recorders. — Richard Miles, October 22, 1800 ; William Petriken, May 10, 1809, re-commissioned February 2, 1818; Franklin B. Smith, February 8, 1821 ; William Pettit, January 22, 1824; William C. Welch, January 12, 1836. Sheriffs. — James Duncan, October 28, 1800 ; William Rankin, October 25, 1803; Roland Curtin, November 14, 1806; Michael Bolinger, November 11, 1809; John Rankin, November 6, 1812; William Alexander, December 1, 1815; John Mitchell, October 23, 1818; Joseph Butler, October 22, 1821; Thomas Harkness, Jr., November 17, 1824; Robert Tate, December 19, 1827; William Ward, October 22, 1830; George Leidy, October 31, 1833; William Ward, October 29, 1836. Commissioned Deputy Surveyors of Districts of which its Territory formed part. — John Canan, September 20, 1791; James Harris, October 19, 1791; Frederick Evans, November 9, 1791; Joseph J. Wallis, January 18, 1792; Daniel Smith, August 10, 1795. William Kerr, May 11, 1815; Joseph B. Shugert, June 4, 1826. First Justices of the Peace Bald Eagle (Lower) — Matthew Allison, October 22, 1800. Bald Eagle (Upper)— William Petriken, October 22, 1800. Centre. — William McEwen, October 22, 1800 ; William Swansey, October 22, 1800 ; Thomas McCalmont, October 22, 1800. Haines. — Michael I)olinger, October 22, 1800; James Cook, October 22, 1800 ; Adam Harper, October 22, 1800 ; John Matthias Beuck, December 6, 1800- Patton. — Thomas Ferguson, October 22, 1800 ; David Killgore, June 5, 1801 ; rUarles P. Trezizulny, June 5, 1801. Potter. — William Kerr, October 22, 1800 ; William Early, December 1, 1800. The first County Commissioners were John Hall, David Barr, and Matthew Allison ; Commissioners' Clerk, William Kerr. Biographical Notices. — The space accorded Centre county will only admit of some notice of the early prominent characters of the county, leaving to the county annalist the names of Charles Huston, Thomas Burnside, W. W. Potter, Bond Valentine, John Blanchard, H. N. M'Allister, and others, ornaments of the bench and bar. General Philip Benner was born in Chester county. His father was an active CENTBE COUNTY. 5 15 Whig of the Revolution, was taken prisoner by the British, and imprisoned. Philip, then a youth, took up arms under General Wayne, his relative and neighbor. When he went forth to the field, his patriotic mother quilted in the back of his vest several guineas, as a provision in case he should be taken prisoner by the enemy. After the war he became a successful manufacturer of iron, at Coventry forge, in Chester county. He removed to Centre county in 1792. At that early day the supply of provisions for the works had to be trans- ported from a distance, over roads that would now be deemed almost impassable, and a market for his iron was to be found alone on the Atlantic seaboard. He succeeded, and enjoyed for several years, without competition, the trade in what was termed by him the "■ Juniata iron," for the Western country- — a trade now of immense importance. He held the rank of major-general in the militia of the State, and was twice an elector of President of the United States. He was a Democrat throughout his life. The borough of Bellefonte bears testimony to his enterprise and liberality. He adorned it by the erection of a number of dwelling- houses, and aided in the construction of works to give it advantages which nature •denied. He established the Centre Democrat^ in 1827. General Benner died at his residence, in Spring township, July 27, 1832, aged seventy. He was remark- able for his industry, enterprise, generosity, and open-hearted hospitality. Andrew GREOa was among the early settlers in Penn's valley. He was born on 10th June, 1755, at Carlisle. He acquired a classical education at several of the best schools of that day, and was engaged for some years as a tutor in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. In the year 1788, Mr. Gregg, having saved a few hun- dred dollars from his salary as a teacher, changed his employment, and commenced business as a storekeeper in Middletown, Dauphin county. In 1787 he married a daughter of Gen. Potter, then living near the West Branch, in Northumberland ■county; and at the earnest request of his father-in-law, in 1789, moved with his family to Penn's valley, where he settled down in the woods, and commenced the business of farming, about two miles from Potter's Old Fort. On the place he first settled, he continued improving his farm ft'om year to year, pursuing with great industi-y the business of a country farmer. There all his children were born, and some married, and there he resided until the year 1814, when he removed to Bellefonte, having some years before purchased property in that neighborhood. In 1790 Mr. Gregg was elected a member of Congress, and by seven successive elections, for several districts, as they were arranged from time to time, including one by a general vote or ticket over the whole State — was con- tinued a member of that body for sixteen successive years — and during the ses- sion of 1806-7, was chosen a member of the Senate of the United States. At the expiration of this term, on the 4th of March, 1813, he returned to private life, attending to the education of his children and the improvement of his farms, until December, 1820, when he was called by Governor Hiester to the position of Secretary of the Commonwealth. In 1823 he was the nominee of the Federal party for Governor, in opposition to John Andrew Shulze. He died at Bellefonte, May 20, 1833. Martha Walker Cook, the authoress and poetess, was born in Bellefonte, in the year 1807, daughter of Judge Jonathan Walker, and sister of Hon. Robert J. Walker She was married to General William Cook, of New Jersey, January 1, I 516 HISTOB Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. 1825, and died at Washington, D. C, September 15, 1874. Mrs. Cook edited and conducted the Continental Monthly magazine, translated the life of Chapin from the original of Liszt, etc. She was the mother of E. B. Cook, author of works on Chess. Colonel John Patton, who built the first iron works in the territory of Centre county, was a major in Colonel Samuel Miles' rifle regiment, appointed March 13, 1776. He participated in the battle of Long Island, was appointed October 25, 1776, major of Ninth Pennsylvania regiment, and after the organization of the Pennsylvania Line in 1777, commanded one of the additional regiments. He and his old friend Colonel Miles became associated in the iron business in Centre county, and together owned vast tracts of land extending from near Rock Forge up to Centre Furnace. He died in 1802, and is buried in a grave yard on Slab- Cabin branch of Spring creek. Major-General James Potter died in the fall of 1789. He was assisting in building the chimney of one of his tenant houses, and in turning suddenly, injured himself internally. He went to Franklin county to have the advantage of Dr. McClelland's advice, and died at his daughter's, Mrs. Poe's, a few miles west of the present station of Marion on the Cumberland Valley railroad. He is buried, it is said, in an old grave yard at Brown's Mills, not far from Marion. He was a son of John Potter, the first sheriff of Cumberland county, and was a lieutenant, in 1758, in Colonel Armstrong's battalion ; and next appears, July 26, 1764, in com- mand of a company in pursuit of the Indians who had murdered a school master near Greencastle. His brother Thomas was killed by the Indians in one their inroads into Cumberland county. He was a large land-holder in Penn's Valley, owning, in 1782, nine thousand acres, and spent the principal part of his time, wtien he was at home from the army, there ; but his residence was on the Ard farm, still in the ownership of his descendants in White Deer township, Union county, a mile or so above the town of New Columbia. He is assessed there with negroes, servants, etc., as late as 1788. Timothy Pickering, in his Journal, speaks of visiting him there. Andrew Gregg was there married to his daughter, January 29, 1787. His services during the Revolution are beyond the limits of any notice here. He erected a stockade fort on the Odenkirk place, a little south of where the Old Fort Tavern now stands, at the junction of the Mifflinburg, Bellefonte, and Lewistown roads. In personal appearance he was short and stout, and the native force of his intellect overcame in war and civil business the obsta- cles of a limited education. He always had a hopeful disposition which no troubles could unjoint. In a letter, dated May 28, 1781, he says: " Look where you will, our unfortunate country is disturbed, but the time will come when we shall get rid of all these troubles." He was appointed Brigadier-General April 5, 1777 ; Major-General May 23, 1782. He was Vice-President of the State in 1781. member of the Council of Censors in 1784, and on one occasion came within one vote of being made President of the State. Samuel Porter, of Lamar township, died in January, 1825, aged 79. He served three years in the Revolutionary war, was with the Pennsylvania detach- ment of riflemen under Colonel Morgan, at the capture of Burgoyne, and also served through Sullivan's campaign. He participated in twenty-two engagements or skirmishes. He was a highly respected citizen. Four children survived him. CHESTER COUNTY. BY J. SMITH FUTHEY AND GILBERT COPE, WEST CHESTER. iHESTER COUNTY is one of the three original counties established by William Penn in 1682, and originally included Delaware county and all the territory (except a small portion of Philadelphia and Montgomery counties) southwest of the Schuylkill, to the extreme limits of the Province. It was the first of the three counties organized, at what precise date is not known, but it was within two months after the arrival of Penn. CHESTER COUNTY COXJRT HOUSE. (From a Photograph by T. W. Taylor.) The landing place of the Proprietary was at Upland (now Chester), and he resolved — it would seem without much reflection — that its name should be changed. Clarkson, in his life of Penn, says that "turning round to his friend, 517 518 HISTOB T OF PENNS YL VA NIA. Pearson, one of his own society, wlio liad accompanied him in the ship Welcome, he said, Providence has brought us safe here. Thou hast been the companion of my perils. What wilt thou that I should call this place ? Pearson said, ' Chester,' in remembrance of the city from whence he came. Penn replied that it should be called Chester^ and that when he divided the land into counties, one of them should be called by the same name." The western boundary of Chester county was established by the erection of Lancaster county in 1729, and the northern and northwestern, by the erection of Berks county in 1752. Philadelphia county formed the north- eastern and eastern boundary, until the establishment of Montgomery in 1784. The town of Chester, although located at the extreme southeastern border, continued to be the seat of justice for more than a century, but as the settle- ments extended into the northern and western parts of the count}^, a sense of its inconvenience to the great majority of those having business to transact at the count3^ seat, at length induced a vigorous effort for its removal to a more central location. That effort was strenuously resisted by the inhabitants of the town of Chester, especially by that class who derived their chief sustenance from the gleanings incident to a county seat, and a controversy was maintained with varying success, and much acrimony, for several years. At length the removalists were successful, and an act of Assembly was passed in 1784, authorizing the sale of the old county buildings at Chester, and the erection of new ones at a point to be selected by commissioners named in the act. These commissioners fixed upon a central point, near the " Turk's Head Tavern," at the intersection of the great road leading from Wilmington to Reading, and the road leading from Philadelphia to Strasburg, in Lancaster county, and erected the necessary buildings, and the court records and prisoners were removed thither in 1786. In 1788 the new seat of justice was incorporated into a borough, and styled " West Chester," obviously because of its location some sixteen miles north- west from the former county seat at Chester. The people of the old town of Chester, finding themselves deprived of the advantages of having the county seat, soon took measures to procure a division of the county, with a view to the re-establishment of a seat of justice in their midst. In this they were successful, and by an act of Assembly, passed on the 26th of September, 1789, the county was divided, and a new one formed from the southeastern portion, under the name of Delaware. This new county embraced all the old and originally settled parts of the county, with Chester as the county seat. It may be questioned whether any advantage has resulted from the sundering of the noble old bailiwick. The act of Assembly erecting the new county provided that the line of division should be so run as not to divide plantations. The commissioners, John Sellers, Thomas Tucker, and Charles Dilworth, acceded to the wishes of the land-owners, as to which of the counties they desired their farms to be in, and ran the line accordingly. The result was an exceedingly crooked line, there being in one part of it no less than forty courses, and a line twenty- eight miles long, in a direct distance of seven miles. Chester county, as reduced by the erection of the new county, is about thirty-six miles from north 519 620 EISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VA^IA. to south, and twenty-one miles from east to west, and contains about seven iiundred and sixty square miles. The county embraces every variety of soil and surface. The northern part is rugged ; the Welsh mountain, a sandstone chain of considerable elevation, belonging to the lower secondary formation, forms the north-western boundary. A wide belt of red shale and sandstone, and a considerable area of gneiss rock, lies to the south of the mountain, and to this succeeds the North Yalley hill. The " Great Valley," or Chester Yalley, as it is now generally called, of primitive limestone, forms a most distinguishing feature of the county, and constitutes one of its greatest sources of wealth. This valley, which is generally from two to three miles wide, crosses the county a little north of the centre, in a south-east and north-west direction. It is shut in on both sides by parallel liills of moderate elevation, generally densely wooded, and from either of these the whole width of the valley may be comprehended at one glance, presenting, with its white cottages and smiling villages, one of the most lovely scenes in the United States. Its numerous quarries furnish great abundance of lime, to fertilize the less favored townships of the county. It received its name of " Great " in the earlier days of the Province, when the greater limestone valleys of the Cumberland and Kittatinny, and those among the mountains, were yet unknown. Compared with these, it is rather diminutive. This valley yields marble of all shades, from black and dark blue to nearly pure white, one of the most extensive deposits of which is at Oakland, between the Pennsylvania and Chester valley railroads, now owned by Dr. George Thomas. It was from this quarry that the marble for building Girard College was, in a great measure, procured. The Corinthian capitals and other sculptured work ai'e constructed from it. The stone stands the exposure of ^'•ears without the least appearance of disintegration, and retains its color without stain or blemish. In these respects it differs from the greater part of the marble found in this country. An analysis of it shows no talc, and but little earthy matter ; that it is composed of nearly pure carbonate of lime, and with considerable silex, and although hard to work, it finishes smoothly. These characteristics render it valuable for monumental purposes. To the south of the Chester Valley lies an extensive primitive formation of gneiss and mica slate, covering the greater portion of the southern section of the county, and forming a gently undulating country, with occasionally a few abrupt elevations. In this formation there occur frequent beds of serpentine, hornblende, trap-dykes, and deposits of pure feldspar. Limestone is found in various parts of the county besides the Chester valley, particularly along the line of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central railroad, and an extensive trade in the article is carried on. In foi'mer times, when wood was abundant, the farmers, generally, had large kilns on their farms, and hauled the stone from the quarries and burned it themselves, but this practice has for many years been almost wholly abandoned, and the business of lime-burning is now carried on by the proprietors of the quarries. The State of Delaware is largely supplied with lime from the quarries of Chester county. In the south-western part of the county, the mineral known as "chrome" is extensively found, both in the rock and sand, and is dug and shipped to Europe, where it commands a high price. For many years this trade was under CHESTEE COUNTY. 52 1 the almost exclusive control of Isaac Tyson, of Baltimore, who procured from the farmers the right to dig and remove the minerals found on their plantations. He amassed a fortune from this trade. The soil is generally very sterile where this mineral appears, and almost valueless for agricultural purposes. Plumbago or graphite, of a superior quality, and in apparently inexhaustible quantities, is found in Upper Uwchlan and adjoining townships, near the line of the Picker- ing Valley railroad. Works have been recently erected with the view of turning it to account, and the prospect of a large annual production is flattering. In Charlestown and Schuylkill townships are deposits of lead and copper. The existence of these minerals in this locality has long been known. As early as 1683, mining was done by Charles Pickering and Samuel Buckley, and the productions used in the manufacture of coin. In that year these men were tried before William Penn, for debasing the coin, and convicted. It was not, how- ever, until about 1850, that mines were regularly opened. Before that time the operations were confined chiefly to the surface. Since 1850 considerable quanti- ties of lead have been taken out, chiefly by Charles M. Wheatley. The mines opened by him are now owned by the New York and Boston silver-lead mining eompan3\ Copper is found, but not in sufficient quantities to render its pro- duction profitable. The greater portion of the serpentine or green stone, now so popular in Philadelphia as a building material for the outer walls of houses and which has been used in the construction of the University of Pennsylvania and many churches and other buildings, comes from this county. An extensive quarry is situated in Birmingham township, about four miles south of West Chester, from which large quantities are shipped to Philadelphia and other points. It is owned by Joseph H. Brinton. Fine building stone is to be found in every part of the county, and it is extensively used in the erection of buildings. Frame houses are very rare. In New Garden township is a hill several miles in length, bearing the Indian name of Toughkenamon, signifying Fire-brand Hill — which contains inexhaustible quantities of stone. Con- siderable deposits of clay formed from the decomposition of feldspar, and known in the market as " kaolin," are found in New Garden, Pennsbury, and other townships, and used in the manufacture of china-ware, porcelain, and fire-brick. In Newlin township is an extensive deposit of the rare and valuable mineral known as " corundum," where large operations are carried on. In the vicinity of Coates- ville is an excellent quality of sand, which is shipped to Pittsburgh, and used in the manufacture of glass. Valuable deposits of iron ore are found in almost every section of the county, but especially in the northern hills and in the Chester valley, and its preparation for the market is a source of large profit to the owners. There are extensive iron works in different parts of the count}', but especial]}' at Phoenixville and Coatesville. The Phoenix Iron company is one of the largest establishments in the United States. It is engaged, among other things, in the manufacture of railroad iron and in the construction of bridges, and gives employment, when in full operation, to about fifteen hundred men. During the war the celebrated Griffen wrought iron cannon were manufactured by this company, and about twelve hundred of them were supplied. The new Girard Avenue bridge in Philadelphia was erected by it, as well as bridges in various ^Mm \ r-«^'WTr^T'r<"'"v^,v''r-r/»'^>-<«'i(??>fe''. ^"^-i' 522 CHESTER COUNTY. 523 parts of this country and of Canada. At Coatesville, Parkesburg, and Thorn- dale, on the line of the Pennsylvania railroad, are a number of large rolling mills, owned by Charles E. Pennoek & Co., Huston & Penrose, Hugh E. Steele, Horace A. Beale, William L. Bailey, and others, which do an extensive business in the manufacture of boiler plate. At Spring City, on the Schuylkill river, is a large manufactory of stoves and hollow ware. At West Chester, spokes and wheels are extensively manufactured. Woolen and cotton factories, paper mills, and flour and saw mills, are numerous on the various streams which flow through the county. These streams furnish excellent water power, which is extensively utilized. Agriculture is the great business of the county, and a more intelligent, industrious, thrifty, and orderly set of farmers are not to be found in the State. They are largely the lineal descendants of the early Welsh, English, and Scotch- Irish pioneers, who came over in the time of the Proprietaries, and of the Germans, who came in at a somewhat later date. In former years stock grazing and feeding was extensively engaged in, but latterly this branch of business has fallen off very much, owing to the high price of stock-cattle compared with their value when fatted for the market, and the farmers are now turning their atten- tion largely to the business of dairying and furnishing supplies for the Philadel- phia market. Large quantities of milk and butter are transmitted on the various railroads leading to that city. The farm buildings are generally of a very supe- rior character, and indicate the thrift and intelligence of the people. The old system of what are called worm fences is gradually giving way to fences made of posts and rails ; stone is used for fencing to a very limited extent. What is known as the Eastern Experimental Farm is situated in Londongrove township, in the southern part of the county, near the line of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central railroad, and contains about one hundred acres. It is now under the care and superintendence of John I. Carter, a gentleman in ever}'^ way suited to the position. The experiments carried on at this farm have already been of great benefit to the farming community, and its means of useful- ness will increase as its operations become more extensive. A club is maintained at the farm, at which a large number of intelligent farmers meet monthly, to read essays and discuss matters pertaining to the business of agriculture. The farmers of Chester county are a reading people, and scarcely a house will be found, however humble, to which the daily newspaper and the monthly magazine do not find their way. Their tables will vie with those of the inhabitants of the towns in the elegance of their appointments, and the grace and dignity with which they are presided over. There are a number of extensive nurseries and greenhouses in the county, the productions of which are forwarded to various parts of the country; notably among these are the establishments of Hoopes, Brother & Thomas, Otto & Acheles, and Joseph Kift, of West Chester, and of Dingee & Conard, of West Grove. The growing of evergreens with Hoopes, Brother & Thomas, and of roses with Dingee & Conai'd, are specialties. The surface of the county is almost wholly susceptible of cultivation. There is scarcely any broken land. Each farm has usually a proportion of woodland sufficient for the uses of the farm — generally about eight acres in the hundred. 524 HISTOB Y OF PENNS VL VANIA. The principal streams are the Octorara, Brandywine, Elk, White Clay, Red Clay, Chester, Pocopson, Ridley, and Crum creeks, flowing southwardly, and the Pickering, Valley, French and Pidgeon creeks, tributaries of the Schuylkill. There are a large number of other smaller streams, and the county is remarkably well watered. Nearly all the farms have running water on them, many of them in every field. The Octorara creek forms the western boundary of the county, and the Schuylkill river skirts it on the east. The Brandywine, at its upper end, is composed of two branches, called the east and west branches. The Pennsylvania railroad crosses the east branch at Downingtown, and the west branch at Coates- ville. They unite at a point nearly west of West Chester. The Brandywine has been generally supposed to have derived its name in consequence of the reported loss of a vessel in its waters, laden with brandy — in the Dutch language, brand-wijn. This, however, is shown by recent investigation to be a mistake. It most probably derived its name from one Andrew Braindwine, who, at an early day, owned lands near its mouth. It was very common in the olden time, in the lower counties — now the State of Delaware — to name streams after the dwellers upon their banks. This creek is shown by the old records to have been known as the Fish-kill, until the grant of land to Andrew Braindwine ; immediately after which it is referred to, on the records, as Braindwine's kill or creek, and the name was eventually corrupted into its present form of Brandywine. The Indian name of the Brandywine is not certainly known. It is spoken of by tradition, both as Suspecough and Wawassan. Octorara and Pocopson are of Indian origin, the latter signifying rapid or brawling stream. Excellent public roads cross the county in every direction. These are usually sold out by the supervisors to the lowest bidder, to be kept in repair for a term of years, the farmers in the vicinity being generall}'^ the purchasers. There are also a number of turnpike roads, the principal of which are the Philadelphia and Lancaster, West Chester and Wilmington, and Downingtown, Ephrata, and Harrisburg. The Schuylkill canal traverses the eastern part of the countj^, near the Schuylkill river. The county is well supplied with railroad facilities, almost every part being within convenient reach of this mode of travel. The Pennsylvania railroad passes across the centre of the county from east to west, and the Reading and Wilmington railroad from north to south, while the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central railroad traverses the entire southern part of it. The West Chester and Philadelphia railroad connects West Chester with Philadelphia, and the West Chester, with the Pennsylvania railroad, at Malvern station, near Paoli. The Pennsylvania and Delaware railway runs from the Pennsylvania I'ailroad at Pomeroy station to Delaware City ; the East Brandywine and Waynes- burg railroad, from Downingtown to Waynesburg ; the Chester Yalley, from Downingtown to Norristown, and the Pickering "Valley, from Uwchlan to Phoenixville. The Wilmington and Western connects Wilmington with the Pennsylvania and Delaware railway at Landenberg ; the Reading railroad passes along the eastern boundary of the county, and the Perkiomen railroad connects with the Reading railroad, between Phoenixville and Valley Forge. The Peach Bottom railroad — a narrow gauge — is in process of construction from Oxford to York, several miles of which, from Oxford, westward, have been constructed, CHESTER COUNTY. 525 and are in operation. These thirteen railroads have about two hundred miles of track within the limits of the county. The territory now included in Chester county was honorably purchased of the Indians by William Penn, and was conveyed in several distinct deeds. The first, bearing date June 25, 1683, and signed by an Indian called Wingebone, conveys to William Penn all his lands on the west side of Schuylkill, beginning at the first falls, and extending along and back from that river, in the language of the instrument, " so far as my right goeth." By another deed of July 14th, 1683, two chiefs granted to the Proprietary the land lying between the Chester and Schuylkill rivers. From Kikitapan he purchased half the land between the Susquehanna and Delaware, in September, and from Malchaloa, all lands from the Delaware to Chesapeake bay, up to the falls of the Susquehanna, in October. And by a deed of July 30th was conveyed the land between Chester and Penny- pack creeks. Another conveyance was made on the 2d of October, 1685, for the greater portion of the lands constituting the present county of Chester. This last instrument is a quaint piece of conveyancing, and will show the value attached by the natives to their lands : " This indenture witnesseth that we, Packenah, Jackham, Sikals, Portquesott, Jervis, Essepenaick, Felktrug, Porvey, Indian kings, sachemakers, right owners of all lands from Quing Quingus, called Duck cr., unto Upland, called Chester cr., all along the west side of Delaware river, and so between the said creeks hack- ward.H as far as a man can ride in two days with a horse, for and in consideration of these following goods to us in hand paid, and secured to be paid by William Penn, Proprietary of Pennsylvania and the territories thereof, viz. : 20 guns, 20 fathoms match coat, 20 fathoms stroud water, 20 blankets, 20 kettles, 20 pounds powder, 100 bars of lead, 40 tomahawks, 100 knives, 40 pair of stockings, 1 barrel of beer, 20 pounds of red lead, 100 fathoms of wampum, 30 glass bottles, 30 pewter spoons, 100 awl blades, 300 tobacco pipes, 100 hands tobacco, 20 tobacco tongs, 20 steels, 300 flints, 30 pair of scissors, 30 combs, 60 looking glasses, 200 needles, 1 skipple of salt, 30 pounds of sugar, 5 gallons of molasses, 20 tobacco boxes, 100 jews-harps. 20 hoes, 30 gimlets, 30 wooden screw boxes, 103 strings of beeds — do hereby acknowledge, &c. &c. Given under our hands and seals, at New Castle, 2d of the 8th month, 1685." The title of the particular Indian chiefs to the lands claimed by them was not always very clear, but it was the policy of the Proprietary government to quiet all claims which might be made, by purchasing them. Accordingly, purchases were made from time to time, of claims made by chiefs, which they alleged had not been extinguished. The Indians, after the sale of their lands, continued to occupy them until needed by the settlers, and gradually abandoned them as the whites advanced and took possession. They were an amiable race, and when they left the burial places of their fathers, in search of new homes, it was without a stain upon their honor. Considerable numbers, however, remained in the county, inhabiting the woods and unoccupied places, until the breaking out of the French and English war in 1755; about which time they generally removed beyond the limits of the county, and took up their abode in the valleys of the Wyoming and Wyalusing, on the Susquehanna. At the making of the treaty of St. Mary's, in 1720, there 526 BISTOR Y OF PUNNS YL VANIA. were present some chiefs of the Nanticokes, one of whom, who had withstood the storms of ninety winters, told the commissioners that he and his people had once roamed through their own domains along the Brandywine. At the close of the Revolutionary war, the number of Indians resident in the county was reduced to four, who dwelt in some wigwams in Marlborough township. After the death of three of them, the remaining one, known as Indian Hannah, took up her abode in a wigwam near the Brandywine, on lands of Humphrey Marshall, or as she considered it, on her own lands. During the summer she traveled through different parts of the county, visiting those who would receive her with kindness, and selling her baskets. As she grew old she quitted her wigwam and dwelt in friendly families. Though a long time domesticated with the whites, she retained her Indian character to the last. She had a proud and haught}- spirit, tated the blacks, and did not even deign to associate with the lower order of the whites. Without a companion of her race — without kindred — she felt her situation deso- late, and often spoke of the wrongs and misfortunes of her people. She died in the year 1803, at the age of nearly one hundred years — the last of the Lenni Lenape resident in Chester county. The early settlers of the county were of various nationalities. The Swedes, who came first, established themselves along the banks of the Delaware and Schuylkill. The Welsh — who settled in considerable numbers — occupied the eastern townships, and extended up the Great Valley and into the northern and north-western parts of the county. The English — principally of the Society of Friends — settled all the central portion of the county, and extended into the south and south-west, some of them taking up lands bordering upon the Mary- land line. The Scotch-Irish gradually spread over the whole of the western part of the county, from the Maryland line to the Welsh mountain, while the Dutch and Germans filled up the north-eastern townships. It is a singular fact that the white races in Pennsylvania are remarkably unmixed, and retain their original character beyond that of any State in the Union. These distinctly marked races are the English, Scotch-Irish, and German. Emigrants from other countries contributed to swell the population, but their numbers were small compared with the races just mentioned, and their peculiar characteristics, through admixture with the people of other nationalities, and the mellowing influence of time, are scarcely recognizable. These different peoples have impressed their peculiar characteristics upon the portion of Chester county in which they settled. While to the eye of the stranger this may not be apparent, yet to one long resident in the county, and familiar with its inhabitants, the difference is quite perceptible. Throughout all the eastern, central, and a portion of the southern part of the county, the plain language of the Society of Friends is still largely used, their meeting houses are numerous, and the descendants of the early settlers have inherited their simple manners and style of living. The western part of the county is largely peopled by the descendants of the Scotch-Irish settlers, and the peculiarly energetic, positive, enterprising, and intellectual character of this people has descended from genera- tion to generation. They are chiefly Presbyterian, and a large number of churches of that denomination are scattered over this region. In the north- eastern part of the county, any one familiar with the peculiar expressions of the CHESTER COUNTY. 527 English speaking Pennsylvania German, would know that he was amono- the descendants of that race, although scarcelj^ any of them speak the German language. They possess the thrift and industry of their forefathers, and are an orderly and law-abiding people. The first court after the granting of the Province to William Penn was held at Upland, on the 13th of September, 1681. This was the day to which the court, at its last session under the government of the Duke of York, had adjourned. The records of the county from that time to the present have been preserved, and are all in the public offices at West Chester. When the county seat was removed to West Chester, in 1786, these records were removed there from Chester. Delaware county, although having the old county seat, was a new county, and its records date from its erection in 1789. A portion of these old records having become much worn and difficult to decipher, were, by an order of the court made in 1827, copied into a large book, labelled " Old Court Records," which is now in the office of the clerk of the court of quarter sessions. They contain much curious and interesting matter. The first entries are of two cases of assault and battery, and appear to have been what are in these days called cross-prosecutions. As a specimen of court proceedings in those early days, these first entries are given : " Province of Pennsylvania, at the court at Upland, September 13th, 1681. Justices present : Mr. William Clayton, Mr. William Warner, Mr. Robert Wade, Mr. Otto Ernest Cock, Mr. William Byles, Mr. Robert Lucas, Mr. Lasse Cock, Mr. Swan Swanson, Mr. Andreas Bankson. " Sherifi", Mr. .John Test ; clerk, Mr. Thomas Revell. " An action of assault and battery. Peter Erickson plaintiff; Herman John- son and Margaret, his wife, defendants. " Jurors : Morgan Drewitt, William Woodmansen, William Hewes, James Browne, Henry Reynolds, Robert Schooley, Richard Pittman, Lassey Dalboe, John Ackraman, Peter Rambo, Jr., Henry Hastings, and William Oxley. " Witness : William Parke. The jury find for the plaintiff, give him 6d. damages and his costs of suit. " An action of assault and battery. Herman Johnson and Margaret, his wife, plaintiffs ; Peter Erickson, defendant. " Jurors, the same as above. Witnesses : Anna Coleman, Richard Buffington, Ebenezer Taylor. The jury find for the plaintiffs, and give them 40s. damages and their costs of suit." In a case tried at the next court, it is recorded that " Katharine Winch- combe's evidence was rejected as a lie." The title Mr., which had theretofore been appended to the name of the justices and officers of the court, was at this court omitted, and does not appear to have been thereafter used. Soon afterwards, the manner of calling the names of the days of the week and month, was changed to the style used by the Friends, the Assembly having directed " that ye days of ye week, and ye months of ye year shall be called as in Scripture, and not by heathen names (as are vulgarly used), as ye first, second, and third days of ye week, and first, second, and third months of ye year, beginning with ye day called Sunday, and ye month called March," This style was continued for a considerable period of time. Corporeal 528 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. punishment for crime was quite common, and tlie whipping post, stocks, and pillory are frequently mentioned in these old records. The first sentence of this character recorded is that " J — M — , being convicted of stealing money out of the house of William Browne, was ordered twelve stripes on his bare back, well laid on, at the common whipping post, the fourth instant, between the tenth and eleventh hours in the morning." This system of punishment appears to have continued until after the middle of the eighteenth centur}', when it fell gradually into disuse, and punishment by fine and imprisonment became general. The grand jury frequently presented persons for being intoxicated, for selling liquor without license, and for keeping disorderly houses, and the disposal of such pre- sentments occupied much of the attention of the court. The following are extracts of early cases : " James Sanderlaine was fined 5s. for sufiering Robert Stephens to be drunk in his house. " Neil Juist paid 5s. for being drunk at Chester." Margaret Matson, of Chester county, was tried before William Penn, at Philadelphia, in February, 1684, for witchcraft. It is recorded that " the jury went forth, and upon their return brought her in guilty of having the common fame of a witch, but not guilty in manner and form as she stands indicted." The proceedings are given at length in the first volume of the Colonial Records, pages 93-96. The first court after the removal of the county seat to West Chester, was held on the 28th of November, 1786, the following justices being present: William Clingan, William Haslett, John Bartholomew, Philip Scott, Isaac Tay- lor, John Ralston, Joseph Luckey, Thomas Cheyney, Thomas Lewis, and Richard Hill Morris. It will be remembered that in those days the ordinary county courts were held by the justices of the peace. At August term, 1191, the}^ sat for the last time, and at November term following, the judges appointed under the constitution of 1790 took their seats. The following is a chronologi- cal list of the president judges who have occupied the bench in West Chester, viz.: William Augustus Atlee, from November, 1791, to August, 1793 ; John Joseph Henry, from Februar}', 1794, to February, 1800; John D. Coxe, from May, 1800, to May, 1805 ; William Tilghman, from August, 1805, to February, 1806 ; Bird Wilson, from April, 1806, to November, 1817, when he left the bench for the pulpit; John Ross, from Februarj^, 1818, to May, 1821, when the judicial district was divided, and he accepted the new district composed of Bucks and Montgomery; Isaac Darlington, from July, 1821, to his death, in May, 1839; Thomas Sloan Bell, from May, 1839, to October, 1846, when he was appointed to the bench of the Supreme Court, and Henry Chapman, the last of the appointed judges, from April, 1848, to November, 1851. Townsend Haines, elected by the people, occupied the bench from December, 1851, to December, 1861, when he was succeeded by William Butler, who has presided from that time to the present. Between the resignation of Judge Bell, and the appointment of Judge Chapman, John M. Forster, of Harrisburg, and James Nill, of Chambersburg, occupied the bench for a time, by appointment of Governor Shunk, but were not confirmed by the Senate. The influence exerted in this county by the example of the Society of Friends CHESTER COUNTY. 529 is very marked. The simple affirmation taken by their members as witnesses and in judicial proceedings is now generally used by those of all creeds, and of no creed. Even the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, who formerly always took the oath with uplifted hand, now generally follow the example. The long period of ninety j'ears that elapsed between the settlement of the county and the war of the Revolution was a peaceful era, unfruitful of incident. During all that time the settlers were left to pursue their peaceful occupations, uninjured and unmoved by the commotions that shook the rest of the world. They plied the arts of commerce, brought new lands into culture, established schools and churches, and advanced with uniform progress towards a state of opulence and refinement. The contests which occurred within this period had little effect on the settlers here. They were largely Friends, took no active part in military concerns, and were not molested by them. The cloud, however, which had so long been gathering and rumbling on the horizon, had at length spread itself over the land, and the moment arrived when it was to burst. The citizens of Chester county were now to see their fields crossed by hostile armies, and made the theatre of military operations, while they themselves, throwing aside the implements of husbandry and forgetting the employments of peace, were to mingle in the general strife. When the difficulties between the Colonies and the mother countr^^ became serious, a large meeting of the inhabitants of the countj"^ was held at the court house at Chester, in December, 1774, to devise measures for the protection of their rights as freemen, in pursuance of the resolution of the Continental Congress. A committee of seventy was chosen, at the head of which stood Anthon}'^ Wayne, and among his colleagues were such resolute men as Francis Johnston, Richard Riley, Hugli Llo3'd, Sketchle}^ Morton, Lewis Gronow, Richard Thomas, William Montgomery, Persifor Frazer, John Hannum Patterson Bell, Richard Flower, aad Walter Finney. The object of this com- mittee was to aid in superseding the Colonial government, and to take charge of the local interests of the county. The first military force raised in the county was a regiment of volunteers,, commanded by Colonel Richard Thomas, of the Great Yalley. In the beginning of the year 177G, a regiment was organized, commanded by Anthony Wayne as colonel, and Francis Johnston as lieutenant-colonel, and consisting of eight companies, with the following named captains : Persifor Frazer, Thomas Robison, John Lacey, Caleb North, Thomas Church, Frederick Yernon, James Moore, and James Taylor. All thfse officers were citizens of Chester county, except John Lacey, who then resided in Bucks county, and Thomas Church, who resided in Lancaster county. Another regiment was subsequently raised and officered, principally by the inhabitants of Chester county. Samuel J. Atlee, of Lancaster, was appointed colonel, and Caleb Parry, of Chester county, lieutenant- colonel, and among the captains were Joseph McClellan and Walter Finney. Among the citizens of Chester county who rose to eminence as military men during the revolution, were Anthony Wayne, Richard Thomas, Francis Johnston, Jacob Humphrey, Caleb Parry, Joseph McClellan, Walter Finney, Richard Humpton, Persifor Frazer, Benjamin Bartholomew, William Montgo- mery, Allen Cunningham, James McCullough, John Harper, Stephen Cochran. 2i 530 mSTO n Y OF PENNS YL VAJSflA. Robert Smith, and Andrew Boj-d. The last two were lieutenants of the county, and had charge of the raising and equipping of the militia levies. Among the civilians who rendered efficient service, were John Morton, Thomas M'Kean, William Clingan, Thomas Cheyne}', John Hannum, Samuel Futhe}-, John Jacobs, Dr. Joseph Gardner, John Beaton, Caleb Davis, William Gibbons, Richard Riley, John Ralston, Stephen Cochran, and Reverends John Carmichael, William Foster, and David Jones. It will thus be seen that Chester county not onlj'^ contributed a full propor- tion of men for the service, but evinced a spirit scarcely to be expected among a people, so many of whom were opposed in principle to the practice of war. It is to be remembered, however, that when the Revolution dawned upon us, the Scotch-Irish element had become very strong — almost the whole of the western part of the county was peopled hy them and their descendants — and they became a powerful element in the contribution of the county to the cause of liberty. As an instance of their devotion, it is stated that in the region known as Brandy- wine Manor, in the campaign of 1177, not a man capable of bearing arms remained at home, and the farm labor devolved upon the old men, women, and children. Among the most active in promoting the cause, were the Rev. John Carmichael, of Brandywine Manor, and Rev. William Foster, of Upper Octo- rara, Presbyterian clergymen, and the Rev. David Jones, of the Great Valley, a Baptist clergyman, the effect of whose preaching Avas to send man}- a valuable recruit into the army. The Welsh element was generally favorable to indepen- dence, and contributed to swell the ranks of the patriots. The British, on their route from the liead of Chesapeake bay to Philadelphia, in September, 1777, entered Chester county in the lower part of New Garden township. They rested the night of the tenth at Kennett Square, and on the next morning formed in two divisions, one under General Kn^-phausen, pursuing the direct road eastward to Chad's ford, and the main body, under General Corn- wallis, and accompanied b^'^ the commander-in-chief, taking a circuitous route, crossing the west branch of the Brandywine at Trimble's ford, and the east branch at Jefferis' ford, and approaching Birmingham meeting house from the north. The object of this movement was to hem in the American forces between the two divisions of the British army. In this they were successful, and the Americans, after a brief but severe struggle, were routed and compelled to seek safety in flight. The particulars of the battle of Brandywine are given in the general sketch, and need not be repeated here. The question has been frequently mooted, whether the fact that the British nad divided their forces, should not have been discovered sooner than it was, and the disastrous defeat which took place have been prevented ? The writer. from a knowledge of the entire section of country near where the battle was fought, entertains the opinion that there was somewhere the most culpable and inexcusable negligence, in not having sooner definitely ascertained the move- ments of the British army. The fords of the Brandywine, where the British were at all likely to cross, were all comparatively near to the Americans, and were easily accessible ; the country was open, and the roads were substantially the same as now, and with proper vigilance, the movements of the British could CBESTEB COUNTY 531 have been easily discovered in time to have enabled General Washington to have disposed of his troops to the best advantage. It is now known that small bodies of the British light troops crossed at Wistar's and at Buffington's fords, which are between JefFeri's ford and Chad's ford, some time before the main body of the army crossed at Jefleris' ford, and j^et no information of these movements appears to have been communicated to the commander-in-chief. The first reliable information which he received was fiom Thomas Cheyney. an intelligent and patriotic citizen, whose residence was a few miles distant. He had passed the night at the residence of John Hannum, where the present village of Marshalton stands, and the two set out on the morning of the eleventh to visit the American armj^ As they descended towards the west branch of the Brandywine near Trimble's ford, they discovered, coming down from the hills opposite, a numerous body of British soldiers. This very much surprised them, and they moved round the adjacent hills, in order to observe the direction taken by them. Finding they were going towards Jefferis' ford, and believing ^ % them to constitute the main body of the British arm}', they resolved at once, and at some personal risk, to proceed with the intelligence to General Washington. Cheyne}' being mounted on a fleet hackne}', pushed down the stream until he found the commander-in-chief, and communicated the tidings to him, but the information came so late that there was not time to properly meet the emergency. It has been usual to attribute the loss of the battle to this want of timely intelli- gence of the movements of the enemy, but it is problematical whether the Ameri- cans could have been successful under any circumstances. The British armj^ was well appointed and highly disciplined ; a large part of the American army, at that time, was a mere militia levy, and this superiority of the British troops over the Americans would probably have enabled them to gain the day under any circumstances. The meeting-house at Birmingham had been taken possession of by Washington some days previously, with a view to its occupancy by the sick of the American army, but before it was in readiness for that purpose the battle was fought, and it was used by the British as an hospital for their wounded officers. There is a tradition which has long been current, that a member of the House of Northumberland, named Percy, was killed in the engagement, and buried in the graveyard at Birmingham meeting-house, and the supposed place of inter- ment has been pointed out to the writer. This tradition, which we see occcasion- ally given as history, is unqestionably a myth. We have no reliable evidence of its truth. Very few officers of conspicuous rank, in either army, were slain in the OLD BIRMINGHAM MEETING HOUSE. 532 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. battle of Brandy wine, and if it were true that a " Percy of Northumberland " had fallen there, General Howe assuredly was not the person to ignore the death of a companion in arms who could trace his fomily name back to the days of Chevy Chase. Hugh, Earl Percy, afterwards second Duke of Northumberland, was in this country in the early period of the Revolution, and commanded some forces at the battle of Lexington, but he left America previous to the battle of Brandywine. The British army remained some days in the neighborhood of the field of battle, and during this time had a cattle pen, where they collected large numbers of cattle and other animals, and slaughtered and preserved them for the use of the arm3\ Nearly all the live stock in the country for a considerable distance around was taken from the inhabitants. In some instances paj^ment was made in British gold, but generally no compensation was given. On the 16th of September they proceeded northward towards the Great Valley, by what is known as the Chester road. Washington, after resting his army, marched from Philadelphia up the Lancaster road, with the view of again offering battle. On the 11th the armies met in Goshen township, about four miles north-east of West Chester ; skirmishing began between the advanced parties, and a sanguinary battle would probably have been fought, but a rain storm of great violence stopped its further progress, and rendered it impossible for either army to keep the field. A few soldiers were killed in the conflict. The Americans retired to the Yellow Springs, where, discovering that their ammunition had been greatly damaged by the rain, and that they were not in a condition to engage in a conflict, the march was continued to Warwick Furnace, in the present township of Warwick, in the northern part of the county, where a fresh supply of arms and ammunition was obtained. After a detention of two days on account of the weather, the British moved down the Great Valley into Tredj^ffrin township. A detachment under General Wayne was dispatched by Washington to the rear of the British army, to harass and annoy it, and endeavor to cut off the baggage train, and by this means to arrest its march towards the Schuylkill, until the Americans could cross the river higher up and pass down on the east side, and intercept the passage of the river by the British. On the night of the 20th of September, the command of Wayne, wdio were encamped in what is now known as the Paoli Massacre ground, in Willistown township, was surprised by General Grey, and many of his men slain. Informa- tion of the whereabouts of the forces of Wajme had been given to the British commander b}^ Tories residing in the neighborhood, by one of whom General Grey was guided in his cowardly midnight assault. The dead were decentl}'^ interred by the neighboring farmers in one grave immediately adjoining the scene of action. After the affair at Paoli, the British army moved down the valley, intending to cross the Schuylkill at Swedes' ford, but finding it guarded, they turned up the river on the west side, for the purpose of effecting a passage of some of the fords higher up. The American army, in order if possible to prevent the British from passing the river, had in the meantime moved from Warwick Furnace and crossed the Schuylkill at Parker's ford, at or near the present village of Lawrenceville, in this county, and moved southward CHESTER COUNTY. 533 on the east side. They were unable, however, to prevent the passage of the British, who crossed in two divisions — at Gordon's ford, now Phoenixville, ind at Fatland ford, a short distance below Valley Forge. On the 20th of September, 1817, being the fortieth anniversary of the mas- sacre, a monument was erected over the remains of those gallent men by the Republican Artillerists of Chester county, aided by the contributions of their fellow-citizens. It is composed of white marble, and is a pedestal surmounted by a pyramid. Upon the four sides of the body of the pedestal are appropriate inscriptions. It stands on the centre of the grave in which the slaughtered heroes were buried, in the south-east corner of a large field, owned and used by the military organizations of Chester county for parades and encampments. The grave itself is about sixty feet long by twenty wide, and is surrounded by a stone wall. The scene of this conflict is probably the best preserved of any that marked the progress of the Revolutionary war. The monument has become so much battered and broken by relic hunters that it is proposed to erect a new one during this Centennial year, and funds are now being contributed for that purpose. The point is a short distance south of Malvern station, at the inter- section of the West Chester and Pennsylvania railroads. In the year 1794, what is popularly known as the Whiskey Insurrection, in westei'n Pennsylvania, became so threatening, that when President Washington made a requisition for a milihuy force. Governor Mifflin came to Chester county, and in a speech at West Chester called upon the patriotic citizens of the county to volunteer their aid in its suppression. The Governor, who was good at astump speech, addressed the meeting with such effect that the people responded in the most patriotic manner. A troop of cavalry was promptly raised by Colonel Joseph McClellan, Major Samuel Futhey, and others, and a company of artillery by Aaron Musgrave. These companies joined the ex- pedition to the west, and faithfully performed their tour of duty as good citizen soldiers. In the war of 1812-14, with Great Britain, Chester county did her share in raising men to resist the encroaches of the enemy. A number of companies were recruited and prepared for duty. Those from the western part of the county marched to Baltimore, and those from the eastern part to Philadelphia, and from thence to Marcus Hook, where they were received into the ser- vice of the United States, and served until they were regularly discharged. Colonel Isaac Wayne, Major Isaac D. Barnard, Captain Christopher Wigton, Captain Titus Taylor, and Captain George Hartman, were among those who recruited men for the service. Major Barnard was actively engaged in the field during the entire war, and won for himself honorable distinction. On the 26th of July, 1825, General Lafayette visited the Brandywine battle- field, where he had been wounded in 1777, and was thence escorted by the volunteer soldiery and assembled citizens to West Chester, where he was enter- tained by a committee with a public dinner in the court house. The following day he proceeded to Lancaster. He was accompanied by his son, George Washington Lafayette. In the .var for the preservation of the Union, Chester county, in common with the cnL.rc North, responded most nobly to the calls made upon her. Where 534 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. all did so well, it would be invidious to claim for one greater distinction or regard than another. It is estimated that this county furnished not less than six thousand five hundred soldiers, of whom about five hundred were colored men. When the three months men were called for, four companies were furnished, one of which was connected with the 4th and the other with the 9th regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers. The others, so far as we have any record of them, were distributed as follows: In the 1st Pennsylvania reserves, two companies ; 4th reserves, one company ; 1st Pennsylvania rifles (Bucktails), one company; 49th Pennsylvania volunteers, one company; 53d, two companies; 71st, one company; 97th, seven companies; llGth, one company; 124th, eight companies; 175th, eight companies; 7th cavalry, one company; 16th cavahy, one company ; 20th cavalry, one company. In addition to these, hundreds of men left the county, singly and in squads, and became connected with regiments in other places — largely in Philadelphia. Drafts were also made from time to time, which furnished a large number. Camp Wayne was established at West Chester early in the war, and many of the regiments were fitted there for active dut}'. General Galusha Pennjq^acker, formerly colonel of the 97tli Pennsylvania, now in the regular army, is a native of Chester county. Among her citizens who fell in the service were Colonels Frederick Taylor, Thomas S. Bell, Henry M. Mclntire, and George W. Roberts. The earliest educational institution of note in the county was the New London Academy, established by Rev, Dr. Francis Allison in 1743. It became justly celebrated, and served to aid in furnishing the State with able civilians, and the church with well-qualified ministers. Among those who were wholly or partially educated here were Charles Thomson, Secretary of the Continental Congress, Dr. John Ewing, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, Dr. David Ramsay, the historian, the celebrated Dr. Hugh Williamson, one of the fi'amers of the Constitution of the United States and historian of North Cai'olina, and three signers of the Declaration of Independence, Gov. Thomas M'Kean, George Read, and James Smith, Hugh Williamson and Thomas M'Kean were both natives of Chester county, and born within a few miles of the location of this school. Dr. Allison subsequently became Vice Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, was an unusually accurate and profound scholar, and to his zeal for the diffusion of knowledge, Pennsylvania owes much of that taste for solid learning and classical literature for which many of her principal characters have been distinguished. About the same, time Rev. Samuel Blair established a clas- sical school at Fagg's Manor, from which came forth man3^ distinguished pupils, who did honor to their instructor. Among them was Rev. Dr. Samuel Davies, who was one of the Presidents of Princeton College, Rev. Dr. John Rodgers, and Rev. Robert Smith, the father of Samuel Stanhope Smith and John Blair Smith, all eminent as scholars and divines. The West Chester Academy was erected in 1812, and was a flourishing insti- tution for many years. It was finally merged in the State Normal School. Anthony Bolmar, a native of France, established a school in West Chester in 1840, which he conducted until his death, in 1859. It was one of the best regu- lated and most complete institutions for the education of young men in the United States. His pupils are scattered over the country, and many of them CUESTEB COUNTY. 535 occupy prominent positions. He was the author of several educational works on the French language. After his decease Colonel Theodore Hyatt conducted the Pennsylvania Military Academy in the same building for some years, and was succeeded by William F. Wyers. After the death of Mr. W3'ers, the property passed under the control of the Catholic church, and is now occupied by the Convent of the Sacred Heart. In 1826, Rev. Francis A. Latta estab- lished, in Sadsbury township, the Moscow Academy, which he successfully conducted for several years. Among the most distinguished of the seminaries of learning in the county is the Westtown Friend's boarding school. It was established in 1194, and has ever since been in successful operation. It is ex- clusively for the education of youth of both sexes belonging to the Societ}- of Friends. The buildings are located on a farm of six hundred acres. The Kimberton boai'ding school was established in 181 T, by Emmor Kimber, and was conducted by him and his accomplished daughters for many years. The State normal school, for the district composed of the counties of Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Bucks, was opened in 1871, and under the superintendence of George L. Maris, and a corps of efficient teachers, is doing a noble work. The building is a massive structure, con- structed of the beautiful serpentine stone, so abundant in this region. The grounds contain ten acres, laid out in drives, walks, croquet and ball grounds, and ornamented with trees, shrubbery, and flowers. During the last year, there were two hundred and eighty-seven scholars, about equally divided between the sexes. Lincoln University — an institution for the education of young men of color — was incorporated by the Legislature in 1854, under the title of Ashmun Institute. In 1866 the name was changed to Lincoln University, and its sphere of usefulness enlarged. The buildings are situated on a tract of eighty acres, in Lower Oxford township, on the line of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central railroad, and near the borough of Oxford, and occupy a commanding position upon one of the highest hills in that undulating district. There are four University buildings and four professors' houses. The institution is completely equipped with a corps of fifteen professors and teachers, who are zealous and earnest in the work. Students are fitted in the preparatory department, and in college pursue the regular course of four years, and on graduating receive the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Full instruc- tion is also given in the law, medical, and theological departments, and the regular degrees conferred. The University is doing a noble woi'k in sending out educated colored men, fitted to instruct and elevate their race. The number of students in all the departments at the present time is about two hundred. Rev. I. N. Rendall, D.D., is president. A soldiers' orphans' school was established at Chester Springs, in West Pikeland township, at the close of the war, and has always had a full attendance. Chester Springs was once a noted watering place, but is not now kept as such, and the buildings are in the occupancy of this school. Among them is a large structure which was erected by General Washington during the Revolution, for the sick and wounded of the army. It has long been known as Washington Hall. • Numerous institutions of learning are scattei-ed over the county, among 536 HIS TOR Y OF PENIi^S TL VANIA. which ma}' be mentioned tlie Unionville academy, R. M. McClellan's school for young men and boys at West Chester, the Eaton academy at Kennett Square, and the Kennett Square academy of Dr. Frank Taj'lor, the Ercildoun seminary, Mary B. Thomas and sister's seminary at Downingtown, and Mrs. Cope's boarding school at Toughkenamon. In speaking of the literary institutions of Chester county, honorable mention must be made of John Forsythe, Philip Price, Enoch Lewis, author of several mathematical works, Jonathan Cause,' Joshua Hoopes, Thomas Conard, Joseph C. Strode, and Hannah P. Davis, as successful educators and proprietors of boarding schools. Jonathan Cause and Joshua Hoopes each taught over fifty years, and always had a large number of pupils. Tliere are ten boroughs in Chester county. Atglen, formerly the village of Penningtonville, is a new borough, and was incorporated b}' decree of court, December 20, 1875. It is situated on the Pennsylvania- railroad, in the Great Yalley, about one mile from the Octorara creek, which forms the western boundary of the county. It contains a large manufactory of sad-ii'ons. CoATESViLLE, named in honor of the Coates family, was incorporated in 1867. It is situated in the Great Valley, where it is crossed by the west branch of the Brandywine. This has of late j'ears become a thriving town, its prosperity being due in great part to the extensive iron works of C. E. Pennock & Co., Steele & Worth, Huston & Penrose, and others. There are also a number of paper mills, woollen and cotton mills, flouring mills, and other industries, within a short distance. The Pennsylvania railroad crosses the Brandywine on a magnificent bridge, 836 feet in length, and seventy-three feet high. The Wilmington and Reading railroad also passes through the town. Moses Coates, the ancestor of the family from whom the place derives its name, came from Ireland about 1717, and settled in Charlestown township, whence some of their children removed to East Cain. William Fleming was a settler near this place. His wife was a sister to John and Thomas Moore, who settled at Downingtown. DowNiNGTOWN is in the midst of the Great Valley, on the east branch of the Brandywine. In 1702, surveys were made here in right of purchases made in England. Among the earlj^ settlers were Thomas and John Moore, George Aston, Roger Hunt, Thomas Parke, and Thomas Downing. Thomas Moore erected a mill before the year 1718, which afterwards became the property of Thomas Downing, from whom the place received its present name, having been previously known as Milltown. During the early years of its history Downingtown was a peculiarly staid and respectable place, and resisted the project of making it the county seat, when its removal from Chester was under consideration, and not a lot could be obtained on which to erect the county buildings. No parallel can probably be found in the history of any town in the country. They were opposed both to parting with their lands, and to the noise and brawling of a county town. Not even the passage of the railroad along its southern border could seduce the old-fashioned citizens from their quiet, staid, and thrifty ways, into the delusive dream of making haste to be rich. Of late years, however, new men have taken hold, and it now possesses its full share of enterprise, and bids fair to become a large and prosperous town. Among its industries is a manufactory of sewing CHESTEB COUNTY. 537 machines. It is a prominent station on the Pennsylvania railroad, and the point of junction of the branch road to Waynesburg and New Holland, and of the Chester Valley railroad to Norristown. It was incorporated as a borough in 1859. Hopewell is situated in the south-western part of the county, and contains a large number of cotton and woolen manufactories and flouring mills. The Dickey and Ross families were enterprising and leading operators here for many years. Kennett Square is situated on the line of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central railroad, in the midst of an exceedingly fertile district of country, at the head of the Toughkenamon valley. The inhabitants — who are largely- the descen- dants of the original settlers — are noted for their intelligence and culture. The anti-slavery sentiment has alwa^'s predominated strongly, and in the days of slavery it was esteemed a hot-bed of abolitionism. The inhabitants, however, gloried in their sentiments, and many a way-faring bondman received aid and comfort from them on his passage towards the North Star. It would have been a dangerous experiment, in those days, for any of its inhabitants to have pro- claimed their nativity, south of Mason and Dixon's line. Its academies and seminaries have for years ranked high, and many youth from a distance are edu- cated here. The prosperity of the place is largely due to the extensive manu- facture of agricultural machinery. The old Unicorn tavern, said to have been the scene of one of the outlaw Fitzpatrick's exploits, was burned during the past year. Gayen Miller was the first settler in this neighborhood. Oxford is also on the line of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central railroad, and at the junction of the Peach Bottom railroad to York. It has grown rapidly since the completion of the first named railroad, and bids fair to become a large and prosperous town. It was incorporated in 1833. Parkesburo, incorporated in 1872, is a prominent station on tlie line of the Pennsylvania railroad, and contains a population of about six hundred. The State shops were formerly located here, but a few years since were removed to Harrisburg, and the buildings have since been occupied as a rolling mill. It received its name from the Parkes, an old and influential family in this section of the county. Phcenixville, incorporated in 1849, is situated on the Schuylkill river, and on the line of the Reading railroad. It owes its prosperity largely to the very extensive iron works located here, which give emploj-ment to several hundred families. The families of Coates, Starr, and Buckwalter, were among the early settlers. Population, about six thousand. Spring City, originally Springville, is situated on the Schuylkill river, opposite to Royer's Ford, on the Reading railroad. The American Wood-Paper company have their works here, and there is also a large manufactory of stoves and hollow ware. Incoiporated in 1867. West Chester was incorporated in 1788, and contains a population of about six thousand five hundred. The original court house, erected in 1784, was replaced by a new one in 1846, and the old prison by a new one — conducted on the penitentiary system— erected in 1838, and enlarged in 1872. The public buildings reflect great credit on tlie enterprise and taste of the citizens. This town is one of the most attractive in the State. It is well built, the streets well 538 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. paved and lighted, and lined with shade trees. One looking on it from an elevated position would suppose it situated in a forest. It is remarkable for salubrity, and is surrounded by a beautiful, undulating country. West Chester is pre-eminent among the towns of the State for its highly cultivated state of society, and the general diffusion of intelligence among its citizens. The natural history of the county has been very fully explored and written upon by citizens engaged in the ordinary pursuits of life. It contains private collections of minerals, shells, and botanical specimens, scarcely equalled in public institutions. A taste for such studies was much fostered by the " Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," a society organized in 1826 — the librarj^ and collections of which are now in charge of the State Normal school, located here. As an educational centre. West Chester has always enjoyed a high rank, and the graduates of its schools are to be found in every department of public life. It is also noted for the number of people who resort to it from other places, to pass the remainder of their lives in ease and retirement. Its inhabitants were, for a long time, chiefly of the Society of Friends, and this has given tone to society, although its character is fast changing, from the influx of those of other creeds. Chester county, in addition to the incorporated boroughs, is studded with villages, which have grown up in the progress of years, at the crossings of the great roads, and at or near the sites of the ancient inns, with which the county abounds. Many of these old taverns were famous among the travelers of the olden time, and not a few have been distinguished in the annals of the Revolu- tion. Among these were the Paoli, Warren, Chatham, White Horse, Black Horse, Ship, Buck, Red Lion, Wagon, Anvil, Hammer & Trowel, Compass, Turk's Head, Unicorn, and Spread Eagle. The most noted of these villages are Waynesburg, Lionville, Marshalton, Wagontown, Doe Run, Unionville, New London, Cochranville, Chatham, Avondale, West Grove, Landenberg, and Tougiikenamon. There are fifty-six townships in the county. Birmingham was probably named by William Brinton, one of the earliest settlers, who came from the neighborhood of the town of that name in England. It was surveyed about 1684 to various persons in right of purchases made in England. Upon the division of the county, the greater part of the original town- ship fell into Delaware county, but to the remainder an addition was made from the southern end of East Bradford in 1856. The battle of Brandywine was fought in this township. The descendants of William Brinton, the first settler, are numerous, and very many of them occupy highly respectable positions in society. It is believed that all bearing the name of Brinton, in Pennsylvania, are descended from him. For more than a century the name was pronounced Bran- ton. A public library was established in this township as early as 1795, which is still kept up. Bradford was probably named from Bradford, in Yorkshire, or the town of the same name on Avon, in Wiltshire. It was divided into East Bradford and West Bradford, in 1731. Some of the early surveys were made in 1686, others in 1702, and later. Among the early settlers were the names of Buffington, Jefferis, Taylor, Woodward, Martin, Townseud, Strode, and Marshall. Abiah CHESTER COUNTY. 539 Taylor settled on the Braiidywine in 1702, and built a mill on a branch of that stream. In 1724 he erected a brick house, with bricks imported from PJngi nd, which is still standing. Humphrey Marshall, one of the earliest American botan- ists, and author of a work on the Forest Trees of the United States, published in 1785, planted a botanical garden at Marshalllon, in West Bradford, and his name was given to the village. Brandywine was erected in 1790, and named from the stream, by the two branches of which it was bounded on either side. It was formerly the northern part of East Cain, and was divided into East Brandywine and West Brandywine in 1844. Caln (now divided into Cain, East Cain, and West Cain), was named from Cain, in Wiltshire, England, whence some of the early settlers came. In 1702, surveys were made, extending from the Welsh tract on the east, to the west branch of Brandywine on the west, mostly confined to the valley. These were afterwards extended northward and westward. In 1728 the township was divided into East Cain and West Cain, the Brandywine being the dividing line. East Cain was reduced in 1790, by the erection of Brandywine on the north, and in 1853 by the for- mation of Valley township on the west. In 1868, it was again divided, the part east of Downington re- taining the name of East Cain, and the remainder, with a part of Valley, taking the name of Cain. The greater part of Cain and East Cain lie in the Great Valley, and contain beautiful farming lands, while West Cain is more hilly. Charlestown was so called in honor of Charles Pickering, of Asm ore, in the county of Chester, England, who purchased a large amount of land from Penn. His surname was given to the stream which flows through the township. This township was divided in 1826, and the eastern part lying on the Schuylkill river, called Schuylkill township. The early settlers were mostly Welsh, followed by some from Germany. Coventry township doubtless received its name from Samuel Nutt, an early settler who came from Coventi-y, in Warwickshire, England. He arrived in this country in 1714, bringing a certificate of recommendation from Friends in England, and after his arrival married Anna, widow of Samuel Savage, and daughter of Thomas Rutter, one of the early iron masters of Pennsylvania. Samuel Nutt, after his arrival here, turned his attention to the manufacture of iron, and established the first iron works in Chester county. He took up land on French creek in 1717, and about that time built a forge there. A letter written by him, in 1720, mentions an intention of erecting another forge that fall. His step-son, Samuel Savage, married a sister of John Taylor, who erected Sarum forge, on Chester creek, and a step-daughter, Ruth Savage, became the wife of John Potts, the founder of Pottstown. Robert Grace, an extensive iron master, resided in this township, and the Merediths, from Radnorshire, were among the prominent settlers. The date of the erection of the township is not certainly known, but supposed to have been about 1723. In 1841 the town- HOUSE OF ABIAH TAYLOR, Built In 1734. 540 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. ship was divided into North Coventry and South Coventry, and in 1844, East Coventry was formed by a division of North Coventry. Easttown was erected in 1104, and so named on account of its position. It was included in the original survey made for tlie Welsh, and was settled by them. In 1722, Anthony Waj^ne, a native of Yorkshire, emigrated from the county of Wicklow, Ireland, and settled in this township, where he died in 1739. His son Francis appears to have done something at surveying. Another son, Isaac, was the father of General Anthony Wayne, who was born in this township. Elk was formed in 1857, from the township of East Nottingham, and named from the stream which skirts its eastern side. Its southern boundary is Mason and Dixon's line. Fallowfield is supposed to have been named in honor of Lancelot Fallow- field, of Westmoreland, England, who was one of the first purchasers of land from William Penn. John Salktld, a noted Quaker preacher, who came from that part of England, bought the riglit of Lane- lot Fallowfield, and took up land in this township in 1714, and may have sug- gested the name. The township was erected about 1724. In 1743 it was di- vided into East Fallowfield and West Fallowfield, the stream called Buck run BIRTH PLACE AND RESIDENCE OF GENERAL WAYNE. [From a Photograph by A. W. Taylor, West Chester.] being the dividing line. At this time we find among the inhabitants of the eastern part, the names of Bentley, Dennis, Filson, Fleming, Mode, Hannum, and Hayes; and in the western part, the names of Adams, Cochran, Moore, Parke, and Wilson. In 1853 Highland township was formed from the eastern part of West Fallowfield. Franklin was formed from the eastern part of New London in 1852. Goshen was included in the original survey for the Welsh, but many surveys were made there for other purchasers, owing to dela}' on the part of the Welsh to settle the land. It was organized as a township in 1704. Among the early settlers were Robert Williams, Ellis David (or Davies), George Ashbridge, and Mordecai Bane. GriflSth Owen had a house here, at which Friend meetings were held as early as 1702. This meeting was probably the first within the present limits of the county. It was also held at the house of Robert Williams for a time, previous to the erection of a meeting house. Tradition says that he was called the king of Goshen, and that on one occasion when his fire went out, he was obliged to go several miles to get it renewed. George Ashbridge, a son of the settler of the same name, was a member of Assembly from this county from 1743 till his death, in 1773, a period of thirty years, probably the longest CHESTER COUNTY. 541 terra the office was ever held by one man. Men of experience weie sought after in those clays to fill public positions. The Haines, Matlack, and Hoopes families became numerous here. In 1817 tne township was divided into East Goshen and West Goshen. The borough of West Chester was taken from this township in 1788. Goshen Friends meeting house, still standing, was erected in 1736. Highland was formed from the eastern part of West Fallowfield in 1853. It lies between West Fallowfield and East Fallowfield. Among early settlers were the names of Adams, Boggs, Boyd, Cowpland, Futhey, Glendenning, Gibson, Haslett, Hamill, and Wilson. HoNEYBROOK was formed from West Nantmeal in 1789. The name Nant- meal (or Nantmel, as originally spelled), which is Welsh, signifies Honeybrook, and the translated name was given to the new township. Among the early residents were the families of Ralston, Buchanan, Macelduff, Talbot, Trego, Suplee, and Long. Kennett (originally spelled Keiinet), is first mentioned on the court records as a township in 1704. It is thought the name was suggested by Francis Smith, who came from Wiltshire (where there is a village of that name), and took up land in 16SG, at the mouth of Pocopson creek. Pennsbury and Pocopson were originally included in Kennett, while the greater part of what now bears the name was included in a survey made about 1700, for William Penn's daughter Letitia, and called Letitia's Manor. The land was sold to settlers by her agents, London Britain — A considerable part of this township was included in the survey made for the London company. Settlements were made at an early date by Welsh Baptists, in the southern part of the township, and a church was estab- lished amongst them. The oldest tombstone in the grave-yard bears date 1720. John Evans, from Radnorshire, about 1700, was prominent among these settlers, and his son of the same name, who died in 1738, held large tracts of land, together with fulling mills and grist mills, on White Clay creek. An Indian village was formerly on the creek, near Yeatman's mill. Londonderry derived its name from Londonderry, Ireland. Nearly all the early settlers were Scotch-Irish. The greater part of the present township was in Sir John Fagg's Manor, and the large Presbyterian church of Fagg's Manor is in this township. It was separated from Nottingham in 1734. Oxford was taken off in 1754, and further divided in 1819, and the southern part called Penn. London Grove was organized in 1723. In 1699, William Penn sold to Tobias Collet and three others, among other lands, sixty thousand acres, not then located. These persons admitted others into partnership with them, and formed a com- pany, generally known as the London company, for the improvement of their property, the number of shares eventually reaching eight thousand eight hundred, and the shareholders several hundred. As a part of the sixty tliousand acres, a survey was made of seventeen thousand two hundred and eighteen acres in Chester county, including all the present township of London Grove, and a large part of Franklin (formerly New London) and London Britain. A large number of the settlers in London Grove were Friends, and among them were the names of Chandler, Jackson, Lamborn, Lindley, Allen, Morton, Pusey, Scarlet, 542 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Starr, and Underwood. The villages of Avondale and West Grove are in tliia township. MARLBoaouGQ was namel from Marlborough, in Wiltshire. The eastern pan was laid out about 1701, in right of purchases made in England. As firsr designed by Penn, the eastern part was to be rectangular — the "Street" road passing through the middle, and the land on the nortli, was described as in Ben- salem township, but afterwards added to Marlborough. The township was divided, in 1129, into East Marlborough and West Marlborough. Among the early settlers were Joel Baily, Thomas Jackson, Caleb Pusey, Francis Swayne, John Smith, and Henry Hayes. In West Marlborough, Joseph Pennock was among the first settlers, and there he built "Primitive Hall," which is still stand- ing. His descendant^ are very numerous. Cedarcroft, the home of Bayard Taylor, is in Eust Marlborough, less than a mile north of Kennett Square, Tlfe name Hilltown was originally applied to West Marlborough and lands to the westward, probably from its topography. Nantmeal is a Welsh name, and the early settlers were chiefly from that country. The township was divided in 1740 into East Nantmeal and West Nant- meal. The signatures to the petition for division indicates the character of the population at that time. On this petition are the Welsh surnames of Pugh, David, Roger, Williams, Stephens, Griffiths, Rees, Edward, Jones, Meredith, Roberts, and Philips. There are also the names of Frayley, Marsh, Kirk, Savage, and Speary. New Garden was named from New Garden, in the county Carlow, Ireland. This township was included in a survey made about 1700, for William Penn, Jr , being part of 30,000 acres surveyed for him and his sister Letitia, part of which lay in New Castle county. It was largely settled from 1712 to 1720, b}^ Friends from Ireland, one of whom, John Lowden, is supposed to have suggested the name, in remembrance of his former home. Thomas and Mary Rowland settled in the valley, near Toughkenamon, in 1706, being, perhaps, the first settlers who purchased land in the township. Among the early settlers were John Miller, Michacd Lightfoot, Joseph, John, and Nehemiah Hutton, Joseph Sharp, Benjamin Fred, Robert Johnstc-n, and the Starr family. The township is now intersected by three railroads. Landenberg, in this township, is the seat of extensive woolen mills, and at Toughkenamon is a large manufactory of spokes and wheels, and one of hard rubber goods — also a large boarding school. Newlin, formerly called Newlinton, was named in honor of Nathaniel New- lin. This township was surveyed in 1688, for the Free Society of Traders, It was purchased in 1724, by Nathaniel Newlin, who sold parts of it, and the remain- der was divided among his heirs in 1730. An Anabaptist congregation held meetings at the house of John Bentley, prior to 1747, with Owen Thomas as their minister, and a meeting house was erected some years after, on land of the Bentleys. New London was probably so named because it contained land of the London company's purchase. A survey was made for Michael Harlan, in 1714, at a place called Thunder Hill, while near it, on Elk creek, a large tract called Pleasant Garden, was taken up under a Maryland right. About 1720, a survey was made for Susanna M'Cain, who was doubtless the grandmother of Governor Thomas CHESTER COUNTY. 543 M'Kean. The names of Hodgson, Macke-y, Scott, Moore, Cook, Finney, John- son, and Allison, were among the early settlers. The most of these were Scotch- Irish Presbyterians, Nottingham. — In 1702 a surve}^ of eighteen thousand acres was made bj- direction of Penn's commissioners, and divided amongst several persons who took an interest in the settlement, except three thousand acres, which was reserved for the Proprietary. This settlement received the name of Nottingliam When the line between the Provinces of Pennsj-lvania and Maryland was finally settled, all of the original survey fell into Maryland, except one thousand three hundred and forty-five acres. Prominent among those who settled upon these lands, were the names of Brown, Beeson, Beal, Churchman, Gatchell, Job, Rey- nolds, Ross, and Sidwell. The township was divided into West Nottingham and East Nottingham, about the year 1120. The celebrated Hugh Williamson was born in West Nottingham, in 1735. Oxford was formed by a division of Londonderry, in 1754. A survey of five thousand acres was made in the eastern part of this township for William Penn, Jr., and afterwards known as Penn's Manor. Between this and the Octorara creek, surveys were made from 1730 to 1750 and later, as desired by settlers. Those who had seated themselves on the Manor did not get title until 1747, and afterwards. The township also included a portion of Fagg's Manor, which lay to the east of Penn's Manor, and on this the settlers were also seated a consider- able time before getting titles to the land. A majority of the early settlers were Scotch-Irish. It was divided into Upper Oxford and Lower Oxford in 1797. Penn was formed by a division of Londonderry in 1817. The greater part of it was originally included in Fagg's Manor, and the settlers were largely from Ireland. Pennsbury was formed from the eastern part of Kennett, in 1770, and com- prised the earliest settled part of that township. There were few settlements made until after 1700. The names of Smith, Peirce, Way, Hope, Harlan, Few, and Bentley, were among the first to take up land, and after these came the Harveys, Mendenhalls, Webbs, and Temples. John Parker, an eminent minister among Friends, was settled there in the time of the Revolution. At the battle of Brandywine, Kn^^phausen's forces were posted in this township, at and near Chad's ford, until the fighting commenced with the forces under Cornwallis, at Birmingham meeting-house, when he crossed the Brandywine and attacked the forces under General Wayne, who were guarding the ford. PiKELAND was granted by William Penn to Joseph Pike, by patent made in 1705. It contained over ten thousand acres. By various devises and convey- ances, it became the property of Samuel Hoare, of London. He, in 1773, con- veyed it to Andrew Allen, and took a mortgage on it for sixteen thousand pounds sterling. Allen sold parcels of it to over one hundred persons, and received the purchase moneys. The mortgage not being paid, it was sued out, and the entire township sold by the sheriff in 1789, and re-purchased by Samuel Hoare. The persons to whom Allen had made sales, and whose titles were divested by this sheriff's sale, generally compromised with Hoare and received new deeds from him. It was divided into East Pikeland and West Pikeland in 1838. 514 RISTOR T OF P ENKS YL VANIA. PocopsoN, named from the stream which flows through it, was formed in 1849, from parts of four adjoining townships. It is bounded on one side by the Brandywine. Benjamin Chambers took up a large quantity of land on the Brandywine, which he sold to settlers. Joseph Taylor purchased from him in nil, and afterwards built a mill on Pocopson creek. The Marshalls settled the northern part, and were succeeded by the Bakers. The name Pocopson is Indian, and signifies rapid or brawling stream. Sadsbury was a township as early as 1708. That part of it lying in the Great Yalley was taken up at an early date in right of purchases made in England. The erection of Lancaster county, in 1729, took off the part of it Avest of the Octorara. The early settlers were a mixture of Friends from England, and of Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. The families of Boyd, Cowan, McClellan, Marsh, Moore, Parke, Truman, Williams, Hope, Gardner, and Richmond, were here early. Upper Octorara Pi-esbyterian church, which dates from 1720, is in this township. Schuylkill was formed from Charlestown in 1826. In the southern part was Lowther's Manor of Bilton, which was surveyed very early for (it is supposed) the children of Margaret Lowther, who was a sister of William Penn. The land in the northern part was taken up by David Lloyd, and settled by the Buckwalter, Coates, Starr, Longstreth, and other families. Thornbury was named from Thornbury in Gloucestershire, England. It comprises but about one-fourth of the original township, the greater part being in Delaware county. This was all surveyed in right of the " first purchasers." Thornbur}', Birmingham, and Westtown are the only townships within the present limits of the county which were organized before the year 1704. Tredyffrin is situated in the Great Valley, in the most easterly part of the county, and was part of a large tract surveyed for the Welsh, and principally taken up by them. The name is Welsh, and signifies valley-town, or township Tre or tref is the Welsh for town or township, and Dyffrin is a wide cultivated valley, hence the compound, Tredyffrin, the town or township in the valley. This township was sometimes called Valley-town or Valleyton, in old writings, an evident effort to anglicize the name. It has been said by some writers to signify stony valley, but this is not correct. TJwcHLAN was principally settled by Welsh Friends about 1715 and later, under the auspices of David Lloyd. A Friends meeting was established, and a house erected, in which the preaching was in Welsh. Among the early settlers were John Evans, Cadwalader Jones, James Pugh, Robert Benson, Noble Butler, John Davis, Griffith John, and Samuel John. The latter two were preachers, and sons of John Philips, taking their father's christian name for their surname, as was the custom among the Welsh. . The present inhabitants are largely the descendants of the early settlers. The name is Welsh, and signifies upland, or higher than or above tlie valley. The township was divided in 1858, and a new township formed, to which the na;iie of Upper Uwchlan wa^ given. Valley was formed in 1852, from parts of four adjoining townships, and was reduced in size by the formation of Cain in 1868. The greater part of the present township was formerly in Sadsbury. Vincent. — On the earliest map of Pennsylvania this township is given in CHESTER COUNTY. 545 the names of Sir Matthias Yincent, Adrian Yreosen, Benjohan Furloy, and Pr. Daniel Cox. French creek, which passes through the township, was sometimes called Yincent river, and the tract of land was most frequently described as Cox & Company's 20,000 acres. The earliest inhabitants were supplanted by the Germans, whose descendants still, to a considerable extent, enjoy the lands of their fathers. Garret Brombac — now corrupted into Brownback— established in this township the first tavern north of the Lancaster road, in a house of rude construction, where he performed the duties of host many years. He was a merry German, and accumulated considerable means. The township was divided into East Yincent and West Yincent in 1832. Wallace was formed in 1852, l)y the division of West Nantmeal. The name given to it by the court was Springton, but the Legislature changed it the next year to Wallace. The Manor of Springton, laid out about 1729, and containing ten thousand acres, included nearly, if not quite all, the lands in this township, and it is to be regretted that the name given bj' the court was not retained. Wallace post office is a prominent point in the township. Among the names of early settlers are Murray, Henderson, Starret, Parker, and McClure. Warwick, named from Warwick iron works within its limits. The name came originally from the county of Warwick, in England, and was conferred on the works b}^ Samuel Nutt, who was from that county. This townsliip was formed by the division of East Nantmeal, in 1842. The Warwick iron works were originally erected in 1736, In- Samuel Nutt. During the Revolution, they were in constant operation for tlie government, and cannon were cast there. In 1857 they produced 759 tons of boiler plate iron, from the ore of the neigh- boring mines. These works have been owned b}' the Potts family for over a century-, by one of whom, David Potts Jr., they were carried on successfully for more than fifty years. Westtown was organized about 1700. The early settlers were Daniel Hoopes, Aaron James, Benjamin Hickman, James Gibbons, and John Bowater.. The Gibbons tract, of six hundred acres, was purchased by the Society of Friends in 1794, and there was established the well known Westtown boarding school,, in which, at the present time, are about 220 pupils of both sexes. WniTELAND was organized about 1704. This is the north-western part of the original Welsh tract of forty thousand acres, wliicli was laid out to them in 1684, with the expectation that they should be a separate Barony, with liberty to manage tlieir municipal affairs in their own way. It appears they also desired to retain their own language, but the tide of subsequent events rendered this impracticable. The north and west lines of this survey are still chiefly retained, but the others are obliterated. Richard Thomas was one of the early settlers, and took up five thousand acres .of land, in riglit of a purchase made by his father, Richard ap Thomas, of Whitford Garden, in Wiltshire, North Wales, in 1681, the greater part of which was located in this township. One of his descendants, Colonel Richard Thomas, was an officer during the Revolutionory war, and occupied a prominent position, both in civil and military affairs. Hie township is situated almost wholly in the choicest part of the Great Yalley, and. was divided into East Whiteland and West Whiteland in 1765. WiLLiSTOAVN was Organized in 1704. A lai'ge part of this tract was within the 2 K 546 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. lines of the Welsh tract, but many surveys were made for other persons, espe- cially in the southern parts. The families of Hibberd, Massey, Sraedley, Thomas and Yarnall, were among the earliest and most numerous. A tribe of Indians, called the Okehockings, held lands in this township, by special grant from the Commissioners of Property. ANNUAL VALUE OP PRODUCTS OF AGRICULTURE IN PENNSYLVANIA-1870. COUNTIES. Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Butler Bucks Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Kranklin Fulton Forest Greene . Huntlnijdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata I^ancaster Lawrence Lebanon liehigh 1,'izerne I.Vic)inin){ M'Keaii Mercer Mifflin Monroe Mont(?iinu'ry Montour Nortlianiiiton .. . Korlluiinborland. Terry I'hiladcliiliia Pike Potter Schuylkill Somerset Snyder Suillvan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango WarrtMi Washington Wayne WestniiM eland .. Wyoming York £ 2 $3. 820, 4S8 4.043.871 2,5"7.inO 1.760.626 ],ftnfi.253 16. 1 70.483 1.447.840 4. 72' I. (150 5.490,9.i9 2.961.622 1.074,925 2"1.179 292.943 2,626,469 5.759,638 1.568.836 1,371.084 1.068.566 1,790.979 3,784,832 8,M4.5i9 2.843,838 1,368.141 211.944 3.810,413 2,348.090 155.560 3.975.245 629.816 1.859.a32 2. I33.8!i6 2.607.107 1.256,455 1.320.283 9,727.074 1.706.439 2.718,70(1 2.393.336 2.738.362 1.963.217 462.617 3.118.007 1.414,232 834.915 4.498,190 703,930 2.643.357 1.995,774 1.726.438 1.873.869 374.442 824.923 1.656.723 1.204.996 1.879,1.58 433.155 3.104.024 2.742.723 1,311.345 1.313.560 1.270.993 4.146.805 1.697.178 4.243.247 1.127,:K3 6.408.657 $2,920 69.875 9,632 2,487 12,667 10,195 357 20,245 19.997 14,703 16. 155 200 50 1,550 80,075 6,932 7.272 1,957 4.730 123.690 5,902 14,997 38,566 48 14,093 14,507 1,466 24,876 3.518 21.586 32. 836 17.879 6.750 2.. 378 39,708 1,172 4.804 19.528 18,585 416.625 5.222 21,273 1.089 12.063 1,894 2,446 1.271 1,787 10.843 5,075 581 10.239 182.789 3.067 36.933 6.758 18.244 13,813 MS. J! Bo ^ 13.915 4,768 4.432 3.255 10.292 12,103 14.072 8498.545 472.794 394.227 348,199 256.393 1,263.649 187.971 7.-.2.712 1,151,645 518.96S 173.344 12.520 42,390 354.207 2,181.799 311.902 248,426 126.217 282.616 765,210 555,707 475.479 4<'6.920 34.8.56 656.260 605.767 23,769 579,709 100,966 398.572 242,017 455.914 191.075 1.59.332 2,371.860 299. 796 477,381 457.683 410.612 135.940 84. .579 710.626 187.526 149.864 1,298,321 J 1 6. 453 435,294 300,667 260.014 63.967 50,346 95.064 2>9.295 170,035 202. .306 80. .501 572.688 323.737 2:10,239 217.484 185.901 870.401 272. .5-58 675,021 174,000 982 874 171,703,301 , 1.. 503, 737 I 28.41.3.110 1,722.610 3,01.5.224 1.91.5.1.50 1,576.277 1.298.205 4. .544. 490 798. 164 4,262,095 4,3-57.108 2,4'!7.001 833.361 73.220 202.974 1,3.32, .5.55 5.192.517 1.. 31 7. 708 931,661 5:10. 1.52 1.064.963 3.702.266 1.909,461 1.660. .572 1.605,6.57 206.706 2.930.1.56 2,095.444 127.114 2,270.161 474. a54 1.875.272 1,434.P48 2, 174,. 542 941.012 &3.5.8.50 6.044.215 1.373.251 1.620.33.5 1,949,1.57 2.0.56,063 1.244.9(10 372. 162 2.784.612 808.039 677,047 3.835.237 4I9.H06 1.900.042 1,113.983 948,988 659.695 309,0!!0 672.291 951,979 651,113 1,666.233 351.901 .3.277.76.3 2,074,117 6-58.911 1.1.50.1.53 l.(:63.,5i>3 3.9.38.33.5 1.7.31.0.55 3,028.081 822.811 4.013.4.52 115.647,07 319,240 490,734 323,682 318.178 1.52.451 901.761 101.877 l,2tS..561 1,0.54,315 483,176 145,733 16.421 28, .332 174,552 1,078.463 188.556 1.50,971 74. 1.39 1.56.8.86 804,2.57 290.317 268.993 512.642 36,311 688. .520 231.516 21,0.55 801.249 57.39t' 253,5-54 1.5.5.717 368.415 166.018 100. 122 &14,0.i2 241.389 292.9.57 320,656 372.904 150.176 69.942 5:5.5.840 140.811 99.583 1,340.112 65.027 297.104 164.815 12.583 12.5. 186 5-5,191 160. .'MS 131.289 80.421 448.180 76,683 869. .500 562.619 88.684 172.052 2.5.5.916 395.060 3:16.23 1 407.951 1.50.992 596.781 $13,148 154,2.37 6.3.134 210,9.53 30,3.52 5.429 9.833 61.126 8.759 112.110 23,772 1,064 615 26.724 15. 888 44., 398 28,536 i;i,.574 11.163 11.5.332 14.069 4,981 500 3.5.54 8.5.412 143. 376 3.:ancaster I.,awrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming M'Kean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland. Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland ... Wyoming York 214, .51 6 292,089 230, 915 176,861 197,2.50 374,560 98,285 366,851 315,833 273,158 93,438 6,485 2.5,782 152,2.38 374,7.59 162,747 116,218 54,8.52 136,710 328,555 239,784 172,586 89,4.38 16, 124 279,868 235,006 10,890 265,517 86,995 230. .594 168,818 256,023 104,220 97, .509 462.833 148, .509 139,481 181,097 194,115 163,892 28, 164 260, 109 97,687 85,663 256,909 53, 182 170.062 147, 129 136,809 37,518 27,303 56,307 109,135 92.580 249,615 36,689 290,997 187,305 70,752 122,874 83,762 409,863 110,718 342,083 87,953 411,341 11,515,965 6,478,235 58,509 93.570 126, 155 71,974 211.527 97,448 52,500 226,464 48,786 1.57,883 136.457 62.777 34.620 90,362 68,154 111.317 1.56,9.55 72,519 68,445 197,685 49,758 61,249 11,316 28,739 134,889 145,066 37,256 92.703 117,902 107,748 186,076 172, 164 135.722 66,5.57 76,858 50,665 43.883 39,217 174,381 143,291 50,689 129,056 60,763 110,311 27,877 16 4S3 15,404 46,452 126,225 2, 786 88,4.59 111.727 75,318 45,313 2.54,442 69,353 150,016 166.798 19,075 98, .340 134, .508 114,004 200,880 144,014 72,212 133, 181 "^^fl $14,611,060 56.448,818 13,681,426 14.198.713 9.49.5.119 43.638,465 8,098,146 25.1-58.245 40,289.213 18,230.848 4,834.076 1,332,188 1,484,210 1.3, .56.5, 198 46.737,688 7,7.84,127 5,931,360 4,797,040 9,01.5,460 21,905,661 22, 474, .577 19,0.53.433 19,288,727 1,019,820 23,991,6(17 18,250,9.58 619, .398 23,775.174 2. .56.5. 042 13,5,54.374 9,44.5,678 12,94.5,069 5,-362,623 6,3.51,175 70,724,908 11,614,044 19,016.808 23,555.476 21,565.724 11,212,366 1,566,2.50 22.048,299 9,133.277 4,459,114 40,902,0.50 4,615,6.55 20,991,169 12,430.987 8,750,895 18.945,000 2,213,325 2.942,348 8.643,655 5.769.403 12,043.715 1,658,109 16,707,011 10,92.3.925 7,891,977 7.211,0factured in the county, the value of the logs and square timber cut and run down the river to various points has been as much more. This immense busi ness has given employment to several thousand men each year. The mineral wealth of this county consists of coal, iron ore, fire-clay, potter's clay, and an abundance of sand, suitable for the manufacture of glass ; also an inexhaustible supply of limestone, all of which exist, to some extent, in nearly every township. The north-western portion of the county is especially rich in mineral deposits. It lies within the limits of the Clearfield coal basin, and contains bituminous seams, belonging to that region, aggregating a thickness of not less than thirty feet. The quality of this coal, as is well known, is superior. In various other parts of the county, coal, for many years, has been known to exist, and for more than forty years has been more or less extensively mined, principally on Lick and Queen's [Quinn's] runs, and Tangascootac creek. Iron ore (mainly hematite) is quite plentifully distributed throughout the county. It has been found of various degrees of purity, yielding from fifteen or twenty per cent, to seventy-five or eighty of metallic iron through the furnace, Tiie manufacture of ii'on from native ore has been to some extent engaged in during the past thirty years; even as long ago as 1829 a man by the name of Friedley erected a furnace near the east end of Sugar valley, where there was plenty of oi'e of a good quality, but owing to the want of capital he suspended operations in a few years, after having made large quantities of good iron. A furnace was constructed, and iron also manufactured at Farrandsville, near the mouth of Lick run, in 1832 or 1833, but the works were allowed to go to ruin. About the same time Washington furnace, on Fishing creek, about eight miles from its mouth, was built, and has been in operation most of the time since. The ore used at this furnace is of the variety known as " pipe," and obtained in the immediate vicinity. The iron produced is of a very fine quality, being espe- cially adapted to the manufacture of boiler plates, etc. In 1831 George Bressler, in company with Messrs. Harvey, Wilson, and Kinney, erected a furnace at Mill Hall, near the mouth of Fishing creek. The ore was procured from the Bald Eagle mountain, near at hand. The undertaking proved unsuccessful, and after passing through a number of difl'erent hands, the works were abandoned. The manufacture of fire brick has been an important branch of industry in this county for many years, extensive works having been constructed at Queen's [Quinn's] run and Farrandsville. Only the ones at the latter place are now in operation. The material, both clay and coal for fuel, is obtained near by Extensive beds of potter's clay have recently been found on the north side of the West Branch, nearly opposite Lock Haven. This clny has been thoroughly tested, and found to be of superior quality for the manufacture of stoneware, and is now being used for that purpose at an establishment in operation at Lock Haven. Lime of a good quality has for some time been manufactured in this county and shipped to other points at a distance. Marble of different degrees of fineness and various hues exists on Fishing creek, in Sugar valley, and also in Nittany valley, but as yet no extensive effort has been made to ascertain its extent and real value. As compared with other sections of the State, it cannot be claimed that 574 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Clinton is an agricultural county. In directing their attention to the lumber interests, the citizens of this region have unfortunately lost sight of the fact that beneath the surface of the " broad acres " of Clinton there is more wealth than ever existed upon it. As a general thing the soil of the county, both on the highlands and in its valleys, is sandy, and, to a great or less extent, intermixed with loam, this being especially the case along the streams. Probably there is not a single acre of mountain land in the upper West Branch region, that is not more or less strewn with sandstone, and the soil composed to a considerable degree of sand, as a result of disintegration; yet this land is nearly all suscep tible of a high state of cultivation, as has been demonstrated by occasional clearings, some of which are at a height of more than a thousand feet above the West Branch, and produce fine crops of wheat, oats, corn, buckwheat, and hay. Of such lands, now in market at from five to ten dollars per acre, there are many thousand acres in the county. The first actual settlement within the present limits of Clinton county was made previous to 1769, of which Meginness, in his " History of the West Branch Valley," speaks as follows : " The earliest settlement, of which I have any account, that was made up the river on the south side was by a man named Clarey Campbell, from Juniata. His cabin stood on the river, in the upper part of Lock Haven. In 1776 a trial took place between him and William Glass, who claimed his land. Charles Lukens, deputy surveyor, of Berks county, being a witness, testified as follows: 'When I went up in March, 1769, to make the officer's surveys, I found Clarey Campbell living on this land with his famil3\' " The other principal early settlers of the region were John McCormick, John Fleming, William Reed, Colonel Cooksey Long, and John Myers, who all settled near the site of Lock Haven ; and Alexander and Robert Hamilton, William McElhatton, and the Proctors and Bairds. who located a few miles further down the river ; and William Dunn, the original owner and settler of the Great Island, which lies about two miles below Lock Haven. These persons mostly came from the lower counties of the State, and were principally, if not all, of Scotch or Irish descent, and possessed intelligence and energy. At the time they located on the West Branch, which was between the years 1768 and 1785, the country all around was a dense wilderness, and, as may be supposed, infested with wild beasts and wilder Indians. A favorite route taken by predatory bands of ]-ed-skins in their descent upon the frontier settlements lay along the Sinnema- honing creek and the Susquehanna river, and during the early days of the settlement, on many occasions, the hardy " squatters " were aroused from their midnight slumbers and forced to fly to their arms in defence of their homes, oftimes being compelled to leave them to be plundered and destroyed by the merciless savages. One of the most important events of pioneer life in the West Branch Yalley was what is known as "the big runaway," which occurred in June, 1778. At that time " Reed's Fort," located where Lock Haven now stands, was garrisoned by a " fearless few," under command of Colonel Long. It is said that William Reed and his five sons constituted one-third of the fighting strength of the fort, and that the Reeds and Flemings were a majority of the whole number. During the year 1777, the Indians became very troublesome, and killed a CLINTON COUNTY. 575 number of the settlers. From various indications it was evident that a general invasion of the white settlements was imminent, and accordingly, preparations were made to repel an}' attack that might be made. Considering the scarcity of fire-arms and militar}' equipments generally, and the thinly settled condition of the country, it is a wonder that the inhabitants entertained the least hope of successfully opposing a horde of blood-thirsty savages ; but strange as it may appear, a number of the settlers, among them the Flemings, held out to the last against abandoning the fort. Early in 1778, a lone Indian appeared on the bank of the river opposite the fort. He made various signs for some one to come with a canoe and take him over. The occupants of the fort being suspicious that his object was to entice some of the whites across the river for the purpose of betraying them into the hands of confederates who might be concealed near at hand, hesitated to comply with his request, still he insisted, and waded some distance out into the stream, to show that his intentions were honorable. It has been said that at this juncture Mrs, Reed, wife of William Reed, "seeing that none of the men would venture, jumped into a canoe, crossed over alone and brought him with safety " to the fort. It is now stated, on the best authority, that it was not Mrs. Reed who took the Indian over, but a son of Job Chillaway, a friendly Indian, who, with his family, was at the time under the protection of the garrison. On being taken into the fort, the strange Indian proved to be friendl}', and had come a great many miles to warn the settlers of the approach of a large and powerful band of warriors, who were " preparing to make a descent upon the valley, for the purpose of exterminating the settlements. Being very much fatigued after his long journey, and feeling perfectly secure in the hands of those to whom he had just rendered such important service, the Indian laid down to rest, and soon fell asleep." In giving an account of this occurrence, Meginness says : " A number of men about the fort were shooting at a mark, amongst whom was one who was slightly intoxicated. Loading his rifle, he observed to some of them that he would make the bullet he was putting in kill an Indian. Little attention was paid to the remark at the time. He made good his word, however ; instead of shooting at the mark, he fired at the sleeping Indian, and shot him dead. A baser act of ingratitude cannot well be conceived. The murder was unprovoked and cowardly, and rendered doubly worse, from the fact that the Indian had traveled many miles to inform them of their danger. The garrison were so exasperated at this inhuman and ungrateful act, that they threatened to lynch him on the spot : when, becoming alarmed, he fled, and was sufi'ered to escape." Immediately after being apprised of their danger, a "council of war" was held by the garrison, when it was decided to evacuate the fort, and with all the inhabitants of the neighborhood go to Fort Augusta (now Sunbury) for protec- tion. Accordingly preparations were made to depart; live stock, and supplies generally, were placed upon rafts hastily constructed from whatever available material could be obtained. Many articles, such as household utensils, etc., that were considered too cumbersome to take along, and too valuable to lose, were hidden with the hope of getting them again when peace should be restored. Among other things that were thus secreted was a stone crock filled with sand for scouring tinware, etc. ; this was buried by the thoughtful Jane Reed, daughter 576 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. of William Reed, under the floor of her father's cabin. There was not much time to spare in arranging preliminaries; whatever was done had to be performed quickly, and in a few hours the settlers bade adieu to their homes, and began their flight to a place of safety, and the setting sun of that memorable day in June, 1778, shed its rays upon their deserted dwellings. In their flight down the river the people from Reed's Fort and vicinity were joined by the other inhabitants of the valley, and all found refuge, as before stated, at Fort Augusta. After being driven from their possessions, the Reeds, Flemings, McCormicks, and perhaps others, returned to their former homes in Chester county, remaining there till after the declaration of peace, in 1783, when again, five years after their flight, and ten years from the time they first settled on the West Branch, they returned to take possession of their homes, where they remained, most of them, to the end of their lives, never after having occasion to flee from the tomahawk and scalping knife. During the flve years' absence of the settlers, their buildings, though left to the "tender mercies" of the savages, were not destroyed, with the exception, perhaps, of one or two; and when their owners came to inspect them they were found to be in a tolerable state of preservation. After their return the people went to work with a will to fit up their homes, and it seems that the house of William Reed, being probably the most substantially built, had withstood the action of the weather better than any of the others, and was therefore the first to be put in order. While engaged in repairing the floor, some of the men discov- ered what they pronounced hidden treasures — a crock of silver. The result was quite an excitement among the people for a time, till Jane " put in an appear- ance " and claimed her "pewter sand," as it was called, which she had deposited under the floor five j^ears previous. That identical crock, now over one hundred years old, is still in possession of the Reed family. During times of comparative peace the settlers were often visited by the Indians, whom they always treated kindly, giving them food, etc., whenever they came around. Time after time Miss Jane Reed (who seems to have been chief cook not only for her father's family, but also of the garrison) exhausted her entire supply of bread in feeding bands of visiting red-skins. As it always gave ofi"ence to the Indians if the}'' were not all treated alike, Jane was often at her wits' end to know how to make her bread reach around if she happened to have a scanty supply on hand when the}' made their appearance. On one occasion the young lady was trying on a hat which she had just purchased, when suddenly a band of savages entered the cabin, and gazed with astonishment at what they, no doubt, considered a new fangled head dress. At length one of them, who was more bold than the rest, deliberately walked up to Miss Jane, and took the hat from her head, and after giving it a thorough examination, handed it to his companions, by each of whom, in turn, it was closely scrutinized and then replaced upon the head of its owner, after which the band departed without having the least apparent inclination to appropriate the singular looking article. It seems that Miss Jane had not a very exalted opinion of the Indians, at least as far as their stomachs were concerned, for one morning she found a mouse drowned in her cream pot, and exclaimed, with a twinkle in her eye, that she would give the cream to the Indians, for it was good enough for them. Accord CLINTON COUNTY. 577 ingly she made it into butter, and the next time the scamps paid her a visit, she had the grim satisfaction of seeing them feast on butter and buttermilk to their hearts' content. Many of the early settlers of the county rendered valuable service to the country during the Revolutionary and Indian wars; in fact, during those times nearly every able-bodied man was a soldier. Living on the extreme western border of civilization, as the pioneers of Clinton then did, it may be supposed that they had their full share of duties to perform in protecting their homes and their lives from invading Indians. Consequently, as long as danger threatened their own families and firesides, very little fighting material could be spared to join the Continental troops in their various campaigns against the Bi'itish. After the close of the Revolution, quite a number of persons who had taken part in that struggle settled within the present limits of the county. Among them was Major John P. De Haas, who located on Bald Eagle creek, about nine miles above its mouth, and Thomas and Francis Proctor, who acquired possession of a large tract of land on the river just below the mouth of the same stream. Thomas Proctor was captain of the first Continental company of artillery raised in Philadelphia. He was subsequently promoted to the rank of colonel, and his brother Francis, who was lieutenant of the same company, became captain. William Dunn, the owner of the " Big Island," also served some time as a soldier of the Revolution, participating in the battles of Germantown and Trenton. Mr. Dunn, with Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Hughes, were appointed a Committee of Safety at the beginning of the Revolution for Bald Eagle township (then Northumberland county). Immediately after the restoration of i^eace, in 1783, a number of families, in addition to those who had been driven away by the Indians, came to the West Branch aud settled. The lands lying between the river and Bald Eagle creek, being especially desirable, owing to their fertility and favorable location, particularly attracted those seeking frontier homes, and by the beginning of the year 1800 quite a settlement had there sprung up. To give the reader something of an idea how the land where Lock Haven now stands appeared seventy yeai'S ago, it may be stated that all of the territory, comprising about two thousand acres, lying in the angle formed by the junction of Bald Eagle creek and the Susquehanna river, was then covered with a vigorous growth of pine and oak, with the exception of about a dozen cleared patches of a few acres each, scattered here and there over the tract. Fifteen hundred acres of said angle was granted to Dr. Francis Allison, in 1769, by the Proprietaries of the Province of Pennsylvania. A few years after receiving his patent. Dr. Allison sold his purchase to John Fleming, who took possession in 1773, and located on the lower end of the tract, where he died in 1777. In accordance with the provisions of his will, the estate after his death was divided among his heirs. About the year 1800, Dr. John Henderson, of Huntingdon, married Margaret Jamison, one of the Fleming heirs, and through her came into possession of a portion of the original " Allison tract," as it was called. The completion of the West Branch division of the Pennsylvania canal from Northumberland to Dunnsbui'g, opposite Lock Haven, in 1834, was the beginning of a new and important era in the history of the West Branch valley. For 2 M 578 SISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. several years the work of building the canal had progressed, and finally culmi- nated in the construction of the Lock Haven dam. During the construction of these works, a large number of adventurers from various parts of the country visited the locality ; some of them remained and took an active part in the affairs of the community for years after. Several of the Irish laborers located on lands in the vicinity, and" made industrious, law-abiding citizens. Of the specu- lating spirits who were attracted thither by the prospect of a bright future, Jerry Church was the most original, enterprising, and venturesome, and although the region round about and above the mouth of Bald Eagle creek had been looked upon for many years, by the settlers and others, as desirable for agricultural pur- poses, and destined to become populous, productive, and wealthy as a farming district, it remained for the energetic Jerry to conceive and consummate the idea of laying out a town on that beautiful plain. Accordingly, in October, 1833, he purchased Dr. Henderson's farm of two hundred acres, for which he paid twenty thousand dollars, and immediately proceeded to lay out the tract into lots, streets, and alleys. On the 4th of November, 1833, a public sale of lots took place, when quite a number were disposed of to the " highest and best bidders." The first lot sold was the one on which the Montour House is now located. It was bought by Frank Smith, Esq. The name Lock Haven was given to the town because of the existence in its vicinity of two locks in the canal, and a raft harbor or haven in the river. It was not long after Lock Haven was laid out before it assumed the propor- tions and characteristics of a thriving town. The impulse given to its growth by the building of the public works soon caused it to rank among the enterprising and prosperous inland villages of the State. The circumstances attending its origin were such as to render its inception almost an absolute necessity, and after viewing the location and its surroundings, it did not take the shrewd Jerry Church long to realize that such was the case. The influx of strangers to the neighborhood, in consequence of the building and opening of the West Branch canal (and the extension to Bellefonte), at once created a demand for business places of various kinds. Hotels became necessary, to accommodate those con- nected with and having charge of the works ; stores were needed to furnish boatmen and others with supplies. In fact nothing but some providential calamity could have prevented the springing up and development of a flourishing town just where Lock Haven is situated. Tlie location itself has natural attrac- tions sufficient to justify the assertion that, aside from its acquired advantages, a more desirable sight for a large town could not well have been found within the confines of the State. A healthful climate, fertile soil, grand and romantic sccner}', pure air and water, all conspire to render the location especially desirable as a place of residence. Nature is accused of partiality in the distribution of her favors. She is charged with scattering them with a lavish hand in some places and parsimoniously withholding them in others. Whether this charge is true or false, it is indisputable that the region of which Lock Haven is the geographical centre has received a full share of her richest bounties, of which fact Jerry Church and his coadjutors were not unmindful when Clinton county was orga- nized and Lock Haven made the scat of justice. The formation of Clinton county, and the selection of Lock Haven as a site for the public buildings, was CLINTON COUNTY. 579 the consummation of a wish dear to the heart of Jerry Church. From the time he made the purchase of Dr. Henderson he had exerted himself to the utmost to bring about that result. After the building of the court-house, the next important event in the history of Lock Haven was the construction of the West Branch boom, in 1849, concern- ing which H. L. Deiffenbach, Esq., formerly editor of the Clinton Democrat^ says : " From this period the rapid growth of Lock Haven commenced. Property doubled, trebled, and quadrupled in value, and soon the fields around the town were dotted with houses, and the streets filled with an industrious, energetic, and prosperous population." The completion of the Sunbury and Erie (now Philadelphia and Erie) railroad to Lock Haven, in 1859, was another important event in the history, not only of the town, but of Clinton county and the entire West Branch valley. The build- ing of this road placed Lock Haven in direct and easy communication with the principal commercial cities of the country, and at once gave the community advantages and facilities which greatly increased its growth and prosperity. Lock Haven was incorporated as a borough April 25, 1840, and became a city March 28, ISYO, having a population at that time of six thousand seven hundred and eighty-six. The first jail in Clinton was built soon after the county was organized. It was constructed of logs, and stood near where the present one is located. On October 1, 1851, Colonel Anthony Kleckner was awarded the contract to build a new jail, which was completed the following year, at a cost of five thousand five hundred and seventy-five dollars. In 1871 the building was remodeled and enlarged, which cost twenty-two thousand two hundred and forty dollars. As the population and business of the county increased, it was found that the court house, built in 1842, was not large enough ; therefore it was decided to erect a new one. Accordingly a location was selected on Water street, just above the river bridge, and the present structure erected, costing ninety-three thousand dol- lars. It was dedicated on Monday, February 8, 1869, on which occasion addresses were delivered by the Hon. C. A. Mayer, president judge of the dis- trict, and H. T. Beardsley, Esq. The following extract from Mr. Beardsley's remarks is given, because the circumstances under which it was delivered, and the facts which it contains, render it a part of the history of the county : " This county was organized, and the first cqurtheld in December, 1839. The court then, and for the years 1840 and 1841, was held in a part of a two-story building that then stood on Water street, above the canal, known as 'Barker's Tavern.' That house was burned down in 1855. It was what is known as a double front, that is, two rooms in front, with a hall between those rooms. The part on the east side of the hall was the court room, and was about twenty-eight feet in length by sixteen in width. Think of it, a court room twenty-eight by sixteen. Over this court room, in the second story, were the county oflRces, being two in number, and in size about fourteen b}^ sixteen feet each. The front one was used as the commissioners' and treasurer's office ; and the back one as the ofllce of the prothonotary, register and recorder, clerk of the courts, etc., one man easily performing all the duties in the last mentioned office. You may be curious to know where the sheriff's office was. 'Old SheriflT Miller ' discharged 580 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. PUIiPIT EOOKS, NEAR ROUND ISLAND, CLINTON COUNTY. CLINTON COUNTY. 581 the duties of that office at the period of which I am speaking. I recollect him well. A dark-visaged, good-natured, genial man ; but that does not inform you where he had his office. It was not in the court house, nor was it in his own dwelling in Dunnstown, nor, I may add, was it in any other house in Lock Haven, Dunnstown, or in Clinton county. All who recollect him will witness that he wore a high-crowned hat, and allow me to inform you, that in that hat he kept his office. He placed an empty cigar box in the prothonotary's office, in which that official placed the writs that were occasionally issued, marking the day and hour of their being so deposited, and that was considered a delivery to the sheriff, who, upon coming to town, would transfer them to his hat, and the records of this court will show that very many of them never found their way back to the court house." In all the wars in which the United States have been engaged, Clinton county has furnished her full share of troops. Quite a number of her citizens partici- pated in the war of 1812, and several from the county took part in the war with Mexico. During the great Rebellion, the various calls of the government for troops met with patriotic and ready responses, and the county not only contri- buted her full quota of able-bodied private soldiers, but furnished a complement of brave and efficient commissioned officers, many of whom did honor to them- selves and to the country by especial acts of gallantry on the field of battle. The following are their names : Colonels Phaon Jarrett, C. A. Lyman, H. C. Bolinger, H. M. Bassert. Majors Jesse Merrill, afterwards major-general N. G. of Penn'a., Charles Wingard, Sylvester Barrows. Captains W. C. Kress, R. S. Barker, W. W. White, C. W. Walker, J. W. Smith, John B. Johnson, now colonel in the regular army, George B. Donahay, W. S. Chatham, A. H. McDonald, B. K. Jackman, William Shank, Thomas B. Quay, Samuel H. Brown. First Lieutenants John S. Haynes, John A. Cogley, George Curtin, R. R. Bitner, Alexander Blackburn, J. W. Devling, William Hollingsworth, Joseph Showers, William Kauflfman, William Crispin, Austin Stull, George W. Thomas, John P. Straw. Second Lieutenants James R. Conly, David Hayne, Thomas C. Lebo, now captain in the regular army, Edward Barnum, Daniel Wolf, Samuel W. Philips, E. P. McCormick. Lock Haven has sixty streets, the aggregate length of which is over twenty- five miles, and more than two hundred business places, thirteen church struc- tures, and fourteen church organizations. It has fifteen secret societies, and four fire companies, three banks, and four printing offices, each issuing a weekly newspaper. The latitude of Lock Haven is 41° 5' 30" north ; the longitude, west of Greenwich, Y7° 30' ; west of Washington, 2° 12'. The average rain-fall per year, including water contained in snow, forty inches. The mean temperature in the summer is 61^° ; in the winter, 47^°. Beside Lock Haven the most important town in Clinton county is Renovo, located on the west branch of the Susquehanna, twenty-seven miles above the for- mer place. It is emphatically a railroad town, that is, it owes its existence to the erection at that point of extensive car-shops by the Philadelphia and Erie rail- road company, in 1863. The town is beautifully situated in a delightful valley, surrounded by high mountains on all sides. It contained a population of 1,940 in 1810, which has steadily increased. It has an elegant hotel, owned by the railroad 582 CLINTON COUNTY. 583 company, and named after the town. It contains three churches, eleven public schools, a public hall, a bank, and a weekly newspaper. Renovo was incorporated as a borough in 1866. There are but three other incorporated villages in the county : Mill Hall, Beech Creek, and Logansville. Mill Hall was laid out in 1806, by Nathan Harvey, and became a borough in 1850. Its population is now about five hundred. Beech Creek was started about the year 1812, by Michael Quigley. The first store in the place was kept by " Buck " Claflin, father of Yictoria Woodhull. It was incorporated in 1869. Its population in 1810 was 384 Logansville was laid out in 1840, by Colonel Anthony Kleckner, and incor- porated in 1864. Its population in 1870 was 414, now about 500. The other principal villages in the county are, Salona, Clintondale, Tylers- ville, Hyner, North Point, and Westport. COLUMBIA COUNTY. BY JOHN G. FREEZE, BLOOMSBURG. OLUMBIA COUNTY was taken from Northumberland by an act of 22d March, 1813. By the bill organizing the county, the Governor was authorized to appoint the commissioners to select and locate the county seat, and they recommended Danville as the site. Thereupon, on the 21st February, 1815, Turbut and Chillisquaque townships were stricken off, and re-annexed to Northumberland. This act placed Danville largely upon one side of the county, and the question of removing the county seat to Bloomsburg immediately commenced. To check it, on the 22d January, 1816, part of the above townships was re-annexed to Columbia county. On the 3d March, 1818, a portion of Columbia county was annexed to Schuj-lkill, and was called Union township. Tlie removal question still continuing to agitate the public mind, on the 24th February, 1845, the Legislature passed an act au- thorizing a vote on the question of a re-location of the county seat of Columbia county, and at the October election following, it was decided by a popular vote to remove it to Bloomsburg ; and thus ended a long and bitter local contest. On May 3, 1850, the county of Montour was erected out of part of Columbia ; and a fierce contest arose as to the repeal of that act, which finally resulted in the passage, on the 15th January, 1853, of an act to .^straighten the division line between the two counties, by which a portion of the territory was re-annexed to Columbia. The county still contains about five hundred square miles, and has now nearly thirty thousand inhabitants. It occupies a part of the Apalachian mountainous 584 COLUMBIA COUNTY COURT HOUSE. COLUMBIA COUNTY. 585 belt, between the anthracite formations on the S.E., and the Allegheny moun- tains on the N.W. The county is quite broken, though the mountain ranges are not high. The arable land is mostl}- red shale and limestone. Little moun- tain, Catawissa, Long mountain, and Knob mountain are the principal eleva- tions. The Muncy hills send some spurs into the county. A heavy belt of limestone runs the entire length of the county. The Susquehanna river enters the county at Berwick, dividing about one- third to the east side, and two-thirds to the west side. Its principal tributaries upon the east side are Catawissa creek and Roaring creek, and on the west Fishing creek, which is a large stream, being itself fed by Huntington, Hemlock, and Little Fishing creek, besides smaller streams, and which flows into the Susquehanna near Bloomsburg. There is a passenger bridge over the river at Berwick, and another at Catawissa, and the bridge of the Catawissa branch of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad at Rupert, at the mouth of Fishing creek. There is a rope ferry at Bloomsburg, one at Espy, and another at Mifflinville. There are large deposits of iron ore at Bloomsburg, as well as limestone, and a considerable anthracite coal basin at the southeast end of the county, bordering on Schuylkill. The North Branch canal passes along the right bank of the Susquehanna through the county. The Catawissa railroad, now under lease to the Philadel- phia and Reading railroad, runs through the county, crossing the Susquehanna river at Rupert, near the mouth of Fishing creek. The Danville, Hazleton, and Wilkes-Barre, running from Sunbury in Northumberland county, to Tomhickon in Luzerne county, passes along the left bank of the Susquehanna to Catawissa, and then up the Scotch run, leaving the county near Glen City. The Lacka- wanna and Bloomsburg, from Seranton to Northumberland, passes along on the right bank of the Susquehanna, through Bloomsburg, the wliole length of the county. These are all in successful operation. The projected improvements are the North and West Branch railroad, to run from Wilkes-Barre by Bloomsburg to Williamsport. It passes down the left bank of the Susquehanna, crosses at Bloomsburg, and up the valley of the Fishing creek. CpnsideraMe grading has been done on this road. The Hunlock Creek and Muncy railroad intersects the northern portion of the county. A preliminary survey has been made, but the work is not at present continuing. The earliest historical bands of Indians on the territory of Columbia county were the Shawanese, who had a village on the flats about the mouth of Fishino- creek near Bloomsburg, another at Catawissa, and another at the mouth of Briar creek. The Delawares were also within the valley, vassals to the Six Na- tions. The territory lay in the route of travel for hunting or for war. " The Wyoming path" left Muncy on the West Branch, ran up Glade Run, then through a gap in the hills to Fishing creek, passed on into Luzerne countj-, through the Nescopec gap, and up the North Branch to Wyoming. The Fish- ing creek path started in the flats near Bloomsburg, up Fishing creek by Orangeville, to near Long Pond, thence across to Tunkhannock creek. It was on this very path, about six miles above Bloomsburg, that Van Campen, the great Indian fighter, was captured. In the year 1772, Mr. James McClure settled upon the west bank of the / 586 SIS TOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. North Branch of the Susquehanna, about one mile above the mouth of Fishing creek, in what is now Columbia county. He obtained a patent for his farm, under the name of " McClure's Choice." He was a man of position and influ- ence, and when the war of the Revolution was raging was prominent in the councils of his country. On the 8th February, IITG, the members of the Com- mittee of Safety for Wyoming township were Mr. James McClure, Mr. Thomas Claj-ton, and Mr. Peter Melick, whose descendants are still in the county. Major Moses Yan Campen married James McClure's eldest daughter. Within the same year of 1772, Evan Owen located himself on a farm at the mouth of Fishing creek, and above Mr. James McClure, came in their order, Thomas Clayton, John Doan, John Webb, George Espy, and the Gingles family. There was also, previous to the Revolution, a settlement at the mouth of Briar creek. The territory of what is now Columbia county was considerably overrun by the Indians during the border and Revolutionary wars. Upon several occasions the inhabitants were massacred By or fled before their savage enemies. They protected themselves as well as their numbers and strength enabled them, and erected forts at several points in the county. But little more than the location can now be ascertained, and even that is sometimes uncertain. Fort Bosley was on the Chillisquaque, on the site of the present borough of Washingtonville. Fort Rice was also on the Chillisquaque, near its head-waters. It was attacked unsuccessfully in September, 1780, being relieved by a force under General Potter, who followed the enemy about fifty miles up Fishing creek with- out reaching them. Fort Wheeler was on the Fishing creek, about three miles above its mouth. It was begun by Van Campen, in April, 1778, and was a stockade sufficiently large to accommodate all the families of the settlement. It was attacked before it was entirely completed, in May, 1778, but withstood the assault. It was near Light Street. Fort Jenkins was on the Susquehanna river, near Briar creek, on the farm of Jacob Hill, and on the very spot where his house now stands. It was attacked in April, 1779, and again in 1780, in the spring, and it was evacuated in the fall, and burned by the Indians about September, 1780. Fort McClure was built by Van Campen, in 1781. It was on the spot on which the dwelling-house now stands, on the James McClure farm, about one mile above the mouth of Fishing creek. Here he made his head-quarters, and thence led his scouting parties. Having alluded to the Indian forts located within the county, we insert a portion of the "Narrative of Van Campen," who erected the fort just named. Major Moses Van Campen, or Van Camp, as it was usually pronounced, and his brother Jacobus, or Cobus Van Camp, were famous in the border wars of the Susquehanna. The father of the family was a Low Dutchman, probably from the Minisink settlements on the Delaware. In the winter of 1838, then living at Dansville, New York, he sent a petition to Congress for a pension, from which the following passages are extracted : " My first service was in the year 1777, when I served three months under COLUMBIA COUNTY. 587 Colonel John Kelly, who stationed us at Big Isle, on the West Branch of the Susquehanna. Nothing particular transpired during that time, and in March, 1778, I was appointed lieutenant of a company of six months' men. Shortly afterward I was ordered by Colonel Samuel Hunter to proceed with about twenty men to Fishing creek (which empties into the North Branch of the Susquehanna, about twenty miles from Northumberland), and to build a fort about three miles from its mouth, for the reception of the inhabitants in case of an alarm from the Indians. In May, my fort being nearly completed, our spies discovered a large body of Indians making their way towai'ds the fort. The neighboring residents had barely time to fly to the fort for protection, leaving their goods behind. The Indians soon made their appearance, and having plundered and burnt the houses, attacked the fort, keeping a steady fire upon us during the day. At night they withdrew, burning and destroying everything in their route. What loss they sustained we could not ascertain, as they carried off all the dead and wounded, though from the marks of blood on the ground, it must have been considerable. The inhabitants that took shelter in the fort had built a yard for their cattle at the head of a small flat, at a short distance from the fort ; and one evening in the month of June, just as they were milking them, m}' sentinel called my attention to some movement in the brush, which I soon discovered to be Indians making their way to the cattle yard. There was no time to be lost; I immediately selected ten of my sharp-shooters, and under cover of a rise of land, got between them and the milkers. On ascending the ridge we found ourselves within pistol shot of them ; I fired first, and killed the leader, but a volley from my men did no further execution, the Indians running off at once. In the mean- time the milk pails flew in every direction, and the best runner got to the fort first. As the season advanced Indian hostilities increased, and notwithstanding the vigilance of our scouts, which were constantly out, houses were burnt and families murdered." In 1779 Yan Campen, as quarter-master, accompanied General Sullivan's expedition to ravage the Indian towns on the Genesee. He distingushed him- self in several skirmishes at Newtown and Hog Back hill. " On the return of the army, I was taken with the camp-fever, and was removed to the fort which I had built in '78, where my father was still living. In the course of the winter I recovered my health, and my father's house having been burnt in '78 by the party which attacked the before-mentioned fort, my father requested me to go with him and a younger brother to our farm, about four miles distant, to make preparations for building another, and raising some grain. But little apprehension was entertained of molestations from the Indians this season, as they had been so completely routed the year before. We left the fort about the last of March, accompanied by my uncle and his son, about twelve years old, and one Peter Pence. We had been on our farms about four or five days, when, on the morning of the 30th of March, we were surprised by a party of ten Indians. My father was lunged through with a war-spear, his throat was cut, and he was scalped ; while my brother was tomahawked, scalped, and thrown into the fire before my eyes. While I was struggling with a warrior, the fellow who had killed my father drew his spear from his body and made a violent thrust at me. I shrank from the spear ; the savage who had hold of me turned it with his hand 588 SIS TOB Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. 80 that it only penetrated my vest and shirt. They were then satisfied with taking me prisoner, as they had the same morning taken my uncle's little son and Pence, though they killed my uncle. The same party, before they reached us, had touched on the lower settlements of Wyoming, and killed a Mr. Upson, and took a boy prisoner of the name of Rogers. We were now marched off up Fishing creek, and in the afternoon of the same day we came to Huntington, where the Indians found four white men at a sugar camp, who fortunately dis- covered the Indians and fled to a house ; the Indians only fired on them, and wounded a Captain Ransom, when they continued their course till night. Having encamped and made their fire, we, the prisoners, were tied and well secured, five Indians lying on one side of us, and five on the other ; in the morning they pur- sued their course, and, leaving the waters of Fishing creek, touched the head- waters of Hunlock creek, where they found one Abraham Pike, his wife and child. Pike was made prisoner, but his wife and child they painted, and told Joggo^ squaw, go home. They continued their course that day, and encamped the same night in the same manner as the previous. It came into my mind that some- times individuals performed wonderful actions, and surmounted the greatest danger. I then decided that these fellows must die ; and thought of the plan to dispatch them. The next day I had an opportunity to communicate my plan to my fellow-prisoners; they treated it as a visionar^'^ scheme for three men to attempt to dispatch ten Indians. I spread before them the advantages that three men would have over ten when asleep ; and that we would be the first prisoners that would be taken into their towns and villages after our army had destroyed their corn, that we should be tied to the stake and suffer a cruel death ; we had now an inch of ground to fight on, and if we failed, it would only be death, and we might as well die one way as another. That day passed away, and having encamped for the night, we lay as before. In the morning we came to the river, and saw their canoes ; they had descended the river and run their canoes upon Little Tunkhannock creek, so called. They crossed the river and set their canoes adrift. I renewed ray suggestion to my companions to dispatch them that night, and urged they must decide the question. They agreed to make the trial ; but how shall we do it, was the question. Disarm them, and each take a tomahawk, and come to close work at once. There are three of us ; plant our blows with judgment, and three times three will make nine, and the tenth one we can kill at our leisure. They agreed to disarm them, and after that, one take possession of the guns and fire, at the one side of the four, and the other two to take tomahawks on the other side and dispatch them. I observed that it would be a very uncertain way ; the first shot fired would give the alarm ; they would discover it to be the prisoners, and might defeat us. I had to yield to their plan. Peter Pence was chosen to fire the guns, Pike and myself to tomahawk ; we cut and carried plenty of wood to give them a good fire ; the prisoners were tied and laid in their places ; after I was laid down, one of them had occasion to use his knife ; he dropped it at my feet ; I turned my foot over it and concealed it ; they all lay down and fell asleep. About midnight I got up and found them in a sound sleep. I slipped to Pence, who rose ; I cut him loose and handed him the knife ; he did the same for me, and I in turn took the knife and cut Pike loose ; in a minute's time we dis- armed them. Pence took his station at the guns. Pike and myself with our COLUMBIA COUNTY. 559 tomahawks took our stations ; I was to tomahawk three on the right wing, and Pike two on the left. That moment Pike's two awoke, and were getting up ; here Pike proved a coward, and laid down. It was a critical moment. I saw there was no time to be lost ; their heads turned up fair ; I dispatched them in a moment, and turned to my lot as per agreement, and as I was about to dispatch the last on my side of the fire. Pence shot and did good execution ; there was only one at the ofl' wing that his ball did not reach ; his name was Mohawke, a stout, bold, daring fellow. In the alarm he jumped off about three rods from the fire ; he saw it was the prisoners who made the attack, and giving the war-whoop, he darted to take possession of the guns ; I was as quick to prevent him ; the contest was then between him and myself. As I raised my tomahawk, he turned quick to jump from me ; I followed him and struck at him, but missing his head, my tomahawk struck his shoulder, or rather the back of his neck ; he pitched forward and fell ; and the same time my foot slipped, and I fell by his side ; we clinched ; his arm was naked ; he caught me round my neck ; at the same time I caught him with my left arm around the body, and gave him a close hug, at the same time feeling for his knife, but could not reach it. " In our scuflOie my tomahawk dropped out. My head was under the wounded shoulder, and almost suffocated me with his blood. I made a violent spring, and broke from his hold ; we both rose at the same time, and he ran ; it took me some time to clear the blood from my eyes ; my tomahawk had got covered up, and I could not find it in time to overtake him ; he was the only one of the party that escaped. Pike was powerless. I always had a reverence for Christian devotion. Pike was trying to pray, and Pence swearing at him, charging him with cowar- dice, and saying it was no time to pray — he ought to fight ; we were masters of the ground, and in possession of all their guns, blankets, match coats, etc. I then turned my attention to scalping them, and recovering the scalps of my father, brother, and others, I strung them all on my belt for safe-keeping. We kept our ground till morning, and built a raft, it being near the bank of the river where they had encamped, about fifteen miles below Tioga Point ; we got all our plunder on it, and set sail for Wyoming, the nearest settle- ment. Our raft gave way, when we made for land ; but we lost consi- derable property, though we saved our guns and ammunition, and took to land ; we reached Wyalusing late in the afternoon. Came to the narrows ; discovered a smoke below, and a raft laying at the shore, by which we were certain that a party of Indians had passed us in the course of the day, and had halted for the night. There was no alternative for us but to rout them or go over the mountain ; the snow on the north side of the hill was deep ; we knew from the appearance of the raft that the party must be small; we had two rifles each ; my only fear was of Pike's cowardice. To know the worst of it, we agreed that I should ascertain their number, and give the signal for the attack. I crept down the side of the hill so near as to see their fires and packs, but saw no Indians. I concluded they had gone hunting for meat, and that this was a good opportunity for us to make off with their raft to the opposite side of the river. I gave the signal ; they came and threw their packs on to the raft, which was made of small, dry pine timber ; with poles and paddles we drove her briskly across the river, and had got nearly out of reach of shot, when two of them came 590 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. in ; they fired — their shots did no injury ; we soon got under cover of an island, and went several miles ; we had waded deep creeks through the day, the night was cold ; we landed on an island and found a sink hole, in which we made our fire ; after warming, we were alarmed by a cracking in the crust. Pike supposed the Indians had got on to the island, and was for calling for quarters ; to keep him quiet we threatened him with his life ; the stepping grew plainer, and seemed coming directly to the fire ; I kept a watch, and soon a noble racoon came under the light. I shot the racoon, when Pike jumped up and called out, 'Quarters, gentlemen ; quarters, gentlemen ! ' I took my game by the leg and threw it down to the fire. ' Here, you cowardly rascal,' I cried, ' skin that and give us a roast for supper.' The next night we reached Wyoming, and there was much joy to see us ; we rested one day, and it being not safe to go to Xorthumberland by land, we procured a canoe, and with Pence and my little cousin, we descended the river by night. We came to Fort Jenkins before day, where I found Colonel Kelly and about one hundred men encamped out of the fort. He came across from the West Branch by the heads of Chillisquaque to Fishing creek, the end of the Nob mountain, so called at that da}', where my father and brother were killed ; he had buried my father and uncle ; my brother was burnt, a small part of him only was to be found. Colonel Kelly informed me that my mother and her children were in the fort, and it was thought that I was killed likewise. Colonel Kell}"^ went into the fort to prepare her mind to see me ; I took off my belt of scalps and handed them to an ofiicer to keep. Human nature was not suflicient to stand the interview. She had just lost a husband and a son, and one had returned to take her by the hand, and one, too, that she supposed was killed. " The day after, I went to Sunbury, where I was received with joy ; my scalps were exhibited, the cannons were fired, etc. Before my return a commission had been sent me as ensign of a company to be commanded by Captain Thomas Robinson ; this was, as I understood, a part of the quota which Pennsylvania had to raise for the Continental Line. One Joseph Alexander was commissioned as lieutenant, but did not accept his commission. The summer of 1780 was spent in the recruiting service ; our company was organized, and was retained for the defence of the frontier service. In February, 1781, I was promoted to a lieutenancy, and entered upon the active duty of an officer, by heading scouts ; and as Captain Robinson was no woodsman nor marksman, he preferred that I should encounter the danger and head the scouts. We kept up a constant chain of scouts around the frontier settlements, from the North to the West Branch of the Susquehanna, by the way of the head-waters of Little Fishing creek, Chillisquaque, Muncy, etc. In the spring of 1781, we built a fort on the widow McClure's plantation, called McClure's Fort, where our provisions were stored." Mr. Van Campen, the same summer, went up the West Branch. He was taken prisoner by the Indians. On arriving at the Indian village of Cauandai- gua, on the Genesee, he says : " We were prepared to run the Indian gauntlet ; the warriors don't whip, it is the young Indians and squaws. The}'^ meet you in sight of their council-house, where they select the prisoners from the ranks of the warriors, bring tliem in front, and when ready, the word joggo is given ; the prisoners start, the whippers COLUMBIA COUNTY. 59I follow after; and if they outrun you, j^ou will be severely whipped. I was placed in front of my men ; the word being given, we started. Being then young and full of nerve, I led the way ; two young squaws came running up to join the whipping party ; and when they saw us start, they halted, and stood shoulder to shoulder with their whips ; when I came near them I bounded and kicked them over ; we all came down together ; there was considerable kicking amongst us, so much so that they showed their under-dress, which appeared to be of a beautiful yellow color; I had not time to help them up. It was truly diverting to the warriors ; they yelled and shouted till they made the air ring. They halted at that village for one day, and thence went to Fort Niagara, where I was delivered up to the British. I was adopted, according to the Indian cus- tom, into Colonel Butler's family, then the commanding officer of the British and Indians at that place. I was to supply the loss of his son, Captain Butler, who was killed late in the fall of 1T81, by the Americans. In honor to me as his adopted son, I was confined in a private room, and not put under a British guard. My troubles soon began ; the Indians were informed by the Tories that knew me that I had been a prisoner before, and had killed my captors ; they were outrageous, and went to Butler and demanded me, and, as I was told, offered to bring in fourteen prisoners in my place. Butler sent an officer to examine me on the subject ; he came and informed me their Indians had laid heavy accusations against me ; they were informed that I had been a prisoner before, and had killed the party, and that they had demanded me to be given up to tliem, and that his colonel wished to know the fact. I observed, ' Sir, it is a serious question to answer ; I will never deny the truth ; I have been a prisoner before, and killed the party, and returned to the service of my country ; but, sir, I consider myself to be a prisoner of war to the British, and I presume you will have more honor than to deliver me up to the savages. I know what my fate will be, and please to inform your colonel that we have it in our power to retaliate.' He left me, and in a short time returned and stated that he was authorized to say to me that there was no alternative for me to save my life but to abandon the rebel cause and join the British standard; that I should take the same rank in the British service as I did in the rebel service. I replied, ' No sir, no ; give me the stake, the tomahawk, or the knife, before a British commission ; liberty or death is our motto ; ' he then left me. Some time after a lady came to my room, with whom I had been well acquainted before the Revolution ; we had been schoolmates ; she was then married to a British officer, a captain of the Queen's rangers ; he came with her. She had been to Colonel Butler, and she was authorized to make me the same offer as the officer had done ; I thanked her for the trouble she had taken for my safety, but could not accept of the offer; she observed how much more honorable would it be to be an officer in the British service. I observed that I could not dispose of myself in that way ; I belonged to tiie Congress of the United States, and that I would abide the consequence; she left me. and that was the last I heard of it. A guard was set at the door of my apartment. I was soon afterwai'ds sent down Lake Ontario to Montreal, whence a British ship brouglit me to New York. In the month of March, 1783, I was exchanged, and had orders to take up arms again. I joined my company in March at Northumberland ; about that time Captain Robinson received orders 592 HISTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. to march his company to Wj^oming, to keep garrison at Wilkes-Barre fort. He sent myself and Ensign Chambers with the company to that station, where we lay till November, 1783. Our army was then discharged, and our company likewise ; poor and pennyless, we retired to the shades of private life." In the war of 1812, Columbia county furnished a company, but I have not recovered any particulars or names. In the Mex- ican war, the Colum bia Guards, com- manded by Cap- tain Trick, achieved a high reputation. In the Union war Columbia county sent a large number of men into the field, and some of her citizens secured a high military posi- tion, notably General Wel- lington H. Ent, Colonel Samuel Knorr, Captain Charles B . Brockway. The general educational in- terests of the county, under the common school system, are in a very satis factory condition, and need not be particularized. But the State Normal school at Bloomsburg is an enterprise that should not be passed over. A charter for the incorporation of the Bloomsburg Literary Institute having been secured, on the 2d of May, 1866, the corporators and others met, organized, and adjourned to meet again on the 4th, when measures were resolved upon to put the Institute in permanent condition. A building, costing about twenty-five thousand dollars, was erected, and formally opened on COLUMBIA COUNTY. 593 the 3d da}' of April, 1867. The situation and building so pleased Mr. Superin- tendent Wickersham that he urged the addition of grounds and building for a State Normal school, and on 9th March, 1868, it was resolved upon. The corner- stone of the building was laid by Governor Geary, June 25, 1868. On the 8th February, 1869, application was made by the Board of Trustees to have the Insti- tute recognized as a State Normal school. A committee was appointed, who, on 19th February, 1869, made the official visit and examination. On the same day the committee reported favorably, and on the 22d of February, 1869, Hon. Mr Wickersham, State Superintendent, formally recognized the said Bloomsburg Literary Institute as the State Normal school of the Sixth district. The school continued in operation, with increasing success, until September 4, 18T5, when the boarding hall took fire and burned down. It was a total loss. The trustees took immediate measures to rebuild, and on the 14th October fol- lowing let the new building for forty-seven thousand and ninety-eight dollars. It is one hundred and sixty-two feet front, with elevation and projection, and one hundred and fifteen feet deep, in the form of a T. It was finished by April 1, 1876, and occupied for the spring term. There is no finer view in the State than that from Institute Hill, overlooking the town and the surrounding country. Bloomsburq lies upon a bluff" on the south bank of the Fishing creek, and about one mile from the Susquehanna, the Fishing creek emptying into the Susquehanna, about two miles below the town. The location is beautiful in all respects. Between the mouth of the creek and the town the Shawanese Indians had a village, and in 1772 Mr. James McClure located his farm near the same point, and in 1781 a fort was erected there. In 1802 the town was laid out by Ludwig Eyer, by the name of Bloomsburg. In 1846 it became the county seat of Columbia county ; in 1869 was made the educational centre of the north-easteriv portion of the State by the completion of the buildings for the Sixth Normal School district of the State. In 1870 it was organized as the town of Blooms- burg, and includes as such, the whole of what at that date was Bloom township.. It contains within its borders the furnaces of the Bloomsburg iron company, and the furnace of William Neal & Sons ; the foundry of Sharpless & Son, of Turn- bach & Hess, and of Harman & Hassert, the car and machine shops of Lockard & Brother, and the planing mill of the Bloomsburg lumber company, besides other smaller manufacturing establishments of various kinds. It has an Episco- pal, a Presbyterian, a Methodist, a Catholic, a Lutheran, a German Reformed, a Baptist, and several other places of religious worship. It has five hotels, an opera house, and a dozen or more school houses, besides the Normal School buildings. It has three money institutions, the First National, the Blooms- burg and Columbia county banks. The North Branch canal and the Lacka- wanna and Bloomsburg railroad both run through the town, and the pro- jected North and West Branch railroad also is located within its limits. It contains about four thousand five hundred inhabitants. There are pub- lished in it The Columbian^ The Republican^ The Sentinel^ The Home Trade Journal^ and by the students of the Normal School, The Normal Mentor. Catawissa is a large village, on the left bank of the Susquehanna, at the mouth of Catawissa creek, about four miles south of Bloomsburg. The scenery 2n 594 HISTOB T OF PENNS YL VANIA. about the place is fine and picturesque. The town contains about one thousand of a population. The furnaces in the neighborhood have been demolished, but the paper mill, the tanneries, the car shops of the Catawissa railroad, and other industries, give the place a lively aspect. The places of worship are a Lutheran, a German Reformed, a Methodist, and an Episcopal church. There is also yet standing, a Friends' meeting house, and there has been lately erected a fine Masonic and town hall. The German race at present prevails about Catawissa. It was originally a Quaker settlement, and on a beautiful shady knoll, a little apart from the dust and din of the village, stands the venerable Qu iker meeting house, a perishable monument of a race of early settlers that haA^e nearly all passed away. " And where are they gone ?" we inquired of an aged Friend sitting with one or two sisters on the bench under the shade of the tall trees that overhang the meeting-house. "Ah," ANCiKNT FRIENDS' MEETING HOUSE. CATAWISSA. ^^'^ ^^^ " ^^mc are dead, but mauy are gone to Ohio, and still further west. Once there was a large meeting here, but now there are but few of us to sit together." Pennsylvania exhibits many similar instances in which the original settlers have yielded to another and more numerous race. Catawissa was laid out in 1787, b}^ William Hughes, a Quaker from Berks county. Isaiah Hughes kept the fust store. Among the early pioneers were William Collins, James Watson, John Lloyd, Reuben Fenton, Benjamin Sharp- less, and other Quakers. .John Mears, a famous Quaker preacher and ph3-sician, a man of great energ}'^ of character, afterwards became proprietor of the town by buying- up the quit- ents. In 1796 James Watson laid out an addition to the town. Among the Germans, Christian Brobst came about 1793, and George Knappenberger had previously taken the ferry. The place was then noted for its shad fishery. John Ilaueh was one of thj first to build a furnace in this region, on the Catawissa, in 181G. Redmond Conj^ngham, Esq., who has devoted much research to the aboriginal history of the State, says the Piscatawese or Ganga- wese or Conoys (Keuhawas), had a wigwam on the Catawese at Catawese, now Catawissa. It is a good plan to identify the Indian name of a place with its pre- sent name. The Catawissa railroad passes through the village, and the Danville, Ilazleton, and Wilkes-Barre, within a few hundred yards. The Catawissa deposit bank is located in the town, and a fine new passenger bridge spans the Susque- hanna. Berwick was originally settled by Evan Owen in 1783. It was organized as a borough in 1818. It is built on a bluff on the right bank of the Susquehanna, on the eastern boundary of the count}', on the very line of Luzerne county. It is twelve miles east from Bloomsburg. The Methodists, Baptists, and Presby- terians, have large congie.ations and commodious houses for public worship. There is a fine Odd Fellows hall, and a large public school house. There are COLUMBIA COUNTY. 595 several hotels, a large foundrj^ car shops, and rolling mill in operation, mainly under charge of Jackson & Woodin. The North Branch canal and the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg railroad pass along the foot of the bluff upon which the town is built. It is the terminus of the Berwick and Towanda turnpike, leading to Newtown, in New York ; as it is also of the Nescopec and Mauch Chunk. There is a bridge over the Susquehanna at this place, and there is also located here a national bank. It was at Berwick, May 3, 1826, that the steamboat Susquehanna, Captain Collins, of Baltimore, blew up, ascending Nescopec Falls. And it was at Berwick on July 4, 1828, that ground was broken for the construction of the North Branch canal. The population is about one thousand five hundred. The Berwick Independent is published here. Rupert is in Montour township, two miles south of Bloomsburg, at the intersection of the Catawissa and the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg railroads, at the mouth of Fishing creek. It has about twenty dwellings, hotel, blacksmith shop, etc. The railroad depots make it a well-known point. Buckhorn is in Hemlock township, four miles west of Bloomsburg. It has about forty dwellings, two stores, a tavern, blacksmith shop, wheel-wright shop, large three- story school house, and meeting house. Jerseytown is in Madison township, twelve miles west from Bloomsburg. It has about fifty dwellings, meeting house, school house, two taverns, stores, etc., etc. Milville is in Gi'eenwood township, and about twelve miles north-west of Bloomsburg. The township is mainly settled by the Friends. The village has about twentj^ dwellings, hotel, grist mill, shops, etc., etc. Eyer Grove is also in Greenwood, has twelve or fifteen dwellings, grist mill, meeting house, and shops and stores. Rohrsburq is also in Greenwood; was laid out about 1825, by Frederick Rohr ; has twenty to thirty dwellings, and the usual number of shops, stores, meeting house, and hotel. Cole's Creek is in Sugarloaf township, twenty miles north from Blooms- burg, at the confluence of Cole's creek and Big Fishing creek. Has grist mill, post office, store, smith shop, meeting house, etc. Benton, in township of same name, sixteen miles north from Bloomsburg, has hotel, meeting house, stores, shops, and thirt}'^ to fifty dwellings. It is on Big Fishing creek. Orangeville, in Orange township, was settled before 1785. Clement G. Ricketts opened a store there in 1822. It has sixty to scA'enty dwellings, two meeting houses, an academy, stores, taverns, grist mill, tannery, foundry', etc., etc. It is also on Big Fishing creek. Light Street is in Scott township, three miles north of Bloomsburg. It has seventy to eighty dwelling houses, meeting house, stores, school houses, tannery, etc. Espytown is also in Scott township, three miles east of Bloomsburg. It is about the same size as Light Street, and is one of the depots of the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg railroad. Mifflinville is a staid village, in Mifflin township, nine miles east of Bloomsburg, on the east bank of the Susquehanna. It contains about seventy dwellings. The North and West Branch railroad will, when built, pass through the village. Mainvtlle, in Main township, six miles south-east from Bloomsburg, has fifteen to twenty dwellings, grist mill, and forge, etc. It is on the Catawissa creek, and a depot of the Catawissa railroad. Beaver Yalley, in Beaver township, twelve miles south-east from Bloomsburg, has half a dozen dwellings, and is a depot of Catawissa 596 HISTOBy OF PENNSYLVANIA. railroad. Centralia borough in Conyngham township, twenty miles south-east of Bloomsburg, in tjie coal mining region, contains several hundred dwellings, Episcopal and Catholic churches, and several denominational meeting houses. Slabtown, in Locust township, on Roaring creek, with a dozen dwellings, stores, shops, hotel, etc., eleven miles south-east of Bloomsburg; and Numidia, two miles beyond, in same township, of about the same size. Glen City, in Beaver township, twent}^ miles south-east from Bloomsburg, a mining village, has about twenty dwellings, shops, etc. Townships and Boroughs. — When Columbia county was organized in 1813, it contained the following twelve townships, viz. : Bloom, Briar Creek, Cliillis- quaque, Catawissa, Derry, Fishing Creek, Greenwood, Hemlock, Mahoning, Mifflin, Sugarloaf, and Turbit. The erection of Montour county carried off the follow- ing four of these originals, viz. : Chillisquaque, Derry, Mahoning, and Turbit. The townships and boroughs of Columbia county, and date of organization, are as follows : Bloom Briar Creek Catawissa Fishing Creek Greenwood Hemlock Mifflin Sugarloaf Madison Mount Pleasant Berwick borough Roaring Creek Montour Original. Jackson. 1838 Orange . . Franklin . Main. , . . , 1839 1843 1844 Centre. . . 1844 Beaver. . 1845 Benton . , 1850 Pine . 1853 1817 Locust. . 1853 1818 Scott . . . 1853 1818 Conyngha Centralia m. 1856 1832 borough 1866 1837 The Town of Bloomsburg . . 1870 MAY10™«PMOVEMBER10"1876. MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING — 1870. CRAWFORD COUNTY. BY SAMUEL P. BATES, LL.D., MEADVILLE. HE first representative of English speaking people in America to traverse the forests, then unbroken by the hand of cultivation, which afterwards became Crawford county, was George Washington, then a major of the Virginia militia, destined to be largely instrumental in the establishment of the American name and nation, and create for himself undjang renown. In the first years of European colonization upon this conti- nent, two nations played important parts, the French and the English. In point CRAWFORD COUNTY COURT HOUSE, MEADVILLE. iFrom a Photograph by J. D. Dunn.] of numbers and power they were, for a time, quite equally matched. While the English held the seaboard, from Massachusetts bay to Georgia, the French laid claim to Canada and the Mississippi valley, stretching away to the Gulf. About the middle of the seventeenth century, the French Jesuits showed great zeal in their attempts to proselyte the Indians, and to spread the French name and power. In 1679, Robert Cavalier de la Salle constructed, beneath the sombre shades of the forest which fringed the northern shore of Lake Erie, a craft of sixty tons burden, which he named the Griffin, and, setting sail, ploughed 597 598 EISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. the waters of the great lakes, hitherto unvexed by the keel of civilized man. Moving up Erie, Huron, and Michigan, and crossing over to the Mississippi, he descended the Father of Waters to the Gulf, and laid claim to all the territory which the river drains, even to its remotest tributaries, the French maintaining that the right to the mouth of a river governs its sources. Had this claim been vindicated, Pennsylvania and Virginia would have been despoiled of the half of their heritage. Against this pretension the Governors of both States loudly protested, and prepared to defend their rights. In Yirginia was formed the Ohio company, organized to promote emigration and settlement in its western territory ; and so eager were its hardy pioneers to possess the choicest lands, that they pushed far into the boundaries of Pennsylvania, though suppos- ing they were still on Yirginia soil, and commenced building a fort at the junc- tion of the Alleghen}^ and Monongahela rivers, which afterwards became fort Duquesne, now the very midst of the city of Pittsburgh. The French in Canada, learning of this occupation by the Ohio company, sent an armed force, which dispossessed the Yirginians and continued the fortifications on French account. By the treaty of Utrecht, of 1713, Louisiana was confirmed to the French, but it was provided " that France should never molest the Five Nations, subject to the dominion of Great Britain." The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which con- cluded a four years' war between France and England, in 1748, confirmed the rights of Great Britain. But the boundaries of the Five Nations — now become •the Six Nations — were indefinite, and the French were determined to hold the entire valley of the Mississippi. To that end they built a line of forts, commencing with Presqu'Isle, near the city of Erie, and continuing it at Le Bocuf, now Waterford — at Yenango, near Franklin — at Duquesne, now Pittsburgh, and so on down the Ohio, and planted plates of copper or lead along the route, on which were inscribed their claims. To ascertain what was the temper and what the purposes of the French, Lieutenant-Governor Dinwiddle, of Yirginia, sent Major Washington, in 1753, to confer with the French commandant at Le Boeuf. It was a tedious journey, made in mid-winter, and required nerve and resolution to accomplish it. On arriving, he was politely received, but referred to the chief in command in Canada. It was evident that the troops in possession would yield to no argument but force, and Washington ascertained, in the progress of a conversa- tion with a subordinate officer, that it was the intention to maintain their occupation of this territory. Yirginia, intent on defending the interests of the Ohio Company, sent a force of militia, under Major Washington, who surprised a body of French at the Great Meadows, on the morning of the 28th of May, 1754, and routed it completely ; but on the 4th of July following, having been confronted at Fort Necessity by a superior force, was obliged, after nine hours of severe fighting, to surrender. Early in the spring of 1755, General Braddock, with a body of regulars brought direct from Ireland, accompanied with a force of militia under Washington, again marched against the French. But when nearing Fort Duquesne, he was attacked by French and Indians lying in ambush, and his little army completely routed. Again, in July, 1758, General Forbes, with a force accompanied with militia under Colonels Bouquet and Washington, advanced upon the foe on the Ohio, and, after severe fighting in CBAWFOBD COUNTY. 599 fro.it of Fort Duquesne, the French were driven out, and, henceforward, no more encroached upon the territory of the colonies. But the western portion of Pennsylvania was still subject to the savages, having never been acquired by either treaty or purchase, and so it remained till after the close of the Revolution, and, consequently, was not open to white occupancy. In October, 1784, a treaty was concluded at Fort Stanwix, with the Six Nations, whereby the authorities of Pennsylvania gained by purchase all the territory, not before acquired, within its chartered limits, and this purchase was confirmed by a treaty concluded by the Wyandots and Delawares, in January, 1785, at Fort Mcintosh, situated at the mouth of the Beaver river. But though the Six Nations were quieted by treaty, the Indian tribes along the Ohio were still intent on preserving, in their own right, the lands to the north of that river and east of the Allegheny, to which they may have been prompted by the emissaries of the French, who still held Louisiana. Hence, all visitors from the colonies upon the territory in question, for the purpose of settlement, were met by roving bands of these Indians who maintained a hostile front. To overawe and subdue them, military expeditions were undertaken by Mcintosh in 1778, by Brodhead in 1780, by Crawford in 1782, by Harmar in 1789, by St. Clair in 1791, and by Wayne in 1792, which resulted with varying fortune. During all this time the frontier was lit up by the blaze of savage warfare, and the tomahawk and scalping knife were busy with their fell work. Finally, the campaign, conducted by General Anthony Wayne with his characte- ristic energy and skill, ended in triumph in 1795, and the treaty, by him concluded, for ever put an end to this sanguinary struggle, wherein neither helpless infancy nor trembling age was exempt, and which was accompanied by every crime which debases manhood and effaces from the human character every trace of its heaven-born attributes. Hence, though the purchase was fairly made in 1785, it was ten years later before the territory could be said to be fairly open to settlement. It was well known, however, that the lands west of the Allegheny were of excellent quality, and naturally tempted the cupidity of the adventurous, even though still subject to savage sway. Washington, in passing up the Venango river (French creek), on his journey to Le Boeuf, in 1753, made this entry on the 7th of December: "We passed over much good land since we left Venango (Franklin), and through several extensive and very rich meadows, one of which I believe was nearl}^ four miles in length, and considerably wide in some places." There is no doubt that these expressions of Washington, " much good land," and " extensive and very rich meadows," were recurring in the minds of man}^ and caused them to look with longing eyes towards this goodly country, even during the long and gloomy years of the Revolution. When that war came to an end in 1783, and in 1785 these lands were purchased of the Indians, the disposition to acquire titles to them was active. Three separate companies, with large capital, each sought to secure vast stretches of this territory. They were the Holland Land company, the Population company, and the North American Land company. By the act of 1792, titles could only be perfected by actual settlement for the space of five years, which must be begun within two years from the date of its location. But an important proviso was attached, that if settlers were prevented 600 HISTO n Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. by armed enemies of the United States from settlement, tlie title was to become valid the same as if settled. This left the question open and indefinite, and gave rise to endless litigation, the Holland Land company contending that, Indian hostilities having prevented actual settlement for the space of two years, they could then perfect their titles without actual settlement, and without waiting for the end of the five years. It was decided pro and con in the lower courts repeatedly, and taken up on appeal, until it finally reached the Supreme Court of the United States, when Chief Justice Marshall delivered an opinion in favor of the company, Mr. Justice Washington declaring : " Though the great theatre of the war lies far to the north-west of the land in dispute, yet it is clearly proved that this country during this period was exposed to the repeated irruptions of the enemy, killing and plundering such of the whites as they met with in defenceless situations. We find the settlers sometimes working out in the day-time in the neighborhood of forts, and returning at night within their walls for protection ; sometimes giving up the pursuit in despair, and returning to the settled part of the country ; then returning to this country and again abandoning it. We sometimes meet with a few men daring and hardy enough to attempt the cultivation of their lands ; associating implements of husbandry with the instruments of war — the character of the husbandman with that of the soldier — and yet I do not recollect any instance in which, with this enterprising, daring spirit, a single individual was able to make such a settlement as the law required." Such " daring and hardy" men as are here referred to by Judge Washington, were those who first settled Crawford count}'. In 1787, David Mead, in com- pany with his brother John, sons of Darius Mead, of Hudson, New York, having taken up land in the Wyoming Valley, and been dispossessed through the conflicting claims of Connecticut and Pennsylvania, made their way through the forests, and across mountains to the mouth of the Venango river, and thence up that stream till they reached a broad valley, nearly five miles in length, on whose bosom now reposes the cit}' of Meadville, and the one, undoubtedly, referred to by Washington. Two years previous, at the instance of the general government, a party of engineers, headed by William Bowen under military escort, made a survey of a large body of land in this corner of the State, embra- cing the sixth, seventh, and eighth sections, which had been set aside for the payment of bounties to soldiers of the Revolution. Having had some experience in selecting lands for settlement, these two pioneers made a thorough examination of the territory, and chose this valley' for their future habitation. They found the flats above the confluence of the Cussa- wago with the Venango river cleared, and covered with luxui'iant grass, having been previously cultivated by the natives, and perhaps by the French, who had a fort on what is now Dock street, Meadville. Returning to the Susquehanna, in the spring of the following year, they came again, accompanied by Thomas Martin, John Watson, James F. Randolph, Thomas Grant, Cornelius Van Horn, and Christopher Snyder. With the exception of Grant they all selected lands on the western side of the river, now Valonia, and the tracts above. Grant chose the section on which is now Meadville, and made his home at the head of Water street. Soon tiring of the frontier, he transferred his tract to David CRAWFOBD COUNTY. 601 Mead, who thus became the proprietor and real founder of the city which took his name. In the spring of the following year came the families of some of these men. Sarah Mead, daughter of David, was the first child born within the new settlement. Subsequently came Samuel Lord, John Wentworth, Frederick Haymaker, Frederick Baum, Robert Fitz Randolph, and Darius Mead. These were the pioneers ; but as the report of fine lands upon the Venango spread, settlers came in great numbers. There were a few families of Indians inhabiting the neighborhood, who became the fast friends of the white men, prominent among whom were Canadochta and his three sons, Flying Cloud, Standing Stone, and Big Sun, and Half-town, a half brother of Cornplanter, Strike Neck, and Wire Ears. To the beginning of 1791, few disturbances from hostile Indians occurred, and little danger was apprehended ; but the defeat of the army under General Harraar, and subsequently that led by St. Clair, left the hostile tribes of Ohio and western Pennsylvania free to prosecute their nefarious schemes of murder, arson, and fiendish torture, upon the helpless frontiersmen. Early in this year, Fljung Cloud, the ever faithful friend of the whites, gave notice that the savages were upon the war path. For safety, the settlers repaired to the stockade fort at Franklin. It was seed time, and these provident men were loath to let the time pass for planting, and thus fail of a crop for the sustenance of their families. Accordingly, four of them. Cornelius Van Horn, William Gregg, Thomas Ray, and Christopher Lantz, returned with their horses, and commenced ploughing. Vengeful Indians came skulking upon their track, and, singling out Van Horn, when the others were away, seized him and his horses, and commenced the march westward. Eight miles away, near Conneaut lake, they stopped for the night, where Van Horn managed to elude them, and made his way back, when he found that Gregg had been killed, and, as subsequently ascertained, Ray was made cap- tive and led away to Detroit. Hostilities continued during 1792; but General Anthony Wayne, who had now been placed at the head of the troops sent against the savages, gave them sufficient employment. Early in the year, a company of twenty-four men, under Ensign Bond, was detailed from Wayne's army to protect this settlement, and was quartered at Meadville. But as the campaign became active, it was sum- moned away, and the families of the settlers again retired to the stockade at Franklin. The numbers had considerably increased by 1794, and a militia com- pany was formed for self-protection, Cornelius Van Horif being elected Captain, and a block-house was erected near the head of Water street. On the 10th of August, James Dickson, a resolute Scotchman, was fired upon by Indians in con- cealment near the outskirts of the settlement, and severely wounded in the hand and shoulder. By dexterous management with his gun, of which he held the fire, he bafl[ied the endeavors of his j^ssailants to capture him, and, though bleeding profusely, reached the block-house. The alarm was given, and pursuit promptly made; but the wily foe escaped. Ten days later General Wayne inflicted a crushing defeat, and Indian warfare in this part of the State was at an end, though occasional depredations were committed by isolated parties for some time, James Findley and Barnabas McCormick having been murdered in cold blood, in June of the following year, six miles below Meadville, on the river valley. 602 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. The tide of settlement now began to set strongly towards this portion of the State, stimulated, no doubt, by the organized efforts of laud companies to gain titles to the best lands, and by the settlers themselves to perfect their claims. What afterward became Meadville, Mead, Rockdale, and Vernon, were settled simultaneously in 1787; East Fallowfield, Greenwood, Hayfield, Oil Creek, and Titusville, in 1790; Fairfield and Woodcock in 1791 ; Venango in 1794 ; Bloom- field, Cussawago, Randolph, Richmond, South Shenango, and Spring, in 1795 ; Cambridge and West Fallowfield in 1797 ; Conneaut, North Shenango, Pine, and Sadsbury, in 1798; Athens, Beaver, Rome, and Summit, in 1800. The remain- ing townships, with the exception of Wayne, have been subsequently erected from the territory of other townships, Sparta, Summer Hill, and Troy, in 1830; Steu- ben in 1861; West Shenango in 1863, and Union in 1867. The opening of the year 1795 marked a new era in the history of these settle- ments. During the three preceding years the pioneers had labored under great depression and discouragement. At times, when the labors of the husbandmen should be performed, their work was interrupted, and they were driven with their families for safety to the common fort. But a better day seemed now dawning, and a reasonable prospect that the fierce sounds of savage warfare would be no longer heard, and that the sons of the forest would cease from their trade of blood. Buildings erected were of a more permanent character, and the settlement, though far away from the sunny abiding places where clustered their early asso- ciations, began to be looked upon as home. A saw-mill was constructed near the block-house as early as 1789, from which the settlers were supplied with lumber, and the surplus was rafted to Pittsburgh; but as late as 1795 grain was ground by hand-mills or broken in a mortar. The thought of establishing the location of a town which should serve as a centre for distribution and supply, early occupied the minds of the settlers, and none seemed more fit than this goodly valley, where three considerable streams, two from the west, the Cussawago and Watson's run, and one. Mill run, from the east, poured their currents into the Venango, leaving in their tracks fertile val- leys and easy grades for highways to lead out in all directions. Though the earliest settlements had been chiefly made on the west side of the river, above the mouth of the Cussawago, doubtless on account of the lands having been previously cleared and cultivated, and because there was a deep alluvial soil pro- ducing fine crops with little labor, yet the site for the town was chosen on the opposite side, probably on account of the surface being higher, and not liable to overflow, as had been the sad experience on the right bank, and also, it may be, because the will of David Mead, who had established himself here, was more imperious than those of his companions. In 1792 the part immediately upon the river was laid out, lots offered for sale, and the embryo city was named Meadville. Through the exertions of Major Ro^er Alden, a soldier of the Revo- lution, and the first agent of the Holland Land company, and Doctor Kennedy, the plan of the town was greatly enlarged and improved in 1795. Only a small portion of the valley, along the river front, was at that time cleared, all the lower part being covered by a dense hemlock forest, the covert of the deer, and the more elevated portions, where are now some of the finest residences, had a massive growth of oak, and beech, and chestnut. CRAWFORD COUNTY. 603 The thought of these hardy pioneers was early given to provision for the edu- cation of their chikiren, and a school was established in the block-house, to which allusion has been made, situated on the triangular lot at the corner of Water street and Steer's alley. It was originally built for defence, was of logs, two- stories in height, surmounted by a sentry box ; the second-story projecting over the first, and was provided with a cannon. This building stood until 1828. The lot was donated by the founder for school purposes. David Mead was the first justice, and the Governor having failed to provide him with one, he acted as his own constable. He had served as justice in the Wyoming settlement, and con- tinued to hold that office until 1799, when he was made associate judge. Prior to the year 1773, all this section of the colony, held under the charter of King Charles II., though not yet purchased from the Indians, formed a part of the county of Bedford. At that date the county of Westmoreland was orga- nized, and this portion of the State, by that act, was embraced in its limits. In September, 1788, the county of Allegheny was organized, which was made to embrace all the territory north and west of the Ohio and Allegheny rivers. Till the end of the century it remained thus. By an act of the Legislature of the 12th of March, 1800, the county of Crawford was erected and was made to embrace all the north-western portion of the State, including Erie, Warren, Venango, and Mercer, with the county seat at Meadville. Erie liecame a separate county on the 2d of April, 1803, and Venango and Warren, April 1, 1805. It was named for the unfortunate General William Crawford, who was burned by the Indians at Sandusky, on tlie 11th of June, 1782. What finally became Crawford county was entirel}'^ surrounded by the parts thus stricken off, with the exception of its western buundar}-, where it meets Ohio, Erie forming its northern limit, Warren and Venango its eastern, and Venango and Mercer its southern. Its length from east to west is forty-one miles, and its width twenty-four, and contains nine hundred and eeventy-four square miles, nearly as much arable land as the entire State of Rhode Island. Its surface is for the most part heavily rolling, the State road, running from the south-western corner to the north-eastern, crossing nearly at right angles what seem an interminable series of earthy billows, at nearly regular intervals of eight or ten miles. The soil is unsurpassed for grazing, for corn and oats, and, along the rich valleys, for wheat. Copious springs of pure water are everywhere abundant, and shade, grateful to flocks and herds, has been left in profusion on hillside and vale. In some portions are dense forests, still the lurking places of the deer. Its i^rincipal stream is the Venango, meandering through it from north- west to south-east, which is fed by the Conneautee, the Cussawago, and the Con- neaut outlet on its riglit bank, and by Muddy creek. Woodcock creek. Mill run, and the Sugar creeks on its left. The sum of four hundred pounds was appro- priated by Congress, in 1791, to improve the navigation of this stream; and, before obstructed by mill dams, was navigable to Waterford, for boats of twenty tons burden at certain seasons of the year, and is still employed for rafting lum- ber. Extensive lumber and flouring mills are situated upon it at intervals of a few miles. The western portion is watered by the Shcnango, a considerable stream running south and emptying into the Beaver, and by the Conneaut creek, which runs north and empties into lake Erie. In the east is the Oil creek, which 604 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. empties into the Allegheny at Oil city, six miles above the mouth of the Venango. The great water-shed, whicli divides the waters that descend to the gulf from those which flow to Lake Erie, and raarlcs the boundary between the Mississippi basin and that of the great lakes, cuts into the western portion, and upon its summit, where are dead flats of considerable extent, is Conneaut lake, a sheet of five miles in length by two in breadth, and the Conneaut marsh and Pymatuning swamp. The lake is the largest body of water in the State. The Pymatuning swamp undoubtedly at one time formed the basin of an extensive lake, but was partially drained by the deepening of its outlet, and has been filling with sediment and the annual accumulations of rank growths of vegeta- tion. In cutting trenches through it, fallen timber and the stumps of trees are found in perfect preservation. It is now mostly covered hy a growth of tamaracs, where, in the autumn, vast flocks of pigeons make their roosting place. In the eastern part are Sugar and Oil Creek lakes, smaller but picturesque sheets. The slates and shales of the Chemung and Portage groups underlie its sur- face, but it is destitute of calcareous rock, with the exception of a bed of marl, of over thirty acres in extent, situated near the head of Conneaut lake, from which, by burning, a dark grayish lime is made, and also a deposit of similar marl in the Pymatuning swamp. Sedimentary flag stone abounds in most parts, though as 3'et no quarry of the best quality has ever been opened. Red and yellow sand- stone, yielding and easily wrought when first taken from the quarry, but which hardens by exposure to air and light, are found in abundance. Iron ore exists in the southern section, as also bituminous coal. From the earliest knowledge of the valley of the Oil creek, an exceedingly volatile substance was known to exist, which, when floating upon the surface of the water, reflected in the sunlight the most beautiful and variegated colors. In the extensive flat lands upon this stream are found many acres of pits dug in the soil and lined with split logs, doubtless constructed for the purpose of collecting this fluid, as the water which rises in them is found to be covered with it. By whom they were constructed is not known ; but it must have been long ago — as no traces can be discovered of the stumps where the timber used in lining them was cut, and huge trees are growing in the very midst of the cradles — and by an intel- ligent people, as much skill, involving the use of effective tools, is shown in their construction. The French of a generation or two before its settlement may have fashioned them. They were certainly not the work of the nomadic Indians of our day. The more probable view is that they must be referred to the mound build- ers of a much earlier period. The composition of this substance is believed to be akin to that of the bituminous coal of the fields below. It was used by the natives as a medicine and in their strange worship. Assembling at certain points, having drained the waters of the streams on which it floats, quantities by this means having collected, they applied the torch, and while sheets of flame were ascending heavenward, uttered demoniac yells. It was known to the French two centuries and a half ago, their missionaries and military explorers having been led to the springs by the natives. Joseph Delaroche Daillon, in a letter of the 18th of July, 1G27, published in Sagard's " Histor}' du Canada " describes it. Charlevoix, an agent of the French government, in his journals of 1720, makes mention of it, and Thomas Jeflt^rson, in his Notes on Virginia, very minutely de- CRAWFORD COUNTY. 605 scribes it as taken from the earth in the Kanawha valley. Considerable quantities were collected of the surface oil, and it was sold for medicinal purposes and for lighting; but it was never an article much consumed till 1859. In that year Mr E. L. Drake commenced drilling, with the expectation of finding it in quantities He was not disappointed, and the current which he thus diverted has been united with similar ones, till the volume would equal a considerable stream steadily flowing. It is used chiefly for illumination, but largely for lubrication and in the mechanic arts. In a single year nearly seven million barrels have been produced. The act of the Legislature authorizing the formation of the county, empowered the commissioners to fix the county seat at Meadville, provided the people of that place would contribute $4,000 towards the establishment of an institution of learning. This sum was speedily raised, and the commissioners had no further discretion. The school, as has been noticed, was commenced in the block-house ; but in 1802 an act of the Legislature was passed incorporating the institution. David Mead and six others were appointed trustees. Grounds were subse- quently acquired on the south-west corner of Chestnut and Liberty streets, and a one story brick building with two rooms was erected thereon. In the fall of 1805 the Meadville Academy was opened under the charge of the Rev. Joseph Stockton, who, in addition to an extensive scientific course, taught also Latin and Greek. This building remained for twenty years, and at successive periods Cary, Kerr, Douglas, Reynolds, and De France taught therein. It was finally purchased, and gave place to a private residence, and the building now used for the public high school was erected. McKinney, LeflSngwell, and Donnelly, among others, were at its head, the latter for a period of seventeen years. It received donations from the State at various times, and had a small endowment fund that was used for keeping the building in repair. In 1852 it entered upon a sphere of enlarged usefulness as a count}' academy, being attended by over three hundred pupils annually for several years. In 1861, by act of Assembly, the property and funds were given into the hands of the board of control of the city of Meadville for the use of a public high school, to which pupils from the county may be admitted. During the early history of the county, and until 1834, when the tree school law was enacted, schools were established as the settlers could unite for the pur- pose, and were supported by their patrons. In sparse settlements it was impossible to accommodate all in this way. Some few of the indigent were taught at the expense of the county under the law of 1809, which provided for the " instruction of the poor gratis." But most parents were too independent to report themselves too poor to pay for the tuition of their children. There were in various sections men of great learning who gave instruction in the languages, notable among whom were Mr. Gamble, of the Shenangoes, and David Derickson, of Meadville. In 1838 the free school system began to go into operation, and rapidly the whole school-going population was gathered in. In 1854, upon the revisal of the law, a regeneration of the schools occurred ; new buildings were erected, with improved furniture and appliances, and teachers were held to a strict examination and accountability. With opportunities so meagre as were afforded in that early period, it is a matter of congratulation tliat education was 60 general and so good as it was. 606 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Especially is it a subject of pride that the earlj^ settlers entertained so exalt- ed an idea of higher education, which led them early to make provision for an academy, making it a condition of securing the county seat ; but also, not many years after, and while yet the county was new and the means of realizing money were few, to found a college and make it the seat of the most advanced culture of the period. On the evening of Thursday, the 20th of June, 1815, at a public meeting held at the court house in Meadville, at which Major Roger Alden presided, and John Reynolds acted as secretary, it was resolved to establish a college, which should be called Allegheny, from the river which drains all this region ; that Timothy Alden, a brother of the major, a native of Massachusetts, a graduate of Harvard University, and an eminent teacher at Boston, and also at Xew York, should be president, and the Rev. Robert John- son, a learned Presb3''terian divine, should be vice-president. A committee was appointed to ask the Legislature for a charter, another to prepare rules for its government, and a third to open books for receiving subscriptions. The sum of six thousand dollars was subscribed, and a charter was obtained on the Hth of March, 1817, with the following named persons as the Board of Trustees: Roger Alden, William McArthur, Jesse Moore, John Brooks, William Clark, Henrj' Hurst, Samuel Lord, Samuel Torbett, Ralph Martin, Patrick Farrelly, Thomas Atkinson, John Reynolds, David Burns, William Foster, and Daniel Perkins, and two thousand dollars, which were subsequently increased to seven thousand, were appropriated. The site for a building was selected upon the hillside, a mile to the north of the town, which it overlooked, a most delectable spot, commanding a view of the charming valle3-s, which approach from every point of the compass, and the beautiful hills, half covered with forest, which tower up on all sides and kiss the skj' in seeming nearness. A plot of five acres, subsequently enlarged to ten, and lately to twenty, was contributed b}' Samuel Lord, upon which a substantial and imposing structure of brick, with fine cut freestone trimmings, was erected, and the infant institution was fairly launched. The president. Dr. Alden, was a man of versatile talents, a prodigy in lingual acquirements, to whom difficul- ties and seemingly insurmountable obstacles were meat and drink. He orga- nized, he taught, he visited the cities of Xew York and New England soliciting aid. His plans were successful. The institution took form beneath his plastic hand. To the plea of the necessities of his dear college, valuable private librar- ies dropped into its alcoves. That of the Rev. Wra. Bentley, D.D., of Salem, Massachusetts, was especially rich in lexicons, theological books, and such treasures of the Latin and Greek fathers as few colleges in the United States possessed ; and those of Isaiah Thomas, LL.D., of Worcester, Mass., and James Winthrop, LL.D., of Cambridge, Mass., comprised the best miscellaneous writings, making the entire collection in the diflferent departments of literature and science " most rare and valuable." Contributions were also made to cabi- nets in natural history, and apparatus for chemical and philosophical experi- ments. But though fortune seemed to smile upon the early labors of its founders, yet the period of growth was one beset by many hardships. Money was difficult to command, and few of the sons of the frontiersmen could spare the time or secure CRAWFORD COUNTY. 607 the means requisite to compass a liberal education. A proposition was made to found a German professorship with a view to enlisting that element of the population ; likewise one to have a mathematical professorship endowed by the Masonic fraternity, to secure their active co-operation ; and finally, to change it to a military school. But none of these projects were successful, and in 1833, its management was assumed by the Erie and Pittsburgh conferences of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church, under which it has remained to the present day. At this date Dr. Alden gave place, as president, to Martin Ruter, D.D., who was suc- ceeded by Homer J. Clark, D.D., in 1837 ; John Barker, D.D., in 184T ; George Loomis, D.D., in 1860 ; and Lucius H. Bugbee, in 1875. Its alumni number over five hundred, among whom are men adorning all the learned professions. MEADVILE, PROM THEOTiOaiOAL SEMINARY, LOOKING NORTH-WEST. [From a Photograph by J. D. Dunn, Meadrille.j In 1851, a large building, designed for chapel, library, laboratory', and cabinets, was erected, and in 1864 a boarding hall, capable of accommodating one hundred students was added. The cabinets in the various departments of natural history, mostly collected under the administration of Dr. Loomis, are equalled in few institutions of the United States. The Meadville Theological school was established mainly through the influence of the late H. J. Huidekoper, a native of Holland, who succeeded Major Alden in the agency of the Holland Land company, and was one of the most influential and intelligent of the early settlers. It was opened in 1844, under the presidency of Rufus P. Stebbins, D.D., and in 1854 a commodious and substantial building was erected on an elevated site to the east of the town, commanding a beautiful 608 HISTOB T OF PENG'S YL rANIA. view of the Cussawago valley and the dark pine forests which skirt its mouth. It was principally endowed by the Unitarian denomination, though the Society of Christians extended some aid. It has a productive endowment fund of over one hundred thousand dollars, and property in buildings and librarj^ amounting to over thirty thousand dollars. Rev. Oliver Stearns, D.D., became president in 1856, and the Rev. A. A. Livermore, D.D., in 1864. The school has a library of over twelve thousand volumes, and numbers over one hundred and fifty graduates. It is a circumstance for which it may claim credit that nearly all the periodical and newspaper publications of the Unitarian denomination are under the edito- rial charge of its alumni. On the 2d of January, 1803, was issued at Meadville the initial number of the Crawford Mensenger^ the first paper published in this portion of the State, and for a long series of years held its place as the most respectable. It was founded by Thomas Atkinson and W. Brendle. In an editorial of September, 1828, Mr. Atkinson makes the following interesting record: " In two months more, twenty-five years will have elapsed since we arrived in this village with our printing establishment, being the first, and for several subsequent j^ears, the only one north-west of the Allegheny river. How short the period, yet how fruitful in interesting events ! Our village at that time consisted of a few scattered tenements, or what might be properly termed huts. It is now surpassed by few, if any, in West Pennsylvania, for its numerous, commodious, and in many instances, beautiful dwelling houses, churches, academy, court-house, with a splendid edifice for a college ; all affording pleasing evidence of the enterprise, the taste, and the liberality of its inhabitants. Then we were without roads, nothing but Indian paths, by which to wend our way from one point to another. Now turnpikes and capacious roads converge to it from every quarter. Then the mail passed between Pittsburgh and Erie once in two weeks — now, eighteen stages arrive and depart weekl3\ Then we had not un frequently to pack our paper on horsback upwards of two hundred miles; on one hundred and thirty of this distance there were but three or four houses — now, however, thanks to an enterprising citizen of the village, it can be had as conveniently as could be desired. Our country is marching onward." Since the time when Mr. Atkinson congratulated himself and his readers on the great changes which had occurred, a half century has elapsed, and the progress which has been made far out-reaches the contrasts of that early day. There are at present published in Meadville, the Crawford Journal^ weekly ; the Crawford Democrat ; the Crawford county PoHt (German), weekly; the Meadville Republican^ daily and weekly; in Con- neautville, the Conneautville Courier^ weekly ; in Titusville, the Herald and Courier^ both daily and weekly, and the Sunday Press ; in Cambridge, the Index, weekly ; and in Linesville, the Linesville Leader^ weekly. As we have noted, David Mead was the first commissioned justice, which oflflce he continued to hold until 1799, when he was made a judge, and in 1800 was held the first court, Judges Mead and Kelso presiding. At the session of April, 1801, Alexander Addison presided as president judge, and David Mead having resigned, William Bell was commissioned in his place. Judge Addison has been succeeded in the office of president judge by Moore, Shippen, Eldred, Thompson, Church, Galbraith, Derickson, Brown, Johnson, Vincent, and Lowrie. CBAWFOBD COUNTY. 609 By an act of the Legislature of March 5th, 1804, the commissioners were directed to erect a court-house upon the public square. The present edifice was com- menced on the 10th of September, 1867, and was completed in October, 1869. It occupies a commanding location, is constructed of pressed brick, with red sandstone trimmings, and is one of the most pleasing pieces of architecture, of the renaissance style, which the State, outside of Philadelphia, can boast. The contrasts of twenty -five j-ears in the means of travel and communication as depicted by Mr. Atkinson, convey some conception of the difficulties experi- enced. It was not uncommon for salt to be carried on pack horses, and even on the backs of men, long distances in that early day. But in 1828, the BeaA^er and Erie canal was constructed, stretching from Lake Erie, near the village of Girard, to the mouth of the Beaver river, on the Ohio, and thence to Pittsburgh, which greatly improved the means of transportation. The summit between these two points is Conneaut lake, which, as we have seen, is upon the divide which separates the Mississippi river system from that of the great lakes. Boats were accord- ingly locked up from Pittsburgh to the Conneaut lake, and from there down to Lake Erie. Conneaut lake was hence made the reservoir for feeding tlie canal in both directions. To make it at all times serviceable, its mouth was dammed and its surface raised eleven feet, greatl}^ increasing its size, and to feed it the water was taken from the Venango river, two miles above Meadville, conducted by the left bank to Shaw's landing, seven miles below, where it was led across the stream by an aqueduct, high above its natural level, and thence forward to the lake. This feeder gave Meadville all the advantages of the main line which followed the valleys of the Shenango and Conneaut creeks, leaving Meadville twenty miles away. In its day it served an important purpose. But the hour was rapidly approaching, then little dreamed of, when this vast public work, with its miles of solid masonry, executed with vast labor, would be thrown aside as a cast-off garment. As late as 1857 there was not a mile of railway within the borders of the county. In less than ten years from that date it had more miles than any other county in the State. The Erie and Pittsburgh railroad follows substantially the course of the canal, traversing the whole length of its western border, and was completed in 1858. The Atlantic and Great Western, with broad gauge to cor- respond to the Erie, was constructed in 1861-2, and passes in a somewhat circuitous course from north-east to south-west through the central part, having large and substantial shops of brick and stone at Meadville. At about the same time the Oil Creek and Allegheny Valley road, extending through the whole length of the eastern part, was built, and likewise the Franklin branch of the Atlantic and Great Western, reaching from Meadville to Oil City. Subsequently the Union and Titusville was constructed, giving complete rail communication with every part. The two most important were projected before oil was discovered, and hence independently of the necessities which it created. The others were the outgrowth of the surprising development of that wonderful fluid. Though considerable manufacturing in iron and wood and wool has, (Vom nn early day, been carried on, to which may now be added those of oil, and the wants which the production of oil has given rise to, yet it cannot be properlj^ termed a manufacturing county. Conneautville, a village in the western part, on the line 2 6 1 HISTOB Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. of the canal, was for many years the rival of Meadville in enterprise and business capacity, and far outstretched Titusville, the principal village of the extreme east; but upon the discovery of oil in 1859, the latter suddenly sprang into importance, and shot forward until it had surpassed Meadville in population, and is still a place of much wealth and business, though, since the subsidence of oil, has fallen behind its more staid and sedate neighbor. Mosiertown, Harmons- burg, Evansburg, Linesville, Espyville, Hartstown, and Adamsville, in the west, are all villages long settled, and the centres of a prosperous population. In the centre are Cambridge, Venango, Saegertown, Geneva, and Cochrantori, and in the east Spartansburg, Riceville, Centreville, Townville, Tryonville, and Oil Creek, which share in the general prosperity. The population of the county in 1800 was 2,346 ; in 1830 it had increased to 16,030 ; in 1870 to 63,832. The early settlers were chiefly German, Scotch-Irish, and emigrants from New England and New York, and such, substantially, the population has continued to be. Wheat, corn, rye, oats, barley, and hay were the staple products of the soil, of which in the early settlement more was pro- duced than consumed. From the first, however, the soil seemed better adapted to grazing than to grain, and to within a recent period the chief product for export was stock, though not in a profitable way. Immense numbers of cattle were raised, but they were not usually kept until they were more than three years old. They were then sold for a price that barely covered the cost of production, and were driven away to the luxuriant meadows of Lancaster and Chester, where they attained great weight, and were sold at high prices for the Philadelphia market. That custom has now almost entirely ceased. Some twenty years ago a great impetus was given to stock breeding by the introduction, especially in the western portion, of fine blooded horses, cattle, sheep, and swine, and the county fairs held at Conneautville and Meadville, served to stimulate competition and local pride in securing perfection. The agents of Louis Napoleon bought horses here for the imperial stables, and many of the proudest stepping animals that make their appearance on Broadway and Chestnut street were gathered from the rich pasturage of Crawford. A limited number of farmers in different sections of the county made excellent butter, which did not suflfer b}' comparison with the noted Orange county makes of New York. But the true sphere of the farmers had not yet been reached. To raise enough buckwheat for home consumption, to fatten a few bullocks and swine and sheep, and to furnish a few pounds of butter carried tp^-ifiarket on cabbage leaves, was not putting the rich grasses of its hillsides and intervals to their most profitable and natural use. It was not until 1870 that any considerable concert of action was secured in cheese-making at factories. Since that period this business hos rapidly increased, until now nearly every section in its broad domain is covered by it. The great increase in the amount of money realized from the dairy products has stimulated production, and now the pure water, the fine shade, and the excellent grass are utilized in the production of milk Already the Meadville cheese exchange rivals that of the famous Little Falls. During the year 1875 there were sixty nine factories in operation, giving an aggregate product of ten million pounds, valued at one million dollars. A large number of the early settlers had served in the Revolutionary army, CBAWFOED COUNTY. 611 of whom Major Roger Alden, mentioned before, was one of the most pro- minent. They were among the best citizens, and showed by their sober and industrious habits that the fortunes of the camp and the battle-field had not destroyed their capacity for usefulness in private life. In 1812-15, the war was brought near to our borders, and when Perry prepared his fleet at Erie, he found among the most useful and resolute of his mechanics, men from this county, and when he set sail to meet the foe, that those same brawny arms were skillful and ready in handling the musket. Seeing that this part of the State was exposed to invasion from its near contiguity to Canada, and reflecting upon what the con- sequence might have been had the British fleet been victorious instead of the American, the Legislature of Pennsylvania ordered the erection of an arsenal at Meadville, and concentrated there several powerful batteries of artillery ; this location being just far enough away from the border to be secure from sudden seizure, and near enough to be of service should an enemy attempt invasion. In 1855, through the influence of Senator Darwin A. Finney, the necessity for keep- ing a military depot at this point having passed away, on account of the im- proved means of rapid transit, tlie Legislature donated the property which had now become centrally located, to the city of Meadville for school purposes, and in 1868 a beautiful structure was erected thereon. But it was the war of Rebellion which called out the military strength and powers of the county, and illustrated the nerve and stern qualities of which its citizens are composed. In the three months' service the Erie regiment was largely made up of volunteers from its borders. In the three years and veteran service the Ninth and Tenth Reserves, the Fifty-seventh, the Eighty-third, the One Hundred and Eleventh, the One Hundred and Forty-fifth, the One Hundred and Fiftieth, One Hundred and Sixty-third (Eighteenth cavalry), and One Hun- dred and Ninetieth regiments were composed largely of its hardy sons. Colonel Henrj^ S. Huidekoper, of the One Hundred and Fiftieth, lost his right arm at Gettysburg; Major A. J. Mason, of the One Hundred and Forty-fifth, was killed in the battle of Fredericksburg, and numbers of others of various ranks were killed or wounded, there being few townships throughout its borders but have some graves of soldiers to cherish and decorate. Company K, of the One Hun- dred and Fiftieth regiment, better known as the Bucktails, was selected on its arrival at Washington for the body guard to Mr. Lincoln, which office it faith- fully performed for two years, winning the respect and confidence of the Presi- dent and his family, and served as escort at his funeral. No troops won a more enviable reputation in the great army of the Union than the Bucktails, and to wear its significant emblem was a proud distinction. CUMBEKLAND COUNTY. BY I. DANIEL RUPP. [With acknowledgments to E. S. Wagoner and J. A. Murray, D.D.'\ UMBERLAND county was named after a maritime county of England, bordering on Scotland. The name is derived from the Keltic, Kimbriland. The Kimbrie, or Keltic races, once inhabited the H g»>gM ita i a | County of Cumberland in England. Cumberland county was, when erected, the sixth county in Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chester having been established in 1082, Lancaster CUMBERLAND COUNTY COURT HOUSE, CARLISLE. [From a Photograph by Choate, Carlisle.] 1 729, and York 1749. Among other inhabitants of North or Cumberland Yalley, were James Silvers and William Magaw, who presented petitions to the Assembly praying for the establishing of a new county. An act for that purpose was passed January 27, 1750. The commissioners appointed to carry out the provisions of the act of Assembly were Robert McCoy, Benjamin Chambers, David Magaw, James Mclntire, and John McCormick. The act provided, establishing Cumberland, formed of part of Lancaster 612 CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 613 countj', says : " That all and singular lands lying within the Province of Penn- sj'lvania, to the westward of the Susquehanna, and northward and westward of the county of York, be erected into a county, to be called Cumberland ; bounded northward and westward with the line of the Provinces, eastward partly with the Susquehanna and partl}^ with said county of York ; and southward, in part hy the line dividing said province from that of Maryland." To the end, that the boundaries between York and Cumberland may be better ascertained, it was further enacted that commissioners on the part of York county should be appointed to act in conjunction in the premises with the commissioners of Cum- berland. The commissioners of Y'ork county were Thomas Cox, Michael Tanner, George Swope, Nathan Hussey, and John Wright, Jr. When the commissioners of both counties met to fix the boundary line between York and Cumberland, they disagreed. The commissioners of Cumber- land wished that the dividing line commence opposite the mouth of the Swatara creek, and run along the ridge of the South mountain (or Trent hills or Priest hills), while those of York county wished that the Yellow Breeches creek should form part of the dividing line. The difficulties were settled by an act passed February 9, 1751. The ample limits of Cumberland, when first established, were gradually reduced by the formation of other counties, viz., by the erection of Bedford, 1771; of Northumberland, 1772; of Franklin, 1781; of Mifflin, 1789; and of Perry, 1820. Cumberland, as now formed, is bounded on the north by Perry ; on the east by the Susquehanna river, which separates it from Dauphin ; on the south b}' York and Adams ; and on the west by Franklin. Length, thirty-four miles ; breadth, sixteen ; area, five hundred and forty-four square miles — three hundred and forty- eight thousand one hundred and sixty acres, of which about two-thirds are improved. The natural boundary of Cumberland is the Blue mountain on the north, called by the Indians Kau-ta-tin- Chunky Kittatinny^ Main, or Principal moun- tain ; and south by the South mountain. Between these two natural boundaries the greater portion of the county lies. The surface is comparatively level, especially the lime-stone portion. The slate region, north of the Conodogwinet creek, is somewhat uneven and hilly. South and north, along the South mountain, where ridges abound, the surface is mostly rough, and only partially cultivated ; much of it is covered with timber. The geological formation of these ridges is almost wholly composed of hard, white sand-stone. At the Pine Grove furnace, on Mountain creek, is a detached bed of limestone, of limited extent, surrounded by mountain sand-stone and connected with a deposit of brown argillaceous and hematite iron ore, which is productive, and has been worked for many 3-ears. All along the northern side of the South mountain, near the con- tact of the white sand-stone with the lime-stone, iron ore is abundant, and is extensively used for the supply of furnaces. Further north, and whollj' within the lime-stone formation, pipe ore and other varieties of excellent quality ma}' be obtained in many places. The rocks of the Blue mountain are the coarse gray and reddish sand-stones. From elevated points on the Blue mountain one has a commanding or 614 HISTOB Y OF PEIfNSYL VANIA. imposing prospect of a most charming and beautiful broad valley, extending soutli and east, between tlie two natural boundaries. A wide and diversified landscape of woodland, highly improved farms, and numerous villages and towns, spread before the view like an immense picture, stretching away in the distance until fading in the dim horizon, and the eye wanders in delighted admiration of the beautiful, varied, and extended scene. The Conodogwinet is the largest stream of water in the county. It rises in Franklin county, moving steadily in a sinuous course until it reaches the Susque- hanna at West Fairview, afibrding ample water power to many mills on its banks. Means' run, the main south tributary of the Conodogwinet, rises at the foot of the South mountain. It flows along the boundary line between Franklin and Cumberland, through Shippensburg, a distance of eight miles, until it empties into the Conodogwinet. The Yellow Breeches rises from many large springs in the south-western part of the county, along the South mountain, flowing through and along the southern portion of the county, emptying into the Susquehanna at New Cumberland, three miles below Ilarrisburg. It is a clear and rapid stream, scarcely freezing over in the winter. It aff'ords a vast amount of water power to mills, forges, and furnaces upon it and its several branches. Other large springs rise within this county. One at Springfield, south of Newville, affords much water power. It runs northward and empties into the Conodo- gwinet, having its banks studded with mills. LeTort's spring, south of Carlisle, also yields water power. Silvers' spring, in Silvers' Spring township, has its source about one mile south of the Conodogwinet, into which it empties, and affords water power to two mills. A number of springs exist near the head of the Yellow Breeches, in the south-western part of the county, and several in the south-eastern part. Near Doubling gap, at the foot of the Blue mountain, is a spring strongly impregnated with sulphur. Carlisle springs, four miles from the town, acquired some note in ^^ears gone by as a fashionable place of resort. At Mount Rock, seven miles west of Carlisle, a lai'ge spring issues from a lime- stone rock, the water from which, after running a short distance, sinks again into the earth and passes under a hill, once more re-appears on the north side and pursues its course to the Conodogwinet. Cedar run, in the eastern part of the county, affords water power to a mill, near where it empties into the Yellow Breeches creek. Green spring rises a few miles north of Oakville, runs north- ward, and empties into the Conodogwinet creek. The agricultural resources are equal to any other county of the same popula- tion in the State. None can boast of more highly cultivated and productive farms than Cumberland. Many of the cultivators of the soil are of German descent, of whose ancestors Governor George Thomas, of the Province of Penn- sylvania, wrote to the Bishop of Exeter, April 23, 1747: "The Germans of Pennsylvania are, I believe, three-fifths of the population (whole population then two hundred thousand). They have, by their industry, been the principal instru- ments of raising the State to its present flourishing condition, beyond any of his Majesty's colonies in North America." Of the three hundred and forty-eight thousand one hundred and sixty acres of land, more than two-thirds, i. e., two hundred and thirty-nine thousand seven hundred and eighty-four acres, are improved. CUMBEBLANB COUNTY. 615 Iron manufactories of different kinds are carried on to considerable extent. There are eight or nine furnaces and five or six forges, in which large quantities of pig metal and forged iron are made from the ore found in this region. The furnaces and forges, the rolling mills and nail factory, give emyloyment to a large number of working men, to miners of oi'c, wood-choppers, furnace tenders, forge men, and other operatives. Timber of various kinds is abundant in the mountains, affording a sufficient supply for ii'on works and for domestic purposes. Prior to the whites settling in the North Valley, now Cumberland Valley, the Shawanese Indians had fixed habitations on the west side of the Susquehanna, on the Oonodogwinet creek, as also at the mouth of the Yellow Breeches. With the migration of that nation to the Ohio, on the advent of the European, about 1725, these villages were deserted, and the Cumberland Valley ceased to be the home of the aborigines. The first settlers in Cumberland county were principally Scotch-Irish, with some English. The immigration of the Scotch-Irish into Pennsylvania began about 1715, and the number annually increased to such an extent that the Pro- vincial Secretary, in writing to the Proprietaries, says : " It looks as if Ii'eland is to send all her inhabitants, for last week not less than six ships arrived, and every day two or three arrive also. The common fear is that the}' thus crowd where they are not wanted." The early Scotch-Irish settlers of Cumberland Valley were of " the better sort " — a Christian people. Prominent among them were the families of Calhoun, Kenny, Spray, Shannon, Dickey, Bigham, Cham- bers, Irwin, Berryhill, Noble, Crawford, Fulton, McClellan, Rose, Sample, West, Huston, Buchanan, Reed, McGuire, McMeans, Caruthers, Quigly, Morton, Armstrong, Nelson , McCormick, Elliot, Dunning, Junkin, Gray, Star, Silvers, SleifiiLsmi, Hunter, Douglass, Mitchell, Holmes, Finley, Irvine, Hamilton, Orr, McDonald, Parker, Denny, Lamberton, Murray, and Blair. After 1734 the influx of immigrants into the Cumberland Valley increased fast. By reason of feuds in 1749, between the German and Irish in York county, the Proprietaries instructed their agents, in order to prevent further difficulties and disturbances, not to sell any more lands in York county to the Irish, but hold strong inducements by advantageous overtures to settle in the North or Kittatinny valley. The first settlers were being supplanted by Germans as early as 1757-60, many of the Scotch-Irish removing further west after the Revolution. We find among tbe German families in Cumberland county, as early as 1761, the names of Wertzberger, Gramlich, Stark, Albert, Kunckel Huber, Renninger, Weber, Legner, Kast, Seyler, Diehl, Hamuth, Kistner, Sen zenbach, Hausman, Bucher, Kimmel, Herman. After 1770, Rupp, Sclmebele Schwartz, Seller, Longsdorfl", Kuhn, Emhoff, Braun, Strack, Boor, Grieger Bernhardt, Bielman, Brandt, Tarne, Bollinger, Kreutzer, Scholl, Schopp, Coover Krisecker, Stegmuller, Kauffmann, and Frankenberger. Between 1750 and 1755 there figured a character of some note in Cumberland county. Captain Jack, the " black hunter," the " black rifle," the " wild hunter of Juniata," the " black hunter of the forest," was a white man. He entered the woods with a few enterprising companions, built his cabin, cleared a little land, and amused himself with the pleasures of fishing and hunting. He felt happy, foi* he had not a care. But on an evening, when he returned from a day of sport, 616 BISTOB T OF PENNS TL VANIA. he found his cabin burnt, and his wife and children murdered. From that moment he forsook civilized man, lived in caves, protected the frontier inhabi- tants from the Indians, and seized every opportunity for revenge that offered. He was a terror to the Indians; a protector to the whites. On one occasion, near Juniata, in the middle of a dark night, a family was suddenly awakened by the report of a gun. They jumped from their huts, and by the glimmering light from their chimney, saw an Indian fall to rise no more. The open door exposed to view the "Tvild hunter." " I saved your lives," he cried; then turned and was buried in the gloom of night. He never shot without good cause. His look was as unerring as his aim. He formed an association to defend the settlers against savage aggressions. On a given signal they would unite. Their exploits were heard of, in 1756, on the Conococheague and Juniata. He was sometimes called the Half Indian ; and Colonel Armstrong, in a letter to the Governor, says : "The company, under the command of the Half Indian, having left the Great Cove, the Indians took advantage and murdered many." He also, through Colonel Croghan, proffered his aid to Braddock. " He will march with his hunters," says the Colonel ; " they are dressed in hunting shirts, moccasins, etc., are well armed, and are equally regardless of heat or cold. Thej' require no shelter for the night — they ask no pay." What was the real name of this mysterious personage has never been ascertained. It is supposed that he gave the name to " Jack's mountain" — an enduring and appropriate monument. Soon after the defeat of the Virginia forces and the capitulation of Fort Necessity, July 4, 1754, the inhabitants on the frontiers of Cumberland Valley were in imminent danger of being surprised by the Indians. The people petitioned Governor Hamilton for protection, by furnishing them arms and ammunition. After the defeat of General Braddock the alarmed people once and again begged of the Governor for a supply of arms and ammunition. Governor Morris, Hamilton's successor, summoned the Assembly to meet in November. No sooner assembled when he called their attention to the true, but sad, state of affairs. In order to protect the inhabitants against the incursions of the Indians west of the Susquehanna, a chain or line of block-houses, stockades, and forts, was erected from the Susquehanna to the Potomac, some at the public expense, others by individuals at their own cost. To these places of protection, hun- dreds of refugees resorted to escape the tomahawk and scalping knife, or worse yet, captivity and the stake. In this chain Or line of places of defence, they may be named in the order, beginning at or near the Susquehanna — McCormick's fort, in East Pennsboro' township, near the Susquehanna ; Fort Pleasant, or Hendrick's fort ; Fort Lowther, at Carlisle ; Forts Morris and Franklin, at Ship- pensburg ; Fort Loudoun, at the base of the Blue mountain ; Chambers' fort, McDowell's fort, a private fort erected as early as 1756 ; fort at Rev. Steel's, three miles east of Mercersburg ; fort at Maxwell's ; Davis' fort, near the Mary- land line. There were other forts north of the Blue mountain. Notwithstanding this cordon and the vigilance of the people, the hostile savages made maraud- ing incursions into Cumberland Valley, along the Blue mountain for the distance of eighty miles. Governor Morris, in his message to the Assembly, in August, 1756, sets forth briefly what the Indians had done in the summer of that year. " The French (JUMBEBLAND COUNTY. 617 and their allies made several invasions, and have, in the most inhuman and bar- bai'ous manner, murdered great numbers of our people, and carried others into oaptivit}', being greatly emboldened by a series of successes, not only attempted but took Fort Granville (now Levvistown) on the 30th of July, then commanded by Lieutenant Armstrong, carried off the greater part of the garrison, from whom, doubtless, the enemy will be informed of the weakness of the frontier, and how incapable we are of defending ourselves against the incursions, which will be a great inducement for them to redouble their attack, and in all probability, for the remaining inhabitants of the county to evacuate it. Great numbers of the inhabitants are fled already, and others preparing to go off, finding that it is not in the power of the troops of this government to prevent the ravages of the restless, barbarous, and merciless enemy. It is, therefore, greatly to be doubted that without a further protection, the inhabitants of this county will shortly endeavor to save themselves by flight, which must be productive of considerable inconvenience to his majesty's interest in general, and to the welfare of this Province in particular." The savages still made incursions and continued the work of blood and butchery. The people of East Pennsborough township were in imminent danger of being murdered by the direful fiends. To save themselves, many of the people fled. Those who remained supplicated government for protection. The following petition was sent to Secretary Peters at Philadelphia: "August 24, 17.»>6 — The humble supplication of the remaining inhabitants of East Penns- borough township, in Cumberland countj^, letting your worship know something of our melancholy state, we are at present, by reason of the savage Indians, who have not only killed our Christian neighbors, but are coming nearer to us in their late slaughter ; and almost every day numbers on our frontiers are leaving their places and travelling further down among the inhabitants, and we are made quite incapable of holding our frontiers good any longer, unless your worship can prevail with our honorable Governor and Assembly to be pleased to send us speedy relief. May it please all to whom this shall come, to consider what an evil case we will be exposed to, in leaving our places, grain, and cattle ; for we are not able to buy provisions for our families, much less for our cattle. And to live here we cannot, we are so weak-handed, and those not removed are not provided with guns and ammunition ; and we have agreed with a guard of four- teen men in number; and if it were in our power to pay for a guard, we should be satisfied, but we are not able to pay them. Begging for God's sake you may take pity upon our poor families, and that their necessities may be considered by all gentlemen that have charge of us." Signed by William Chestnut, John Sample, Francis McGuire, James McMullen, S amuel McCormick, Tobias Hen- dricks, John Mc C or mick , Rodger Walton, Robert McWhinney, James Silvers. In the spring and summer of 1757 the Indians invaded East Pennsboro'. In May, 1757, William Walker and another man were killed near McCormick's fort, at Conodogwinet. In July, of the same year, four persons were killed near Tobias Hendricks'. For the greater security of the inhabitants. Colonel Armstrong, of Carlisle, strenuously recommended "the people's working together in parties as large as possible, and have from William Maxwell's fort, near the temporary line (between Pennsylvania and Maryland), to John McCormick's, near the 618 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Susquehanna, placed about twenty guards, and changing the stations as well as the number of each guard according to the necessity and convenience of the people." Companies of rangers scoured, in the summer of 175Y, the country between the Conodogwinet creek and the Blue mountain, from the Susquehanna west- ward, as far as Shippensbuug, to route the savages who usually lurked in small parties, stealing through the woods and over fields to surprise laborers, to attack men, women, and children in the "light of day and dead of night," murdered all indiscriminately whom they had surprised, fired houses and barns, abducted women and children. On July 18, 1757, six men were killed or taken away near Ship- pensburg, while reaping in John Cesne\''s field. The savages murdered John Kirkpatrick, Dennis Oneidan ; captured John Cesney, three of his grandsons, and one of John Kirkpatrick's children. The day following, not far from Shippensburg, in Joseph Stevenson's harvest field, the savages butchered inhumanly Joseph Mitchell, James iMitchell, William Mitchell, John Finlay, Robert Stevenson, Andrew Enslow, John Wiley, Allen Henderson, and William Gibson, carrying off Jane McCammon, Mary Minor, Janet Harper, and a son of John Finla}'. July 27, Mr. McKisson was wounded, and his son taken from the South mountain. A letter, dated Carlisle, September 5, 1757, says three per- sons were killed by the Indians, six miles from Carlisle, and two persons abeut two miles from Silvers' old place. A longer list of the names of slain and captured might be added. In the summer of 1761 and later, many fled for shelter and protection to Shippensburg, Carlisle, and the lower end of the county. In July, 1763, 1,384 of the poor distressed back inhabitants took refuge at Shippensburg, Of this number there were three hundred and one men, three hundred and forty-five women, and seven hundred and thirty-eight children — many of them had to lie in barns, stables, cellars, under leaky sheds — the dwelling houses were all crowded. In the lower end of the county every house, every barn, and ever^- stable was crowded with miserable refugees, who having lost their horses, their cattle, their harvest, were reduced from independence and happiness to abject beggary and despair. The streets and roads were filled with people, the men distracted with grief for their losses ; and the desire for revenge, more poignantly excited by the disconsolate females and bereaved children, who wailed around them. In the woods for miles, on both sides of the Susquehanna, many families, with their cattle, sought shelter, being unable to find it in towns. Many of the inhabitants were Presbyterians, of whom it is said : " They were patriots, haters of tyranny, known abbettors of the earliest resistance to their civil rights." Who, then, can dispute that patriotism was the leading trait among the people of the Cumberland Valley. No sooner had the port of Boston been closed, and fifty-three days before the Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia, when " a respectable meeting of the freeholders and freemen from several townships in Cumberland county, was held at Carlisle, on Tuesday, the 12th day of July, 1774, John Montgomery, Esquire, in the chair. At that meeting the following resolutions were offered and unanimously adopted : 1. Besolved, That the late act of the Parliament of Great Britain, by which the port of Boston is shut up, is oppressive to that town and subversive of the rights CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 619 and liberties of the colony of Massachusetts Bay ; that the principle upon which that act is founded is not more subversive of the rights and liberties of that colony than it is of all other British colonies in North America; and, therefore, the inhabitants of Boston are suffering in the common cause of all these colonies. 2. That every vigorous and prudent measure ought speedily and unanimously to be adopted by these colonies for obtaining redress for the grievances of the same, or of a still more severe nature, under which they and the other inhabi- tants of the colonies may, by a further operation of the same principle, hereafter labor. 3. That a Congress of Deputies from all the colonies will be our proper method for obtaining these purposes. 4. That the same purposes will, in the opinion of this meeting, be promoted by an arrangement of all the colonies not to import any merchandise from, nor to export any merchandise to. Great Britain, Ireland, or the British West Indies, nor to use any such merchandise so imported, nor tea imported from any place whatever, till these purposes be obtained ; but that the inhabitants of this county will join any restriction of that agreement which the general Congress may think it necessary for the colonies to confine themselves to. 5. That the inhabitants of this county will contribute to the relief of their suffering brethren in Boston at any time when they shall receive notice that such relief will be most seasonable. 6. That a committee be immediately appointed for this county to correspond with the committees of this Province, or of the other provinces, upon the great objects of the public attention ; and to co-operate in every measure conducing to the general welfare of British America. 7. That the committee consist of the following persons, viz. : James Wilson, John Armstrong, J ohn Mon tgomery, William Irvine, Robert Callender, William Thompson, John Calhoun, Jonathan Hoge, Robert Magaw, Ephraim Blaine, John Allison, John Harris, and Robert Miller, or any five of them. 8. That James Wilson, Robert Magaw, and William Irvine be the deputies appointed to meet the deputies from other counties of this Province, at Philadel- phia, on Fi'iday next, the 22d July, in order to concert measures preparatory to the general Congress. On receiving the news of the battle of Lexington, the county committee met, May 4, 1T75, on a very short notice. It is recorded that about three thousand men had associated ; the arms returned to be about fifteen hundred. The committee voted five hundred effective men, besides commissioned officers, to be immediately drafted, taken into pay, armed and disciplined, to march on the first emergency ; to be paid and supported as long as necessary by a tax on all estates, real and personal, in the county ; the returns to be taken by the township committees ; and the tax laid b}^ the commissioners and assessors ; the pay of the officers and men as usual in times past. Among other subjects pro- posed was the mode of drafting, or taking into pay, arming and victualling immediately the men, and the choice of fields, and other affairs formed the subject of deliberation. " The strength or spirit of this county," said one present, " perhaps may appear small if judged by the number of men proposed ; but when it is considered that we are readv to raise fifteen hundred or two thousand, 620 HIS TOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. should we have support from the Province, and that independent, and in uncer- tain expectation of support, we have voluntarily drawn upon this county a debt of about twenty-seven thousand pounds per annum, I hope we shall not appear contemptible. We make great improvements in military discipline. It is yet uncertain who may go." Soon after the meeting, held July 12, 1775, several volunteer companies were raised and marched to Massachusetts. The first was that of Captain William Hendricks, who was killed at Quebec, and of whom Provost Smith, in his funeral oration on the death of General Montgomery', delivered before Congress, February 19, 1776, says: "I must not omit, however, the name of the brave Captain Hendricks, who commanded one of the Pennsylvania rifle companies, and who was known to me from infancy. He was indeed prodigal of life, and courted danger out of his tour of duty. The command of the guard belonged to him on the morning of attack, but he solicited and obtained leave to occupy a more con- spicuous post." Hendricks' parents resided at what is now known as Oyster's Point, two miles west of Harrisburg. His first lieutenant, John McClellan, perished on the march through the wilderness. Lieutenant Nichols, afterwards General Nichols, was for many years after the war a prominent citizen of Cum- berland county. One of his sergeants. Dr. Thomas Gibson, of Carlisle, was appointed assistant surgeon, and died at Valley Forge in the winter of 1788. The only other members of his company whose names have come down to us were Henry Crow, of Dauphin county. Sergeants Grier (whose wife accompanied the expedition, and who is very honorably mentioned by Judge Henry), and William McCoy; privates John Blair, John Carswell, James Hogge, David Lamb, who died in Centre county, in 1825; Thomas Lesley, who was afterwards killed at Fort Mifflin, in November, 1777, John McMurdy, who resided in the western part of this State in 1816 ; John McChesney, and Henry McEwen, who died in Centre county, in October, 1823. James Chambers, the oldest son of Benjamin Chambers, raised a company of infantry from the neighborhood, which he commanded as a captain, and in 1775, marched, accompanied by two younger brothers, William and Benjamin, as cadets, to join the American army, then encamped on the high ground of Boston, where the royal army was besieged. They were also with the army during the arduous and trying campaigns of 1776-77 in the Jerseys, and were engaged in the battles of Brand^^wine and Germantown, 1777. In October, 1794, General Washington rendezvoused some days at Carlisle with twelve thousand soldiers, on his way westward to quell " the Whiskey Insurrection." On the 1st of October Governor Thomas Mifflin, of Pennsylvania, arrived at Carlisle, and in the evening delivered an animated address in the Presbyterian church. On Saturday, the 4th, George Washington, President of the United States, accompanied by Secretary Hamilton, and his private secre- ' tary, Mr. Dandridge, and a large company of soldiers, besides a great mass of yeomanry, members of the Senate and House of Representatives, arrived. A line was formed, composed of cavahy, with sixteen pieces of cannon, with the infantry from various parts of Pennsylvania, amounting in the whole to near four thousand men. The court house was illuminated in the evening by the Federal citizens, a transparency exhibited with this inscription in front : " Washington is ever CUMBEBLAND COUNTY. 621 Triumphant." On one side, " The Reign of the Laws ; " on the other, " Woe to Anarchists." Two companies, a troop of light horse, and the old companj' of Carlisle light infantry, promptly offered their services to the Government, and joined the troops which assembled October 11, 1794, and which joined Washington — marched to the west — the field of the Whiskey Insurrection. After a long and fatiguing march to Fort Pitt, their services being over, they were ordered to return to Carlisle, and were honorably discharged. In the war of 1812, the Carlisle infantry company, organized in 1784, again traversed the ground which they had in part passed over in 1794, in their march to suppress the Whiskey Insurrection. On the 24th of February, 1814, these pitched their tents, and about the first of March following took up the line of march with a detachment consisting of the Mount Rock infantry. Captain James Piper, the Carlisle rifle company. Captain George Hendal, Captain Roberts' com- pany. Captain David Mouland's compan}', and Captain Mitchell's company, mustering in all a detachment of five hundred and sixty, of as fine-looking and brave men as ever marched to the lines, and when there, their deeds on that occa- sion are not forgotten. On their arrival at the Lake, the Carlisle infantry. Mount Rock infantry, and Captain Mitchell's company stepped aboard the fleet then on Lake Erie, and under the command of the late Jesse D. Elliot, commander, after a cruise to the head of the Lake. In thirty days they returned to Erie, and in a few days shipped again for Upper Canada, aiid after burning a town and breaking up the enemy's camp and destroying their stores, they returned to Erie, tlien marched to Buffalo, to join General Brown's army. Some of those gallant soldiers were at the capture of Fort Erie and Upper Canada. Shortly after tlie Cailise infantry was detached by order of Major General Brown to the city of Alban}'-, with three companies of British prisoners captured at Fort Erie. Captain James Piper's company was stationed at Buffalo ready for fight. The Carlisle infantry, with British prisoners, on the arrival at their place of destina- tion at Greenbush barracks, delivered the British prisoners, did garrison dut}' there to the 28th of August, at which time the commanding officer received orders from General Brown to give that company an honorable discharge from the United States service. One of the privates, Edward Armor, attained the rank of brigadier general. The Carlisle Guards, under Captain Joseph Halbert, marched to Philadelphia, and the Patriotic Blues, under Captain Jacob Squier, were some time in the entrenchments at Baltimore, in September, 1814, at the time when General Ross, the British commander, made an attack on Baltimore. In the late conflict, or civil war, between the North and South, Cumberland county was equally prompt with any other county in the State to take arms in the defence of our common country against the Southern chivalrj', who would have moved heaven and earth to destroy the national government. Many of the citizens of Cumberland offered up their lives upon the altar of their country, to maintain the honor, integrity, and supremacy of the national government in the war for an individual union from the north to the south, from east to west, from Maine to Florida, from the Atlantic to the Pacific — bound inseparably by the mutual friendship of the victorious and subdued. 622 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA . On the 16th of June, 1863, General Jenkins, of the Southern Confederacy, with nine liundred and fifty cavalry, entered Chambersburg. On the 23d his advance force i-e-entered, when the Union troops in town fell back. On the 27th this advance force moved eastward toward Carlisle. General Knipe, command- ing the Union troops, abandoned Carlisle, considering it folly to offer resistance to so formidable an enemy. At ten o'clock, a.m., Satnrda}', June 27, 1863, the advance of Lee's forces (Jenkins' cavalry) entered Carlisle from the west end of Main street. There were about four or five hundred mounted cavalry. They passed down Main street to the junction of the Trindle Spring and Dillsburg roads, where some of them proceeded to the Garrison ; some returned to the town and halted in the public square. General Jenkins made a requisition, on the borough authorities, for fifteen hun- dred rations, to be furnished within one hour, and to be deposited in the market house. The demand was complied with, but not so soon as required. Jenkins' men having regaled themselves, and baited their steeds, re-mounted them ; the riders passed up and down the different streets, visited the Garrison and other places of note. At two P.M. General Ewell's corps came in. They moved along shouting, laughing, playing and singing " Z)ia;ie," as they went through town to the Garri- son. Dole's brigade encamped in the College campus. Soon after their arrival the town was filled with officers. Most of them were perfect gentlemen in their manner. General Ewell and staff, numbering nearly thirty men, established their head-quarters at the barracks. General Ewell dispatched one of his aids to town, with an extravagant demand on the authorities of the borough for supplies. The General wanted one thousand five hundred barrels of flour, large supplies of medi- cine, several cases of amputating instruments. He did not forget to demand a large quantity of quinine and chloroform. The authorities did not comply with the unreasonable demand, because the articles demanded were not to be had in Carlisle. Before nightfall Rodes' division of Ewell's corps passed through the town, and encamped in and around the military post. Guards were posted on the cor- ners of the principal streets, who carried out the orders of General Ewell, "that no violence and outrage would be permitted." The authorities having failed to meet the unreasonable requisitions, on Sunday morning squads of soldiers, each accompanied by an officer, were commanded to help themselves, which they did by taking from stores and warehouses such articles as were needed. On Monday the railroad bridge was destroyed. Towards the close of the day the citizens breathed somewhat easier than they had since Saturday at five P.M., for it was rumored that an order had been issued for the entire force to leave. The citizens were kept in suspense till early Tuesday morning, when the trains of Rodes' division began to move, and brigade after brigade passed, until the main army had disappeared between six and nine o'clock. About two hun- dred calvar}' were left in town doing provost duty. They too left on Tuesday evening. As usual, soon good feeling prevailed in the borough. Rebel pickets thronged both the turnpike and the Trindle Spring road, and some of them were near Carlisle. At two o'clock p.m., a cavalry force of four hundred made their appearance on the Dillsburg road, and in the evening entered the town. They CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 623 were commanded by Colonel Cochran. At about eleven o'c'.ock p.m., General Jenkins' command, which had been doing picket duty between Carlise and Harrisburg, returned to the town. Before Wednesday morning's dawn the town was clear of rebels. At sunrise on Wednesday, Captain Boyd's efficient command entered the town. Having fed his men and baited their steeds, he started after the departing enemy. During the day regiment after regiment arrived and took position on the public squares. A battery of artillery also arrived and took position along Hanover street. At half- past six General Smith arrived, preceded by three regiments of infantry and about one hundred cavalry. He selected at eligible point or prominent position for his artillery. Scarce had this been done* when, at about seven o'clock, a body of the cavalry of the enemy made their appearance at the junction of the Trindle Spring and Dillsburg road. Soon there was a call to arms. The infantry flew to their positions. The members of Captain Low's, Captain Kuhn's, Captain Black's, and Captain Smiley's compa- nies of the town militia, each man on his own account, hurried to the eastern section of the town, and selecting secure positions, opened a very telling fire on the force, which compelled them to fall back. Soon the shelling of the town commenced, which the enemy kept up for half an hour. This was followed by raking Main street with more deadly missiles, " grape and canister^'''' till near nightfall, when a rebel officer came in with a flag of truce to General Smith's headquarters, demanding an unconditional surrender of the town. No such surrender was promised to be made. The bearer of the flag of truce returned to the rebel command, reported the result of his interview with General Smith. Vexingly chagrined, a second shelling of the town, more terrific than the first, was commenced. To increase the already general consternation of the citizens of the town, the rebels applied the burning torch ; the gas works, the barracks, private dwellings, etc., were fired, and while the smoke and flames rose in volumes skyward, a truce-bearer again interviewed General Smith, touching the surrender of the town. The General refused to comply with the demand ; which was soon followed by a third shelling, which, however, did not last as long as either of the others. By three o'clock, Thursday morning, the officer, with his command, left by way of the Boiling Spring road, thence to Papertown, then across the South mountain for Gettysburg, to join Lee's forces in battle. Providentially not one of the citizens was personally injured. Not a soldier was killed ; some fifteen were wounded, viz. : Stewart Patterson, First Philadel- phia Artillery; George McNutt, Blue Reserves; William Prevost, lieutenant Thirty-seventh New York ; Robert Welds, Second Blue Reserves ; John Codey, Thirty-seventh New York ; H. C. McCleo, corporal, Twent3'-seventh New York ; W. B. Walter, First Gray Reserves; Mr. Ashraead, Philadelphia Artillery; P. Garrat, Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania ; Walter Scott, Philadelphia Battery ; A. T. Dorets, Thirty-seventh New York ; J. W. Collady, Gray Reserves. The principal sufferers were Lyne & Saxton, hardware dealers ; Haverstick & Elliot, druggists; R. Moore, shoe dealer; Eby, Myers, Halbert, & Fleming, grocers; Woodward & Smidt, Henderson .feReed, forwarding merchants; James & Rosier, blacksmiths, were relieved of all their tools, the bellows and anvil excepted. Carlisle, the seat of justice, was so named from Carlisle, in Cumberland 624 SIS TOE T OF PENNS YL VANIA. county, England, was originally a Roman station called " Luguvallum," abbre- viated by the Saxons to Luel, to which "Caer," or cit}', being prefixed, the result is Caerluel or Carlisle. Carlisle was laid out in 1751, in pursuance of letters of instruction and by the direction of the Proprietaries. A survey of the town and lands adjacent was made by John Armstrong, 1762. After Carlisle was laid out, the courts were removed from Shippensburg. The removal of the courts pro- duced not a little excitement among the settlers of the western portion of the county. In a petition fiom inhabitants of Cumberland county to the Assembly, they say : " That a majority of the trustees, to purchase a piece of land, had made a return to the Governor of a place at a branch of the Conecochague creek, about eight miles from Shippensburg by the Great Road (laid out 1735) to Vir- ginia, was selected as a location for the court house and prison there, and withal submitting Shippensburg to the Governor's choice, which they were fully per- suaded would have quieted the citizens, although it be north-east of the centre ; yet it had pleased the Governor to remove the courts of justice to the LeTort's spring, a place almost at the end of the county, there it seems, intending the location of the court house, to the great grief and damage of the far greater part of the county." The first courts in Carlisle were held in a temporary log building, on the north- cast corner of Centre Square. In 1753 there were only five dwellings in the place. In a letter from John O'Neal to Governor Hamilton, dated at Carlisle, May 27, 1753, he writes: "If the lots were clear of tlie brushwood, it would give a different aspect to the town. The situation, however, is a handsome one; in the centre of a valley, with a mountain boundiLg it on the north and south, of a distance of seven miles. The wood consists principally of oak and hickory. The limestone will be of great advantage to future settlers, being in abundance. A lime kiln stands on the centre square, near what is called the 'deep quarry,' from which is obtained good building stone. A large stream (Conodogwinet) of water runs about two miles from the village, which may, at a future period, be rendered navigable. A fine spring flows to the east, called LeTort, after the Indian interpreter, who settled on its head about the year 1720. The Indian wigwams in the vicinity of the Great Beaver pond, are to men an object of particular curiosity. A large number of the Delawares, Shaw- anese, and Tuscaroras continue in this vicinity ; the greater number have gone to the west. The Irish immigrants here have acted with inconsiderate rashness in entering upon Indian lands not purchased. [The land in Cumberland valley was not purchased by the Proprietaries from the Indians until 1736.] It is a matter of regret that the}' do not conciliate and cultivate the good will of the red men. I have directed several block-houses to be erected agreeably to your desire." In the same year, 1753, another block-house, or stoccade, was erected, of curi- ous construction. The western gate was in High street, between Hanover and Pitt street, opposite lot number one hundred. It was constructed of oak-logs, about seventeen feet in length, were set up-right in a ditch, dug to the depth of four feet ; each log was about twelve inches in diameter. In the interior were plat- forms made of clapboard, and raised four or five feet from the ground. Upon these the men stood and fired through loop holes. At each corner was a swivel gun, and fixed as occasion required, to let the Indians know that such kind of (JUMBEBLAND COUNTY. 625 guns were within. " Three wells were sunk within the line of the fortress, one of which was on lot number one hundred and twenty-five; another between lots one hundred and nine and one hundred and seventeen ; a third on the line between lots one hundred and twenty-four and one-hundred and sixteen. This last was for many years known as the ' King's well.' Within this fort, called Fort Lowther, women and children fi-om the Green spring, and the country around, often sought protection from the tomahawk of the savage. Its force, in 1755, consisted of fifty men, and that at Fort Franklin, at Shippensburg, of the same number." From a pamphlet containing the charter and ordinances of the borough of Carlisle, we learn that in October, 1153, a treaty of " amity and friendship " was held at Carlisle with the Ohio Indians, by Benjamin Franklin, Isaac Morris, and William Peters, commissioners. The expenses of this treaty, including presents to the Indians, amounted to fourteen hundred pounds. Shortly after this period, the dispute arose between the Governor and Council, and the Assembly, on the subject of a complaint made by the Shawanese Indians, that the Proprietary government had surveyed all the lands on the Conodogwinet into a manor, and driven them from their hunting ground, without a purchase, and contrary to treaty. The first weekly post between Philadelphia and Carlisle was established in 1757, intended the better to enable his honor the Governor and the Assembly to communicate with his Majesty's subjects on the frontier. The town of Carlisle, in 1760, was made the scene of a barbarous murder. Doctor John, a friendly Indian of the Delaware tribe, was massacred, together with his wife and two children. Captain Callender, who was one of the inquest, was sent for by the Assembly, and, after interrogating him on the subject, they ofiered a reward of one hundred pounds for the apprehension of each person con- cerned in the murder. The excitement occasioned b}^ the assassination of Doctor John's family was immense, for it was feared the Indians might seek to avenge the murder on the settlers. About noonday, on the 4th of July, 1763, one of a party of horsemen, who were seen riding rapidly through the town, stopped a moment to quench his thirst, and communicated the information that Presqu'Isle, LeBoeuf, and Venango, had been captured by the French and Indians. The greatest alarm spread among the citizens of the town and neighboring country. The roads were crowded in a little while with women and children, hastening to Lancaster for safety. The pastor of the Episcopal church headed his congrega- tion, encouraging them on the way. Some retired to the breastworks. Colonel Bouquet, in a letter addressed to the Governor, dated the day previous, at Car- lisle, urged the propriety of the people of York assisting in building the posts here, and " sowing the harvest," as their county was protected by Cumberland. The terror of the citizens subsided but little until Colonel Bouquet conquered the Indians in the following year, 1764, and compelled them to sue for peace. One of the conditions upon which peace was granted, was that the Indians should deliver up all the women and children whom they had taken into captivity. Among them were many who had been seized when very young, and had grown up to womanhood in the wigwam of the savage. They had contracted the wild habits of their captors, learned their language and forgotten their own, and were bound to them by ties of the strongest affection. Many a mother found a lost 2p 626 HISTOR F OF PENNS YL VANIA. child ; many were unable to designate their children. The separation between the Indians and their prisoners was heart-rending. The hardy son of the forest shed torrents of tears, and every captive left the wigwam with reluctance. Some afterwards made their escape and returned to the Indians. Many had inter- married with the natives, but all were left to freedom of choice, and those who remained unmarried had been treated with delicacy. One female, who had been captured at the age of foui'teen, had become the wife of an Indian and the mother of several children. When informed that she was about to be delivered to her parents, her grief could not be alleviated. " Can I," said she, "enter my parents' dwelling ? Will they be kind to my children ? Will my old companions asso- ciate with the wife of an Indian chief? And my husband, who has been so kind — I will not desert him I " That night she fled from the camp to her husband and children. A great number of the restored prisoners were brought to Carlisle, and Colo- nel Bouquet advertised for those who had lost children to come here and look for them. Among those that came was an old woman, whose child, a little girl, had been taken from her several years before ; but she was unable to designate her daughter or converse with the released captives. With breaking heart, the old woman lamented to Colonel Bouquet her hapless lot, telling him how she used many years ago to sing to her little daughter a hymn of which the child was so fond. She was requested by the colonel to sing it then, which she did in these words : " Alone, yet not alone am I, Though in this solitude so drear ; I feel my Saviour always nigh, He comes my every hour to cheer," and the long-lost daughter rushed into the arms of her mother. Quietude being secured to the citizens by the termination of the Indian war, they directed their attention to the improvement of their village and the cultiva- tion of the soil. No important public event disturbed them in their peaceful occupations, until the disputes which preceded the war of the Revolution arose between the colonies and the mother country. The tyrannical sway of the British sceptre over the colonies found but few advocates among the inhabitants of Carlisle, and when a resort to warfare became necessary, many of them unhesitatingly obeyed their country's call, and bore arms in her defence. During the war Carlisle was made a place of rendezvous for the American troops ; and in consequence of being located at a distance from the theatre of war, British prisoners were frequently sent hither for secure confinement. Of these. Major Andr^ and Lieutenant Despard, who had been taken by Montgom- ery, near Lake Cham plain, while here, in 1776, occupied the stone house at the corner of South Hanover street and Locust alley, and were on a parole of honor of six miles; but were prohibited going out of the town except in military dress. Mrs. Ramsey, an unflinching Whig, detected two Tories in conversation with these officers, and immediately made known the circumstance to William Brown, Esq., one of the county committee. The Tories were imprisoned. Upon their persons were discovered letters written in French, but no one could be found to inter- pret them, and their contents were never known. After this Andrd and Despard GUMBEBLAND COUNTY. 627 were not allowed to leave the town. They had fowling-pieces of superior work- manship, but now, being unable to use them, they broke them to pieces, declaring that " no rebel should ever burn powder in them." During their confinement one Thompson enlisted a company of militia in what is now Perry county, and marched them to Carlisle. Eager to make a display of his own bravery and that of his recruits, he drew up his soldiers at night in front of the house of Andre and his companion, and swore lustily he would have their lives, because, as he alleged, the Americans who were prisoners of war in the hands of the Brit- ish were dying by starvation. Through the importunities, however, of Mrs. Ramsey, Captain Thompson, who had formerly been an apprentice to her hus- band, was made to desist ; and as he countermarched his company, with a menac- ing nod of the head he halloed to the objects of his wrath, " You may thank my old mistress for your lives." They were afterwards removed to York, but before their departure, sent to Mrs. Ramsey a box of spermaceti candles, with a note requesting her acceptance of the donation, as an acknowledgment of her many acts of kindness. The present was declined, Mrs. Ramsey averring that she was too staunch a Whig to accept a gratuity from a British officer. Despard was exe- cuted at London, in 1803, for high treason. With the fate of the unfortunate Andrd every one is familiar. The first Presbyterian church of Carlisle is the lineal and ecclesiastical repre- sentative of two earlier congregations. The earlier of these was composed of nearly all the fii'st settlers in this part of the valley, who were almost exclusively emigrants from the north of Ireland, and were decided Presbyterians. Their first place of meeting was in West Pennsboi'ough, about two miles north-west of the present town of Carlisle, now called Meeting House Springs. Their house of worship must have been erected within a year or two of the first settlements west of the Susquehanna river (1730-33), and their pulpit was supplied by Rev. Thomas Craighead and others. Their first regularly settled pastor was Rev. Samuel Thompson, who was ordained and installed over them, Novem- ber 14, 1739, and continued with them until 1747. For some yeai's after this, owing to some " unhappy controversies and jealousies" in the general church of that period, the congregation, like most others in this region, was " reduced and disordered," and no preacher could be settled until 1756, when Rev. John Steel was installed over them. In 1759, owing doubtless to those dissen- sions, a separate congregation was formed and commenced building a house of worship in Carlisle, and Rev. George Duffleld (aftei'ward chaplain to the Continental Congress) became its minister. About the same time Mr. Steel's congregation also began to erect a house of worship in the borough, and both congregations appeared to have been engaged in zealous rivahy of each other on the same ground. The house in which Mr. Duffield's people worshipped was situated near the north-west corner of Hanover and Pomfret streets. The build- ing erected by Mr. Steel's people was the same which is now occupied by the First Presbyterian Church. Some preparations had been made for the building as early as January 30, 1757, but it was not sufficiently advanced to be occupied for worship until the beginning of 1773. In 1776 the two congregations united to finish ofl" the building and to worship in the same house. Mr. Duffield had been removed (about 1772) to the third church of Philadelphia ; the building 628 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. in which he ministered was soon afterwards consumed by fire. During the confusion incident to the Revolutionary war, however, so many of the people and ministers were absent in the patriot army, that public worship was but irregularly maintained, and the house was therefore not actually completed until 1T85, when the two congregations agreed to worship alternately in it, on condition that Mr. Duffleld's people should erect a gallery in it, and otherwise complete what was unfinished. Both congregations finally consummated their union in 1785, and called the Rev. Dr. Robert Davidson, of Philadelphia, to be their pastor, who was also a professor in Dickinson college. The pastorate of Dr. Davidson continued until his death (December 13, 1812). In September, 1815, Rev. George DuflSield (grandson of the former minister of Carlisle) was invited to take charge of the church, and in September, 1816, he was ordained and installed pastor. After a suc- cessful ministry of about twenty years he resigned, and was suc- ceeded by the Rev. W< T. Sprole, as stated supply, for about six years. In 1844 Rev. Ellis J. Newlin was in- stalled pastor, and re- mained until 1847, and soon after Rev. Con- way P. Wing was called, and was in- stalled as pastor in 1848, in which office he remained until Oc- tober, 1875, when lie resigned ; and in April, 1876, the Rev. Joseph Vance was installed pastor of the church. Carlisle is situated in the midst of the Cumberland valley, seventeen miles west of Hnrrisburg. Its streets are wide, with a spacious public square in the centre. Through the centre of High street runs the Cumberland Valley railroad. The turnpike to Chambersburg and to Pittsburgh passes through the town, and another turnpike runs to Baltimore. Being pleasantly situated, in the midst of a healthy and fertile country, hand- somely laid out, and well built, inhabited by a well-bred and intelligent popula- tion, Carlisle is one of the most agreeable places in the interior of Pennsylvania. The county buildings are a court house and jail. In 1766 a court house of brick was erected on the south-west of the centre square, which was destroyed by fire on the night between the 23d and 24th of March, 1841. Soon after the destruction of the former court house another was erected, south of the former, soldiers' monument, CARLISLE. [From a Photograph by Choate, Carlisle.] CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 629 in the north-west angle of the public square, at a cost of forty-five thousand dollars. The United States barracks, located within the borough limits, north-east of the town, about one-half mile from the court house, were built in 177t by Hessians captured at Trenton. They were for many years a school for cavalry. When Lee's advance forces invaded Cumberland county the barracks were laid in ashes by them, in June, 1863. For several years the barracks have been abandoned by the government. The churches are : two Presbyterian, one Episcopal, one Ger- man Reformed, two Lutheran, two Methodist, one Church of God, one Evan- gelical Association, one Roman Catholic, and three African churches. Dickinson College, beautifully and favorably located at Carlisle, was chartered by the Legislature in 1783, and named in honor of John Dickinson, President of the Supreme Executive Council, in memory of his great and important services to his country, and in commemoration of his very liberal donation to the institu- tion. In 1784 the first faculty was organized, and the Rev. Charles Nisbet, D.D., of Montrose, Scotland, was elected pi'esident. The following year he arrived in America, and soon afterwards was installed in office, which position he occupied till his death, in 1804. He was a man of extensive and varied learning, who, amid great discouragements, labored earnestly and prodigiously in his new sphere, and doubtless the college grew and flourished as much as those early times would permit. In Conrad's edition of " Sanderson's Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence," it is stated that the distinguished Dr. Benjamin Rush, himself one of the immortal signers, " was a principal agent in founding Dickinson College at Carlisle, and was chiefly instrumental in bring- ing from Scotland Dr. Nisbet, who for several years presided over that institution." The first, or " old college " building, stood on the south side of Liberty alley, a short distance west of Bedford street. The first edifice on the present grounds was erected in 1802, but burnt down in 1803, and rebuilt in 1804, and is now known as the West College, to distinguish it from the East College, built in 1836-'37, and from the South College, reconstructed the year following. A large stone building, erected many years since for a difl"erent purpose, but, in later times transformed into "North College," was destroyed by fire some years ago, and has never been rebuilt. The Rev. Robert Davidson, D.D., a member of the faculty, worthily and acceptably succeeded Dr. Nisbet in the presidency, pro tempore, until 1809, when he resigned, for the full work of the pastoral office, and the Rev. Jeremiah At- water, D.D., was elected president. Under his directions the college was compara- tively prosperous. In 1815 he resigned, and then the Rev. John McKnight, D.D., served as president one year. Afterwards the operations of the college suspended till 1821, when, by legislative enactment, six thousand dollars in cash, and an annuity of two thousand dollars for five years were granted, in exchange for cer- tain lands belonging to the corporation, and the Rev. John M. Mason, D.D., was chosen president. He commenced and continued his administration under favor- able auspices, but failing health obliged him to resign in 1824. In the same year the Rev. William Neill, D.D., succeeded Dr. Mason. During his presidency the Legislature donated three thousand dollars a year for seven years — which kept it 630 HIS TOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. in existence, but a want of proper harmony between the trustees and faculty, and among the trustees as well as among the faculty, led Dr. Neill, in 1829, to resign. He was succeeded by the Rev. Samuel B. Howe, D.D., who had been a tutor in the college in 1811, and who, having received a legacy of dissensions, which accumulated while he remained, also resigned the presidency, in 1832, to accept of a pastoral charge, and the college again suspended operations. Although the career of the college, under the old regime, had been one of many and varied changes, yet it has been very justly acknowledged that among the presidents and professors were men of distinguished ability and professional skill, and old Dick- inson had the honor of educating many persons who became eminent in subse- DICKINSON COLLEGE, CARLISLE. [From a Photograph by Chapman, Carlisle.] quent life. " Among its four hundred and forty alumni one became President of the United States, one chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, one justice of the same court, two district or territorial judges, three justices of State supreme courts, two senators in Congress, ten representatives in Congress, eleven presidents of colleges, sixteen professors in colleges, sixty-eight ministers of the gospel, one bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church, and one governor of a State." In 1833, the college was transferred to the Methodist Episcopal Church by the resignation, from time to time, of the old trustees, and by the election of others, until finally a complete change was effected in the control and management of the institution. The first president under the transfer was the Rev. John P. Durbin, D.D., whose able and successful administration continued till 1845, when he resigned, and the Rev. Robert Emory was elected his worthy successor. He died in 1848, beloved and lamented, and was succeeded by the Rev. Jesse T. Peck, D.D., who resigned in 1852, when the Rev. Charles Collins, D.D., was chosen to fill the place. He was a man of dignity, learning, and educational ex- GUMBEBLAND COUNTY. 631 perience. In 1860 he resigned, to take charge of a literary institution in Ten- nessee. The Rev. H. M. Johnson, D.D., succeeded to the oflSce. He had been a professor in the college, a superior classical and biblical scholar, and of fair executive talent ; he died in 1868. He was succeeded by the Rev. R. L. Dashiel, D.D., alike eloquent and popular, and the first graduate of the college who had attained to its presidency. At this time all the members of the faculty were alumni of the institution. Dr. Dashiel resigned in 1872, having been elected, by the General Conference, missionary secretary of his church ; and the Rev. J. A. McCauley, D.D., an alumnus of the college and a scholarly gentleman, was elected to succeed him, who is still at the head of the institution, having asso- ciated with him in the faculty, professors Charles F. Himes, Ph.D.. Henry M. Harman, D.D., James H. Graham, LL.D., Rev. J. A. Lippincott, A.M., William R. Fisher, and Rev. Charles J. Little, A.M. The permanent endowment funds of the college amount to over two hundred thousand dollars, distributed among the educational boards of the patronizing conferences and the board of trustees, the larger proportion being held by the Baltimore Conference. In the libraries are twenty-seven thousand volumes, and among these are many rare and valuable books. The appliances for scientific instruction have been greatly improved, and are increasing from year to year. According to an historical sketch, by Dr. Wm. H. Allen, it appears that under the regime of the Methodist church the number of students exceeds tiiat of the former regime, and " their names are found in almost every position of use- fulness and honor. In the forum and the field, in the sacred desk and legislative halls, in foreign missions and in bishops' chairs, in science and literature, in the cabinet and on the bench of justice, in manufactures, agriculture and commerce, they are doing manly work for God and men, and conferring new honor on the institution which was the nurse pf their youth. . . . Among many whom Dickinson honors and who honor her, are many names : in the office of bishop, Cummins and Bowman; as pulpit orators, Tifl"any and Ridgaway; in the fields of science, Baird and Himes ; in literature. Deems, Conway, and Crooks ; in jurisprudence, Fisher; in politics, Cresswell, Todd, and Albright; in classical and biblical learning, professor Harman. Add to these no small number of the younger alumni, who emulate the fame of those just named, and who will in due time gather laurels as green as theirs. Happy is the mother who has reared such sons." Shippensburg, on the western border of Cumberland county, is the oldest town, except York, west of the Susquehanna, in Pennsylvania. After Cumber- land county was organized the courts were held here, and then removed to Carlisle. Great excitement was caused by the removal of the courts. During the French and Indian war two forts were erected here — Fort Morris in 1755, and Fort Franklin in 1756. The dwelling-houses, prior to 1756, were built of stone or wood. In the spring and summer of 1755, it was a magazine to store provisions for General Braddock's army. The supply for Braddock's forces were very inadequate. The incidents in the early history of this place are replete with thrilling interest. Years ago Shippensburg was a very brisk town, made so by hundreds of wagons stopping on their way from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, and on their returning eastward. Since the railroad has been in 632 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. operation, wagoning through this place has nearly ceased. The town will, however, always command a reasonable share of business by way of trade and manufacture. The Cumberland Valley railroad passes through the place. The town is situated in the heart of a fertile country, twenty-one miles south-west of Carlisle, thirty-seven miles from Harrisburg, and eleven miles east from Cham- bersburg. It was incorporated into a borough in 1817. The Cumberland Valley State Normal school of the seventh district is located at Shippensburg. The present principal is Rev. I. N. Hayes. Mechanicsbueq is a beautiful and flourishing borough, in the heart of the most fertile and best improved regions of Cumberland valley, eight miles from Harrisburg and ten from Carlisle. It was incorporated as a borough, April 12, 1828. Its local advantages are many, being situated on the Cumberland Valley railroad, and also accessible by well improved roads from various sections of the country. The surrounding vicinage is densely settled by a wealthy and indus- trious population. The town has rapidly increased, and now [1876], has a population of three thou- sand one hundred. It is finely laid out, and in the older portions well and compactly built. A gas and water company supplies the town with these neces- sary elements of comfort and convenience. An im- posing town and masonic hall, with market house attached, adds also to the appear- ance and advantage of the place. The only manufacturing interests of special mention are a foundry and car shops, agricultural implement factory, steam saw and planing mill, and the Trindle Spring paper mill, adjacent to the town. Few towns of the same size can boast of as many and as fine churches, seven of which, with their beautiful towering spires, point the devout worshipper to Heaven. The educational interests of the town are well provided for. The public schools, under a local board of directors, are systematically and carefully graded. In addition to these two private educational enterprises have been in successful operation for several years. The Cumberland Valley Institute, the older of the two, is situated at the west end of the town. Rev. 0. Ege and Son, principals, and was founded in 1853 by Rev. Jos. Loose, and was by him successfully conducted for several years. It has been under the present management since 1860. The [rving Female College is situated at Irvington — a name given to the eastern end of the town of Mechanicsburg — in the midst of a beautiful grove and grounds. It was founded in 1856 by Solomon P. Gorgas, and incorporated as a college by the Legislature of the State in 1857, since which time it has enjoyed a good and sub- IRVING FEMALE COLLEGE, MECHANICSBURG. CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 633 stantial patronage ft-om this and adjoining States, about two hundred young ladies having graduated from her halls. The buildings are imposing in appear- ance, substantially built of brick, conveniently arranged, and comfortably fitted up with the modern conveniences, and every thing calculated to make it an attractive and safe home, with full and thorough educational advantages for young ladies. Rev. T. P. Ege, A.M., is the present proprietor and president. Newville borough is located on Big Spring, twelve miles north-west from Carlisle, within half a mile of Cumberland Yalley railroad. The town was incorporated February 26th, 1817. It is a thriving place. Newburqh borough, in Hopewell township, was laid out by Mr. Trimble, about 1836. Springfield village derives its name from a large spring, which throws out a volume of water to turn several mill wheels within a few rods of the spring or head. It is fourteen miles south-west of Carlisle. Papertown, or Mount Holly, a post-village, south of Carlisle, on the Carlisle and Hanover turnpike, laid out some forty years ago by Barber & Mullen, then owners of an extensive paper mill. It is quite a business place. The original paper mill has grown into three, and are still owned by the sons of the original Mullen, who established the first mill. RoxBERRY is a small village, strung along nearly one-half mile on the road leading from Mechanicsburg to Carlisle. It is two miles west of Mechanicsburg. Sixty years ago Paul Reamer erected the first house here. HoGESTOWN, a post-village on the turnpike leading from Harrisburg to Carlisle, is nine miles west of Harrisburg. It contains about forty houses. A small stream called Hoge's run flows hard by the village, and empties into the Conodogwinet not far off. Middlesex, a post-village on the turnpike from Harrisburg to Carlisle, is three miles from Carlisle, near the confluence of LeTort's creek with the Conodo- gwinet. It contains twenty houses, a grist mill, saw mill, and woolen factory. New Kingston, a post-village, on the turnpike from Harrisburg to Carlisle, six miles from the latter, was laid out by John King about fifty years ago. It is situated in a well improved portion of the county. At an early period in the history of Cumberland Yalley, Joseph Junkin, the ancestor of the Junkins of Pennsylvania, took up five hundred acres of land, including the present site of New Kingston. On this tract he built a stone house, now owned by Mr. Kanaga. In this house his son, Joseph Junkin, was born, January 22, 1750. He took an active part in the Revolution of 1776, and commanded a company at the battle of Brandywine, where he was severely wounded. It is recorded of him, " he was self-taught." He had been a justice of the peace and practical surveyor. He died in Mercer county, Pa., February 21, 1831. His son, Rev. George Junkin, D.D., LL.D., was born in the stone house, November 1, 1790 ; who closed his eventful life in Philadelphia, May 20, 1868. LiSBURN, a post-village on the Yellow Breeches creek, on the road leading from Carlisle to York, sixteen miles from the former, was laid out in 1760, by Gerard Erwin. It consists of fifty houses. Churchtown is a post- village, so named because of a church held in common by Lutherans and German Reformed, which had been erected here twenty 634 EISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. years before the town was commenced. It is on the main road from Shippens- burg to Mechanicsburg, six miles from Carlisle, and contains between forty and fifty dwellings. Seventy years ago Jacob Wise built the first house here, WoRLEYSTOWN, in Mouroe township, on the main road leading from Carlisle to Dillsburg in York county, seven miles east from Carlisle, is near the Yellow Breeches creek. It was laid out about sixty years ago. Shepherdstown, a post-village in Upper Allen township, on the State road, leading from near the Susquehanna to Gett^'sburg, is situated on a hill, having a commanding view of the Cumberland Valley. Shiremanstown is a post-village, partly in Lower Allen, and partly in Hamp- den township, on the road from Carlisle to New Cumberland, usually called Simpson's Ferry road, five miles west of Harrisburg, twelve miles east of Car- lisle, The first house erected here, and occupied by the widow of George Suavely (Schnebely), was in the summer of 1813, About the year 1823, Martin Zearing erected the first brick house in the village. New Cumberland, a post-town and borough, was known for some years as Haldeman's town, laid out by Jacob M. Haldeman, about 1810. It is a thriving place, three miles below the Cumberland Valley railroad bridge, at the conflu- ence of the Yellow Breeches creek with the Susquehanna, The York turn- pike and the Northern Central railroad pass through the borough. The lumber business is carried on extensively. In the early part of the last century, the Shawanese Indians had a village here, Peter Chartier, Indian agent, had his station here. About the year 1724, he left for the western part of Pennsyl- vania, settled on or near the Allegheny river, forty miles above Pittsburgh, at Oldtown, or Chartier's Old town. He proved treacherous to the English, ac- cepting a military commission under the French. He prevailed upon some Chawanoes, or Shawanese, of Old Town, to remove to the French settlements on the Mississippi. Bridge Port, at the west end of Cumberland Valley railroad bridge, consists of some five or six dwellings, and a warehouse. At this point the Northern Central railway, from Baltimore to Sunbury, intersects the Cumberland Valley railroad, Wormleysburg, immediately above the Harrisburg bridge, on the right bank of the Susquehanna, was laid out in 1815, by John Wormlej^, whose name it bears. West Fairview, a post-village at the confluence of the Conodogwinet with the Susquehanna, about two miles above the Harrisburg bridge, was laid out in 1815 by Abraham Neidig, Contiguous to it are the Messrs, McCormick's exten- sive rolling mill and nail factory. The Northern Central railway passes through the village, Whttehill, on the Cumberland Valley railroad, one mile west of the Sus- quehanna, consists of nine or ten dwellings, and a warehouse. This place sprung up nearly forty years ago. It was named after Robert Whitehill, who settled in lYTO, in Cumberland county. Camp Hill is a post-village on the Harrisburg and Carlisle turnpike, two miles west of the Susquehanna, It contains one church, and a school building, in which " are taught, clothed, and fed," orphans of Union soldiers who fell in the CVMBEBLAND COUNTY. 635 late conflict between the North and South. The place is noted in the early history of the county as the station of an Indian agency, under Tobias Hen- dricks, Esq. Oyster's Point is one half mile west of Camp Hill. Near this point there occurred a skirmish, June 28, 1863, in one of Jacob Rupp's fields, between the rebel advance and Captain E. S. Miller's Battery of Philadelphia. MiLLTOWN, or Cedar Spring mills, a post-village in Lower Allen township, con- tains a church, a grist mill, saw mill, etc., pleasantly situated in a dell, about two minutes walk of the Susquehanna. Caspar and Adam Weber erected a mill here upwards of a hundred years ago. VIEW ON THE WISSAHICKON. 636 DAUPHIN COUNTY. BY A. BOYD HAMILTON, HARRISBURQ. HE territory now forming the counties of Dauphin and Lebanon was erected into the county of Dauphin, March 4, 1785, with an ai'ea of 821 square miles, containing 313,000 acres of surface; a length of fifty miles, and a breadth of thirty-three. In 1813 the inhabitants of the eastern end of the county pressed a claim, and were successful in convincing the Legislature of its propriety, for the erection of a new county to be called " Lebanon, " which was ac- cordingly erected Feb- ruary 16, 1813 — more than nine- tee n-t w e n- tieths of it taken from D a u p h in. Ad d i t i o n a 1 territory was taken from Lancaster and Berks, to remedy some irregularities in its boun- dary. This left Dauphin as it is at present, with 533 square miles of area, and 113,000 acres of surface. The name " Dauphin " was suggested by the prime movers for the formation of the new county in honor of the title at that time held by the eldest son of the King of France. This county is bounded on the north by Northumberland, east by Lebanon and Schuylkill, south by Lancaster, west by York, Cumberland, Perry, and Juniata counties. The western line is forty-eight miles in extent along the western shore of the Susquehanna river, including the whole stream, with all its picturesque islands, from Ae Mahantango creek north, to the Conewago falls south. Going in either direction, the tourist looks upon one of the most delight- ful and romantic landscapes that is to be found in this region of gorgeous scenery. The surface of the county is generally susceptible of cultivation, and 637 THE HAREIS MANSION, BUII^T IN 1766. [From a Photograph by D. C. Burnite— 1863.] 638 HISTOR Y OF PJENJ^S YL VANIA. containing a very small area of swamp, in fact it is almost insignificant, as all its water courses find their way to their main receptacle, the Susquehanna, by a rapid descent. The Swatara creek, a stream of large capacity, pierces a productive valley, and receives in its course the important affluents of Manada, Bow, and Beaver creeks, entering the Susquehanna at the thriving borough of Middletowu. The Little Conewago creek is the boundary between Dauphin and Lancaster, discharging its waters at Conewago falls, at which point the river descends about sixteen feet in a mile. The Paxton creek rises in the Kittatinn^^ mountain, and after a course of eight or ten miles finds its outlet at Harrisburg. Fishing creek, rising near the head of Manada, discharges its waters at Fort Hunter. Stony creek, a fine stream, rises in Schuylkill county, with almost its entire course through the township of Middle Paxton, has its mouth at the town of Dauphin. Then we have, with steady volume, Clark and Powell, Armstrong, Wiconisco, and Mahantango creeks, the latter forming the boundary between Dauphin and Northumberland. All these are useful streams, affluents of the Susquehanna, and utilized for many industrial purposes. The mountain region of the county is a marvel of beauty, at certain periods brilliant beyond the " pen's descriptive power." Below or south of the " endless chain of hills " — the Kittatinny — there are hills, perhaps five hundred feet above the low water of the Susquehanna, but frequent depressions aflTord access to a more elevated region, complicated, useful, a picture so natural, that no word de- scription can do justice to its wonderful beauty. Here are fertile valleys, rapid streams, exuberant forests, and a mass of mountains : Peters', Berry's, Bear, Mahantango, Mahanoy, inhabited by a stalwart race. The eye embraces an acute triangle from the river to the eastern border of rough aspect, but of exceptionable value. Many descriptions of the surface of this county are to be found in printed works, the careful labor of competent persons. Their general agreement is remarkable. No county in the State has been more correctly por- trayed. The features given b}' Scott, in 1805, are reproduced with uncommon uniformity by Trego, Haldeman, Strickland, the State Surveys, and in Day's Collections, all works of value and presented to the world after deliberate revision. All these descriptions agree that that portion of the county east and south of Harrisburg is quite as thoroughly cultivated and as substantially improved as any part of Pennsylvania. It is a region of softly rolling hills gushing rills, and fertile vales. Its general geological features are underlying limestone, with an occasional outcrop. So of the Kittatinny, covering all its territory from the Lebanon and Lancaster boundaries to the Susquehanna, with its northern limit in the ridges, upon the first slope of which stands the State Capitol building at Harrisburg. Belts of slate are contained within this area of limestone, but the whole so pecu- liarly situated, that at no point south of the mountain which bounds it on the north is it necessary to transport lime, for building or for the farm, more than three miles. On the northern slope of Kittatinny, along the courses of Fishing and Stony creeks, are variegated shales nearly vertical, and, of consequence, presenting an unusual geological feature in these narrow valleys. Some coal has been dis- covered near the head-waters of Stony creek. Red shale is the distinguishing DAUPHIN COUNTY. 639 feature of the valleys north of these creeks, enclosing all the coal formation of the county, unless it be those of Big Lick and Bear mountains. Most of the free burning coal east of the bituminous fields is obtained in the Lykens valley. The ridges or mountains in this region have less than one thousand feet of eleva- tion, with the coal strata descending towards the centres of the vallevs at an angle of about forty-five degrees, afi'ording great facilities for economical mining. The geological survey of the State, now in progress, may develop information of value in relation to other mineral formations in the county, but to this period the searches for copper near Hummelstown, for iron ore at other points, for lead in the Swatara ridges, have not developed into profitable enterprises. Unless they do so, these deposits will not add to the wealth of the county or of the State. In the territory north of the Kittatinny the valleys are narrow, yet fertile. Some of them are cultivated with great intelligence and consequent profit. The free use of lime, judicious rotation, a profitable market, have so constantly added to the value of the farm lands above Peters' mountain that their owners are among the most prosperous and wealthy of the county, notwithstanding the abruptness of its hills or the frowning aspect of its mountains. This portion of our contribution could be extended to great length, but sufficient has been said to form a judgment of the productiveness of the soil of Dauphin county, of its surface, of the material wealth drawn from it, and such general information as can be condensed in this brief statement. At the time of the organization of the county it contained a population of nearly 16,000, although in 1790, when the first census was taken, the number was only 18,177, due probably to the emigration of great numbers of the Scotch- Irish, who removed either westward or southward. In 1800 — 22,270 ; in 1810 — 31,883 ; in 1820 — 21,653, a decrease, owing to the formation from it of the county of Lebanon, February 16, 1813, which, by this census, had a population of 16,975 ; the separate enumeration of 1830 was 25,243; in 1840—30,118; in 1850 —35,754; in 1860—46,756; in 1870—60,740; in 1876— at least 75,000. At what eventful era the footsteps of the white man trod the green sward of this locality there is no certaint3^ After the founding of Philadelphia, William Penn planned the laying out of a city on the Susquehanna, yet it is not certain that the founder, in his several visits to that majestic river, ever came farther north than the Swatara. The first persons therefore to spy out this goodly heritage of ours were French traders, one of whom located at the mouth of Paxtang creek, towards the close of the seventeenth century. Of this individual, Peter Bazalion, little is known, but until the period when the intrigues of the French and especiall3' the encroachments of Lord Baltimore, began to be feared, he acted as principal interpreter at Indian conferences. He subsequently went to the Ohio, with the remaining French traders, and after 1725-6 he is lost sight of. At this period there were Indian villages at the mouths of the Swahadowry (Swa- tara) and Peshtank (Paxtang), on Duncan's Island, and perchance at the Mahantango. It being considered necessary to license English traders so as to prevent communication with the French on the Ohio, among the first was John Harris, a native of Yorkshire, England, who came to America previous to 1698. He entered 640 HIS TOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. this then lucrative field, the Indian trade, at the suggestion of his friend, Edward Shippen, who was a member of the rrovincial Council. In January, 1705, John Harris received a license from the Commissioners of Property, authorizing and allowing him to "seat himself on the Susquehanna," and " to erect such buildings as are necessary for his trade, and to enclose and improve such quantities of land as he shall think fit." At once he set about build- ing a log house near the Ganawese (Conoy) settlement, but the Indians made com- plaint to the government that it made them " uneasie," desiring to know if they encouraged it. It was during one of his expeditions that Harris first beheld the beauty and advantages of the location at Paxtang. It was the best fording place on the Susquehanna, and then, as now in these later days, on the great highway between the north and south, the east and west. At the period referred to, the lands lying between the Conewago or Lechay hills, and the Kittatinny moun- tains, had not been purchased from the Indians. Of course neither John Harris nor the early Scotch-Irish settlers could locate, except by the right of squatter sovereignty or as licensed traders. About the years 1118 or '19, an attempt was made to burn John Harris by a ma- rauding band of drunken In- dians, the details of which our limited space forbids giving. The remains of the tree to which Harris was bound by the savages who had doomed him to a death of torture, but providentially delivered, yet stands in Harris Park, at the foot of which he was subsequently buried at his own request in 1748. From 1720 to 1730 came the Scotch-Irish immigration, among whom were the families of Allen, Allison, Armstrong, Boyd, Berryhill, Barnett, Bell, Black, Campbell, Chambers, Clark, Carothers, Crain, Cowden, Carson, Calhoun, Craig, Caldwell, Cunningham, Cochran, Dixon, Dickey, Dougherty, Elder, Espy, Fos- ter, Ferguson, Gilmore, Green, Gray, Graham, Galbraith, Henderson, Hays, Hampton, Jones, Johnson, Kelly, Laird, McCormick, McClure, McNair, McCord, McCreight, McDonald, McKee, McArthur, McMurray, McKnight, McKeehan, Mitchell, Murray, Montgomery, Ramsey, Rogers, Rutherford, Reed, Robinson, Sloan, Sterrett, Snodgrass, Strain, Stewart, Smith, Simpson, Sj^rgeiyi^^^ Todd, Wilson, and Wallace. These settled principally on the Swatara and its tributaries, although there were scattered settlements along the foot of the first range of mountains. Soon after followed isolated families of the German Palatinate immigration, among which were those of Brightbill, Fisher, Gilchrist, Gingerich, Hetrick, Hummel, Hoover, Keller, Miller, Meyj^rs, Rife, Rickart, Sees, Scheetz, Nisley, Neidig, Backenstoe, and Schneider. / \ THE GRAVE OF JOHN HARBIS- [From a Photograph by Lerue Lemer.] -1876. DAUPHIN COUNTY. 641 B}^ virtue of a patent from the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania, bearing date January 1, 1725-26, five hundred acres of land were granted to John Harris father of the founder of Harrisburg, and subsequently, on the ITth of December 1733, by a second patent, three hundred acres of allowance land, upon which he had commenced a settlement on the present site of the city, about the 3'ear 1725. The land included in the latter patent extended from what is now the line of Cumberland street, some distance south of the present northern boundary of the city, and including also a part of the present site of the city, with its several additions. Until the year 1735-36, there was no regularly constructed road to the Susquehanna. At a session of the Provincial Council, held in Philadelphia in January of that year, on the petition of sundry inhabitants of Chester and Lan- caster counties, it was ordered that viewers be appointed to locate one. Subse- quently this was done, and the highway opened from the Susquehanna to the Delaware river, and in years after continued westward to the Ohio. The second John Harris, son of the pioneer and the founder of Harrisburg, was a prominent personage during the Indian wars, and the principal military storelieeper on the frontier. His letters to the governors of the Province, and other officials, would make an interesting page in the annals of the locality. By a grant from Thomas Penn and Richard Penn, Proprietaries, to John Harris, Jr., bearing date of record "ye 19th February, 1753," that gentleman was allowed the right of running a ferry across the Susquehanna, from which originated the first name of the place, which, previous to the organization of the county, was known as Harris' Ferry. There are a number of letters from John Harris, Conrad Weiser, and others, at this period, to Edward Sliippen, complaining of the insecurity of life and pro- perty, owing to the depredations of the Indians, and their tenor is a continual and just complaint of the outrages committed by the savages, and requests to the authorities for protection and arms. The most interesting event of this period was the extermination of the so-called Conestoga Indians by the Paxtang rangers, full notes of which we have given in the General History. It is not to be wondered at, that when the first mutter- lugs of the storm were heard, the inhabitants of this entire section were ripe for revolution. As earlj as the spring of 1774, meetings were held in the diflferent townships, the resolves of only two of which are preserved. The earliest was that of an assembly of the inhabitants of Hanover, in the upper part of Lancaster county, now Dauphin, held on Saturday, June 4, 1774, Colonel Timothy Green, chairman, "to e.^press their sentiments on the present critical state of aflTairs." It was then and there "unanimously resolved :" " 1st. That the recent action of the Parliament of Great Britain is iniquitous and oppressive. "2d. That it is the bounden duty of the inhabitants of America to oppose every measure which tends to deprive them of their just prerogatives. " 3d. That in a closer union of the colonies lies the safeguard of the people. " 4th. That in the event of Great Britain attempting to force unjust laws upon us by the strength of arms, our cause we leave to Heaven and our rifles. 2q g43 SIS TOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. " 5th. That a committee of nine be appointed who shall act for us and in our behalf as emergencies may require." The committee consisted of Colonel Timothy Green, James Carothers, Josiah Espy, Robert Dixon, Thomas Copenheffer, William Clark, James Stewart, Joseph Barnett, and John Rogers. Following in the footsteps of these brave men, on Friday following, June 10, 1174, a similar meeting was held at Middletown, Colonel James Burd, chairman, at which stirring resolves were concurred in, and which subsequently served as the text of those passed at the meeting at Lancaster. Not to be behind their Scotch-Irish neighbors, the German inhabitants located in the east of the county met at Frederickstown (now Hummels- town), on Saturday, the 11th of June, at which Captain Frederick Hummel was chairman. The resolves presented by Captain Joseph Sherer were somewhat similarly drawn. The inhabitants, as Governor Penn prophesied two years before, were ripe for revolution, and when the stirring battle-drum aroused the new-born nation, the people of Dauphin valiantly armed for the strife. One of the first compa- nies raised in the colonies was that of Captain Matthew Smith, of Paxtang. Within ten days after the receipt of the news of the battle of Lexington, this company was armed and equipped, ready for service. Composing this pioneer body of patriots was the best blood of the county. Archibald Steele and Michael Simpson were the lieutenants. It was the second company to arrive in front of Boston coming south of the Hudson river, and was subsequently ordered to join General Arnold in his unfortunate campaign against Quebec. The most reliable account of that expedition was written by a member of this very Paxtang company, John Joseph Henry, afterwards president judge of Lan- caster and Dauphin counties. They were enlisted for one year. The majority, however, were taken prisoners at Quebec, while a large percentage died of wounds and exposure. In March, 1176, Captain John Murray's company was raised in Paxtang township, attached to the rifle battalion of Colonel Samuel Miles. This company participated in the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Princeton, and Trenton. Captain Patrick Anderson's company was raised in the lower part of the county in January, 1776. It was attached to Colonel Atlee's musketry battalion, suffered severely at Long Island, re-organized under Captain Ambrose Crain, a gallant officer, placed in the Pennsylvania State regiment of foot, commanded by Colonel John Bull, and subsequently, in the re-arrangement of the line, the 13th Pennsylvania, under Colonel Walter Stewart, so conspicuous in the battle of Yorktown. Captain John Marshall's company was from Hanover, enlisted in March, 1776, and attached to Colonel Miles' battalion, participating in the various battles in which that brave command distinguished itself. Of this company the remaining officers were First Lieutenant John Clark, March 15, 1776; Second Lieutenant Thomas Gourley, March 15, 1776, promoted to first lieutenant of the 9th Pennsylvania, December 7, 1776; Third Lieutenant Stephen Hanna, March 19, 1776. DAUPHIN COUNTY. g43 Captain Smith's company, on the expiration of its term of service re-enlisted in the 1st Pennsylvania (Colonel Hand), with Captain Michael Simpson, December, 1776, who retired from the army January, 1, 1781. David Harris commanded a company in this regiment, July, 1776 (resigned, October, 1777), of which also James Hamilton, formerly lieutenant in Captain John Murray's company, was promoted major (retiring January 1, 1783). Major Hamilton was captured at the battle of Brandywine. In the 10th Pennsylvania (Colonel Joseph Penrose) were Captain John Stoner's company, December 4, 1776; and Captain Robert Sample's, December 4, 1776 (retired January 1, 1781). John Steel, first lieutenant of the former company, was killed at Brandywine, September 11, 1777. In the 12th Pennsylvania (Colonel William Cook) was the company of Captain John Harris, October 14, 1776; First Lieutenant John Reily, October 16, 1776 (subsequently promoted to captain, and mustered out with the regiment, November 3, 1783); Second Lieutenant John Carothers, October 16, 1776 (killed at Germantown). The foregoing were the different companies raised in this part of the country \t the outset of the Revolution. Following these in succession were the associators, the minute-men of Pennsjdvania ; and at one period the entire county was so bare of men that the old men, the women, and the lads of ten and twelve years not only done the planting and harvesting, but took up arms to defend their homes in the threatened invasion by Indians and Tories after the massacre of Wyoming ; and at Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, and German- town, the militia of Dauphin fought and bled and died. There were over one hundred and fifty commissioned oflScers, and the number of patriots who saw active service, from Dauphin county, was over two thousand. In the war of 1812 the military organizations from Dauphin county which armed for the conflict were the companies of Captains Thomas Walker, Richard M. Grain, John Carothers, Jeremiah Rees, Thomas Mcllhenny, Peter Snyder John B. Moorhead, James Todd, Richard Knight, John Elder, Isaac Smith, Philip Fedderhoff, and Gawin Henry, quite a formidable array. Some of these marched as far as Baltimore at the time of the British attack on that city, while others went no further than York. In the war with Mexico, consequent upon the annexation of Texas, among the troops which went out to that far-off land to vindicate the honor of our country and preserve its prestige, were the Cameron Guards, under command of Captain Edward C. Williams. They made a good record, their gallant conduct at Cerro Gordo, Chepultepec, and the Garreta, won for them high renown, and the commendation of their venerated commander-in-chief. Coming down to later times, when the perpetuity of the Union was threat- ened, and the great North rose up like a giant in its strength to crush secession and rebellion, the events are so fresh in the remembrances of all that we shall only refer to them in brief. The first public meeting held after the firing upon Fort Sumter, in the State of Pennsylvania, was in the court house at Harrisburg, General Simon Cameron being chairman thereof. Dauphin county, foremost in tendering men and means to the government for that bitter, deadly strife, furnished her full quota of volunteers. Twice Harrisburg was the objective 644 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. point of the Confederate troops, and at one time (June, 1863) the enemy's pickets were within two miles of the city. Active preparations were made for its defence, and fortifications erected on the bluff opposite, and named " Fort Washington." This was the only fortification deserving a name erected in any of the Northern States. Rifle pits were dug along the banks of the river, in front of Harris park, and every preparation made to give the enemy a wurm reception. The Union victory at Gettysburg checked the further advance, and with it the last attempt to invade the north. Six hundred of the citizens of our county lost their lives on that bloody field. Within the present limits of Dauphin county there were organized in the early days of the Province of Penn- sylvania three Presbyterian church- es. The worshipers, however seized by the restless spirit of the age, have scattered, and on the altar of one alone are the fires of Presbyterianism kept burning. In as brief a manner as possible we shall refer to these relics of the past. On the line of the Lebanon Val- ley railroad, at Derry station, stands a weather-beaten log edifice, erected as early as 1729, the congregation having been organized previous to 1725. It is located on what was then termed, in the old Penn patents, the " Barrens of Deiry." The building is constructed of oak logs, about two feet thick, which are covered over with hemlock boards on the outside. The inside is in tolerable preser- vation, the material used in the construction of the pews and floors being yellow pine, cherry, and oak. The iron-work is of the most primitive and antique description, and the heavy hand-wrought nails by which the hinges are secured to the pews and entrance doors are extremely tenacio.us and diflficult to loosen. The window-glass was originally imported from Eng- land, but few panes, however, remain. In the interior, pegs are placed in the wall, and were used by the sturdy pioneers to hang their rifles upon, as attacks by the Indians in the Provincial days were of frequent occurrence, and there is still to be seen many a hostile bullet imbedded in the solid oak walls. The pulpit is quite low and narrow, crescent-shaped, and is entered by narrow steps from the east side. Above it on the south side is a large window which contains thirty-eight panes of glass of different sizes. The sash is made of pewter, and was brought from England. The communion service, which is still preserved, consists of four mugs and platters of pewter, manufactured in London, and presented to the church by some dissenting English friends one hundred and fift}' years ago. At the main entrance lies a large stone as a stoop, which is greatly worn by the tread of the thousands who have passed over it. About OLD DERRY CHURCH— 1870. [From a Photograph b; Lerue Lemer.] DAUPHIN COUNTY. 645 thirty paces north-west stands the session-house and pastor's study during the days of public worship. The burial-ground is a few j'ards north of the study, and is enclosed with a stone wall, capped and neatly built. There is only one entrance, which is at the centre of the west side. The Rev. Robert Evans, church missionary, ministered to the congregation during its early years, having founded the church. He died in Virginia, in 1T2Y. Ilev. William Bertram was the first regular minister. His remains lie in the graveyard, near the south-west corner. He died Ma}^ 2, 1146. His successor, Rev. John Roan, is buried near by, djdng in October, 1775. Many ministers of note have preached at Derry, among whom were the Rev. David Brainard, Rev. Charles Beatty, and INTERIOR VIEW OF DERRY CHURCH. [From a Photograpli by Lerue Lemer.] tha,t galaxy of early missionaries, Anderson, Evans, McMillan, Duffield, Gray, the Tennents, Carmichael, etc. At present no services are held in Derry church. Paxtang church wa3 organized in 1729, and Rev. James Anderson of Donegal preached there. On the Uth October, 1732, Rev. William Bertram accepted a call, and was installed, in November following, pastor of Derry and Paxtang. The Rev. John Elder, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, accepted a call in 1738, and came with the promise of a stipend of sixty pounds in money. The Rev. Mr. Bertram was paid " one-half in money, the other half in hemp, linen yarn, or linen cloth at market price." The present church building was erected about 1740. It is a plain, unpretending, limestone fabric, erected on the site of the original log house. The building is not large, and is entered b}'^ two doors. Formerly the pulpit stood in the middle of the house, fronting the southerly door. It became a receptacle for squirrels and hoi'nets before it was removed. It is now remodeled, and the entire room neatly furnished. Formerly, at the 646 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 0\r> P\X1 VN(i ( HURCH. (From a Photograph by Lerue Lemer.] south-east corner of the church building was a log house about fourteen feet square, long used by Parson Elder as his stud}-, and subsequently as a school- house. From this building the Rev. Elder on Sundays would march to his pulpit, his crowd of hearers parting for him to pass without his speaking a word to them, so dignified was the sacred office es- teemed. Into this building trusty fire- arms were taken for some 3'ears by those who worshipped there, and, onmore than one occasion, the parson himself, who was a colonel in the Pro- vincial service du- ring the P'rench and Indian war, had his own musket within reach. To the south- east of the church is the burial-ground, surrounded by a firm stone wall. There lie in calm repose men who were prominent in the State before and during the Revolution. Rev. John Elder, William Macla}', who, with Robert Morris of Philadelphia, represented Pennsylvania in the first Senate of the United States ; John Harris, the founder of the cit}^ of Harrisburg, General Michael Simpson, and General James Crouch, heroes of the Revolution ; the McClures, the Forsters, the Gilmores, the Grays, the Wills, the Rutherfords, the Esp3^s, and generations^ of Scotch- Irish settlers. Nearly ■eleven mile^ from Harr.sburg, on the Manada^ a tributary oT the Swatara, are the re- mains of an ancient stone structure, which, with the walled grave-yard, are the only monuments of old Hanover church, once pro- minent in the early his- tor3' of our State. A few years since it was deemed expedient to dispose of the church edifice (the building being in a tumble-down condition), the brick school-house, and other property belonging thereto, the congregation having long since passed away, for the purpose of creating a permanent fund to keep the grave-yard in repair. It was a plain, substantial, stone structure, corresponding somewhat to the build- OLD HANOVKR CHURt'H. (From a Photograph by A. G. Keet.] DAUPHIN COUNTY. 64T "^/■i CoTfy FIRST ENGLISH CHURCH AT HAKRISBURG— 1809, [From a Pencil Sketch by Hugh Hamilton, M.D.] ing at Paxtang. The original name of the -old Hanover church was Monnoday (Manada). The first record we have is of the date of 1735, although its organi- zation must have been some years earlier. In that year Donegal Presbytery sent Rev. Thomas Craighead to preach at Monnoday, and this appears to be the first time the congregation was known to that body. The year following, the Rev. Richard Sane key was sent there, who for thirty years ministered to that flock. Sub- sequently to the celebrated Pax- tang affair at Conestoga and Lancaster, the Rev. Richard Sanckey, with thirty or forty families of his c ong regation, emigrated to the Virginia Valley, and Captain Lazarus Stewart, with an equal number, removed to Wyoming, taking sides with the Connecticut intruders. These immigrations cost the church most of its members, and the county some of its most industrious and intelligent citizens. In 1183, the Rev. James Snodgrass, whose remains lie in the grave-yard, came to be the pastor. For fifty-eight years he served the congregation, and was its last minister. The first church erected within the corporate limits of Harrisburg was a hewn log edifice, on the corner of Third street and Cherry alley, in 1788, by the German Reformed and Lutheran congregations, who previously wor- shipped in a small log school-house on the north corner of Third and Walnut streets. The log church was subsequently used as a school-house, until in the march of improvement it was removed. The first English, or Presbyterian church, was commenced in 1802, on the corner of Second street and Cherry alley, and formally dedicated February 12, 1809. It was constructed of brick. Until 1826 these were the only religious denomina- tions that had a local habitation. Subsequently the Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, Baptists, and other congregations erected places of worship. At this time few towns present finer specimens of church architecture than are to be found in Harrisburg. Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylvania, and the county seat of Dauphin, was created a borough by the act of 13th April, 1791. On the formation of the FIRST GERMAN CHURCH— 1788. [From a Sketch by J. M. Beck— 184C.] 648 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. county of Dauphin, in 1785, the seat of justice was fixed at Harris' ferry, but in the commissions of the officers of the county the town was named Louisburg, in honor of Louis XVI., then King of France. On the minutes of the second court held in the town, the following endorsement appears on the docket : " The name of the county town, or seat of the courts, is altered from ' Harrisburg ' to ' Louisbourg,'in consequence of the Supreme Executive Council of the Common- wealth so styling it." It was not, however, until the act of incorporation passed that this gross injustice was remedied. In the year 1792 the first newspaper was established in the borough by John Wyeth. During the so-called Whiskey Insurrection, President Washington remained over night in the town, receiving the congratulatory address of the inhabitants, to which he courteously replied. An academy was opened in 1790, which was formally incorporated as the Harrisburg Academy in 1809. By the act of February, 1810, the offices of State government were removed to Harrisburg in 1812, since which period it has remained the capital of Pennsylvania. On the 31st of May, 1819, the corner-stone of the Capitol was laid by Governor Findlay, with appropriate ceremonies. The building was completed in 1821, and first occupied by the General Assembly on the 3d of January, 1822. On the 30th of January, 1825, the great Lafayette arrived on a visit to Harrisburg. On March 14, 1827, the first corner-stone of tlie locks of the Pennsylvania canal was laid in lock No. 6, at the foot of Walnut street, Harrisburg, in the presence of the Governor, members of the Legislature, and a great concourse of citizens. By the act of the 11th April, 1827, the Lancasterian system of educa- tion was established. In the month of September, 1836, the first locomotive arrived over the Harrisburg and Lancaster railroad. This was the forerunner of that system of internal improvements which has so largely assisted in develop- ing the material wealth of this locality. The Cumberland Valley railroad was opened in July, 1837 ; the Pennsylvania, westward, in 1848. With these means of transit, Harrisburg began to take rank as a manufacturing town, and, in 1860, it received its highest corporate honors, that of a city. A new impetus was thus given to its growth, and from that time forward its industrial establishments have increased marvelously, the most notable of which are the Lochiel iron works, the Harrisburg car and machine shops, the Paxtou, Price, and Wister furnaces, the Chesapeake nail woi'ks, Eagle machine works, six foundries, Harris- burg cotton mill, and many others in all departments of manufacture, with an invested capital aggregating twelve millions of dollars. As in wealth and importance it has largely increased, so it has in population. Its pleasant loca- tion and admirable facilities for transportation, with nearness to the iron and coal mines, has invited capital, and it is destined to be one of the greatest manu- facturing centres in the State. Five miles north of Harrisburg lies a narrow elevation of gravel and boulders, bounded on the west by the broad Susquehanna, projecting boldly into the stream ; eastward stretching into the narrow valley of Fishing creek, the waters of which wash the northern base of this projecting knoll. ... A faint trace of the family, the first to avail itself of this beautiful location, is found as early as 1704. Benjamin Chambers, the senior of four brothers, sturdy Presbyterians from the north of Ireland, himself a man of remarkable determination, was the name of DAUPHIN COUNTY. 649 the person who "took up" Fort Hunter. It is stated, he came to this then Province as "adventurers in ye old Pennsylvania comp'y," — why called "old" eighteen years after Penn landed at Upland is calculated to puzzle the present generation of inquirers. Benjamin, however, seems to have Tceen one of its managers, as he is called upon by the Council to lay " his ace's, before ye Council on the 4th mo., 1704." We then hear of Benjamin, James, Joseph, and Robert Chambers, about 1720, at the "mouth of Fishing creek;" whether at what is now known as Little Conewago, dividing Dauphin from Lancaster county, or Fishing creek at Hunter's, we have no means of determining. In 1725-6, a title under the fashion of that period was acquired " at the mouth of Fishing creek," for one thousand acres, from Robert Hunter, a straggling white trader, who had wedded "Mrs. Corondowana, alias Mrs. Mon- tour," a chieftainess of the Conoys, "about a year and a half" before April, 1723, of which marriage loud complaint was made to " Pat'ck Gordon, Esq., Lt.-Gov'r, and the Coun'l." This transaction on the borders made a commotion at the council board of the Penn family, and therefore fixes the date of the settlement of Chambers and its cer- tain location. Subsequently the provincial authorities confirmed all that had taken place, through land office forms, about 1733-37. A few hundred yards from what after- wards was the fort a mill was built, about 1736, part of which yet re- mains on the west side of the Penn- sylvania canal, and is used to this day for its original purpose. The site of this Indian fort was in the possession of the McAllisters for three- quarters of a century. It is now owned by Daniel D. Boas, of Harrisburg. MiDDLETOWN was SO named from its being located midway between Lancaster and Carlisle, It is the oldest town in Dauphin county, having been laid out thirty years before Harrisburg, and seven years before Hummelstown, and is nine miles by the turnpike south-east of Harrisburg on the Pennsylvania rail- road, near the confluence of the Susquehanna and Swatara, at which the Pennsyl- vania and Union canal unite. It was laid out in 1755, by George Fisher, in the centre of a large tract of land bounded by the streams alluded to, conveyed to him by his father, John Fisher, a merchant of Philadelphia. The site was that of an ancient Indian village. The town was incorporated into a borough, Feb- ruary 19, 1828. Portsmouth, between Middletown and the Susquehanna, was laid out in 1809, by George Fisher, son of Mr. Fisher who laid out Middletown, and at first called Harbortown. The same was changed to Portsmouth in 1814. ^ ^ 1 M ^H ^^^^^ m^ 1 1 ^af ^^^^s m H ^n M^^^f * »> P WM hIH 1*. .. S «, i rt-t^iMM -*•»« ^anged. Many of the worst Indians had gone, yet still there were sorcerers who juggled and pu- formed feats of magic. In 17G9 the Senecas claimed the land on which the mission had been started, nnd wanted the Monseys to leave. S^^^^yj^-V^^^ ''";;; message came-a string of wampum, a stick painted red, and a bullet, accom- panied the message: ''Cousins, you that live at Goschgoschunk on the Allegheny downward, and you Sl.awanese, I have risen from my seat and looked aiound the country. I see a man in a black coat. I warn you avoul he man in the black coat; believe him not; he will deceive you." A grand coun- cil was held. The Indians were divided. The second attempt was made on his life. Soon after there was an emigration. FOEEST COUNTY. 737 From there Zeisberger went to Lawanukhannek (or Meeting of the Waters, Beaver and Hickory), Forest county, and was there during 1769. Over two thousand deer were killed, and some Indians converted. He says in his journal : " For ten months I have now lived between these two towns of godless and malicious savages, and mj' preservation is wonderful." And here is what he says about oil in that same journal: "1 have seen three kinds of oil springs, such as have an outlet, such as have none, and such as rise from the bottom of the creeks. From the first water and oil flow out together, in the second it gathers on the surface a finger's depth, and from the third it rises to the surface and flows with the current of the creek. The Indians prefer wells without an outlet. It is used, medicinally, for tooth-ache, rheumatism, etc. Sometimes it is taken inter- nally. It is of a brown color, and burns well, and can be used in lamps." It was on the 17th April, 1770, that the missionarj'^ with the converts left Lawanukhannek in fifteen canoes. In three daj's they reached Fort Pitt, and subsequently on the Beaver river founded Friedenstadt, whither eventually many of the Monseys from Goschgoschiink followed. Eli Holeman, father of Hon. Alexander Holeman, was the first permanent settler in Forest county. He located on the site of the Indian Goschgoschiink, then called by Cornplanter " Cush-cush," now named Holeman's Flats. Shortly after Holeman settled, came Moses Hicks, a squatter, who left in a boat in 1805. The first pioneer on the east side of the river was John Range, a lieutenant in the army of the Revolution, who took up the tract on which Tionesta now stands. About 1816 he built on the land, although he had taken out a warrant as early as 1785. That place was then called Saqualinget, or " place of the council." William Middleton moved on to what is now known as Jamieson Flats, and built a large house near the Allegheny, about the year 1803. He afterwards sold to Quinton Jamieson, from Scotland, whose descendants still occupy it. Ebenezer Kingsley settled at an early day on Tionesta creek, at Newtown Mills. He was from Genesee count}'. New York, came down the Allegheny on a raft, but stopped by the winter, he located first about three miles above Tionesta, at what was called by the settlers. Old Town, the site of an Indian village. Kingsley was a man about six feet in height, well proportioned, possessing good judgment, yet lacking education ; was kind and hospitable to every stranger that came to his cabin. He was a hunter by instinct, training, and desire, a regular Pennsylvania " Leatherstocking." His adventures, if written, would read like Daniel Boone's, leaving out Indians, and would furnish the basis of a romance for the pen of a Cooper. Among the other prominent early settlers were : Rev. Hezekiah May, who died in 1843, at Tionesta ; he was widely known in this section of the State ; James Hilands and Mark Noble, a , surveyor, who settled at the mouth of Tionesta creek ; Cyrus Blood, who was the first associate judge who lived at what was afterwards called Mai ion, the former county seat; Poland Hunter, who settled on the west side of the i-iver, opposite Tionesta, and who died in 1838, many of whose descendants now reside within the limits of the county ; Hicks Prather, who settled at the mouth of Hickory creek, on the site of the old Indian town of Lawunakhannek, who, like Kingsley, was a mighty hunter ; Henry Gates, who came from Lancaster county, was the first settler on Tionesta creek ; he died in 1807, at the place he 2\v 738 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. first located. Among those who came later was Herman Blume, one of the founders of the German settlement on " Dutch Hill," east of Tionesta, a native of Hesse Cassel, in Germany. Many of his countrymen followed. They bought up lands and formed a prosperous settlement. These German settlers are noted for their industry, thrift, and economy. Tionesta, the county seat, was organized as a borough, April, 1852, while it was within the limits of Yenango county. It more than doubled in population after it was made the county seat of Forest in 1866. It is a place of considerable trade. Hickorytown is an old settlement at the mouth of Hickory creek. Newtown mills is a small A'illage commenced about thirty years ago. Ball- town, on Tionesta creek, is a small lumber village commenced about 1840. Nebraska, on the Tionesta, at the mouth of Coon creek, was formerly called Lacytown. It is a small village. Marionville, the old county seat, is a hamlet of five or six houses ; it is marked on most of the State maps, yet there never were ten families living in it. Neillsburgh, in the extreme north-east corner of the county, is a thriving village. It is situated in the midst of a fine agricul- tural section, has two churches, an academy, etc. It was founded by W. T. Neill, about 1830. Clarington, on the Clarion river, is a large village. Tionesta township was in Allegheny county until June, 1825, and as Judge John A. Dale quaintly remai'ks, " was then supposed to embrace all the civilized world as far east as Balltown, in then Jefferson county, a distance of some twenty- five miles." Hickory was organized for township purposes in April, 1848, out of a part of Tionesta. Kingsley was organized in the fall of 1848, out of Tionesta. Harmony was formed out of that part of Hickory, in 1852, that lay on the west side of the river Allegheny. Green was organized out of parts of Tionesta and Hickory, February 28, 1872. Barnett was made a township January 8, 1854. Howe township was called Tionesta originally in 1852, and the name was changed to Howe by the Court of Quarter Sessions in 1869. Jenks township was erected January, 1852. The last three were originally taken from Jefferson county. FRANKLIN COUNTY. BY BENJAMIN M. NEAD, CHAMBERSBURG. N the 2'7th of January, 1759, Lancaster county was divided by act of Assembly, and the southern division thereof erected into a new county, to which the name of " Cumberland " was given, with the town of Carlisle as the seat of justice. For a quarter of a century the county of Cumberland thus constituted, remained intact, when the wants of the steadily thriving " dwellers on Conococheague," the inhabitants of the south- western portion of Cumberland, led them to petition the General Assemblj' of 1784 that their territory might be named a new county, with concomitant privi- leges, setting forth in glowing terms the hardships they were compelled to endure in traveling the long distance from their homes to the seat of justice in Carlisle ; the trouble they had in collecting their debts ; and the license given to " felons and misdoers " by the difficulties in the way of conveying them and their accusers to the seat of justice. 'In compliance therewith, the General Assembly, on the 9th of April, 1784, passed an act allowing certain the southern and western portions of Cumberland, marked by the following metes and bounds, to be erected into a new county, to be named " Franklin," in honor of Benjamin Franklin : "Beginning on York county line in the South mountain, at the inter- section of the line between Lurgan and Hopewell townships, in Cumberland county ; thence by line of Lurgan township (leaving Shippensburg to the eastward of the same) to the line of Fannet township ; thence by the line of the last men- tioned township, including the same to the line of Bedford county (now Fulton) ; thence by line of same county to Maryland line ; thence by said line to line of York county (now Adams) ; thence by line of the same county along the South mountain to the place of beginning." In 1790, some doubt arising as to the correct boundary between Cumberland and Franklin counties, the Assembly, by an act dated the 29th of March in that year, re-adjusted the lines by running a new one so as to leave the entire tract of land owned by Edward Shippen, and upon which Shippensburg stands, in Cum- berland county. On the 29th of March, 1798, a portion of the then county of Bedford, known as the " Little Cove," was detached from that county and annexed to Franklin, to be a part of Montgomery township. The county thns erected has for its greatest length, from north to south, a distance of 38 miles ; from east to west, 34 miles, containing an area of 734 square miles, or 469,730 acres, with a population, in 1790, of 15,655; and in 1870, of 45,365, being an increase of population in eighty years of nearly 30,000. By the terms of the act establishing the county of Franklin, James Maxwell, James McCalmont, Josiah Crawford, David Stoner, and John Johnston were appointed trustees on behalf of the county, and were directed to take assurance 739 Y40 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. of and for two lots of ground in the town of Chambersburg, or Chamberstown, in the township of Guilford, within the said county of Franklin, for seats of a court house and of a county gaol or prison for said count}-. For the purpose of constructing these buildings the county commissioners were directed to levy a tax and raise a sum not exceeding one thousand two hundred pounds, said sum to be paid over to the trustees of the county, upon their giving sufficient security, and by them to be expended for the purpose named. The court house erected at this time was " a two-storied brick buildino-, surmounted by a tall conical cupola and a spire. In the belfry was suspended a small bell of Spanish make — an ancient storied bell. Long years before it reached the exalted position which it occupied on the court house, full many a time had it waked lazy monk and drowsy nun to their matin prayers, or attuned its silvery notes to the sound of tlieir vesper hymn as it rose on tlie quiet air, and died away in musical cadence through the shadowy valleys around some old convent. . . . The whole of the ground floor of this building was occupied by the court hall — a rather spacious room, paved with brick, well lighted, but poorly ventilated, heated by ten-plate stoves, so large that uncut cord wood was used as fuel. The judges' bench was at the north side of the room, flanked on the right by an elevated box, where the grand jury sat, and on the left b}- the traverse jury box. In front a railing enclosed a space which was reserved for the members of the bar. In the upper portion of the building were several rooms used as offices." B}' the same act the establishment of courts of common pleas and quarter sessions was also regulated. They were to meet "the Tuesday preceding the Fayette county courts." The court of quarter sessions was to sit three days only, at each session, and no longer. All suits begun in Cumberland count}'^ were to be disposed of in that county, just as though no division had been made. The first court of Franklin county was held on the 15th of September, 1784, in the stohje house erected on the north-west corner of the " Diamond," or public square, in the borough of Chambersburg, in 1770, by J. Jack — an old landmark up to the destruction of the town by confederate cavalry on the 30th of July, 1864, when it was burned, and with it the bodies of two Confederate soldiers, who met their fate within its walls at the hands of the then owner. This court was held before Humphrey Fullerton, Thomas Johnston, and James Findlej^ Esqrs. Edward Crawford, Jr., commissioned September 10th, 1784, was prothonotary and clerk. The second court was held on the 2d of December, 1784, in the same building, above stairs, before William McDowell, Humphre}^ Fullerton, and James Findley, Esqs. Jeremiah Talbot, commissioned October 20th, 1784, was sheriff. The following named persons sat as a grand jury : James Poe, Henry Pawling, William Allison, William McDowell, Robert Wilkins, John McConnell, John McCarny, John Ray, John Jack, Jr., John Dickson, D. McClintock, Joseph Chambers, and Joseph Long. On the 11th of March, 1809, the counties of Cumberland, Bedford, Franklin, Huntingdon, and Adams, were erected into the southern district of the Supreme Court, and the term was held at Chambersburg during the first two weeks of October annually. The annual session was limited to two weeks, but power was granted to the court to hold adjourned sessions, if necessary. At the time of FRANKLIN COUNTY. >ii\ the organization of this district, William Tilghman was chief justice of the Supreme Court, and Jasper Yeates and Hugh H. Brackenridge, associate justices. The first general election was held in Franklin county on the second Tuesday of October, 1784, when the independent freemen of the newly formed county of Franklin met in the town of Chambersburg and cast their votes for a councillor ; three representatives to serve in the ninth general Assembly of Pennsylvania, to meet in Philadelphia, on Monday, the 25th of October, 1184 ; a sheriff and a coroner. James McLean was chosen councillor ; James Johnston, Abraham Smith, and James McCalmont were selected representatives; Jeremiah Talbot, sheriff; and John Rhea, coroner. The diflSculties incident to having but one election district were remedied by an increase of districts as circumstances required. By act of Assembly of the 13th of September, 1785, the county was divided into two districts. The township of Fannett was one, and the remainder of the county the other. The votes of Fannett township were polled at the house of the " widow Elliott," and the rest of the county at the court house in the borough of Chambersburg. On the 10th of September, 1787, four districts were formed ; the first district comprised the townships of Guilford, Franklin (?) Hamilton, Lettei'kenny, Lurgan, and Southampton, voting at the court house ; the second, the township of Fannett, voting at the house of the widow Elliott ; the third, the townships of Antrim and Washington, voting at the house of George Clark in Green Castle ; the fourth, the townships of Peters and Mont- gomery, voting at the house of James Crawford in Mercersburg. In 1807 the county of Franklin contained eight election districts, and was entitled to three members of the House of Representatives, and one senator. At present writing, 1876, the county has twenty-eight voting districts, and has a representation of three members of the house, and in conjunction with Huntingdon county, one State senator. The principal part of Franklin county lies in the Cumberland Valley proper, between the South and Blue mountains. The western portion of the countj-^ is divided into three small but highly cultivated valleys by He Blue, the Dividing, and the Tuscarora mountains. Rogers gives the following description of these valleys ; Burns' valley is a small area lying between the "Round Top" and the Dividing mountain, enclosed to the north-east by the union of these and opening into Path valley to the south-west. It is separated from North Horse valley (in Perry county) by a knob of Round Top, which, ending south of Concord, the two valleys unite into one, and are called, from this point south-westward, " Path valley." Path valley, a pleasing valley, is bounded on the north-west by the Tuscarora mountains. Its north-east extremity for six or seven miles is bounded on the south-east by the Dividing mountain, which separates it from Amberson's valley. The Dividing mountain is synclinal, and ends five miles north-east of Fannetts- burg, where the two valleys unite under the name of Path valley. From the union of Amberson's valley with it, it is bounded on the south-east by a high straight mountain of the Levant sandstones, without name, which terminates near Loudon, in Jordon's Knob. This mountain and the Tuscarora mountain gradually converge, so that the south-west extremity of Path valle}' is narrow where it opens into the great Appalachian valley, about Loudon. The length of 742 HISTOR Y OF PI:NNS YL VANIA. Path valley is twenty-two miles. Between the Dividing mountain and the Tus- carora it is nearly three miles wide, and south-west of the end of the Dividing mountain it is wider. Toward the south-west it is much narrower, the distance between the mountain bases being about a mile and a half. The waters draining Path valley pass out in opposite directions to the Conococheague and Tuscarora creeks. The main portion of Amberson's valley lies between the Dividing mountain and a mountain called the Kittatinny, which is a prolongation of the south-east dipping strata of Bower's mountain. Two synclinal knobs of the Levant sand- stone stand forward into the north-eastern end of Amberson's valley, and three subordinate little valleys, like so many fingers from a hand, extend between and on either side of the knobs. They are without names. In a line with the more south-eastern of the two knobs, and four miles south-west of it, is a mountain summit called Clark's Knob. A narrow and unnamed valley' extends between Clark's Knob and Kittatinny or Bower's mountain. By the presence of Clark's Knob the south-west portion of Amberson's valley is much narrowed between that knob and the Dividing mountain. The width of Amberson's valley, between the Kittatinny and Dividing mountain, is a mile and a half, and between the latter and Clark's Knob and the mountains extending from this south-westward, it is only half a mile wide. It opens into Path valley by the ending of the Dividing mountain, being eight or nine miles in length. Un the east side of the county, the South mountain extends for many miles. Portions of this range are nine hundred feet above the middle of the valley. It consists principally of hard, white sandstone". The mountain ranges in the north and north-west are composed of the gray and reddish sandstone. The valley between the mountains presents a diversified aspect. The greater part is lime- stone land. The soil here is unsurpassed in fertility, and highly cultivated farms, improved with neat and elegant buildings, are to be seen on every hand. Franklin county is well supplied with water. The streams are numerous but not large, fed by copious and never failing mountain runs, they afibrd abundant motive power for the many mills and manufactories, the forges and furnaces which utilize the products and hidden wealth of tlie county. The Conodogwinit, rising by several branches in the north-east of the county, flows eastward through Cumberland. The Conococheague, Indian name Gu-ne-uk-is-schick, meaning " Indeed a long wa^'," the main branch of which rises in the South mountain, running a north-western course to Chambersburg, thence southward through Maryland, receiving several smaller tributaries, empties into the Potomac at Williamsport. The west branch of Conococheague rises near Path valley, flowing southward by Fannettsburg and Loudon, turning south-eastwaixl, em]^ties into the main branch two miles north of the State line. Antietam creek, con- sisting of two main branches, both rising in the south-east part of the county, passing through Maryland, empties into the Potomac. There are many smaller streams in the county, viz., Falling Spring, Black creek. Brown's run, Rocky spring, Dickey's run, Campbell's run, Marsh run. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania boasts no more productive region within its borders than the Cumberland Valley, and no section of this vallej^ under the shadow of its sentry mountains is richer in agricultural, mineral, and manufac- FBANKLIN COUNTY. 743 luring resources than the fertile fields, rugged hills, and busy towns of Franklin. The productions of an agricultural character are such as ai'e common to the counties of the Cumberland Valley, viz., wheat, rye, corn, oats, etc. Very little wheat is exported, most of it being manufactured into flour, which finds a ready market in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York. The mineral resources have been moderately well developed. Iron ore of good quality abounds in different parts of the county, principally along the base of the South mountain, supplying not only the furnaces of Franklin, but man}^ of those along the line of the Reading railroad, and at other points. In the western part of the county, Franklin, Carrick, and Richmond furnaces are in active operation. In the eastern part of the county, Mont Alto furnace, the property of George B. Wiestling, is situated on a branch of the Antietam creek, about eight miles from Chambersburg, near the foot of the outer sandstone ridge of the South mountain. This furnace is supplied from extensive excava- tions lying about a fourth of a mile north-east of it, on a declivity of the first sandstone ridge. The ore occurs, as in other similarly situated mines, in the loose soil of the mountain side in nests and irregular layers, varying greatly in their dimensions, but the whole deposit seems to be of prodigious magnitude. The progress and development of the mineral interests of the county have been very marked during the past decade. Railroad branches now join Richmond and Mont Alto with the main line of the Cumberland Valley, and trains laden with ore and manufactured metal, daily wend their way to market. Franklin county, strictly speaking, is an agricultural and not a manufacturing county, but in preparing her own products for market, manufactories have sprung up and rapidly increased, and their present prosperous condition gives fair promise for the future. Of flouring and grist mills the county contains one hundred ; saw mills, one hundred and twenty ; fulling mills, eight ; woolen factories, ten. Straw boards are manufactured at the mills of Heyser & Son, in Chambersburg, and a good quality of printing paper at the Holly well mills, near that town. Since the completion of the Cumberland Valley railroad in 1834, and its branch roads later, the facilities for the transportation of the produce of the county to the most distant markets have been unsurpassed. This railroad spans the valley from the Susquehanna to the Potomac, and forms the connecting link between the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore and Ohio railroads. Its shops are situated in Chambersburg, and are among the most noticeable industries of the town, affording labor to a large number of workmen. As late as 1748 there were "many Indians" within the limits of Franklin county, but these were " well disposed and very obliging, and not disinclined towards Christians when not made drunk by strong drink." So wrote Rev. Michael Schlatter, but it is doubtful if there were any save strolling bands of natives from the Ohio at the time of the organization of Cumberland county two years later. The first settlers of Franklin county were Scotch-Irish, many of whose descendants yet remain, but the larger proportion migrated west or south, giving way before the German element coming from the eastern counties of the State. Among the early pioneers of the former class are the names of Allison, Armstrong, Alexander, Brown, Baird, Campbell, Crawford, Culbertson, Caldwell, Chambers, Dunbar, Duncan, Douglas, Davies, Dickey, Findley, Graham, I 744 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Hamilton, Henderson, Irwin, Jack, Johnston, Kirkpatrick, Magaw, McKibben, McCoy, McDowell, McLanahan, McBride, Murray, Patterson, Pauling, Rey- nolds, Reed, Scrapie, Stevens, Scott, and Stoner. These located here between the years 1728 and 1740. So steadily did this settlement increase, that at the period of the French and Indian war it is estimated that no less than three thousand people were located within the limits of the present Franklin county. It seems to be a matter of dispute at what time the Chambers settled on the Conoco- cheague. It is not probable that Joseph and Benjamin Chambers located at the Falling Spring earlier than 1730. The}' had previously built at Fort Hunter, on the Susquehanna, but an accidental fire consuming their mill on the Fishing creek, they wandered westward, finally locating at the point named, erecting a log house, and eventually a saw and grist mill. It is stated that Benjamin Chambers had, when living east of the Susquehanna, been attracted to the spot by a description he received from a hunter, who had observed the fine waterfall in one of his excursions through the valley. From his acquaintance with the art and business of a millwright, and the use and value of water-power, his atten- tion was directed to advantageous situations for water-works. He maintained a friendly intercourse with the Indians in his vicinity, who were attached to him; with them he traded, and had so much of their confidence and respect that they did not injure him or offer to molest him. On one occasion, being engaged in haymaking in his meadow, he observed some Indians secretly stalking in the thickets around the meadow. Suspecting some mischievous design, he gave them a severe chase, in the night, with some dogs, across the creek and through the woods, to the great alarm of the Indians, who afterwards acknowledged they had gone to the meadow for the purpose of taking from Benjamin his watch, and carrying off a negro woman whom he owned, and who, they thought, would be useful to raise corn for them ; but they declared that they would not have hurt the colonel. He used his influence with his acquaintances to settle in his neighbor- hood, directing their attention to desirable and advantageous situations for farms. As the western Indians, after Braddock's defeat in 1755, became troublesome, and made incursions east of the mountains, killing and making prisoners of many of the white inhabitants, Colonel Chambers, for the security of his family and his neighbors, erected where the borough of Chambersburg now is, a large stone dwelling-house, surrounded by the water from Falling Spring. The dwelling-house, for greater security against the attempts of the Indians to fire it, was roofed with lead. The dwellings and the mills were surrounded by a stock- ade fort. This fort, with the aid of fire-arms, a blunderbuss and swivel, was so formidable to the Indian parties who passed the country, that it was but seldom assailed, and no one sheltered by it was killed or wounded ; although in the country around, at different times, those who ventured out on their farms were surprised and either slaughtered or carried off prisoners, with all the horrors and aggravations of savage warfare. From this time onward the Indian depredations were horrifying, and the record of the three or four subsequent years is one of death and desolation. Benjamin Chambers, writing from Falling Spring, on Sabbath morning, November 2, 1755, to the inhabitants of the lower part of the county of Cumberland, says : " If you intend to go to the assistance of your neighbors, you need wait no longer for the certainty of the news. The FBANKLIN COUNTY. 745 Great Cove is destroyed. James Campbell left his company last night, and went to the fort at Mr. Steel's meeting-house, and there saw some of the inhabi- tants of the Great Cove, who gave this account, that as they came over the hill they saw their houses in flames." A few days after Great Cove had been laid waste, and forty-seven persons of ninety-three settlers were killed or taken captive, the merciless Indians burnt the house of widow Cox, near McDowell's mill, in Cumberland (now Franklin) county, and carried ofl" her two sons and another man. In February, 1756, two brothers, Richard and John Craig, were taken by nine Delaware Indians, from a plantation two miles from McDowell's mill. In February, 1156, a party of Indians made marauding incursions into Peters township. They were discovered on Sunday evening, by one Alexander, near the house of Thomas Barr. He was pursued by the savages, but escaped and alarmed the fort at McDowell's mill. Early on Monday morning, a party of fourteen men of Captain Croghan's com- pany, who were at the mill, and about twelve other young men, set off to watch the motion of the Indians. Near Barr's house they fell in with lift}-, and sent back for a reinforcement from the fort. The young lads proceeded by a circuit to take the enemy in the rear, whilst the soldiers did attack them in front. But the impetuosity of the soldiers defeated their plan. Scarce had they got within gun-shot, they fired upon the Indians, who were standing around the fire, and killed several of them at the first discharge. The Indians returned fire — killed one of the soldiers, and compelled the rest to retreat. The party of young men, hearing the report of fire-arms, hastened up ; finding the Indians on the ground which the soldiers had occupied, fired upon the Indians with effect ; but conclud- ing the soldiers had fled, or were slain, fchey also retreated. One of their number, Barr's son, was wounded, would have fallen by the tomahawk of an Indian, had not the savage been killed by a shot from Armstrong, who saw him running upon the lad. Soon after soldiers and young men being joined by a reinforcement from the mill, again sought the enemy, who, eluding the pursuit, crossed the creek near William Clark's, and attempted to surprise the fort ; but their design was discovered by two Dutch lads, coming from foddering their master's cattle. One of the lads was killed, but the other reached the fort, which was immediately surrounded by the Indians, who, from a thicket, fired many shots at the men in the garrison who appeared above the wall, and returned the fire as often as they obtained sight of the enemy. At this time, two men crossing to the mill, fell into the middle of the assailants, but made their escape to the fort, though fired at three times. The party at Barr's house now came up, and drove the Indians through the thicket. In their retreat they met five men from Mr. Hoop's, riding to the mill — they killed one of these and wounded another severely. The ser- geant at the fort having lost two of his men, declined to follow the enemy until his commander, Mr. Crawford, who was at Hoop's, should return, and the snow falling thick, the Indians had time to burn Mr. Barr's house, and in it consumed their dead. On the morning of the 2d of March, Mr. Crawford, with fifty men, went in quest of the enemy, but was unsuccessful in his search. In April following (1756), McCord's fort on the Conococheague, was burnt by the Indians, and twenty-seven persons were killed or captured. William Mitchell, an inhabi- tant of Conococheague, had collected a number of reapers to cut down his grain ; Y46 EIST0B7 OF PENNSYLVANIA. haAung gone out to the field, the reapers all laid down their guns at the fence, and set in to reap. The Indians suffered them to reap on for some time, till they got out in the open field, they secured their guns, killed and captured every one. On Jul}' 20, 1756, the Indians killed Joseph Martin, took captive John McCul- lough and James McCullough, in the Conococheague settlement. August 27, 1756, there was a great slaughter, wherein the Indians killed thirty-nine persons, near the mouth of the Conococheague creek. Early in November following, some Indians were only a few miles from McDowell's mill, where they killed the following named soldiers: James McDonald, William McDonald, Bartholomew McCafferty, and Anthony McQuoid ; and carried off Captain James Corkem and William Cornwall. Th* following inhabitants were killed : John Culbertson, Samuel Perry, Hugh Kerrell, John Woods and mother-in-law, and Elizabeth Archer. Persons missing : Four children belonging to John Archer; Samuel Neily, a boy ; and James McQuoid, a child. The following are the names of persons killed and taken captive on the Con- cocheague, on the 23rd of April, 1757: John Martin and William Blair were killed, and Patrick McClelland wounded, who died of his wounds, near Max- well's fort; May 12, John Martin and Andrew Paul, both old men, were cap- tured ; June 24, Alexander Miller was killed, and two of his daughters, from Conococheague ; July 27, Mr. McKissen wounded, and his two sons captured, at the South mountain ; August 15, William Manson and his son killed near Cross's fort; September 26, Robert Rush and John McCracken, with others, killed and taken captive near Chambersburg ; November 9, John Woods, his wife and mother-in-law, and John Archer's wife were killed, four children taken, and nine killed, near McDowell's fort; May 21, 1758, Joseph Gallady was killed, his wife and one child taken captive. In 1763, the upper part of Cumberland (Franklin county) was invaded by savages, who murdered, set fire to houses, barns, hay, and corn, and everything combustible. Most of the inhabitants fled, some to Shippensburg, some to Carlisle, some fled into York county with their families, and with their cattle. On the 26th of July, 1764, the Indians murdered a school master, named Brown, about three miles north of Green Castle, and killed ten small children, and scalped and left for dead a young lad, Archibald McCullough, who recovered, and lived for many years. Bard, in his " Narrative of Captivity," says, " It was remarkable that, with few exceptions, the scholars were much averse to going to school that morning. And the account given by McCullough is that two of the scholars informed Mr. Brown that on their way they had seen Indians. The master paid no attention to what had been told him. He ordered them to their books. Soon afterwards two old Indians and a boy rushed up to the door. The master seeing them, prayed the Indians only to take his life, and spare the children; but unfeelingly, the two old Indians stood at the door, whilst the boy entered the house, and with a piece of wood in the form of an Indian maul, killed the master and the scholars, after which all of them were scalped. On the 4th of August, 1843, several citizens repaired to the farm of Christian Kozer, about three miles north of Green Castle, in Antrim township, to the spot where Brown and his scholars were buried in one grave. Digging down to the depth of four feet, they found some human bones, buttons, and what appeared to be an iron tobacco box. FBANKLIN COUNTY. 747 The foregoing are but a few of the instances of savage cruelty which for a period of ten years reigned over this section of country — scenes at which we in the present days of peace and prosperity shudder to contemplate. At one period nearly the entire country was depopulated, the treacherous and blood-thirsty Indian satiating his vengeance in the lives of the settlers and in the destruction of their property. The successive expeditions of Bouquet, to which we have referred, finally brought quiet to this section, and with the emigration further west, the frontiers were extended beyond the Alleghenies. Settlers, therefore, filled in rapidly, and when the thunder-tones of the Revolution of 1776 awoke a new nation to life, this portion of the then Cumberland county had many strong arms to strike for liberty. Captain Huston organized a company in West Conococheague, and when about marching to the front, Rev. Dr. King addressed the company. An extract from his address shows the spirit of the man and of the citizen : " The case is plain ; life must be hazarded, or all is gone. You must go and fight, or send your humble submission, and bow as a beast to its burden or as an ox to the slaugh- ter. The King of Great Britain has declared us rebels — a capital crime. Sub- mission, therefore, consents to the rope or the axe. Liberty is doubtless gone ; none could imagine that a tyrant king should be more favorable to conquered rebels than he was to loj-al, humble, petitioning subjects. No ! no ! If ever a people lay in chains, we must, if our enemies carry their point against us, an(J oblige us to unconditional submission." Other companies were organized, and out of a population of about three thousand, within the present limits of Frank- lin count}^, at least five hundred troops were furnished to the army of Wash- ington. So, too, when the war of 1812-14 was declared, Franklin played an important part. Eight companies of soldiers in all were organized in the county ; Cham- bersburg furnished four. Green Castle, Mereersburg, Path Valley, and Waynes- boro, each one. One company. Captain Jeremiah Snider's, marched to the Canada frontier, and wintered at Buffalo, 1812-13. Capain Henry Reges' com- pany marched to Meadville in September, 1812. The companies of Captains Samuel D. Culbertson and John Findley marched to the relief of Baltimor.e in 1814. We now come to a period in which Franklin county bore an important part, as being the theatre of the several invasions of Pennsylvania by the Confederate forces in the war for the Union. To each of these we shall make special reference. STUART'S RAID— 1862. Although lying almost within the confines of secession, Franklin county was, during the late war between the North and South, loyal to the Union. No braver soldiers breathed the air of battle on a Southern field than were her sons who went to swell the ranks of the Army of the Potomac and the Cumberland, many of them never to return to mark upon their own hearthstones the deso- lating touch of the hand of war. After the war was fully inaugurated, it became patent to every one that the Cumberland Valley, and by its geographical situation, the county of Franklin, 748 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. would be the objective point in the event of an inroad of the Southern army into Pennsylvania. Easy of access from the Potomac, with her mountain fastnesses affording safe hiding-places, and her fertile fields fresh foraging ground for guerrilla cavalr}^, it was not long until a successful raid right into the heart of the county confirmed into a dreadful fact that which before was scarcely recog- nized as a possibility. Pen cannot portray the feelings of the people of Frank- lin county from that time until the close of the war. The inhabitants, especially of the rural districts, lived in almost constant dread of the approach of some raiding i)arty. Business of all kinds was paralyzed. Military companies for home protection were formed on every hand, and the trying ordeals to which the people were subjected were met with a bravery and a cheerfulness of spirit which, to any one acquainted with the facts, gave the lie to certain unauthenticated statements in the press of sister States in the North, that the people of Franklin county were cowards and Southern sympathizers and unworthy of govern- mental support. The military situation of the border, in general, and the then unprotected con- dition of Franklin county favoring, the first Confederate raid into Pennsylvania was planned and successfully executed on the 10th of October, 1862, by Generals J. E. B. Stuart and Wade Hampton, with a following of about two thousand men. Crossing the Potomac river, this force, by hurried marches, penetrated into Pennsylvania, reaching the vicinity of Chambersburg, the county seat of Frank- lin county, on the 10th of October, near evening. With the fall of night came a shower of drizzling rain, in the midst of which the sound of a bugle was heard on " New England Hill," heralding the approach of a squad of officers under a flag of truce, who rode into the public square, or " Diamond," and demanded the surrender of the town in the name of the Confederate States of America. There being no representative of military authority in the town to treat with the visitors, and withal no warrant for resistance, the civil authorities, represented \>y the burgess, formally delivered up the place into their custody, and in an incredibly short time the streets of the town were filled with their first, but by no means last, instalment of gray -coated soldiery ; the -tramp of their horses, the rattling of their sabres and spurs, and the dull thud of their axes busied with the demolishment of store doors, and the felling of telegraph poles, made sorry music for the pent-up inhabitants, who had betaken themselves within doors when the presence of their Southern visitors became an established fact. Cham- bersburg could scarcel}^ have been in a worse condition for a raid than it was at this time. Entirely divested of any military protection, with a large quantity of military stores within its confines, it lay at the mercy of the foe. The work of the raiders during the night was confined to the ransacking of stores, and the demolishing of the shops and office of the Cumberland Valley railroad and the office of the Western Union Telegraph company. The coup de grace of the expedition — the attack upon the military stores — was reserved for the next morning. These stores, which were placed in the large brick warehouse of Messrs. Wunderlich & Nead, near the northern end of the town, consisted of a large quantity of ammunition, spherical and conical shells, signal rockets and lights, and small arms of every description, which had a short time before been captured from the Confederate General, Longstreet ; and in addition about two FRANKLIN COUNTY. US hundred stands of navy revolvers and cavalry sabres, entirely new, which had been stored there by the Federal government, to equip two companies of cavalry which were then being raised in the county. Da} light discovered to the raiders the whereabouts of the government stores. An entrance into the warehouse was easily eflfected. All moveable property, such as pistols, sabres, etc., was quickly transferred to the saddles of their horses, ready for transportation, when the work of destroying the remainder immediately began. New lumber was taken from a yard near by, cut in pieces, saturated with kerosene oil, and fired. The flame soon reached the powder, when explosion after explosion took place like a quick cannonading, alarming the country for miles ai'ound, and impressing the affrighted farmers with the belief that a battle was in progress in town. The warehouse was blown to atoms ; the adjoining buildings were fired, when the raiders took a hasty departure, cutting across the country in a south-easterly direction to the Potomac river and thence into Virginia, taking with them a large quantity of spoils, including some twelve hundred horses. The inhabitants of Chambersburg were left in a terri- fied condition, many of them seeking in their cellars safety from the flying shells, and others endangering their lives to save their property from burning. The fire, however, in the main, was restrained to the neighborhood of the warehouse and the depot buildings, lying contiguous, where the damage done did not fall far short of $150,000. LEE'S INVASION— 1863. The summer of 'sixty-three brought a critical period in the existence of the Southern Confederacy. The star of secession was at its culmination. Lee's army was never in better spirits, and on the other hand the memory of the fateful field of Chancellorsville was still fresh in the minds of Hooker's men, whose ranks wei-e daily being decimated by the departure of the short-term regiments. For- getful of the disasters of the Maryland campaign, the southern press and people clamored unceasingly for a coup de main that would transfer the seat of war to free soil, and thereon, whilst the starving legions of the south revelled in the plenty of the rich fields of Pennsylvania, conquer a peace. Wooed by this siren song, in the face of his better judgment, Lee planned his northern campaign, and by a military movement that has scarcely an equal, transferred his whole army across the border, only to meet his Waterloo at Gettysburg. At the inception of the movement, the surprised and baffled Hooker stood aghast, and the affrighted Halleck, in the midst of his cogitations over a change in the leader- ship of the army of the Potomac, stopped and trembled, while the smouldering excitement of the inhabitants of the southern border of Pennsylvania grew into a mighty panic, which shook the Capitol City of the Keystone State with fear, and rang the alarm bells of her metropolis until old Independence Hall re-echoed with their sound. Hasty preparations for the defence of the invaded State were at once made by the National, assisted by the State authorities. A new department, named the " Department of the Susquehanna," was formed, and General D. N. Couch assumed command on the 12th of June, with headquarters at Chambersburg, Y50 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Franklin county. A proclamation calling upon the citizens to turn out in defence of their State was issued by Governor Curtin, and troops were enrolled and equipped as rapidly as possible. Then in rapid succession, followed on the 13th the fight at Winchester between the forces of General R. H. Milroy, the only barrier to Lee's approach, and the rebel General Ewell ; the retreat of Milroy ; the occupation in succession of Martinsburg and Hagerstown b}^ the rebel General Rodes on the 14th, and the climax of the excitement in Chambers- burg on that memorable Sunday evening, when General Couch removed his headquarters to Carlisle. The following description of the occupation of Chambersburg by the Con- federate General Jenkins, the advance guard of Lee's army, is taken mainly from the Franklin Repository of June, 1863 : "On Monday morning, June 15th, the flood of rumors from the Potomac fully confirmed the advance of the rebels, and the citizens of Chambersburg and vicinity, feeling unable to resist the rebel columns, commenced to make prompt preparation for the movement of stealable property. Nearly every horse, good, bad, and indifferent, was started for the mountains as early on Monday as possible, and the negroes darkened the different roads northward for hours, loaded with household effects, sable babies, etc., and horses and wagons and cattle crowded every avenue to places of safety. About nine o'clock in the morning the advance of Milroy 's retreating wagon-train dashed into town attended by a few cavalrj' and several affrighted wagon-masters, all of whom declared that the rebels were in hot pursuit; that a large portion of the train was captured, and that the enemy was about to enter Chambersburg. This start- ling information coming from men in uniform, who had fought valiantly until the enemy had got nearly in sight, naturally gave a fresh impetus to the citizens, and the skedaddle commenced in magnificent earnestness and exquisite confusion. " On Monday morning the rebel General Jenkins, with about one thousand eight hundred mounted infantry, entered Green Castle, Franklin county, a town five miles north of the Maryland line, and ten miles south of Chambersburg, in the direct route of the rebels. After a careful reconnoisance, this town being defenceless, was occupied and rapidly divested of everything moveable, contra- band and otherwise, which struck the fancy of the freebooting visitors. " Evidently under the impression that forces would be thrown in their way at an early hour, the rebels pushed forward for Chambersburg. About eleven o'clock on Monday night they arrived at the southern end of the town, and again the streets of Chambersburg resounded to the clatter of rebel cavalry, and a second time the town fell their easy prey. This visit continued three days, and was marked by a general plundering of the town and vicinage. Horses seemed to be considered contraband of war, and were taken without pretence of compensation ; but other articles were deemed legitimate subjects of commerce, even between enemies, and they were generally paid for after a fashion. True, the system of Jenkins would be considered a little informal in business circles, but it was his way, and the people agreed to it perhaps, to some extent, because of the novelty, but mainly because of the necessity of the thing. But Jenkins was liberal — eminently liberal. He did'nt stop to higgle about a few odd pennies in making a bargain. FRANKLIN COUNTY. Y51 " Doubtless our merchants and druggists would have preferred greenbacks to Confederate scrip, that is never payable, and is worth just its weight in old paper ; but Jenkins had'nt greenbacks, and he had Confederate scrip, and such as he had he gave unto them. Thus he dealt largely in our place. To avoid the jealousies growing out of rivalry in business he patronized all the merchants, and bought pretty much everything he could conveniently use and carry. Some people, with the antiquated ideas of business, might call it stealing to take goods and pay for them in bogus money; but Jenkins called it business, and, for the time being, what Jenkins called business, was business. In this way he robbed all the stores, drug stores, etc., more or less, and supplied himself with many articles of great value to him. "Jenkins, like most doctors, did not seem to have relished his own prescrip- tions. Several horses had been captured by some of our boys, and notice was given by the Confederate commanding that they must be surrendered or the town would be destroyed. The city fathers, generally known as the town council, were appealed to, in order to avert the impending fate threatened us. One of the horses and some of the equipments were found and returned, but there was still a balance in favor of Jenkins. We do not know who audited the account, but it was finally adjusted, by the council appropriating the sum of nine hundred dollars to pay the claim. Doubtless Jenkins hoped for nine hundred dollars in 'greenbacks,' but he had flooded the town with Confederate scrip, pronouncing it better than United States currency, and the council evidently believed him ; and desiring to be accommodating with a conqueror, decided to favor him by the payment of his bill in Confederate scrip. It was so done, and Jenkins got just nine hundred dollars worth of nothing for his trouble. He took it, however, without a miirmur, and doubtless considered it a clever joke. " Sore was the disappointment of Jenkins at the general exodus of horses from this place. It limited his booty immensely. Fully five hundred had been taken from Chambersburg and vicinity to the mountains, and Jenkins' plunder was thus made just so much less. But he determined to make up for it by steal- ing all the arms in the town. He, therefore, issued an order requiring the citizens to bring him all the arms they had, public or private, within two hours, and search and terrible vengeance were threatened in case of disobedience. Many of our citizens complied with the order, and a committee of our people was appointed to take a list of the persons presenting arms. Of course very many did not comply, but enough did so to avoid a general search and probable sacking of the town. The arms were assorted — the indifferent destroyed and the good taken along. " The route of Jenkins was through the most densely populated and wealth- iest portion of the county. From this point, on the 18th of June, he fell back to Green Castle and south of it, thence he proceeded to Mercersburg, from where a detachment crossed the Cove mountain to McConnellsburg, and down the val- ley from there. The main body, however, was divided into plundering parties, and scoured the whole southern portion of the county, spending several days in and about Green Castle and Waynesboro', and giving Welsh Run a pretty inti- mate visitation." On Tuesday, the 23rd of June, Chambersburg was again re-occupied by the 752 HIS TOE T OF PENKS YL VANIA. rebels under General Rodes, and the national troops, under the command of General Joseph Knipe, fell back toward Harrisburg. The forces of General Rodes were the vanguard of Lee's whole army, which was coming to pay more than a passing visit to the soil of Pennsylvania. Says an eye witness (Rev. B. B. Bausman), in his graphic description of the passage of the army : " For six daj'S and five nights the legions of the south kept pouring through Main street. Columns and divisions of soldiers provokingly long, and immense lines of guns of various calibre, and army trains that seemed almost endless, passed before us like a weird, dream-like panorama. None but those who have witnessed such a migration have a correct idea of the vastness of an army of seventj' thousand or eighty thousand men, with all their means of living and munitions of war. It was literally an out-pouring of Southern life and power, of the flower as well as of the dregs of their population. Some divisions were composed of noble warriors, able-bodied, of a fine bearing and presence, hosts of them educated, refined gentlemen, serving in the private ranks. Others rough, rude, insulting men, such as the ' Louisiana Tigers,' and the Texans, who howled and whooped through the streets like wild beasts. But for the rigid rule of Lee's army, these fellows would have made our streets run with blood. Every day we expected the last to pass through, and still they came. " On Friday, the fourth day, he (Lee) came. Up to that time we knew not which way his army would turn — towards Gettysburg or Harrisburg. Hitlierto they had turned both ways. He stopped in the Diamond, where the two roads fork. A single glance revealed him to be a man of mark, a leader of the host. Around him were gathered his generals, all on horseback, the two Hills, Long- street, and others. Young looking men they were aside of the veteran, none of those named more than thirty-five or forty years of age. They had preceded him a day or two. Approaching their leader, they gracefully saluted him by faintlj' raising their hats or caps. The form of greeting was free and familiar, hardly such as we might have expected due to their great chief. He had the poorest horse, the commonest and cheapest garments, the most unassuming, unmilitary exterior of the whole group. The poorest rider, too, he seemed to be. Rode as if very tired, as if riding of this slow plodding kind was a great burden to him. No wonder that an old man of his age should seem thus. His generals looked like earnest men, but perfectly at their ease, calm and collected, as if they were consulting about a proposed summer tour in the north. Their conversation was in a suppressed tone of voice. The horses seemed to feel the importance of the occasion, trying to stand very still and seemingl3^ listening to ever}^ word that was said. It is a novel scene, which would furnish a fine subject for a painter. The central figure everybody scans with intense interest. Somehow, in spite of his unpleasant, his rebellious mission, I feel kindly townrds the man, and cannot suppress a sense of admiration for his military genius. There he sits unarmed, and unsuspecting of personal peril. From many an open window a deadly ball might be sent through his heart. From this mixed crowd of southern and northern people, how easily a loyal enthusiast might lay the head of the Southern Confederacj^ low in death ! He seems not to think of such a possible event. The whole group apparently is unconscious of any presence but their own. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 753 " With almost bated breath we watch for the close of their interview. "Which way will he take his army ; which way turn his sleepy-looking sorrel horse ? Now his head is turned toward Harrisburg. At length the venerable rider and his generals salute ; they retire to their divisions; he gently pulls the rein, turns his horse to the right toward Gettysburg, followed by his staff. Part of Lee's army went around by Carlisle and York. He tarried a day or two near Cham- bersburg. The best regulated armies are encumbered with plundering strag- glers. Such hung on to Lee's army and took all they could lay hands upon. Hats were snatched from dignified heads, and boots pulled from feet unused to walking home unbooted." Such was Lee's army on the way to Gettysburg. How different their return. Where they demanded before, they begged now. Franklin county saw but little of the army on its retreat, comparatively speaking. Chambersburg was left to the right for prudential reasons, and cutting across the south-eastern portion of the county, Lee made good his escape into Maryland. McCAUSLAND'S FORAY AND BURNING OF CHAMBERSBURG— 1864. The deliberate sacking and burning of Chambersburg by the forces of McCausland and Johnston, on the 30th of July, 1864, is one of the darkest stains upon the pages of the record of the late rebellion. The cause assigned by the perpetrators of the act was that it was done in retaliation for property de- stroyed by Union troops in the valley of the Shenandoah. Yet it has been hinted that this was not the true cause of the act. That in the minds of certain Southern leaders there lurked an ill-suppressed hatred of the inhabitants of Chambersburg and vicinity, a feeling that did not extend to other towns in Pennsylvania, on account of an erroneous idea that Chambersburg and neighborhood had given tacit aid to John Brown, of Harper's Ferry notoriety, in his fanatical attempt at inciting the slaves of the South to insurrection against their masters. It will be remembered that for a short time Brown had hovered around Chambersburg,, and had used the mountains in the vicinity as a sort of base of operations for the collection of arms, etc., but without the knowledge of the inhabitants, as is evi- denced by the fact, that as soon as it was discovered, by an unlooked-for accident to one of the packages, that the goods being shipped to "Brown & Co.," in the " Cove mountain," contained arms, prompt notice was given to the State autho- rities. At a council held by the rebel officers outside of Chambersburg on the night of the 29th of July, the proceedings of which were overheard by a Union scout, it transpired that the town of Chambersburg had been specifically and irrevocably marked out for destruction by order of the rebel General Early, who was then miles away. The question under discussion by these officers was not whether the town should be destroyed — that was settled — but whether it should be burned that night or the following morning. A spark of humanity still glimmei'ing in the breasts of his subordinate officers, caused a slight infringe- ment of Early's peremptory order of destruction, and the town was sacked and burned by daylight, and the ill-fated inhabitants were spared the additional; horrors of such an event shadowed by night. 2x 754 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Ho^w terrible an event this was for the people of Chambersburg may be gathered from the following account, condensed mainly from the Franklin Eejjository : The defeat of Crook and Averill, near Winchester, when pursuing the retreating rebels, was the first intimation given the border of another invasion, and even then little danger was apprehended, as Hunter's army was known to have been brought to Martinsburg and rested and reorganized, and the sixth and nineteenth corps were also known to be on the line of the Potomac. General Couch had no troops — not even an organized battalion — on the border. He had organized six or seven regiments of one hundred days men, but as fast as they were officered and armed they were forwarded to Washington, in obedience to orders from the authorities. He was left, therefore, with no force whatever to defend the border. On Thursday, the 28tli of July, the rebels re- crossed the Potomac at three different points — Mc- Causland, Johnston, and Grilmor, with three thou- sand mounted men and two batteries — below Hancock, and moved towards Mei- cersburg. They reached Mercersburg at six p.m., where they met Lieutenant McLean, a most gallant young officer in the regu- lar service, with about twenty men. His entire command numbered forty- five, Mild he had to detach for scouting and picket duty more than one-half his force. So suddenly did they dash into Mercersburg, that they cut the telegraph wires before their movements could be telegraphed, and it was not until ten o'clock that night that Lieutenant McLean got a courier through to General Couch, at Chambersliurg, with the information. The rebel brigades of Vaughn and Jackson, numbering about three thousand men, crossed the Potomac about the same time, at or near Willianisport, Part of tlie command advanced on Hagerstown ; the main body moved on the road leading from Williarasport to Green Castle; another rebel column of infantry and artillery crossed the Potomac simultnneously at Shepherdstown, and moved towards Leitersbnrg. General Averill, who commanded a force reduced to about two thousand six hundred, was at Hagerstown, and being threatened in front by Vaughn and Jack- OHAMBERSBURG BEFORE THE FIRE — 1864 [Prom a Photograph by Bishop Bros., Chambersburg.] FRANKLIN COUNTY. 755 son, and on his right by McCausland and Jolinston, who also threatened his rear, and on the left by the column which crossed at Shepherdstown, he therefore fell back to Green Castle. General Averill, it is understood, was under the orders of General Hunter, but was kept as fully advised by General Couch, as possible, of the enemy's move- ments on his right and on his rear. General Couch's entire force consisted of sixty infantry, forty-five cavalry, and a section of a battery of artillery — in all less than one hundred and fifty men. At three o'clock, a.m., on the morning of the 30th of July, Lieutenant McLean reported to General Couch that he had been driven into town at the west- ern toll-gate, and urged the immediate movement of the train containing army stores, etc. As the stores were not yet all ready for shipment. Major Maneely, of General Couch's stafiT, took one gun with a squad of men, and planted it on the hill a short distance west of the Fair Ground. As it was yet dark, his force could not be reconnoitered by the enemy, and when he opened on the rebels, they halted, until daylight showed that there was no adequate force to oppose them. By this gallant exploit, the rebels were delayed outside of town until the stores were all saved, and General Couch left the depot as the rebels entered the western part of the town. Lieutenant McLean and his command, and Major Maneely being well mounted, escaped before the rebels got into the main part of the town. Major Maneely killed one rebel and wounded five by the first fire of his gun. The rebels being interrupted in their entrance into the town until daylight, they employed their time in planting two batteries in commanding positions, and getting up their whole column fully three thousand strong. About six a.m., on Saturday, they opened with their batteries, and fired some half a dozen shots into the town, but they did no damage. Immediately thereafter, their skirmish- ers entered by almost every street and alley running out west and south-west, and finding the way clear, their cavalry, to the number of about four hundred and fifty, came in, under the immediate command of General McCausland. Soon after his occupation of the town, General McCausland gave notice that unless five hundred thousand dollars in greenbacks, or one hundred thousand dollars in gold, were paid in half an hour, the town would be burned. He was promptly told that Chambersburg could not, and would not pay any ransom. He had the court house bell rung to convene the citizens, hoping to frighten them into the payment of a large sum of money. No one attended. Infuriated at the determination of the people, the notorious Major Harry Gilmor rode up to a group of citizens : Thomas B. Kennedy, William McLellan, J. McDowell Sharpe, Dr. J. C. Richards, W. H. McDowell, W. S. Everett, E. G. Etter, and M. A. Foltz, and ordered them under arrest, telling them he would hold them for the payment of the money, and if not paid, he would take them to Richmond as hostages, and also burn every house in the town. While thus parleying with them to no purpose, his men commenced the work of firing. No one was taken as a hostage. The main part of the town was enveloped in flames in ten minutes. No time was given to remove women, children, the sick, or even the dead. They divided into squads, and fired every other house, and often every house, if there was anj 756 HIS TO BY OF PENNSYLVANIA. prospect for plunder. They would beat in the door, smash up furniture with an axe, throw fluid or oil upon it, and ply the match. They rifled drawers of bureaus, stole money, jewelry, watches, and any other valuables ; would often present pistols to the heads of inmates, and demand money or their lives. No one was spared. In a few hours three million dollars of property was sacrificed, three thousand human beings left homeless — many of them penniless — without so much as a pretence that the citizens of the doomed town, or any of them, had violated any accepted rules of civilized warfare. Such is the deliberate, vol- untary record made by General Early, a corps commander in the insurgent army. The scenes presented on that terrible occasion beggar description. Says the Rev. Joseph Clarke : " The aged, the sick, the dying, and the dead were carried out from their burning homes; mothers, with babes in their arms and surrounded by their fright- ened little ones, fled through the streets jeered and taunted by the brutal soldiery ; indeed, their es- cape seemed almost a mir- acle, as the streets were in a blaze from one end to the other, and they were compelled to flee through a long road of fire. Had not the day been perfectly calm many must have pe- rished in the flames. . . The moment of greatest alarm was not reached un- til some of the more hu- mane of the rebel officers warned the women to flee if they wished to escape violence." Says another, J. K. Shryock : " For miles around the frightened inhalntants fled they knew not whither, some continuing their flight imtil thej-^ dropped to the ground with exhaustion. Pocket books and .watches were taken by whole- sale, bundles, shawls, and valises were snatched out of women's and children's hands, to be thrown away. Cows and dogs and cats were burned to death, and tlie death cries of the poor dumb brutes sounded like the groans of human beings. It is a picture that may be misrepresented, but cannot be heightened." Chambersburq, the seat of justice of Franklin county, is fifty miles south- west of Harrisburg, and seventy-seven miles north-west of Baltimore, and was founded in 1704 by Benjamin Chambers, whose name it bears. The intercourse with the western country being then very limited, and most of the trade and travel along the valley toward the south, he was induced to lay his lots in that direc- tion, and the town did not extend beyond the creek to the west. Some of the I CHAMBEKSBURG AFTER THE BURNING. [From a Photograph by Bishop Bros., Chambersburg. ] FRANKLIN CULINTY. 751 old trees of his orchard were standing until recently on the weist of the creek. The increasing trade with the western country, after the Revolution, pro- duced an extension of the town on the west side of the creek, whicli was located by Captain Chambers, son of the Colonel, about 1191. The first stone house erected in the town was at the nortli-west corner of the Diamond, built by J. Jack, about 1770. The first courts holden in the county were in this house, up stairs ; and, on one occasion, the crowd was so great as to strain the beams and fracture the walls, causing great confusion and alarm to the court and bar. During the French and Indian wars of 1755 and the Revolution, and the in- termediate wars, " Chambers settlement" was a small frontier village, almost the outpost of civilization. A considerable trade was carried on with the most remote settlements on the Pittsburgh road by means of pack horses. The old town of Chambersburg grew rapidly in trade and population. Its destruction by rebel cavalry, on the 30th of July, 1864, has been previouly noted. The public buildings of Chambersburg are numerous, and present an attrac- tive appearance. The court house has been but recently rebuilt, and is the third structure of the kind which has been erected on the site it occupies. The offices all have either fire-proof vaults or safes for the protection of the public records. The court hall is a prettily finished and furnished room. The cupola of the building, in which there is a handsome clock with illuminated dials, is sur- mounted by a statue of Benjamin Franklin, after whom the county is named. The Chambersburg Academy buildings are situated on an eminence commanding a view of the surrounding country, with the North, South, and Blue mountains in the distance. The first charter for this school was obtained from the State in 1797, and the institution has been in existence ever since. It is now in a flour- ishing condition. Wilson Female College is situated a short distance north of Chambers- burg. It is one of the most promising institutions in the country. It was handsomely endowed by its founders and is rapidly acquiring a reputation of which its friends may well be proud. Young ladies from all parts of the country are in attendance. The buildings are commodious, well ventilated, and com- fortable, while the ample grounds which surround it are laid out in artistic style. There are twelve churches in the town — Presbyterian, Lutheran, Methodist, and Reformed, each two ; Protestant Episcopal, United Brethren, Church of God, and Roman Catholic, each one. Besides a large woolen factory, which manufac- tures some of the finest goods in the country, Chambersburg boasts a straw board mill, a paper mill, a powder mill, an axe factory, numerous saw, planing, and grist mills, and quite a number of other industries. Mercersburg borough is situated in the south-western part of the county. Hear the Cove mountain, on an elevated site commanding a view of picturesque scenery. At this point, in the year 1729, James Black built a mill, which was the first foot-print of civilization, and the nucleus of the settlement there. In the year 1780, William Smith became the owner of this mill, and in 1786, his son, William Smith, Jr., laid out a town, which at its inception was called " Smith's settlement," but subsequently Mercers-burgh, in honor of General Hugh Mercer, who was killed at the battle of Trenton. In early daj^s Mercersburg was an important point for the trade carried on amongst the Indians and frontier settlers. 758 HISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. 1 Governor William Findlay, who filled the executive chair of Pennsylvania in 1817, and who died in Harrisburg, November 12, 1846, was born in Mercers- burg, June 20, 1768. About three miles above Mercersburg is a wild gorge in the Cove mountain, and within the gorge an ancient road leads up through a narrow, secluded glen encircled on every side by high and rugged mountains. Here, at the foot of a toilsome ascent in the road, which the traders of the olden time designated as the " Stony Batter," are to be seen the remains of a decayed orchard and the ruins of two log cabins. Many years ago a Scotch trader dwelt in one of these cabins, and had a store in the other, where he drove a small but profitable traffic with the Indians and frontiermen, who came down the moun- tain, by exchanging with them powder, fire-arms, etc., for their " Old Mononga- hela," and the furs and skins of the trappers and Indians. Here, on the 23d of April, 1791, to this Scotch trader was born a son, and " Jamie," as he called him, was cradled amid the wild scenes of nature and the rude din of frontier life. The father, thriving in trade, moved into Mercersburg, and after a few years was enabled to send his son to Dickinson college, at Carlisle, where he graduated in 1809. ''Jamie," of "Stony Batter," was James Buchanan, fif- teenth President of the United States. Mercersburg was incorporated into a borough in 1831, and up to their removal to Lancaster was the seat of Marshall college, and the Theological seminary of the German Reformed Church. Mercersburg college, a young but thriving institution, took the place of Mar- shall. During the late war, the rebels paid hostile visits to Mercersburg, in the forays of 1862, '63, and '64. Loudon village lies at the terminus of the Southern Pennsylvania railroad, and on the turnpike from Chambersburg to Pittsburgh, fourteen miles from the former place, at the base and in the shadow of the mountain. Near Loudon stood one of the line of forts erected during the French and Indian wars. This town played a somewhat important part in the events transpiring between the years 1755-1776. Green Castle is a flourishing borough on the line of the Cumberland Yalley railroad, midway between Hagerstown and Chambersburg. It was laid out in 1782, and was first settled by the Irwins, McLanahans, Watsons, Crawfords, Nighs, Clarks, McCullohs, Davisons, Grubbs, Lawrences, McClellands. It is in the midst of a fertile and highly cultivated country, and it possesses excellent school advantages. Its public buildings consist of a town hall, large public school, Presbyterian, Lutheran, Methodist, and German Reformed churches. The inhabitants of this place and region round about were exposed to the incursions of marauding merciless parties of Indians from 1755 to 1765. Near Green Castle, at the farm of Archibald Fleming, in 1863, William Reels, the first Union soldier killed on Pennsylvania soil, fell in a skirmish with rebel caA^alry. Waynesbuug, incorporated into a borough with the name of Waynesboro', in 1818, was laid out about the year 1800, by Mr. Wallace, whose name it bore for some years. It lies near the base of the South mountain, on the turnpike leading by way of Green Castle and Mercersburg across the Cove mountain to McConnellsburg. It is a flourishing town in the midst of a region of country of great fertilit3\ It boasts of manufactories of no mean character, notably, the " Geyser Company," for the manufacture of agricultural implements. FR All KLIN COUNTY. 759 Marion, a post-village, midway between Chambersburg and Green Castle, contains between twenty-five and thirty dwellings. The Cumberland Valley railroad passes within sight of the village. Near Marion is the point where the Southern Pennsylvania railroad joins the Cumberland Valley railroad, of which it is a branch. It passes through Mercersburg to Loudon, a distance of twenty- one miles, and was built principally for the transportation of the iron ore which abounds in the neighborhood of Loudon. Snow Hill or Schneebbrq is on the Antietam creek, near the South mountain. Its situation is pleasant, with charming surroundings. It is princi- pally a German Seventh Day Baptist settlement. A branch of the original society of Ephrata was established many years ago at Snow Hill, under the ^dership of Peter Lehman and Andreas Schneeberg. St. Thomas, a thriving post village, seven miles north-west of Chambersburg, was laid out by the Campbells more than three-quarters of a century ago. When General Stuart, during the raid into Pennsylvania, mentioned elsewhere, passed through St. Thomas en route for Chambersburg, General Wade Hampton, one of his party, was fired upon by a zealous denizen of the place, and great difficulty was experienced in restraining the troops from destroying the town. Upper Strasburg is a post village on the old " Three mountain road," twelve miles in a direct line north-west of Chambersburg. It lies in a secluded spot at the base of the mountains, and in the olden time was a favorite resting place for teamsters hauling goods from Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. Scotland, on the line of the Cumberland Valley railroad, five miles north- east of Chambersburg, is one of the oldest towns in the valley. The Conoco- cheague creek flows by it, and is spanned by a railroad bridge which was destroyed by rebels under General Jenkins, in June, 1863. The old wooden bridge has been replaced by a substantial iron one. Fayetteville, a post- village on the turnpike from Chambersburg to Gettys- burg, is seven miles from the former, and eighteen miles from the latter place. This town lay within the line of the rebel communications with Richmond during the invasion of July, 1863, and the enemy's mails were carried through the place. On one occasion a mail was captured by some of the citizens. This act of temerity so incensed a force of rebel cavalry near the place as to cause them to arrest a number of innocent citizens, who experienced considerable difficulty in regaining their liberty. Mont Alto is a post office, and the seat of Mont Alto furnace, at the termi- nus of the Mont Alto railroad, which was built for the transportation of the ore mined and the iron manufactured at that place. The homes of the miners and furnace men make quite a village. Mont Alto park is a favorite place of summer resort. It is seventeen miles from Chambersburg by rail. Other important towns are Funkstown, in Quincy township ; Upton, four and a half miles from Green Castle ; Bridgeport, three miles from Mercersburg; Orrstown, laid out by John and William Orr, in 1834 ; Fannetsburq, Dry Run, and Concord, in Path valley ; Roxbury, lying at the opening of a precipi- tous mountain pass into Path and Amberson's valleys ; and Green Village, five miles east of Chambersburg. FULTON COUNTY. BY JAMES POTT, M'CONNELLSBURO. ULTON COUNTY was erected out of that part of Bedford county lying east of Ray's hill, which, in the main, forms its western boun- dary ; being bounded on the north by Huntingdon county ; on the _^ east by the North and Tuscaiora mountains, and on the south by the Maryland line, having an average length of about twenty-six miles, and breadth of seventeen miles, with an area of four hundred and twenty square miles. It was organized under act of April 19, 1850, which designated Andrew J. Fore, David -^_^ Mann, Jr., and Patrick Donahoe as commissioners to fix the bound a- lies, etc. Popula- tion in 1870,9,360. The county re- ceived its name through the ca- price of Senator Packer^ of Ljco- ming county, who was unfriendly to- wards the new county, though not absolutely hostile. In the pe- tition asking for the new count}', the name "Liber- ty " was desig- nated. The success of the measure in the House of Representatives was largely due to the efforts and personal popularity of Hon. Samuel Robinson, then one of the representatives from Bedford county. In the Senate its passage depended on the action of Senator Packer. A citizen of the proposed county, a personal friend of Senators Packer and Frailey, both of whom were opposed to the bill, waited on those gentlemen, requesting them to forego their objections. Mr. Frailey readily yielded. Mr. Packer was more tenacious, but finally agreed to support the bill, on condition he should be permitted to name the new county. This was accorded him, and when it came before the Senate, Messrs. Packer and Frailey moved to amend, by substituting " Fulton," wherever " Liberty" occurred. and its passage was secured. 760 ^*»x, FULTON COUNTY COUBT HOUSE. FULTON COUNTY. 761 The county is mountainous and hilly. The Xorth, or Kittatinny, and Tus- carora mountains, rise lilce a huge barrier on its eastern boundary, while Ray's hill, scarcely of less magnitude, forms its western rampart. Between these, and nearly parallel with them, range Big and Little Scrub ridges, Sideling hill Town hill, and a number of other mountains of lesser magnitude, but all rano-ino- in the same general northeasterly and southwesterly direction, prominent among which are Dickey's mountain, Tonoloway, and Stilwell's ridges, Negro mountain, Black-log mountain, Shade mountain, and Broad Top mountain. Sidney's Knob rears its head aloft in the northeasterly corner of the county formed by a junction of Scrub ridge and Cove mountain, while in the south- easterly quarter Lowry's Knob, being the northerly terminus of Dickey's mountain, but separated therefrom by a gorge, raises its sugar-loaf peak high above the adjacent valley. The county is well watered with numerous streams, fed in large part by splendid limestone springs. Prominent among the streams are Cove creek Licking creek, Big and Little Tonoloway creeks, running southward, and emptying their waters into the Potomac ; Aughwick creek, Woodenbridge creek and Sideling Hill creek, running northward, and emptying into the Juniata. The valleys formed by these mountains, and watered by these streams and their numerous tributaries are, in the main, fertile and romantic. The moun- tains and uplands, and much of the arable lands, are yet covered with luxuriant forests of timber of all the varieties indigenous to this State. The Chambersburg and Pittsburgh turnpike passes through the centre of the county, and going westward, crosses successively North mountain. Scrub ridge. Sideling hill, and Ray's hill, affording to the traveler ever-varying and delightful landscape views. The turnpike was built about 1814-15. The chief industry of the county, at present, is agriculture. All the cereals and fruits common to this latitude flourish well, and yield remunerativel}' under careful attention of the husbandman. Limestone soil of great natural fertility largely predominates in the Big Cove, Pigeon Cove, Brush Creek valley, Wells' valley, and the Aughwick valley, and the productiveness of these sections is evidenced in the splendid farm improvements. The red shale lands along the old State road, in Licking Creek valley, on Timber ridge, in Whips' Cove, and in Buck valley, are scarcely less productive, under careful tillage, than the richer limestone soils. The county being mountainous, there is naturally much rough and broken land, considerable of which is thin and light, and yields but a poor return for the labor bestowed upon it. Next to agriculture, the principal industry is the manufacture of leather. There are a number of extensive tanning establishments in the county ; the two principal ones are located, respectively^, at Emmaville in the western part of the county, and the other in the eastern part of the county, eight miles south of M'Connellsburg, known as Big Cove tannery. These are establishments of large capacity, and rank among the first in the State. Besides these, there are a number of others doing a large business, prominent among which is the Saluvia tannery, near the centre of the county ; Wells' tannery, in Wells' valley, and one at Franklin Mills, in the southern part of the county, all of which are 762 HISTOB T OF PENNS YL VANIA. scarcel}'^ inferior to the first two mentioned, and all doing a large business, and using only oak for tanning. Two iron foundries and machine shops, for the manufacture of agricultural implements, are located one in McConnellsburg and the other in Fort Littleton. Grist mills, lumber mills, and woolen mills comprise, in the main, the remainder of the manufacturing industries of the county. The great element of the future wealth of this county lies in its vast store of minerals, as yet scarcely developed further than to demonstrate its existence. Iron ore, in many varieties and of great abundance and richness, is found in almost every mountain, hill, and valley, and bituminous coal in the north-western part of the county, where the Broad Top coal basin extends within the borders of the county to a considerable extent. Both iron ore and coal remain practically undeveloped by reason of the absence of railroads, but several railroad projects are now pointing in this direction, attracted by the rich mineral fields. Iron ores abound everywhere in great profusion — hematite, fossil, pipe, mica- ceous, and others — but the richest veins and deposits exist in the eastern portion, from the Maryland line to the northern end of the county, while in all parts are found rich deposits of the different varieties. The dense forests of timber which cover the mountains and dot the valleys can supply charcoal, and the bituminous coal fields in the northern part of the county the coke, for smelting the ores, in un- limited abundance. Dickey's mountain, in the south-eastern part of the county, is exceedingly rich in both hematite and fossil ores, while Lowry's Knob, at the northern terminus of Dickey's mountain, six miles south of McConnellsburg, is a mass of richest hematite ore, and the same is found in different parts of the contiguous valley and surrounding hills. In early times, beginning as far back as 1827, and coming down to 1847, there were iron works, known as "Hanover Iron Works," located in this vicinity, at a point nine miles southward of McConnellsburg, where exists the best water power in the county. These wei-e considered extensive works in their day, consisting of two furnaces and two forges. The ore for the use of these works was the hematite, mined, mainly, out of Lowry's Knob, about one mile from the works. It was not until about 1841 that the fossil ore in Dickey's mountain, near the works, was discovered. But the iron business was then languishing, and no extensive mining was done in this field, though enough to demonstrate both its quantity and quality. The utter depression and destruction of the iron business was completed in 1846-7, at which time operations at these establishments were suspended, and the works finally abandoned — the result of the free trade tariff of 1846, and not from want of either ore or fuel. For more than twenty years iron ore was mined from Lowry's Knob in immense quantities, and j^et scarcely an impression has been made, so vast is the body in that locality. The ore used in the Hanover furnaces was, in greater part, obtained by surface mining, though the main body was pierced, b}^ shafting, to the depth of eighty feet in solid ore, with no indication of its limit being reached. In 1871, a practical miner and geologist made a scientific examination of the iron ore deposits and veins in this locality, and in his report of the hematite in Lowry's Knob, he says: "The lay, or deposit, extends for a distance of about six hun- dred yards ; the quality of the ore is very good, and would yield above fifty per FULTON COUNTY. 763 cent, in furnace. The old openings in the Lowry's Knob bank indicate the lay to be about forty feet thick or wide, and there is no telling how deep it may go, without shafting. In the former workings it had been shafted to the depth of about eighty feet in solid ore, with no indications of ' bottom.' " Of the Dickey's mountain formation he says: "It contains the Montour's Ridge or Danville ore measures ; one of these strata, called fossil ore, I consider one of the best and most reliable veins of ore, outside of the primitive formation, in Pennsylvania, and always of nearly uniform character. This ore, whenever used, even with inferior ores, makes the best of iron, it being free from sulphur and phosphorus, and generally yields from fifty to sixty per cent, metallic iron. The block ore is also found in these measures, as also other irregular seams. There is an abundance of good limestone, for smelting purposes, near by." In the vicinity of Fort Littleton and Burnt Cabins, in the northern end of the county, is an immense field of the richest quality of iron ore. Its proximity to the Broad Top coal fields will eventually make this a great centre of iron manufacturing when railroad facilities shall have opened it to market. The final survey of the People's Freight railway passes through the heart of this iron ore field. From the old Hanover iron works, the whole belt of country between the North mountain and Scrub ridge (including these mountain ranges), to the northern end of the county, is interspersed with valuable and extensive iron ore veins and deposits, awaiting only the hand of enterprise and public spirit to develop and utilize the crude material and reap a rich reward. Of many other parts of the county the same can be said. It is asserted, and with much show of truth, that no territory of equal extent, in this State, is so rich in iron ore and of so many varieties, as is Fulton count}'. That part of the Broad Top coal basin lying within the borders of this county remains undeveloped (except several openings, worked on a limited scale to supply local demand), for want of railroad outlet. But the iron track of the East Broad Top railroad is pointing thitherward, and in due time will reach and develop the coal and iron in that interesting region. Dr. H. S. Wishart owns and operates the principal coal mine for local traffic. Strong indications of coal exist in other parts of the county, southward of Broad Top, along Side- ling hill. Scrub ridge, and Dickey's mountain ; but no systematic effort has yet been made to demonstrate its existence or non-existence. Many years ago, antedating 1770, and before any roads were made through that section (other than, perhaps, " bridle paths," over which no bulky material could be conveyed), a mine was opened by some adventurous spirits, in a gap of Sideling hill, some eight or ten miles south of where the Chambersburg and Pittsburgh turnpike now crosses that mountain. The oldest inhabitant has no knowledge of the time when this was done, other than what he has heard told by his ancestors, and they knew only what they had received by tradition, which said that silver had been mined there. Some of the earliest surveys of lands in that locality refer to " an old mine," as a permanent and well established land- mark. The "mine," as found by the earliest settlers, consisted of a deep shaft, carefully cased with timber Vt^hich was then in a decayed condition. Certain it is that somebody, long before the feet of white settlers trod that locality, found, 764 EISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. or expected to find, something there that had value in less bulk than iron or coal, because there was then no use for these, so remote from the habitation of man and no facilities for transporting such bulky materials. The story of gold and silver is traditional only, but that a mine of many feet in depth and skillfully timbered existed there before that section was settled by whites, is a fact for which there is unquestionable evidence. The earliest settlement within the territory now comprising Fulton county is somewhat shrouded in uncertainty. Among the first settlements within what is now Franklin county, was made about 1730 by Benjamin Chambers, who rapidly gathered around him a prosperous colony of Scotch-Irish, on the Cono- cocheague. From thence radiated out toward the west some of the most daring and adventurous pioneers, who were not long in discovering the fertility, resources, and attractiveness of the Great Cove west of the North or Kittatinny mountain. When these venturesome and intrepid Scotch-Irish first set their stakes in this valley is not exactly known, but it was somewhere between 1730 and 1740. The oldest title to land in this valley is believed to be a Proprietary warrant, dated November 6, 1749, granted to David Scott, but the land was not surveyed until 1760, though it was settled upon previously. The land west of the Kittatinny mountains was not purchased from the Indians until 1758, nine years after the issuing of the warrant to David Scott. These early settlers were subjected to forays by predatory bands of Indians, who, besides plunder, secured scalps and made captives from among them fre- quently. But there is no record of any complaint on the part of the Indians against the whites for trespassing on their lands until 1742, when they formally lodged complaint to the authorities against this invasion of their domain by the settlers in the Great Cove, on the Aughwick and on Licking creek. The Gover- nor of tlie Province, on this complaint, issued a proclamation warning these settlers off the lands of the Indians, but the proclamation was not heeded. At that time the territory was included in Lancaster county, if it was included under any authority at all. Cumberland county was organized in 1750, and it was not until then that the Provincial authorities interposed legal force to eject the set- tlers. They found one Carlton, and a few other settlers on the Aughwick ; a number in the Great Cove, and some on Licking creek, " near the Potomac." The number of settlers found at these points at this time (1750) numbered sixty- two. These were expelled by the officers of the Provincial government, with the aid of the magistrates and sheriff of Cumberland county. They were ejected " with as much lenity as the execution of the law would allow, and their cabins were burnt." But the restless spirit of adventure impelled these ejected pioneers to return to their desolated homes, and with them came others, willing to risk the dangers of extreme frontier life. Again they were harrassed by the Indians and again ejected by the Provincial authorities, and again they returned, fol- lowed by others, their numbers steadilj^ increasing. After the defeat of Braddock by the French and Indians, in 1755, the weight of savage ferocity fell heavily on the sturdy frontiersmen, and the pluck of these pioneers was sorely tried, and in many instances they paid dearly for their temerity in pushing oflT into the wilderness to carve out homes for themselves anrl their posterity. A terror to the wild Indians of this region was " Half FULTON COUNTY. Y65 Indian," who, with a company of picked men, scoured the frontier, awed the Indians, and saved the lives of many of the settlers. It is recorded that in 1756, " Half Indian," with his company, left the Great Cove, and the Indians taking advantage of this, murdered many and carried others into captivity. This dis- quietude was, however, in a large measure, settled by the purchase from the Indians of the land west of the Kittatinny mountains, known as the " Purchase of 1758." In the spring of 1757, as we learn from a certificate of Governor Denny, "the savage Indians came and attacked " the house of William Linn, residing on TonoUoway creek, in Ayr township, " killed and scalped his eldest son, a man of twenty-three years of age, took another son away with them of seventeen years of age, and broke the skull of a third son of twelve years of age, and scalped him and left him for dead, of which he after- ward recovered. . . . That the enemy Indians repeating their attacks, the inhabi- tants living in those parts were obliged to desert their plantations, and leave their effects behind." The settlements on the Aughwick and in the Great Cove were composed mainly of Scotch-Irish, while those " on the Licking Creek hills, near the Poto- mac," came mostly under Maryland rights, were of different nationalities, and more cosmopolitan in their character. The Provincial boundary line had not then been extended by survey beyond the summit of the Kittatinny mountain, and much uncertainty existed as to how much of the Licking Creek hills and the Great Cove were within the jurisdiction of Penn- sylvania, and the difficulty was not settled until the survey of the line by Mason and Dixon in 1767. The first general bloody and murderous slaughter of defenceless settlers and their families on this uncertain jurisdiction was made by the Indians and their French allies in 1755. A private stockade was erected in early days on the farm now owned by James Kendall, Esq., and on the spot occupied by his dwelling, two miles south of McConnellsburg ; and another in the southern end of the county, on the farm now owned by Major George Chesnut, for a refuge from Indian ferocity; while Fort Littleton, in the northern end of the county, one of the chain of govern- ment forts from the east to Fort Pitt, served the same purpose in that locality. Neither record nor tradition cites any other posts for defence or security within the limits of this county. Among the very earliest who settled in this county were Scott, the Kendalls, and the Coyles, with a few others whose names have passed from the memory of the oldest living descendant of the early pioneers. The widow Margaret Ken- vL Foad loFortlmdiimu BJi'dl. C-Muqaziiif- J).lSiirriick6. JJ- Ollkers (Jiiarters. PLAN OF FORT LYTTLETON — 1755. Y66 HISTOB T OF PENNS YL VANIA. clall, with her sons John and Robert, were among the earliest, and she was the fust white person who died a natural death in the Great Cove, which occurred in 1750. Her posterity is numerous, and occupies a large portion of the best lands in the valley. Closely following these, came the Owens, Taggarts, Patter- sons, Sloans, McConnells, McCleans, Alexanders, McKinleys, Wilsons, Beattys, Brackenridges, Hunters, Rannells, Gibs, etc., all unmistakable Scotch-Irish names. From among these the names of Kendall, Scott, Taggart, Sloan, Patter- son, and Alexander still live in the valley in their posterity of the third, fourth, and fifth generations. The tract of land on which McConnellsburg is located was granted to William and Daniel McConnell, by warrant dated 1762, though there is record evidence that the land was settled some years earlier. The land granted to David Scott by Proprietary warrant in 1749 adjoins this McConnell tract, and adjoining the Scott tract is one warranted to James Galbraith in 1755. The settlement of the valleys of the Big and Little Tonoloway creeks, in the southern part of the county, was nearly or quite cotemporaneous with the earliest settlements elsewhere. Here, as on Licking creek, jurisdiction was uncertain, and claims were made and subsequent warrants for land obtained under both Pennsylvania and Maryland authority, and often covering the same ground, which, in later years, gave rise to vexatious and expensive litigation, involving titles to lands. Among the earliest settlers on Licking creek and the Tonoloways appear the names of Brown, Evans, Mills, Truax, Gillyland, McCrea, Linn, Stilwell, Leech, Mann, Slaughter, Critchfield, Yeates, Shelby, Gordon, Comb, Breathed, and Graves; and on the Aughwick, Henry, Burd, Wilds, and Thompson figure among the early pioneers. The settlement of Wells' valle}- and along the east base of Sideling hill, began only after Braddock's defeat and the purchase of 1758. The first settler in Wells' valley was a Mr. Wells, in 1760, as a hunter. In 1772 the first perma- nent settlement was made by Alexander Alexander, but he was driven out by the Indians several times, and returned finally only after the close of the Revolu- tionary war, and remained until his death, in 1815. Among the earlier settlers who followed Alexander into Wells' vallc}'^, were Hardin, Wright, Stevens, Woodcock, Moore, Edwards, Wishart, and others. Doctor David Wishart was the first resi- dent physician in Wells' valley. He was a Scotchman from Edinburgh, first loca- ted at Hagerstown, Maryland, whence his practice extended to the Broad Top country, and when the settlement of Wells' valley had begun in earnest he removed and settled there. Among the first settlers along Sideling hill, and around the head waters of Tonoloway and some of the westerly tributaries of Licking creek, were Francis Ranney, the Mortons, the Crossans, and the Mel- lotts. Of the latter it can almost be said that their progeny is "as the sands of the sea shore." Little is known or recorded of the part taken by the settlers of this countj^ in the Revolutionary war, other than that a number of them joined their brethren of the Cumberland Valley in that struggle. Of the veterans of the war of 1812, some still remain to tell the young soldiers of the present times of the days when they went soldiering and how it was done in those days. In the late war for the suppression of the rebellion, this county, though small in numbers, contributed FVLTON COUNTY. Y67 more than its quota to the armies of the Union. The majority of the townships were poor in taxable property, and could not afford to pay local bounties, while the wealthy counties of the State could offer tempting inducements, and so attracted large numbers of the young men, leaving the quota demanded to be filled from what was left. By this process the county furnished not only its own quota to the Union armies, but contributed much material toward filling the quotas of some of the wealthy eastern counties, and in this way it is that this county contributed, in proportion to its popvilation, more men to the service, for the suppression of the rebellion, than any other in the State, and was drained of its arms-bearing men more closely than any other community. McCoNNELLSBURG borough, the county seat, is pleasantl}^ located in the heart of the Great Cove, and is surrounded by fertile and well cultivated farms. The town was laid out in 1786, by McConnell, and was incorporated into a borough, March 26, 1814. The court house is a commodious structure of brick, and sur- passes similar buildings in many of the older and wealthier counties of the State. The Presbyterian, Reformed, Lutheran, and Methodists, have neat and com- modious church buildings. Fort Littleton and Burnt Cabins are prosperous villages, situate on the old State road, and in the midst of a fertile iron and agricultural district. The former derives its name from one of the frontier forts, located near that place, and the latter obtained its name from the circumstances of the burning of the cabins of some of the early settlers, near that spot, by the Provincial authorities. New Grenada is a brisk village, situated in the gap of Sideling hill, near the coal fields, from which it drives a considerable trade. Harrisonville, Knobsville, Hustontown, Speersville, Dublin Mills, Water Fall Mills, Akersville, Gapsville, Emmaville, Needmore, War- pordsburg, Franklin Mills, Webster Mills, Big Cove Tannery, and Wells Tannery are all post villages of some pretensions, and centres of trade for the surrounding country. The formation of Ayr township is nearly coeval with the date of the erection of Cumberland county (of which it was then a part), which occurred in 1750. But no record of the date of the formation of Ayr township can be found in the Cumberland county records. At the time of the formation of this township it comprised all the territory from " Provincial line " (Maryland) northward to and embracing part of what is now Huntingdon county, and westward to, or even beyond. Sideling hill. After the erection of Bedford county, in 1771, it embraced all the territory of what is now Fulton county, and also that of (now) Warren township, Franklin county, which was part of Ayr township prior to the erection of that county, in 1784, At April court of Bedford county, in 1771, when the new county was divided into townships, it is recorded " Air township as fixed by the Cumberland county court," but before this the Cumberland county court had formed Dublin township, out of the northern part of Ayr. Ayr township was most likely formed and organized in 1758, immediately after the purchase of that year of this territory from the Indians. Bethel township, formed January 12, 1773, was the first township, now wholly within Fulton county, that was organized under Bedford county juris- diction. It embraced the Tonoloway settlements, and extended westward T68 HISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VAKIA. along the Provincial line to the present line between Bedford and Fulton counties. The first record of Belfast township in the Quarter Sessions of Bedford county, is in the Docket No. 3, in 1795. It was then an organized township- Docket No. 2, which contains date of organization, could not be found, though diligen.t search was made. Brush Creek township was formed out of part of East Providence, which was separated from Bedford county in the erection of Fulton, but no record of the date of its organization can be found. It was subsequently enlarged by the annexation of a part of Bethel township. Dublin township, erected out of a part of Ayr, was organized by the Cum- berland county court, but, like Ayr, search in the Cumberland county records reveals nothing as to date, and, as in the case of Ayr, the Bedford county records of April 16, 1771, say: "Dublin, as fixed by the Cumberland county court." Like the names of Ayr, Bethel, and Belfast, the name of this township indicates with unequivocal exactness that the Scotch-Irish element prepon- derated in the early settlements. Licking Creek township was formed September 21, 1837. Taylor was formed November, 1849. The name of this township is derived from the then President of the United States — General Zachary Taylor. Thompson was formed February 12, 1849, and named in honor of Judge Thompson. ToD formed March 20, 1849, and named in honor of Judge Tod. Union formed January 9, 1864, out of part of Bethel during the late war for the Union, and as the sentiment of the people — Republicans and Union Demo- crats being largely in the ascendant — was against disunion and secession, they expressed their feelings in the name of the new township. Wells township was organized September 1, 1849, under the name of "Augh- wick," while yet in Bedford county. Subsequently the name was changed to " Wells," but there is no record of ihe change, either in the Bedford and Fulton courts, nor is the motive of the cliange recorded. The valley composing the principal part of the township, and the priiicipal streams running through it are named " Wells," from the first white settler in there. GREENE COUNTY. [With acknowledgments to Alfred Creigh, LL.D., and W. J. Bayard.] REENE county was erected into a county on February 9, It 96, being talcen entirely from the southern portion of Washington county, which at that time constituted five townships, viz., Franklin Greene, Morgan, Cumberland, and Rich Hill. It was named after Nathaniel Greene, whose military abilities were appreciated by General Washington, and whose counsel and advice in all cases of doubt and difficul- ty were adopted. He was appointed a major-general on August 26, 1775, and was a prominent actor in the heart-thrilling scenes of the Revolution, but more particularly in the southern iepartment of the United States. David Gray, Ste- phen Gapin, Isaac Jenkin- son, William Meetkirk. and James Seals were ap- pointed the commissioners by the Legislature to or- ganize the county, attend to the la3'ing out of its boundaries, and procure land within five miles of the centre of the county upon which should be erected the court house, prison, and other county buildings. The act also provided that until the court house was erected, the courts should be held at t he- house of Jacob Kline, Esq., on Muddy creek. Greene county is the south-western county of the State of Pennsylvania, being bounded on the east by the Monongahela river (which has a front of twenty-five miles), north by Washington county, west and south by West Virginia. Its length east and west is thirty-two miles, and its breadth nineteen, having, therefore, an area of six hundred square miles. Its central latitude is 39° 50' north, longitude 3° 15' west, from Washington City. The act of 2y 769 GREENE COUNTY COURT HOUSE, WAYNESBURQ. [From a Photograph by S. G. Rogers, Wayneaburg,] 770 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Assembly of February 9, 1196, thus defines its boundaries : " Beginning at the mouth of Ten Mile creek, on the Monongahela river ; thence up Ten Mile creek to the junction of the North and South forks of the said creek; thence up said North fork to Colonel William Wallace's mill ; thence up a south-westerly direction to the nearest part of the dividing ridge between the North and South forks of the Ten Mile creek ; thence along the top of the said ridge to the ridge which divides the waters of Ten Mile and Wheeling creeks ; thence in a straight line to the head of Enslow's Branch of Wheeling creek ; thence down said branch to the western boundary of the State ; thence south along the said line to the river Monongahela ; and thence down the said river to the place of beginning." This boundary continued in existence until 1802, when the Legislature of Pennsylvania changed the lines between Washington and Greene counties as follows : " Beginning on the present line on the ridge that divides the waters of Ten Mile and Wheeling creeks near Jacob Bobbett's ; thence in a straight line to the head-waters of Hunter's fork of Wheeling creek ; and thence down the same to the mouth thereof, where it meets the present county line," The same act declares that so much of the county of Greene as lies west of the road called Ryerson's road, is hereby annexed to Findley township, and that part which lies east of the said road is hereby annexed to Morris township. Governor M'Keail had authority to appoint commissioners to run and mark the aforesaid line, tha expense to be equally divided between Washington and Greene counties. The county is well watered. The principal stream is the Monongahela river, which affords navigation the entire year, and is considered very safe. It rises in the western spurs of the Appalachian range of mountains, and receives many small streams before it reaches Pennsylvania, and flows along the eastern side of the county. Ten Mile creek rises in Rich Hill township, flows east through the whole count}^ several miles be^^ond Clarksville, and empties into the Monongahela. Dunkard's creek is a considerable stream, and flows along the south boundary of the State (sometimes deviating into Virginia), the whole length of the county, to the Monongahela. Whitel^' creek has a source of about fifteen miles, and flows into the Monongahela. The remaining streams are Muddy, Ruff''s, Bates', Brown's, Bush, and Gray's Fork, etc.. Wheeling and Fish creeks ; the two latter in the western part of the county, and flowing into the Ohio river. The valleys of the foregoing streams are among the most delightful in the State, and where the forest has not yet been cut down, every variety of timber, of the largest growth, stands to beautify the scenery. The intervening ridges, running east and west, are also overshadowed by luxuriant forest trees. The northern sides of the hills have a deep rich soil adapted to corn and grass, and the south, though generally less fertile, produces wheat and rye abundantly. Within the county are 389,120 acres of land, of which 230,594 are improved, and the balance unimproved. The improved land is divided into 2,310 farms, rang- ing in size from three to five hundred acres. Greene county belongs to the great secondary formation of the State of Pennsylvania, and has a due proportion of the three minerals, coal, iron, and salt. Bituminous coal is found almost everywhere, in inexhaustible quantities, and in many instances along water courses within one, two, or three feet of the surface. Whitely creek has for its bed strata of coal in some places for miles GBEENE COUNTY. 771 which, during the summer months when the water is low, is taken for the supply of the surrounding country. The labor of digging and transporting it constitutes the entire cost. There are extensive beds of iron ore on Dunkard and Ten Mile creeks. Formerly a forge and furnace were in operation on Ten Mile creek, but they have been long idle. Salt licks are known on Dunkard creek, near the south-east corner of the county, but no salt works have been erected. Until recently Greene county had no railroad facilities, but the construction of the narrow-gauge road from Washington to Waynesburg will open up to the citizens of the county a cheap mode of transportation, whereby they will be enabled to send their produce to market. The benefits which the borough of Waynesburg will receive will be incalculable, resulting in increase of population, erection of new buildings, and the impetus given to trade and the development of its industrial resources. Greene county was originally settled by adventurers from Maryland and Vir- ginia wliile yet in the possession of the Indians. As early as 1754, David Tygart had settled in the valley which still bears his name in north-western Virginia. Several other families and individuals came into the I'egion in the course of five or six years afterwards. These early adventurers were men of iron nerves and stout hearts — a compound of the hunter, the warrior, and the husbandman ; they came prepared to endure all the hardships of life in the wilderness ; to encounter its risks, and defend their precarious homes against the wily natives of the forest. For some ten or fifteen years the possession of the country was hotlj- contested, and alternately held and abandoned by the English on the one hand, and the French and Indians on the other. Families were frequently murdered, cabins burnt, and the settlements thus for a time broken up. Stockade forts were re- sorted to by the inhabitants for the protection of their families in time of inva- sion. One of these, called Garard's fort, was situated on Whitely creek, about seven miles west of Greensburg. Settlements were made at a very early date by the Rev. John Corbly and his family, and others, on Muddy creek. From a letter of the latter, under date of July 8, 1785, he states : " On the second Sab- bath in May, in the year 1782, being ray appointment at one of my meeting- house"*, about a mile from my dwelling house, I set out with my dear wife and five children for public worship. Not suspecting any danger, I walked behind two hundred yards, with my Bible in my hand, meditating; as I was thus em- ployed, all on a sudden, I was greatly alarmed with the frightful shrieks of my dear family before me. I immediately ran, with all the speed I could, vainly hunting a club as I ran, till I got witliin forty yards of them ; my poor wife see- ino- me, cried to me to make my escape ; an Indian ran up to shoot me; I then fled, and by so doing outran him. My wife had a sucking child in her arms; this little infant they killed and scalped. They then struck my wife several times, but not getting her down, tlie Indian who aimed to shoot me, ran to her, shot her through the body, and scalped her; my little boy, an only son, about six years old, they sunk the hatche" into liis brain, and thus dispatched him. A daughter, besides the infant, they also killed and scalped. My eldest daughter, who is yet alive, was liid in a tree, about twenty yards from the place where the rest were killed, and saw the whole proceedings. She, seeing the Indians all go off, as she thought, g t up, and deliberately crept out from the hollow trunk ; 772 EISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. but one of them espying her, ran hastily up, knocked her down, and scalped her ; also her only surviving sister, one on whose head they did not leave more than an inch round, either of flesh or skin, besides taking a piece of her skull. She and the before-mentioned one are still miraculously preserved, though, as you must think, I have had, and still have, a great deal of trouble and expense with them, besides anxiety about them, insomuch that I am, as to worldly circum- stances, almost ruined. I am yet in hopes of seeing them cured ; they still, blessed be God, retain their senses, notwithstanding the painful operations they have already and must yet pass through." Many incidents of pioneer life occurred in this locality. The warrior, with his gun, hatchet, and knife, prepared alike to slay the deer and bear for food, and also to defend himself against and destroy his savage enemy, was not the only kind of man who sought these wilds. A very interesting and tragic instance was given of the contrary by the three brothers Eckarly. These men, Dunkards by profession, left the eastern and cultivated parts of Pennsylvania, and plunged into the depths'of the western wilderness. Their first permanent camp was on a creek flowing into the Monongahela river, in the south-western part of Pennsyl- vania, to which stream they gave the name of Dunkard creek, which it still bears. These men of peace employed themselves in exploring the country in every di- rection, in which one vast, silent, and uncultivated waste spread around them. From Dunkard's creek these men removed to Dunkard's bottom, on Cheat river, which they made their permanent residence, and, with a savage war raging at no considerable distance, they spent some years unmolested, indeed, it is probable, unseen. In order to obtain some supplies of salt, ammunition, and clothing, Dr. Tho- mas Eckarly recrossed the mountains with some peltry. On his return from Winchester to rejoin his brothers, he stopped on the south branch of the Poto- mac, at Fort Pleasant, and roused the curiosity of the inhabitants by relating his adventures, removals, and present residence. His avowed pacific principles, as pacific religious principles have everywhere else done, exposed him to suspicion, and he was detained as a confederate of the Indians, and as a spy come to exa- mine the frontier and its defences. In vain did Dr. Eckarly assert his innocence of any connection with the Indians, and that, on the contrar^^, neither he nor his brothers had ever seen an Indian since their residence west of the mountains. He could not obtain his liberty until, by his own suggestion, he was escorted by a guard of armed men, who were to reconduct him a prisoner to Fort Pleasant, in case of any confirmation of the charges against him. These arbitrary proceedings, though in themselves very unjust, it is probable, saved the life of Dr. Eckarly, and his innocence was made manifest in a most shocking manner. Approaching the cabin where he had left and anxiousl}^ hoped to find his brothers, himself and his guard were presented with a heap of ashes. In the yard lay the mangled and putrid remains of the two brothers, and, as if to add to the horrors of the scene, beside the corpses lay the hoops on which their scalps had been dried. Dr. Eckarly and the now sympathizing men buried the remains, and not a prisoner, but a forlorn and desolate man, he returned to the South Branch. This was amongst the opening scenes of that lengthened tragedy which was acted through upwards of thirty years. GBEENE COUNTY. t73 The more permanent and peaceful settlement of the county was not made until after the close of the Revolution and when all fears of Indian depredations had passed. From that period onward Greene county began gradually to fill up with settlers from the eastern portion of the State, and also of a due proportion of the foreign immigration. Although not favorably located, and yet with abun- dant resources, Greene county has kept her place in the march of progress. The population in 1800, which was 8,605, increased to 25,787 in 1870, and since then has steadily augmented. Waynesburg, the county seat of Greene county, was laid out in 1796, on land purchased by the commissioners from Thomas Slater. It was named after General Anthony Wayne, the hero of Stony Point. It was incorporated as a borough, January 20, 1816, and is situated nearly in the centre of the county, in a fertile valley, on the banks of Ten Mile creek, eleven miles from the Mononga- hela river, forty-six miles south of Pittsburgh. The public buildings consist of a fine brick court house, the dome surmounted by a full-length statue of General Greene, and contains the county oflSces. On the same lot the prison is erected. Within the borough limits is a Presbyterian church, a Cumberland Presbyterian church, a Baptist church, a Methodist Protestant church, a Methodist Episcopal church, a Roman Catholic church, and an African church, Waynesburg College, and a union school-house for the education of the children of the people. Waynesburg College was organized in 1851, to provide the means for a liberal education of both sexes, and received a charter from the Legislature, which empowered the college authorities to confer all the degrees usually conferred by colleges and universities. It has seven male and four female teachers, with three literary societies, halls, and libraries. The trustees are engaged in the erection of another college edifice, which, while it will be an ornament to the ancient borough, will add greatly to the comfort and convenience of professors and students. It presents a front of one hundred and fifty feet in length and eighty feet in breadth, built of brick. Jackson's fort is near the eastern limits of the borough, and was built by the early settlers as a protection against the incursions of the Indians, who at that time prowled about the settlement. Carmichaels borough is situated on Muddy creek, twelve miles east of Waynesburg, in a rich and beautiful valley. On March 20, 1810, Greene academy was incorporated, and two thousand dollars were given to it on condi- tion that not exceeding six poor children should be educated therein. The town was originally named New Lisbon, and is one of the oldest in the county. Greensboro' is a thriving town on the left bank of the Monongahela river, at the head of the slack water navigation of that stream. It was laid out in 1791, by Elias Stone, from a tract of land called " Delight," patented by Stone and others in 1787. The original town plot consists of eighty-six lots, of half an acre each, and is laid out upon pleasant bottom lands and high banks, which extend to a second bench rising at a very gentle slope, back into the country, affording an eligible site for a large town. It is the shipping point of a fine district of back country. Contiguous to the town are large deposits of fire-clay, superior to an}' west of the mountains. There are a number of industries which add largely to its material wealth and prosperity. Rice's Landing, in Jefferson township, is a brisk village on the Monongahela. 7Y4 HIS TOE T OF PENNS YL VANIA. It was settled the latter part of last century by a Mr. McLane, who kept for many years a hostelrj^ at that point. It has considerable trade with the sur- rounding towns. Jefferson is a flourishing borough. It is the seat of a college in successful operation, under the patronage of the Baptists. Mount Morris, in Perry township, is located on Dunkard creek, near the Virginia line. It is a thriving village. The original townships, which were struck off from Washington to form Greene county, were Cumberland, Franklin, Greene, Morgan, and Rich Hill. These have had an existence since July 15, 1781, when the metes and boundaries of the townships of Washington were laid out. From them have since been formed, from time to time, as the wants of the people required, Aleppo, Centre, Dunkard, Gilmore, Jackson, Jefferson, Monongahela, Morris, Perry, Spring Hill, Washington, Wayne, and Whitely. MEMORIAL HALL, CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. HUNTINGDON COUNTY. BY J. SIMPSON AFRICA, HUNTINGDON. HE entire valley of the Juniata was included in the county of Cum- berland. From this county Bedford was formed in lYIl. Hunting- don was erected from Bedford by an act of Assembly, passed on the 20th day of September, 1787. By this act, Benjamin Elliott, Thomas I>uncan Smith, Ludwig Sell, George Ashman, and William McElevy, were appointed trustees, who, or any three of whom, were directed to take assurances VIEW OF THE BOROUGH OF HUNTINGDON. [From a Photograph by L. B. Kline, Huntingdon,] of ground in the town of Huntingdon for the site of a court house and jail. By an act passed on the 2d day of April, 1790, Andrew Henderson and Richard Smith were added to fill vacancies that occurred by the death of one and the removal from the county of another of the original trustees. The immense territory of the county, stretching from the line of Franklin county over the Allegheny to the West Branch of the Susquehanna, was cur- tailed by the erection of Centre county, February 13, 1800 ; Clearfield and Cam- 775 776 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. bria counties, March 26, 1804; Blair county, February 26, 1846, and by the annexation of a small corner to Mifflin county. This county lies wholly within the central mountainous region, consequently its surface is very much broken. On the south side of the Juniata there occur, in passing from the east toward the west, ranged in almost parallel lines, Tusca- rora, Shade, Black Log, Jack's, Sideling Hill, Terrace, and Tussey's mountains ; and on the north side, Jack's, Standing Stone, Broad, Bare Meadow, Greenlee, Tussey's, and Canoe mountains. Intervening between these mountains are numerous ridges of less elevation, called : Pine, Sandy, Saddle Back, Blue, Owen's, Chestnut, Rocky, Clear, Allegrippus, Piney, Warrior's, Shaver's Creek, Bald- Eagle, and many others of minor importance. Broad Top mountain is situated at the southern line of the county, between Sideling Hill and Terrace mountains. Its broad summits tower above the adja- cent mountains. The existence of semi-bituminous coal in this mountain was known a hundred years ago. Mines were opened for the supply of blacksmiths and others, and the products hauled in wagons to Huntingdon, Bedford, Cham- bersburg, and other towns, and carried from Riddlesburg in arks to towns along the Juniata and Susquehanna. Two railroads, the Huntingdon and Broad Top, and the East Broad Top, are now employed in the transportation of the coal. The entire county is drained by the Juniata. Its chief tributaries are : Rays- town branch. Little Juniata river, and Tuscarora, Aughwick, Hare's, Mill, Stand- ing Stone, Vineyard, and Shaver's creeks. Other branches of these streams are called : Black Log, Shade, Little Aughwick, Sideling Hill, Three Springs, Trough, James, Shy Beaver, Sadler's, and Spruce creeks. These streams afford numerous and valuable water-powers, many of which are utilized in driving manufactories of various kinds. Between the mountains are a corresponding number of A\al- leys of every variety of shape and soil. Some of these contain as fertile land as is found in the State. The rich soil of the river flats and the valleys attracted the settler, and long before the final expulsion of the hostile Indians flourishing settlements of indus- trious farmers dotted the territory of the county. Of the 5*75,360 acres of land estimated to be included within its boundaries, not more than one-third are under cultivation. By the census of 1870, the farms were valued at 9,445,678 dollars. About the close of the war of the Revolution the abundance and superior quality of the iron ores of the county began to attract attention, and a furnace was built on ground now within the limits of the borough of Orbisonia. It was named Bedfoed, after the county that then embraced its site. A good article of iron was manufactured, and the success of this enterprise induced the erection of Huntingdon, Barree, Union, Pennsylvania, and numerous other iron works. " Juniata iron " soon became famous throughout the country, and it con- tinues to be a popular brand. The melting of the forests before the woodman's axe, rendering charcoal expensive and scarce, the increase in the price of labor, and competition with foreign iron and with that at home more cheaply made from anthracite coal and coke, rendered many of these furnaces and forges unprofitable, and they have been permitted to decay. A few only are now being worked. Extensive and valuable iron mines are worked in many HUNTINGDON COUNTY. 777 localities. From Woodcock valley large quantities of ore have been carried by rail to Danville, Johnstown, and other points. The abundance, variety, and value of the ores, the rich and convenient deposits of limestone, contiguity of the Broad Top, Allegheny, and Cumberland coal fields, and facilities for transporta- tion by rail and canal, combine to indicate that by the judicious employment of the necessary capital this county can take a more advanced place in the future than it has ever done in the past in the manufacture of iron. The experience of the Kemble iron company's furnaces at Riddlesburg, on the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, and those of the Rockhill coal and iron company at Orbi- sontia, on the East Broad Top railroad, all run on Broad Top coke, has demon- strated its economy and value in the smelting of iron ores. Several quarries of " Meridian " sandstone are being worked in the vicinity of Mapleton. The sand rock is crushed and pulverized in mills or crushers erected for that purpose, and is transported in large quantities to the glass works of Pittsburgh and other cities. Mines that give promise of excellent ochre and umber are being opened in the vicinity of Mapleton. It is to be regretted that an accurate census of the manufacturing establish- ments has never been taken. There are in the county furnaces, forges, rolling mills, foundries, car, and industrial works, water and steam flouring and saw- mills, water and steam sand-crushers, tanneries, furniture, chair, carriage, broom, shoe, and woolen manufactories, planing mills and numerous other industrial establishments. The first highways were Indian paths which traversed the county in many directions. Along these the traders and pioneers found their way. They were only bridle paths, and did not admit the passage of a wheeled conveyance. After farms were opened and mills built, necessity prompted the opening of a wagon road along the Juniata. This was followed by the cutting of roads in other directions from " Standing Stone." The river was used for floating arks and keel-boats, laden with the products of the county, to various points as far south- eastward as Baltimore. A turnpike was constructed from Lewistown to Hunt- ingdon about 1817, and was extended by the Huntingdon, Cambria, and Indiana company to Blairsville, a distance of seventy-seven miles, soon thereafter. The Pennsylvania canal extended through the county from Shaver's Aque- duct below Mount Union to the line of Blair county above Water Street. This improvement was completed to the borough of Huntingdon in November, 1830. It is now abandoned above the Huntingdon dam. The line of the Pennsylvania railroad enters the county below Mount Union and following the Juniata and Little Juniata, finally leaves the county between Birmingham and Tyrone. On the 6th day of June, 1850, the road was completed to Huntingdon. The opening to Pittsburgh of this great highway of travel and traffic marked an important era in the history of the Commonwealth, and has materially increased and facilitated the development of the resources of the valley of the Juniata. In 1853 the construction of the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad was com- menced. The main line from Huntingdon to Hopewell, a distance of thirty-one miles, was opened for business in 1855. It has since been extended to Mount Dallas, where it connects with the Bedford and Bridgeport road, running to the 778 HISTOB T OF PENNS YL VANIA. Maryland line, and connecting there with roads entering the Cumberland coal region. Over four million dollars were expended in the construction and equip- ment of the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad. The length of the main line is forty-five miles, and of the branches fourteen miles. During the last fiscal year it carried over three hundred and eighty thousand tons of bituminous coal and forty-six thousand tons of iron ore. The East Broad Top railroad (three feet gauge) extends from Mount Union to Robertsdale in the Broad Top region, a distance of thirty miles, and cost about one million dollars. It was opened in 1873, and during the last fiscal year car- ried sixty -three thousand tons of coal. The earliest permanent settlement eflFected within the limits of the county was at the Standing Stone (now Huntingdon). The compiler was informed some years ago by one of the old citizens that the Indians living at Standing Stone had cleared land and cultivated corn. In 1754, Hugh Crawford was in possession of the land, and continued to hold it until the first day of June, 1760, when he conveyed the tract, containing four hundred acres, to George Croghan, who, on the 10th day of December, 1764, obtained a warrant from the Proprie- taries, authorizing a survey and return thereof to the land office. In 1754 Peter Shaver commenced a settlement at the mouth of Shaver's creek. In 1760 or 1761, James Dickey commenced an improvement on the south-east side of Shaver's creek, near Fairfield. Other improvements were made along Shaver's creek, and on the upper branches of Standing Stone creek, as early as 1762. The bottom lands along the Juniata, the Raystown branch, and the Augh- wick creek, and the fertile lands of Tuscarora, Black Log, Germany, Kishico- quillas, Plank Cabin, Woodcock, Hart's Log, Canoe, Spruce Creek, and War- riors' Mark valleys, were dotted with improvements in 1761-2. In 1748 Conrad Weiserwas sent on a mission from the Provincial govern- ment to the Indians at Ohio. His route was through this county, and in the journal of his trip, the Black Log sleeping-place, the Standing Stone, and other points are mentioned. John Harris, the founder of Harrisburg, in an account of the road from his ferry to Logstown on the Allegheny, taken in 1754, mentions localities on his route, now in this county, as follows: Cove Spring, Shadow of Death, Black Log, Three Springs, Sideling Hill gap, Aughwick, Jack Armstrong's narrows, Standing Stone, and Water Street. The Cove Spring is supposed to be what is now known as the Trough Spring in Tell township; the Shadow of Death was applied to the water gap in the Shade mountain, now called Shade Gap ; the Black Log was near Orbisonia ; the Three Springs are in the vicinity of the borough of that name ; Aughwick was on the site of Shirleysburg ; Jack Armstrong's narrows, now curtailed to Jack's narrows, designates the narrow passage cut by the Juniata through Jack's mountain above Mount Union ; and the Water Street to a gorge between the mountains, through which the waters of the Juniata pass, above the village bearing that name. The Standing Stone stood between Allegheny street and the Juniata, above Second street in the borough of Huntingdon, and was described by John Harris in 1754, as being fourteen feet high and about six inches square. It was erected HUNTINGDON COUNTY. 779 ^rtV lTmmTrr *^tisi«isiss^*' by the Indians, a branch of the Six Nations, and was covered by their hierogly- phics. The natives, who seem to have regarded this stone with great veneration after the treaty of 1754, by which their title to the lands of the valley of the Juniata was relinquished to the Proprietary government, migrated, and as it is generally supposed, carried the stone with them. Another stone, erected soon after by the white settlers, was covered with the names of traders, residents, and colonial officials. It was broken by a carelessly thrown " long bullet." A part of it, bearing numerous interesting inscriptions, is in the possession of Mr. E. C. Summers. Although Dr. Smith, after laying out the town in 1767, changed the name to Huntingdon, the old appellation, " Standing Stone," continued for many years thereafter to be used by the residents of the valley. That name is still borne by the creek, valley, ridge, and mountain in the vicinity, and its Indian equivalent, " Oneida," has been applied to a township through which the creek flows. The seal of the borough has as its central figure a representation of the stone. Soon after the treaty of the 6th of July, 1754, settlers commenced improvements in choice spots throughout the present county, and early in the next year a number of warrants were granted by the land office, authorizing the survey and appropriation of tracts applied for. The Indian troubles following the defeat of Braddock prevented the making of any official surveys in pursuance of these warrants earlier than 1762. Three Proprietary manors. Shaver's Creek, Woodcock Valley, and Hart's Log, and a part of Sinking Valley are included in this county. The following list contains the names of early settlers in various localities in the county. The figures following the names respectively indicate the earliest year in which those persons are known to have resided in the county. Many of them may have settled still earlier. Dublin and Tell townships — James Coyle, John Appleby, James Neely, James Morton, Samuel Morton, and John Stitt, 1778; Samuel Finley ; George Hudson, 1786. Cromwell township. — James, Gavin, George, Robert, and Thomas Cluggage, 1766 ; Thomas Cromwell, 1785 Shirley township. — James Carmichael, 1762; James, Robert, and Patrick Gal- braith, 1771; James Foley, 1772; Charles Boyle, 1773; William Morris, 1780; Bartholomew Davis, 1774. Clay township.— John and Abraham Wright, 1776; Henry Hubble, 1786; George Ashman, 1779; John Hooper, 1785. Springfield township John and Robert Ramsey, 1778; Hugh Madden. Trough Creek valley Peter Reilley, Law. Swope, 1779 ; Richard Chilcott, 1784 ; Samuel Lilly, 1788; Thomas H. Lucket, Richard Dowling, 1785; Thomas Cole, 1784; Peter Thompson, John Dean, 1784. Plank Cabin valley.— EM McLain, 1784 ; George Knoblehoff, 1785 ; Edward Dormit, 1784. Raystown branch.— John and George Weston, 1766; Samuel Thompson; Martin Kisling, 1791; William Corbin, William Shirley, George Buchanan; Sebastian Shoup, 1775. Broad Top moun- tain.— Anthony Cook, 1786; Walter Clark, 1775; Gideon Hyatt, 1787; John Bryan. Mapleton Jacob Hare and Gideon Miller, 1762. Brady township — 780 HISTOR Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. Peter Yan Devander, 1715; David Eaton, 1TT5 ; Joseph Pridmore, 1781 ; Caleb Armitage. Henderson township — John Fee, 1775; John Borland; Joseph Nearon, 1781 ; Daniel Evans, 1778 ; Benjamin Drake, 1785. Huntingdon Hugh Brady, 1766; Michael Cryder, 1772; Benjamin Elliott, Adam Bardmess, Abra- ham Haines, 1776 ; David McMurtrie, 1777 ; John, Matthew, and Robert Simp- son, 1789; Alexander McConnell, 1786; Rev. John Johnston, 1790; Michael Africa, 1791 ; John Cadwallader, Andrew Henderson, Peter Swoope, Frederick Ashbaugh, Ludwick Sells. West township. — Peter Shaver, 1754 ; Hugh Means, 1773; George Jackson, 1772; Thomas Weston, 1772; Henry Neff, 1780; Alex- ander McCormick, 1776 ; Nicholas Graflus, 1778 ; Patrick Maguire, James Dear- ment, 1779; Samuel Anderson, .James Dickey, 1760 or 1761. Jackson township — William McAlevy, 1767; O'Burn. Barree township. — Gilbert Chaney, 1786 ; George Green ; Richard Sinkey, David Watt, Matthew Miller, John For- rest, William Hirst, Chain Rieketts. Oneida township. — William Murray, Nathaniel Gorsuch, 1787. HarVs Log valley — David and Charles Caldwell, 1767 ; John Mitchell, 1774; Peter Grafius, 1778; John Canan, John Spencer, 1779; Moses Donaldson, Jacob and Josiah Minor. Woodcock valley. — Henry Lloyd, Joshua Lewis, George Reynolds, 1774 ; Nathaniel Garrard, 1776 ; James Gibson, 1781; Solomon Sell, 1785; Elder; Hartsock. Morris township John Bell, Edward Beatty, 1779. Franklin township Benjamin Webster, Absolem Gray, 1779; Alexander Ewing, 1786; Abraham Sells, 1785; James Hunter, 1784. Warrior^s Mark township. — Thomas Rieketts. The following list contains the names of the owners, location, and date of erection, as nearly as can be ascertained, of the early grist-mills of the count3\ Robert Cluggage's, Black Log creek, Cromwell township, before 1773 ; Bartholo- mew Davis', Shirley township, before 1774 ; Michael Cryder's, Juniata river. Walker township, about 1773 ; Abraham Sell's, Little Juniata, Franklin town- ship, about 1776; Sebastian Shoup's, Shoup's run, Hopewell township, 1787; Huntingdon, Juniata river, Huntingdon borough, about 1793 ; N. Garrard's, Vineyard creek. Walker township; William McAlevy's, Standing Stone creek, Jackson township ; Joseph Pridmore's, Mill creek, Brady township ; McCormick's, Shaver's creek. West township ; Little's, Laurel run, Jackson township ; Minor's, Little Juniata, Porter township ; Crum's, Trough creek. Tod township. At least two of the companies sent from Bedford county for the defence of the colonies during the war for independence were composed of men who lived within the present limits of Huntingdon county. One of these, attached to the first battalion, was commanded by Captain William McAlevy, afterward known as Colonel and General McAlevy, and was in the service in January, 1777. After faithful service in the defence of American liberty, Captain McAlevy returned to his home in Standing Stone valley, where for many years he was an active and influential citizen, and until his death enjoyed the universal respect of his neigh- 'boi's. His name is perpetuated in that of the village called McAlevy's Fort, located upon the tract of land where he resided. Thomas Holliday was ensign of his company. Thomas Cluggage, afterwards known as Major Cluggage, was appointed captain, Hugh Means first lieutenant, and Moses Donley second lieutenant, of a 781 I 782 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. compan}- of rangers organized in 1Y79. This company among other duties was engaged in defending the settlements on the Juniata. In October, 1779, when Captain Cluggage occupied Fort Roberdeau, in Sinking valley, he reported that his company had been reviewed and passed muster with three officers and forty- three rank and file ; one of the latter " killed or taken." A compan}-, commanded bj' Captain Cluggage, was in the Continental service in New Jersey in 1776-7, and formed a part of the battalion under Colonel John Piper. In 1781, Dublin, Shirley, Barree, Hopewell, Frankstown, and Huntingdon townships, then embracing the whole of the counties of Huntingdon and Blair, composed one of the battalions of Bedford county. This region was too far removed from the Atlantic coast to be the scene of an}' conflicts with the British invaders, save detached parties sent out on maraud- ing expeditions, or for the purpose of encouraging the Indians and Tories. From these the inhabitants constantly sufl'ered. People were murdered or car- ried into captivity, buildings burned, crops destroyed, cattle driven ofl", and all manner of injury perpetrated by roving bands of the enemy. Many of the fami- lies were removed to the eastern counties. Those that remained were compelled during the dai'kest hours of the conflict to seek protection within the walls of the forts. These were situated as follows : Standing Stone, east of Third and south of Washington street, in the borough of Huntingdon. It was built of stockades, and it included dwellings and magazines. A blacksmith shop that stood at No. 205 Penn street, was con- structed of oak logs from the fort, probably a part of a magazine. In 1778 the inhabitants were much alarmed at a threatened assault by a band of Tories and Indians, variously estimated at from three hundred to one thou- sand in number. General Roberdeau wrote from Standing Stone, under date of April 23d, 1778, confirming the reports of the alarm of the inhabitants, and recommended that the militia be called out and sent forward to meet the enemy. In July, Colonel Brodhead's regiment, then on a march from the east to Pitts- burgh, was directed to stop here, and three hundred militia from Cumberland, and two hundred from York county, were ordered to join them. On the 8th of August, the council informed Dr. William Shippen, director-general, that there was a body of five hundred men at Standing Stone that would require a supply of medicine. Anderson's was near the mouth of Shaver's creek, and near the borough of Petersburg. McAlevy's, on Standing Stone creek, in Jackson township, seventeen miles north-east of Huntingdon. Hartsock's, in Woodcock valley, between McConnellstown and Marklesburg. Shirley was one of the cordon of Provincial def nces erected during the French and Indian troubles that followed the defeat of General Braddock. It was built about 1755, on the bluff" at the northern end of the borough of Shir- leysburg, on or near the site of the Indian town of Aughwick, often mentioned in colonial annals. In the autumn of 1750, the royal forces evacuated the fort, and it does not appear to have been afterward used for defensive purposes. On the 4th day of May, 1812, the " Huntingdon volunteers " tendered their services to President Madison, in the war with Great Britain, and on Monday, HUNTINGDON COUNTY. 783 the 7th day of September following, under Robert Allison, captain, and Jacob Miller, first lieutenant, they marched to Niagara. On the 2d of October they arrived at Buffalo. Other companies from Huntingdon county were commanded by Captains Moses Canan, William Morris, and Isaac YanDevander. Dr. Alexander Dean, of the borough of Huntingdon, was chosen surgeon of the Second Pennsylvania regiment. When war with Mexico was declared, a number of patriotic citizens, probably equal in number to a full company, separately volunteered their services and were attached to different companies formed in neighboring counties. They, with- out exception, behaved gallantly ; and most of them, after having participated in many battles of the war, returned home at the close of the contest. The avidity shown by the sons of " old Huntingdon," in rallying to the support of their country in the rebellion of 1861, exhibited a patriotism not less commendable than that of the sires of '76. On the 13th or 14th of April, 1861, one or two days after the telegraph had flashed the intelligence throughout the Commonwealth that " war had com- menced," the Standing Stone Guards, of the borough of Huntingdon, tendered their services to Governor Curtin. Official notification of their acceptance was received by the company on the 19th, and on the 20bh, Saturday, numbering over ninety men, proceeded to Hai-risburg, and after discharging all but seventy-seven, were mustered in as Company D of the 5th llegiment Pennsylvania volunteers. The company was officered as follows : Benjamin F. Miller, captain ; George F. McCabe, first lieutenant; James D. Campbell, second lieutenant. The field officers of the regiment were : R. P. McDowell, of Pittsburgh, colonel ; Benjamin C. Christ, of Schuylkill county, lieutenant-colonel ; R. Bruce Petriken, of Hunt- ingdon, major. The county was represented in other Pennsylvania regiments as follows : 34th Regiment, 5th reserves — mustered into service, June 21, 1861 ; mustered out June 11, 1864; George Dare, promoted from major to lieutenant-colonel, August I, 1862; killed at Wilderness, May, 6, 1864; Fi-ank Zentrayer, promoted from captain. Company I, to major, August 1, 1862; killed at Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862; James A. McPherran, promoted from captain, Compan}'^ F, to major. May 7, 1864, mustered out with regiment; Company G, commanded successively by Captains A. S. Harrison, John E. Wolfe, and Charles M. Hilde- brand, and Company I by Captains Frank Zentmyer and James Porter. 41st Regiment, 12th reserves — mustered into service, August 10, 1861 ; mustered out June 11, 1864; Company I, commanded by Captain James C. Baker, who died July 7, 1862, and was succeeded by Captain C. W. Hazzard. 49th Regiment — John B. Miles, captain of Company C, mustered into service, August 5th, 1861 ; promoted to major, October 16, 1862 ; to lieutenant-colonel, April 23, 1864 ; killed at Spottsylvania, May 10, 1864; Company C, commanded successively by Captains Eckebarger, Hutchinson, and Smith, and Company D, commanded successively Dy Captains James D. Campbell, Quigley, and Russell ; were mustered out July 15, 1865. 53d Regiment — Company C, commanded successively by Captains John H. Wintrode and Henry J. Smith; mustered into service, October, 17, 1861 ; mustered out, June 30, 1865. 77th Regiment — Company C, mustered out, December 6, 1865. 92nd Regiment, ninth cavalry — Company M, commanded 784 HISTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. successively by Captains George W. Patterson, James Bell, Thomas S. McCahan, and D. A. Shelp ; mustered out, July 18, 1865. 110th Regiment — Isaac Rodgers, promoted from captain. Company B, to major, December 21, 1862 ; to lieutenant- colonel, December 5, 1863; wounded at Spottsylvania, and died May 28, 1864; Company B, commanded successively by Captains Seth Benner, Isaac Rodgers, and John M. Shelly ; and Company D, by Captains Samuel L. Huyett and John B. Fite ; mustered out June 28, 1865. 125th Regiment, John J. Lawrence, major — Company C, Captain William W. Wallace; Company F, Captain Wililam H. Simpson ; Company H, Captain Henry H. Gregg; Company I, Captain William H. Thomas. 149th Regiment, George W. Speer, major — Company I, commanded successively by Captains George W. Speer, promoted to major; Brice X. Blair, lost an arm at Gettysburg, July 1, 1863; Samuel Diffen- derfer, discharged May 4, 1864 ; David R. P. Neely, who was mustered out with the company, June 24, 1865. 185th Regiment, 22d cavalry — Company A, com- manded by Captain John D. Fee, nine months' service; Company K, com- manded by Captain John H. Boring, three years' service. 192d Regiment, one year's service, William F. Johnston, major — Company B, commanded by Captain Thomas S. Johnston. 195th Regiment, one hundred days' service — John A. Willoughby, quartermaster. Company F. 202d Regiment, one year's service — Company K, commanded by Captain A. Wilson Decker. 205th Regiment, one year's service — Company D, commanded b}'^ Captain Thomas B. Reed. 3rd Regi- ment, militia of 1862 — William Dorris, Jr., colonel ; Company F, commanded by Captain George W. Garrettson. 12th Regiment, Henry S. Wharton, major — company D, commanded by Captain Edward A. Green ; Company I, commanded by Captain George C. Bucher. Rev. George W. Eaton was born in Brady township, July 3, 1804, and died at Hamilton, New York, August 3, 1872. He graduated at Union College in 1829 ; was professor of ancient languages in Georgetown College, Kentucky, from 1831 to 1833. Became connected in 1833 with Hamilton Theological Insti- tute, incorporated in 1846 as Madison University-, and was successively profes- sor of mathematics and natural philosophy, of civil and ecclesiastical history and of theology. Was president of the college from 1856 to 1868, and president of the theological seminary from 1861 to 1871. John Canan settled in Harts Log valley during the Revolutionary war. On the 3d February, 1781, he was commissioned as one of the justices of Bedford county. In 1787 he was one of the members of the Assembly for that county at the time of the separation of Huntingdon county. The same year he was appointed deputy surveyor for the county of Huntingdon, and held that office until 1809. Joseph Saxton, born in the borough of Huntingdon, March 22, 1799 ; died at Washington, D. C, October 26, 1873. He learned, in youth, the trade of watch- making. He was the inventor of numerous mechanical machines, and was widely known and highly esteemed for his scientific acquirements. In 1843 he became a resident of Washington, and was employed in the Coast Survey office, where he designed and superintended the construction of the ai^paratus used in that department. He remained in the service of the government until his death. HUNTINGDON COUNTY, 785 Rev. John Johnston, born at or near the city of Belfast, Ireland, HSO ; died at Huntingdon, December, 1823. In November, 1787, he was installed as pastor of the Hart's Log and Shaver's Creek Presbyterian congregations. In 1789 his pastoral relation to the Shaver's Creek congregation was dissolved, and in 1790 he accepted a call from the Huntingdon congregation for one-half of his time. From this date until th« year of his death — a period of thirty-three years he continued as pastor of the two congregations. Hugh Brady, a brigadier-general in the United States army, was born at Huntingdon, in 1768. He entered the service in 1792 as lieutenant; served under Wayne in his campaign against the Western Indians, and in the war of 1812 was distinguished for his gallantry and braver3\ The township of Brady was named in honor of the general. Alexandria is situated on the north bank of the Juniata, seven miles north- west of Huntingdon. It is surrounded by the fertile and well cultivated lands of the valley of Hart's Log, a name derived from a log hollowed out and used by John Hart, an Indian trader, in feeding his pack-horses. It was laid out in 1798, and incorporated as a borough April 11, 1827. It contains three churches and three public schools. Birmingham, on the north bank of the Little Juniata, on the opposite side from the Pensylvania railroad, seventeen and a half miles north-west of Hunting- don, laid out by John Cadwallader, of Huntingdon, and called after the city of the same name in England, was incorporated April 14, 1838. It is the site of Mountain seminary, and has Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, and United Brethren churches. Broad Top City, near the summit of Broad Top mountain, and near the eastern terminus of the Shoup's Run branch of the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, 27.5 miles south-south-west of Huntingdon, was incorporated August 19, 1868, and contains the Mountain house, a well-kept summer resort, a Baj^tist church, and an Odd Fellows hall. Cassville, in Trough Creek valley, 17.5 miles south of Huntingdon, was incorporated March 3, 1853, and has Lutheran, Methodist Episcopal, and Metho- dist Protestant churches, two potteries, and was, until recently, the site of the Cassville Soldiers' Orphan school. CoALMONT, on the Shoup's Run branch of the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, twenty-eight miles by rail south-south-west of Huntingdon, was incor- porated November 22, 1864. Huntingdon is situated on the north bank of the Juniata, at the mouth of Standing Stone creek, two hundred and two and a half miles west of Philadel- phia. The Pennsylvania railroad and canal pass through the borough, and it is the northern terminus of the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad. Although settled as early as 1754, and widely known to traders and the Provincial authori- ties as "Standing Stone," it was not regularly laid out as a town until 1767, when Rev. Dr. William Smith, the proprietor, at that time and for many years thereafter provost of the University of Pennsylvania, called the town " Hunt- ingdon," in honor of Selina, countess of Huntingdon, in England, a lad}' of remarkable liberality and piety, who, at the solicitation of Dr. Smith, had made a handsome donation to the funds of the University. 2 z 7»6 HUNTINGDON COUNTY. 787 During the troublesome times following the defeat of General Braddock, in July, 1155, until the peace with Great Britain in 1783, this place and its vicinity was the scene of many important incidents. In 1787, it became the county seat, on the erection of Huntingdon county, and on the 29th day of March, 1796, it was incorporated as a borough. Before the completion of the canal this place commanded the principal trade of the county. This improvement compelled Huntingdon to share the business, of which it had almost a monopolj-, with several smaller towns, and for many years there was no material increase of business or population ; but a marked improvement followed the completion of the Pennsylvania, and Huntingdon and Broad Top railroads, until it has become, with a single exception, the most flourishing and populous town in the valley of the Juniata. The error committed by Dr. Smith of making the streets too narrow and omitting alleys, has been avoided in the plans of lots since laid out. The public buildings are nearly all, and the residences erected within the last decade are generally, built of brick. The streets are lighted with gas, and the sidewalks in all of the built portions of the town paved with brick. The view from the adjacent hills, taking in the town, the Juniata and Standing Stone creek with their bridges, the railroads, canal, cemetery, and the surrounding scenery, is grand. The cemetery, located on an eminence having an elevation of about one hundred and fifty feet above the river, the nucleus of which was a small plot of ground donated by the proprietor of the town, and enlarged from time to time, embraces an area of about twelve acres, is used as a place of sepulchre by all religious denominations save one, and as a place of resort during pleasant weather by the entire population. It is owned and controlled by the borough authorities. The borough contains the court house, jail, eleven churches, an academy, incorporated March 19, 1816, three public school buildings, accommodating fourteen schools with eight hundred and ninety-six scholars. The industrial establishments are numerous and varied. The population, according to the census of 1870, was 3,034; it is now (1876) estimated to be 4,100. The local government consists, besides the usual borough officers, of three burgesses and nine councilmen, one-third of whom are chosen annually for a term of three years. These officers constitute the town council, and meet statedly on the first Friday of each month, the senior burgess acting as chief burgess and presiding at the meetings. This town occupies a pretty location. It contains numerous public and private buildings, having the appearance of elegance and comfort, is well and economically governed, has about a fair admixture of the conservative and "young America" elements ; few, if any, towns in the interior of the State excel it in wealth, or in the intelligence, hospitality, and social qualities of its people ; and with the great natural advantages it possesses, should become, by a judicious combination of the capital, enterprise, and energy of its citizens, one of the most populous and flourishing boroughs of central Pennsylvania. Mapleton, situated on the Juniata river and Pennsylvania railroad, eight and one-half miles south-east of Huntingdon, was incorporated August 18, 1866. T88 HISTOB T OF PENNS TL VAWIA. The ground upon which the principal part of this borough stands was owned and occupied by Jacob Hare, a notorious Tory of the Revolution. This, with all his other real estate, was confiscated and sold. Marklesburg, on the Bedford road, in Woodcocli valley, and near the station of the same name on the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, twelve miles south-west of Huntingdon, was incorporated November 19, 1873. Mount Union, on the Pennsylvania canal and railroad, eleven and one-half miles south-east of Huntingdon, was incorporated April 19, 1867. It is the second town in the county in population, and has a Methodist, Presbyterian, and United Brethren churches. Odd Fellows hall, etc. Orbisonia, on the Black Log creek and East Broad Top railroad, was incorporated November 23, 1855. The borough limits include the site of old Bedford furnace. Winchester and Rock Hill furnaces were located on the creek, a short distance east of the borough, and the two coke furnaces of the Rock Hill coal and iron company, now producing thirty-five tons of pig metal per day, are on the southern side of the creek. The population of the town has greatly increased since the construction of the railroad, Petersburg, on the Pennsylvania railroad, at the junction of Shaver's creek with the Juniata river, six and one-half miles north of Huntingdon, was incorpo- rated April 7, 1830. It contains a Lutheran, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches, Juniata forge, a flouring mill, etc. Stages run to Williamsburg and McAlevy's Fort. Shade Gap, in Dublin township, thirty miles south-east of Huntingdon, was incorporated April 20, 1871. There is in the borough a Methodist and near its limits a Presbyterian church. Saltillo, on the East Broad Top railroad, twenty-three miles south of Huntingdon, was incorporated November 10, 1875. Shirleysburg, on the East Broad Top railroad, twenty miles south-east of Huntingdon, was incorporated April 3, 1837. This borough is located upon the site of the Indian " Aughwick old town," and the Provincial Fort Shirley. From the latter it derived its name. It contains Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyte- rian churches. Three Springs, on the East Broad Top railroad, twenty-five miles south of Huntingdon, was incorporated November 10th, 1869 ; has Baptist, Methodist Episcopal, and United Brethren churches. Beside these boroughs the following villages may be named : Barnet, on Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, in Carbon township, at the Barnet mines ; Coffee Run, on the same railroad, in Lincoln township ; Dudley, on same rail- road, in Carbon township; Eagle Foundry, in Tod township; Ennisville, in Jackson ; Franklinville, in Franklin ; Fairfield, in West ; Grafton, on Hunt- ingdon and Broad Top railroad, in Penn ; Graysville, in Franklin ; Manor Hill, in Barree ; Mill Creek, on Pennsylvania railroad in Brady ; McAlevy's Fort, in Jackson ; McConnellstown, in Walker ; Nossville, in Tell ; Newburg, in Tod ; Robertsdale, on East Broad Top railroad, in Carbon ; Shaffersville, in Morris ; Saulsburg, in Barree ; Spruce Creek, on Pennsylvania railroad, in Franklin and Morris ; Water Street, in Morris ; and Warrior's Mark, in the township of the same name. \ HUNTINGDON COUNTY. 789 Townships — At the time of the erection of Huntingdon county in 1181, the territory within its present limits was included in six townships, to wit : Barree, Dublin, Hopewell, Shirley, Frankstown, and Huntingdon. Frankstown, much reduced in area, is now one of the townships of Blair county, and in the division of Huntingdon, in 1814, one end was called Porter and the other Henderson. There are now twenty-five townships in the county. Twenty-one were formed since the erection of Huntingdon county, as follow: Franklin, March, 1789, from Tyrone; Springfield, December, 1190, from Shirley; Union, June, 1791, from Hopewell; Morris, August, 1794, from Tyrone; West, April, 1796, from Barree; Warrior's Mark, January, 1798, from Franklin; Tell, April, 1810, from Dublin ; Porter, November, 1814, from Huntingdon ; Henderson, November, 1814, from Huntingdon; Walker, April, 1827, from Porter; Cromwell, January, 1836, from Shirley and Springfield; Tod, April 11, 1838, from Union; Cass, January 21, 1843, from Union ; Jackson, January 15, 1845, from Barree; Clay, April 15, 1845, from Springfield; Brady, April 25, 1846, from Henderson; Penn, Novem- ber 21, 1846, from Hopewell; Oneida, August 20, 1856, from West; Juniata, November 19, 1856, from Walker; Carbon, April 23, 1858, from Tod; Lincoln, August 18, 1866, from Hopewell. INDIANA COUNTY. [With acknowledgmeiits to A. W. Taylor, Indiana, and J. M. Robinson, Saltsburg.'\ NDIANA county was created by act of Assembly of 1803 out of parts of Westmoreland and Lycoming counties. That part south of the purchase line was taken from Westmoreland county, and that north of the purchase line from Lycoming count}', consisting then of two townships, Armstrong and Wheatfield. The county derived its name from its first denizens. Indiana county was by the same act annexed to Westmore- land county for judicial purposes, and the courts of Westmoreland were to levy and collect the taxes. By the act of 1806 it was de- clared a part of the Tenth judicial district, then com- posed of the counties of Somerset, Cambria, In- diana, Armstrong, and Westmoreland. The area of the county is seven hun- dred and seventy-five square miles. Indiana county is bounded on the north by Jefferson county; on the east by Clearfield and Cambria ; on the south b\' Westmoreland, and on the west by Armstrong. It lies between 40° 23' and 40° 56' north latitude; and 1° 49' and 2° 14' west longitude, from Washing- ton City. The Conemaugh river (called Kiskiminetas from its junction with Loyalhanna creek) flows along the entire southern boundary of the county from east to west. The West Branch of the Susquehanna river touches the county on the north-east. Some of the spurs of the Allegheny mountains run into the county on the north- east. Laurel hill is on the east. Chestnut ridge enters on the south, and runs in a northerly direction, about half the length of the county. The dividing ridge, or water-shed, in the north-eastern part of the county, divides the waters of the 790 INDIANA COUNTY COUKT HOUSE, INDIANA. [From a Photograph by B. E. Tiffany.] INDIANA COUNTY. 79I Susquehanna that flow into the Chesapeake bay from the streams emptying into the Conemaugh and Allegheny rivers flowing southward into the Gulf of Mexico. The lowest part of this water-shed is one thousand three hundred feet above tide. •The county is well watered by numerous small streams and creeks — the largest of them Black Lick, Yellow creek, Two Lick and Black Legs, empt^dng into the Conemaugh ; Crooked creek, Plum creek. Little Mahoning, and Canoe into the Allegheny ; Cushion and Cush-Cush into the Susquehanna. Those streams flow- ing into the Conemaugh have a fall of from twenty to thirty feet to the mile ; those flowing into the Allegheny from ten to fifteen feet to the mile, and those into the Susquehanna, from thirty-five to forty feet to the mile. Inundations are very rare. Owing to the rolling character of the surface there is but very little marsh land. It is cut into small valleys and hills by the numerous small streams. The principal eminences are called " round tops," which rise from three to five hun- dred feet above the general surface of the county. Doty's Round Top, on the line of Grant and Canoe townships, is the highest point in the county. Oakes Point, highest peak of Chestnut ridge, is one thousand two hundred feet above the Conemaugh river at its base. In about one quarter of the county (the eastern part) the timber is princi- pally white pine, spruce, and hemlock. The balance of the county is covered with white oak, black oak, chestnut oak, red oak, poplar, chestnut, hickory, sugar maple, walnut, cherry, locust, cucumber, etc. The principal minerals are bituminous coal, salt, iron ore, and limestone. The soil in the eastern part of the county is loam and sand, as far as the pine timber extends. In the balance of the county the soil is loam and slate, with clayey admixture in spots. The subsoil is clay and slate. The subjacent I'ock in the low lands is a peculiar hard blue micaceous sandstone. In the higher table lands it is variegated blue and red. In the Conemaugh valley there are several salt wells, from which are manu factured an excellent quality of salt. About the year 1812 or 1813 an old lady named Deeraer discovered an oozing of salt water at low-water mark on the Indiana side of the Conemaugh river, about two miles above the present site of Saltsburg. Prompted by curiosity, she gathered some of the water to use for cooking purposes, and with a portion of it made mush, which she found to be quite palatable. This discovery very shortly led to the development of one of the most important business interests in the county. About the year 1813 Wil- liam Johnston, an enterprising young man from Franklin county, commenced boring a well at the spot where Mrs. Deemer made the discovery, and at the depth of two hundred and eighty-seven feet found an abundance of salt water. The boring was done by tramp or treadle, the poles being connected with open mortice and tongue, fastened with little bolts. The salt was manufactured by boiling the water in large kettles, or graimes, using wood for fuel. Until with the opening of additional wells, some fifty or sixty acres of wood land had been consumed for this purpose. Originally the pumping was done by blind horses, and the salt sold at five dollars per bushel retail, but as the wells multiplied the price came down to four dollars. With the increase of the trade, came new machinery and appliances in the manufacture of the salt. The unwieldy kettles 792 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. were dispensed with, and large pans of half-inch iron, some twenty feet long, ten to eleven feet wide, and eight inches deep, were used instead ; coal was used as fuel, and the blind horses were put aside, and the steam engine introduced for both boring and pumping. The place was called the Great Conemaugh salt works, from the name of the river upon which they were located, and a post office with that name was established there. The following is an enumeration of the Salt wells now or formerly in opera- tion in that region : Alonzo Livermore, one mile above Saltsburg (a dry well churning up) ; next Sugar Camp well ; Andy Stewart well (salt in limited quan- tity) ; Dick Lamarr well (good producing well, but gas in it) ; next Lamarr well (the water pumped through logs under the river by two men on each side to Samuel Reed's well and works; after some time works erected there) ; next Dick Lamon and S. Reed's well and works (a good producing well) ; the John- ston & Reed well in the river (this was the first well, two hundred and eighty- seven feet, and is now near one-third across the river) ; the Levi Hillery (one of the oldest wells), works still in blast — the well about eight hundred feet; the Barker & McConnell well, some fifteen rods from the river (a new well, but not a success) ; Joe Black & Christian Latshaw well (an old and good producing well) ; James R. Porter well (an old and rich producing well, the best No. 1 salt on the river for curing meat) ; J. R. Porter well, on a hill side some twenty rods from the river, and cut off from the canal by the West Pennsylvania rail- road buildings ; the furnaces and chimneys of the works are up, but further operations are delayed in consequence of a law-suit with the railroad company ; the John McKowan well (a good well in its time) ; the S. Waddle well, not old, but only a well ; next, forty rods distant, the Edward Carlton, now Samuel Waddle, well and works ; next, the McFarland well and works, which twenty years ago produced much salt. For the three last mentioned wells, three small engines pump the water into one set of pans, which, when in blast, produce a large amount of salt. Four miles on the Westmoreland side of the river, are the James McLanahan & Andy Boggs well (an old well, producing a great deal of salt down to about 1858, when it was abandoned) ; next, the Samuel Reed well, (fed in part by hand pump) ; the M. Johnston & A. Stewart; next, the Nathan M. D. Sterritt & David Mitchell wells (both good ; the latter not abandoned until about 1855) ; the Deep Hollow, Pete Hammer well (forty rods from the river, rather new, and not paying, was abandoned) ; the Walter Skelton well made a great quantity of salt while in blast ; the Winnings and Morrison works are of recent date, and produce a small amount of good salt. Of the twenty-four wells, and say twenty-one set of works, we have mentioned above, only three are now in blast, viz. : the Hillery, owned by Harry White, and leased to Johnston, Boyle & Son ; the Waddle group, owned and run by Samuel Waddle ; and the Wineings, owned by Wineings. We should state here that the wells enumerated are named after their original owners ; and that the twenty-one set of works attached to the wells, had at least two, and some of them five, proprietors. The most of these were excellent men, but with the exception of Samuel and William Waddle, who ran the Porter works for many j^ears, not one who survive, or their families, live in affluent circumstances. The seven wells along the river on the Westmoreland side were all put down prior to 1820 and 1822 ; and from that INDIANA COUNTY. 793 date till 1830, the group of hills on both sides of the river was like a great bee- hive ; yet the expenses of production in many instances exceeded the income The coal and machinery had to be hauled from Pittsburgh by wagon, or brought by the river in keel-boats — both expensive means of transportation. The western division of the Pennsylvania canal once passed through the Conemaugh valley, but the completion of the Pennsylvania railroad to Pitts, burgh, in 1852, rendered it useless, and it has gone to decay. The Western Pennsylvania railroad was completed in 1864. The Indiana branch, connecting with the Pennsylvania, was built in 1856, through the exertions of some of its prominent citizens. The first attempt at making a settlement within the limits of Indiana county was made in the year 1169, in the forks of the Conemaugh and Black Lick, The country had been explored as early as 1766-7, and the explorers were particularly pleased with the country. It was clear of timber or brush, and clothed in high grass — a sort of prairie. In the spring of 1772, Fergus, Samuel, and Joseph Moorhead, and James Kelly, commenced improvements near the town of Indiana. Moses Chambers was another earl}^ settler. Having served several years on board a British man-of-war, he was qualified for a life of danger and hardship. Moses continued to work on his improvement till he was told one morning that the last johnny cake was at the fire. What was to be done? There was no possibility of a supply short of the Conococheague. He caught his horse and made ready. He broke the johnnycake in two pieces, and giving one-half to his wife, the partner of his perils and fortunes, he put up the other half in the lappet of his coat with thorns, and turned his horse's head to the east. There were no inns on the road in those days, nor a habitation west of the mountains, save, perhaps, a hut or two at Fort Ligonier. The Kittanning path was used to Ligonier, and from thence the road made by General Forbes' army. Where good pastures could be had for his horse, Moses tarried and baited. To him day was as night, and night as the day. He slept only while his horse was feeding ; nor did he give rest to his body nor ease to his mind until he returned with his sack stored with corn. Moses Chambers was not the only one who had to encounter the fatigue and trouble of procuring supplies from Franklin county. All had to do so, such was the condition of this country, and such the pros- pect of settlers after the peace of 1763. A scarcity of provisions was one of the constant dangers of the first settlers, and, to make their case worse, there were no mills, even after they began to raise grain. The first year some Indian corn was planted. It grew, and in the form of " roasting ears " was gladly gathered for food. I can almost see the hardy dame, with her home-made apron of " lye color and white " pinned round her waist, stepping cautiously between the rows of corn, selecting the finest, that is to say, the best, ears for dinner, ay, and for breakfast and supper too. About the year 1773, William Bracken built a mill on Black Lick, which was a great convenience to the settlers. They marked out a path, by which they traveled to Bracken's mill. Around and near him gathered John Stewart, Joseph McCartney, John Evans, Thomas Barr, and John Hustin. About the year 1774, Samuel Moorhead commenced building a mill on Stony run, but before it was completed the settlers were driven off by the Indians. They fled to what was then called the Sewickley settlement. This 794 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. was during the Dunmore war. However, they returned in the fall to their im- provements, and Moorhead completed his mill. Along and near Crooked creek located Andrew Sharp (killed by the Indians in 1794), Benjamin Walker, Israel Thomas, James McCreight, Jacob Anthony, David Peelor, and John Patison. Among the early settlers along the Cone- maugh river. Black Lick creek, and its tributaries, and in the southern part of the county, were Charles Campbell, Samuel Dixon, John McCrea, John Harrold, Philip Altman, Patrick McGee, Archey Coleman, George Repine, Malachia Sut- ton, William Loughry, Jonathan Doty, Jacob Bricker, James Ewiug, James Ferguson, Peter Fair, James McComb, Samuel McCartney, John Neal, Alexan- der Rhea, William Robertson, Daniel Repine, John Shields, Robert Liggot, David Reed, William Graham, Ephraim Wallace, George Mabon, the Hices, Hugh St. Clair, James McDonald, and William Clark. The northern part of the county, in the early days called " the Mahoning country," was settled at a more recent date. Among the early settlers were the Bradys, the Thompsons, William Work, Hugh Cannon, John Leasure, William McCall, John Park, William McCrery, the Pierces, Robert Hamilton, Joshua Lewis, and John Jamison. In addition to those named, among the early set- tlers, in the central portion of the county, were .^ndrew^Allison, Thomas Allison, Gawin Adams, George Trimble, Alexander Taylor, John Lytle, Daniel Elgin, Conrad Rice, Thomas Wilkins, Daniel McKisson, James Mitchell, Andrew Dixon, John Agey, Blaney Adair, Thomas McCrea, Thomas Burns, William Lowry, John Wilson, Robert Pilson, John Thompson, Patrick Lydick, James Simpson, Christopher Stuchal, and William Smith. Little is known or recorded concerning the adventures of the settlers during the war of the Revolution, and the subsequent campaigns of Harmar, St. Clair, and Wayne. It is probable their residence here was precarious and unsettled. Every settler was a soldier, and preferred, indeed, occasionally the use of the rifle to that of the axe or the plough. John Thompson was one of the very few who remained here. He erected a block-house six miles north-east of Indiana borough, where he resided throughout all the troubles of the frontier. After Wayne's treaty in 1195, the settlers again returned to their homes, and resumed the occupations of peace. The early settlers of Indiana county came from the eastern counties of the State, in great part from the Cumberland valley. They were mostly of Scotch- Irish descent; in faith, Presbyterians. They came with their Bibles, their Confession of Faith, their catechisms, and their rifles. They were a brave, determined, self-denying race, b}^ no means deficient in education and love of learning. It is a notable fact that in spelling, penmanship, and accuracy of style and manner, the early records of the townships and county will compai-e favor- ably with those of more recent date. As early as 1790, Rev. John Jamison, a minister of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian (or Seceder) church, settled on a farm on Altman's run. He was a Scotchman by birth and education, and was the first minister of the gospel who settled in this county, coming here from Cumberland county. He had an organized congregation near his residence, and another at Crete, now in Centre township, and much of his time, for a number of years, he preached from settlement to settlement, in the cabins, or barns, or INDIANA COUNTY. 795 in tents in tlie woods — a sort of missionary. The first Presbyterian minister settled in the county was Rev. Joseph Henderson, who was installed pastor of the congregations of Bethel and Ebenezer in 1798, and had charge of these congregations for many years. The first Presbyterian minister located in the town of Indiana was Rev. James Galbraith, from 1809 to 1816, when he removed to Huntingdon county. Rev. John Reed succeeded him. In 1818 he was placed over the congregations of Indiana and Gilgal, and for a number of years he also taught the classics in the Indiana Academy. Among the early settlers were a number of Lutheran families, who, from the first, managed to have occasional preaching. Rev. M. Steck, of Greensburg, commencing in 1798, for several ye;irs rode through the wilderness, once in three months, to preach to his brethren in Indiana county. Then followed Rev. J. G. Lambright, Rev. Schultz, Rev. Reighart, and others. Rev. N. G. Sharretts was the pastor at Indiana and Blairsville from 1827 till his death, on the last day of 1836. The first Catholic church in the county was located at Cameron's Bottom, in 1821, under the charge of Rev. T. McGir. The first Baptist church was organized in 1824, in a settlement in Green township, mostly of Welsh origin. At a very early day there were a number of Methodist fiimilies here. Half a century ago, when Robert Nixon was the only Methodist in the town of Indiana, and when that good old Methodist minister. Rev. James Wakefield, occasionally came over from Wheatfield township to preach in the old courthouse, with his white hat, plainly cut garments, and plain earnest manner of preaching, he was something of a curiositj', and attracted the attention of old and young, never failing to draw a full house. Indiana, the county seat, comprising the separate boroughs of Indiana and West Indiana, is near the geographical centre of the county. It was laid out in 1805, by Charles Campbell, Randall Laughlin, and John Wilson, trustees appointed for the purpose. The " fork" of Two Lick and Yellow creeks, near the present site of Homer City, was a competitor for the honor of being the county seat. This site was not without its advantages, among which were its abundance of water, its water power, and the near proximity of coal. But George Clymer, of Philadelphia, with the view of enhancing the value of his adjacent bnds, ofi'ered the present site of two hundred and fifty acres as a gift. This, with the beauty of the situation and its central position, turned the scale in its favor. The main street, running east and west, was named " Philadelphia street," in honor of the residence of George Clymer. He was further honored by naming the principal street running north and south " Clj-mer." Originally the public grounds, where the court house stands, extended from Philadelphia street to Water street, and from Clymer street to Sutton alley, nearly three acres. The square upon which the Lutheran, Presbyterian, and United Presbyterian churches stand, originall}^ extended from Clymer street to Yine street, and from Church street to the then southern limit of the town, embracing about two acres and a half. Unfortunately, many years ago, building lots were sold off these public squares, to save the county a pittance of taxes ; and thus was the beauty of the town marred and the comlbrt of the inhabitants impaired. This was worse than a crime — it was an unpardonable blunder. The proceeds of the sale of the town lots were applied to the erection of the county buildings, and thus the old court 796 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. house (a most creditable building in its day) and the old jail were built without taxation and without cost to the people. The court house was built in 1808-9. The present court house, a substantial and beautiful structure, was completed in 1871. As early as 1814, the people of the county manifested their interest in the cause of education, by taking steps to erect an academy. The building was erected of stone, at the southern edge of the town of Indiana, and was completed in 1816. In 1818, it was opened for pupils under the direction of Rev. John Reed. Recently the State Normal school has been completed, and is now in successful operation. It is the largest building of the kind in the State, and unequaled in the comfort and convenience of its appointments. Indiana was incorporated as a borough March 11, 1816. The town of Indiana, with its beau- tiful and healthful location, its wide streets and side-walks, its churches, superior schools, excellent markets, railroad, and telegraph, is a home that should satisfy the most fastidious. Blairsville, the principal town of the county, is situated on the Conemaugh, seventy miles from Pittsburgh by river and fifty-seven by railroad. It was laid out in 1819. James Campbell was the original owner, but in the latter part of the year 1818 sold a portion of the land to Andrew Brown, when they at once proceeded to lay out a town, which they named in honor of John Blair, of Blair's Gap. It began to fill up rapidly, and upon the completion of the western divi- sion of the Pennsylvania canal, in 1828, to this point, it came to be an important depot, and the town was full of bustle and prosperity. It had previously (March 25, 1825) received corporate honors. It has retained its supremacy as the lead- ing town, by the thrift and enterprise of its citizens. It being the terminus of the West Pennsylvania railroad, the offices and shops of that corporation are located here, giving employment to a large number of men. It contains several handsome churches, two flourishing schools, and a number of industrial estab- lishments. Saltsburg is on the right bank of the Conemaugh, near the site of an old Indian town. It derives its name from the many salt works there located, to which reference has been made. While in the full tide of the salt business in 1811, Andrew Boggs laid out the town. It was incorporated a borough April 16, 1838. Notwithstanding the abandoning of the State canal, which added greatly to its prosperity, the town is in a flourishing condition. Armagh is an old village, settled by several Scotch-Irish families about the close of the last century. It is located in the centre of a fine farming country. Was incorporated as a borough April 9, 1834. Among other prominent towns in the county are Smicksburg, Shelocta, Marion, Mechanicsburg, and Homer City, the latter place once a competitor for the county seat. Formation of Townships Armstrong was formed soon after the organiza- tion of Westmoreland county. It was settled shortly after the close of the Revolution. . . . Banks was formed from Canoe, in 1869. . . . Black Lick from Armstrong in March, 1807. . . . Brush Valley from Wheat- field in 1835. . . . BuRRELL from Black Lick in 1854. . . . Buffing- ton from Pine in 1868. . . . Canoe from a part of Montgomery in 1868. INDIANA COUNTY. 79 1 . . Cheery Hill from Green and Pine in 1855. . . . Centre from Armstrong in 1807. . . . Conemaugh from Armstrong in March, 180*7. . . East Mahoning, West Mahoning, North Mahoning, and South Mahoning were formed by the division of Mahoning township in 1846. . . . Grant from Montgomery in 1868. . . . Green from Wheatland in 1834 Montgomery from Green in 1835. . . . Pine from Wheatfield in 1850. . . . Rayne from Washington and Green in 1847. . . . Washington from Armstrong in 1823. . . . Wheatfield, one of the original townships at the formation of the county. West Wheatfield was formed from it in 1861. . . . White, formed three miles around the borough of Indiana, in 1848. . . . Young from Black Lick and Conemaugh in 1834. JEFFERSON COUNTY. BY G. AMENT BLOSE, HAMILTON. EFFERSON COUNTY was organized from a part of Lycoming count}^, by an act erecting parts of Lycoming, Huntingdon, and Somerset counties into separate county districts, approved Marcli 26, 1804, by Thomas M'Kean, tlien Governor of the State. By the 13th section of the same act it was placed under the jurisdiction of the courts of Westmoreland county. An act passed in 1806 authorized the commissioners of Westmoreland county to act for Jefferson county. In the session of 1806 it was annexed to Indiana countj^ for judicial purposes. On the 1st of April, 1843, a portion of the territory was taken from the northeastern part of the county to form a part of Elk county ; and on the 11th of April, 1848, all that part of the county north of Clarion river was formed into Forest county. Jefferson county is bounded on the north by Forest and Elk coun- ties ; on the east by Elk and Clear- field ; on the south by Indiana ; and on the west by Armstrong and Clarion. The original length of the county is said to have been 46 miles; breadth, 26 ; and its area, 1,203 square miles. The present length of the county is 33 miles ; width, in narrowest part, 21 miles, in the broadest part, 25 miles ; area, 412,800 acres — 645 square miles. No mountains lift their lofty heads within the limits of Jefferson county ; but hills — many of them steep and rugged— line the water courses of every stream. In many places the larger streams flow through deep and narrow valleys, bordered by high and precipitous hills, the combination of which furnishes many of the elements of the beautiful in natural scenery. The land on the elevations is level, or, usually gently undulating. There are some fine pieces of valley land along a few of the large streams. The greater portion of the county is well watered. Big Mahoning creek flows in a Y98 JEFFERSON COUNTY COURT-HOUSE. (From El Photograph bj G. Clark Hall.) JEFFEBSON COUJ^TY. 799 slightly southwesterly direction, through almost the entire width of the extreme southern portion of the county. Little Sandy creek flows in a westerly direction, through the west middle portion of the southern half of the county. Sandy Lick creek flows in a northwesterly direction through the central part. Mill creek, rising in the northeastern part, takes a southwesterly direction, and empties into Sandy Lick near its confluence with North Fork. North Fork, trom the extreme northern part of the county, flows in a southwesterly course to join the Sandy Lick a few miles northwest of the central part. By their union Red Bank creek is formed, which pursues a southwestern course, leaving the limits of the county about 8^ miles from the southwestern corner. Little Toby creek flows in a northwesterly direction through the northeastern corner of the county ; and Clarion river forms a great portion of the northwestern boundary. Many smaller streams flow through difierent parts of the county. All those named are highways on which the lumber of the count}^ is carried to market. Farming and stock raising is followed in nearly every settled locality in the county. The soil in many places is very fertile, and yields rich crops of wheat, rye, buckwheat, oats, corn, potatoes, and hay. In other parts, the soil is sterile and unproductive. The land in the pine and hemlock lumber districts is usually very hard to clear, but when cleared, and the pine stumps removed by their powerful stump-machines, it makes fine farming land, and is very productive. Along the streams are some bottom lands that contain excel- lent soil for corn raising and grazing purposes. Bituminous coal underlies nearly every hill in the county. The veins range from two to twelve feet in thickness. A vein eleven feet in thickness is said to have been found in the vicinity of Troy, at a depth of about one hundred and twenty feet below the surface. The veins in the western and northwestern part of the county have a thickness of from two to four feet. The veins in the vicinity of Punxsutawney are from six to eight feet thick. Those in the neighborhood of Reynoldsville are from six to twelve feet in thickness, and cover an area of about twenty miles long by five wide. The veins around Reynoldsville and Punxsutawney are easily accessible by opening a drift in the side of a hill. The coal is obtained in this way, at the present time, all over the county. Sandstone, suitable for building and other purposes, is abundant. A good quality of limestone is found in many localities. Salt water can be reached at a depth of five or six hundred feet below the surface. Iron ore has been discovered; but whether or not it is of such a quality and in such quantities as will pay for working it, has not 3'et been tested. Many large saw mills have been built on the numerous streams for manu- facturing boards and other sawed lumber ; and planing mills for the preparation of lumber for building and other purposes. The lumber trade is carried on extensively during the winter season in the northern, eastern, southeastern, and central parts of the county. Foundries, chair factories, and shops for the manufacture of other kinds of furniture, have been erected in various localities throughout the county. A few woollen factories, also, have been built, and are in successful operation. 800 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. For many years after its establishment this county was little more than a hunting ground for whites and Indians. Large bodies of land in the best loca- tions were held for years by rich proprietors at a distance, who would neither improve their lands nor sell tliem at a fair price to those who would. For several years the lumber business was the chief occupation of the citizens, but re-actions in commercial affairs at different times have caused them to devote attention to farming. The speculations in the State of Maine gave to the lumber trade an impulse that had its influence upon this State. The Yankees, with their proverbial shrewdness, had discovered that \2i&t bodies of pine-lands were l^'ing around the sources of the Allegheny river, not appreciated at their full value by the pioneers who lived on them. They had learned to estimate it by the tree. " The Penn- sylvanians still reckoned it by the acre." Between the 3'ears 1830 and 1837 individuals and companies from New England and New York purchased large tracts of land on the head-waters of Red Branch creek and Clarion river, from the Holland Land company and other owners of extensive sections. They pro- ceeded to build saw-mills, and to conduct the lumber trade in the most approved manner. This caused quite a fermentation among the lumbermen and land- holders of the county. " More land changed owners ; new water-privileges were improved ; capital was introduced from abroad ; and during the spring floods every creek and river resounded with the preparation of rafts and the lively shouts of the lumbermen." This new impetus to emigration increased the population threefold in ten years. The land in the county has mostly passed from the hands of the large land-owners, and is held by farmers who till it and those engaged in the lumber interests. Large tracts have been bought up for the coal and other minerals from farmers and owners in the vicinity of the coal region about Reynoldsville, by P. W. Jenks, Esq., and others, between 1865 and 1875. The Low Grade division of the Allegheny Yalley railroad was completed in 1874. It passes through the county along Red Bank and Sandy Lick creeks, and connects the Allegheny Yalley railroad, at the mouth of Red Bank, with the Philadelphia and Erie railroad at Driftwood. Along the line of the railroad the county is rapidly filling with settlers. The first white settler in Jefferson county was Joseph Barnett. He served during the Revolution under General Potter, on the West Branch, and was in the State service against the Wyoming boys. It is stated in a sketch of the county, found in an old book, that Andrew Barnett, Jr., Esq., said Joseph Barnett set- tled at the mouth of Pine creek, in Lycoming county, after the close of the war ; and perhaps was one of the Fair-play boys, and that he lost his property by the operation of the common law, which superseded the jurisdiction of fair play. However this may be, Joel Spyker, who is still living, and has paid a great deal of attention to the history of the county, and was well acquainted with Joseph Barnett, relates that Mr. Barnett told him that he brought his family here from Linglestown, Dauphin county, in 1797, penetrating the wilderness of tlie upper Susquehanna by the Chinklacamoose path, and passing between the sources of the Susquehanna and the Allegheny, he arrived on the waters of Red Bank, then called Sandy Lick, where he had bought lands of Timothy Pickering & Co. JEFFEBSON COUNTY. gOi Barnett pitched his tent on Sandy Lick creek, and called the place Port Barnett. It is on the Susquehanna and Waterford turnpike, at the mouth of Mill creek. Here he built a saw mill. His brother Andrew and his brother-in-law, Samuel Scott, accompanied him on this occasion. Nine Seneca Indians of Cornplanter's tribe assisted him to raise the mill. They worked very well until they got a good dinner ; after dinner they did nothing, it being the custom of the Indians not to work when their stomachs were full. He soon learned this and treated them accordingly. Leaving his brothers to look after the mill, he returned to his family, for the purpose of bringing them out. But Scott soon followed him with the melancholy news of the death of his brother, who had been buried by Scott and the friendly Indians. He was discouraged for a time by this news, but in 1799 he moved his family out, again accompanied by Mr. Scott, and a young man by the name of Graham, if the information is authentic, was brought with them, some of whose descendants are still in the county. " They sawed lumber and rafted it down to Pittsburgh, where it brought twent3'-five dollars a thousand in those days." The adventures and hardships attending frontier life were felt by the early settlers. Mr. Barnett once carried sixty pounds of flour on his back from Pittsburgh, a distance of nearly one hundred miles; and many times had to canoe from Pittsburgh, flour, salt, and other necessaries for his family. The nearest grist mill was on Black Lick creek, in Indiana county. Mr. Barnett knew nothing of the wilderness south of him, and was obliged to give an Indian four dollars to pilot him to Westmoreland. The nearest house on the path eastward was Paul Clover's (grandfather of General Clover), thirty- three miles distant, on the Susquehanna, where Curwensville now stands ; west- ward, Fort Venango was distant forty-five miles. These points were the only resting places for the travelers through that unbroken wilderness. The Senecas of Cornplanter's tribe were friendly and peaceable neighbors, and often extended their excursions to these waters, where they encamped, two or three in a squad, to hunt deer and bears. They took the hams and skins, piled up in the form of a ha}' stack, on rafts constructed of dry poles, to Pittsburgh, and traded them for trinkets, blankets, calicoes, weapons, and such things as suited their use or pleased their fancy. They were always friendlj', sober, and rather fond of making money. During the war of 1812, the settlers were apprehensive that an unfavorable turn of the war on the lakes might bring an irruption of savages upon the frontiers through the Seneca nation. A Muncy Indian, called Old Captain Hunt, had his camp for several years on Red Bank, probably within the present limits of the south-western part of Brookville. He obtained his living by hunting, the results of which he enjoyed in drinking whiskey, of which he was excessively fond. One year he killed seventy-eight bears. He expended nearly all the price of the skins, which was probably about three dollars each, for his favorite beverage. Samuel Scott remained in the county till 1810, when, having gathered together by hunting and lumbering about two thousand dollars, he went down to the Miami river, and bought a section of land. About the year 1802 or 1803, John, William, and Jacob Vastbinder, a family from New Jersey, came and settled on Mill creek, three miles north-east 3 A 803 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. of Barnett. John Matson, Sr., came in 1805 or 1806. The Lucases, also, came into the county among the first settlers. Joseph Barnett's descendants have all left the county. John Bell settled in the southern part of the county, one mile north of the present site of Perrysville, about 1809 or 1810. He came here from Indiana county, to where he had moved about two years previously from Sewickley settle- ment. When he came into the county it was an unbroken wilderness for miles around him. Panthers, bears, and wolves roamed the woods undisturbed ; deer traveled about in droves, and flocks of wild turkeys were numerous. Archie Haddan came into the county about 1811 or 1812, and settled a mile south-east of Bell. About 1814 or 1815 Hugh McKee settled half a mile east of Perrysville. In 1818 John Postlethwait, Sr., came from Westmoreland county with his family, and settled a mile and a half north-west of Perrysville. Near the same time a family b}' the name of Young settled about two miles west of Perrysville. Soon after 1816 people began to settle in the vicinity of where Punxsutawney stands. Abram Weaver is said to have been one of the first to settle there. About 1817 or 1818 Rev. David Barclay, Dr. John W. Jenks, and Nathaniel Tindle, families from New Jersey, settled in Punxsutawney. Charles C, Gaskill and Isaac P. Carmalt came some time later. lion. James Winslow and others were among the first settlers in the neighborhood. Jesse Armstrong and Jacob Hoover settled near where Clayville now is, some time near 1822 or 1823. Adam Long came with them, but he removed to a place near Punxsutawney in 1824. James McClelland and Michael Lantz came into the present limits of Porter township, in the south-western corner of the county, previous to the year 1820. A Mr. Baker settled across the creek, east of Whitesville, about 1822; John McIIenry, James Bell, and others moved into the Round Bottom, near Whites- ville, somewhere near the year 1822. In the year 1822 David Postlethwait purchased a riglit of settlement to land from Benjamin McBride and William Stewart, who had settled in the Round Bottom, west of Whitesville, about a year before, and cleared a few acres. About 1820 or 1821 Lawrence Nolf settled on Pine run, about two miles south of Ringgold. He made no improvement ; and about 1828 sold out to John Mil- ler, who opened up a farm. In 1822 David Postlethwait and his brother John settled on Pine run, about two miles south-east of where Ringgold now stands. It was then Perry township. The same year Samuel Newcom settled about a mile up the run from Postlethwait. About 1818 or 1819 David, John, and Henry Milliron settled on Little Sandy ; and near the same time Henry Nolf settled on Little Sandy, where Longville now stands, and erected a saw-mill. James Stewart settled in the county, three miles north west of Perrysville, about 1821. Alexander Osborn, John Mcintosh, John McGhee, IIenr\' Keys and his brother, Matthew and William McDonald, Andrew Smith, William Cooper, William McCullough, and John Wilson were some of the first settlers in the north eastern part of the county, in what is now Washington township. The one first named settled in 1824. John Wilson, without any means but his work, built a grist mill. He borrowed a "pair of country mill-stones" from Alexander Osborn, extemporized a blacksmith shop to make the irons, exchanged wurk with John McGhee, who was a millwright, received some assistance from JEFFERSON' COUNTY. 803 the neighbors, and got it into successful operation. Bears wore plent}-, and several stories are related of persons chasing bears off .their hogs with axes and clubs. Nancy McGhee, wife of Jobn McGhee, and their hired man, had an adventure of this kind once, when jNIr. McGhee was away from home. Mrs. Ann Smith, one of the early settlers, left Iieland at the age of ten, never went to school in America, was married at the nge of sixteen, yet in her old age she taught school. When her husband was discouraged in the backwoods, she was so anxious to build up a home for her children in the country that she offered him one years' work if he would remain. For twelve months she went out to the fields to work as regularly as he did. About 1816, Lewis Long and his son William shot five wolves without changing their position. The first shot killed VIEW OF THE BOROUGH OP PUNXSUTAWNEY. the leader, and they called the rest back by imitating tlieir howling. Jackson Long, a son of William, shot a panther in its den, about 1850. The Indians, probably, never made this part of the county much of a resort. The Seneca Indians, from their reservation in Warren county, sometimes came to hunt and make sugar. The early settlers could see where they had made sugar. They had troughs that would hold about two quarts, in which to catch the sap. This they collected into a large trough, and dipped hot stones into it to boil it down. This sirup, no doubt, had a singed taste, and could not have been very clean; but they relished it. In the year 1831, George Blose moved his family from Westmoreland county, and settled half a mile east of Perrysville. He subsequently moved into the present limits of the village. In^ the fall of 1834, his son, George Blose, Jr., came into the county and settled near his father; but in the spring of 1836 he moved two miles west of Perrys- ville, and settled permanently. At that time the wolves were so numerous andi 804 HISTOB Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. 80 bold that they would come within a few rods of tlie house at night and howl. That was about all they did, except to scare the children and kill one or two sheep. Soon after this a number of German families settled a mile or two north of Blose. J. McAnulty, a Mr. Barr, William B. Slack, A. Slack, William Love, and J. Ardr\' were among the first settlers near where Corsica now is. Frederick Kahle settled three miles west of Sigel, in 1838 ; Jacob Beer, David Silvis, George Wolford, Thomas Callen, George Catz, James McNeal, and others came into the same vicinity later. It was some place along Mill creek, a stream three or four miles from Sigel, that a Mr. Long and two of Kahle's boys, John and Jacob, caught eight young wolves in a den. John, the older, on going in the ninth time, as he done before, armed with a torch, a stick four or five feet long with a hook in it to fasten it into the wolves, and a rope tied to his foot to pull him out, caught the old one. They thought she was out. He pulled the rope and they drew him out ; but he was unable to take' her with him. When he told Long, he tried to hire him, for ten dollars, to go in again, but he would not. Long then tried to hire his brother, and he would not go in. Then Long whet his knife, fixed his gun and started in, but came back before getting out of sight. At about the fourth trial he came out, and said he had seen the wolf; they did not shoot her, however. John Fuller settled near Reynoldsville about 1822, Andrew McCreight about 1831, Tilton and William Reynolds about 1832, Thomas Reynolds about 1835. William Best and Jacob Smith were among the first settlers in Paradise settle- ment. Joshua Vandevort settled near Mayville, in Warsaw township, about 1825 ; Byron Gibbs and others, in 1834 ; Elihu Clark and Isaac Temple, in 1835 ; James Moorhead settled in the vicinity of Richardsville, in 1835, and John Humphrey about the same time ; William Richards came in 1837, and built a saw mill, grist mill, and woolen factory ; James and Alonzo Brockway came into the county and settled on Little Tobey creek, within the limits of the present town of Brockwayville ; Dr. A. M. Clark built a grist mill and saw mill at the same place in 1828 or 1830; Jacob Shaffer, Joel Clark, and a Mr. Wash- burn settled about two miles above Brockwayville, in 1825. At one time Pine Creek township was the only one in the county. It was established by act of Assembly in 1806, and named in honor of so many pine trees in its boundaries, and water enough to float them. Perry, the second township, was organized from Pine Creek in 1818, and named after Oliver Hazard Perry. Young, the third township, was organized from Perry in 1826. Rose, the fourth township within the present limits of the count}"^, was taken from Pine Creek in 1827. Barnett was formed from Rose in 1833, and named after Joseph Barnett, the first white settler in the county. Snyder was erected from Pine Creek in 1835, and named after Governor Simon Snyder. Eldred was orga- nized in 1836 from Rose and Barnett, and named after Nathaniel B. Eldred, president judge of the district. Washington was formed from Pine Creek in 1836, and named after General Washington. Porter was taken from Perry in 1840, and named after David R. Porter, who was then governor. Clover was formed from Rose in 1841, and named after Levi G. Clover, who was then pro- thonotary. Gaskill was organized from Young in 1842, and named in honor of Charles G. Gaskill. Warsaw was taken from Pine Creek in 1843, and named by JEFFEBSON COUNTY. 805 the people after a city of Poland. Winslow was form'^d from Washington, Pine Creek, and Gaskill, in 1846, and named after Hon. James Winslow, an associate judge. Heath was taken from Barnett in 1847, and named after Elijah Heath, once an associate judge. Ringgold was organized from Porter in 1848, and named in honor of Major Ringgold, who was killed on the eighth of Ma}^, 1846, at Palo Alto. Union was organized in 1848 from Rose and Eldred, and named from a Union of the citizens to form the township. Beaver was formed from Clover and Ringgold in 1850, and named after a run that flows through it. Polk was organized from Warsaw and Snyder in 1851, and named after James K. Polk. Oliver was formed from Perry in 1851, and named after Oliver II. Perry. Knox was taken from Pine Creek in 1853, and named after Hon. John C. Knox, the president judge. Bell was organized from Young in 1857, and named in honor of James H. Bell, an old resident, and once an associate judge. McCal- mont was formed from Young in 1857, and named after John S. McCalmont. Henderson was organized from Gaskill in 1857, and named after lion. Joseph Henderson, an associate judge. Three townships, Ridgway, Jenks, and Tion- esta, and parts of Barnett, Heath, and Snyder, were taken from the count}'. Brookville, the county seat, is situated on the line of the Allegheny Valley railroad — Low Grade division — forty miles from the mouth of Red Bank, the western terminus, and sixty-six miles from Driftwood, the eastern terminus. By an act passed, and approved by Governor J. Andrew Shulze, in April, 1829, the Legislature appointed John Mitchell, of Centre county, Robert Orr, Jr., of Arm- strong, and Alexander McCalmont, of Venango, commissioners, to meet on the first Monday in September, 1829, at the house of Joseph Barnett, to fix a proper site for the county seat of Jefferson. The inducement to locate on the ground where it now stands was on account of its being on the Susquehanna and Water- ford turnpike, and at the confluence of Sandy Lick and North Fork creeks. Lots were sold in June, 1830, and building was begun. It was organized as a borough in 1843. The population in 1870 was 1,942. PuNXSUTAWNEY is the oldest town in the county. It had a store long before there was one in Brookville. Rev. David Barclay laid out the town in 1818 or 1819. It was organized as a borough in 1851. The population in 1870 was 558. Punxsutawney is situated on Big Mahoning creek, eighteen rriles south-east of Brookville. Corsica is on the Waterford and Susquehanna turnpike, seven miles north- west of Brookville. The Olean road from Kittanning to Olean passes through the place. The town was laid out in August, 1847, by John J. Y. Thompson and J. McAnulty. It was organized as a borough in 1859. The population in 1870 was 372. At present it is about 500. On the 2d of June, 1873, nearly the entire town was consumed by fire. All the business places and hotels in the town were destroyed. The estimated loss was $125,000. It was not more than two or three hours in burning. The place has three public schools and an academy. Clayville became a borough in 1864. The town was laid out by William and James Gillespie. Population in 1870 was 189. It is one mile west of Punxsutawney. JUNIATA COUNTY [ With acknowledgments to Silas Wright, Millerstown, Perry county. ] UNIATA county was formed by the act of March 2, 1821, out of that part of Mifflin county south-cast of the Shade and Black Log moun- tains, 'rhe name Juniata, given to this county, was doubtless sug- gested by the river which comes within its boundaries through the long narrows of the Shade and Blue mountains, and flows in a south-eastward i JUNIATA COUNTY COURT HOUSK AND SOLDlKR.s' MONUMKNT. [From a Photograph b; Joaeph Hen, UidintowB. ] direction for a distance of twenty miles, passing between and separating Tusca- rora and Turkey hills, till it reaches Perry county. The creeks which rise within 806 JUNIATA COUNTY, 807 or pass through its boundaries are Lost, Tuscarora, Licking, Cocolamus, West Mahantango, and Black Log. Lost creek originates from several sources, and flows into the Juniata. Tuscarora creek rises in Huntingdon county, and flows in a north-eastward course for thirty miles through the Tuscarora valley until it is joined by Licking creek, and falls into the Juniata river about two and one- half miles below Miftlintown. Cocolamus creek rises in Greenwood township, Juniata county, and flows south-east through Greenwood township. Perry county, into the Juniata river one mile below Millerstown. West Mahantango creek rises in Monroe township, and flows east and south-east, forming the boundary line between part of Monroe and Susquehanna townships and Snyder county, and falls into the Susquehanna river at " McKee's Half Falls." Black Log creek rises in Tuscarora township, and flows south-west through Black Log valley, in Huntingdon county, into the Great Aughwick creek. Juniata county is irregular in shape, having an average length of forty miles, and being nine miles in breadth. It has an area of 230,400 acres (360 miles), of which 115,200 acres are cleared, and the balance form the groves that every- where invite the weary to the refreshing cool of their shades in the valleys, or hide the bald ugliness of the rocks on her hill sides. A series of nearly parallel belts of various rock formations range across this county from north-east to south-west, following the dii-ection of the mountain ridges, which are brought successively to the surface by lines of elevation and depression. The variegated and red shale overlying the mountain sandstone appears along the north-west side of Tuscarora mountain, and again on the Juniata above Mexico, having between these points a belt of the overlying fossiliferous limestone and sandstone, as seen between Thompsontown and Mexico, on the turnpike. A similar belt of this limestone, with the sandstone accompanying, appears at Miflilintown, above which place we find the red and variegated shale formation extending to the foot of Shade mountain. In Tuscarora valley, a few miles south-west of the Juniata, the fossiliferous sand- stone divides into two branches, liaving between them the overlying olive slate, which further up the valley is itself overlaid by the red shales and sandstones next in the series. Tuscarora Yalley was first settled in 1149, by the Scotch-Irish, who crossed the Tuscarora from Cumberland county. These settlers valued more the slate lands, with their abundance of pure spring water, than the rich limestone soil where deep wells were required to obtain water. The following facts were obtained from the histories of I. D. Kupp and U. J. Jones : The first four settlers in Tuscarora valley were Robert Hagg, Samuel Bingham, James Grey, and John Gre3\ They cleared some lands, and built a fort known in the Provincial records as Bingham's Fort. The first settlement on the river was made in 1751, by Captain James Patterson. Patterson and his companions cleared the land on both sides of the river, near where Mexico now stands. They built two large log-houses, and pierced them with loop-holes, that they might defend them- selves from attacks by the Indians. Patterson's strategy for inspiring the Indians with fear is related to have been a target which he kept leaning against a tree. Whenever he saw a party of friendly Indians approaching he used to stand in his door and blaze away at the target, always stopping when the Indians 808 HISTOR Y OF PEJSfNS YL VANIA. came near. They would examine the target and look at the distance, and shrug their shoulders with an ugh/ which meant their determination to keep out of Patterson's way. Patterson held his lands in defiance of the Provincial gov- ernment and the cowardly redskins until 1755, when the Indians ceased to visit his settlement to barter furs and venison for rum and tobacco, and instead be^an to prowl around painted for war, and armed with rifles, tomahawks, and knives. At length Patterson and his companions became alarmed at the hostile demonstrations of the savages, and took refuge in Sherman's valley. Several years after this time, when these settlers thought it safe to return, they found their lands parceled and occupied by others. Nothing daunted, their bold leader selected another piece of land without going through the formula of the land office to obtain an undisputed title, Patterson denied the Penn claim through the Albany treaty to the land. These settlers remained in undisputed possession of their "squatter rights " until the spring of HtiS, when they heard the alarming intelligence that a body of Shawanese Indians were encamped in Tuscarora valley. Their moveable effects were placed upon pack-horses and they escaped safely, and again took up their residence in Sherman's valley. When the harvest was ready to cut, early in July, the settlers and a party of others went back to reap the grain. On the following Sunday, the 5th of July, while resting from their labors at the house of William White, they were attacked by a marauding part}"- of twelve Shawanese Indians, who made the onset while the reapers were resting on the floor, by creeping up close to the door and shoot- ing them while in that position. They killed William White and all his family that were there except one boy, who, when he heard the guns, leaped out of the window and made his escape. The reapers all escaped through the back door, excepting William Riddle. Some swam the river ; others went in difierent direc- tions. Riddle, hardly conscious of what he wai doing, walked toward the front door, where a savage met him and fired his gun, but the ball just grazed him. He was fortunately enabled afterwards to escape by flight. Riddle's conduct in this affair may have been due to the fact that his son, who had escaped with- out his notice, was believed to be in the house. Four j'ears afterwards, 17G7, perhaps. Riddle started for the frontier in search of his son. As the father approached the Indian village, he saw the warriors returned from the chase, and among them a young brave with an eagle feather in his cap, who proved to be his son, now a chief, and even refusing to recognize his father when he was convinced that he was not an Indian. The night after the first day's journey homeward, John Riddle escaped back to the Indians in the night, leaving his father asleep. The father returned, and sternly demanding his son, succeeded finally in bringing him home. Riddle grew to manhood, and reared a large family in Walker township, all of whom have since moved to the West. The same band of Indians stealthily approached the house of Robert Campbell, which was the largest in the settlement and pierced with loop-holes for defence, similar to that belonging to Patterson, and fired at the persons in the house. James Campbell was wounded in the wrist and taken prisoner, but tht re is no authentic account of any person being killed. As soon as the JUNIATA COUNTY. 809 Indians had discharged their rifles, one of them sprang into the house, and with uplifted tomahawk, rushed upon a bed on which George Dodds was lyino-, but fortunately his rifle was within reach, which he grasped and fired at random, wounding the Indian in the groin. The Indians retreated, and Dodds went up stairs, and escaping hastily through an opening in the roof, fled to Sherman's valley and spread the alarm. The same marauding party of Indians proceeded up Tuscarora valley, and came to the house of William Anderson in the dusk of the evening. The old man was seated at the table with the open Bible on his lap, conducting the evening worship, with his son and an adopted daughter around him. They shot the old man, and tomahawked and scalped his son and adopted daughter. Two brothers named Christy, and a man named Graham, who lived near Mr. Anderson, hearing the firing of guns at his place, fled and reached Sherman's valley about midnight. Their report spread new terror and alarm among the settlers. In order to save Collins' and James Scott's families, who lived farther up the valley, and had returned to reap their harvests, twelve men, consisting of three brothers Robinson, William and James Christy, Charles and John Elliot, John Graham, Daniel Miller, Edward McConnell, William McAllister, and John Nicholson, volunteered to go into the upper end of Tuscarora valley. They went by Bingham's gap, the outlet of Liberty valley. Perry, into Juniata county, and reached the valley early on Monday morning. When they came to Collins' they saw a broken wheel, and knew by the Indians' bark spoons, where they had breakfasted on water gruel, that there were thirteen of them. They tracked them down the valley to James Scott's, where they had killed some fowls ; continuing the pursuit they came to Graham's, where the house was on fire and burned down to the joists. Here the men were divided into two parties, of which William Robinson was the captain of one, and Robert Robinson, the narrator, led the other. Here the party of twelve savages met the party of thirteen coming down the valley. They killed four hogs and dined at leisure, being satisfied that there were none of the settlei's west of the Tuscarora mountains who would pursue them. The pursuers took the path by way of Run gap, north of Ickesburg. The path the Indians took and the one by which the settlers went in pursuit met at Nicholson's farm. The Indians arrived first, and being apprised of their pursuers coming, lay in ambush awaiting their approach. The Indians being twenty-five in number, and having the first fire, they killed five of their pursuers and wounded Robert Robinson. The particulars of this engagement will be given under Perry count}', as Robert Robinson's narrative. From 1749 to 1754, the four " first settlers " were joined by several other persons, among whom were George Woods and a man named Robert Innis. In the spring of 1156, John Grey and Innis went to Carlisle to purchase salt. As they were returning, while descending the mountain, Grey's horse frightened at a bear crossing the path, and threw him off and ran away. Innis, anxious to see his family, went on to the fort and was taken prisoner, but Grey was detained several hours in capturing his horse and righting his pack. The acci- dent which caused Grey's detention saved him from death or captivity, for he reached the fort in time to find the logs well burned, and that every person in it had either been killed or taken prisoner by the Indians. Failing to find his 810 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. wife and only daughter among the charred remains of those who had been mas- sacred in the fort, Grey concluded, and as the sequel will show correctly too, that they had been carried away by the Indians. Mrs. Grey and daughter, George Woods, Innis's wife and three children, and others of the settlers were taken across the Alleghenj' mountains to the old Indian town, now known as Kittan- ning, and thence to Fort Duquesne, where they were given over as prisoners into the custody of the French. Woods was a. remarkable man. He purchased his own ransom, and subse- quently followed surveying in Juniata, Bedford, and Allegheny counties. He assisted in laying out Pittsburgh, the Fort Duquesne of his daj's of captivity, and succeeded in having a street named after him — it is now called Wood Street. Woods' daughter married Ross, who was a candidate for Governor of the State. Mrs. Grey and her daughter were given to some Indians, who took them to Canada. In the ensuing fall, John Grey joined Colonel Armstrong's expedition against Kittanning, in hopes of recapturing, or at least gaining some intelligence of his family. Failing in this, he returned home, broken in health and spirits, made his will, and died. The will divided the farm between his wife and daugh- ter equall}'. It provided that if the daughter did not return, a sister was to have her half in lieu of a claim of £13 which she held against him. About a year after her captivity, Mrs. Grey was assisted by some traders to escape, and reached her home in safety, but had to leave behind her daughter, who was still retained in captivit}-. She proved her husband's will, and took possession of her half of the property. The conditions of the treaty of 1764 were, that the captive children were to be brought to Philadelphia to be recognized and claimed by their friends. There was no child that Mrs. Grej' recognized as her little Jane. She was probably advised to claim a child of the same age to get possession of the entire property. In the time that intervened from n()4 to 1789, the child claimed as Jennie Grej' grew to womanhood, developing coarse and ungainly features, awk- ward manners, and loose morals. The estate descending to her, she married a Mr. Gillespie, who either bequeathed or sold it to a Mr. McKee, a Seceder clerg}-- man. In the meantime the children of James Grey, who became the heirs of the sister, obtained information and evidence sufficient to cause them to doubt the identity of the returned captive. Suit was brought by the heirs of the sister in 1789, for the recovery of the land, and lasted till 1834, when it was decided in favor of the heirs, and against the claimants in right of the captive. For a full account of this case, the reader is referred to 10 Sergeant & Rawle, com- mencing on page 182. Bingham's fort, burnt in 1756, was rebuilt in 1760 by Ralph Sterrett, who was an Indian trader, and absent with his famih' at the time it was burnt. His son, William Sterrett, born in this fort after it was rebuilt, was the first white child born in Tuscarora valley. In the spring of 1763, the fort was again burnt, but warned of the approach of the savages by a friendly Indian, the inmates and settlers who sought its protection were enabled to escape to Carlisle, then the only barrier of protection between them and their merciless foes. Lost Creek valley, including the larger and wealthier portion of the county, is said to have received its name from the circumstance of some Indian traders who visited it as early as 1740, and bar- JUNIATA COUNTY. 811 tered with the Indians of its one or two aboriginal settlements. The next year they attempted to return to the valley again for the purposes of trade, but were unable to find it. The following year the traders returned and found the valley and Indians again without much trouble, and named the valley Lost Creek. The Indians left this valley about 1754, in obedience to the provisions of the Albany treaty-, by which the land from the Kittatinny to the Allegheny moun- tains passed into the possession of the whites, to be purchased as required by the Proprietary government. The Indians found in the Tuscarora Yalley when the whites first entered were the Tuscaroras, from whom it derived its name. The Tuscaroras immigrated from the Carolinas, and joined the "Five Nations" in 1704. It was then probably that they had the fierce encounter with the Delawares, or Conoys, of the Tuscarora valley, an account of which their traditions give as follows: On the west side of Licking creek was a village of the Delawares, and on the other a village of the Tuscaroras. Both tribes lived harmoniously together, sharing the same privileges of hunting, fishing, etc., until one day their children began quarreling about a grasshopper ; the women took up the children's quarrel, and finall}^ the warriors took the part of their wives, when a long, fierce, and bloody struggle followed. It is probable that more than a hundred men, women, and children perished in this conflict. — all for a grasshopper. It is further related that Sachems, desirous of peace, w-ould revert to the folly of the " grasshopper war." The early settlers of Juniata county were nearly all members of the Presbyterian church. As early as 1795 mention is made of Rev. Hugh Magill, who was pastor of Lower Tuscarora and Cedar Spring churches. These two places were doubtless the earliest preaching places within the limits of the county. Next to organize was Upper Tuscarora and Little Aughwick. They promised their pastor a salary of one hundred and fifty-one pounds, which was accepted by Rev. Alexander Mcllwaine. Next the congregations of Middle and Lower Tuscarora became one charge, with Rev. John Coulter as pastor. Rev. Magill, by reason of infirmity, remained in charge of Cedar Spring churches until the next year, when Mifflintown and Lost Creek churches were united under the pastorship of Rev. Mathew Brown, D.D., who remained with them three j^ears, and afterwards became president of Jefferson College. The oldest Lutheran congregations were Rice's chuich, in Tuscarora valley, and St. Mary's, at Mifflintown. Rev. John William Heim, the most remarkable early Lutheran minister in this section, preached his first sermons in these churches, on the 26th of June, 1814. At this time he preached to eight congre- gations — tw^o in Juniata count}', three in Perry, one in Snyder, and two in Miflflin — each once in four weeks. In Lost Creek valley there are Mennonites and Dunkards. The Mennonite churches are four in number, of which the oldest is about two miles from Rich- field. The Dunkards have two churches, each about two miles from McAUister- ville, in diff"erent directions. Mifflintown, the county seat, occupies an elevated site on the left bank of the Juniata river, one hundred and fifty miles from Washington City, forty-three miles from Harrisbuig, and twelve from Lewistown by the " old State pike " II 812 HISTOR T OF PENNS YL VAKIA. road. The Pennsylvania canal passes between the town and the river. It is connected with Patterson, which is opposite, on the right bank of the river, by a toll bridge. Mifflintown was laid out in 1791, by John Harris, who named it in honor of Thomas Mifflin, then President of the Supreme Executive Coimcil of the State. It improved slowly until it was selected as the county seat, in 1831. It was incorporated as a borough in 1833. Mifflintown contains a new court house, located on the site of the old one, on a lot three hundred feet in depth by two hundred feet in width. It is built of brick, and was erected in 1874-75. A soldiers' monument was erected in the court yard, in 1870, by the citizens of the county, assisted by the count}*^ commissioners. It is eighteen feet high, crowned with a spread eagle, and bears the following inscription : " In memory of the Soldiers from Juniata County, who died in the war of the Great Rebellion, in defence of the Union of their fathers." It is surrounded by a neat iron fence. In 1871, this borough was visited by a terrible fire which destroyed all the town east of Bridge street, except the houses of William Allison and N. A. Elder, Chamberlin's tannery, and Ellis' blacksmith shop, including in the loss dwellings, hotels, printing offices, stores, warehouses, to the amount of $250,000, on which there was an insurance of $90,000. On Saturday, the 23d of August, 1873, the town was again visited by a second destructive fire, which consumed seventeen buildings, including dwellings, stores, offices, and stables. The loss was probably $70,000, on which there was an insurance of $58,467. Both fires were the work of incendiaries. Another town, lower on the river, was laid out by a Mr. Taylor, who owned the land in 1800, and christened Taylorsville. There were five or six houses at one time, of which a single one alone remains. Patterson is to Mifflintown what Brooklyn is to New York City, on a smaller scale. It contains the Pennsylvania railroad depot, scheduled "Mifflin," which is a regular stopping-place for all trains, and a round-house for repairing and cleaning engines. It is a separate borough, and had a population in 1860 of five hundred and forty, and in 1870, six hundred and fifty-nine, of whom but one was of the colored race. It supports three schools. It was laid out in 1849, by Mr. Fallen, of Philadelphia, and named Patterson. First it contained a few houses, with a railroad stopping place, but it has grown to be a town of some importance, having a large trade in coal from the coal schutes there erected. Port Royal, formerly Perrysville borough, is a railroad stopping place, one hundred and fifty-one and a half miles from Philadelphia, forty years ago "a smart little village of neat white houses, at the mouth of Tuscarora and Licking creeks, two and a half miles below Mifflintown." It has long enjoyed the educational advantages of Airyview academy, in charge of Prof. David Wilson. Iron ore is found in the immediate vicinity. It was laid out in 1815, by Henry Groee. The post office at this place was called Port Ro3^al,to distinguish it from Perrysville, in Allegheny county. Perrysville was incorporated as a borough in 1843. Mexico, a post village of Walker township, on the left bank of the Juniata river, five miles from Mifflintown, was laid out by Tobias Kreider, about 1804. It has a grist mill, saw mill, and woolen factory on Doe run. Thompsontown, the fourth borough of Juniata county, was laid out by Mr. Thompson, in 1790. JUNIATA COUNTY. 813 It is about half a mile north of the Juniata river, and a mile from the station of the same name, the first on the Pennsylvania railroad in the county. The river is crossed at this place by an excellent wooden toll bridge. The turnpike leading from Millerstown to Lewistown passes through the town, at a distance of five miles from the former and twenty-five miles from the latter ; Delaware run passes through the town and flows into the Juniata river. Thorn psontown was incorporated as a borough in 1868. Waterloo, Peru Mills, and Shade Valley are post villages of Lack township. These villages are about four railes apart. Waterloo is seventy miles from Harrisburg. It has one principal street passing through the centre of the town, and one branch of manufacture, that of wind-mills. Oakland and McAllisterville are the post villages of Fayette township. McAllisterville, formally called Calhounsville, was laid out by a Mr. McAllister. It is fifty-five miles north-west of Harrisburg, and twelve miles from Mifflintown. In 1830 it contained six or seven houses. McAllisterville academy, in charge of Prof. George F. McFarland, was organized and continued until 1863, when the principal and many of the students enlisted in the Union army. McAllisterville Soldiers' Orphan School, with Colonel George F. McFarland as the first princi- pal, was subsequent!}^ organized at this place. The grounds belonging to this institution comprise thirty acres. Organization of Townships — The original townships were Fermanagh, Greenwood, Milford Lack, Tuscarora, Turbett, and Walker. From these have been formed: Beale, from Milford, February 8, 1843; Delaware, from Greenwood and Walker, February 3, 1836; Faj'ette, from Greenwood and Fermanagh, Decem- ber 4, 1834; Monroe, from Greenwood, July 24, 1858; Spruce Hill, from Tur- bett, September 10, 1858 ; and Susquehanna, from Greenwood, July 24, 1858. women's PAVIMON, CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. LANCASTER COUNTY. BY SAMUEL KVANS, COLUMBIA. FTE rapid increase of the settlements on the frontiers of the Province by the immense immigration into Pennsylvania made it necessarj' to have a county taken off the back parts of Chester county, and a num- ber of petitions praying to have the division made having been sent to the Governor, they were presented to council on the Gth of February, 1729. On the 20th day of February, 1729, the Grovernor issued an order to run the line between Chester and the proposed new county. The following persons were named in said order as viewers to run said division lin^, and make report to the council — they were assisted by John Taylor, the surveyor of Chester county — to wit: Henry Hayes, Samuel Nutt, Samuel Hollingsworth, Philip Ta}'- lor, Elisha Gatshal, and James James, all of whom resided within the present limits of Chester county, and John Wright, Tobias Hendricks, Samuel Blunston, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Edwards, and John Musgrave, all of whom resided within the lim- its of the new county. The last six persons occupied very prominent and honorable positions in the new county foi- many years. They were evidently selected on account of their intelligence and worth. On the 2d day of May, 1729, the order was returned to council, and on the luth day of May, 1729, the Assembly and council established the new county, which com- |)rised "all the Province lying northward of Octorari creek, and" westward of a line of marked trees, running from the north branch of the said Octorari creek, north-easterly to the river Schuylkill." The county has since been reduced to its present limits by the erection into separate counties of York, Cumberland, Berks, Northumberland, Dauphin, and Lebanon. It owes its name to John Wright, who was a native of Lancashire, in England. The first justices appointed for the county were John Wright, Tobias Hen- dricks, Samuel Blunston, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Edwards, Caleb Peirce, Thomas Ileid, and Samuel Jones, Esquires. A majority of them held commis- 814 THE OLD COURT HOUSE AT LANCASTER. [Tom down lu lii."i:i.— From iiu , and located at Germantown, Skippach, Oley, Conestoga, and elsewhere. Soon after a church was established at Mill Creek, Lancaster county. Of this community was Conrad Beissel, who, with a number of adherents, left it in 1725, settling near each other in solitary cottages. In the year 1782, the solitary life was changed into a conventicle one, and a monastic society was established as soon as the first buildings erected for that purpose were finished. May, 1733. The habit of the Capuchins, or White Friars, was adopted by both the brethren and sisters, which consisted of a shirt, trowsers, and vest, with a long white gown and cowl, of woolen web in winter, and linen in summer. That of the sisters differed only in the substitution of petticoats for trowsers, and some little peculiarity in the shape of the cowl. Monastic names were given to all who entered the cloister. Onesiraus (Israel Eckerlin) was constituted Prior, who was succeeded by Jaebez (Peter Miller); and the title of Father — spiritual father — was bestowed by the society upon Beissel, whose monastic name was Friedsam ; to which the brethren afterwards added Gottrecht — implying, together, Peaceable, God-right. In the year 1740 there were thirty-six single brethren in the cloister, and thirty-five sisters ; and at one time the society, including the members living in the neighborhood, numbered nearly three hundred. The first buildings of the society of any consequence were Kedar and Zion — a meeting-house and convent — which were erected on the hill called Mount Zion. They afterwarls built larger accommo- dations, in the meadow below, comprising a sisters' house called Saron, to which is attached a large chapel, and " Saal," for the purpose of holding the 836 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. agapas, or love feasts ; a brother's house, called Bethania, with which is connected the large meeting-room, with galleries, in which the whole society assembled for public worship in the days of their prosperity, and which are still standing, surrounded by smaller buildings, which were occupied as printing oflice, bake-house, school-house, almonry, and others for different purposes, on one of which, a one-story house, the town clock is erected. The buildings are singular, and of very ancient architecture — all the outside walls being covered with shingles. The two houses for the brethren and sisters are very large, being three and four stories high ; each has a chapel for their night meetings, and the main buildings are divided into small apartments (each containing between fifty and sixty), so that six dormitories, which are barely large enough to contain a cot (in early days a bench and billet of wood for the head), a closet, and an hour-glass surround a common room, in which each sub-division pursued their respective avocations. On entering these silent cells and traversing the long narrow passages, visitors can scarcely divest themselves of the feeling of walking the tortuous windings of some old castle, and breathing in the hidden recesses of romance. The ceilings have an elevation of but seven feet ; the passages leading to the cells, or " ^owimern," as they are styled, and through the different parts of both convents, are barely wide enough to admit one person, for when meeting a second, one has always to retreat; the doois of the Kammern are but five feet high, and twenty' inches wide, and the window, for each has but one, is only eighteen by twenty-four inches ; the largest windows affording light to the meeting rooms are but thirty by thirty-four inches. The walls of all the rooms, including the meeting room, the chapels, the saals, and even the kammern or dormitories, are hung and nearly covered with large sheets of elegant penmanship, or ink-paintings — many of which are texts from the Scriptures — done in a very handsome manner, in ornamented gothic letters, called in the German Fractur-schriflen. Many of the brethren being men of education, they established, at a very early period, a school, which soon gained for itself an honorable reputation, many young men from Philadelphia and Baltimore being sent here to be educated. A Sabbath-school was instituted about 1739. The building in which this school was held was used during the Revolution as a hospital. A few days after the battle of Brandywine had been fought, September 11, lYVt, says Rupp, four or five hundred of the wounded soldiers were taken to Ephrata, and placed in the hospital. Doctors Yerkel, Scott, and Harrison, were the attending surgeons and phj'sicians. The wounds and camp fever baffled their skill ; one hundred and fifty of the soldiers died here ; they were principally from the Eastern States and Pennsylvania, and a few British who had deserted and joined the American army. The first of those who died were buried with the honors of war ; with a funeral sermon, preached b}^ one of their own number appointed for that pur- pose. This practice was continued for some time, till they began to drop off too rapidly to allow time for the performance of the ceremony, when everything of the kind was dispensed with. The place where they rest is enclosed ; and for many years a board with this inscription : " Hier Ruhen die Geheine vieler Soldalen^^^ was placed over the gate of the enclosure. The board with the inscription is no more LANCASTER COUNTY. 837 At an early period a printing office was established at Ephrata, one of tlie first German presses in the State, which enabled them to distribute tracts and hymns, and afterwards to print several large works, in which the views of the founders are fully explained. Many of these books have been lost and destroyed. In the Revolutionary war, just before the battle of Germantown, three wagon loads of books, in sheets, were seized and taken away for cartiHdges. They came to the paper mill to get paper, and not finding any there, they pressed the books in sheets. When Congress left Philadelphia, and for safety met at Lancaster and York, the Continental money was printed at Ephrata. LiTiz is a beautiful Moravian village, eight miles north of Lancaster. In 1757, it was laid out by the Rev. Nathaniel Seidel and Mr. John Renter, who were sent from Bethlehem for that purpose, and the name of Litiz was given to it in memory of a village in Bohemia, from which the forefathers of the United Brethren had emigrated. It is not saying too much, if we state, that it is probably the neatest and cleanest village in Lancaster county. Its location is nearly east and west, extending in that direction about three-fourths of a mile. There is not only pavement before all the houses through the whole village, but the difierent paths leading to the church, schools, etc., are well paved with bricks or limestone slabs. The square, around which are located the educational institu- tions, the church and parsonage, is, perhaps, not surpassed in beauty by any other spot in the county ; such is its splendor in the summer season, that it frequently occurs that travelers stop in their journey to give it a closer examination than a mere transient notice. It is enclosed with a white fence, and tastefully laid out in gravel walks. Around it is an avenue of locust and cedar trees, and the interior is adorned with linden, cedar, and balm of Gilead trees, and a very great variety of shrubbery. The present church was consecrated on the 13th August, 1787. In 1857 the church, after having stood sevent}^ years, underwent a thorough repair, and manj- alterations were made, so that its internal and external appearance became more modern. It is sixt3'-six feet in length, and fifty feet in depth, built of limestone, and has a very fine appearance. The mason work in its front is generally considered a master-piece of workmanship. It is ornamented with a neat spire, and has a town clock. It has two galleries, and is provided with an excellent organ. Originally there was no pulpit in the church, but merely a table, covered with black cloth, at which the minister oflSciated. In 1837 various alterations were undertaken, and among others, also that of placing a pulpit in the place ol the table. In 1759, the brothers' house at Litiz was erected — which, however, is not used for its original intent at present. It is built of limestone, is three stories high, sixty feet in le:3gth, and thirty-seven feet in depth. In the year 1817 it was found proper to discontinue the brothers' house at Litiz, and after that period it was for a time occupied by several families, and at present is used for school purposes. During the Revolutionary war it was for a short period used as a hospital for invalid soldiers, a number of whom died there, and were buried a short distance eastwardly from the village. The sisters' house was erected in 1758. It is likewise built of limestone, three stories high, ninety feet in length, and thirty-seven in depth. The internal arrangement is similar to that of the brothers' house. At this time it is not occupied for its original purpose, but it is used in connection with Linden Hall for school purposes. 838 HISTO RY OF PENJS'S YL VAN I A. The Litiz Spring, which is visited by so many persons, is situated on the land of the Moravian society, about one-half mile westwardly from the village, and is probably one of the largest springs in Pennsylvania. There are two fountains from which all the water, which forms a considerable stream, is discharged, and has water sufficient for some of the largest merchant mills in the county. From its head to the Conestoga, into which the stream " Carter's creek " empties, it is six miles, and in that distance there are seven mills. The water is the pure limestone, and verj' fresh. In former times, it formed a large pond, around which Indians resided, of which the numLer of Indian arrow-heads, liatchets, and stones used for throwing in their slings, give ample proof. About the year 1780. some of the inhabitants of Litiz began to improve it by enclosing it with a circular wall and filling up part of the pond, and in later years the re- maining part was filled up, and where was formerly a considerable body of water, there is at this time a beautiful park of trees. Various improvements were undertaken from time to time ; but at no period was it found in such an improved state as at this time. Around it are a number of seats, and on the hill, from under which it has its source, are hand- somely laid out gardens, arbors, and ornamental shrubbery. From the spring to the village is an avenue of linden and maple trees, winding aloni:: the stream, the path of which is partly covered with gravel, and partly with tan, which renders access to it easy in wet as well as in dry weather. The population of Litiz is about six undred. Formerly there was an extensive chip hat and bonnet manufactory carried on by Mr. Matthias Tschudy, which gave employment to many. He was the only person in the United States that under- stood the art of manufacturing them, and supplied nearly all the cities and country with his hats. The palm leaf and straw hats coming into fashion, they were preferred, and consequently the factory was discontinued. Organs were also built in Litiz in former times, which, for tone and excellent workmanship, are very celebrated. A number of the best organs in Philadelphia, Baltimore, SPRING AND WALK AT LITIZ. [From a Photograph by Wm. L. Gill.] LANCASTER COUNTY. 839 and Lancaster are specimens thereof; and among others, the large and beautiful organ in the Lutheran church at Lancaster. In former times, the augurs which were sent from England had no screw, serving as a point, as we have them in our day. The invention of this screw was first made at Litiz, by John H. Ranch, Sr., during the last century ; the pattern was then sent to England by Judge Henry, after which the screw point was generall}'^ introduced. Safe Harbor is an important place at the mouth of the Conestoga. There that stream is connected with the Tide Water canal on the opposite bank of the river, but the dam has been suffered to go down. Splendid rolling mills and furnaces, unfortunately not worked at present, are located here. Most of the iron used on the Pennsylvania railroad when first constructed was manufac- tured at this place. The scenery is very fine and picturesquely grand. A short distance below Safe Harbor are several rocks with Indian picture-writincr, a fac-simile of which is herewith given. From a report made by Professor Thomas C. Porter to the Linnaean Society of Lancaster county we learn that in Sep- tember 1863, the existence of figures chiseled out by the red men of our stone period on certain rocks in the Susque- hanna became known to that society, who soon thereafter obtained casts of the figures in plaster. Drawings of these casts were made by Jacob Stauffer, the distinguished naturalist. The upper ones belong to the larger rock, and those under to the smaller one. The Susquehanna river below the dam at Safe Harbor is filled with a multitude of rocks and rocky islets, various in size and extent, between which, the fall being considerable, the water rushes, forming a series of rapids and eddies, navigable only by channels. Among these rocks are the two in question. The larger one lies a full half-mile below the dam, in a line nearly due south from the mouth of the Conestoga, while the smaller one is situated about 250 yards further up, in the same line, at a distance of some 400 or 500 yards from the eastern shore. Each rock is composed of several masses overlying each other at an angle of 45° down stream, the lines of division running east or west, the southern crest being the highest. They consist of gneiss, which is rather friable within, but hard on the outside. The larger rock measures through the centre, from north to south, 82 feet, and from east to west 40 feet. It slojies gradually upward from north to south ; the lowest part being 9 feet, and the highest 16 feet above low-water mark. This rock is said to be the high- est in the river near Safe Harbor, and from its flat summit the prospect is exten- sive and beautiful. The lower rock measures, from east to west, on the north side, 20 feet ; on the south side, 29 feet 8 inches ; from north to south, on the east side, 12 feet 9 inches; on the west side, 8 feet 6 inches. The height of the west side, above low- water mark, is 6 feet ; of the east side, 12 feet 9 inches. INSCRIPTIONS ON ROCKS AT SAFE HARBOR. [From a PhotograijU by Wm. L. Gill.] 840 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The two rocks contain in all upwards of 80 distinct figures, and a number more almost obliterated. They are much scattered, and seem to have been formed without regard to order, so that it is not possible for an unskilled observer to say that they bear any necessary relation to each other. They are probably symbolical, but it is left to those who are versed in American antiquities to decipher their meaning. Some points, however, are clear. They were made by the aborigines, and made at a large cost of time and labor, with rude stone implements, because no sharp lines or cuts betray the use of iron or steel. This, in connection with their number and variety, proves that they were not the offspring of idle fancy or the work of idle hours, but. the product of design toward some end of high importance in the ej'es of the sculptors. Donegal Church, one of the most interesting Scotch-Irish Presbyterian settlements in the county, was planted upon the banks of the " Shecassalungo " creek, as early as 1114. The settlement grew very rapidly. Among them, there were a number of Scotch-Irish of a turbulent and independent nature, which leavened the whole. Many of them became restless, and changed their resi- dence, moving further into the wilderness, and pushing back the frontiers, like a resistless wave, beating against the red man of the forest, and forcing him to retreat or be overwhelmed. Thus from this parent settlement in Donegal many others were established, all having the same characteristics. It was a most for- tunate circumstance for the welfare and independence of the country that these men fostered independence among themselves, and would brook no oppression from any quarter. When Great Britain first sought to impose unjust burthens upon the people of Massachusetts Bay, and they resisted and called upon their countrymen for help, a ready echo was sent back from these Scotch-Irish settle- ments. They burnished their arms and were the first to strike for liberty when the time came. Our country owes them a debt of everlasting gratitude. Although worship was had at various private houses for ten years, I am not able to learn that any building was erected as a place for public worship before 1722. On or about that year a log church was erected a few yards east of the present structure. The pulpit was supplied by New Castle Presbytery, the Rev. David Evans being the first, in the 3^eai's 1721-24. The Kev. Adam Boyd, of Octoraro church, was the supply in 1724-25. In September, 1726, the Rev. James Anderson, of New Castle, was called to preach at Donegal, and was on trial until August, 1727, when he was installed. He died at Donegal, July 16, 1740. During his pastorate the present stone meeting-house was erected. It was built with loose stone gathered up in the woods thereabout. A ground plan, as drawn by Bertram Galbraith on the 25th day of December, 1766, is in the possession of the writer. The church is about seventy -five feet long, by forty- five in width. There were no doors at the end. The windows were narrow, and the aisles were of earth. There were no pews for many years after its erection. Benches of the homeliest construction were used. At the close of the Revolution the church was remodeled by Mr. Paden. The windows were widened, a door-way placed at each end ; a new pulpit, with sound- ing board over it, with space paneled off in front for the clerk, was built with walnut boards cut from a tree on John Bayley's farm, now owned by John Graybill ; new pew backs of walnut and j'ellow pine, paneled, which were as LANCASTER COUNTY. 841 high as the head of an ordinary person, with corner boards curved out to fit the back. Sloping shelves along the three rows of pews in front of the pulpit were used for hymn-books. The aisles and pews were paved with brick. The church was crowded on Sunday, and on Communion Sabbath service was held in the morning and afternoon, the congregation returning to the woods between sermons to take a lunch. The Rev. Joseph Tate followed Mr. Anderson. He died Octo- ber 10, 1774, aged sixty-three. In the year 1732, the Presbytery of New Castle was divided, and the Presbytery of Donegal formed from the western portion of its territory. The Presbytery of " Carlisle " and " Old Redstone," and perhaps another, were taken from Old Donegal. For some reason, fifty years ago, the name of Donegal Presbytery was changed to New Castle, but again resumed in a few years. Recently the name has been again changed to " Westminister," to the everlasting disgrace of a few ministers who are not capable of appreciating the grand historical renown which is indissolubly connected between that church and her patriotic sons of Revolutionary memory. In 1775, after a sermon by that good man Colin McFarquhar, who but a short time before came from Scotland, and whose family were there and did not arrive in America for ten years there- after, urged a conciliary course between the colonists and Great Britain. After the congregation adjourned, they met under the large oak tree which stands in front of the north-eastern end of the church. The men joined hands and vowed allegiance to the cause of the colonies, and pledged their faith to each other, that they would give their lives and fortunes to establish libert}'. Then and there measures were immediately taken to form an association to defend their rights. They loved their pastor, and the i-eader can easily imagine the moral courage required to act so promptly and decisively against the wishes of their preacher. Mi*. McFarquhar preached in Donegal for more than thirty years. He outgrew his early predilections in favor of the mother country, and became a great favorite. He died in Hagerstown in 1821. He was followed by Rev. William Karr, who preached in Donegal for fourteen years, and died September 22, 1822. Rev. Orson Douglass, followed by T. M. Boggs, each of whom preached fourteen years. Ten years ago the church was again remodeled by plastering the outside walls, closing the west and south doors, putting in a board floor, and, in fact, made the whole structure conform to modern ideas of a church building. No person who had not seen the building for forty years would recognize it. It is fortunate that the old Scotch-Irish have entirel}' disappeared from the neigh- borhood, or there might be another rebellion in Donegal, Bart township was taken from Sadsbury township, in 1744. It was settled mostly by Scotch-Irish Presbyterians as early as 1717. Copper and iron ore mines of great value exist in this township. The villages are Georgetown and Bartville. The surface of Brecknock township is very hilly, and until a recent period but little progress was made in aa:riculture. The soil is red gravel. The town- ship is well supplied with water. The only village in the township is Bovvmans- ville. Caernarvon township is one of the original townships. The Conestoga creek flows through it from east to west. The Downingtown and Harrisburg turnpike crosses the southern angle, and the Morgantown turnpike centrally 842 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. from east to west. Churchtown is beautifully situated upon a ridge along this turnpike. , A view is had from the town of the Conestoga valley and surrounding country. It is nearly in the centre of the township. The surface of the town- ship is generally hillj^, the soil is red shale, and land in the valleys very rich, and under a good state of cultivation. A railroad is now being built through the southern corner. The settlement was made several years before the organi- zation of the county. In the list of taxables for 1725 will be found the names of James Lloyd, Gabriel Davis, Philip David, George Hudson, David Jenkins, Edward Davies, and John Davis, all of whom settled in the township, along the Conestoga. In 1130 twenty-four families, all Welsh, came from Radnor town- STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, AT MILLERSVILLE. [From a Photograph by Wm. L. QUI.] ship, Chester county, and settled at Churchtown. They erected a log church the same year, and gave it the name of " Bangor Episcopal Church." Since that time the third church has been erected upon or near the same spot as the original one. Large beds of iron ore were discovered, and the first forge was erected in 1753, as stated elsewhere. For one hundred years thereafter the iron business was controlled in that township by the Olds, Jenkins, and Jacobs, all of whom became very wealthy and owned all of the best land in the township. A number of slaves were owned by these ironmasters, and several of them were imported directly from Africa. Of the latter "Quasha," and " Cooba," his wife, became great favorites, and could be seen every Sunday following their mastt-r to church in a " gig." These \A^elsh settlers were nearly all members of the Episcopal Church. Robert Jenkins married Catherine M., daughter of Rev. John Carmichael, a celebrated Presbyterian divine. When Mr. Jenkins first LANCASTEB COUNTY. g43 came to the valley he erected and lived in a block-house as a protection against the Indians, many of whom roamed about the neighborhood hunting and fishing for many years after these Welsh settled there. Churchtown was a village before the Revolution. East Oocalico joins Berks county and the townships of Brecknock, Earl, Ephrata, and West Cocalico. It has five grist mills. The Cocalico creeks crosses the township in a south-easterly direction. The most important towns are Adarastown, Reamstown, and Swartzville. Adamstown was laid out and settled at the close of the Revolutionary war. Tlie road from Lancaster to Reading passes through the place. There are several extensive manufactories of woolen hats, which give employment to a large number of men. " The People's railroad," when built, will pass through the place. Reamstown was laid out upon the road leading from Lancaster to Reading about 1785. West Cocalico joins the latter township. The Reading and Columbia rail- road passes through its south-east section, and the Cocalico creek and its tribu- taries traverse the township. Its villages are Cocalico, Reinholdsville, Schoeneck, Stevens, and Reinhold's Station. The neighborhood of Reinholdsville was settled between 1735 and 1740 by Germans, among whom Hans Beelman, Hans Zimmerman, and Peter Schumacher, were large landholders. CoLERAiN was settled by Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. The main branch of the Octoraro creek bounds it on the east, and the west branch of the same stream on the west. Its surface is rolling, and soil, gravel and clay. Clonmell, Colerain, Kirkwood, Octoraro, and Union are thriving villages. CoNESTOGA lies on the Susquehanna. The Conestoga creek flows along the west boundary, and the Pequea creek along the east. On both there are several mills. CoNOY is the westernmost township in the county. Its most important place is Bainbridge, situated at the mouth of Conoy creek, on the site, it is supposed, of the ancient Dekawoagah, a Conoy or Ganawese settlement. John Harris, the founder of Harrisburg, settled first in this neighborhood. John Haldeman, an early pioneer, built one of the first mills in the county at Locust Grove, near Bainbridge. Bainbridge was the home of Bartram Galbraith, and the town was laid out by his son Samuel Galbraith. Clay township was taken from Elizabeth township in 1853. It joins Lebanon county and the townships of West Cocalico, Ephrata, and Elizabeth, It is largely settled by Germans, who are industrious and have well cultivated farms. Durlach and Newtown are small hamlets. Indian run flows for about a mile, and suddenly disappears and re-appears, after running beneath the ground for a mile, and then takes the name of Trout run. Great quantities of wliite and red sandstone are found upon the top of the ground, from which door and window sills are made. There are six grist mills on Middle creek, which traverses the township in a southerly direction. Marietta is situated on the left bank of the Susquehanna river, three miles above Columbia. The place was originally known as " Anderson's ferry," it having been established but a few years later than Wright's ferry, in 1733. Tlie ground occupied by the borough was owned, from the ferry house at the upper station to Elbow Lane, by James Anderson, and from Elbow Lane to a line 844 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. running parallel thereto, near the public school-house, on the Lancaster turnpike, by David Cook. Jacob Grosh and others laid out the town below Cook's, above Anderson's land and the " green lane," which formed the boundary. Frances Evans sold one hundred and sixty acres of land to James Mehaffe^^, John Paden, and James Duffy, at the commencement of the war of 1812. They laid out a town, which is well built up, and is really a part of Marietta, but it was nick- named " Irish Town," which it retains at the present time. On account of taxes, and perhaps for some private reasons, it never was included in or incorporated with Marietta borough, but belongs to East Donegal township. The part laid out by Anderson, in 1805, was called " New Haven," and that laid out \)y David Cook, in 1806, was named " Waterford." The charter for the turnpike from Lancaster made " Waterford " the terminus. Neither Anderson or Cook could agree upon a common plan for their towns, and their ditferences led to much incon- venience on the part of the public. In 1812 the two places were incorporated in one charter, and Marietta, a compound name, made up from the Christian name of Mrs. Anderson and Mrs. Cook. During the war of 1812 Marietta grew very rapidly, and was the scene of the wildest speculation for the first five years of its histor}^, which ended in disaster, the extent of which but seldom, if it ever, occured in the history of the State. The place did not recover from the shock until the completion of the Pennsylvania canal, and the location of the railroad in 1851. It has been gradually improving, and, at the present time, is one of the most important business places in the rural districts. Its population is nearly four thousand. From the energy and business tact of many of its leading citizens, it is destined to be an important city at no distant day. During the war of 1812, and the more recent ones. Marietta furnished her full quota of soldiers, many of whom rose to distinction by reason of their valor. Maytown is situated two miles north-west of Marietta, in the heart of a fine agricultural district. It was laid out by John Doner, in 1755, and was one of the first and most important places west of Lancaster borough. The back settlers came many miles to purchase tea and coffee at a store kept b}^ James Eagan, those luxuries not being for sale at any other place west of Lancaster. He was also the first person west of Lancaster to keep ironmongery for sale. During the Revolution Maytown was a livelj^ place, and furnished a number of soldiers for that and the subsequent wars. It does not, however, occupy the important position it did one hundred years ago. Falmouth is at the mouth of Conewago creek, which is here crossed by a canal aqueduct. The famous Conewago falls are in the neighborhood. The descent of the river, within a distance of little more than a mile, is probably not less than seventy feet ; forming rapids, whirlpools, snags, and every conceivable obstruction to the passage of a raft. The passage of this watery ordeal is a terror to the universal rafting communit3^ Their frail platforms, creeping like • snakes over the rocks, plunge, creep, and bend in every direction; the high waves rolling and splashing frightfully, renders the adventure at once exciting, novel, and perilous. Man}- old river-men make a livelihood by piloting rafts through these terrible falls. At an early day, says Professor Haldeman, the Conewago falls limited the boat navigation of the Susquehanna, so that the keel- boats unloaded at Falmouth, whence their cargoes (chiefly of grain) were LANCASTER COUNTY. 845 transferred to wagons and distributed. This caused the construction of a turn- pike road from Falmoutli to Elizabethtown, which was superseded by Hopkins' canal, a disastrous speculation, which was a continual drain on the resources of Mr. Hopkins, a distinguished lawyer. The turnpike being thus rendered useless, grass grew upon it, and sometimes the stalk of a pumpkin would wander over it from an adjoining field, which caused it to be named " Tlie Pump- kin-vine Turnpike." After being a constant expense to Mr. Hopkins, his canal was in turn superseded by the Pennsylvania canal, when he might have recovered a part of his losses by selling out to the State, but he asked too high a price, and the State canal was located independently. The workmen on the canal, during its construction, about two miles east of Bainbridge, came upon one end of an old Indian burial ground. A great many articles of use and ornament were discovered ; there were ci'ocks, hatchets, tomahawks, arrow heads, bullets, buck shot, thimbles, beads, pipes, etc. Donegal township was settled several years before its organization in 1722, by a number of Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, who deserve more than a passing notice. Many of them occupied a prominent position in colonial times, and the records of the Revolutionary war and that of 1812 fully establish their claim to the purest patriotism and love of country. Whatever is said to their credit equally applies to the Scotch-Irish who settled in the south-eastern section of the county and the back settlements beyond Donegal. Of those who first settled in the township, and were there at the time of the organization of the county, and were brought into public notice, the Galbraiths deserve the first attention. James (probably the father), John, James, Jr., and Andrew Galbraith, came over to America with William Penn, from Queenstown. The family of Galbraiths are of the remotest antiquity. Its name is derived from the Celtic, and it originally belongs to the Lenox of Scotland. It was in the parish of Baldernoch chiefs of the name had their residence. The Gal- braiths of the Isle of Ghiga descended from those of Baldernoch, having fled there with Lord James Stewart, youngest son of Murdoch, Duke of Albany, from the Lenox, after burning Dumbarton, in the reign of James the First of Scotland. They continued to hold that island until after a.d. 1500. The following lines, from the Scotch, show the estimation in ^vhich the name was held: «* Galbraiths from the Red Tower, Noblest of Scottish surnames." There is now a small island in Scotland called " Inch (Island) Galbraith." Upon it are many ruins of castles and villages, the strongholds built by the clan when war was the rule. A circumstance occurred a few years ago while Hon. W. A. Galbraith, of Erie, was traveling in Scotland which clearly establishes the origin of the family of that name in America. Hearing that a family of that name resided where he stopped for a few days, Mr. G. called upon them and showed them a coat of arms of the family in America. He was greatly surprised when they produced a precise counterpart of it. Three bears' heads muzzled, on a shield surmounted by a knight's helmet and crest, with the motto, " Ab obrice seairon " (stronger from opposition) seems never to have been forgotten by the Galbraiths. When 846 HISTOR Y OF PENMS YL VANIA. the county was organized, Andrew Galbraith was appointed the first coroner. The first jury drawn he was a member of, as well as his brother John, and several others from Donegal. In 1730 Andrew was appointed one of the justices of the peace and of the common pleas court, which position he held with honor until 1745, when we lose sight of him entirely. He also was elected a member of Assembly in 1732, after an animated contest, in which his wife conducted the election in person, she having mounted her mare " Nelly " and rode among the Scotch-Irish, who followed her_to Lancaster, at the polls, where she addressed them most effectually. He was afterwards re-elected without opposition for several terms in succession. He resided upon Little Chicques creek, a short distance below the point where the Mount .Joy and Marietta turnpike crosses Donegal run. John Galbraith was elected sheriff in 1731. He resided at the crossing above Andrew Galbraith, where he built a grist mill. He owned large tracts of land along the river and at his residence. He died in 1754. Janet, his widow, and James Galbraith, of Lancaster, his executors, sold the mill property in 1757 to John Bay ley. James Galbraith, first spoken of, removed to Swatara creek, and had pro- bably been dead for some years before this. James Galbraith, Jr., was elected sheriff in 1742 and '43. He married Elizabet , the only dau hter of the Hev. William Bertram, who lived upon the Swatara, and rem .ved there in 1757. From thence he removed to Pennsborougli township, in Cumberland coun y, in 1760. He was a justice in Lancaster county for many years, and took an active part to protect tlie settlers in Derry, Paxtivi, etc. from the savage fury of the Indians during the French war of 17-55. During the Revolution he was ap- pointed lieutenant for Cumberland county. Being too advanced in years to do active duty, he was consulted by others in matters pertaining to his county. The Galbraiths of Cumberland county all come from James Galbraith, Jr. Every one of his sons became prominent in the Revolutionary war on the side of the patriots. Bertram Galbraith, first lieutenant in Lancaster county, was his son, and did noble service in the cause of his country. Robert Buchannan, another of these euly stltlers in Donegal, was elected sheriflf for the years 1732-'3-'4, and 1738-'9-'40. He rendered valuable aid to the Penns in the conflict with the Maryland.rs. His brother Arthur was nearly killed by them. He was also in the Revolutionary army. He emoved to Cumberland county from Donegal. Samuel Smith, anotlier of the first settlers, was sheriff in 1735-'7. He resided upon the farm adjoining John Galbraith, on little Chicques. It was he, assisted by the Sterrats and twenty-four others of his neighbors, who went down and stormed Cresap's fort, and took him a prisoner to Philadelphia. John Sterrat was elected sheriff in 1744. His son James was elected to the same oflSce, in 1745-'6-'7 and '8. John resided further up Chicques creek on the east side, and James on the farm north of John Galbraith's. The family have always occupied a prominent position in public affairs. Their descendants are numerous in Tuscarora and Kishicoquillas valleys. Judge Sterrat of Pitts- burgh comes of this stock. George Stewart, Esq., who resided upon the banks of the river three miles LANCASTER COUNTY. 841 above Wright's ferry, was a prominent man. He was a justice, and resided there fifteen years before the count}^ was organized. It was he who died in 1782, after being elected a member of the Legislature, and for which vacancy John Wright was elected after being ousted by Andrew Galbraith. The Allisons, Fultons, and several other prominent persons intermarried into his family. Ephraim Moore settled about a mile north-west from Donegal spring. His son Zachariah was an officer in the Revolutionary war, and was at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. James Mitchell was a land surveyor and a justice of the peace. He lived in the township before 1722. John French (of Delaware), Francis Worley (of Manor), and James Mitchel, surveyed Springets-bury Manor, containing seventy- five thousand five hundred acres, in 1722. July 12, 1722, he and James Letort held a council with the chiefs of the Conestogoes, Shawanese, Conoys, and Nanticoke Indians at Conoytown, in Donegal. He was elected sheriff of the county in 1741 ; member of Assembly in 1727, and in 1744-'5 and 1746. He was one of the trustees of Donegal church ; Penns issued a patent to them in 1740. John and Thomas Mitchell were active men. Gordon Howard lived on Chicques creek near Sheriff Smith. He was a prominent Indian trader ; was county commissioner in 1737. He was intermarried with James Patterson's (the Indian trader in Hempfield) family. The family removed from Donegal before the Revolution. The Hays, Kerrs, Hendricks, Dunlaps, Chambers, Cunninghams, Works, Clingmans, Wilkins, all come from this early stock in Donegal. There is a possible President among the descendants of the above. Andrew Work was sheriff in 1749-'50; Thomas Smith, sheriff in 1752-'3-'4; John Hay, sheriff in 1762-'3; William Kelly in 1777-'8; Joseph Work in 1779_'80-'8I; Thomas Edwards in 1782-'3-'4; John Miller in 1785-'6-'7. It is likely two or three others filled that oflSce from Donegal before the Revolution. The Quakers seem to have conceded the post of sheriff to the Scotch-Irish and Irish of Donegal, who, by virtue of their office, had to perform disagreeable and dangerous duties. The Irish and Scotch-Irish of Donegal were the first to follow the old French Indian traders in the traffic with the red man of the forest. Edmund Cartlidge (of Manor), Jonas Davenport, and Henry Baly, of Donegal, were the first to cross the Allegheny mountains and trade with the Indians along the Ohio and its branches. This was in 1727. At the first court held at John Postlewhaite's, James Patterson, Hemphill (now Manor), Edmund Cartlidge, and Peter Chartier (of Manor), and John Law- rence, Jonas Davenport, Oliver Wallis, Patrick Boyd, Lazarus Lowrey, William Dunlap, William Beswick, John Wilkins, Thomas Perrin, and John Harris, all of Donegal, were licensed by the court to trade with the Indians. Eight of them were licensed " to sell liquor by the small." The Wilkins lived on Chicques creek. John Harris settled first at Conoy, from there he went to Paxtang creek. Lazarus Lowrey lived upon the farm now owned by Mr. Cameron, between Donegal church and Marietta. Dennis Sullivan lived next to L. Lowrey ; Simon Girtee, Paxtang; David Hendricks, Manor; John Galbraith, Donegal; Francis Waters, Donegal ; Peter Corbie, Donegal ; Thomas Mitchell, Donegal ; James 848 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA, Denny, Donegal ; James, John, Daniel, and Alexander, sons of Lazarus Lowrey, all of Donegal ; Hugh Crawford, Donegal ; George Croghan and John Frazier lived further up the river, and Joseph Simons of Lancaster borough, and William Trent, all of whom were well known throughout the Province, Many of them became wealthy. John Burt, John Kelly, and several others from Donegal, traded with the Indians often without taking out an annual license. They made the Indians drunk, and when in that state abused and took advantage of them, which caused no little trouble to the Governor and council. Of these traders Harris, Letort, Croghan, Hendricks, Davenport, Crawford, Simons, Trent, and the Lowreys were the most famous. In 1750 a drunken Indian set fire to a keg of powder, at the forks of the Ohio, which exploded and killed John Lowrey. A curious incident grew out of the affair. A French Indian trader was arrested and placed in irons at a fort between Detroit and the Pict's country. He made his escape to the Picts, who took him for a spy and were going to kill him. After consultation they gave him over to Lowrey's hands, who brought him a prisoner to Donegal, to be held as a hostage by James Lowrey until the Indian that killed his brother John was given up by the French. So writes William Trent to the secretarj^, from Lancaster? August 18, 1750. Lazarus Lowrey married twice. His last wife was the widow of Thomas Edwards (who was a member of Assembly in 1729-'32, 1735-'36, and 1739). He died in Philadelphia, in 1755. James Lowrey removed from Donegal before the Revolution, as did also Daniel his brother. Alexander Lowrey remained. He purchased his father's and brothers' land in Donegal, and at the close of the Revolution was one of the largest landholders in the State. He was one of the twenty-two traders attacked by the Indians at Bloody run in 1763, and came ver}'^ near losing his life there. He was guide to General Forbes' expedition in 1758, and to Colonel Bouquet's expedition in 1763, and was at the bloody battle of Bushy Run. He was one of the first and most active of the patriots in 1774 ; same year was on committee of correspondence and to confer with those of other counties, in Philadelphia; member of Assembly in 1775 and 1776; elected colonel of 3d battalion of Lancaster county militia in 1776; was senior officer and commanded the Lancaster county militia at battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777 ; a member of Assembly in 1778 and 1779; also a member of the Senate. In 1784, at the important treaty with the Indians at Fort Mcintosh, the government appointed him messenger to go to the different Indian tribes and gather them to the fort. He was also chosen b}'^ the govern- ment to bring in the Indians to Fort Detroit at a treaty. In a few weeks after leaving the fort, he returned to it at the head of several hundred Indians. These feats are somewhat remarkable when we come to consider that he was over sixty years of age. Governor Mifflin appointed him a justice of the peace for Donegal, Mount Joy, and Rapho townships. He retired to his farm at Marietta. He was honored and respected by evei'y one. He died in January, 1805. Bertram Galbraith (son of James G., Jr.) resided at Conoy creek (Bain- bridge). He was appointed lieutenant for the county, and performed the most trying and diflScult duties during the gloomy period of the Revolutionary war. LANCASTER COUNTY. 849 John Bayley lived upon the farm now owned by John Graybill, in Donegal, and was a member of the Council. James Bayley, Esq., was his brother, and lived on Donegal run, at the ci'ossing of the Mount Joy and Marietta pike. He was wagon-master for the county during the Revolution. The constable was Walter Bell, of Maytown, who was at the battle of Brandywine. James Cunningham lived near Mount Joy ; was lieutenant-colonel in Colonel Lowrey's battalion ; was member of the Legislature for several terms, also surveyor-general of the State for the eastern section ; was a large landholder. He died in Lancaster. John, David, and Robert Jameson, who lived near Elizabethtown, were officers in the Revolution, and were at the battle of Brandywine. They were large landholders. One of them left six pounds to Donegal church annually, so long as they should have a " pasture." Jacob, John, and James Cook were officers in the Revolution. In fact, every officer and soldier in Colonel Lowrey's 3d battalion were from Donegal and Rapho and Mount Joy townships. There are not half a dozen descendants of. these patriotic forefathers who now reside in Donegal. They are scattered through the west and south-west, and have planted colonies everywhere. Old Donegal church must not be for- gotten. She was the centre around which these Pi'esbyterians were wont to congregate. Upon one occasion, in the early stages of the Revolution, after the close of religious service, they met under the shade of a giant oak which stood a few yards from the north-east end of the church, around which thej^ joined hands and pledged their faith to each other, and to stand by the patriotic cause until the shackles of the despot were riven asunder. Chicques, abridged from Chicquesalunga, the name of the creek which receives a short distance north of this place the Little Chicquesalunga, and forms the south-east boundary of the township, is a romantic spot with a magni- ficent river view, and is the residence of Professor S. S. Haldenian, the distin- guished naturalist and philologist. West Donegal joins Dauphin county and the townships of East Donegal and Conoy. The village of Newville, commonly called Eutstown, is near the north-western extremity of the township. Drumore is on the Octoraro creek, which forms its north-east boundary, while Muddy creek forms part of the north-west line. Conowingo creek crosses it, and upon this stream there is a forge, and Fishing and Fairfield creeks flow from it into the Susquehanna river. Earl, including East Earl, contains 31,317 acres. It comprises the villages of New Holland, Yogansville, Laurel Hill, Hinkletown, and Amsterdam. The Welsh mountain protrudes into the south-eastern extremity of the township. It is traversed by the Conestoga creek at the northern boundary in a westerly direction, and by Mill creek in the same direction near the southern boundary. East and West Earl townships are traversed by the Conestoga creek. The prominent villages of the former are Fairville and Toledo ; of the latter, Brownstown, Earlville, and Fairmount. Eden township adjoins Strasburg. At Quarry ville is the terminus of the Lancaster and Quarryville railroad. This has given the town a wonderful start, and within the year numbers of dwellings have been erected, and gives great promise of future success. 8 D ^M. 850 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Elizabeth township was formerly included in Warwick township. Robert Old, to whom reference has been made, named this township in honor of Queen Elizabeth. Its surface is hilly ; the soil, limestone, gravel, and red shale at the northern boundary. Hammer creek traverses the township in a south-easterly direction, and derives its name from the forge hammers erected on it at an early date. This township is divided from Clay by Middle creek, so called from its course, which is midway between the Cocalico and Hammer creeks. Hopewell and Speedwell forges and Elizabeth fui'nace are located in this township. Ephrata township is traversed by Trout creek, which, entering the township •xt the north boundary, flows into Cocalico creek. A small section of its eastern extremity is watered by Muddy creek, on which is located the village of Hinkle- town. The central portion of the township is hilly, Ephrata ridge being a prominent point where, at an altitude of twelve hundred and fifty feet above tide-water, from an observatory over sixty feet high, a very extensive and beautiful view may be enjoyed. The observatory forms part of the Ephrata Mountain springs, a celebrated and much frequented watering-place, established about 1848. The water, sandstone and slate, is very pure and soft, and varies in temperature from 49° to 52° Fahrenheit. Fulton township, named in honor of Robert Fulton, who was born within its limits. The Conowingo creek crosses the township. Hempfield township occupied a very prominent position in colonial times, and furnished many historical personages, several of whom have been mentioned under the head of Columbia. Thomas Ewing (the father of General James Ewing) lived in the valley adjoining the Shellabargers, two miles east of Columbia. He was a member of Assembly from 1739 to 1742. Professor S. S. Haldeman, whose fame is world-wide as one of the most accomplished scientific and linguistic scholars upon the continent, resides at Chicques Rock. He is an enthusiast, and follows with ardor his specialties, and is constantly making new discoveries and giving the world the benefit of them. It will richly repay any person to visit his hospitable mansion, and inspect his vast collection of beads, stone implements, etc. Hugh Paden lived upon Chicques creek, and was a captain in the Revolutionary army. West Hempfield is a rich agricultural district, and can boast of some of the finest farms in the county. The farmers are wealthy and industrious. The township was divided in August, 1818. It contains an area of 13,700 acres ; its greatest length is eight miles, greatest breadth, five miles. Hempfield Manor, belonging to Governor John Penn, was laid out upon Chestnut Hill. Chestnut Hill is very thickly settled, which presents to the eye of the beholder the appearance of a continuous town from the Columbia and Marietta turnpike to Mountville on the Lancaster turnpike. Within this semi- circle are embraced the villages of Kinderhook, Ironville, and Heistandville, the latter of which was laid out by John Heistand, in 1804. Mountville is the principal village in the township. It is beautifully located upon a ridge four miles east of Columbia. The Lancaster turnpike runs through its length. The town is growing rapidly ; several large tobacco ware- houses have been built along the railroad at the station. It is a very desirable location for retired wealthy farmers, many of whom are moving into it and LANCASTER COUNTY. 851 erecting comfortable dwellings. There are three furnaces, several mills, school houses, and churches in the township. In looking over General Swing's papers, I find a deed from John Gardner, who owned six hundred acres of land on the south side of " Shecassalungo creek," for which he received a warrant as early as 1716. John Ross, whose name appears frequently among the Scotch-Irish, who resisted Cresap, deeded two hundred acres of the same tract of land to Thomas Ewing (father of General Ewing), March 1, 1737. The name of the creek referred to above has suffered many mutations, but I believe the above ought to be adhered to. The principal villages in East Hempfield are Petersburg and Hemppield, commonly called Rohrerstown, after its founder. Both places were laid out during the speculative times of the war of 1812. Landisville is also a thriving place. The Methodist Episcopal church cam p-m e e t i n g grounds lie in the close vicinity. East Lamp- eter is traversed centrally by the Pennsylvania rail- road, with a sta- tion at Bird-in hand. This name is said to have originated in the sign of an inn, displaj'ing a man with a bird in his hand, and point- ing to two other birds on a tree, and pictorially il- lustrating the proverb " that a bird in the hand is worth two m the bush." Lancaster township is the smallest township in the county. Manheim township joins Lancaster city and township. The Little Cone- stoga flows in a southerly course along the western, and the Conestoga in a south-western direction along the eastern boundaries of the township. The Pennsylvania railroad crosses the southernmost extremity, and after passing through Lancaster city, traverses the south-western part of the township, form- ing a bifurcation at Dillerville. Manheim borough was laid out about 1760 or 1761, by Wilhelm Heinrich Steigel, an eccentric German, who for many years had managed the Elizabeth iron works. He bought two hundred acres of land from Messrs. Stedman, of Philadelphia, built a large brick house, which the simplicity of the times described as a great castle, remaining to this day, with Dutch tiles in the fire- places, and a coarse kind of German canvas tapestry hanging on the walls. It was built of imported brick, and contained a pulpit in the salon. Steigel was, in THE NEW LANCASTER COUNTY HOSPITAL. [From a Photograph by Wm. L. Gill.] 852 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. turn, ironmaster, glass manufacturer, . a preacher, and teacher, and died in the latter capacity very poor, a special act for his relief having been passed December 24, 1774. Manheim is improving very rapidly. Its business is extending, and it is destined at no distant day to be a city. Manor township contains the borough of Washington, on the Susquehanna river, the village of Millersville, where is located the State Normal school, and the most interesting historical locality in the count}^, the famous Indian town of Conestoga, about seven miles distant from Lancaster city. Not a vestige of its Indian character remains, but the early annals of the county assign to it a prominence altogether unique. It is better known in history as Indian Town, because of the treaties held there and the extermination of the Indians, which is given in full in the General History. Its history dates but a few years back of the arrival of William Penn, in 1682. The largest and oldest settlement of Indians was upon the farm of Jacob Staman, extending along down the river bej^ond the farm of Jacob Wittmer, in Washington borough. In 1608, their town numbered over two thousand souls. For more than one hundred years, implements of various kinds belonging to the stone age have been ploughed up upon the site of this town. Many of these relics have been preserved, others given awaj' to friends in distant parts of the country, and great quantities have been thrown away as objects of no interest. In the spring of 1876, while making some investigation as to the location of the town, b}' the writer, he awakened an interest in the matter, in consequence of which the boys have been hunting upon Mr. Wittmer's farm for Indian relics, and have been rewarded for their curiosity by finding more than one thousand beads of various kinds, some of which are similar to those used by the Phoenicians manj^ centuries ago. They also found a number of stone implements and heads of animals carved in stone. A rich field is opened up to the archaeologist. Our space will not permit a more extended notice of these valuable discoveries. Martic township is well watered by the Pequea creek along its northern boundary. Muddy creek on the south-east, and the Tucquan creek crossing it centrally. This township is very hilly, with fine river scenery, especiallj'' near McCall's ferry. Mount Joy township lies between the Conewago creek and the Little Chicquesalunga. From December, 1777, to May, 1778, General Anthony Wayne, with over two thousand troops, were encamped about one mile north- east of the borough of Mount Joy. One-third of the army were entirely desti- tute of shoes, stockings, shirts, or blankets. In consequence, their sufferings wei-e teri'ible. Mount Joy borough was laid out by Jacob Rohrer, in 1812, and the lots disposed of by lottery. The adjoining village of Richland, not part of the borough, was laid out a year or two later by several persons. Mount Joy is a thriving place, containing several churches, a female seminary, and a boj'^s' school. The latter has been converted into a successful soldiers' orphan school, under the superintendency of Professor Jesse Kenned3^ Paradise township is on the south side of Pequea creek. Kinzer's, Leaman Place, and Paradise are the prominent towns. The latter was originally settled by Mr. Abraham Wittmer, who built a mill there. When in 1804, it was made a post-town, and needed a name, Mr. Wittmer remarked that to him it was a LANCASTEB COUNTY. 853 paradise, and thus it obtained its pleasant name. It contains se^'eral churches, and, at present, a soldiers' orphan school. Penn township lies on the east side of the Big Chicquesalunga. The Reading and Columbia railroad crosses the southern section of the township. Pequea and Providence are adjoining townships. The Conestoga flows along the northern, and the Pequea along the southern border of the former, while the Big Beaver flows along the north-eastern boundary of the latter, uniting with the Pequea, which forms its north-west boundary. New Provi- dence and Smithville are prominent villages. Rapho township borders on Lebanon county. The Little Chicquesalunga creek flows along its western boundary in a southerly direction, and joins the Big Chic- quesalunga, which runs along the eastern and southern boundaries of the town- ship, near Musselman's mill at its south-western extremity. Mastersonville, Mount Hope, Old Line, and Sporting Hill, are thriving villages. Sadsbury township borders on Chester county. The Octoraro creek rises near and flows along the eastern bouudry, and gives motion to three forges within the township, and one immediately below its southern line. Mine ridge runs along the northern boundary, at the foot of which, on the Wilmington and Lan- caster turnpike road, is a post-office called the •' Gap." Salisbury township, adjoining the foregoing, is centrally distant east from Lancaster about sixteen miles. It is drained by the Pequea creek, upon the branches of which are several mills and one forge. The Welsh mountain runs along the north, and Mine ridge upon its south boundary. Strasburg township is on the Pequea. It contains the borough of Stras- burq. It is an old German settlement. A Mi*. Sample, ancester of an old Lan- caster county family, was the first and only English settler at the time of the Revolution. The place was formerly known as Bettelhausen, Beggarstown. The logs for the first house were hauled by a Mr. Hoflfman. The first house in Stras- burg was erected in 1733. The ancient road from Lancaster to Philadelphia ran through this place, and from it was called the Sti'asburg road. The old King's highway ran through Strasburg to the mouth of the Conestoga. It contains several churches, and a branch railroad connects with the Pennsylvania Central railroad at Leaman Place. The town was laid out before the Revolution. Warwick township received its name from Richard Carter, one of the first settlers, and first constable appointed in 1Y39. On the farm of Simon Hostetter, part of the old Carter tract, is a lake two hundred feet in circumference, of great depth, which at one time was erroneously supposed to be bottomless. Rocks come up to the water's edge on one side, and if large stones are rolled over the rocks into the water, they may be heard for several seconds to bound from rock to rock in their descent. Its more prominent towns are Litiz, Rothsville, and Brunnersville. Washington borough was formed by the consolidation of Washington and Charleston, both places having been laid out between 1800 and 1810. Before the completion of the public improvements it was a place of great importance, and immense stores of grain and whiskey were sent down the river from the rich country back of it. The Columbia and Poi't Deposit raih'oad passes through the place. It is the site of an Indian town many hundred years old. 1 LAWRENCE COUNTY. BY D. X. JUNKIN, D.D., NEW CASTLE AWRENCE county was erected out of portions of Beaver and Mercer, by an act of Assembly, approved the 20th day of March, 1849, the organization to take place September 1st of the same j^ear. William Evans, of Indiana county, William F. Packer, of Lycoming, and William Potter, of Mifflin, were appointed commissioners to run and mark the boundary lines. Mr. Packer did not attend, and his place was supplied by James Potter, of Centre county. Henry Pearson, Esq., of New Castle, was the surveyor who performed the work of running the boundaries. The county is bounded north and south by the counties from which it was taken, Mercer and Beaver, east by Butler, and west by the Ohio line. New Castle was selected as the county seat, but without prescription to the borough lim- its, for the site for the court house was selected upon a hill east of the borough, and outside of its boundaries. It is now, since New Cas- tle has been incor- porated into a city, in the first ward of the city. The county was named after Perry's flagship in the battle of Lake Erie, which was named in honor of Captain James Lawrence, II. S. N., whose 854 1^ ^^5^^ £^^i.|^^^ LAWRENCE COUNTY COURT HOUSE, NEW CASTLE. CFrom a Pbotograpli by A. W. Phipps, New Castle.] LAWRENCE COUNTY. 855 brilliant naval career was terminated by his obstinate defence of the frigate Chesapeake against the British ship Shannon, in which conflict Lawrence was mortally wounded, and heroically uttered, as they carried him below, the memorable words, "Don't give up the ship !" When the Commonwealth constructed her lines of canals and railroad from Philadelphia to Lake Erie, the Beaver division connected Pittsburgh with New Castle, by river navigation to the mouth of Beaver, and by canal and slack- water navigation up that river to New Castle, and thence, ultimately, by a similar improvement to Lake Erie, near to the city of the same name. This great improvement passed through the heart of Lawrence county, and con- tributed largely to the development of her resources. And although the canal is now disused, having given way to railroad transportation, it was of immense benefit to this county. Previous to the construction of the public works, com- paratively little of the staple products of the country could reach a remunerative market. Some flour and grain were sent to New Orleans ; whiskey could some- times bear expensive transportation ; hides and peltry were exported to some extent ; but the chief dependence of these counties for purchasing dry goods, groceries, and other articles of necessity or of luxury, were cattle and horses, which could transport themselves. Many "droves" of these were annually taken to eastern markets. At first the merchants were generally the purchasers of cattle and horses, exchanging their goods and other commodities for them, then driving them east, selling them and bringing back merchandise in return. This process rarely brought money to the country, and it was consequently very scarce ; and for a long time, if you inquired the price of a commodity in a store you would be told " so much in cash" and "so much in trade" — the latter being a heavy percentage higher than the former. The writer remembers when freightage per wagon was ten dollars per hundred-weight from Philadelphia to any point in Lawrence count}'. Now it is less than a dollar. Lawrence county was originally covered with dense forests of oak, chestnut, hickory, poplar, pine, and other trees. To "clear" the ground ready for the plow was a herculean task. To get rid of the timber, it was " deadened " by gii'dling the sap wood — cut up, rolled into "log-heaps" and burned. Sometimes pot-ash was made out of the ashes ; but oftener it was wasted or plowed under. The early settlers seemed to look upon forest trees as a sort of enemies that ought to be extirpated. Hence their slaughter of the forest was inconsiderate and blame-worthy. The present inhabitants deplore this destruction of the timber. So long as the wood for fuel was abundant, little effort was made to discover other material for that purpose. But, in the progress of years, rich deposits of bituminous coal were discovered and developed, and now it is the chief fuel used 'in the county, and vast quantities are used in furnaces and large quantities exported. Iron ore, rich and abundant, also exists, and beds of limestone inexhaustible, and the county has become a large manufacturer of iron. On Slippery Rock, at Wampum, on the Beaver, and at New Castle, smelting furnaces have been long in blast ; and in the latter place rolling mills, nail and nut factories, and other forms of manufacturing iron in bars, rails, and sheets, have been introduced. Like most of the counties west of the Allegheny river and north of the Ohio, 856 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. it was settled chiefly by the Scotch-Irish, or the descendants of that race, who migrated from the older counties of Western Pennsylvania, the eastern counties, and some directly from Ireland itself. Cumberland, Franklin, Westmoreland, Fayette, and Washington furnished the greater number ; but some came from other counties, and a few from the States of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. A considerable German element also was early introduced, and constituted a valuable portion of the population, whilst a few of English and Dutch ancestry came from New Jersey. The territory of this county, at the time of the battle of Miami Rapids, and of Wayne's treaty with the north-western Indians, was occupied by remnants of the Delaware Indians, with some admixture of Senecas, and it may be a few sporadic families of the Shawanese and other tribes. The Delawares, as the white population rolled around them, left the country lying between the Susquehanna and Delaware rivers, came further west and occupied the lands along the Allegheny river, and between that river and the lakes on the north, and the Muskingum on the west. The names, Neshannock, Mahoning, and the like, applied to streams in this county, identify the tribes giving these names to them with the Delawares, who applied the same and similar names to Neshanick in New Jersey, and 3Iahoning in eastern Pennsylvania. After the ratification of Wayne's treaty, and the extinguishment of the Indian claim to the region between the Ohio and the lakes, the white inhabitants began to settle on the north side of the Ohio, and to occupy the lands now composing Lawrence count}'. But long before this, a measure of civilization and the Christian religion had been introduced within the bounds of this county, by the godly and indefatigable labors of the Unitas Fratrum^ usually called Moravian Brethren. David Zeisberger and Gottlob Senseman were the first white men who dwelt within the boundaries of Lawrence county. The story of their migration from what is now Bradford county, first to a site on the Allegheny river, in Forest county, and thence to the banks of the Beaver, within the present bounds of Lawrence county, is one of thrilling interest, and is briefly alluded to in the sketch of Forest county. While these devoted men were toiling in that wild and unpro- mising field, they were visited by Glikkikan, a captain and principal counsellor of Packanke, a chief whose tribe was settled within the bounds of Lawrence county. Glikkikan was renowned as a warrior, and celebrated amongst the natives as a man of peculiar eloquence. He made a journey to Lawunakhannek for the purpose of refuting the doctrines of Christianity. On his way up he disputed successfully with the French Jesuits at Venango (Franklin), and was very confident that he could put the Moravian missionaries to confusion. This distinguished chief and orator was escorted, with great pomp, by Wagomen and the heathen Indians, to the Christian village. Zeisberger was absent, but Anthony, a native convert and assistant, received them courteously, and made so impressive a speech, setting forth the Christian doctrine of a godhead, of creation, of the fall, of revelation, of the incarnation and death and resurrection of Christ, and of salvation through him, as astonished the visitors. And Zeisberger, coming in at the time, confirmed his words, and such was the effect upon Glikkikan, that, instead of delivering the elaborate speech which he had prepared against Christianity, he replied, " I have nothing to say ; I believe LAWRENCE COUNTY. 85^ your words." And when he returned to the heathen town, instead of boasting of a victory over the missionaries, he advised his fellow savages to go and hear the gospel. Shortly after this event there was a famine along the Allegheny, and Zeisberger and Senseman had to go to Fort Pitt for supplies, and were instrumental in preventing an Indian war, by convincing the authorities there that certain devastations and murders had been committed, not by the Indians on the Allegheny, but by a roving band of Senecas on their way South. Soon after their return, Glikkikan made them another visit, and informed them that he had determined to embrace Christianity, and invited them in the name of his chief Packanke, to come and settle on a tract of land on the Beaver near Kaskaskunk^ which he offered for the exclusive use of the mission. The result was that Zeisberger, Senseman, and their Christian Indians accepted the offer of the chief Packanke, and removed to the valley of the Beaver. On the 17th day of April, ItTO, they left Oil creek in fifteen canoes, after a friendly parting with their former persecutors, Wangomen and his people. In three days they reached Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh), formerly the French Fort Duquesne. Proceeding down the Ohio to the mouth of the Beaver, they ascended that river carrying their canoes around its rapids, and arrived at the locality on which they had determined to fix their settlement. It was two miles below the conflu- ence of the Shenango and the Mahoning, which form the Beaver river and about five miles below the present city of New Castle. They first settled and began to build on the east bank of the Beaver, where the hamlet of Moravia now stands ; but not long after, deeming that site unhealthy, they selected another on the ridge west of the river, where they built their town and church. The site is close by, but a little north by west of the Moravia station on the Beaver Valley railroad. As the immigrants passed up the Beaver, they found an Indian village, which stood near to or upon the site of the present town of New- port. It was inhabited by a community of women, all single, and pledged never to marry. About a mile above this point was their first encampment, where they built bark huts — the first site above mentioned. Thus encamped, they sent an embassy to Packanke, whose capital stood near or upon the site of the pre- sent New Castle,* at the junction of the Neshannock creek with the Shenango. This town was called New Kaskaskiink. Old Kaskaskiink, the former capital, was near the junction of the Shenango and Mahoning, where two railroads now meet. Abraham, a native convert, and Zeisberger were at the head of the deputation, and were received by the venerable chief at his own house. They thanked him for his grant of land and his kind tender of a home, and in re- sponse, he bade them welcome to his country, and pledged them protection. They soon began to build more substantial houses, to clear land and to plant, and by the close of autumn were prepared for the rigors of winter. The Indians from distant localities soon began to visit the town ; to which Zeisberger had given the Indian name of Languntoutentink — (Friedensstadt — in English, City of Peace). Monseys from the former location of Goschgoschiink were fii'st to come and cast in their lot with the Christian Indians. Glikkikan soon after came from * Dr. Schweinitz, the biographer of Zeisberger, to whom the writer is indebted for most of the above details, thinks it was at the junction of the Neshannock and Shenango ; others think it was up the Mahoning, where Edinburg now stands. I think it was the former. 858 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Kaskaskiink, and became a decided Christian; and continued so until he was slain by Colonel Williams' men at Gnadenhiitten on the Muskingum. The conversion of his bravest warrior and most eloquent counsellor exas- perated the chief Packanke. He reproached Glikkikan and denounced the mis- sion. He taunted Glikkikan with deserting him and his counsel — with a desire to turn white, and other reproaches. " Do you expect to get a white skin ? Not one of your feet will turn white. Were you not a brave man, and a good coun- sellor ? . . . And now you despise all this. You thinlc you have found something better. Wait ! you will soon find how much you have been deceived." To which the converted warrior only replied, "You are right. I have joined the Brethren. Where they go I will go : where thej"^ lodge I will lodge ; their people shall be my people, and their God my God." A few days afterward he was so affected under the preaching of the gospel as to sob aloud. " A haughty war captain," writes Zeisberger, " weeps publicly in the presence of his former asso- ciates I It is marvelous 1" Packanke made opposition for some time, but an event soon after occurred which reconciled him. This was the adoption into the Monsey tribe of Zeis- berger. This ceremony took place on the 14th of July, 1770, at Kaskaskiink; and the missionary was invested with all the rights and privileges of a Monsey. This proved the complete triumph of the missionary, and was the source of much influence for good among the red men. The new and larger town, on the west side of the Beaver, was laid out by Zeisberger, late in July, and was rapidly built. About the same time, John George Jungmann and his wife arrived at the mission, and Senseman returned to eastern Pennsylvania. Mr. Jungmann understood the Delaware language thoroughly, and was of much assistance to Zeisberger in preaching and teaching. A great revival followed. Many were converted. Glikkikan was baptized, together with Gendaskund, on Christmas day, and soon others ; so that by the beginning of 1771 the number of Christian professors in the town was seventy- three. On the 20th of June, 1771, a log church was dedicated, and the church members had increased to one hundred. It would be interesting to trace the history of this town and settlement of Christian Indians up tlie time that they removed from the bounds of Lawrence county to the new settlements of Chris- tain Indiaijs on the Tuscarawas, in what is now Ohio, but it would exceed the space allotted to this sketch. Through Zeisberger's agency in exploring the country and recommending the enterprises, missions had been established by the Brethren on the Tuscarawas, in the Muskingum valley, Ohio. Zeisberger took active part in the enterprise, and left the care of the mission at Friedens- stadt in the hands of Jungmann and others. Meanwhile difficulties began to sur- round the mission. Drunkenness was introduced among the heathen Indians by traders ; and they would come from Kaskaskiink, and other towns, to Prei- densstadt, and howl along the streets in a drunken and threatening manner ; and sometimes use violence to the Christian inhabitants. In view of these troubles Zeisberger called the Christian Indians to join him at Gnadenhiitten and Schonbrun in Ohio; and in the spring of 1773, the migration was effected, the "City of Peace" was deserted, their sanctuary levelled with the ground, and the people migrated to the Muskingum. All that remains of this once pleasant LAWRENCE COUNTY. 859 Christian town is the name Moravia, applied to a hamlet and to the railway station. When the white settlers began to pour in, after Wayne's treaty of Greenville, 1795, there were still some families of the Indians lingered in the territory now embraced within Lawrence county ; and a few hunters were now and then found straying through the forests as late as 1814 ; an Indian village was located at Harboring bridge, .but after the close of the war of 1812-'14 they dis- appeared. To Lawrence belongs a part of the history of that war; for a large proportion of her able-bodied young men bore a part in the conflict. After Hull's surrender, a call was made for troops, and two large compa- nies of volunteers were gathered from the sparse population of Mercer county, and a similar force from Beaver, a large proportion of whom were drawn from those parts of these counties now constituting Lawrence. One of these companies (the Mercer Blues), numbering eighty-four rifles, was commanded by Captain John Junkin, and another by Cap- tain Matthew Dawson. Of the for- mer, quite a number went from what is now the north part of Lawrence, and of the latter a still larger proportion. They did good service under the gallant Harrison, in the North-western army, and were distinguished alike for gallant- ry and morality. It is a remark- able fact, that in Captain Junkin's company family worship was kept up by the mess in every tent but two, when not interrupted by mili- tary necessity. These men were the ancestors, to a considerable extent, of the " Roundhead " and the " Bucktail " regiments, which did such eti'ective service in the late war for the Union. Quite a number of the sons and grandsons of the men of 1812 filled the ranks of the regiments of 1862-'64. But one of those old soldiers survives — Henry Jordan, of Lawrence county. New Castle is the county seat, and is one of the most flourishing towns west of Pittsburgh in the State. It was laid out in 1802, by a Mr. C. Stewa t, who came to this locality from the neighborhood of New Castle, in Delaware, and the name was probably given in honor of that old Swedish town ; suggested, it may have been, by the resemblance of the name of the Indian town which occupied the same site, New Kaskaskiink. It continued a small and unimportant village until after the construction of the public works, when it began to grow in population and increase in business. It is located in a deep basin, and upon the encompassing hills at and around the confluence of tlie Shenango and the PUBLIC SCHOOL BUILDING, NEW CASTLE. [From a Photograph by A. W. Phipps.] 860 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Neshannock. It was incorporated as a city in 1867. Its census has not been taken since 1870, but it probably now is between ten and twelve thousand. It contains a court-house, a jail, a market-house, with a spacious opera hall above it; four Presbyterian churches, three Methodist Episcopal, one Episcopal Pro- testant, one Disciples, one Baptist, one Lutheran, two African, and one Primitive Methodist churches. The number of furnaces is seven, and rolling mills three. Excellent window glass is also manufactured within the city limits. There are two large and elegant buildings for public school purposes, one in the first and the other in the second ward, besides five or six other edifices that are used for school purposes, one of which is " the New Castle one study college." The Roman Catholics are about completing a large and handsome building for their schools, which are now kept in rented rooms. The first courts in the county were held in the edifice of the First Methodist Episcopal church, pending the erection of a court house. The Hon. John Bredin, of Butler, was the first presiding judge, and after him Hon. Daniel Agnew, now of the Supreme Bench ; Hon. Lawrence L. McGuflin, and now the Hon. James Bredin (son of the first judge), and the Hon. Ebenezer McJun- kin, who preside alternately. There are several thriving villages in the county. Harlansburg on the east, nine miles from the county seat ; Chewton, Wampum, and Newport, on the south ; Mount Jackson, south-west from New Castle ; Edinburg, west ; Pulaski on the Shenango, north-west. New Bedford, three miles south of the latter, and New Wilmington, the seat of Westminster college, a flourishing institution, controlled by the United Presbyterian church. Fayette, East- BROOK, WiTTENBURG, PRINCETON, and Clinton, are smaller villages. Lawrence county sent to the front in the late civil war many and very excellent soldiers. The celebrated " Roundhead " regiment, One Hundred Pennsylvania volunteers. Colonel Daniel Leasure, which rendered such efiective service, was recruited chiefly from this county. Battery B, one of the most effective in the service, commanded by Captains H. T. Danforth, J. Harvej^ Cooper, William McClelland, was from this county, and parts of other regiments were recruited here. There are five weekly newspapers published at the county seat. Lawrence count}' is traversed by the Pittsburgh and Erie railroad, and by the Lawrence Transportation, and the New Castle and Franklin railroads, whilst others are projected ; and one approaching New Castle from Allegheny City is now under construction. Some years ago, the county made heavy sub- DISCIPLES CHURCH, NEW CASTLE. [From a Photograph bj A. W. Phipps.l LAWBENCE COUNTY. 861 Bcriptions to railways that were never constructed, and lost her investments, which adds considerably to her taxes, down nearly to the present time, 1816. Perhaps no county in the Commonwealth possesses a larger amount of the elements of wealth, both of surface and mineral resources, in proportion to its area, than Lawrence County. In the construction of Lawrence county several townships of the same name were thrown into it, as Mercer county and Beaver had each a Mahoning, a Slip- pery Rock, and a Shenango township. The Slippery Rock of Mercer county was for a time called North Slippery Rock, and the other Slippery Rock, both after the stream of that name. The original townships of Lawrence county were Big Beaver, Little Beaver, North Beaver, Mahoning, Neshannock, Pulaski, Shenango, Slippery Rock, Wayne, Perry, and New Castle borough. Hickory was formed out of Neshannock in 1859 ; Pollock out of Shenango and Neshannock, in 1858; Scott by dividing Slippery Rock in 1853; Taylor out of Shenango and North Beaver the same year ; Union out of Neshannock and Mahoning, in 1858; Wilmington borough, in 18 — ; Plain Grove out of Slippery Rock in 1855; and Washington out of Plain Grove and Scott in February 15, 1859. Pollock township became the first ward of the city of New Castle at the time of the charter of that city The old borough of New Castle is the second ward. MACHINERY HALL, CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 862 LEBANON COUNTY. [With acknowledgments to I. D. Rupp and George Boss, M.D.'\ EBANON county was formed from parts of Lancaster, but mainly from Dauphin county, by an act of Assembly, passed February 16, 1813. By an act passed February 2, 1814, Thomas Smith, of Dauphin, Levi Hollingsworth, of Lebanon, and Jacob Hibshman, of Lancaster county, were appointed commissioners to run and mark the boundary lines between Lancaster, Lebanon, and Dauphin counties. The agricultural resources of Lebanon from her well cultivated farms are estimated at over three million dollars in value an- nually. The surplus pro- duce finds an ample market in the coal regions of Schuylkill. The agricul- tural skill of the county has all that German indus- try and perseverance can give it — there is no higher encomium for it. Nowhere in the United States are the farms in such highly improved condition. Barns, almost like castles in their magnitude, and magnificent in their beauty and adorn- ment, out-buildings, fences, etc., all show the same dis- regard of expense, and on many the barn alone will far exceed, in expense and attractions, the entire establishment of a well-to-do New York or New England farmer. Orchards and meadows show the same thrift and prosperity. It is, however, as a producer of iron that Lebanon county stands among the foremost. At Cornwall is found the most remarkable and valuable body of iron ore in the world. It consists of three hills of solid ore, called respectively the Big Hill, Middle Hill, and Grassy Hill, better known abroad as the Cornwall ore banks. Big Hill is over four hundred feet high, and the base covers more than forty acres. In shape it is like a cone, and around its sloping sides a spiral railway has been constructed, ascending to the summit on a grade of two hundred feet to the mile. The ore is mined in breasts, along which the cars are backed, 863 LEBANON COUNTY COURT HOUSE, LEBANON. 864 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. and the ore shoveled into them. There are no shafts sunk as in mining coal, but all the work is done in daylight, and in the open air. For many years the several owners of these ore hills mined just as much as each one needed to supplj^ his furnaces, but with the growth of the trade, and the construction of numerous furnaces in all parts of the State, came a demand for this ore. The ore is a magnetic oxide, containing a great deal of iron pjaites which, under atmospheric influences, changes into a soluble sulphate, and is washed away by the rain. The nearer it lies to the surface the freer it is of sulphur. Middle Hill is about two hundred yards from the Big Hill, and has an altitude of two hundred feet above the water level, and covers about thirty -five acres. The ore is the same as that mined at Big Hill. This hill shows the most perceptible impression made b}' 3-ears of steady mining, though amid the surrounding mass it al- most escapes notice. It has been constantly worked for a period ante-dating the Revo- lution. In the days of 17T6 cannon and munitions of war were furnished the colonists by the proprietors of Corn- wall. The Grassy Hill lies south-west of the Middle Hill, about one hundred j^ards away. It has been worked for more than twenty years. This hill is about one hun- dred and fift}'^ feet high, and covers thirty acres. Exami- nations have been made to ascertain to what depth these great bodies of iron ore ex- tend, but that has not yet been determined. From their appearance the supply would seem to be inexhaustible for centuries yet to come. With such immense bodies of iron, the establishments for their conversion into metal located around them have made a reputation unequaled by axvy in the country. The famous charcoal furnace, the oldest in existence, which has sup- plied the iron trade for so many years, is still in blast. It was this furnace which supplied the iron for the cannon and ball made in the daj's of the Revolution. The old anthracite furnaces have been in continuous blast for a period of more than twenty-five 3^ears. The furnaces recently built, and especially Bird Cole- man, modeled and constructed by A. Wilhelm, Esq., the attorney of the Coleman heirs since 1851, is the most admirably equipped furnace in the world. It is the wonder and admiration of the visitor. Belonging to this vast estate are no less than eight furnaces, nearl}^ all of which are in blast. The entire Cornwall estate, its huge hilis of valuable ore, its iron producing establishments, its magnificent OORNWAIiL MINES, MIDDLE HILL,, THROUGH CUT. fProm a Photograph by J. H. Keim.] LEBANON COUNTY. 865 farms and improved stock, are unequaled in the world, and are far more worthy a visit than famed Niagara. Other iron furnaces have been constructed in different parts of the county, some of which, particularly the Lebanon furnaces owned by Hon. G. Dawson Coleman, are justly celebrated. Rapidly the county has been developing, and the next decade will show the marked progress of Lebanon county in population, wealth, and material resources. The first settlements made within the present limits of the county, in the western part, were in Derry township, by Scotch-Irish. Derry was located prior to 1720. About three-fourths of the county was originally settled by Germans, some of whom had come to New York in 1710 and 1711, and removed in 1723- 1729 to Tulpehocken and Quitapahilla ; others emigrated from Germany and set- tled in the eastern part of Lebanon count}'-, extending their settlements westward into Dauphin county. In August, 1729, some seventy-five families. Palatines, arrived in Philadelphia, most of whom settled on the Quitapahilla. There was an early settlement of German Jews in the neighborhood of Sheafferstown. They were so numerous at one time as to to have a synagogue and a rabbi, a doctor of the law, to read the Scriptures to them. As early as 1732 they had a cemetery, or necropolis, around which there was a substantial wall built, nearly the whole of which is yet standing. The cement or mortar used must have been very adhesive, made of a larger proportion of lime than is usually taken, for it is even now as compact and solid as limestone. The cemetery is about half a mile south of Sheafferstown, one hundred yards east of the Lancaster road. A few hundred yards south is Thurm-Berg, or Tower Hill, an elevated point on which the famous Baron Stiegel erected a castle or tower. The one at Sheaflfers- town, like that at Manheim, was mounted with cannon, for the express purpose of firing a salute when he made his appearance at either place. Residing princi- pally at Philadelphia, he occasionally invited his friends there into the country with him, to enjoy his baronial hospitality. The incidents of border and Indian wars, incursions, and massacres, are so completely merged in the sketch of the adjoining counties, that not much of interest, separately considered, remains to be noticed. Little, indeed, has been preserved, by tradition or record, of the Indian incursions into the parts embraced within the present limits of the county. We shall only give such incidents as are of undoubted authenticity. In August, 1757, John Andrew's wife, going to a neighbor's house, was surprised by six Indians, had her horse shot under her, and she and her child carried off". At the same time, in Bethel township, as John Winklebach's two sons, and Joseph Fischbach, a soldier in the pay of the Province, went out about sunrise to bring in the cows, they were fired upon by about fifteen Indians. The two lads were killed ; one of them was scalped ; the other got into the house before he died, and the soldier was wounded in the head. The same morning, about seven o'clock, two miles below Manada Gap, as Thomas McGuire's son was bringing some cows out of a field, a little way from the house, he was pursued by two Indians and narrowly escaped. Leonard Long's son, while ploughing, was killed and scalped. On the other side of the fence, Leonard Miller's son was ploughing, who was made prisoner. Near Benjamin Clarke's house, four miles from the mill, two savages surprised Isaac Williams' wife and the widow Williams, killed and scalped the former in 3 E 866 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. sight of the house, she having run a little way after three balls had been shot through her body. The latter they carried away captive. A letter from Hanover township, dated October 1, 175*7, says that the child- ren mentioned as having been carried oft" from Lebanon township, belonging to Peter Wampler, were going to the meadows for a load of hay, and that the Indians took from the house what they thought most valuable, and destroyed what they could not take away, to a considerable value. On the 19th of June, 175*7, nineteen persons were killed in a mill on the Quitapahilla creek. In Sep- tember, Christian Danner and his son, a lad of twelve years, who went out into the Conewago hills to cut timber, were attacked by the Indians. The father was shot and scalped, the son taken captive, carried oft" to Canada, and kept there till the close of the war, when he made his escape. Following these and other outrages by the ruthless savages, many of the inhabitants fled to escape being murdered. When the danger was over nearly all returned to their desolated homes. Some few sought other localities for a settlement. A brief description of the two forts erected during the French and Indian wars, within the present limits of Lebanon county, may prove acceptable as interesting: Fort Henry was near the base of the Blue mountain, erected in 1756, at a pass through the mountain called Tolihaio or Hole. This fort was erected by Captain Christian Busse, by order of Governor Morris, who named it Fort Henry. Governor Morris ordered, in January, 1756, Captain Busse "to proceed as soon as possible with the company under his command to the gap where the Swatara comes through the mountains, and in some convenient place there to erect a fort, of the form and dimensions herewith given, unless j^ou shall judge the stockade already erected there conveniently placed, in which case you will take possession, and make such additional work as you ma^^ think necessary to make it sufficiently strong." During 1757 and 1758 Fort Henry was well garri- soned by eighty or ninety soldiei's doing duty there. Fort Smith was located, about 1738, three-fourths of a mile north of Union Forge. The land on which the fort was erected was owned several years since by the widow Shue3% It is related that on a certain occasion the Indians appeared in great numbers, and nearly all the neighbors being in their own houses, Peter Heydrich gave immediate notice to the people to resort to the fort, and in the meantime took his drum and fife, marched himself in the woods, now beating the drum, then blowing the fife, giving at the same time the word of command as if he was giving it to a large force, though he was the only one to obey orders. By this sleight of war, it is stated, he succeeded to keep the savages away, and col- lected his neighbors securely. In the war of Independence many of the citizens of Lebanon county were in the ranks of the patriot army. Immense supplies were sent from this locality for the brave men at Valley Forge and Whitemarsh. After the battle of Trenton a large number of Hessians were confined in the Lutheran church at Lebanon. Among the principal men at that eventful period were Colonel Greenawalt and Major Philip Marsteller. The latter served as commissaiy of purchases almost during the entire war — a position by no means a sinecure. He was active and energetic, and his correspondence, much of which is found in the records of the Revolution, is highly creditable. LEBANON COUNTY. gg^, As early as 1762 David Rittenhouse and Rev. William Smith, D.D were appointed commissioners to examine into the feasibility of a canal to conne'ct the Schuylkill river with the Swatara running into the Susquehanna. The events preceding and connected with the war for Independence caused public interest to die away, and nothing more was done until the year 1794, when operations were commenced and pushed with more or less vigor, and frequent cessations, in spite of discouragements, until 1837, when the Union canal was completed, and the first boat, the "Alpha" of Tulpehocken, passed Lebanon on its way westward Although the construction of the ditferent railroads in the county have in a o-reat measure superseded this maritime highway, yet it can in truth be said tha't the projectors of the Union canal have done more to develop the resources, and add to the material prosperity of Lebanon county, than all other enterprises. The main line of the canal is seventy-nine miles in length, with a navigable feeder of seven miles. It extends from Middletown on the Susquehanna to Reading, where it connects with the Schuyl- kill canal. Lebanon borough was laid out in the year 1750, by George Steitz, by whose name the village was known for many years, especially among the German settlers. In the Provincial records the town is designated, as early as 1759, " Lebanon town, in Lancaster county, and Lebanon township." The name is a scriptural one. It was incorporated as a borough, February 20, 1821. Upon the comple- tion of the Union canal a town began to be built along its line, which was called North Lebanon. Both towns prospered and grew in friendly rivalry, and when, in 1856-7, the Lebanon Valley railroad was completed, the line of that road being located between the two towns, and a depot erected thereon, improve- ments and manufacturing establishments sprung up, covering the intervening space. The two towns thus having grown together, were consolidated in 1869. Beside the communications referred to, Lebanon is connected with the coal fields of Schuylkill by a railroad to Tremont, while there are in contemplation a con- nection in the near future with roads in Lancaster county towards the north, and by the South Mountain railroad with the south. With these various communications, and her great industries, Lebanon is becoming one of the most important cities of Pennsjdvania. Four miles north-west of Lebanon stands the Hill Church (Bei-g-Kirche), built in 1733, and in which Lutherans and German Reformed worshipped jointly. "Im Jahr, 1754, und spaeter," says Rev. George Lochman, "zur zeit die Indianer noch haeufige Einfaelle machten, man nahm oefters die Flinte mit zur 'BERG-KIRCHE" — Hllit CHURCH — liEBANON COUNTY. [From a Photograph by J. H. Keim.] 868 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. Kirche um sich unterwegs gegen die Indianern zu verthei digen, und wenn man Gottesdiensi hielte, warden oefters Maenner mit gela denen Gewehren auf die Wacht gestellt." [In the year 1*^54, and later, when the Indians made frequent incursions, people often took guns with them to defend themselves against the Indians. During divine service, men with loaded guns were placed at the door as sentinels.] On the outskirts of Lebanon, at the Moravian station called Hebron, stands, quite near to their burial ground, an old stone church, built in 1150. The first meeting-house was a log one, erected in 1747, and in which a Moravian synod was held by Bishop John Nitschman, in 1751. But as the Indians were trouble- some, the stone one was built as a place of refuge in times of danger. The organization was first called the " Congregation at the Quitapahilla," and afterwards Hebron. The lower story of the church contained four rooms and two kitchens, each kitchen having a huge fire-place and chimney. The second story contained the audience room, with the pulpit on the south side, in the centre, the males sitting on the west side and females on the east. Yestibules were at both ends, on the first and second stories, from which stairs ascended to the garret, it being built precisely like a dwelling house, to be used by two families, the second floor being used as a church, the minister using part of it as a parsonage, and keeping school in it too. After the battle of Trenton many of the Hessian prisoners were brought here, and the building was used as a military prison and hospital. It was used for church services until 1848, at which time the new church was built at Lebanon. It was then abandoned. It is now used for a barn. Annville is a thriving village five miles west of Lebanon. It was laid out about 1765 by Messrs. Miller, Ulrich, and Reigel. It was settled perhaps twenty years previously. For many years it was called Millerstown, after one of the original owners. Near the railroad depot is yet standing an old house which was used during the Indian troubles as a fort, to which the settlers took refuge in times of danger. Lebanon Valley college, under the auspices of the United Brethren, is located here. It is in a prosperous and flourishing condition, and promises to take a high rank among the many educational institutions of the State. Jonestown was laid out in 1761, by William Jones, on part of one hundred and fourteen acres of land granted him by the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania Lots were sold with the proviso that purchasers, or their heirs or assigns, " shall make, erect, and build upon said lot or lots, one substantial dwelling-house, of the dimensions of 20 feet by 16 at least, with a good chimney of brick or stone, to be laid in or built with lime and sand, to be flnished and tenantable on or before the 20th day of October, 1762." The yearly quit-rent of lots of one-half acre was seven shillings and sixpence sterling. The precaution as to the mate- rial used in building the chimney was necessary, as the general practice was to make chimneys of slabs of wood daubed over both inside and out with mortar made of clay. The town was originally called Williamstown. It is situated in the forks of the Big and Little Swatara, one half-mile above the junction, twenty- four miles east of Harrisburg, five miles north of Lebanon, on elevated ground, affording a picturesque view of the country south of the Blue mountain, six miles north of the borough. The town was incorporated August 20, 1870. One LEBANON COUNTY. 869 mile south of Jonestown is an eminence called Bunker hill, the highest point of the trap-rock hills. Upwards of thirty years ago, Judge Rank, on whose farm it is, suggested Bunker hill as a desirable point on which to erect a suitable edifice as an academy or school of advanced standing, believing as he did, greatly needed for the neighborhood. In August, 1858, the corner-stone of Swatara Collegiate Institute was laid, not on Bunker hill, but on an eminence immediately north of Jonestown. The institute was soon organized, with I. D. Rupp as principal, until 1860. In the spring of 1875 the building was destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt, however, and is now owned and conducted by Rev. E. J. Koons, A.M., principal. Jonestown, by its position at the inter- section of the South Mountain with the Lebanon and Tremont railroad, is des- tined to become a town of considerable importance. Myerstown, on the Lebanon Valley railroad, seven miles from the county- seat, was laid out by Isaac Myers, about 1168. It is situated in one of the most enchanting valleys of Pennsylvania, near to mountain scenery of great celebrity, in the midst of a region unsurpassed for fertility of soil. Palatinate College, chartered in 1868, invested with full collegiate powers, is located here. It is under the auspices of the Lebanon classis of the Reformed Church. Rev. George W. Aughinbaugh, D.D., is president of the faculty. The college is highly prosperous. Palmyra, called in early days Palmstown, is ten miles west of Lebanon. It is an old settled town, and about the commencement of the century was consi- dered a thriving village. Owing to its location on the line of the Lebanon Valley railroad, it has recently taken a fresh start, and may in time again become an important town, situated as it is in the midst of a fine agricultural region. The Downington, Ephrata, and Harrisburg turnpike, once a great thoroughfare, passes through the town. On this road, three miles south, is Campbbllstown, settled in the past century. The early pioneers in this section were Scotch-Irish — the Campbells, Semples, Pattersons, Mitchells, and others, few of whose descendants remain. Sheafperstown was laid out about the year 1741, by Mr. Shealfer, after whom it was named. The inhabitants are of German descent. The town is pleasantly situated in a highly cultivated region. It contains an academy. Fredericksburg, formerly known by the name of Nassau, and Stumpstown, after the notorious Frederick Stump, who laid out the town in 1758, is situated ten miles north-east of Lebanon, on the line of the South Mountain railroad. In 1783 it contained twenty houses. In 1827 it was almost wholly destroyed by fire. Newmanstown, in Mill Creek township, is a thriving village. Organization of Townships. — North and South Annville were originally both included in one township, named Annville until 1845, when they were formed by its division. Annville was formed at the time of the organization of the county in 1813, from portions of Londonderry and Lebanon. The Scotch- Irish were the first settlers in the eastern part of the township, which then belonged to Lebanon. Cold Spring lies between the Blue or Kittatinny or Second mountain on the south, and the Fourth mountain on the north, with the Third mountain in the centre. It was established by act of Legislature in 1853, from a portion of 870 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Union and East Hanover townships. In Cold Spring township is a celebrated cold spring, from which the township takes its name. East Hanover was settled by Scotch-Irish, and was a part of Hanover town- ship, Dauphin county. It originally included Union, Cold Spring, and a part of Swatara,in Lebanon county. Hanover was erected about 1736-'7, from Peshtank or Paxton, and for several succeeding years was divided into the East and West End. The latter is mostly embraced at present in the limits of Lebanon county. Heidelberg originally comprised, beside the present township, the three Heidelbergs in Berks county, and part of Jackson township in Lebanon county. The first division was made at the time of the formation of Berks county in 1752, when the larger part was incorporated with that count3\ Bethel was, until 1739, a portion of Lebanon township, and when it was cut off' included much more territory than at present. It has since been reduced, in 1752, b3'^ the taking off of Bethel, Berks county, and again in 1813, by the taking off of what now forms a portion of Jackson and Swatara. Among the early settlers in this locality were Grove, Oberholtzer, Sherrick, Weaver, and Schneberly. North and South Lebanon and Cornwall were originally settled by Germans, about 1720, east of where Hebron now stands; and in 1723 several families had located within the eastern limits of North and South Lebanon, as they at present extend. Londonderry was formed from Derry township, which was organized in 1729. As then bounded, it embraced all within its limits known as the West End and the East End of Derry, or as subsequently called, Derry and London- derry. Derry was settled prior to 1720. Swatara was originally included in Bethel and Hanover townships. Its boundaries have been changed since 1830, by erecting Union township. The surface is diversified ; the north and south are hilly, and the central part level. Some of the soil is limestone, but the greater portion is gravel and slate, yet generally well improved. It is well supplied with water power, mills, etc. The Big Swatara is the dividing line between Swatara and Union townships their entire length. The Little Swatara crosses the townships a little south of the borough of Jonestown, and in its course across the township it propels two grist-mills and one saw mill. Union became a separate township organization in 1842. Since then its boundaries, which then extended to the northern limit of the county, have been reduced by the erection of Cold Spring. Mill Creek was formed from Jackson and Heidelberg, in 1844. The Muel- bach, or Mill Creek, a beautiful stream of considerable size which flows through from west to east, gave to the township its name. On this stream, as early as 1720, the Dunkards had a settlement. Besides the Mill creek there are several other streams of smaller size. The South mountain, or Conewago hills, are in the southern part of the township. Jackson township was one of the very first settled in the present county of Lebanon. It was formed from a part of Bethel and Heidelberg, in 1813. LEHIGH COUNTY. IWith acknowledgments to R. K. Buehrle and E. D. Leisenrxng, Allentown.^ EHIGH county was separated from Northampton, by act of Assem- biy, March 6th, 1812. The act defines the boundaries as follows : "That all that part of Northampton county, lying and being within the limits of the following townships, to wit: the townships of Lynn, Heidelberg, Lowhill, Weissenburg, Macungie, Upper Milford, South Whitehall, Northampton, Salisbury, Upper Saucon, and that part of Hanover township within the following bounds, to wit : beginning at Bethlehem line where It joins the Lehigh river, thence along the said line until it intersects the road leading to Allen township line, thence along the line of Allen township, west- wardly to the Lehigh, shall be, and the same are hereby, ac- cording to their present lines, declared to be erected into a county to be henceforth called Le- high." This act also autho- rized the Gov- ernor to ap- point three dis- creet and disin- terested per- sons, not resi- dent in the county of Northampton, nor holding property therein, to fix upon a proper and convenient site for a court house, prison, and county offices, within the county of Lehigh, as near the centre as the situation thereof will admit, and to report to the Governor, in writing, July 1st, 1812. The court house was built in 1814 ; the jail had been previously built. The first court held in the county met at the public house kept by George Savitz. The following is an extract from the court records: "At a court of. General Quarter Sessions of the Peace, begun and held at the borough of North- ampton, for the county of Lehigh, on the 21st day of December, before the Hon. Robert Porter, president, and the Hon. Peter Rhoads and Jonas Harzell, Esqs., associate judges of said court, at the November term, 1813, November 30, 871 LEHIGH COUNTY COURT HOUSE, ALLENTOWN. 8Y2 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. court met at the house of George Savitz, adjourned from thence to meet in the upper story of the county prison, prepared by the commissioners for holding courts of the county of Lehigh, until the court house be erected." Lehigh county is bounded on the north-west by the Blue (Kittatinny or North) mountains, separating it from Schuylkill and Carbon counties ; north-east by Northampton ; south-east by Bucks, and south-west by Montgomery and Berks counties. Length, 28 miles ; width, 15 ; area, 389 square miles, or 249,860 acres, whereof 181,097 acres were improved in 1870, supporting a population of 56,266. Settled originally by Germans from the Palatinate, their language, now known as Pennsylvania German, is still largely used, especially in the home circle, while the high German is used in the newspapers and in the pulpit of the more nume- rous denominations. The people (as might be expected, considering their origin) are noted for their industry, economy, and frugality. Prosperity and thrift are found on every hand, and the soil is cultivated in the most approved manner. The physical features and geolotrical character of Lehigh county are similar to those of other counties which lu- chiefly within the Kittatinny, Cumberland, or Great valley. The surface is generally undulating, although in some places rugged and somewhat broken. In the south-east are the hills and ridges belonging to the South mountain range (Blue ridge), of primary (protozoic or Laurentian) formation, consisting largel}'^ of Potsdam sandstone, and abounding in crystalline iron ore, much of it magnetic. North of this is a broad belt of lower Silurian limestone, and then the Hudson and Utica or dark slate, which extends to the sandstone of the Blue (Kittatinny or North) mountains, on the northern boundar3\ The climate is healthy and temperate. The whole county is well watered by many rills and creeks flowing into the Lehigh river, which, for the most part, bounds it on the east. The valley is highly cultivated, and the hills and mountains are covered with forests. No scenery can excel this earthly paradise, when from the summit of the Blue ridge, or North mountain, the spectator looks down upon the broad expanse of field, meadow, and wood land, dotted with farm-houses and barns, interspersed with thriving towns and villages, and enlivened by the hum of machinery, the rolling of the trains on fiive diflferent railroads, and the smoke arising from the stacks of numerous furnaces. The Lehigh river (called by the Delaware Indians Le-chau-wiech-ink, Le- chau-wek-ink, or Le-chau-w^ek-i, compounded of Lechauwiechen, the fork of a road, and ink, the local suflSx, signifying " at the place of the forks of the road," where there is a fork of the road, and shortened by the German settlers in Lecha, a name in current use at the present day), rises in Wayne, Pike, and Luzerne counties, with its various branches. Near Stoddartsville, Monroe county, the stream receives several mountain creeks, and continuing its down- ward and somewhat serpentine course, it may appropriately be called a " moun- tain torrent." The Lehigh Water Gap (called by the Monsey Indians Buch-ka-buch-ka, which, according to Heckewelder, the historian, implies " mountains butting opposite to each other), so named from the river Lehigh, which here steals its way through the Kittatinny or Blue mountains, the dividing line between Carbon county and Lehigh and Northampton counties, presents to the spectator LEHIOH COUNTY. 873 one of the most picturesque prospects in Pennsylvania. From " the Gap " to Easton the river falls about one hundred feet, and forms the eastern boundary of the county, until at Catasauqua, below Allentown, it turns to the eastward, flows into Northampton county, and empties into the Delaware, at Easton, Saucon (corrupted from sak-unk, compounded of sa-ku-wit, the mouth of a creek, and ink, the local suffix, and signifying at the place of the creek's outlet, or where the creek debouches) is the name of a creek which rises in Upper Milford township, and running north-easterly, falls into the Lehigh river, two miles below Bethlehem. Jordan creek, so called by the first settlers, after the Jordan, in Palestine, rises at the foot of the Blue or North mountains, running a serpentine course to the south-east, falls into the Little Lehigh, about one hundred rods from its mouth. The Little Lehigh rises in Berks county, running a south-east course, it receives the waters of Cedar and Jordan creeks. It is a beautiful stream, affording water power to several mills ; it falls into the Lehigh at Allentown. Cedar creek, which empties into the Little Lehigh near Allentown, is one of the lovelist streams in the State, clear as crystal, always full, never overflowing (having for its source a spring so large as at once to afltord water power sufficient to drive a mill), it winds for two miles (turning in its course some four or five mills) through a meadow that is a perfect picture. Besides those named above, the following may be mentioned: Trout, Coplay, or Balliets, Crowner's run. Sinking run, Cavern spring, Antelawny, Lyon run, Willson's run, Schantz's spring, and Perkiomen creek. Coplay is the name of a creek empting into the Lehigh near Catasauqua. The proper and original Indian name for this stream is Copeechan, signifying ''that which runs evenly," or, a "fine running stream." As an agricultural county, there is none superior in the State, and especially do the rich townships of Saucon, the two Macungies, three Whitehalls, Salisbury, and Hanover excel in fertility of soil. Wheat and rye are the staple produc- tions ; the other cereals are Indian corn, oats, barley, and buckwheat. The total estimated value of all farm productions, including improvements and additions to stock, according to census of 18t0, amounted to 3,085,841 dollars. The mineral resources of Lehigh are principally vast deposits of iron ore, rich and valuable beds of zinc, copper, manganese, cement, and slate. Iron ore is found in abundance in the Whitehalls, at I ronton, the Macungies, at Trexlertown (where it is found so highly charged with sulphuret of iron as to be used for the manufacture of copperas), the Milfords, Hanover, and Salisbury, in veins from four to forty feet thick, and so near the surface as to be mined with the greatest ease. It is of difl"erent kinds, such as rock, pipe, shell, kidney, and black and red sheer, yielding from seventy to ninety per cent. In 1870 there were twenty- three mining establishments, employing three hundred and eighty-three hands with a capital of $223,447, producing material to the value of $384,168. In Upper Saucon township, at Friedensville, are the famous zinc mines, believed to be practically inexhaustible and surpassed by few in the world. They have been worked since 1853, though discovered in 1845. The ore found here is mostly silicate of zinc, though great masses of carbonate of zinc also occur, both 874 HISTOEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. of most excellent quality. Geological observations and comparison with old European mines indicate that the ore continues, in all probability, to a depth of several hundred feet. These mines employ twelve engines (aggregating six hundred and seventy-six horse-power), among them probably the largest one in the country; four hundred hands, capital $400,000, producing material annually to the value of about $300,000. Hydraulic cement is manufactured from the lower beds of magnesian lime- stone in the neighborhood of Siegfried's Bridge and Coplay. These works have been in successful operation for a number of years, and the cement, which is manufactured here, is said to be equal in every respect to the celebrated Rose- dale cement. Slate for roofing purposes, for school slates, for mantels, and for ornamental purposes, is found in various parts of the county, and large quarries are worked. The quarries in the neighborhood of Slatington, worked since 1849, are, without doubt, the largest, and furnish the finest quality of slate in the States. Blue limestone is found in all parts of the county, and is extensively used in fertilizing the soil and in the manufacture of iron in the numerous furnaces found within its borders. Excellent sandstone for building purposes are quarried in the mountains south-east of Allentown. The early history of Lehigh county is contained in that of Northampton, and among the voluminous records relating to the latter territory, the descriptions are frequently vague as to the proper location of certain incidents. Tlie greater proportion of the early settlers within the present limits of the county were Germans. The Moravians principally settled around Emaus, while the Schwenkfelders spread into the lower portion of the county adjoining I Montgomery. At present the population is of German descent. There were few / if any settlements prior to 1123, although it is probable that some of th'e , Dunkards, Mennonites, and Amish, who settled at and near Falkner swamp, in 1 the present Montgomery county, had in 1108-1715 crossed over upon the lands now in Upper Milford township. In 1152, when the county of Northampton was formed, it contained a population within its borders of nearly six thousand, over one-third of which was in Lehigh. From 1155 to 1163, during the French and Indian war, Lehigh, with other frontier counties, was invaded by marauding parties of Indians, who murdered indiscriminately men, women, and children, and carried some off" into captivity. In 1755 and '56, the greater part of the inhabitants of Heidelberg township and some other places fled to Bethlehem for refuge, to escape being inhumanly butchered by the savages. On the 14th of February, 1756, the Indians surprised the inmates of the house of Frederick Reichelsderfer, shot two of his childreui set his house and barn on fire, burned up all his grain and cattle. Thence they went to the house of Jacob Gerhart, there killed one man, two women, and six children. Two of the children had slipped under the bed, one was burned, the other escaped, ran a mile to get to the people. On the 24th of March following, the Indians killed George Seisloff" and wife, also a young man of twenty, a boy of twelve, and a young girl of fourteen years, four of whom were scalped. LEHIGH COUNTY. 875 The following petition shows the condition in which the inhabitants of a portion of Lehigh were placed, in these daj'S of horror and dismay, by reason of Indian incursions : " A petition of the back inhabitants of Lehigh township, situate between Allentown and the Blue mountains in Northampton county, to the honorable Governor and General Assembly, October 5, ITSY, most humbly showeth: That the said township for a few years past has been, to your knowledge, ruined and destroyed by the murdering Indians. That since the late peace, the said inhabi- tants returned to their several and respective places of abode, and some of them have rebuilt their houses and out-houses which were burnt ; that since the new murders were committed, some of the said inhabitants deserted their plantations and fled to the more improved parts of the Province, where they remain ; that if your petitioners get no assistance from you they will be reduced to poverty ; that the district in which your petitioners dwell contains twenty miles in length and eight miles in breadth, which is too extensive for them to defend without you assist with some forces ; that they apprehend it to be necessary for their defence that a road be cut along the Blue mountains through Lehigh township, and that several guard-houses be built along this said road, which may be accom- plished with very little cost ; that there are many inhabitants in said township who have neither arms nor ammunition, and who are too poor to provide them- selves therewith ; that several Indians keep lurking about the Blue mountains who pretend to be friends, and as several people have lately been captivated thereabouts, we presume it must be by them. May it, therefore, please your Honours to take our deplorable condition in consideration, and grant us men and ammunition, that we may thereby be enabled to defend ourselves, our pro- perty, and the lives of our wives and children, or grant such other relief, in the premises, as to you shall seem meet, and your petitioners, as in duty bound, will ever pray." The petitioners suggested to the Governor and Assembly that several guard- houses be built. Not long afterwards Fort Everett was erected, which appears to have been about twenty-tive miles from Fort William, in Berks county. On the 8th of October, 1763, some fifteen or twenty Indians who had attacked the house of John Stenton made an attack upon the house of Nicholas Marks, Whitehall township. A detailed account of the attack is here given : " Early this morning, October 9th, came Nicholas Marks (to Bethlehem) and brought the fol- lowing account, viz. : That yesterda}', just after dinner, as he opened his door, he saw an Indian standing about two poles from the house, who endeavored to shoot at him ; but Marks shutting the door immediately, the fellow slipped into a cellar close to the house. After this, Marks went out of the house with his wife and an apprentice boy, in order to make their escape, and saw another Indian standing behind a tree, who tried to shoot at them, but his gun missed. They then saw the third Indian running through the orchard, upon which they made the best of their way, about two miles ofi*, to Adam Deshler's place, where twenty men in arms were assembled, who went first to the house of John Jacob Mickley, where they found a boy and a girl lying dead, and the girl scalped. From thence they went to Schneider's and Marks' plantations, and found both houses on fire, and a horse tied to the bushes. They also found Schneider, his 876 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. wife, and three children dead in the field, the man and woman scalped ; and on going further, they found two others wounded, one of them was scalped. After this they returned with the two wounded girls to Deshler's, and saw a woman, Jacob AUeman's wife, with a child, lying dead in the road, and scalped. The number of Indians, they think, was about fifteen or twenty. I cannot describe the deplorable condition this poor country is in ; most of the inhabitants of Allentown and other places are fled from their habitations. Many are in Bethle- hem and other places of the brethren, and others farther down the country. I cannot ascertain the number killed, but think it exceeds twenty." Adam Deshler lived on the north bank of Coplay creek, in a stone house built by him in the year 1760, which is yet in a good state of preservation and inhabited. Adjoining this house on the north was a large frame building, suffi- ciently large for quar- tering twenty soldiers and for military stores. This place was, during Indian troubles, a kind of military post. A representation of this house of defence has been furnished us by Rev. W. C. Reichel. From this period onward few outrages were committed by the Indians, owing to causes previously alluded to, and the country began to fill in by immigration, especially from the lower counties. When independence was declared, the people of this locality united in hailing the glorious event. Immediately, through the exertions of David Deshler and others, associations were promptly organized. Few held back for conscience-sake. The courage, fortitude, and self-denial of the German inhabitants of Lehigh were not surpassed in that emergency. Surrounding dangers, difficulties, and provocations were no obstacles to their unconquerable love of freedom and determined resistance to tyranny. There was no battle fought in Lehigh county, as has been errone- ously stated, and the enemy never invaded its territory. From the Bethlehem Diary we learn that upon the refusal of the citizens there to have the laboratory for the manufacture of cartridges at that place, it was removed to Allentown. The quota of drafted men in Northampton count}^, as the proportion of the ten thousand men for the Flying Camp, as it was called, was three hundred and forty-six men; of this number about one hundred and twenty came from that portion of the county embraced in the present limits of Lehigh county. We learn from the Bethlehem Diary that, on the 30th of July, 1776, "one hundred and twenty recruits from Allentown and vicinity passed through this place to DESHI.BK'S FOKT, LEHIGH COUNTY. [From a Pencil Sketch by Rev. W. C. Reichel.] LEHIGH COUNTY. 811 the ' Flying Camp in the Jerseys,' " and on the 10th of February, 1111, the Diary says, that, " for the past week, we have been informed of threats of some militia in the vicinity of Allentown, against us and our town." The threat, says Henry, we maj^ suppose to have arisen from the Tory principles of many of the inhabi- tants of Bethlehem. The inhabitants of Lehigh county were not backward in showing their attachment to the principles of the Revolution. In the war of 1812-'! 4, the citizens of Lehigh were generally as prompt as those of other counties to oflPer their services at the call of their country, to march either to the northern frontier or elsewhere to fight in her cause. The following are the officers of a company of light dragoons : Peter Ruch, captain ; William Boas, first lieutenant ; George Keck, second lieutenant. In the Mexican war but few of the heroes hailed from Lehigh, yet there were about twelve or fifteen, among whom Andrew Tingling may be mentioned as still wearing the bronze medal of the National Association of Veterans. In the war for the Union, " Little Lehigh" took a prominent part. Among the vei'y first defenders of the Nation's Capital were the Allen Infantry, com- manded by Captain, afterwards Major, Yaeger, to which special reference has been already made. These were followed by Company I, of the First Regiment, of which T. H. Good of Allentown was chosen lieutenant-colonel. On the 21st July, 1862, the 4'7th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Colonel T. H. Good, was mustered into service for three years. The greater portion of this entire regiment was composed of men from Lehigh. It had seen service, says Professor Bates, in seven of the Southern States, participated in the most exhaust- ing campaigns, marched more than twelve hundred miles, and made twelve voyages at sea. It was the only Pennsylvania regiment that participated in the Red River expedition, or that served in that department until after the surrender of Lee. After the disastrous battles on the Peninsula, the 128th Regiment was mustered into service. Companies D and G were composed of Lehigh county volunteers. This regiment participated in the battle of Antietam, where its brave colonel fell ; afterwards it was stationed along the Potomac, until shortly before the battle of Chancellorsville, in which it took part, and was severely handled, losing many in killed, wounded, and prisoners. The 176th Regiment, also mustered in in 1862, was sent to Charleston, S. C, where it was mostly on fatigue duty. In addition to these, there were large portions of the 5th, 27th, 38th, and 41st Regiments of militia from Lehigh. Allentown was called Northampton until 1800, subsequently Allentown until 1811, then incorporated as the borough of Northampton until 1838, when the present name was finally adopted. It was laid out by James Allen in 1762, and is one of Pennsylvania's most beautiful cities. It is mostly situated on a wide plateau, on the right bank of the Lehigh river, and commands a fine prospect of the surrounding country, so that few cities in the State can vie with it in beauty of situation and loveliness of surrounding scenery. The houses are mostly of brick, the streets are wide, crossing each other at right angles, and are kept scrupulously clean and in excellent condition. The large and beautiful gardens, laid out with great taste, and displaying in some instances remarkable liberality in the culture of flowers, shrubbery, and fruit trees, surprise and astonish the stranger. The city is well lighted with gas, provided with a good 8-78 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. fire department, and supplied with the coolest of water from a spring within its limits. In fact, it presents an appearance of solid comfort and elegance rarely to be met in an inland city. Allentown has also great advantages for manufacturing purposes. Situated in the midst of a rich agricultural district, and surrounded by inexhaustible beds of iron, zinc, limestone, and cement, it is destined to become the centre of the manufacturing interests of the Lehigh valley. Excellent facilities for transportation are afforded by the Lehigh canal, the Lehigh Valley, Lehigh and Susquehanna, the East Penn. and the Perkiomen railroads, to all parts of the country. The principal manufacture is iron, of which probably one hundred thousand tons are produced annually. Besides furnaces for the manufacture of iron in the rough, there are foundries, rolling mills, and machine shops. Shoe, leather, and woolen goods are also largely manufactured. The tobacco and cigar trade is verj-^ extensive, and carriages and agricultural imple- ments are sent hence to all parts of the country. The city supports three daily (two English and one German) and six weekly (two English and four German) newspapers, and one German monthly Sunday-school paper. Probably no city in the country excels Allentown in school-room accommodations for those who attend its public schools. The buildings are models of architectural taste and convenience, and no expense has been spared in their erection. Their value is estimated at $400,000. Higher education is also provided for by the establish- ment of Muhlenburg College, under Lutheran, and Allentown Female College, under Reformed auspices ; these, together with the Business College and the Academy of Natural Science, Art, and Literature, including a museum and library, amply provide for the intellectual wants of the people. Their religious wants are supplied in twenty churches belonging to nine or ten different denomi- nations. Catasauqua (signifying in the Indian language, " thirsty land ") originally called Craneville, derives its name from a creek flowing into the Lehigh at this place. It is a thriving town of about three thousand inhabitants. It was incor- porated as a borough in 1852. Its iron works, almost its only industry, are on a gigantic scale, and being located in the midst of a rich iron ore and limestone region, bid fair to enjoy continued prosperity. The town also enjoys a good reputation for general intelligence and good schools. Slatington, a thriving borough, received its present name about 1851, and owes its existence to the slate found in great abundance and of the best quality in its immediate vicinity. It is situated two miles below tlie Lehigh Water Gap, on the Lehigh Valley and the Berks County railroads, and is rapidly growing in size and importance. It was incorporated in 1864, with Robert McDowell as its chief burgess ; in 1370 it contained upwards of fifteen hundred inhabitants. Macunqie (signifying " the feeding place of bears "), formerly called Millers- town, and incorporated as such in 1857, was laid out by Peter Miller about 1776. It is situated at the foot of the South mountain, on the East Pennsylvania rail- road, about nine miles from Allentown. Among other towns in the county there are the following: Coplay or ScHREiBERS, On the Lehigh river, five miles above Allentown, is of recent origin, but of rapid growth. Tlie iron works of the Lehigh A^ alley Iron company are located here. Emaus is at the foot of the South mountain, five miles south-west LEHIGH COUNTY. 879 from Allentown, on the East Penn. railroad. As early as 1147 the Moravians organized a church here. The first house in which they worshipped had been erected in 1742. Fogelsville is nine miles from Allentown, at the junction of the Allentown and Millerstown road. It is situated in a fertile part of the county. HoKENDAUQUA is on the west bank of the Lehigh, a mile above Catasauqua. The village was laid out in 1855. It is the seat of the Thomas Iron works. Trexlertown is a post town, eight miles from Allentown, on the Catasauqua and Fogelsville railroad. Whitehall, a post town, was known for many years as Siegfried's ferry, or as Siegfried's bridge. Colonel John Sieg- fried held several responsible positions in the Revolutionary army. He resided at this place. Saegersville is a post town about seventeen miles north-west from Allentown, near the line of Heidelberg township. The country around the village is rough and broken. The original townships, on the organization of the county of Lehigh, were Hanover, Heidelberg, Lowhill, Lynn, Macungie, Milford, Salisbury, Upper Saucon, Weissenburg, and Whitehall. Since then Macungie was divided into Lower and Upper Macungie, in 1832; and Milford into Lower and Upper Milford in 1847 ; Washington township was formed from Heidelberg in 1847, and subsequently, from Whitehall was formed North and South Whitehall. SITE OP SHIKELLIMY'S TOWN, NEAR LBWISBURG. 880 LUZERNE COUNTY. [With acknowledgments to A'teuben Jenkins, Wy owning ; Stewart Pearcc, Wilk,'.,-Barre ■ Thomas S. McNair, Hazleton ; H. HoUister, M. D., Providence; and D. Yarrinaton Carbondale.] ^ ' PON the formation of the county of Northumberland, in 1172, compre- hending within its limits the disputed territory of Wyoming, it was supposed, says Stewart Pearce, that the Provincial laws would be more readily extended over, and promptly enforced, against the Connecticut intruders. It was found, however, that the Yankees were as turbulent and ungov- ernable in Northumber- land as they had been in Northampton county, and it was deemed advisable after the close of the Revolution to cut otT the northern portion of the former county. Accord- ingly, by the act of the 25th of September, 1786, Luzerne county was es- tablished, and so named in honor of the Chevalier De la Luzerne, then Min- ister of France to the United States. To per- fect the boundary lines of Luzerne in 1804, a portion of the north-west- ern corner was annexed to Lycoming county, and in 1808 there was added to it a part of Northum- berland lying west and south-west of the Nesco- pec creek. In 1810, a portion of Bradford, then called Ontario, and Susqiielianna comities, were set off from Luzerne. Wyoming county was formed out of tlie noith-western part in 1842, and in 1856 a small portion of Foster township was annexed to Carbon county, reducing Luzerne 3 F 881 LUZERNE COUNTY COURT HOUSE, WILKES-BARKE. [From a Photograph by E. W. Beckwith, Plymouth.] 882 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. to its present boundaries. The original territor^^ of Luzerne embraced 5,000 square miles. Its present area is 1,421 square miles, being the largest county in the Commonwealth, containing 500 square miles more than Lancaster or Berks, and 67 more than the State of Rhode Island. Luzerne is very mountainous, yet notwithstanding its broken surface, boasts many beautiful and fertile A\alleys. Wyoming Valley is situated in the centre of the county, twenty-one miles in length from north-east to south-west, with an average breadth of three miles. It contains fortj'^ thousand acres of land, of which twenty-five thousand are cultivated, the remainder being oc- cupied by groves, streams, etc. The Sus- quehanna river grace- fully winds through the centre of the valley. The mountains encompassing this valley vary in height from five hundred to nineteen hundred feet. From Prospect Rock, Campbell's or Dial Ledge, from Ross or Dilley's Hill, or upon any other promuient point of observation, this valley presents a magnificent picture, made famous in song and in story. The In- dian name Maughwau- wame, signifies large valley. Lackawanna Valley derives its name from the river which courses through its whole length. It is a delightful valley, with an undulating surface, extending in length thirty miles from north-east to south-west, and contains about eighteen thousand acres of land, a considerable portion of which is cultivated. Hunting- ton Valle}' lies in the north-western part of the county. It comprehends portions of Fairmount and Ross townships, and nearly the whole of Huntington town- ^liip. It is ten miles in length from north to south, and five miles wide, and contains more than thirty thousand acres of red shale land, three-fourths of which are cultivated. The Huntington creek flows through its whole extent. Sugar-loaf valley is situated in the south-western extremity of the county. THK FIRST GLIMPSE OF THE WYOMING VALLEY. LTJZEBNE COUNTY. ggg and includes part of Sugar-loaf, Butler, and Black Creek townships. It derives its name from an isolated cone-shaped mountain, five hundred feet high towerina near the centre of the valley. The Nescopec and Black creeks meander throucrh the valley, uniting their waters in the south-west, where they break through the Nescopec mountain, and flow onward to the river. The mountains of Luzerne county belong to the main chain of the Alleghe- nies, which are here broken into high knobs, irregular spurs, and broad table- lands, crossing the north-western part of the county. Across the centre of the county runs the Shawnee and Lackawanna range; and parallel with it, and about six miles distant, is the chain of the Wyoming and Moosic mountains. The North mountain is the highest in the county, being two thousand feet above the Susquehanna river at Wilkes-Barrd Capouse mountain, named from Capouse, the chief of the Mousey Indians, takes its rise in Ransom township, above the mouth of the Lackawanna river, and extends to Fell township in the north-east corner of the county. It forms the north-western boundary of Lacka wanna valley, and is eight hundred and fifty feet above the level of the river. Moosic mountain, formerly inhabited by the moose, bounds the Lackawanna valley on the south-east. Its average height is nine hundred and fifty feet. Nescopec mountain, a sharp, well-defined range, extends from Black Creek town- ship on the south-western, to Jefferson township on the eastern boundary of the county. Its average height is one thousand feet, and it divides the waters that flow into the Lehigh from those flowing into the Susquehanna. Beside these there are Shickshinny, Bald, Wyoming range. Buck and Crystal ridge. Camp- bell's rock, at the south-west point of Capouse mountain, is frequently visited by travelers and others, on account of the exceedingly beautiful and picturesque view of Wyoming presented to the eye from its summit. Lee's mountain, named from Colonel Washington Lee, extends along the Susquehanna. Pulpit rock, named by the early German settlers in Hollenbach township Kanzel KopJ which it signifies, is a peak of this range. Honey Pot, the north-eastern ter- minus at Nanticoke, is eight hundred and sixty feet in height. This name was given to it by Major Alden, who, in 1772, discovered vast quantities of wild bees. Prospect rock and Penobscot knob are prominent points on the Wyo- ming or Wilkes-Barre range. The main stream is the Susquehanna river, which for a distance of forty-five miles courses through the county. The scenery along it is grand and pic- turesque — lofty mountains, craggy cliffs, green fields and groves, thriving towns, and crystal-bound islands, alternating along the winding stream. The Lackawanna river, rising in Susquehanna county, flowing south-west about fifty miles, unites with the Susquehanna river above Pittston. The principal creeks flowing into the Susquehanna in the north-west are Shickshinny, Hunlock, Harvey's, Toby's, Abram's, and Huntington. Harvey's creek is named from Benjamin Harvey, who located near its junction in 1775, and is the outlet of Harvey's lake, the largest body of fresh water in Pennsjdvania. It is an immense spring of pure cold water, with a beautiful, clean, sand and gravel bottom, and varies in depth from five to two hundred feet. The principal streams emptjnng into the Susquehanna on the south-east are Nescopec, Big and Little Wapwallopen, Spring, Black, and Na^^aug or Roaring creeks. The 884 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. main source of the Lehigh river is in Luzerne county. It forms the boundary line between that and Monroe county. Besides Harvey's lake alluded to, there are several others which for beauty are scarcely equaled, the principal of which are Crystal, Chapman's, and Henry. The latter is situated on the high range of the Moosic mountains, 1882 feet above the level of the sea. The principal anthracite coal formation of Pennsylvania underlies a great portion of Luzerne county. According to Professor Rogers, who says he measured it, the Northern coal field extends in length fifty miles, from Beach's mine, one mile below Shick- shinn}', to a point some distance above Carbondale, and contains one hundred and seventy-seven square miles. The veins of coal vary in number from two to eight, ac- cording to location, and in thickness from one to twenty- eight feet. It is estimated that this entire field contains about 2,285,600,000 tons of good merchantable coal, to which we may properly add 128,000,000 tons, the amount computed to belong to that portion of the Eastern Middle coal field l^'ing in Luzerne county. The knowledge of the use of coal seems to have been communicated by the Indians to the whites, who, how- ever, remained a long time incredulous concerning its value. In 1768 Charles Stewart surveyed the Manor of Sunbury, opposite Wilkes-Barre, and on the origi- nal draft is noted " stone coal " as appearing in what is now called Boss Hill. In the year follow- ins:, Obadiah Gore and his brother came from Connecticut with a body of settlers, and used anthracite coal in his blacksmith shop. In 1766 Mr. Durham's boats were sent from below to AVyoming for coal, which was purchased from R. Geer, and mined from the opening above Mill creek. The use of anthracite for domestic pur- poses was discovered by Judge Jesse Fell. The following memorandum was made at the time on the fly-leaf of a book entitled the " Free Mason's Monitor:" "February 11th, of Masonry, 5808. Made the experiment of burning the common stone coal of the valley in a grate, in a common fire-place in ni}^ house, and found it will answer the purpose of fuel, making a clearer and better fire, at less expense than burning wood in the common way. " February 11th, 1808. Jesse Fell." News of this successful experiment, says Stewart Pearce, soon spread through the town and country, and people flocked to witness the discovery. Similar grates were soon constructed by Judge Fell's neighbors, and in a short time were in general use throughout the valley. In the spring of that year, John and LACKAWANNA FALLS. LUZERNE COUNTY. 885 Abijah Smith loaded two arks with coal in Ransom's creek, in Plymouth, and took it down the river to Columbia, but on offering it for sale, no person could be induced to purchase. They were compelled to leave the black stones behind them unsold when they returned to their homes. The next year the Smiths, not discouraged by their former ill-success, taking two arks of coal and a grate, proceeded to Columbia. The grate was put up, and the practicability of using the black stones as a fuel was clearly demonstrated. The result was a sale of the coal, and thus began the initiative of the immense coal trade. Millions of money are now annuall}^ expended, thousands of miners employed, the dangers of damps, spontaneous combustion, and falling of the mines, are encountered to supply us with the blaclv stones which were rejected as worthless only a little over half a century ago. Iron ore of various qualities has been discovered in Salem, Union, and Kingston townships, on the west side of the Susquehanna, and in Newport and Wilkes-Barrd townships on the east side ; also along the Lackawanna and in the Moosic mountain. Iron works have been established in several sections of the county, but the most extensive in northern Pennsylvania are the Lackawanna iron worlis, belonging to the Lackawanna Iron and Coal company, located at Scranton. The blast furnaces comprise five stacks, two built in 1849, one each in 1852, 1854, and 1872. The rolling mills established in 1840 comprise one hundred and thirteen puddling furnaces, thirty-five heating furnaces, and twelve trains of rolls — steam and water power. The products of these mills are light and heavy railroad iron, merchant bar iron, and car axles, with an annual capacity of 112,000 net tons of rails, and 13,500 tons of merchant bar iron, etc. In 1875 Bessemer steel works were added, consisting of two five-ton converters, four cupola furnaces, and four spiegel-melting cupolas, with an annual capacity of 45,000 net ton ingots. The first blow was made October 23, 1875 ; the first steel rail rolled December 29, 1875. Not long after the original settlement of the Province by Penn, a tribe of the Shawanese Indians had been permitted by the Six Nations, the lords of the Susquehanna, to settle upon the borders of that river at various points. One of their stations was on the western bank of the river, near the lower end of the Wyoming valley, upon a broad plain which still bears the name of the Shawnee flats. Here they built a town, cultivated corn upon the flats, and enjoyed many years of repose. When the encroachments of the whites interfered with the Delaware and Minsi or Monsey tribes above the Forks of the Delaware and Lehigh, and their lands were wrested from them by the subtlety of the " Indian Walk," the Six Nations assigned them also an as3dum on the Susquehanna — the Monseys occupying the country about Wyalusing, and the Delawares the eastern side of the Wyoming valley, and the region at Shamoliin, at the confluence of the North and West branches. Here, in the year 1742, with some aid from the Provincial government, as stipulated by the treaty of removal, they built their town of Maughwauwame, on the east side of the river, on the lower flat, just below the present town of Wilkes-Barr4 The Indian name of this town, modified and corrupted by European orthography and pronunciation, passed through several changes, such as M'ch wauwaumi, Wawamie, Waiomink, and lastly Wyoming. The Delawares had been removed from the east against their will, by the 886 SIS TOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. dictatorial interference of the Six Nations, who supported the pretensions of the Proprietary government in its claim to the lands at the forks. This wrong rankled in the hearts of the Delawares ; and though fear of the superior strength of the whites and the Six Nations suppressed the wrath of the tribe for some years, yet Teedyuscung, their chief, did not fail to complain at every treaty of the wrongs inflicted on his nation. The smothered fire continued to burn, and years afterwards broke out in fearful vengeance upon the heads of the settlers at Wyoming. Soon after the arrival of the Delawares at Wyoming, in the same year, 1742, the celebrated Moravian missionary, Count Zinzendorf, for a season pitched his tent among the Indians of this valley, accompanied by another mis- sionary, Mack, and the wife of the latter, who served as interpreter. Becoming jealous of the Count, unable to appreciate the pure motives of his mission, and suspecting him of being either a spy or a land speculator in disguise, the Shaw- anese had determined upon his assassination. The Count had kindled a fire, and was in his tent deep in meditation, when the Indians stole upon him to execute their bloody commission. Warmed by the fire, a large rattlesnake had crept forth, and approaching the fire for its greater enjoyment, the serpent glided harmlessly over the legs of the holy man, unperceived by him. The Indians, however, were at the very moment looking stealthily into the tent, and saw the movement of the serpent. Awed by the aspect and the attitude of the Count, and imbibing the notion, from the harmless movements of the poison- ous reptile, that their intended victim enjoyed the special protection of the Great Sjjirit, the executioners desisted from their purpose, and retired. The Moravian mission was maintained here for several years, and many, both of the Shaw- anese and Delawares, became — apparently, at least — converts to the Christian faith. When. the men of Connecticut began to swarm thickly in the valley, and collision was feared, the mission was removed to Wj^alusing, whei'e another station had been previously planted. As explained elsewhere, the Shawanese removed to the Ohio, and through the intrigues of the French became alien- ated from the English. During the war of 1755-'58, a variety of troubles con- tinued to agitate the valley. The Nanticokes, fearful of proximity to the whites, removed to Chemung and Chenango, in the country of the Six Nations. The Delawares, after Braddock's defeat, openly declared for the French, and were doubtless active in many of the scalping parties that desolated the frontiers during the autumn of 1755. But they were conciliated by the Proprietary government, backed by the influence of Sir William Johnson and the Quakers of Philadelphia; their grievances were in a measure redressed, and their feel- ings soothed ; new houses were built for them by the government, and munificent presents granted. A part of the nation had also removed to the Ohio, but Teedyuscung, and many of the Christian Indians, still remained at Wyoming. The first grant of lands in America, says Gordon, by the crown of Great Britain, were made with a lavishness which can exist only where acquisitions are without cost, and their value unknown ; and with a want of precision in regard to boun- daries, which could result only from entire ignorance of the country. In 1620, King James I. granted to the Plymouth Company, an association in England, a charter "for the ruling and governing of New England in America." This charter LUZERNE COUNTY. 887 covered the expanse from the fortieth to the forty-sixth degrees of north latitude, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. There was an exception reserving from the grant all territories then actually in possession of the subjects of any other Christian prince or state. This exception operated in favor of the Dutch at Manhattan and Fort Orange, afterwards New York and Albany. The Plymouth Company in 1628 granted to the Massachusetts colony their territory, and in 1631 to tlie Connecticut colony theirs; both by formal charters, which made their western boundary the Pacific ocean. On the restoration of Charles II., he granted, in 1662, a new charter to the people of Connecticut, confirming the previous one, and defining the southern boundary to be at a point on the coast, one hundred and twenty miles southwest of the mouth of Narraganset bay, in a straight line. In 1764, the same monarch granted to his brother, the Duke of York, the territory then claimed and occupied by the Dutch, and extending westward as far as the Delaware bay. The same year the Duke con- quered it from the Dutch, and took possession. A dispute arising between New York and Connecticut, concerning their boundary, it was determined by royal commissioners, in 1683, who fixed upon the present line between those States. This of course determined the southernmost point in the boundary of Connecticut, which is not far from forty-one degrees north latitude. This line, extending westward, would enter Pennsylvania near Stroudsburg, pass throuo-h Con3^ngham, in Luzerne county, and cross the Susquehanna at Bloomsburg, in Columbia county, cutting off all Northern Pennsylvania. In 1681, nineteen years after the date of the Connecticut charter, Charles II. granted to William Penn the memorable charter of Pennsylvania, by which the northern boundary of his Province was fixed at the forty-seeond degree of north latitude, where it is now established. Here, then, was a broad strip of territory granted by the same monarch to different grantees. The lands, however, like other portions of the wilderness, remained in possession of the Indians, and the pre-emption right onl}' was considered as conveyed by the charters. The different principles involved in the charter of the Connecticut colony, and this Province, necessarily produced an essential difference in the manner of acquiring the Indian title to the land. In the colony, the right of pre-emption was vested in the people ; and the different towns in Connecticut were settled at successive periods, by different bands of adventurers, who separately acquired the Indian title either by purchase or by conquest, and in many instances without the aid or interference of the Commonwealth. In the Province, the pre-emption right was vested in William Penn, who made no grants of lands until the Indian title had been extinguished, and consequently the whole title in Pennsylvania was derived through the Proprietaries. In 1753 an association of persons, principally inhabitants of Connecticut, was formed for the purpose of commencing a settlement in that portion of the Connecticut territories which lay westward of the Province of New York. Agents were accordingly sent out for the purpose of exploring the country and selecting a proper district. The beautiful valley upon the Susquehanna river, in which the Indians of the Delaware tribe, eleven years before, had built their town of Wyoming, attracted the attention of the agents ; and as they found the Indians apparently very friendly, and a considerable portion of the valley 888 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. unoccupied except for purposes of hunting, they reported in favor of commencing their settlements at that place, and of purchasing the lands of the Six Nations of Indians residing near the great lakes, who claimed all the lands upon the Susque- hanna. This report was adopted by the company ; and as a general meeting of commissioners from all the English American colonies was to take place at Albany the next year, in pursuance of his Majesty's instructions, for the purpose of forming a general treaty with the Indians, it was considered that a favorable opportunity would then be presented for purchasing the Wyoming lands. When the general congress of commissioners assembled at Albany, in 1755, the agents appointed by the Susquehanna company attended also ; and having successfully effected the objects of their negotiation, obtained from the principal chiefs of the Six Nations, on the 11th of July, 1754, a deed of the lands upon the Susquehanna, including Wyoming and the country westward to the waters of the Allegheny. In justice to the Pennsylvanians, sa^'s Stone, more or less siding with the Connecticut claimants, it must be allowed that they always protested against the legality of this purchase by theii- rivals, alleging that the bargain was not made in open council, that it was the work of a few of the chiefs only, and that several of them were in a state of intoxication when they signed the deed of conveyance. It is furthermore true, that in 1736 the Six Nations had sold to the Proprie- taries the lands upon both sides of the Susquehanna, " from the mouth of the said river up to the mountains called the Kakatchlanamin hills, and on the west side to the setting of the sun." But this deed was held, by the advocates of the Connecticut purchase, to be quite too indefinite ; and besides, as the " hills" mentioned, which are none other than the Blue mountains, formed the northern boundary not only of that purchase, but, in the apprehension of the Indians, of the colony of Penns} Ivania itself, Wyoming valley could not have been included. In 1755, John Jenkins, as the surveyor of the Connecticut Susquehanna company, went on and proceeded to locate and survey the Susquehanna river, taking the latitude, etc. In the latter part of August, 1762, one hundred and nineteen of the proprietors went on to Wyoming and took possession of the lands in behalf of themselves and the company of proprietors. They took on with them horses, cattle, and farming utensils, and commenced operations in farming. They encamped on their arrival at the mouth of Mill creek, on the bank of the Susquehanna, where they built several huts for shelter and protec- tion. They cut grass and made hay on the neighboring lands, sowed some grain, and continued there for some time, when, in consequence of the lateness of the season, and the scanty supplies of provisions, etc., the committee of settlers, John Jenkins, John Smith, and Stephen Gardner, advised a return to Connecticut until the next season, which was agreed to and accordingly done. Upon their arrival at Wyoming there were no white inhabitants there, and no Indians except a few families, with Teedyuscung as their chief. Teedyuscung, at a treaty held at Lancaster, on the 19th of November, 1762, says to the Governor: " You may remember that some time ago I told you that I should be obliged to move from Wyomink on account of the New England people, and now I acquaint you that soon after I returned to Wyomink from LUZERNE COUNTY. 889 Lancaster, there came one hundred and fifty of those people, furnished with all sorts of tools, as well for building as for husbandry, and declared they had bought the lands from the Six Nations, and would settle there, and were actually going to build themselves houses, and settle upon a creek called Lechawanock, about seven or eight miles above Wyomink. I threatened them hard, and declared I would carry them to the Governor at Philadelphia. They said they would go away and consult their Governor." Early in the month of May, 1763, the party that had been on the preceding year, with a large number of others, went on and renewed their possessions Thej^ took with them horses, oxen, cows, and farming utensils, and proceeded to plowing, planting corn and sowing grain, building houses, and doing such things generally as their circumstances required. The settlements and improvements were extended into Wilkes-Barr^, Kingston, Plymouth, and Hanover, Several hundred acres were improved with corn and other grain, and a large quantity of hay cut and gathered, and everything was moving forward in a prosperous and happy manner, when, on a sudden and without the least warning, on the 15th day of October, the settlers were attacked while dispersed and engaged at their work, and about twenty of them slain. The others abandoned the settlement and fled back to Connecticut, or to Orange county, New York. There has always a mystery hung over the first massacre of Wyoming. An impression was made at the time, and successfully, to put it to the charge of the Indians, but facts subsequently brought to light would seem to indicate that it was the work of Pennamite soldiers. The Yankees in their report say that there were but few Indians when they went on there, and they friendly. On the other hand, it appears that in the latter part of September, 1763, a force under command of Rev. John Elder and Captain Asher Clayton — two hun- dred men for twenty days — had been organized and put in motion to march to Wj'oming. " Their principal view was to destroy the Immense quantities of corn left by the New England men at Wyoming, which, if not consumed, would be a considerable magazine to the enemy, and enable them, with more ease, to distress the inhabitants," etc. This was, at the time, the explanation of the motive for organizing and putting in motion the force spoken of, and seemed to answer the purpose, but in the light of subsequent events, shows to have been but a pretext for the damning atrocities committed on the 15th October. The report made of the expedition is as follows ; " Our party, under Captain Clayton, has returned from Wyoming, where they met with no Indians, but found the New Englanders who had been killed and scalped a day or two before they got there. They buried the dead — nine men and a woman — who had been most cruelly butchered. The woman was roasted, and had two hinges in her hands, supposed to be put in red hot ; and several of the men had awls thrust into their eyes, and spears, arrows, pitchforks, etc., sticking in their bodies. They burnt what houses the Indians left, and destroyed a quantity of Indian corn," etc. After the return of the settlers in 1762, and during the winter, the committee, to wit : John Jenkins, John Smith, and Stephen Gardner, made report of the discovery of iron and anthracite coal at Wyoming, as also of the exceeding rich- ness of the land ; and the spiiit of migration to that locality became very active 890 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. and earnest. " At a meeting of the Susquehanna company, held at Windham, April n, 1763, it appearing that two hundred or three hundred of the pro- prietors of the lands on Susquehanna desire that several townships be laid out for the speedy settlement of the lands : it is, therefore, voted that there shall be eight townships laid out on said river, each of said townships to be five miles square, fit for good improvement, reserving for the use of the company for their after disposal all beds or mines of iron ore and coal that may be within the towns ordered for settlement." This would appear to be the first discovery and mention of anthracite coal in the country. Iron was thought in those early days to be the most valuable, and was worked to a considerable extent for more than fifty years after the dis- covery, but it is now given up, and coal has become the great and absorbing industry at Wyoming — about eight millions of tons having been taken to market from the Wyoming field during the year 1875. The murder of twenty of the settlers, on the 15th October, 1763, and the sub- sequent destruction of their houses and corn, gave a serious check to the spirit of enterprise which was reaching out to the settlement of Wyoming, and turned the attention of many of those who had been at Wyoming to other localities. Dutchess and Orange counties. New York, and Sussex county. New Jersey, were made the future homes of those who had been at Wyoming, as well as those who had sold out their homes in Connecticut and Rhode Island, with intent to make their future homes there. From the facts given it would clearly appear that Wyoming was not at that time the most pleasant nor the most healthy locality to settle in. The tide of migration, so suddenly and rudely checked, did not commence its flow for many years. In the meantime, the company was perfecting its organization and attempting "to procure his Majesty's confirma- tion of their said purchase and formation into a distinct colony, for the purpose of civil government. [Meeting at Windham, 6th January, 1768.] At a meeting held at Hartford, 28th December, 1768, after reciting the diflS- culties attending their former settlements, and giving the then condition of affairs respecting the lands at Wyoming, " it is voted to proceed and settle said land lying on and adjacent to said Susquehanna river, purchased from the Indians by said company, as soon as conveniently may be ; voted that forty persons, upwards of the age of twenty-one jears, proprietors in said purchases, and approved by the committee, nominated and appointed, proceed to enter upon and take possession of said lands for and in behalf of said company, by the first day of February next, and that two hundred more of said company, of the age afore- said and approved as aforesaid, proceed and join said fort}^ on the lands afore- said, as early in the spring as may be for the purpose aforesaid, not later than the 1st of May next; and that, in order to encourage said forty persons to proceed to take possession and settle the lands aforesaid, for and in behalf of said company, that there be paid into the hands of a committee appointed and hereafter named, to and for the use of the said forty, the sum of two hundred pounds, to be laid out by said committee in providing proper materials, sustenance, and provisions for said forty, as the discretion of said committee shall be thought proper and needful, and for the further encouragement of said forty, as also for the encouragement of the said two hundred who may join them in the spring, accord- LTJZEBNE COUNTY. 891 ing to the foregoing vote. It is further considered and voted to lay out five townships of land within the purchase of said company, and within the line set- tled with the Indians aforesaid, of five miles square each ; three on one side of the river and two of them on the opposite side of the river, adjoining and oppo- site to each other, only the river parting ; each of said townships to be five miles on the river. That the first forty have their first choice of the said five townships, the other four to belong to the two hundred — to be divided out to them by fifties in a township, reserving and appropriating three whole rights or shares in each township for the public use of a gospel ministry and schools in each of said towns, and reserving for their after disposal all beds or mines of iron ore and coal." In pursuance of the resolution of the commissioners of the Susquehanna com- pany, which has just been given, the forty first settlers started on their journey in January, 1769, arriving in the valley on the last day of the month at Wilkes- Barre, where they found, on the present site of Willves-Barre, Amos Ogden, a trader from New Jersey, with a few goods, chiefly trinkets, in possession of a log hut, and a few persons in possession of the lands at the mouth of Mill creek, where the massacre took place in October, 1763. On the 1st of February, these forty settlers passed over the river on the Kingston side and there located. They were under the direction of John Jenkins, Isaac Tripp, and Zebulon Butler, as a committee. Tliey had brought with them horses and cattle, and utensils for farming, etc. The settlement was begun in the heart of a bitter cold winter, with the snow about eighteen inches deep on the ground. They had brought but little forage, and as their neighbors were indisposed to favor their settle- ment among them, their horses and cattle were in a condition to perish for want of food. They, however, dug away the snow on which their animals fed, as also upon the young and tender twigs of the birch, etc. Yet notwithstanding this, nearly all of their horses died before spring opened. Unarmed by this un- favorable beginning, they went to work and built houses and established them- selves as permanent settlers. The promised township was run out, surve^^ed, and laid out into lots, named meadow lots, house lots, and mountain lots, and divided among the settlers by lot, each receiving a forty-third part of the town- ship for himself, and three forty-third parts being set apart for public use, for the support of schools and the gospel ministry. They went to work and planted corn, sowed grain, gathered hay for winter, and were progressing pros- perously, and as they supposed peaceably, with their work, when in the month of October, Sheriff Jennings of Northampton county, appeared in their midst with a writ for their apprehension. Yielding to civil authority they marched with the sheriff to Easton, where they were confined in jail on a charge of riot and forcible entry. And now commenced a bitter civil war, which lasted with the alternate success of the different parties for upwards of six years. In vain were the two colonial governments of Connecticut and Pennsylvania engaged in negotiations to adjust the question of jurisdiction. In vain had the Crown been appealed to for the same purpose, and in vain was the interposition of other colonial authori- ties invoked for that object. Now the colonists from Connecticut were increased by fresh arrivals and obtained the mastery ; and now again, either by numbers 892 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. or stratagem, did the Pennsylvanians become lords of the manors. Forts, block- houses, and redoubts were built upon both sides ; some of which sustained regu- lar sieges. The settlements of both parties were alternately broken up — the men led off to prison, the women and children driven away, and other outrages com- mitted. Blood was several times shed in this strange and civil strife, but, considering the temper that was exhibited, in far less quantities than might have been anticipated. Deeds of valor and of surprising stratagem were performed. But, strange to relate, notwithstanding these troubles, the population of the valley rapidly increased, and as the Connecticut people waged the contest with the most indomitable resolution, they in the long-run came nearest to success. The settlers, upon arriving upon the ground, or soon after, in connection with the other settlers from New England, organized a government of their own for the deciding of controversies and general management of their affairs. Their institutions were founded somewhat on the model of those of Solon, in which the principal authority was vested in the assemblies of the people. These assemblies made the laws, named or chose the judges and officers to administer them, and saw that they were executed. The meetings were held quarterly, or oftener, if need be, and the jurors sent up from the various towns chose the judges to preside over their deliberations. John Jenkins had the honor of presiding over the first and most of the subsequent meetings, and upon the change which took place subsequently, he was in 1777 appointed by the Legisla- ture of Connecticut to preside a judge. The authority of commissioners in Wyoming was exercised by justices of the peace, constables, etc., upon Ihe establishment of a court by sheriffs and other ofticers. , The first intention of the commissioners of the Susquehanna company and of the settlers at Wyoming, was to establish a separate and independent government, but in consequence of the difficulty with the Pennamites, they were obliged to appeal to Connecticut for aid and protection, and finally to place themselves under her authority, which they did, and paid taxes into her treasury. They were at once the governors and the governed; the judges and the executive. Their authority consisted in superintending the education of youth, establishing schools and religious exercises, preserving morality and religion, and seeing that an industrious and honorable course of life be maintained, and that luxury, riot, extravagance, and error be suppressed. All these things were carried out through what were known as " town meetings," the peculiar institution of New England. In addition to the powers already enumerated, these town meetings organized the militia, and provided arms and equipments, chose jurors, elected representatives to the General Assembly, levied taxes, and exercised all other powers necessary for the existence of a State or Nation. In these town meetings grave public questions were discussed and decided upon, and one of their decisions had to them the force of the highest power of which they had knowledge, in fact more force than a law of the British Parliament — their supreme power in theory — for in town meeting it was declared that " taxation without representation is tyranny," while the Parliament said it was not, and they stood by the town meeting and made it the better authorit3\ The New England settlers at Wyoming were governed by these town meetings LUZEBNE COUNTY. 893 until n74, when the whole district of country, then embracing eleven settled towns, was made into a township by the name of Westmoreland, and attached to Litchfield county, Connecticut. The Proprietaries of Pennsylvania concluded to assemble such forces as their personal exertions could raise for the recovery of Wyoming ; and accordingly in September, a force of one hundred and forty men was placed under the com- mand of Captain Ogden. A proclamation had been published at Philadelphia bv Governor Penn, on the 28th June, 1770, directing all intruders to depart from Wyoming, and forbidding any settlements to be made there without the consent of the Proprietaries, and Ogden marched with his forces, accompanied by Aaron Van Campen, Esq., and other civil officers, ostensibly for the purpose of carrying this proclamation into effect. Ogden, knowing his strength was insufficient for the reduction of the settlement in case the settlers should be in garrison con- cluded, if possible, to attack them by surprise ; and to effect this the more safely he commenced his march by way of Fort Allen, on the Lehigh, near the Water Gap, and thence by the Warrior's Path to Wyoming. Having arrived in sicht of the Wyoming mountains, they left the Path for the greater safety, and on the night of the 21st of September encamped on the head-waters of Solomon's creek. In the morning of the 22d, Ogden, with a few attendants, ascended the high knob of Bullock's mountain, now called " Penobscot," which commands a view of the whole valley of Wyoming, from which, with his glasses, he observed the settlers leave the fort, and go into the fields in detached parties at a distance to their work. He concluded to attack them in this situation, unprovided with arms and accordingly divided his forces into several detachments, which commenced their attacks nearly at tlie same time. The working parties were immediatelj' dispersed in every direction, and many of them were taken prisoners and sent under an escort to Easion jail ; the greater number succeeded in reaching the fort, where they immediately prepared for their defence. Night was approaching, and Ogden did not think proper to attack the fort. He accordingly removed his troops with their booty to their encampment at Solomon's gap. A consulta- tion was held in Fort Durkee, and it was concluded, as they had provisions and ammunition to last some time, to send messengers to Coshutunk on the Delaware, for assistance. Accordingly about midnight the messengers departed, and thinking that Ogden and his party would be likely to guard the direct road to Coshutunk, they concluded to go out through Solomon's gap. Ogden's party for their better security had encamped without fires, and took the messengers prisoners in the gap ; they learned from them the confused situation of the fort, filled with men, women, and children. Upon receiving this intelligence they concluded to make an immediate attack upon the fort. Accordinglj'^ Ogden's whole force was immediately put in motion, and a detachment, commanded by Captain Craig, suddenly entered the fort under cover of the night, knocked down the sentinel, and arrived at the door of the block-house before the garrison received notice of the attack. Several of the latter were killed in attempting to make resistance in the block-house, and Captain Craig's men having forced a numbei into a small room where they were trampling upon the women and children, knocked down Captain Butler, and were about to pierce him with their bayonets, when Captain Craig himself entered the apartment, drove the soldiers 894 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. back, and prevented further bloodshed. The fort being thus taken, the principal portion of the garrison were again sent to prison at Easton, but Captain Butler and a few others were conducted to Philadelphia, where they were confined. Ogden and his party then plundered the settlement of whatever moveable property they could find, and having formed a garrison in the fort, withdrew with his booty to the settlements below the mountains, where most of his men resided. The Connecticut part}' having disappeared, the garrison considered themselves as secure, the fort being in a good state of defence; but on the 18th of December, about three o'clock in the morning, while the garrison were asleep, a body of armed men, consisting of twenty-three persons, from Hanover in Lancaster county, and six from New England, under the command of Captain Lazarus Stewart, suddenly entered the fort and gave the alarm to the garrison by a general huzza for King George. The garrison at this time consisted of only eighteen men, besides a considerable number of women and children, "who occupied several houses erected within the ramparts of the fort. Six of the men made their escape by leaping from the parapet, and flying naked to the woods; the remaining twelve were taken prisoners, who, with the women and children, after being deprived of their moveable property, were driven from the valle}', and Stewart and his party garrisoned the fort. Nathan Ogden, a brother of Captain Ogden, was killed in one of the subsequent sieges. Captain Ogden at the same time being closely besieged, and unable by any other mode to convey intelligence to Philadelphia, adopted a most ingenious stratagem to pass the enem3-'s lines. Having tied a portion of his clothes in a bundle, with his hat upon the top qf them, and having connected them to his body by a cord of several feet in length, he committed himself to the river, and floated gently down the current, with the bundle following him at the end of the cord. Three of the redoubts commanded the river for a considerable distance above and below, and the sentinels, b}- means of the star-light, observing some object floating upon the river which excited suspicion, commenced a fire upon it, which was continued from two of the redoubts for some time, until observing that its motion was very uniform, and no faster than the current, their suspicions and their firing ceased. Ogden escaped unhurt, but his clothes and hat wei'e pierced with several balls. There had settled on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, and around the forks of the two branches, a race of men quite as resolute and pugnacious as the Wyoming boys ; but, deriving their titles from Pennsylvania, they viewed with jealousy any attempt to occupy lands under Connecticut title. They had already routed an infant Connecticut settlement on the West Branch, and imprisoned the settlers at Sunbury. Colonel Plunkett, one of the West Branch men, not satis- fied with this, was for carrying the war into the enemy's country ; and accord- ingly, in 1715, about the 20th December, in the double character of magistrate and colonel, with a force of seven hundred armed men, and a large boat to carry provisions, he started up the North Branch, ostensibly on a peaceful errand, "to restore peace and good order in the county." The Wyoming bo3'S knew all the strong points of their beautiful vallej', itself a fortress, and intrenched themselves at the narrow rockj- defile at Nanticoke falls, through which Plunkett's men must necessarily pass. The assailants were welcomed with a volley of musketry LUZEBNE COUNTY. 895 on their first entrance into the defile, from the rampart on the western side. They fell back and deliberated. Pulling their small boat above the falls, they deter- mined to pass their troops over in small parties to the eastern side, and pass up into the valley under the beetling precipice that frowns upon the river there. The first boat load, which Plunkett accompanied, were attempting to land, when they were startled by a heavy fire from Captain Stewart, and a small party there concealed in the bushes. One man was killed — they tumbled into the boat and floated down the river as fast as the I'apids would carry them. Another coun- cil was held. To force the breastwork on the western side was deemed impracti- cable ; the amount of the force on the opposite shore was unknown ; to ascend the steep rocky mountains in the face of a foe that could reach the summit before them, and tumble down rocks upon their heads, was equally impracticable ; and as in a few days the river might close, and leave them no means of exit by water, they concluded to abandon Wyoming of the Provincial the flames of revolution. For a time after the commencement of the Revolution, the valley of Wyoming was allowed a season of comparative repose. Both Connecticut and Pennsylvania had more important demands upon their attention. At the opening of the Revolution, " the pulsations of patriotic hearts throbbed with unfaltering energy throughout Wyoming. The fires of liberty glowed with an ardor intense and fervent." At a town meeting held August 1, 1775, it was voted, " That we will unanimously join our brethren of America in the common cause of defending our liberty." August 28, 1776, "Voted, that the people be called upon to work on ye forts without either fee or reward from 3'-e said town." The same year, Lieutenant Obadiah Gore enlisted part of a company and joined the Continental army. Two other companies, each of eighty-six men, under Captain Robert Durkee and Captain Samuel Ransom, were raised under a resolution of Congress the same year, and joined the Continental army as part of the Connecticut line. These men were in the glorious affair at Mill Stone ; they were in the battles of Brandywine and Germa,ntown, and in the terrible cannon- ade at Mud Fort, where the gallant Spalding commanded the detachment, and where the brave Matthewson was cut in two by a cannon ball. In December, 1777, the town meeting voted, poor as they were, and almost all their able-bodied men away in the service-— nobly voted—" that the committee of inspectors be STEWART'S BLOCK-HOUSE. [From Stewart Pearce's Annals of Luzerne.] the enterprise. This was the last eflTort against government, which expired the next year, amid 896 HIS TORT OF PENNS YL VANIA. empowered to supply the sogers' wives and the sogers' widows and their families with the necessaries of life." Wyoming was an exposed frontier bordering on the country of the Six Nations — a people numerous, fierce, and accustomed to war. From Tioga Point, where they would rendezvous, in twenty-four hours they could descend the Susquehanna in boats to Wyoming. Nearly all the able-bodied men of Wyoming, fit to bear arms, had been called away into the Continental army. It was to be expected that the savages, and their British employers, should breathe vengeance against a settlement that had shown such spirit in the cause of liberty. They were also, beyond doubt, stimulated by the absconding Tories, who were burning with a much stronger desire to avenge what they conceived to be their own wrongs, than with ardor to serve their king. The defenceless situation of the settlement could not be concealed from the enemy, and would naturally invite aggression, in the hope of weakening Washington's army by the diversion of the Wyoming troops for the defence of their own frontier. All these circumstances together marked Wyoming as a devoted victim. In Novembei', 1771, many of the settlers on the North Branch of the Susque- hanna, above Wyoming, who had moved into that locality from the Delaware, under the auspices of the Pennsylvania authorities, began to give manifest evidence of their sympathy with the British Crown, and of opposition to the American cause. Lieutenant John Jenkins, while out on a scout, in the latter part of the month, at Wyalusing, was betrayed by them into the hands of the Indians lurking about the locality, and was by them taken to Niagara. Upon report of this fact at Wyoming, Colonel Denison, of the 24th regiment of Connecticut militia, organized his little force and prepared to march into that locality. He reports that on the 20th of December, being informed that a band of Tories were forming on the westward of said town of Westmoreland, in order to stir up the Indians of Tioga to join said Tories and kill and destroy the inhabitants of Connecticut, he ordered part of his regiment to be immediately equipped and march to suppress the conspirators. . . . The party marched about eight}^ miles up the river, and took sundry Tories, over thirty, and happily contented the Tioga Indians, and entirely disbanded the conspirators. A number of these prisoners were sent to Connecticut to jail. Lieutenant Jenkins was the first prisoner taken from Wyoming, but he did not remain long alone, for in February, 1778, Amos York and Lemuel Fitch were taken by a band of marauding Indians, and also carried to Niagara. They were kept at this place during the winter, among a camp of British Indians and . Tories of the most savage and degraded character. Many of the latter were from the upper Susquehanna, and bore a ^particular enmity to these prisoners, who, from this cause, suflTered many insults, hardships, and injuries at the hands of their savage captors and keepers. The force wintering at Niagara during the winter of 1777-'78 had, most of it at least, been with General St. Leger in his attack on Fort Schu^der, in August, 1777, and in consequence of their defeat there by the American forces under Colonel Gansevoort, as brave a man as ever drew a sword, were greatly exasperated. For this reason they were exceedingly venomous and cruel in LTJZEBNE COUNTY. 397 their treatment of the prisoners in their charge. Their treatment is thus recorded in the "Annals of Tryon County :" " They had neither clothes, blankets, shelter, nor fire, while the guards were ordered not to use any violence in protecting the prisoners from the savages, \^ao came every day in large companies with knives, feeling of the prisoners to find who were fattest. They dragged one of the prisoners out of the guard, with the most lamentable cries, tortured him for a long time, and the Tories and Indians said they killed and ate him, as it appears they did another on an island in Lake Ontario, by bones found there newly picked, just after they had crossed the lake with the prisoners. The prisoners were murdered in considerable num bers, from day to day, around the camp, some of them so nigh that their shrieks were heard. They were kept almost starved for provisions, and what they drew were of the worst kind, such as spoiled flour, biscuit full of maggots and mouldy, no soap allowed, or other method of keeping clean, and were insulted, struck, etc., without mercy by the guards without provocation." It was amidst such people, such scenes, and such sufferings, that the Wyoming prisoners spent the winter, and of all which they suffered their full share. Early in the spring of 1778 they were taken to Montreal. At this place York and Fitch were put on board of a British transport, to be conveyed to some point in New England for release. Not having been found in arms, the British commander did not recognize or treat them as prisoners of war. Fitch died of a fever on the voyage. York survived until he reached Stonington, Connecticut, but died a few days after. As Lieutenant Jenkins was himself an active officer, and the son of one of the most distinguished men in Wyoming, the father having been several times chosen member of Assembly, and having been also judge of the court there, a proposal was made and accepted to exchange him for an Indian chief, then a prisoner at Albany. Under an Indian escort he was sent to that city, and when they arrived it was found that the chief had recently died of the small pox. The rage of the young Indians who had escorted him could scarcel}^ be restrained. They would have tomahawked Lieutenant Jenkins on the spot had they not been forcibly prevented. After remaining at Albany for a short time, the Indians started for Seneca Castle, taking Lieutenant Jenkins along with them, where it was declared they would immolate him to the manes of the dead chief for whom he was to have been exchanged. Their conduct toward their prisoner on the way assumed a frightful ferocity, and they would have put him to death in the early part of the journey but for the protecting care of a young chief, with whom he became acquainted at Niagara, and who formed a strong attachment for him. On the fourth night of the journey, Lieutenant Jenkins, with the assistance of the young chief, made his escape from the party and fled in the direction of home. He came upon the Susquehanna river near where the town of Union, N. Y., now stands, and by means of rudely constructed floats, drifted down the river to Wyoming, arriving home on the 2d of June, worn down with fatigue, exhausted and emaciated with starvation, almost naked, with feet torn and sore, for he had made the greater part of his journey barefooted. 3a 898 HIS TOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. THE WYOMING MASSACRE. The year 1718 brought great distress and fear to the frontier generally, but particularly to Wyoming. The defeat and surrender of Burgoyne, at Saratoga, in October, 1777, had left the British without sufficient avaihible force in America to carry on a regular campaign for this year, and as the war was to be continued, the only resource left to the British government and commanders in America, was to employ the Indians and Tories almost exclusively, in carry- ing on a war of desolation on the frontier. This was their declared policy, and it was at once suspected and feared that Wyoming would be among the first to be attacked, for who were so hated and exposed as the people at Wyoming ? They had been amongst the first to declare against British usurpations, and had been the most earnest in supplying men and means to support their declaration. In this state of affairs the people of the frontiers appealed to Congress for forces for their protection. The people of Wyoming, in particular, represented to Congress the threatening situation of affairs in their local- ity, and made an earnest appeal for aid. Moved by their urgent entreaties, Congress came to the rescue of Wyoming in the follow- ing remarkable resolution: "March 16, 1778. Resolced, That one full company of foot be raised in the Town of Westmoreland, on the East branch of the Susquehanna, for the de- fence of the said Town and the settlements on the frontier in the neighborhood thereof, n gainst the Indians, and the enemies of these States ; the said company to be re-enlisted to serve one year from the time of their enlisting unless sooner discharged by Congress, and that the said company find their own arms, accoutrements, and blankets." It would not be difficult to estimate how much this resokition of Congress added to the effective force at Wyoming. It was just equivalent to a suggestion of this sort : Wyoming has appealed to us for help ; Wyoming needs help undoubtedly. Let Wj'oming help herself; she has our permission to do so, provided she builds her own forts, and furnishes her " own arms, accoutrements, and blankets." This, however, was not satisfactory to the people of W^^oming. Immediately upon receiving intelligence of the action of Congress, they again informed Congress of the threatening dnnger, and their exposed and defenceless condi- tion, and prayed that the two Wyoming companies of Durkee and Ransom be returned home to guard and protect them through the impending peril. They felt that there should be no difficulty about this demand being complied with, as those companies had been raised for the express purpose of defending their homes. When called upon, however, to go on the distant service of the Republic, and leave their homes defenceless, they marched with the utmost alacrit}'. Not a murmur was heard, for every man felt that the case was one of imperious necessitj'-, and not one of them entertained a doubt but that the moment affairs were in proper condition to permit it, the pledge " to be sta- THE WYOMING BATTLE GKOUND LUZERNE COUNTY. 899 tioned in proper places to defend their homes," would be regarded in good faith, and they be ordered back to the valley. Independent of a just regard for the pledge noticed, and without considering specially the interests of her people, policy would seem to have dictated the taking of early and ample measures to defend Wyoming. General Schuyler wrote to the board of war on the subject. The officers and men earnestly plead and remonstrated that their families, left defenceless, were now menaced with invasion, and adverted to the terms of their enlistment. History affords no parallel of the pertinacious detention of men from their homes under such cir- cumstances. Treachery is not for a moment to be lisped, and yet the malign influence of the polic}^ pursued, and the disastrous consequences, could not have been aggravated if they had been purposely withheld. Nothing could have been more frank and confiding, more brave and generous, than the whole conduct of the Wyoming people from the beginning of the contest, and it is saying little to aveu" that they deserved at the hands of Congress a different requital ; but mercy, justice, and policy plead in vain. Wyoming, says Moore, seems to have been doomed by a selfishness or treachery which cannot be designated except by terms which respect forbids us to employ. The return of Lieutenant Jenkins, and the intelligence he brought, confirmed the worst suspicions of the people, and they became at once actively aroused to the true danger of their situation. He informed them that the great mass of the Indians and Tories up the river and in New York had wintered in Ningara,. that they had been abusive, to him there while in captivity, and had threatened to go to Wyoming in the summer, drive off the settlers, and take possession of the country for themselves ; that a plan of this kind had been concerted before he left there. This was the first reliable information the settlers had received of the threatened invasion of Wyoming, although it was well known much earlier that an invasion of the frontiers somewhere was to be made from Niagara by the combined foi'ce of British, Indians, and Tories that wintered at that place, and although not certainly known, it was very strongly suspected that Wyoming and its neighborhood was the objective point. An express was immediately sent to the commander-in-chief and to Congress to inform them of the certainty of the threatened invasion, and to demand that the companies of Durkee and Ransom be immediately sent to Wyoming, together with such additional force as could be spared for the occasion. Captain Dethick Hewitt, who had been appointed to enlist and command the new company, raised under the resolution of Congress, which has been given, and who were to furnish their own arms, accoutrements, and blankets, was immediately sent up the river on a scout. On the 5th of June there was an alarm from the Indians and six white men, Tories, coming in the neighborhood of Tunkhannock, about twenty-five miles up the river from Wyoming, and taking AVilcox, Pierce, and some others prisoners, and robbing and plundering the inhabitants of the neighborhood. News of this incursion was brought to the valley on the night of the 6th of June, and on the Vth, althougli Sunday, the inhabitants began to fortify. Tlie same day an alarm came up from Shawney. For a week or more after this there appeared to be a lull in the storm at. Wyoming, but it was raging witli great fierceness in other quarters. 900 EISTO BY OF PENNS YL VANIA. The force that wintered at Niagara and in western -New York, in pursuance of orders issued by Colonel Guy Johnson, assembled at Kanadaseago or Seneca Castle, early in May, and from this point sallied forth in divisions to carry on their hellish work. Although the objective point was Wyoming, yet they were to divide their force into parties and attack different points, lay them waste, spread terror, consternation, and death on every hand, that their ultimate desti- nation might not be positively known, and no force of sufficient size to offer successful resistance be concentrated against them ; and by dividing their force and sending it into different localities, they would be the better able to learn the strength and direction of any force that might be sent to oppose them. Captain Joseph Brant, or Thaj^endenegea, with his Mohawks, some Senecas, Schoharries, and Oquagoes, went by way of the outlet of the Seneca and Cayuga lakes, and the head-waters of the Mohawk, and arrived in the vicinity of Cherry valley about the 25th of May. He secreted his forces on Lady Hill, about a mile east of the fort, to await a favorable opportunity to strike the fatal blow and slay or capture its inhabitants. A company of boys happened to be training as Brant was looking down from his hiding place upon the devoted hamlet. Mistaking these miniature soldiers for armed men, he deferred the attack for a more favorable opportunity. After killing Lieutenant Wormwood, a promising young officer from Palatine, who had left the fo-rt but a few minutes before on horseback, and taking Peter Sitz, his comrade, prisoner, Brant directed his course toward Cobelskill. On the first of June, 1778, was fought the battle of Cobelskill. The Indian forces, commanded by Brant, amounted to about three hundred and fifty. The American forces, commanded by Captains Patrick and Brown, amounted to about fifty. Of the latter force, twent^^-two were slain ; among them, Captain Patrick. Six were wounded, and two made prisoners. The enemy had about an equal number killed. The battle was fought mostly in the woods, and both parties fought in the Indian style, under cover of trees. From here Brant, after committing further depredations in that quarter, led his forces to Tioga, where he joined the main body of the enemy marching to the invasion of Wyo- ming, Major John Butler, commonly known as Colonel Butler, with the British and Tories amounting to about four hundred, and a party of Indians under Guiengwahto and Gucingerachton, both Seneca chiefs, amounting to about four hundred, passed up Seneca Lake and proceeded to Chemung and Tioga, at which point they engaged in preparing boats for transporting themselves and their baggage down the North-east Branch of the Susquehanna. A considerable body of the Indians, about two hundred, under Gucingerachton, were detached at Knawaholee or Newtown, and sent across the country to strike the West Branch of the Susquehanna, and lay it waste, while Guiengwahto and Brant assisted in preparing the boats. Gucingerachron with his force swept the West Branch as with the besom of destruction. Consternation seized the people, and they fled in wild despair before the invading host, but death and desolation pursued them. Forty-seven were slain, and twenty-one taken prisoners. Wyoming is now becoming the gathering point of all these scattered parties. LUZERNE COUNTY. 901 A glance at the situation stiows that the storm is forming dark and fearful in that direction, boding death and destruction through all its borders. On the 12th of June, William Crooks and Asa Budd went up the river to a place some two miles above Tunkhannock, formerly occupied by a Tory named Secord, who had been absent at Niagara since the fall before. Crooks was fired upon by a party of Indians and killed. On the lYth, a party of six men, in two canoes, went up the river to observe the movements of the enemy. The party in the forward canoe landed about six miles below Tunkhannock, and ascended the bank. They saw an armed force of Indians and Tories running toward them. They gave the alarm, returned to their boats, and endeavored to get behind an island to escape the fire of the enemy which was being poured in upon them. The canoe in which were Mina Robbins, Joel Phelps, and Stephen Jenkins, was fired upon, and Robbins killed and Phelps wounded. Jenkins escaped unhurt, although his paddle was pierced and shattered by a bullet. In the party that fired upon this canoe was Elijah Phelps, the brother of Joel and brother-in-law of Robbins. Captain Hewitt, with a scouting party, went up the river on the 26th, and returned on the 30th of June with news that there was a large party up the river. At Fort Jenkins, the uppermost in the valley, and only a mile above Wintermoot's, there were gathered the families of the old patriot, John Jenkins, Esq., the Ilardings, and Gardners, distinguished for zeal in their country's cause, with others. Not apprised of the contiguity of the savage, on the 30th of June, before Captain Hewitt's return, Benjamin Harding, Stukely Harding, James Hadsall, and his sons James and John, the latter a bo}-, Daniel Weller, John Gardner, and Daniel Carr, eight in all, took their arms and went up the river, five miles into Exeter, to their labor. Towards evening they were attacked. That they fought bravely was admitted by the enemy. Weller, Gardner, and Carr were taken prisoners. Benjamin and Stukely Harding, James Hadsall, and his son James were killed. John Hadsall, the boy, threw himself into the river and lay concealed under the willows, his mouth just above the surface. He heard, with anguish, the dying groans of his friends. Knowing he was near, the Indians searched carefully for him. At one time they were so close he could have touched them. He lay until late in the evening, then got out and went to the fort. Colonel Zebulon Butler, of the Continental army, then at home, assumed command of the settlers. On the 1st of July, Colonel Nathan Denison and Lieutenant-Colonel George Dorrance, with all the force gathered at that time, marched from Forty Fort to Exeter, a distance of eleven miles, where the murders of the preceding day had been perpetrated. The two Hardings, it appeared, must have contended to the last, for their arms and faces were much cut, and several spear holes were made through their bodies. All were scalped and otherwise mutilated. Two Indians who were watching the dead, expecting that friends might come to take away the bodies, and they might obtain other victims, were shot — one where he sat, the other in the river, to which he had fled. The bodies of the Hardings, says Miner, were removed and decently interred near Fort Jenkins, where, many years afterward, Elisha Harding, 902 HISTOR Y OF PENNS YLVANIA. their brother, caused a stone to be raised to their memory, with this inscription : " Sweet be tlie sleep of those who prefer liberty to slavery." The enemy, numbering about two hundred British provincials, and about two hundred Tories from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, under the command of Major John Butler, and Captain Caldwell, of Sir John Johnson's Royal Greens, and about five hundred Indians, commanded by Guiengwatoh, a Seneca chief, and Captain Joseph Brant, Thayendenegea, a Mohawk, descended the Susquehanna river in boats, and landed near the mouth of Bowman's creek, where they remained a short time waiting for the West Branch party to join them. This party, as before stated, consisted of about two hundred Indians under the command of Gucingerachton. The whole force, after the junction, VIEW OF FORTY PORT IN 1778. IFrom Stewart Pearce's Anoals of Luzeroe.] numbered about eleven hundred, and these moved forward to the invasion of Wyoming. They left the largest of their boats at this place, and with the lighter ones passed on down to the " Three Islands," five or six miles below, and about fifteen miles from the valley. From this point they marched overland, and encamped, on the evening of the 30th of J une, on Sutton's creek, about two miles from where the Hardings were killed. The Hadsalls were taken to this place and put to death, with the most excruciating tortures, which furnished nearlj' an hour's pleasant pastime to the demoniac crew. On the 1st of July, while the settlers were marching up the river to bring down the dead bodies of the Hardings, and if possible chastise their murderers, the enemy were marching toward the valley by a route back of the mountain LUZERNE COUNTY. 903 which lay between them and the route the settlers took in mar».hing up and returning. They arrived and encamped on the mountain bounding the valley on the north-west, at a point directly opposite Wintermoot Fort. Parties from the enemy passed in and out of Wintermoot Fort the same evening. On the morning of the 2d the gates of Wintermoot Fort were thrown wide open to the enemy and possession was taken by them. The inmates of the fort con- sisted chiefly of Tories, who treacherously surrendered it to the enemy. " The evening of the same day," says Miner, " a detachment, under the com- mand of Captain Caldwell, was sent to reduce Jenkins' Fort. Originally the garrison consisted of seventeen, mostly old men, four of whom were slain and three made prisoners, as narrated above, so that no means of resistance being left, the stockade capitulated on honorable terms." During this and the following day the settlers were engaged in gathering all the force they had at Forty Fort. This stood a short distance below the site of Forty Fort church at Kingston, about eighty feet from the river. It covered half an acre of ground. Its shape, says Stewart Pearce, was that of a parallelo- gram fortified by stockades, which were logs set in the ground and extending twelve feet above, sharpened at the top. Its joints were covered by other stockades, which rendered the barrier of nearly double thickness. There was a gateway at each end and a sentry-box at eacli corner. The whole American force consisted of about three hundred, exclusive of the train band and boys. Colonel Zebulon Butler happened to be at W3'oming at the time, and though he had no proper command, by invitation of the people he placed himself at their head, and led them to battle. There never was more courage displayed in the various scenes of war. History does not portray an instance of more gallant devotion. There was no other alternative but to fight and conquer, or die ; for retreat with their families was impossible. Like brave men, they took counsel of their courage. On the 3d of July they marched out to meet the enemy. Colonel Zebulon Butler commanded the right wing, aided by Major Garret. Colonel Dennison commanded the left, assisted by Lieutenant-Colonel George Dorrance. The field of fight was a plain, partly cleared and partly covered with scrub-oak and yellow-pine. The right of the Wyoming men rested on a steep bank which descends to the low river-flats ; the left extended to a marsh, thickly covered with timber and brush. Opposed to Colonel Zebulon Butler, of Wyom- ing, was Colonel John Butler, with-his Tory rangers, in their green uniform. The enemy's right wing, opposed to Colonel Dennison, was chiefly composed of Indians. It was between four and five o'clock in the afternoon when the engagement began, and for some time it was kept up with great spirit. On the right, in open field, our men fired and advanced a step, and tiie enemy was driven back. But their numbers, nearly three to one, enabled them to outflank our men, especiallj' on the left, where the ground, a swamp, was exactly fitted for savage warfare. Our men fell rapidly before the Indian rifles ; the rear as well as the flank was gained, and it became impossible to maintain the position. An order to fall back, given by Colonel Dennison, so as to present a better front to the enemy, could not be executed without confusion, and some misunderstood it as a signal to retreat. The practised enemy, not more brave, but, besides being more numerous, familiarized to war in fifty battles, sprang forward, raised their 904 EISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. horrid yell from one end of the line to the other, rushed in with the tomahawk and spear, and our people were defeated. They deserved a better fate. One of the men yielding a little ground. Colonel Dorrance, a few minutes before he fell, with the utmost coolness, said, " Stand up to your work, sir." After the enemy was in the rear, " See I " said an officer to Captain Hewitt, " the enemy is in force behind us ; shall we retreat ? " " Never ! " was his reply ; and he fell at the head of his men. " We are nearly alone," said Westbrook ; " shall we go ?" " I'll have one more shot first," replied Cooper. That instant a savage sprang towards him with his spear. Cooper stretched him on the earth, and reloaded be- fore he left the ground. When the left was thrown into confusion, our Colonel Butler threw himself in front, and rode between the two lines, exposed to the double fire. " Don't leave me, my children," said he ; "the victory will be ours." But what could three hundred undisciplined militia effect against eleven hun- dred veteran troops ? The battle was lost ! Then followed the most dreadful massacre — the most heart-rending tortures. The brave but overpowered soldiers of Wyoming were slaughtered without mercy, principally in the flight, and after surrendering themselves prisoners of war. The plain, the river, and the island of Monockonock were the principal scenes of this' horrible massacre. Sixteen men, placed in a ring around a rock, were held by stout Indians, while they were, one by one, slaughtered by the knife or tomahawk of a sqaw. One individual, a strong man, by the name of Hammond, escaped by a desperate effort. In another similar ring, nine persons were murdered in the same way. Many were shot in the river and hunted out and slain in their hiding-places (in one instance by a near, but adverse relative), on the now beautiful island of Monockonock. But sixty of the men who went into the battle survived ; and the forts were filled with widows and orphans (it is said the war made one hundred and fifty widows and six hundred orphans in the valley), whose tears and cries were sup- pressed after the surrender, for fear of provoking the Indians to kill them, for it was an Indian's pastime to brandish the tomahawk over their heads. A few instances will show how universal was the turn-out, and how general was the slaughter. Of the Gore iaraily, one was away with the army, five brothers and two brothers-in-law went into the battle. At evening five lay dead on the field, one returned with his arm broken by a rifle ball; the other, and only one, unhurt. From the farm of Mr. Weeks, seven went out to battle ; five sons and sons-in-law, and two inmates. Not one escaped — the whole seven pe- rished. Anderson Dana went into battle with Stephen Whiting, his son-in-law, a few months before married to his daughter. The dreadful necessity of the hour allowed no exemption like that of the Jewish law, by which the young bridegroom might remain at home for one year, to cheer up his bride. The field of death was the resting-place of both. Anderson Dana, Jr. — then a boy of nine or ten years old — was left the only protector of the family. They fled, and begged their way to Connecticut. Of the Inman family, there were five present in the battle. Two fell in the battle, another died of the fatigues and exposure of the day ; another was killed the same year by Indians. About two-thirds of those who went out fell. Naked, panting, and bloody, a few, who had escaped, came rushing into Wilkes-Barrd fort, where, trembling with anxiety, the women and children were gathered, waiting the dread issue. LUZERNE COUNTY. 905 Mr. Hollenback, who had swam the river naked, amid the balls of the (inemy, was the first to bring them the appalling news — '''•All is lost/" They fled to . the mountains, and down the river. Their sufferings were extreme. Many widows and orphans begged their bread, on their way home to their friends 'm Connecticut. In one party, of near a hundred, there was but a single man. As it was understood that no quarter would be given to the soldiers of the line, Colonel Zebulon Butler, with the few other soldiers who had escaped, retired that same evening, with the families, from Wilkes-Barr^ fort. But— those left at Forty Fort ? During the battle they could step on the river bank and hear the firing distinctly. For a while it was kept up with spirit, and hope prevailed ; but by and by, it became broken and irregular, approaching nearer and nearer. "Our people are defeated — they are retreating !" It was a dreadful moment. Just at evening a few of the fugitives rushed in, and fell down exhausted — some wounded and bloody. Through the night, every hour one or more came into the fort. Colonel Dennison also came in, and rallying enough of the wreck of the little Spartan band to make a mere show of defend ing the fort, he succeeded the next day in entering into a capitulation for the settlement, with Colonel John Butler, fair and honorable for the circumstances; by which doubtless many lives were saved. This capitulation, drawn up in the handwriting of Rev. Jacob Johnson, the first clergyman of the settlement, stipulated: " That the settlement lay down their arms, and their garrison be demolished. That the inhabitants occupy their farms peaceably, and the lives of the inhabi- tants be preserved entire and unhurt. That the Continental stores are to be given up. That Colonel Butler will use his utmost influence that the private property of the inhabitants shall be preserved entire to them. That the prisoners in Forty Fort be delivered up. That the property taken from the people called Tories, be made good; and that they remain in peaceable possession of their farms, and unmolested in a free trade through this set- tlement. That the inhabitants which Colonel Dennison capitulates for, together with himself, do not take up arms during this contest." The enemy marched in six abreast, the British and Tories at the northern gate, the Indians at the southern, their banners flying and music playing. Colonel Dorrance, then a lad in the fort, remembered the look and conduct of the Indian leader — all eye — glancing quickly to the right, then glancing to the left — with all an Indian's jealousy and caution, lest some treachery or ambush should lurk in the fort. Alas! the brave and powerful had fa'len; no strength remained to resist, no power to defend ! On paper, the terms of the cnpitulation are fair, 1 ut the Indians immediately began to rob and burn, plunder and destroy. Colonel Dennison complained to Colonel Butler. " I will put a stop to it, sir ; I will put a stop to it," said Butler. The plundering continued. Colonel D. remonstrated again with energy, reminding him of his plighted fai'h. "I'll tel you what, sir," replied Colonel Butler, waving his hand impat'ently, " I can do nothing with them ; I can do nothing with them." No lives, however, were taken by the Indians ; they confined themselves to plunder and insnl'. To ^how their entire independence and power, the Indians came into the fort, and one took the hat from Colonel 906 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Dennison's head. Another demanded his rifle-frock, which he had on. It did not suit Colonel D. to be thus stripped ; whereupon the Indian menacingly raised his tomahawk, and the colonel was obliged to yield, but seeming to find difficulty in taking off the garment, he stepped back to where the women were sitting. A girl understood the movement, and took from a pocket in the frock a purse, and hid it under her apron. The frock was delivered to the Indian. The purse, containing a few dollars, was the whole military chest of Wyoming. Colonel Butler is represented as a portly, good-looking man, perhaps fort}-- five, dressed in green, the uniform of his rangers. He led the chief part of his army away in a few days ; but parties of Indians continued in the valley, burning and plundering, until at length fire after fire arose, east, west, north, and south. In a week or ten days it was seen that the articles of capitulation afforded no security, and the remaining widows and orphans, a desolate band, with scarcely provisions for a day, took up their sad pilgrimage over the dreary wilderness of the Pokono mountains, and the dismal '' Shades of Death." Most of the fugitives made their way to Stroudsburg, where there was a small garrison. For two or three days they lived upon whortleb erries, which a kin Providence seems to have furnished in uncommon abundance that season — the manna of that wilderness. Soon after the battle, Captain Spalding, with a company from Stroudsburg, took possession of the desolate valley, and rebuilt the fort at Wilkes-Barr^. Colonel Hartley, from Muney Fort, on the West Branch, also went up the North Branch with a part}', burned the enemy's villages at Wyalusing, Sheshe- quin, and Tioga, and cut off a party of the enemy who were taking a boat-load of plunder from Wyoming. In March, 1719, the spring after the battle, a large body of Indians again came down on the Wyoming settlements. The people were few, weak, and ill prepared for defence, although a body of troops was stationed in the valley for that purpose. The savages were estimated at about four hundred men. The}' scattered themselves abroad over the settlements, murdering, burning, taking prisoners, robbing houses, and driving away cattle. After doing much injury, they concentrated their forces and made an attack on the fort in Wilkes-Barre ; but the discharge of a field-piece deterred them, and they raised the siege. Most of the settlers had fled after the battle and massacre, but here and there a family had remained, or had returned soon after the flight. Skulking parties of Indians continued to prowl about the valley, killing, plundering, and scalping, as opportunity offered. In the summer of 1779, General Sullivan passed through Wyoming, with his army from Easton, on his memoi'able expedition against the country of the Six Nations. As they passed the fort amid the firing of salutes, with their arms gleaming in the sun, and their hundred and twenty boats arranged in regular- order on the river, and their two thousand pack-horses in single file, they formed a military display surpassing any yet seen on the Susquehanna, and well calcu- lated to make a deep impression on the minds of the savages. Having ravaged the countr}^ on the Genesee and laid waste the Indian towns. General Sullivan returned to Wyoming in October, and thence to Easton. But the expedition had neither intimidated the savages nor prevented their incursions. During the LUZEBNE COUNTY. 907 remainder of the war they seemed to make it their special delight to scourge the valley ; they stole into it in small parties, blood and desolation marking their • track. In March, 1784, the settlers of Wyoming were compelled again to witness the desolation of their homes by a new cause. The winter had been unusuallj' severe, and on the breaking up of the ice in the spring, the Susquehanna rose with great ripldity ; the immense masses of loose ice from above continued to lodge on that which was still firm at the lower end of the valley ; a gorge was formed, and one general inundation overspread the plains of Wyoming. The inhabitants took refuge on the surrounding heights, many being rescued from the roofs of their floating houses. At length a gorge at the upper end of the valley gave way, and huge masses of ice were scattered in every direction, which remained a great portion of the ensuing summer. The deluge broke the gorge below with a noise like that of contending thunderstorms, and houses, barns, stacks of hay and grain, cattle, sheep, and swine, were swept off in the rushing torrent. A great scarcity of provisions followed the flood, and the suflTerings of the inhabitants were aggravated by the plunder and persecution of the Penna- mite soldiers quartered among them. Governor Dickinson represented their suffferings to the Legislature with a recommendation for relief, but in vain. This was known as the ice flood ; another, less disastrous, which occurred in 1*787, was called the pumpkin flood, from the fact that it strewed the lower valley of the Susquehanna with the pumpkins of the unfortunate Connecticut settlers. After the peace with Great Britain the old controversy on the subject of land titles was renewed, and soon grew into a civil war. This war, like the old one, was marked by sieges of forts ; capitulations, made only to be broken ; seizures by sheriffs ; lynching — in which Colonel Timothy Pickering suffered some ; petitions, remonstrances, and memorials. Captain Armstrong, after- wards General, and Secretary of War, figured as commander of one of the forts or expeditions on the Pennsylvania side. The opposite parties in that war were known by the nicknames of Pennamites on one side, and Connecticut boys or Yankees on the other. Affairs were eventually amicablj^ settled — and from that time onward peace dawned over the land. Many of the descendants of the original Connecticut pioneers remain in the beautiful country their ancestors preserved " against foes without and foes within." In the Whiskey Insurrection of 1794, Captain Samuel Bowman's company represented Luzerne in that expedition. Owing to the state of feeling in Northumberland county, these troops were stationed at Sunbury for some time, but eventually joined the main body of the army at Bedford. In the war of 1812-'14, there were from this locality. Captain Samuel Thbmas' artillery com- pany, attached to Colonel Hill's regiment; Captain Joseph Camp, 45th regi- ment ; Captains Frederick Bailey and Amos Tiffany, 129th regiment ; Captain George Hidley, 112th regiment ; Captain Peter Hallock, 35th regiment; besides the " Wyoming Blues," and a detachment under Captain Jacob Bittenbender. In the war with Mexico, Company I, First regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Captain Edmund L. Dana, saw good service. They participated in all the battles from Yera Cruz to the City of Mexico, and won for themselves honor 908 HIS TOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. and glory. In the war for the Union, Luzerne county furnished her full quota. Her dead lie on almost every battle-field of that great civil conflict, and many of her sons won imperishable renown. Wilkes-Barre, the capital of the county, was so named in honor of John Wilkes and Colonel Barre, distinguished advocates for liberty and the rights of the colonies. It was laid out by Colonel John Durkee, in 1772, and embraced two hundred acres. It was originally laid out in eight squares, with a diamond in the centre. The squares were subsequently divided into sixteen parallelo- grams, by the formation of Franklin and Washington streets. The first dwelling built within the town-plot was in 1769. Wilkes-Barr^ was incorporated a borough in 1806, and in 1871 a city. Including a por- tion of the township which has been added to the city limits, it contains a population of nearly twenty-five thousand inhabitants. It is situated on the east side of the Susque- hanna, about the centre of the Wyoming valley, connected with the bo- rough of Kingston and the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg railroad by a bridge over the river and a street rail- road. The Lehigh Valley, and the Lehigli and Susquehanna railroads pass through the town, as also the Susquehanna canal. It contains a large and commodious court house, situated in the public square, erected at a cost of $150,000 ; the county prison, on the Pennsylvania system, of cut stone, costing $250,000 ; a city hospital, situated in a lot of five acres, in a healthy, airy location ; a home for friendless children, commodious, well ventilated, to accommodate one hundred children ; twenty-five churches of various denominations ; five large public school buildings ; an academy under the auspices of the Sisters of Mercy, and a fine public hall. The city is supplied with the purest spring water from Laurel run, the principal streets are paved, lighted with gas, with side-walks neatly " flagged." Of industrial manufactories, there are three large foundries and machine shops, wire-rope works, steam flouring mills, etc. Located in the centre of the Wyoming coal field, Wilkes-Barre is surrounded by numerous coal works belonging to the Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre coal company, Delaware and Hudson canal company, Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western coal company, together with a number of private operators. The Wyoming Athenaeum has a fine library, while the Wyoming Historical and Geographical Society's collection is large and valuable. The city government consists of a mayor and a council of twenty-one members. There are well organized paid fire and police' departments. Few towns in the LUZERNE COUNTY PRISON, WILKES-BARRE. [From a Photograph by E. W. Beckwith, Plymouth.) LUZERNE COUNTY. 909 State have increased in population and wealth equal to Wilkes-Barr^ within the past ten years, owing chiefly to the development of coal mines and the construc- tion of the numerous railroads centering within it. The region now occupied by the city of Scranton was called Capouse, from a peaceful tribe of Indians whose wigwams disappeared in the summer of 1771. As the skin-clad red men withdrew from them with sullen reluctance, the whites began their clearings at Capouse. The Wyoming massacre in 1778 left no living soul upon the grounds now occupied by this city. The first cabin that rose from the banks of the Nayaug, or Deep Hollow, now the site of Scranton, was built in May, 1788, by Philip Abbott, who erected a primitive grist mill or corn cracker. In 1799 Ebenzer and Benjamin Slocum purchased the property, enlarged the mill, erected a distillery, started a forge, and built two or three houses, when the appellation of Slocums, and then Slocum Hollow, was given it. A post office was established here, but, like the forge and distillery, was abandoned, and the village of five brown houses relapsed into a silence from which it was aroused by William Henry and the Scrantons in 1840. It was named by them at first Harrison, then Lackawanna Iron Works, then Scrantonia, lastly Scranton, from Colonel George W., Selden T., and Joseph Scranton, who were the real founders of it. It is now the third city in the State in size, popu- lation, and importance. It is the southern terminus of the Delaware and Hudson canal company's railroad, which extends to Montreal ; the northern termini of the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg railroad, and of the Lehigh and Susquehanna division of the Central railroad of New Jersey. The Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western railroad passes through it. A street railway diverges to four portions of the city. Scranton is a place of vast mining and manu- facturing interests, deriving its prosperity from its immense rolling mills, furnaces, forges, its great steel works, its locomotive, brass and iron manu- facturing establishments, and its numerous miscellaneous manufacturing of wood, sheet iron, stoves, silk, edge tools, and leather. Besides these industries, under the control of twenty incorporated companies, representing many millions of dollars, there are thirty-four churches, a large opera house, a public library, the largest collection of Indian stone relics in America, a city hospital, and a home for the friendless. Scranton contains a population of fifty thousand inhabitants. Hazleton is situated in the southern part of Luzerne county, near the middle of the Lehigh coal field, and at the intersection of the Lehigh and Susquehanna turnpike with the public road leading from Wilkes-Barr^ to Tamaqua. Its distance from Tamaqua is fourteen miles ; from Mauch Chunk sixteen miles ; from Berwick seventeen miles, and from Wilkes-Barre' twenty-six miles, reckoned by the old stage routes or wagon roads. It is the principal town in the populous and wealthy coal region in which it is located, and is the chief marketing centre for the highly cultivated agricultural region lying to its north and west. The leading industry of Hazleton is the mining and shipping of anthracite coal. The Hazleton coal basin lies in a gentle depression on the summit of the water-shed, which separates the river basins of the Lehigh and the Susquehanna. The discoverer of coal in this region was John Adam Winters, a native of Berks county, who moved into this vicinity in 1812. At a " deer lick" 910 EISTOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. near the spot where the old Cranberry school-house afterwards stood, the deer had pawed up some coal which Mr. Winters found in 1818. This place is about three-fourths of a mile west of the present town of Hazleton, and near this spot the mining of coal was commenced by a drift above water level. The formation of the Hazleton coal company, March, 1836, was the forerunner of a prosperous future for Hazleton. A steady increase in population and wealth throughout the region followed. Active work for the construction of the Hazleton railroad was pushed forward in the early summer of 1836, under Ario Pardee, as engineer in chief, and J. G. Fell, principal assistant. The business of the road for some years was the coal-carrying trade exclusively, which at first was done in connec- tion with the Beaver Meadow railroad and Lehigh canal. This was confined to the summer season until the building of the Lehigh Valley railroad connecting with the New Jersey Central and North Pennsylvania railroads gave the Hazleton railroad its first opportunity of continued work thi-oughout the year. Great numbers of hazel bushes once grew in the vicinity of Hazleton, giving name to the stream, and hence the name of the place. The present spelling Hazleton, which it is likely to retain, came through an ortliograpbical mistake of the clerk in transcribing the act of incorporation of the company. Hazleton was laid out by the Hazleton coal company in 1836, immediately following the organization of the company, and the erection of buildings was then commenced. It was then in Sugar-loaf township, from which Hazle township, with an area of fort^'-nine square miles, was formed in 1839. It was incorporated as a borough August 7, 1856. The population of the borough in 1860 was 1,707, and 4,817 in 1870. In 1876 the population is estimated at 7,000. It contains ten church edifices, a school under the charge of the Sisters of Charity, and several private schools. The Lehigh Valley railroad company have large machine and car shops with foundry. There are also two steam flouring mills, three planing mills, and other important industries. There is a fine public library established by the liberality of Ario I'ardee, Sr., a resident of Hazleton, whose liberal dona- tions to Lafayette College are matters of history. Kingston township was laid out March 2, 1774, the first settlers having arrived four j'ears previous, in 1770. Within the township are evidences of ancient fortifications of pre-historic races, which show a state of civilization far in advance of the Indian tribes found here by our fathers. This township is not entirely unknown in the history of the Revolution. Here are the remains of Forty Fort, which was surrendered July 4, 1778, after a brave defence by a Tew poorly armed men. The ground upon which the battle was fought on the day preceding, lies mostly within this township, and is often pointed out to the stranger. A plain substantial monument rises above the bones of the patriots who fell by the combined force of the British troops and their cruel Indian allies. There is another relic of a past generation here — the old Forty Fort church, built in 1807, near the fort of the same name. The old church yet stands with the interior the same as when our fathers listened within its walls to the preach- ing of Lorenzo Dow, Philip Embury, and Francis Asbury, the pioneer bishop, and is well worthy a visit from those interested in the history of the past. In this township are two villages, Kingston and Wyoming. Kingston is the most important of the two villages, and was doubtless so named by the early LVZEBNE COUNTY. 911 WYOMING SKMIHAHY, KINGSTON. — COMMERCIAL HALL. inhabitants in honor of the reigning king. These villages grew up from the early days of our country, but within the last ten or fifteen years they have been incorporated, and attention has been given to a systematic laying out of the streets. The chief industry is the raining of anthracite coal, of which there are vast quantities. In Wyoming there are factories of terra cotta and shovels. In the vil- lage of Kingston are situated the shops of the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg railroad, which employ a large number of men. The village contains two churches of modern archi- tecture. Here is also located the Wyoming Seminary, a school capable of accommo- dating two hundred boarders and the same number of day scholars. Rev. R. Nelson, D.D., was for twenty-eight years the successful principal. In 1812, Kev. D. Copeland, Ph.D., succeeded him, under whose administration the school maintains its high position. Carbondale was the first incorporated city within the limits of Luzerne county, the act of Assembly creating it bearing date March 15, 1851. In 1850 it contained less than five thousand inhabitants. On ihe 15th of December of that year the greater portion of Car- bondale was destroyed by fire, and as previously there had been no municipal regulations, a meet- ing of the citizens was held, and a suggestion to apply for a city charter rather than one for a bo- rough. It carried unanimously, and measures at once taken to secure it. From that time on- ward, located as it is in the midst of valuable coal mines, the city increased rapidl}', and contains at present about fifteen thousand of a population. Apart from its coal interests the city contains several manufactories. It has a court house, and several fine structures. PiTTSTON, although settled as early as 1790, only contained, up to the year 1838, eight or ten houses. At that period the establishment of Butler & Mallory's colliery gave an impetus to the town. It was incorporated as a borough in 1853, and in the year following its boundaries were enlarged. Within a radius of two and a half miles there is a population of twenty thousand, WYOMING SEMINAKY.— CENTENARY HALL. 9 1 2 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. most of whom are more or less directly interested in the coal trade. The most extensive collieries are owned by the Pennsylvania coal company. On the east side of the river there are many other collieries belonging to various parties. Beside these vast interests, thei'e are a number of mechanical and manufacturing establishments located here. It is one of the busiest towns in Luzerne. It is situated on the Susquehanna river, where that stream enters the Wyoming valley, and is well connected with railroads running in all directions. White Haven borough, incorporated in 1842, derives its name from Josiah White of Philadelphia. The town is delightfully located on the Lehigh river and canal, twenty miles south-east from Wilkes-Barr^. Until the destruction of the canal by a freshet, in 1862, it was at the head of slack-water navigation, and a shipping point of great activity. The principal business now is that connected with the lumber trade, of which it is the chief depot on the Lehigh. It contains a large number of saw mills, whose production amounts to upwards of thirty millions feet of lumber. In addition to these establishments, there is a large foundrj^ and machine shop, with several smaller manufactories. The foregoing comprise the larger and more prominent cities and boroughs of Luzerne county. There are a number of others of importance, deserving a special notice, but a county which contributes cities, boroughs, and post-towns, exceeding two of the original States of the Union, cannot have full justice done her in our limited space, especially when her past history is of absorbing interest and requires to be fully dwelt upon. As remarked previously, Luzerne count}- has all the essential elements of wealth within herself, and is second to no county in the United States. LYCOMING COUNTY. BY E. S. WATSON, WILLIAMSPORT. YCOMING county was formed from Northumberland in aeoordance with the act of April 13th, 1795. Thomas Forster, John Hanna, and James Crawford were the first commissioners. On the first day of December, of the year mentioned, they met in open court of general quarter sessions and took the oath of office, and on the fifteenth day of the same month met and appointed John Kidd to be treasurer of taxes. At that time a vast area of territory was embraced within the limits of the county, comprising all the north-western portion of the State beyond Mifflin, Huntingdon and Westmoreland counties, and extending to the Allegheny river. Gradually its limits were contracted by the formation from it of Armstrong, Centre, Indiana, Clearfield, Jefferson, M'Kean, Potter, Tioga, and Clinton counties, until, at the present time, it contains 1,080 square miles, or 691,200 acres. Probably in no county of the Commonwealth is the handiwork of nature more prominently displayed than in Lycoming, made more impressive by the contrasts presented the tourist. Mountains rising to an altitude of 1,500 or 2,000 feet extend across the northern and central sections, ranges of the Allegheny and Laurel hill, while at the base is a sparse population, owing to the narrow valleys. But this wild, sterile region is oflTset by the beautiful valley of the West Branch, the subordinate limestone valleys to the south, and on the east the fertile and picturesque Muncy valley, with a dense and prosperous agricultural population. The West Branch valley is bounded on the south by a bold continuation of Bald Eagle mountain, while beyond, like a beautiful picture, lies Nippenose and White Deer Hole valleys, the White Deer mountain forming the southern boundary of the county. Nippenose valley presents a curious formation. It is an oval limestone basin about ten miles in length, surrounded by high hills, the streams from which, after descending a short distance towards the centre of the valley, lose themselves under the surface of the limestone rocks. Nippenose creek collects its waters from springs bursting up from the rocks on the north side of the valley, and conveys them to the West Branch of the Susquehanna. The course of this stream is through the southern portion of the county, and the volume of water is increased by receiving Pine^ Larry's, Lycoming, Loyal Sock, and Muncy creeks from the north, and on the south or right bank, Nippenose, Black Hole, and White Deer Hole creeks. There are valuable beds of bituminous coal and iron ore in the county, but agriculture and lumbering form the principal occupations. There are rolling mills, factories, tanneries, and a general variety of manufacturing branches, but they do not come up to the standard of what might be called prominent branches of industry. In the years 1836 and 1843, Professor Rogers made a geological survey of Lycoming county, but being at such an early da}' it was not so complete 3 H 913 914 niSTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. as to furnish a full knowledge of the mineral productions lying beneath the surface, as at that time there were little or no developments, and the country being heavily timbered rendered the points accessible very limited. His report, however, shows the location of several good bodies of coal and iron ore, such as tlie Mclntyre, Frozen Run, Pine Creek, Hogeland Run coal basins which present indications of value for the future exploration and development. The Mclntyre mine has been run very successfully for the past five years, commencing with a tonnage of 17,808 tons in 1870, 106,730 tons in 1871, 171,427 tons in 1872, 212,462 in 1873, and 138,907 tons in 1874. This coal is semi-bitumincus. Fossil iron ore was mined and shipped from Cogan station, on the Northern Central railroad, as early as 1858, and has continued with varying amounts from 100 to 1,000 tons, shipped to Danville, Bloomsburg, and Pottsville. The use of this will be increased as its value as a good fluxing ore becomes known, and as the price of iron will warrant its transportation to such points as needed. The numerous limestone quarries located below Williamsport and Muncy turn out a fair quality of building lime, and for fertilizing the soil, making quite an important local trade of value to builders and to the farmers of the county. In Mosquito valley there has been a quarry of black marble opened, which promises to become quite an important addition to the marble of the State when developed, so as to secure perfectly sound marble (as the best black marble is imported from Belgium at quite a high figure). As the county becomes cleared up and better opportunities are afforded for fresh explorations, new discoveries may be looked for, and capital invested at such points where there is reasonable expec- tation of success. The new survey ordered in the State will doubtless more fully develop the mineral resources, as from the geological position of the county there is room for careful examination. Among the minerals found are good commercial black oxide of manganese, seventy per cent. ; silver copper ore ; gray carbonate of iron, fifty per cent., containing five to seven per cent, manganese. There are basins of good fossil iron ore, stoneware and fire clays, and some very fair outcroj) s})ecimens of zinc ores. From a specimen of rich copper mass, it is evident there must have existed some source where either the early French settlers or Indians procured their copper, for an inspection of old excavations on the edge of copper formations discloses remains where fire had been used at quite a depth below the present surface. Among other useful products that may have in the future a commercial value, are several quarries of good flag stone in diflferent parts of the county ; also a very fair quality of pencil slate, and at four or five points a number of shades of good mineral paints. Originally the population of the county was composed of Scotch-Irish and Quakers, who moved in from the lower counties of the State. Their descendants still own lands along the valleys, but Germans and others from Pennsylvania and New York have located in such large numbers as to throw into obscurity, almost, the nationality of the oiiginal settlers. Previous to 1768 the valley was occupied by bunds of Shawanese and Mousey Indians, from tlie hjwer valley of the Susquehanna, and the way for settlement by the whites was not opened until the 5th of November of the year above mentioned, which was eflected by the treaty of Fort Stanwix — called the "new LYrOMNG COUXTT. 915 purchase " — by the Proprietar}' government. Soon after tliis purchase, a difference arose between the government and the settlers whether the stream Tyatlaghton, mentioned in the treaty, was Lycoming or Pine creek when trans- lated into English. For sixteen 3'ears it remained an open question, until tiie second treaty at Fort Stnnwix, in 1784, when the question wa'? settled by the Indians, who decided that the name mentioned in the treaty meant the Pine creek. In regard to the early settlement, nothing could be more clear than the following, from volume 2 of Smith's Laws: "There existed a great number of locations of the 3d of April, 1769, for the choicest lands on the West Branch of Susquehanna, between the mouths of Lycoming and Pine creeks; but the Propri- etaries from extreme caution, the result of that experience which had also produced the very p^nal laws of 1768 and 1769, and the proclamation already stated, had prohibited any surveys being made beyond the Lycoming. In the meantime, in violation of all laws, a set of hardy adventurers had from time to time seated themselves on this doubtful territory'. They made improvements, and formed a very considerable population. It is true, so far as regarded the rights to real propert}', they were not under the protection of the laws of the « country, and were we to adopt the visionary theories of some i)iiilosophers, who have drawn their arguments from a supposed state of nature, we might be led to believe that the state of these people would have been a state of continual warfare; and that in contests for property the weakest must give way to the strongest. To prevent the consequences, real or supposed, of this state of things, they formed a mutual compact among themselves. They annually elected a tribunal, in rotation, of three of their settlers, whom they called fair-play men, who were to decide all controversies, and settle disputed boundaries. From their decision there was no appeal. There could be no resistance. The decree was enforced by the whole body, who started up in mass, at the mandate of the court, and execution and eviction were as sudden and irresistible as the judo-, ment. Every new comer was obliged to apply to this powerful tribunal, and upon his solemn engagement to submit in all respects to the law of the land he was permitted to take possession of some vacant spot. Their decrees were, however, just; and when their settlements were recognized by law, and fair play had ceased, their decisions were received in evidence, and confirmed by judgments of courts." In those early days, as now, the white man was pushing the Indian back, in spite of the proclamation of Governor Penn, notifying all persons not to settle on lands not purchased of the Indians and unsurveyed, and warning those that had settled to make haste and leave. But they did not vacate, and in the enforce- ment of their "fair-play" code, it became necessary to adopt rigid measures. Any person resisting the decrees was placed in a canoe, rowed to the mouth of Lycoming creek, and there set adrift. Subsequently a law was passed, allowing the settlers between Lycoming and Pine creeks a pre-emption right to not over three hundred acres of land each, upon satisfactory proof being presented that they were actual settlers previous to 1780. For seven years after the purchase, the pioneers swung the axe, felled the giant trees, builded their cabins, and tilled their fields unmolested ; but just when they began to enjo}' the comforts of their cabin homes, and reap the rewards of 916 HISTO RY OF PEXNS YL VA NIA. their industry, the cry of revolution was heard, and the hardy backwoodsmen, trained to the vicissitudes of war during the frontier campaigns of 1755-03, with true patriotism, seized their arms and went forth to battle for liberty, leaving their families scantily provided for and exposed to the raids of hostile Indians, while they went to the aid of the imperilled at Boston. All along the West Branch, wherever there was a white settlement, stockade forts were erected — in some cases garrisoned by settlers, and in others by Continental troops. Samuel Horn's fort was three miles above the mouth of Pine creek, and Antis' fort was at the head of Nippenose bottom ; Fort Muncy was between Pennsborough and LYCOMING COUNTY COURT HOUSE, AT WILLIAMSPORT. [From a Photograph bj J. F. Nice, Williamsport.] the mouth of Muncy creek. There were other forts below, but outside the present limits of Lycoming county. One of the most notable events that occurred at this time was what is known as the " big runaway." In the autumn of 1777, Job Chillawa}', a friendly Indian, had given intimation that a powerful descent of marauding Indians might be expected before long on the head-waters of the Susquehanna. Near the close of that season the Indians killed a settler by the name of Saltz- burn, on the Sinnemahoning, and Dan Jones at the mouth of Tangascootac. In the spring of 1778 Colonel Hepburn, afterwards Judge Hepburn, was stationed with a small force at Fort Muncy, at the mouth of Wallis' run, near which several murders had been committed. The Indians had killed Brown's and Benjamin's families, and had taken Cook and his wife prisoners on Loyal Sock creek. Colonel Hunter of Fort Augusta, alarmed by these murders, sent LYCOMING COUNTY. 917 orders to Fort Muncy that all the settlers in that vicinity should evacuate, and take refuge at Sunbuiy. Colonel Hepburn was ordered to pass on the orders to Antis^and Horn's forts above. To carry this message none would volunteer except />yovenhoven and a young Yankee millwright, an apprentice to Andrew Culbertsou. Purposely avoiding all roads, they took their route along the top of Bald Eagle ridge until they reached Antis' gap, where they descended towards the fort at the head of Nippenose bottom. At the bottom of the hill they were startled by the report of a rifle near the fort, which had been fired by an Indian at a girl. The girl had just stooped to milk a cow — the harmless bullet passed through her clothes between her limbs and the ground. Milk- ing cows in those days was dangerous work. The Indians had just killed in the woods Abel Cady and Zephaniah Miller, and mortally wounded young Armstrong, who died that night. The messengers delivered their orders that all persons should evacuate within a week, and they were also to send word up to Horn's fort. On his wa}' up, Covenhoven had staid all night with Andrew Armstrong, who then lived at the head of the long reach, where the late Esq. Seward lived. Covenhoven warned him to quit, but he did not like to abandon his crops, and gave no heed to the warning. The Indians came upon him suddenly and took him prisoner, with his oldest child and Nanc}- Bunda3% His wife concealed her- self under the bed and escaped. Covenhoven hastened down to his own family, and having taken them safely to Sunbury, returned in a keel-boat to secure his household furniture. As he was rounding a point above Derrstown (now Lewisburg), he met the whole convoy from all the forts above ; such a sight he never saw in his life. Boats,, canoes, hog-troughs, rafts hastily made of dry sticks, every sort of floating article had been put in requisition, and were crowded with women, children, and "plunder." There were several hundred people in all. Whenever any obstruc- tion occurred at a shoal or ripple, the women would leap out and put their shoulders, not indeed to the wheel, but to the flat boat or raft, and launch it again into deep water. The men of the settlement came down in single file on each side of the river to guard the women and children. The whole convoy arrived safely at Sunbury, leaving the entire line of farms along the West Branch to the ravages of the Indians. They destroyed Fort Muncy, but did not penetrate in any force near Sunbury ; their attention having been soon after diverted to the memorable descent upon Wyoming. After Covenhoven had got his bedding, etc., in his boat, and was proceeding down the river, just below Fort Meninger, lie saw a woman on the shore fleeing from an Indian. She jumped down the river bank and fell, perhaps wounded by his gun. The Indian scalped her, but in his haste neglected to strike her down. She survived the scalping, was picked up l>y the men from the fort, and lived near Warrior's tun until about the year 1840. Her name was Mrs. Durham. Shortly after the big runaway. Colonel Brodhead was ordered up with his force of 100 or 150 men to rebuild Fort Muncy, and guard the settlers while gathering their crops. After performing this service he left for Fort Pitt, and Colonel Hartley with a battalion succeeded him. Captain Spalding, from 918 BIS TO EY OF PENNS TL VAKIA. Stroudsburg, also came down with a detachment by way of the Wyoming valley. Having built the bairaeks at Fort Muncy, they went up on an expe- dition to burn the Indian towns at Wyalusing, Sheshequin, and Tioga. This was just afv^er the great battle at Wyoming, and before the British and Indians had finislied getting their plunder up the river. After burning the Indian towns, the detachment had a sharp skirmish with the Indians from Wyoming, on the left bank of the Susquehanna at the narrows north of the Wyalusing moun- tain. Mr. Covenhoven distinguished himself in that affair by his personal bravery. He was holding on by the roots of a tree on the steep precipice, when an Indian approached him and called to him to surrender. Mr. C, in repl}^, presented his gun and shot the Indian through the bowels. Among the noted families in that trying period was that of Captain John Brady. The men were courageous, and always fought coolly but desperatel}-. He had the fort near the mouth of Muncy creek, known as Fort Muncy. The Bradys, father and sons, joined the army at Boston at the first opening of the Revolution, but returned again when the exposed state of the valley seemed to need their services. They were again in service at the battle of Brandywine. They were at Fort Freeland when it capitulated, but escaped. Shortly after the return from camp of Captain Brady and his son, a company of six or seven men formed to aid Peter Smith in cutting his oats from a field at Turkey run, about a mile below Williamsport. James Brady, son of Captain John Brady, and a younger brother of the famous Captain Sam Brad3', was one of the party. It was the custom of those days to place sentinels at the sides of the field to watch while the others were reaping, the arms being stacked at a convenient point for seizure. The sentinels in this instance were rather care- less, and the Indians were down upon the reapers before they were aware of it. Brady, who was near the river bank, reached lor his gun, but at that moment fell, wounded by an Indian. The latter struck him down and scalped him, but he was left alive. His companions had fled ; but a party from the fort, out in pursuit of the Indians, found Brady with his skull broken in, but still living. He desired to be taken to the fort at Sunburj-, where his parents were. Mr. Covenhoven was one of those who assisted in taking him down, and he describes the meeting between the mother and her wounded son as heart-rending. They arrived at the dead of night, and the mother, ever awake to alarms (although the party did not intend to wake her), came down to the river bank, and assisted in conveying her son to the house. On the way down he was feverish, and drank large quantities of water. He soon became deliiious, and after lingering five days, expired. Cai)tain John Biady, the father, was afterwards out with Peter Smith, near Wolf run, a tributary ol Muncy creek. At a secluded spot, three Indians fiied. Brady fell dead. Smith esc:iped on a frightened horse. Captain Samuel Brady was with Brodhead, at Pittsburgh, at the time he heurd of his father's death ; and he is said then to have taken a stjlemn vow to devote his life to revenge the death of his father and biother. A brother of Samuel Brad}' lived many years in Indiana count}-, and two sisters at Sunbur}'. General Hugh Brady, of the United States army, was a nephew of Captain Samuel Brady. This fearless incident of the puti iotic spirit of the " Fair-Play " men, is recorded in Meginness' Olzinachson, as follows: LYCOMING COUNTY. 919 Early in the summer of 1776, the Fair-Play men and settlers along the river, above and below Pine creek, had received intelligence from Philadelphia that Congress had it in contemplation to declare the colonies independent, absolving them from all allegiance to Great Britain. This was good news to the little settlement up the West Branch, that was considered out of the jurisdiction of all civil law, and they set about making preparations to endorse the movement, and ratify it in a formal manner. Accordingly, on the 4th day of July, 1776, they assembled on the plains about Pine creek in considerable numbers. A good supply of " old rye " was laid in as a sine qua non on this momentous occasion. Tbe subject of independence was proposed, and freely discussed in several patriotic speeches, and, as their patriotism warmed up, it was finally decided to ratify the proposition under discussion in Congress, by a formal declaration of independence. A set of resolutions were drawn up and passed, absolving Ihem- selves from all allegiance to Great Britain, and henceforth declaring themselves free and independent / Wliat was remarkable about this declaration was, that it took i)lace on the very day that the Declaration was signed in Philadelphia. It was a remarkable coincidence that two such important events should take place about the same time, hundreds of miles apart, without any communication. When the old bell proclaimed, in thunder tones, to the citizens of Philadelphia that the colonies were declared independent, the shout of liberty went up from the banks of Pine creek, and resounded along the base of Bald Eagle mountain. The following names of settlers that participated in this glorious festival have been collected : Thomas, Francis, and John Clark, Alexander Donaldson, William Campbell, Alexander Hamilton, John Jackson, Adam Carson, Henry McCracken, Adam Dewitt, llobert Love, Hugh Nichols, and many others from below the creek not now remembered. Turning from the scenes of those eventful days, and following along the path of civilization down to the present da}-, we find now a prosperous city and thrifty villages and settlements, where once was a howling wilderness traversed by the red man. WiLLTAMSPORT, the county seat, was laid out and selected as such by tlie commissioners in 1796, the year after the county was organized. The site of the place was owned by Michael Ross, and in 1798, James Crawford, William Wilson, and Henry Donnell, commissioners, received a deed from Michael and .A.nna Ross for the land upon which now stands the court-house and jail. The city is handsomely situated on the north bank of the West Branch of the Sus- quehanna river, about forty miles above its confluence with the North Branch at Northumberland, in a valley of surpassing beauty and loveliness. The river at this point runs almost due east for several miles, and on the south side from the city is a bold mountain chain — Bald Eagle — which rises to an altitude of about five hundred feet. North of the city the foot hills of the Alleghenies are spread to the right and left, adding beauty to the location of the city. The true origin of the name of the city is involved in some doubt. Two reasons are given, however, why Michael Ross gave it the name of Williamsport. The first, and probably correct one — because always given by his children and later descendants — is that he had a son William for whom he named the place. The other reason is, still maintained by some, that in consideration of William Hep- 920 SIS TORY OF PENNS YL VANIA. burn rendering assistance in having tlie county seat located on land owned by Mr. Ross, the latter named the town for him. The weight of authority is that it was named for William Ross, The first brick court-house, which occupied the site of the present structure, was commenced in 1801, and completed in 1803. It was torn down and rebuilt in 1860. In 1806, the village was incorporated as a borough. It did not increase very rapidly, however, for a long series of years, as the United States census in 1850 only showed a population of about 1,600. In 1860 the population had nearly trebled, the census showing 5,664. In 1870 the population was given as 16,030. At the present date the population is esti- mated at not far from 20,000. Few cities in the Eastern States can show a more rapid growth, for as late as twenty-five years ago the vicinity of Williarasport cemetery, now in the heart of the city, was the favorite hunting ground of boys. The city was incorporated in 1867. It is noted for beautiful streets and elegant residences ; in many instances the architecture of the public and private build- ings gives evidence of the thrift and enterprise of the citizens, while the larger number of graceful spires and cupolas that point heavenward indicate a pervad- ing religious sentiment. Manufacturing interests are rapidly increasing. There is a large rubber factory, paint works, carriage manufactories, ^furniture establishments, machine shops and foundries, saw and tool works, boiler manufactories, oil works, flouring mills, tanneries, marble, belting, rope, brick, piano, and glue manu- factories, with a great number of smaller industries, which in the aggregate constitute an important element of trade. But the leading industry is the manufacture of lumber, and although upon the small streams of the county there are many saw mills, 3'et Williamsport is the great manufacturing centre. The first mill at this point was what w-as known as the " Big Water Mill," erected by a Philadelphia company in 1838-9. It was destroyed by fire some thirteen years ago. Within the past sixteen years the lumber interest has made rapid progress, until at the present time the amount of capital im-ested will reach several millions of dollars. From the time the " old water mill '' was built, about thirty-eight years ago, the number of mills has increased, until now there are between forty and fifty engaged in manufacturing lumber and dressing it in various ways. These mills will continue in operation for many years to come, as there are immense quantities of pine in the mountains yet, and when that is exhausted there is a sufficiency of hemlock to run the mills many years longer. The Dodge mills rank among the largest in the world. The main building is 95 by 200 feet, with two wings 18 by 22 feet. The machinery is driven by two engines of 350 horse power, and during the running season the mills have a capacity of turning out at least 45,000,000 feet, which could be increased by running over time. The interests of the manufac- turers of lumber in Williamsport, and, indeed, of the West Branch valley, are protected by an association called the " Lumberman's Exchange," and they are now operating under a charter granted by the Legislature in 1872. The great boom in the river at Williamsport, which was erected for the purpose of holding the logs fioated down the stream from the pineries above, until they could be taken out and manufactured into boards, is one of the largest in the United States. To briefly give the origin of this mammoth enterprise, it LYCOMING COUNTY. 921 will be necessary to refer back to 1845, when James H. Perkins arrived in Williamsport in company with John Layton, for the purpose of establishing a boom. Soon after their arrival they fixed upon the Long Reach, a few miles above the town at that day, but now partly embraced within the city limits, as the best point for locating the boom. The Legislature was petitioned for a charter, which was granted, and bears date March 17, 1846. The logs, as they floated down upon the high water, continued to be caught by men in small boats and tied into rafts, up to the spring of 1849, when two temporary booms, with sunken cribs, were put in. In the fall of 1849 a boom company was formed, the experiment made in the spring proving conclusively that the project was a feasible one. The new boom was immediately commenced, and during the winter of 1849-50 it was made ready for receiving and holding the logs put into the river the following spring. At the end of four years it was manifest that the facilities for receiving and holding logs must be increased, and the work of extending the boom continued from time to time, until now it is a work of vast magnitude and strength, extending for miles up the river. The great piers in position, the immense timbers securely bolted together which rest against them to hold the logs, and the erection of the dam, show that the undertaking was a colossal one. The boom has a capacity for holding over 300,000,000 feet of lumber, and in the spring months, when it is packed full of logs, so solidly that one can walk across the river on them, it is worth a journey of hundreds of miles to see. It requires a large amount of money to operate the boom every season. The most permanent public structure of Williamsport is the county jail, erected in 1867-8. It is of stone, and surrounded by a high wall. The cells were constructed with a view to secure criminals, and are of extraordinary strength. The court house, in the public square, is another fine structure. The square is shaded with trees and enclosed with an iron railing. The city can boast of an excellent institution of learning — Dickinson Seminary — where j'^oung men have been educated who have figured largely in the political, literary, and ministerial fields. It is in a flourishing condition. Jersey Shore is located on the left bank of the West Branch, fifteen miles west of Williamsport, about two miles from the line of the Philadelphia and Erie branch of the Pennsylvania railroad, and three miles below the mouth of Pine creek. In 1840 it only contained a population of 525, but the completion of the public works increased it, until, in 1870, the census exhibited a population of 1,394, which has been slightly augmented since. A large lumber trade is carried on with the country on the head-waters of Pine creek, and the borough will receive a fresh impetus by the completion of the Jersey Shore, Pine Creek, and Buffalo railroad, now in process of construction, which will directly connect the place with Williamsport. In 1800 the borough was named Wayn^sburg, but the title of Jersey Shore became so familiar that the former was finally dropped, and the name fixed by incorporation in 1826. MuNCY borough, formerly called Pennsborough, is situated near the left bank of the West Branch, a short distance below the mouth of Muncy creek, and fourteen miles by the road from Williamsport. The river here makes a graceful bend to the south. This is a neat and flourishing village, rapidly 922 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. increasing. It enjo^'s the trade of tlie rich and extensive vallej' of Muncj', which produces a vast quantity of wheat and lumber. Pennsborough was incor- porated March 15, 1820, but, January 19, 1827, the name was changed to Muncy. About five miles north-cast from Muncy, on Muncy creek, is the village of Hughs viLLE, a thrifty place, with an enterprising population. The Muncy Creek railway', which is to connect with the Sullivan county coal mines, passes through the place. Ralston is situated at the mouth of Stony or Rocky run, on. Lycoming creek, twent}' -six miles above Williamsport. There are vt this place valuable bituminous coal mines. The \\ ilhamsport and Elmira railroad (now embraced in one of the divisions of the Northern Central) was hnifehed to this point in 1837. The place derived its name fiora Matthew C. Ralston, Esq., of Philadelphia, deceased, president of the railroad compan}', to whose enterpiise and capital both the village and the railroad owed their existence. Unfortunately, however, his laige foitune was absorbed in the undertaking. Wil- liam P. Parrand, the engineer of the railroad, also de\oted himself most cnthusiasticall}^ to the accom- plishment of this enterprise. As the fruit of their libois 111 opening a way into this secluded region, seve- ral large iron works sprung up along the valley of Lycoming creek. MoNTOURSViLLE is a brisk borough, three miles from the city of Williams- port. Its railroad communication is by way of the Catawissa branch of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad. There are several saw mills in the vi- cinity, and quite a lumber trade is carried on. Organization of TowNsiiirs. — The dates of the formation of the various townships are herewith given. Of a few it has been impossible to ascertain: Anthony, September 7, 1844 ; Armstrong, Fel)ruary 7, 1842; Brad}', January 31, 1855 ; Bastress, December 13, 1854 ; Brown, 1812 ; Cummings, 1832 ; Clinton, December, 1825; Cascade, August 9, 1842; Cogan House, December 6, 1843; Eldred, November Ifl, 1858; Fairfield; Franklin; Gamble, 1875; Hep- burn, 1804; Jordan; Jackson, 1824; Loyal Sock, April 13, 1795; Lycoming, May 1, 1785; Lewis; Limestone; Muncy, 1772; Muncy Creek, 1804; Mifflin, 1796; Moreland ; McHenry, August 21, 18()1 ; Mclntyre ; Nippenose, 1792; Old Lycoming, December 2, 1858; Penn ; Piatt, April 30, 1858; Porter, May 0, 1840; Plunkett's Creek; Pine, January 27, 1857; Shrewsbury, 1804; Sus- quehanna; Upper Fairfield, September 12, 1851; Wolf; Washington, 1789; Woodward, November 28, 1855; Watson, January, 1845. RALSTON INCLIVKU PLANK. M'KEAN COUNTY. BY WILLIAM KING, CERES. 'KEAX county was separated from Lycoming county by the act of 2Gtli of March, 1804. It was named in honor of Governor Thomas M'Kean, who at that period filled the executive chair. Previous to 1814 the county was for a time attached to Centre county, and the records were kept at Bellefonte. In that year M'Kean was attached to Lycom- ing for judicial and elective pur- poses. The coun- ties of M'Kean and Potter were as for- merly united, hav- ing one treasurer, one board of com- missioners, and one of audit .rs. The commissioners held their meetings at the house of Ben- jimin Bents, on the Allegheny river, and a little east of the county line. In 182fi M'Kean county was organ- ized for judicial purposes, and the first court was held in Smethport, in September of that year. The same year a substantinl brick court house was erected. M'Kean county is situated on the northern border of the State, being the third county east from the west line thereof It has a length on the State line of nearly forty miles, and a depth of about twenty-five miles, containing about one thousand square miles, or six hundred and forty thousand acres. It may be considered an elevated table, broken by numerous streams which liave formed in many places valleys of considerable width. The [u-incipal streams are 923 KRAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE, SM K TH PORT, .Pn'iii a Hhotograplj b.v .1. B. Bergstresaer, Smtthiiort.J 924 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. the Allegheny river, which enters the county from the east, about midway of its width, and after running in a north-westerly direction about ten miles, it turns to the north, and passes into the State of New York about eight miles west of the north-east corner of the cownty. Its valley is frcm one to two miles wide. The upper half of the distance the river passes through i-liis county, there is considerable fall, affording good water power. The lower half hos very little fall. The Oswaya creek enters the county about two miles south of tne north- east corner, and passes into the State of New York about five miles west of that point. Potato creek rises in the south-eastern portion of the count}', and running west of north, joins the Allegheny river about midway of its course through the county. Its principal tributary is Marvin creek, which rises in the southern part of the county, and joins it at Smethport. Tuneungwant creek has its source near the middle of the county, and runs north, emptying into the Allegheny in the State of New York. This valley is traversed by the Bradford branch of the New York and Erie railroad, and is the New OtZdorado of the State. Upon the west are Willow creek, Sugar run, Kenjua, and a branch of Tionesta creeks, putting into the Allegheny river in Warren county. On the south we have West Clarion and Instanter creeks, waters of the Clarion river, and the Sinnemahoning Portage, which runs into the Susquehanna. The Alle- gheny Portage enters the county from the east, about five miles north of the south-east corner, and running in a north-westerly direction, joins the Allegheny river at Port Allegheny. These streams have each many tributaries, which have their sources in innumerable springs of the purest water. The table land in the centre of the county is something over two thousand feet above tide. The beds of the streams are about one thousand five hundred, except the Sinnemahoning Portage, which is several hundred feet lower, so that for the most part the surface of the county is cut up into hills and valle3's, the former of more or less steepness, and the latter of greater or less width, accord- ing to the character of the soil and rock upon which the waters have since time began been operating. The soil is well adapted to the cultivation of the grasses, and from the rough- ness of the surface, and the abundance of pure cold water, it seems peculiarly adapted to grazing and dairying purposes, and is destined, when improved, to equal any territory of equal extent in the Union in the production of butter, cheese, wool, and beef. The large mineral resources of the county, just beginning to be developed, will furnish a good home market for all that the land will produce. The pine timber has nearly all disappeared, but there are yet remaining immense quantities of hemlock and other valuable timbers, affording opportuni- ties for a large business in lumbering and tanning. The sawing capacity of the mills already' in operation is not less than one hundred millions feet of lumber per annum, and at Port Allegheny is one of the largest tanneries in the United States. The Bradford branch of the New York and Erie railroad has about twenty miles of track within the county, from the Lafayette coal beds north to the State line. The Philadelphia and Erie railroad runs for about twelve miles through the south-western portion of the county. The Buffalo, New York, and Philadelphia railroad traverses almost the entire width of the eastern portion of M'KEAN COUNTY. 92r, the county, and has a branch about twenty miles in length from Lanaba station, near the mouth of Potato creek, to the Clermontville coal fields. There are three boroughs, Smethport, Kane, and Bradford. About tlie end of the last century a company of gentlemen, headed by John Keating, Esq., of Philadelphia, made an extensive purchase of wild lands in what are now M'Kean, Potter, Cameron, Clinton, and Clearfield counties. Francis King, an Englishman, member of the Society of Friends, then but recently from the city of London, was employed by the said company to examine different bodies of lands in this portion of the State, and spent nearly the whole of two summers in exploring the country, making careful and minute memoranda of the surface of the country, character of the soil, timber, rocks, streams, and natural routes for thoroughfares. Upon his report the selections were made, and the purchase consummated. In the spring of 1798, Mr. King left Philadelphia with a party of workmen ; they proceeded to the upper settlement upon the West Branch of the Susquehanna river, in the vicinity of Jersey Shore. There they loaded their canoes, and taking their horses sometimes in the channel of the river, and sometimes upon the banks, they pushed their canoes to the mouth of the Driftwood branch, and then up it to wliat is now Emporium. Here, on account of the smallness of the stream, they abandoned their canoes, and loading their tools and provisions upon their horses, tliey started in a northerly direction. Passing up a small tributary of the Driftwood, and down a branch of the Allegheny, they cut a bridle path through the forest very nearly over the ground now traversed by the Buffalo, New York, and Philadelphia railroad from Emporium to Port Alleghen3\ This place was for many years known as the Canoe Place. At the latter place they halted, and having constructed more canoes from the trunks of the white pine, then abundant all along the valley of the Upper Alleghen}-, they loaded their baggage into them, and proceeded down the river to the mouth of the Oswaya, and up that stream about four miles, where they located, calling the place Ceres ; built houses, cleared land, and commenced opening communications with other settlements. It was found that a small settlement had been commenced on the head-waters of a tributary of the Genesee river, and distant only fifty miles. This was the nearest white settlement in any direction. It was situated near the present village of Andover, on the New York and Erie railroad, and was known as Dike's settlement. A sort of road was soon opened between the two points, and also between Ceres and the Canoe Place, and between Ceres and the settlements on Pine creek, distant nearly one hundred miles. Progress in the work which was to make this little opening in the wilderness habitable for families was necessarily slow. The great distance from which supplies had to be brought, either in canoes or on the backs of horses, and the thick and heavy growth of timber to be removed from the land, were among the greatest obstacles to be overcome. The location was found to be exceptionally healthy, and the soil productive. Wherever an opening was made in the forest, the earth produced all the grains and vegetables indigenous to the climate, in almost miraculous quantities. The policy of love and kindness always practiced by the Friends towards the Indians was observed here, and had the effect of keeping up a kindly feeling among them towards Mr. King and his followers, and 926 HISTOR Y OF PENNS TL VANIA. tliey were very useful to him in procuring supplies of meat and fish, in piloting members of the party through the forest, in hunting up and bringing those who occasionally got lost in the woods, and the pack horses that sometimes went astray, and in many other ways. Indian corn, wheat, and rye flourished and produced abundant crops, but there were no mills in which to grind the grain. Generally it was cooked and eaten whole, but sometimes a boat load was taken to Pittsburgh to be ground, and sometimes the Indian method of mashing in a stone mortar was adopted. In the first year of the present century Mr. King was joined by his family, and shorily after by several other families, mostly- Englishmen and Friends like himself, and whose ignorance of pioneer life was as complete as his own. I must leave mostly to the imagination of the reader the story of the trials and sufferings of this period. To be for many days without food of any kind, except the roots and buds of trees — to be for many weeks together without meat, fish, or salt — to be lost in the woods or stopped in the forest paths by heavy falls of snow, with- out food or the means of making a fire — were among the common experiences of the early settlers. Among those who early joined the Ceres settlement and spent their lives and left their families there, were John Bell, with his sons William and John, and stepsons Thomas and John Bee, son-in-law Robert Gilbert ; and Thomas Smith, with his sons John, William, and Henry. John Bell, Jr., and James King, second son of Francis King, spent most of their youth and early manhood in the older portions of tlie State, but were by no means strangers to the trials and privations of the new settlement. Francis King, the founder of this little settlement, died suddenly while in the ))rime of life, leaving not only the aff'airs of the land-holders, under whose auspices he came, but also a large amount of unsettled business, and the care and responsibility of a large family, in the hands of his eldest son John, who for nearly fifty years was the active agent of Messrs. Keating & Co., and intimately connected with every improvement, both public and private. Among the younger men upon whose shoulders fell the cares and responsibilities of tlie new settlement may be mentioned William Bell, whose name is prominent in all the records of the infant cohmy, and of the earlier history of the county. About the time that settlements began to be made in other parts of the county, Jacob Young and Asahel Wright came to Ceres, They both lived to be aged men, and though neither was ever particularly promi- nent in public affairs, they were both useful and esteemed citizens, and their names deserve a place in this record. In the year 1815, a large two-story frame building was erected at Ceres, under the direction of Messrs. Keating & Co., known as "Tlie Land Office." This building was for many years occupied as a dwelling house, but was long ago taken down. The oldest building now standing at this place is a dwelling house, built by John King in the 3'ear 1819, in which a grandson now resides. Of the original families of the settlement, only three persons remain. These are Thomas Bee, Henry Smith, and Martha, daughter of Francis King and widow of William Bell. It is due to the memory of John Keating, Esq., of Philadel- phia, to say that, from the earliest settlement of this county to the period of his death, his watchful care over it and anxiety for its progress, his sympathy with the suflferings and privations of the settlers, and readiness to help in every possi- M'KEAN COUNTY. 927 ble way, partook more of the character of the care of a father over his children, than that of the capitalist over a business enterprise. In the first year of the settlement, to supply the wants of the settlers, Mr. King set about the erection of a grist and saw mill, and ere long lumber was sawed and grain ground upon his own premises ; and despite all discouragements the settlement began after a little to present a thriving :ii)pearance. Numerous dwellings and other buildings were erected, a town was regularly laid out, and the hope was indulged that the country round about would rapidly fill up with settlers. About this time the territory of Ohio became in the minds of the peo- ple of the Atlantic States the earthly paradise, and the restless and discontented, as well as the enterprising and ambitious, strained every nerve to reach it. In 1804 a road was opened through the State of New York, from the east to the Allegheny river at Olean, then and for many years called Hamilton, a point only ten miles distant from the Ceres settlement ; and immediately a current of emio-ra- tion was pouring over this route that would be astonishing even at the present day. At Olean, boats, skiflTs, canoes, and rafts were constructed, and the emi- grants were floated down the streams to the country which was the Eden of their dreams. It may seem at the first glance that this would have helped instead of retarding the settlement of M'Kean county, but when we consider that the set- tlers in a new country are almost invariably pooi', and that they are daily met by trials and difficulties which seem insurmountable, what wonder is it that the stories of the great fertility of the West, the comparative ease with which the forest could be cleared, and the small amount of labor necessary to win a subsis- tence for their families, which were constantly told by the emigrants, should engender a degree of discontent with their situation that doubled every obstacle, calamity, privation, and annoyance, and shrivelled every blessing and advantage into nothingness. The river offered to bear them awa\' upon its bosom at no cost but that of subsistence, and in many cases even that was supplied and wages paid by those who had lumber lo run or needed assistance in pulling the flat boats upon which they had loaded their goods and embarked their families. To go was easy, but to return was difficult and expensive, and to the very poor im- possible. Another cause that materially retarded the development, if not the settlement of the count}', was that the vast quantity and excellent quality of white pine timber ofi"ered to the settler a temptation to abandon his efforts to clear up and cultivate the soil, and embark in the lumbering business. The people were few, and wages consequently high. We were bordered on the north by a hard timbered district where land could be cleared for one-third to one-half what it cost here, and there was little or no pine timber to tempt men from their farms. Our lumbermen found that thej^ could bu}' their supplies in the adjoining counties in the State of New York, and haul them to their camps cheaper than they could clear their own land and raise them ; and this plan was very generally adopted, the inevitable consequence of such a course being that, after they had exhausted the natural wealth of the county, without giving anything back in the way of improvements, they found themselves the possessors of large tracts of land which were for present purposes absolutely worthless, and having for years given up the pursuit of agriculture, as a business, they had no taste for or I 928 HlSTOE Y OF P ENNS YL VAJSTIA. desire to return to it. They would generally leave for other pine timbered regions, taking with them nothing but added years and profitless experience, and leaving behind nothing but pine stumps and briar patches. The ease with which men could get away from here, and the high wages paid for pulling on rafts down the river, combined to make labor scarce, dear, and uncertain. Still the little settlement plodded on as best it could. Many came and few staid, and of the few, more turned their attention to lumbering and hunting than to farming. The idea of getting a living here without running a raft to market every spring had no existence in many minds. In the year 1810 six families from the state of New York, following up the Allegheny from Olean to the mouth of Potato creek, and up that stream some five or six miles, located themselves in the neighborhood now known as Farmer's Valley. Among them were three brothers, named Joseph, George, and Matthias Otto, whose descendants still reside in that neighborhood. George and Matthias both died many years ago. Joseph lived to be very old, and was one of the prominent men of the county. He held at different terms most of the county offices. About this time a settlement was commenced at a place called Instanter, and familiarly known as Bunker Hill, by Joel Bishop, later and for many years one of the associate judges of the county, and upon lands owned by Jacob Ridgway, Esq., of Philadelphia; and here in 1821 or 1822 a fallow of four hundred acres was cleared, under the supervision of Paul E. Scull, Esq., late of Smethport, one of the most earnest and hopeful advocates of all projects which might have a tendency to advance the interests of the county. Near this farm of Mr. Ridgway, stone coal was early discovered, and was mined, first for the use of the few smiths in the vicinit^'^, and later it became an article of export in a small way, being taken by teams in the winter season to the south- western counties of the State of New York and exchanged for grain, pork, salt, and other necessaries of the new settlements. Not until within the last year has any railroad been constructed to this point. In 1815 ten families of Norwich, Chenango county, N. Y., exchanged their property with Messrs. Cooper, Mcllvain & Co., for lands in tlie valle3' of Potato creek, some miles above Smethport, where they or their descendants still reside. This settlement was long known as Norwich settlement, and the present township of Norwich embraces the territory upon which they first located. Among the founders of this settlement were Jonathan Colegrove, Andrew Gallup, Rowland Burdick, David Comes, William Brewer, and Nathaniel White. Several beginnings were made along the valley of the Allegheny from Canoe Place, or Port Allegheny, to the State line, before the last-named settlements were begun. Among the earlier settlers along the river near Eldred were James Wright and his sons, Rensselaer, Micajah, and William P. Rensselaer Wright was from the first a prominent and influential citizen, and held at different terms nearly all the county offices. William P. Wright is still living. Jacob Knapp, who was the father of nineteen children, among whom was the celebrated revivalist of the same name, late of the State of Illinois. Joseph and Jacob Steele made beginnings near what is now Lanaba station, about the year 1810, where their descendants now reside. Lower down the river, Riverius Hooke and sons, James McCrea, John Morris, father of Rev. S. D. Morris, of State Line M'KEAN COUNTY. 929 living in the station, and others, made beginnings, their descendants still neighborhood. Near Port Allegheny the earliest settlers were Judge Samuel Stanton, Jonathan Foster, and Dr. Horace Coleman. Judge Stanton and Dr. Coleman were active and public-spirited men, did all in their power to help on the settle- ment of the country, and were highly esteemed by the then few settlers of the county. Judge Stanton died many years ago while absent at Bellefonte upon some public business. Mr. Foster was accidentally shot by his son. He and his son were out hunting wolves. Each wore a wolf-skin cap and each was ignorant of the vicinity of the other. It was the custom with wolf hunters to howl in imitation of the wolf, aiil thus decoy their prey to within rifle shot. After being out some time one howled ; the other thinking that he had heard a wolf, answered ; both were deceived, and each began cautiously to creep towards his supposed prey A succession of calls and counter calls was kept up with sufficient accuracy of imitation to keep both de- ceived as to the real char- acter of the other. Final- ly, after much manoeuv- ring on both sides, and conducted after the known habits of the wolf, they approached very near each other, when the quick eye of the younger man caught sight of the wolf-skin cap of the elder as he raised his head to peer over a log, and he instantly fired. m'kean county prison, smethport. [From a Photograph by J. B. Bergatresser, Smethport.] What must have been the feelings of that son as he walked triumphantly up to his prey, and found lying before him, not the body of the savage wolf, but that of his dying father. Could life be sufficiently long or busy to eradicate that scene from his memory. Dr. Coleman lived to ripe old age, and died respected by all, and surrounded by a large family, who do ample credit to the efforts of their sire in their behalf. A little later Solomon Sartwell, Sr., Nathan Dennis, John Wolcott, Allen and Justus Rice, and others, came into what is now Eldred township. My impression is that Dr. Golens, the Freemans, Fosters, Dikemans, and Buchanans, were among the earliest settlers in the valley of the Tuneunguant. Some thirty years ago Colonel S. C. Little came to Bradford, I believe, as the agent of a company known as "the Boston Land company," afterwards bought out by the late Daniel Kingsbury. Colonel Little was an active public spirited 3 I 930 HISTOR Y OF PEKKS YL VANIA. man, and grew in the good opinion of the people of the county to the day of his death. Few have been so much missed and so generally mourned. The Oswaya creek was declared a public highway in l806-"7. In the fall of the latter year the constable of Ceres made return, under oath, to John C. Brevorst, justice of the peace, that there was no dam or weir upon said stream within the State of Pennsylvania. Of the readiness with which this county responded to the call of the govern- ment in 1861 little need here be said. The exploits of the Bucktails, under Colonel, now General, Thomas L. Kane, and the names of the brave men who fell in defence of the Union, are too fresh in the memories of all, and too well preserved in the still recent annals of the war, to need repeating here. Suffice it to say that, in proportion to its population, from this county more men volun- teered and fewer were drafted, more went and fewer returned, than from any other county in the State, or probably in the Union. May their memory ever be green in the minds of the patriotic citizens not only of their native county, but of the great Commonwealth of which it is so very small a part. Smethport, the county seat, was laid out under the direction of William Bell, Thomas Smith, and John C. Brevorst, but no settlement was made there until 1812, when Captain Arnold Hunter put up a log house within the town plot. Another house was built in 1812, but both were abandoned in 1814, and no permanent settlement was made until 1822. About this time the first county com. nssioners were elected, and held their office in a small building located within the plot. Among the early settlers at Smethport were William Williams, Solomon Sartwell, Squire Manning, Dea. James Taylor, Ira Oviatt, Gideon Irons, Isaac King; later came O. J. Hamlin, Esq., and brothers, 0. R. Burnett, David Crow, Richard Chadwick, Dr. George Darling, Ghordis and B. C. Corwin, Dr. W. Y. McCoy, et al ; and still later Henry Chapin, John Holmes, Nelson Richmond, A. S. Arnold, and others — active energetic business men and thoroughly identified with the history of the county. The first newspaper was published in March, 1832, by Hiram Payne. Recently new public buildings have been erected, and the town of Smethport has become a thriving and enter- prising borough. Besides Smethport there are several towns of importance in the county, especially on the line of the Pennsylvania and Erie railroad. Kane, the largest town in the county, so favorably known as a salubrious and pleasant summer resort, is twenty-five miles from Smethport. This settlement was established, about the time of the completion of the railroad, on a large tract of land owned by the family of Judge Kane, of Philadelphia. A large and elegant hotel was erected in the midst of a magnificent park. It is over two thousand feet above the ocean level, and in consequence enjoys an atmosphere of unrivalled purity. The town contains four churches. A vast lumbering business is transacted in the vicinity, six steam saw mills being in operation, employing a large number of hands. The machine shops of the railroad company are located here. Ser- geant, Wetmore, and Ludlow, are important post towns on the railroad. Bradford borough. Port Kennedy, and Farmer's Valley, are thriving towns. I MIFFLIN COUNTY. [ With acknowledgments to Silas Wright and C. W. Walters,'\ IFFLIN county was formed from Cumberland and Northumberland, by the act of September 19th, 1789. It was named in honor of General Thomas Mifflin, at that time President of the Supreme Exe- cutive Council of the State. The county contains about 370 square miles, and is irregular in shape, presenting indentations and projections in its outline, some of which are due to alterations made in 1791 and 1792, and by the formation of Centre and Juniata counties in 1800 and 1831. Iron ore of the best qua- lity abounds in the county. That found in the Kishico- quillas valley consists of the brown pyrated perox- ide, occurring in compact masses, hematite, or of the stalactite structure, com- monly called pipe ore. Large quantities of ore are shipped from Anderson's station, on the Pennsylva- nia railroad. In Lime- stone ridge, extending from Kishicoquillas creek, facing the Juniata, under- lying limestone, is found a hard, white compact sand- stone, almost purely sili- cious, much used in the manufacture of glass. This sand is so compact that it requires the blast to loosen before it can be mined, but after being exposed to the action of the air for a short time, it crumbles under the pressure of the hand. Between Lewistown and McVeytown sand works have been constructed, which mine, in the aggre gate, nearly 20,000 tons annually. The material is shipped out of the county to be manufactured. In the limestone formations of this county quite a number of caves have been discovered, notable among which are Alexander's, in Kishicoquillas valley, which 939 MIFFLIN COUNTY COTTRT HOUSE, IiBWISTOWN. rFrom % Photograph by J. U. Weimer, Lewistown.] 940 HISTOR Y OF PE^NS YL VANIA. abounds in stalactites and stalagmites, preserving in midsummer the ice formed in the winter. Naginey's, in the same valley, along the line of the Mifflin and Centre County railroad, near Milroy, is the most spacious and widely celebrated in the 'COunty. It was discovered by Charles Naginey while quarrying lime- stone. It is much visited in the summer season. Hanawalt's cave near McVeytown, is of vast dimensions, and contains calcareous concretions. Crude saltpetre has been obtained in it. Bevin's cave is on the summit of Limestone ridge. An Indian mound near Lewistown, containing bones, arrow heads, etc., was desti'oyed when the canal was made. Within the limits of the countj^ are several celebrated springs, of which Logan's, near Reedsville, is most widely known. Mifflin spring, generally known as Bridge's spring, about half a mile from Painterville Station, on the Sunbury and Lewistown railroad, is a mineral spring recently discovered of undoubted medicinal virtues. A partial analysis shows the presence of ingredients similar to the waters of the more famous Avon springs. Two prominent Indian characters, whose names have been perpetuated in this locality, deserve a passing notice prefatory to an historical resume of the county. We allude to Logan, the Mingo chief, and Kishicoquillas. The former is especially distinguished in American annals. Logan was the son of Shikellimy, an Iroquois chief, who figured conspicuously in the Indian history of Pennsylvania. He resided, until 1771, near a large spring now bearing his name, in the Kishico- quillas valley, six miles from Lewistown. Removing to the West, he located on the Ohio river at the mouth of Yellow creek, about thirty miles above Wheeling, and was joined there bj' his relatives and some Cayugas from Fort Augusta, who recognized him as their chief Logan's whole family was afterwards barbarously murdered on the Ohio, above Wheeling, by some white savages, with- out a shadow of provocation. It was not long after that act that his consent was asked by a messenger, with wampum, to a treaty with Lord Dunmore, on the Scioto, in 1774, when he returned the reply so familiar to every American child. Old Kishicoquillas had his wigwam near Buchanan's cabin, with whom he was always on friendly terms. Some of his followers are said to have given notice to the Buchanans of the expected attack on Fort Granville, and they fled with their families and cattle to Carlisle. But little is preserved relating to him, save his name, in that of the beautiful valley in Mifflin county. He was a chief of the Shawanese, well advanced in years, when the Burns, Maclays, Millikens, and McNitts came into the valley. The first settlers came from the Conococheague, by way of Aughwick. They were Arthur Buchanan, a brave backwoodsman, his two sons, and three other families, all of whom were Scotch-Irish. They encamped on the west side of Kishicoquillas creek, near its mouth, opposite the Indian town on the present site of east Lewistown, when Buchanan, who was the leader, proceeded to nego- tiate for land. At first he found the Indians unwilling, but meeting with the chief whom he christened Jacobs, from his resemblance to a burly Dutchman in Cumberland county, he succeeded in obtaining the land, now the principal part of Lewistown, west of the creek, extending up the river. This was in 1754. To this favored spot, this year and the forepart of the next, 1755, he induced so many persons to come to his settlement, that the Indians who adhered to Jacobs LEWISTOWN NARROWS, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. 941 942 HISTOBT OF PENNSYLVANIA. became dissatisfied, destroyed their town, and left. The council-house of the Indians was on the east side of the creek, opposite Buchanan's cabin, and a line of wigwams belonging to a number of different tribes stretched to the north alono- the stream. The destruction of the town so suddenly, and the departure of the Indians without a reason given, caused great fears of danger from their return ; accordingly they determined upon a fort for mutual protection. This fort was built one mile above Lewistown at a spring near the river, and called Fort Granville. The spring and site of this fort were dug away when the canal was made. The fort was built in the fall of 1155. The settlers were not molested until the spring of 1156, when roving tribes on the war path made their appearance. They lived principally within the fort on account of the frequency of these marauding parties. Lieutenant Armstrong, with a militia force from Cumberland county, arrived in season to protect the settlers while reaping their grain, but soon after his arrival, learning of the ex- posed condition of the people in Tuscarora valley, he sent part of his force, under Lieutenant Falkner, to protect them while harvesting. This was in the early part of July, On the 30th of that month, Captain Edward Ward, who commanded the fort, with a well organized force in pay of the Province, detailed all but twenty-four men, with himself in command, to go and protect the settlers in Sherman's valley while harvesting, leaving Lieutenant Armstrong in command. The enemy learning of the departure of the troops, appeared in a force of " not less than a hundred and twenty," and assaulted the fort during the afternoon and evening of the 1st of August. About midnight they succeeded in setting the fort on fire, and Lieutenant Armstrong, exposing himself in trying to put out the flames, was shot by the Indians. There were twenty-two soldiers, three women, and several children taken prisoners, who were compelled to make forced marches to Kittanning, where they witnessed the cruel sacrifice of one of the soldiers named Turner. He was tied to a stake, and heated gun barrels were run through his body. After three hours of every torture that savage vengeance could invent, he was scalped, and an Indian boy held up who cut open his head with a hatchet. The fate of many of the other prisoners taken at Fort Granville was supposed to have been similar to Turner's, for they were never heard of afterwards. In 1169, the year after the treaty of Fort Stanwix, the whites returned to the Granville settlement, and some of them commenced exploring the Kishico- quillas valley. Judge William Brown was the first settler of the valley. The Brattons, Hollidays, Junkinses, Wilsons, Rosses, Stackpoles, and others, made an early settlement in the south-western part of the county. Of these the Brattons gave name to one of the townships. The early settlers were nearly all Scotch-Irish. The valleys filled in rapidly, and during the eventful scenes in the subsequent history of the State, Mifflin county took a prominent part. In the year 1189 a dispute ensued between Mifflin and Huntingdon counties, relative to the western line of division between them. A great deal of bad feeling was engendered, but fortunately there was no blood lost. In 1191 the harmony of the county was disturbed by the refusal of Judge Bryson, who had been recentl}' appointed an associate judge of the new county, refusing to com- mission two colonels who had been elected by their regiments. The judge had, a short time previous, been brigade inspector, and the offended friends of the MIFFLIN COUNTY. 943 oflScers were determined that he should not enjoy the honors of his station. Much excitement ensued, but the disturbance was finally quelled. On the 5th of November, 1829, the Pennsylvania canal was opened, and the first packet boat proceeded from Lewistown to Miflflintown. It was the occasion of much rejoicing. The construction of this great improvement gave a powerful impetus to the development of the county. Quite a number of thriving towns sprung up along the new route of traffic, manufactures were established, and business interests were greatly stimulated. In the second war with Great Britain, Captain Henderson's company of Lewistown responded to the call of Governor Snyder. A single member of ^ DISTANT VIEW OF THE BOBOUGH OF LiEWISTOWN. [From a Photograph by J. M. Weimer, Lewistown.] the company survives. In the war with Mexico, there went forward to that distant country the company of Captain William H. Irwin. It left Lewistown for the seat of war, March 26, 1847. Twenty-five of the members never returned. The company served until the end of the war, and in addition to fights with guerrillas on the march to Puebla, it participated in the battles of Contreras, Cherubusco, Molino del Rey, Chepultepec, and City of Mexico. In June pre- ceding, it was engaged in the fights at the National Bridge and Passa la Haya. Captain Irwin having been severely wounded at the battle of Molino del Rey, returned to the States in the fall of 1847, after which the company was under the command of Lieutenant T. F. McCoy. In the war for the Union, one of the first companies to march to the relief of the National Capital was Captain Selheimer's, the Logan Guards, referred to in the General History. Other compa- 944 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. nies and detachments followed, and during the entire four years of that terrible civil conflict, Mifflin county furnished men and means to crush out rebellion and secession. Lewistown, the county seat of Mifflin, is located on the left bank of the Juniata river, at the mouth of Kishicoquillas creek. The town is pleasantly situated on elevated ground. It was laid out in 1790 by General James Potter, Judge, William Brown, and Major Montgomery, owners of the town plot, and christened in memory of a celebrated island of the Hebrides group west of Scot- land called Lewis. It was incorporated February 6, 1811. Two railroads pass through the town, the Lewistown and Sunbury railroad, connecting with the Pennsylvania at Lewistown station, and the Noi'thern Central railroad at Selins- grove ; the other, the Mifflin and Centre County railroad running to Milroy, in Mifflin county. The State canal passes through the town, and the Pennsyl- vania railroad on the opposite side of the river. Next to Huntingdon, it is the most important and populous town on the Juniata river. The borough is lighted with gas, and supplied with pure spring water. It contains two furnaces belonging to the Glamorgan iron company, two tanneries, boiler works, three flour mills, besides other mechanical and manufacturing industries. Three news- papers are here issued — the Gazette, True Democrat, and Democratic Sentinel. It contains a brick court house, stone prison, and a large public academ3\ The borough and vicinity has been visited by several fearful calamities. On the 4th of July, 18*74, a terrific tornado swept over the town with irresistible fury, pros- trating buildings, destroying the bridge over the Juniata, crushing the Glamor- gan furnace No. 2, as if its stone walls had been paper, and spreading desolation everywhere, leaving scarcely a property without some slight damage, and destroy- ing a number of lives. The ice freshet of 29th of December, 18T4, carried away the trestle bridge erected after the destruction of the one by the tornado. On Friday, February 26, 18t5, the new county bridge was destroyed by the ice. This structure had only been in possession of the county authorities since the January court preceding. McVeytown, twelve miles west of Lewistown, is located on the left bank of the river, in Oliver township. The railroad station is on the right bank of the river, from which a bridge crosses some distance east of the station to Mattawana island, and from the island another spans the northern channel to the town. This town was formerly called Waynesburg. It was incorporated as a borough April 9, 1833. Newton Hamilton, formei-ly Hamiltonville, known in Provincial times as Muhlenberg, is twentj'-two miles west of Lewistown by railroad, and twenty-one by the turnpike. In the spring of 1828, this town contained only four log houses. Owing to the impetus given by the construction of the canal, which passed through it, the town increased rapidly. The grounds of the Juniata Yalley camp-meeting association, belonging to the M-H^odist church, are located near this place. Newton Hamilton was incorpoiated as a borough April 12, 1833. Freedom Forge, on the line of the Mifflin and Centre County railroad, is occupied principally by operatives in the extensive iron works at that place. Yeagertown, in Derry township, is on the Lewistown and Bellefonte turnpike. MIFFLIN COUNTS. 945 It is occupied chiefly by operatives in the celebrated axe raanufactory of the Messrs. Mann, located there. Reedsville is in Brown township, formerly known as Brown's Mills. Milroy is the terminus of the Mifflin and Centre County railroad, nine miles from Lewistown, in Armagh township. From it the traveler has a full view of the " Seven mountains," the ascent of which com- mences about a mile from thie town. Belleville, Union township, eight miles west of Reedsville, is in Kishicoquillas valley. Not far from it is the village of Mechanicsville. Allenville is seven miles west of Belleville, in Menno township. It contains a mill and a woolen manufactory. THE UNITED STATES MINT AT PHILADELPHIA. 3k II MONROE COUNTY. » . BY WILLIAM S. REES, STROUDSBURO. [With acknowledgments to L. W. Brodhead."] N the first day of April, 1835, the county of Monroe was formed. It was enacted " that the townships of Ross, Chestnut Hill, Toby- hanna, Pokono, Hamilton, Stroud, and Smithfield, north of the Blue mountain, and Northampton county, together with the townships of Middle Smithfield, Price, and Coolbaugh, in Pike county, shall be, and the same are hereby declared to be, erected into a separate county, to be called Monroe." B)' the same act, Moses "W. Coolbaugh, Benjamin V. Bush, William Tan Buskirk, Michael Shoemaker, and Joseph Track were appointed trustees to receive donations in real estate and money towards defraying the expenses of the lands and public buildings for the use of the county, and select a site therefor. Several offers were made them, but Stroudsburg was considered the most favorable location, and accordingly selected. The county was named in honor of the fifth President of the United States. In 1843, on the organization of Carbon county, the township of Penn Forest was taken from Monroe. With this exception, the limits of the county remain as when first named. The surface of Monroe county is generally mountainous, the greater portion of it being occupied hy the lofty and desolate ranges of the Pocono, and other sandstone ridges and spurs, underlying the ooal formation. In the north-western part of the count}', on the head-branches of the Lehigh, lies an immense body of rather wet land, covered with a dense forest of pine. This place was called, by the forlorn fugitives from Wyoming, the Great Swamp, or the Shades of Death. The towering ridge of the Kittatinny mountain rises along tbe south-eastern boundary of the county, and would seem to shut it out from the world below were it not for the open doors of the far-famed Delaware Water gap, the Wind gap, and Smith's gap. Between this mountain and the Pocono are several subordinate parallel ranges, with long narrow valleys of the limestone and slate formations, exhibiting a striking contrast in their beauty and fertility to the rugged soil of the mountains. The county is well supplied with water-power for mills and other manufac- turing purposes. The Delaware washes a portion of the south-eastern boundary . Its tributaries are Bushkill, Mill creek, Marshall creek, Brodhead's or Analo- mink creek, with several large branches, and Cherry creek. The tribut^-ies of the Lehigh are the Tobyhanna, several branches of Big creek, and the sources of the Aquanshicola creek. One of the branches of Tobyhanna rises in a small lake called Long Pond. Within the present limits of Monroe county there were several Indian villages. It was a portion of the lands of the Minisinks, and it was here that the 946 MONROE COUNTY. 947 celebrated Delaware chief Teedjuscung long resided. He was born on the Pocono. No Indian warrior who trod the soil of Pennsylvania is more deserving of a place in history than that brave chieftain. He was the ablest of the aborigi- nes, and played a distinguished part during the border wars. The presumption is, the first settlement within the boundaries of the Statu of Pennsylvania was at Shawnee, in Monroe county, by the Low Dutch, or Hollanders. Reference has been made in the sketch of Pike county to the instructions of Surveyor-General Lukens to Samuel Preston, in regard to the early settlements above the Kittatinny mountains. In addition to what has been there stated, we learn that in 1730 the Provincial authorities appointed the famous surveyor, Nicholas Scull, as agent to go and investigate the facts concerning the settlement. John Lukens accompanied him. The narrative proceeds: "As they both understood and could talk Indian, they hired Indian guides, and had a fatiguing journey, there being then no white inhabit ints in the upper part of Bucks or Northampton counties. That they had very great difficulty to lead their horses through the Water gap to Meenesink flats, which were all settled with Hollanders ; with several they could only be understood in Indian ; that Samuel Dupui told them that when the rivers were frozen he had a good road to Esopus from the Mine Hole, on the Mine road, some hundred miles ; that he took his wheat and cider there, for salt and necessaries ; and did not appear to have any knowledge or idea where the river ran, of the Philadelphia market, or being in the government of Pennsylvania. They were of opinion that the first settlement of Hollanders, in Meenesink, were many years older than William Penn's charter ; and as Samuel Dupui had treated them so well, they concluded to make a survey of his claim, in order to befriend him if necessary. When they began to survey, the Indians gathered around ; an old Indian laid his hand on Nicholas Scull's shoulder and said, ' put up iron string, go home I' that they quit and returned." Dupui's house stood near the Delaware, about five miles east of Stroudsburg.. He was a Huguenot, settled originally at Esopus, and came to the Minisink prior to 1*725. He purchased a large portion of the level land in which the present town of Shawnee is situated, of the Minsi Indians, in 1*727, and likewise the two large islands in the Delaware — Shawano and Manwalamink. He subse- quently purchased the same property of William Allen in 1733. The oldest survey in the county was made in 1727, "of a tract of land situated near the Minnesink," for William Allen, of Philadelphia. This land was at the Shawnee town alluded to. John Drake, Solomon Jennings, and John McMickle, took up the land now known as "Angle Swamp," in 1748, and it was 1 hen called the "Big Meadow," and the run near, called Big Meadow run. Along the Brodhead's, or Analomink creek, from the Brodhead six hundred acre tract to near Spragueville, was the Proprie%iries' Manor of fifteen hundred acres. General Robert Brown lived at the Brodhead place, on the six hundred acre tract. At Bushkill, James Hynd- shaw settled at an early day. Among the early settlers in Hamilton township were John McDowell, Philip Bossard, Conrad Bittenbender, and others. The Hillborns settled at an early day on the Brodhead's creek, near Wywamic mountain, and the Solidays about the same time settled on the south-west branch 948 HISTOET OF PENNSYLVANIA. of the same stream, near its junction with the main creek, and were either killed or captured by the Indians. Price and Wissimer settled further up the B rod- head's creek, now in Price and Barrett townships, and, I believe, were never molested by the Indians. Russell settled on the flats below, now Bartonsville, and John Russell was killed, in 1764, b}' the Indians, and the last killing done b}- ti»e Indians was George Lame and his wife and child, in 1780, at now the lower part of 'I^annersville, in Pocono township. About the 3'ear 1756 there was a line of forts erected to protect the fron'.ier settlements. Fort Norris, at Greensweig's, now in Eldred township. This fort, says Captain Young, "stands in a valley midway between the North mountain and the Tuskarora, six miles from each, on the high road towards the Minnesinks; it is a square, about eight^^ feet each way, with four half bastions, all very com- pletely stockaded, finished and defensible." Fort Hamilton, at Stroudsburg, the west end of the town, the same authority says: "This fort stands in a corn- field by a farm house, in a plain and clear country ; it is a square, with four half l)astions, all very ill-contrived and finished; the stockades are six inches open in many places and not firm in the ground, and may be easily pulled down. Before the gate are some stockades driven in the ground to cover it, which I think might be a great shelter to an enemy. I, therefore, ordered them to pull them down. I also ordered to fill up the other stockades where they were open." Fort Hyndshaw was at the mouth of Bushkill creek. During the old French and Indian war of 1755-60, the inhabitants north of the mountain were continually in danger of being massacred b^'^ the Indians; and in some places the Indians commenced operations in 1755. In December, 1755, the Indians made an attack upon the inhabitants in the neighborhood of Fort Hamilton. The}' also appeared at what is now called Pleasant Valley, in Polk township, while the entire country beyond Brodhead's was deserted. Nicholas Weiss was killed near Brinl^er's, now Fennersville or Sciota, and his f:imily taken to Canada. At this date the Provincial records contain numerous allusions to the murderous attacks of the savage Indians, and during the period between 1755 and 1763 all the able-bodied men were required for the defence of the frontiers. Major William Parsons, writing to Governor Dennj^, gives accounts of the devas- tations of the settlements. With the return of peace the forays of the Indians into Monroe county ceased. During the Revolution Fort Penn was erected at the lower part of the town of Stroudsburg. General Sullivan, in 1779, on his wa}^ from Easton to Wyoming with his troops to chastise the Indians on the Susquehanna, passed through the count3\ In his journal he says : " On the 18th of June, 1779, he had engamped at Hillard's (Heller's) tavern, eleven miles from Easton; June 19th, marched to Larney's (Larne's or Learn's) tavern, at Pokanose (Pocono) Point; 20th, to Chowder Camp, which is now known as Hungry Hill, in Tob3'hanna #>wnship, and at which place they halted several days and sent back to Fort Penn for pro- visions. While waiting they cut a road through the swismp there. At Hungry Hill there is a grave by the side of the old Sullivan road of one of the soldiers, and another grave at Ijocust ridge. During the war in the Wyoming valley, between the. Connecticut claimants and the Pennsylvanians, called the Pennamite I « MONROE COUNTY. 949 war, there was one battle fought within the boundaries of now Monroe county, at Locust ridge, in which one of the Pennamite soldiers, named Everitt, was killed. Locust ridge seems to have been an old place, as there was a survey made there in 1749, for Samuel Dupui. There was also an old settlement at White Oak run, and one where General Sullivan crossed the Tobyhanna." Among the highly distinguished officers of the army of the Revolution from Pennsylvania, were General Daniel Brodhead, Captains Garret and Luke Srodhead, and Colonel Jacob Stroud, of Monroe county. The latter was prin- cipally in command at Fort Penn. The Brodheads were especially patriotic, and nearly the entire male portion of that family, able to bear arms, saw service in the war of Independence. But little transpired after 1780 to record, except that in some parts of the county there had been destructive freshets in January, 1841 ; June, 1862 ; and October, 1869. Monroe county has improved steadily, and from a population of about 2,000, one hundred years ago, it now has a population of about 20,000, and an area of 384,000 acres of land ; and instead of a few scattering mills, there are now thirty flouring mills, ten tanneries, several foundries, a woolen mill, a tanite factory for manufacturing emery wheels, etc., and a glass factory, while her hills and valleys are dotted with churches and school houses. Stroudsburg, the seat of justice for Monroe county, is pleasantly situated in the lower valley of the Pocono. Three beautiful streams unite on its eastern border. It was first settled by Colonel Jacob Stroud, who owned about four thousand acres. Soon after the close of the French and Indian war. Colonel Stroud came to the valley. He died in 1806. The town was laid out about 1810, by Daniel Stroud, the son of the colonel, who, in addition to a liberal plan of broad avenues, enjoined in his deed of sale to all purchasers that they should set their houses thirty feet back from the side-walk. This gives to the resi- '^ences of that beautiful town the quiet rural air of a New England village. Besides the public buildings, there are several churches, and a number of local industries, with a population of about 2,500 inhabitants. Four miles below Stroudsburg, on the Delaware, the waters of that river gracefully sweeping from the north to the east, turn suddenly and pass through the Blue mountain, cutting it to the base, while its ragged sloping sides, towering up to an elevation of sixteen hundred feet, frown down upon the river as it calml}' pursues its course toward the ocean. This immense chasm is called the Dei,aware Water Gap, and has grown to be one of those delightful places of summer resort for which Pennsylvania is becoming famous. There are quite a number of thriving villages in Monroe county, the principal of which are Bartonsville, in Pocono township, laid out by Joseph Barton about 1832; Tannersville, laid out by Joseph Edinger in 1825; Kunklestovp'n, in Ross township; Pocono, Saylorsburg, Shawnee, and Kellers ville, the latter onco the competitor for the county scat. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. BY MORGAN K. WILLS, NORRISTOWN. EPTEMBER 10, 1784, the Legislature passed an act " for erecting part of the county of Philadelphia into a separate county" to be called Montgomery. The act provided for the election of " four represent- atives, one fit person for sheriff, one fit person for coroner, and three commissioners, and one member of the Supreme Executive Council." Henry Pawling, Jr., Jonathan Roberts, George Smith, Robert Shannon, and Henry Cunnard were by the same act au- thorized to pur- chase a tract of land " in trust and for the use of the inhabitants c f j,he said count}', and thereon to erect and build a court- house and prison, sufficient to accom- modate the public service of said count}'," which it appears they did, selecting the site of Norristown, upon which are now located the public buildings. They did not erect a court-house and jail, however, until 1787, three years In the meantime, the The first couit MONTGOMKKY COUNTY COUBT HOUSE, NOUIMSTOWN. IFrom a Photograph bj Stroud & Sod, Norriston d ] after the passage of the act authorizing them to do so. courts were held wherever accommodations could be obtained was held at the public house kept by John Shannon, September 28, 1784, Frederick A. Muhlenberg presiding. By act of Assembly, 13th September, 1785, Montgomery county was divided into three election districts. Again, in 1797, the county was divided into five districts. Subsequent acts of Assem- bly further sub-divided the county, until at the present time there are eleven 950 MONTQOMEBY COUNTY. 95I boroughs and thirty townships, forming fifty-four election districts. The popu- lation of Montgomery county in 1790 was 22,929; and in 1870, 81,612. There are no mountains in this county. The lands are agreeably diver- sified by undulating hills and valleys. Few valleys in any country can boast of more picturesque scenery than that of the Schuylkill river. Forming the south-western boundary fur some distance, it meanders through broad cultivated fields, furnished with substantial stone houses and barns, with here and there an elegant country seat ; again it sweeps past bold bluffs of rocks, grudging a passage to the railroad, and then past some bright and busy manufacturing town, to which its own sparkling waters impart the movement. The other streams are the Perkiomen, the Skippack, Gulf creek, Manatawny, and the upper branches of the Wissahickon, Pennepack, Tacony, and Neshaminy. The primary rocks, gneiss, and talcose slate, form a narrow belt across the south-eastern end of the county. The veiy valuable primitive limestone of the Great valley lies in a narrow belt, from one to two miles wide, from near Willow Grove to Reesville, crossing the Schuylkill at Swedes Ford and Conshohocken. The limestone and marble of this deposit constitute a source of great wealth. Land lime is manufactured in great quantity, tiie production per annum being not less than one million bushels. The chief market for it is New Jersey, Dela- ware, and Marj'land, the average price for the same in the three States, delivered, being eighteen cents per bushel. This lime is burned with chestnut and stove coal in draw and set kilns. Building lime is also manufactured largely, the consumption per annum in Philadelphia being about One million five hundred thousand bushels, of which amount there are made in Montgomery county not less than nine hundred thousand bushels, the balance being manufactured in Chester county. Down to as late as 1850 building lime was chiefly made in Philadelphia, the stone from this region being sent down by canal. The average price of building lime at the kilns is twenty cents ; to builders in Philadelphia thirty-four cents per bushel. This lime is made in blow kilns, the fuel being bituminous and anthracite coal. Iron ore is mined in large quantity, principally in Whitemarsh, Springfield, and adjoining townships, nearly all of which is hauled to the furnaces at Spring Mill and Conshohocken in the immediate neighborhood. The greater portion of the count}' is occupied by the red shales and sandstones of the " middle secondary " formation. The red shale makes an excellent soil, especiall}' when treated with lime. The county is traversed in every direction by stone turnpikes and good common roads. Several of these turnpikes were made between 1800 and 1810. Of late years, however, there have been but one or two of these turnpike roads sufficiently traveled to warrant the managers in keeping them in proper repair, the Philadelphia and Reading, Pennsylvania, North Pennsylvania, Perkiomen, Plymouth, and Stony Creek railroads and their branches, traversing the county so thoroughly, that people find it more convenient to patronize them. The Schuylkill river is spanned by bridges at all the towns along its banks, those at Norristown, Conshohocken, Pottstown, and Royers' Ford, each paying large annual dividends to stockholders. Copper, in limited quantity, has been mined on the Perkiomen creek, but the 952 HISTOR Y OF P ENNS YL VANIA. company organized to operate the mines in this localit}^ gave up in despair in 1860. Scott's old geography speaks of a silver mine and a lead mine in Provi- dence township, discovered about the year 1800, the existence of which, however, appears never to have been known to the oldest inhabitant of that region. Montgomery is rich in agricultural, mineral, and manufacturing resources. No county in the State combines these elements of wealth to a greater extent. The Schujdkill river affords valuable water-power, and on its banks have been established for many years a number of large woolen and cotton mills. With an area of nearly 300,000 acres of land, the cash value of which, in 1810, was not less than $41,000,000, the farm productions in that year were estimated to be worth about $8,000,000. At present the yield of stone and marble is largely on the increase, while that of iron ore is only temporarily partially suspended on account of the universal dullness of the iron business. The county was originally settled in the south-east end by Welsh and Swedes ; in the upper end by Germans. The early settlement of Montgomery county followed close upon the arrival of William Penn. Robert Townsend, one of the early settlers about Germantown, says : " In the year 1682, I found a concern on my mind to embark, with my wife and child, and went on board the ship Welcome, Robert Greenaway, commander, in company with my worthy friend William Penn, whose good conversation was very advantageous to all the compan3^ About a year after our arrival, there came in about twenty families from high and low Germany, of religious good people, who settled about Ger- mantown. The country continually increasing, people began to spread them- selves further back. Also a place called North Wales was settled by many of the ancient Britons, an honest-inclined people, although they had not then made a profession of the truth as held by us ; yet in a little time a large convincemeut was among them, and divers meeting-houses were built." Among the adventurers and settlers who arrived about this time, states Proud, wei'e also many from Wales, of those who are called ancient Britons, and mostly Quakers ; divers of whom were of the original or early stock of that society there. They had early purchased of the Propi'ietary, in England, forty thousand acres of land. Those who came at present, took up so much of it on the west side of the Schuylkill river as made the three townships of Merion, Ha\erford, and Radnor ; and in a few years afterwards their number was so much augmented as to settle the three other townships of Newtown, Goshen, and Uwchland. After this they continued still increasing, and became a numerous and flourishing people. Divers of these early Welsh settlers were persons of excellent and worthy character, and several of good education, family, and estate — chiefly Quakers ; and many of them either eminent preachers in that society, or otherwise well qualified and disposed to do good. Rowland Ellis was a man of note among the Welsh settlers, from a place called Bryn-Mawr, near Dolgelly, in the county of Merioneth. In 1682, he sent over Thomas Owen and his family to make a settlement. This was the custom of divers others of the Welsh, at first, to send persons over to take up land for them, and to prepare it against their coming. Rowland Ellis fir.-rescribed distance from the centre, and 1053 POTTER COUNTY COURT HOUSE, COUDERSPORT. [From a Photograph in posseasion of M S. Thompson.] 1 064 HISTOB Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. named Coudersport, in honor of Judge Couder, a particular friend of the patron,! Mr. Keating. Potter, M'Kean, and Tioga counties all formed a portion ofj Lycoming county until 1804, when the steps before mentioned were taken. This state of things continued until 1833, when Potter and M'Kean were organized in conjunction as a separate judicial district, the courts being held at Smethport, M'Kean county, with provisions, however, anticipating an early organization of Potter, under which the records of each territory were kept separate, those per- taining to Potter being subsequently transferred to Coudersport. In 1835 it (Potter) attained its full organization, the first judges and sheriff being commissioned by Governor Wolf in 1835 and '36. Potter county is a portion of a large tract of high rolling table-land, lying in the northern central portion of the State, including the counties of Tioga, Potter, M'Kean, Elk, Cameron, etc., comprising considerable of the great bituminous coal basin, and rich in iron ore, with traces of silver, copper, and lead. It is bounded by the counties of Steuben and Allegheny, in New York, and Tioga, Clinton, Cameron, and M'Kean, in Pennsylvania. The northern half is rolling, and generally settled and improved. The southern half is much broken up with deep and narrow valleys, and high abrupt ridges, all heavily timbered, and con- taining most of the minerals yet discovered. Most of the larger branches of the West Branch of the Susquehanna, Allegheny, and Genesee rivers take their rise here. A peculiar feature of the formation of the county is seen in the elevation of the Allegheny basin over that of the Susquehanna. The altitude of the Alle- gheny, as compared with any similar point on the Susquehanna within the county, is about three hundred and seventy feet greater. The mean elevation of the county is about 1,200 feet above Lake Erie, and about 1,900 feet above the sea. The northerly and easterly slopes of the ridges are very abrupt and precipitous, while the southerly- and westerly are long and of gradual ascent. The county is 31 miles long, from north to south, and 30 in breadth from east to west. Its population in 1840 was 3,311, and in 1810, 11,265, on an area of 110,000 acres. The resources of the county are mainly such as pertain to an agricultural dis- trict. Every section of the county is devoted to farming, the northern half almost exclusively. All the crops adapted to the Middle States come to maturity. Oats, buckwheat, and potatoes yield very abundantly and of the best quality. The production of wheat will compare favorably with any similarly situated county, while in the valleys corn is a staple crop. The hardier fruits thrive well, and some orchards on the high-lands are nearly always exempt from frosts and blights. But grazing and dairying are the chief resources of the people. The best varieties of the grasses thrive luxuriantly. The sward is not of that closeness and fineness seen in the best grass regions of New York, but may be ranked with the second best in the country. At the present time cheese factories are rapidly multiplying, and while a system of mixed farming will undoubtedly prevail in the future, dairying will ultimately be the principal business of the people. Of the mineral resources of the county it is as j^et too early to speak with certainty. Bituminous coal is found in many places, but remains almost entirely undeveloped. On Pine and Kettle creeks it is known to exist in con- POTTEB COUNTY. 1055 siderable quantities, and on the Allgheny river several mines have been partially developed, indicating that they may be worked to advantage when thoroughfares shall be constructed for taking the coal to market. Indications of iron are often met with, and several veins of some extent are known, but all as yet unworked. Traces of other metals are often met with, but it is not known whether they exist in sufficient quantity to pay for mining. The county is practically without lime, the writer of this knowing of but one or two places where it exists at all, and not then in quantities and of a quality to admit of its being worked. The manufacture of lumber has always been, and must continue to be, a leading interest for years to come. A large portion of the logs and timber consumed in the mills at Williamsport aud Lock Haven are floated down the streams of this county. Indeed, the establishment of the booms at those places, and the associa- ted system of business carried on there, was the hardest blow at the prosperity of the county it has ever received. The drain upon the material of wealth has been immense, without one particle of return, as the lines of barren hills and hillsides, and great number of decaying saw-mills, unmistakably evidence. If we except the lumber mills, there are but few manufactories, and these of no great importance. Woolen cloth is manufactured in small quantities, altogether for home use, and leather to some extent, but most of the wool, and immense quantities of tan bark, are shipped to neighboring localities and the cities. The first and only railroad built within the bounds of the county — the Buf- falo, New York, and Philadelphia railroad — was opened in the winter of 1812. It passes only a short distance through Keating township, but the impetus it gave to business in its vicinity was very great. The only railway station at present in this county is Keating Summit, on the above-mentioned road. A rail- road is in process of construction between Jersey Shore, in Clinton county, and Port Allegheny, in M'Kean county, connecting the Buffalo road with the Phila- delphia and Erie. It runs diagonally through the centre of the county, and great expectations are entertained of the very beneficial effects it cannot fail to produce. Desirous of introducing settlers and establishing an agency in the county of Potter, John Keating, to whom allusion has been made in the sketch of M'Kean county, caused ten acres of land to be cleared, and the body of a log house to be erected at what was long known as the " Keating Farm," in the town of Sweden, in the summer of 180Y. In the fall of the same year, William Ay res, with some help, came up from King's settlement, covered, chinked, and mudded the house, preparatory to its habitation in the spring. In March, 1808, he moved in with his family, consisting of his wife and three children, George, Nancy, and James, and a negro bo}^ Asylum Peters. For two years this family was alone, and, ex- cept a visit from the proprietor and a few journeys to Big Meadows, or King's settlement, for supplies, no person was seen, if we except now and then some Indians who occasionally passed that way on their hunting excursions. About two years after Mr. Ayres established himself on the Keating farm, Major Isaac Lyman located at Lymansville and assumed the agency of the Keat- ing lands in this section. His family consisted of John, Burrel, Laura, Henry, Isaac, Otis, and Charles. The Lymans were followed by others, which soon gave It 1 056 HISTO BY OF PENJS'S YL VANIA. the little colony the appearance of prosperity, and established a society" rude but kindly. John Peet and family were the next to locate within the boundaries of the county, about one mile below Coudersport, on the Allegheny river. Benjamin Burt was the next settler, locating in Roulette township, on the Allegheny, where he has lived the greater part of the time since. He is still a hale old man, residing in Coudersport. John K. Burt, the first male child born in the limits of Potter county, lives on the farm his father Benjamin first settled on. Other accessions to their numbers followed in time. Messrs. Harry Campbell, Sherman, and Walker settled in Roulette, at what is now called Dutch town. Obadiah Sart- well, a blacksmith, built a house and lived for some time on the site of the borough of Coudersport, but becoming disgusted with the situation, removed to the lower part of Roulette, at the mouth of a creek which now bears his name. Roads were now opened to the nearest and mo ^t necessary points, and facilities were offered for opening settlements in other parts of the country, which were rapidly improved. In the war of 1812, and the Mexican war, the population of the county was too sparse to afford many recruits ; but in the war of the Rebellion it furnished its full share. We find, by actual count, more than twelve hundred credited to the county. One out of seven of the whole population were engaged in their country's service, many of whom were distinguished for their capacity and ability as soldiers. The celebrated Bucktail regiment of the Pennsylvania Reserves was largely recruited in this count}^ Among the sharpshooters none were superior to those from Potter, and the memory and services of the gallant dead have been commemorated by the erection of a durable monument, suitably inscribed, at Coudersport. An episode in the history of the county was the attempt of the celebrated Ole Bull to plant a colony of his countrymen within its limits. In 1853, he bought of John F. Cowen, 11,144 acres of land lying within the present limits of Abbott township, for which he paid the sum of ten thousand dollars, on which tract he settled a considerable number of Norwegians and Danes. His scheme attracted the attention of many distinguished men, from whom he received contributions of machinery, stock, etc. Among those who thus coun- tenanced his efforts was the sage of Ashland, Henry Clay. His presents con- sisted of blooded horses and cattle, the descendants of which are among the best grades of stock in the county. Mr. Bull did not seem to be adapted to the work of founding a colony, and having fallen into the hands of sharpers, was ultimately obliged to abandon his project with almost the total loss of his life- lono- savings. Most of the colonists migrated west, a few, however, remaining in the vicinity. On the 21st of March, 1834, a terrible hurricane passed through the entire length of the county, in the manner of a whirlwind, destroying everything in its course, and to this day are traces of the devastation to be seen along the northern frontier. Luckily there were but few buildings in its path, its furj' being spent on the timber. At Lymansville it found the only buildings in its whole length, all of which it destroj^ed or greatl}^ damaged. In Harrison, this county (Pot- ter), and West Union, Steuben county, N. Y., thirty miles distant, boards and shingles were found, which came, unmistakabl}'^, from these buildings. POTTETi COUNTY. IO57 CoUDERSPORT, the county seat, situated on the Allegheny river, about fourteen miles from its source, is a thriving town, containing three churches, a tannery, machine shop, several saw and grist mills, a large and excellent graded school building, and the county buildings, consisting of brick court-house, a stone jail, and sheriff's residence. Lewisville borough, situated near the head of the east branch of the Genesee river, is a thriving town, second in importance in the county. Organization of Townships.— Eulalia was set off from Dunstable town- ship, Lycoming county, by order of the court of Lycoming, December 5. 1810, embracing all of Potter county ; deriving its name from Eulalia Lyman, the first child born within its limits. . . . Roulette was set off by the same court, from Eulalia, January 29, 1816, embracing the territory now composed of Roulette, Clara, Pleasant Valley, and Sharon townships. . . . Harrison, February 6, 1823. Benjamin Burt, Reuben Card, and Jacob Streeter were appointed, by same court, commissioners to divide Eulalia township; the new township to be called Harrison, running from north-east corner of the county south nine miles and ninety-nine perches ; west eight miles and twenty-eight perches, embracing Har- rison and parts of Hector, Ulysses, and Bingham. . . . The south-west part of the county, under the name of Wharton, was erected May 3, 1826, containing within its limits the present townships of Wharton, Sylvania, and Portage, and parts of Summit, Homer, and Keating. ... In 1828 the north half of the county was divided by a decree of the court into townships six miles square, which were surveyed ten years later by L. B, Cole. The survey commenced i.t the north-west corner of the county, on the State line. The townships were named in the following order: First tier — Sharon, Chester, Loudon, Bingham, Harrison ; Second tier — Milton, Hebron, Denmark, Ulj'sses, Hector ; Third tier — Roulette, Eulalia, Sweden, Jackson, Pike. . . . Sweden was organized Feb- ruary, 1828, with Jackson, Pike, and Ulysses attached thereto. . . . Sharon. organized December, 1828, with Chester and Milton attached. . . . The name of Chester was subsequently changed to Oswaya, the Indian name of a branch of the Allegheny river, which runs through it. The name of Milton was changed to Clara. Bingham was organized in 1830. Loudon organized in 1830, and the name changed to Genesee, a river by the name running through it. At the same time Denmark was changed to Allegheny. Hector erected in 1830, and the election appointed to be held at Benjamin Wilber's. Pike organized January, 1832, with Jackson attached. Hebron erected in 1832; election to be held at the house of Asa Coon. Ulysses erected December, 1832; election to be held at the house of Stephen Brace. Allegheny erected September, 1835. Clara divided in 1847, the western half to be called Pleasant Valley. Abbott erected in 1851. Homer, Stewartson, West Branch, Summit, erected in 1853. Keating, Sylvania, erected in 1856. Portage — in the erection of Cameron county, in 1860, the inhabited portion of Portage township was set off to that county ; it was re-organized in 1871, a part of Sylvania being attached to it. 3r i to ■? H ? => J « & b a O 2 1058 SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. BY GEORGE CHAMBERS, POTTSVILLE. HE territory now embraced within the limits of Schuylkill county is a portion of that which was purchased from the Six Nations for £500, by the treaty of Au,,ust 22d, 1749, at Philadelph a. The preceding treaty of October 11th, 1736, which was made with the Five Nations, had only conveyed the land on the south-eastern side of the Kittatinny or Blue mountain. It gave the white man a title to the fertile soil now possessed by the farmers of Berks county, and encouraged him to settle on the Tulpehocken creek, and to ascend the Schuylkill river to the gap where Port Clinton now is located, but beyond that poini he ventured at his peril, and without even the shadowy safeguard of an Indian compact to protect him from the tomahawk. Yet, as to-ilay the frontier.-man presses forward into the Black Hills where the dusky warrior has warned him not to trespass, and enters the " gold country" regardless of t e Sioux— so in earlier days the pioneers of civili- zation pushed on in advance of treaties, and sought new lands where the farmer might till a fertile soil. Tempted by visions of future farms, in the beautiful valley which stretches on both sides of the Schuylkill river, and from the Blue mountain on the south to the Second mountain on the north, a number of men of German nationality ventured to locate within it at a very early period. Exactly how soon the first had come, it is now impossible to ascertain. We know, however, that as early as i747, George God fried Orwig, with his wife Glora, had emigrated from Germany, and taken up their residence at Sculp Hill, about one mile south of where Orwigsburg now stands, and that they were not alone, but that a number of families resided in the same neighborhood. The children of George Godfried Orwig and Glora his wife were four in number : George, Pete:, Henry, and a daughter — the latter of whom went to the West. About 1773, George Orwig married Mary Gilbeit, and removed to the place now called Albright's Mill, near where Orwigsburg afterwards was located, and he there built, prior to 1790, a house and a mill o i Pine creek. A family by the name of Yeager had lemoved from near Philadelphia to this valley about 1762. One of the children, Conrad, had been left in what is now Montgomery county. All of ihe I: mily, except Conrad, were massacred by the Indians, and afterwards Conrad learned of their fate from a boy who had been living with them, but who had been captured at the time of the massacre and had escaped from his captors. Subsequently, Conrad Yeager removed to the same region, and about 1809 one of his daughters married Isaac Orwig, a son of George Orwig. Peter Orwig, son of George Godfried Orwig, founded the town of Orwigsburg, which was laid out in 1796. Among the early settlers, Thomas Reed had located in the same valley, in 1750, if not sooner, and Martin Dreibelbis had, previously to the Revolution, built a gris:, mill and saw mill 1059 ^1 1 060 HIS TOR Y OF PENNS YL VANIA . where Schuylkill Haven now appears. Other families had selected other locations in the sauje valley, and a number of different places are still pointed out as the scenes of Indian murders. The savage warriors came down from the mountains to make bloody forays on the peaceful farms, and the same sad story so often written of almost every valley of our State, can be heard from the lips of old residents in the neighborhood just described. The Fincher family were killed by the Indians about where the round house at Schuylkill Haven afterwards stood, the only member being a son, who reached the house of Thomas Reed above mentioned. Another family in the neighborhood of the place now called Friedensburg were massacred about the same time. In 1756, in the eastern end of what has since become Schuylkill county, had been built Fort Franklin, which was on Lizard creek. And further westward, Fort Bohundy (also called Fort Lebanon and Fort William) had been erected on Bohundy creek, in 1754. The territory now comprising Schuylkill county had been divided between the county of Berks, erected March 11th, 1752, and the county of Northampton, erected upon the same day. Daring the years which elapsed prior to the beginning of the present century, the rocky hills now forming the coal districts of Schuylkill county were not considered a desirable place of residence. Upon their rugged surface no dwelling seems to have existed except the Neiman House, which was located within the present limits of Pottsville, and in which the Neiman family were murdered after the Revolution. We can trace no other dwelling in this uninviting i-egion prior to the year 1800, although an isolated saw mill had appeared here and there, and a few attemps to dig and utilize the coal had already been made. A saw mill had already been built where Pottsville now is seen, and George Orwig had placed another near the present site of St. Clair. The Orwig family, it is known operated the latter mill by carrying with them to it a week's provisions, and thus sawing all the lumber they wished without establishing a residence at the mill, and it is probable that other parties took a similar method at other saw mills north of Sharp mountain. In the year 1800, Reese and Thomas sent men to the present location of Pottsville to make a dam and race, preparatory to building a furnace and forge. Among the workmen was John Reed, a son of Thomas Reed, above named. John Reed built for himself a small dwelling, and in it, in the same year, 1800, was born Jeremiah Reed, afterwards sheriff of Schuylkill count}', and who was, as far as tradition states, the first child born within the limits of the present town of Pottsville. Reese and Thomas built, prior to 1804, a very small char- coal furnace on the Physic tract, where Pottsville is now situated, and in that j'ear the place was bought by John Pott, Sr. In 1807 the old Greenwood furnace and forge was erected at that place, by John Pott, Sr., through his managers, John Pott, Jr., and Daniel Focht. In 1810 John Pott, Sr., removed to the new place with his family, and in the same year he built a large stone grist mill, which is still standing. Houses were erected in the neighborhood, and in 1816 John Pott, Sr., laid out the town of Pottsville. The county of Schuylkill having been erected in 1811, Orwigsburg became the county seat, and thus was advanced in importance. At tliis time settlements had been made at many different points within the SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 1061 district now forming Schuylkill county, but although the turnpike from Reading to Sunbury had been opened through, it was in a very imperfect condition. The canal had not yet been made, and communication with the market centres of the large towns was very difficult, and the coal trade had not yet begun. In his "Miners' Journal Coal Statistical Register" for 1870, Mr. Benjamin Bannan said : " In 1811 Schuylkill county was cut off from old Berks. They said, let her go, she is so poor that it is only an expense to us. Then the population was from 6,000 to 7,000." Before this time the north-western portion of the county, then called "the Mahantangos," had become of importance, and in succeeding elections, the people nearer the county seat could not ascertain what candidates had been elected until " the Mahantangos " had been heard from. At this time, however, Schuylkill county was not so large as it is now, as the portion which afterwards formed the original Union township was not taken from Columbia and Luzerne counties until March 3, 1818. The present area of the county is about seven hundred and fifty square miles. Though in part out of chrono- logical order, it may be well to state, at this point, the names and dates of formation of the townships into which the county is now divided. Brunswig township was formed 1811 ; East Brunswig township was formed out of Brunswig townsiiip, 1834; West Brunswig township was formed out of Brunswig township, 1834; Barry township was formed out of Norwegian township, 1821 ; Branch township was formed out of Norwegian township, 1888 ; Blythe township was formed out of Schuylkill township, 1846 ; Butler township was formed out of Barry township, 1848; Cass township was formed out of Branch township, 1848; Eldred township was formed out of Upper Mahantango township, 1849; Frailey township was formed out of Lower Mahantango; Branch, Barry, and Porter townships, 1847 ; Foster township was formed out of Cass; Butler and Barry townships, 1855 ; Begins township was formed out of Lower Mahantango township, 1853 ; Hubley township was formed out of Lower Mahantango township, 1853 ; Kline township was formed out of Rush township, 1873; Manheim township was formed 1811; North Manheim township was formed out of Manheim township, 1845 ; South Manheim township was formed out of Manheim township, 1845; Upper Maliantango township was formed 1811 ; Lower Mahantango township was formed 1811; Malianoy township was formed out of Rush township, 1849; Norwegian township was formed 1811; East Norwegian township was formed out of Norwegian township, 1847 ; New Castle township was formed out of Norwegian township, 1848; Pinegrove township was formed 1811; Porter township was formed out of Lower Mahantango township, 1840; Rush townsiiip was formed 1811; Reilly township was formed out of Branch and Cass townships, 1857 ; Rahn township was formed out of West Penn township, 1860; Ryan township was formed out of Rush and Mahanoy townships, 1868; Schuylkill township was formed 1811; Treraont township was formed out of Pinegrove township, 1848; Union township was formed out of Columbia and Luzerne counties, 1818 ; North Union township was formed out of Union township, 1867 ; East Union township was formed out of Union township, 1867 ; West Penn township was formed 1811 ; Wayne township was formed out of Manheim and Pinegrove townships, 1827; Washington township was formed out of Wayne and Pinegrove townships, 1856. 1062 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. ft^^tcs "^^^E^S"^ ^^^cJe^e«c«5«eo^^u5cD-oc)oo.--"i--.co3':pr»CiOO!DJ;'>ccccs:aoc4iC^o ; fan SQQQr^oo?ocgco|:2t'^^^Q'^^^!rC^^5^t^-"^^w>W'--i'Ti-'— M— --o^o^^ I c^" N ^f « w CO « CO ^ us w» « t-T CO co' p oT OOOI^Ot^O^COTf— ■-^dOO»CC'l"?t^CCCDWOt^*rOiO ■"■COiOiCO— CO * !■» i/3aOC-ll-»COCO O CtC^^H— ^oni/SC'lC^pSQ 1-H ^ ^ -T .-T ^ c4 c4cJco c ro eo" CO ro CO ?o -o" -^ Vicuo lo'io ^ «'«d co "3 ^ CJ to Oi 'JQ — 'jQ — MQtc — cc'cocD'-aococo — if^ccMh-t'-c-.t^co o — O'TC^'^ t3'-'Q0^^r;S'::3^*^^'^^ -MCiC-JMWi—cc w eoc^^ o: c; — ci i cc I', t* N I SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 1063 From 1811 to 1825 the population of Schuylkill county increased steadily but not with great rapidity. The census for 1825 showed the number of Inhabitants to be 11,339. The coal trade was still very limited, and, so far as Schuylkill county was involved, it had scarcely begun. In that year, 1825, the Schuylkill canal was opened up to Mount Carbon, and the number of tons of coal sent to market from Schuylkill county was 6,500. The coal monument and table, prepared by P. W. Sheafer, of Pottsville, civil and mining engineer, and which are ingeniously constructed so as to give at a glance a clear and comprehensive view of the expansion and occasional con- traction of the trade of the different regions, is here inserted as the best instructor upon the subject which the reader can have. Before proceeding to a further discussion of the mining and transportation of the mineral which has given to Schuylkill county her prosperity, we may now take a retrospective survey of the discovery of anthracite coal, and of its intro- duction into use. The often quoted statement made in the report of the Board of Trade to the Coal Mining Association, in 1833, that "so early as 1790 coal was known to abound in this county," has led many readers into the erroneous belief that coal had not been discovered here until that time. But it should be noted that the word "abound " is inserted in the sentence, and it does not conflict with well established statements that show the existence of coal in Schuylkill county to have been known at a much earlier period. In an interesting paper, read by Mr. William J. Buck before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, January 4, 1875, it was stated, upon the authority of the Penn manuscripts, that anthracite coal was discovered in the Wyoming valley in 1766, and that a specimen of it was sent to England during the summer of that year. The same gentleman further states, " that the earliest authority we find for the existence of coal any- where in the vicinity of the present town of Pottsville is William Scull's map of the Province of Pennsylvania, published in 1770. Coal is m irked thereon at three places, commencing about two miles west of said borough, and extending in nearly a south-western direction for nearly four miles. It is also indicated, on the same map, about ten miles distant, on the north side of the Mahanoy creek, near the present town of Gordan or Ashland. It is not now known who first made this discovery, but its location on said map at this early period in tha*; vicinity is important, and goes to set aside considerable that has been published on this matter as erroneous." The writer has been shown, by Charles M. Lewis, of Pottsville, civil and mining engineer, several papers of interest in relation to the discovery and intro- duction of coal. The first is a copy of a rough draft of a letter written to Thomas H. Burrowes, Esq., and dated Reading, May 27, 1846. Mr. Lewis states that it is in the han : writing of Thomas Baird, an old surveyor, and an authority on the subject of the letter. It states, inter alia, that there was, soon after the Revolution, a company formed for opening coal mines and sawing lumber, near where the town of Pottsville now is, and that the coal hid been discovered in digging a tail-race for the old saw-mill on Norwegian creek. The company is stated to have been composed in part, at least, of Samuel Potts, Thomas Potts, (who then owned the land), General Arthur St. Clair, Samuel Baird, Thomas Rutter, Colonel Francis Nichols, Thomas Mayberry, and Jesse Potts, of Potts- 1064 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. town, Montgomery county, and probabh' Major William Nichols, who lived in Philadelphia. The company found that, to render the Schuylkill river navigable, would require more money than could he raised then, and after sawing some lumber, to pay expenses, they settled their accounts in 1786, and "the land was taken back again by Messrs. Samuel Potts and Thomas Potts." That was doubtless the company referred to by Mr. Burrowes, in his " State Book of Pennsylvania," edition of 1846. Mr. Baird also says: "I have seen a draft of survey, made in 1774, and returned to the land office, on which coal is marked, and where mines are now opened and worked, where the town of St. Clair is now laid out." Mr. Lewis has also a certified cop3' of the original draft of survey of the St. Clair tract, surveyed November 26, 1775, upon which are marks, and the words, " Said to be coal." This is, no doubt, the survey referred to by Mr. Baird. That land is north-east of Pottsville, and not the tracts touched by the marks on Scull's map, above described. It is, therefore, not surprising that when, in 1800, Reese and Thomas located their furnace on the site of the present town of Pottsville, old openings were found in the neighborhood from which coal had been taken out some time before. Mr. Charles M, Lewis has shown the writer a paper " On the Introduction of Anthracite Coal into Use," written and read September 4, 1858, by his father, Samuel Lewis, of Pottsville, civil and mining engineer, and who possesses very extensive and accurate information in regard to the subject. After a statement of the reasons for preparing the paper, Mr, Lewis saj's : " We will now give Colonel Shoemaker's version of the affair, part of which is to be found in print: 'In 1832, an association was formed in this county called the Coal Mining Association of Schuylkill county, of which the writer hereof was a member. Among other officers, there was a standing committee called the Board of Trade. At the first annual meeting of the association, in January, 1833, this Board of Trade, through its chairman, Benjamin H. Springer, Esq., made a report, noticing, among other things, the discovery and first introduction into use of our coal, from which I beg leave to make the following extracts, first observing that we have a full set of the reports of this Board of Trade, with other interesting matter relating to the coal trade, bound in a volume and deposited in our library. The report says: In the year 1812, our fellow-citizen, Colonel George Shoemaker, procured a quantity of coal from a shaft sunk on a tract of land he had recently purchased on the Norwegian, and now owned b3^ the North American Coal Company, and known as the Centreville tract. With this he loaded nine wagons, and proceeded to Philadelphia. Much time was spent by him in endeavoring to introduce it into notice, but all his efforts proved unavailing. Those who deigned to try it declared Colonel Shoemaker to be an imposter for attempting to impose stone on them for coal, and were clamorous against him. Not discouraged by the sneers and sarcasms cast upon him, he persisted in the undertaking, and at last succeeded in disposing of two loads for the cost of transportation, and the remaining seven he gave to persons who promised to try to use it, and lost all the coal and the charges on these seven. Messrs. Mellon & Bishop, at the earnest solicitations of Colonel Shoemaker, were induced to make trial of it in their rolling mill in Delaware count}', and finding it to answer fully the character given it by him, noticed its usefulness in the Phila- SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 1065 delphia papers. At the reading of this report, Colonel Shoemaker was present by invitation, who fully confirmed the foregoing statement, and furnished some additional information, among which was that he was induced to make the venture of taking the coal to Philadelphia, from the success attending its use here, both in the blacksmith fires and for warming houses, and that he could not believe that so useful an article was intended to always lie in the earth unnoticed and unknown. " That when he had induced Mr. Mellon to try the coal in his rolling mill, he (Shoemaker) accompanied the coal out to it, and arrived there in the evening, when the foreman of the mill pronounced the article to be stone, and not coal, and that he was an imposter in seeking to palm off such stuff on his employers as coal. As a fair trial of it by this man or the men under him could not be expected, it was arranged between Shoemaker and Mellon, who was a practical workman, that they would experiment with the coal early next morning before the work- men came. They accordingly repaired to the mill in the morning, kindled a fire in one of the furnaces with wood, on which they placed the coal. After it began to ignite, Mellon was inclined to use the poker, against which Shoemaker cau- tioned him. They were shortly afterwards called to breakfast, previous to which Mr. Shoemaker said he had observed the blue blaze of the kindling anthracite just breaking through the body of the coal, and he knew that all was right if it were let alone, and directed the man left in charge not to use the poker or open the furnace doors until their return. When they returned they found the furnace in a perfect glow of white heat. The iron was put in, and heated in much less time than usual, and it passed through the rolls with unusual facility, or in the language of the workmen, like lead. All — employers as well as workmen — were perfectly satisfied with the experiment, which was tried over and over again, and always with complete success, and to crown the whole, the surly foreman acknowledged his error and begged pardon of Mr. Shoemaker for rudeness the preceding evening. In all this there is nothing that looks like Mr. Shoemaker not understanding how to ignite and burn anthracite coal. It had been burned in an open grate at Wilkes-Barrd four years before, and in Pottsville, by the elder John Pott, at least two years before this time, as well as used in his smith-shop at the Greenwood furnace; and there is no probability that Mr. Shoemaker was ignorant of the process, aside from his own positive testimony on the subject." From 1825 to 1829 the amount of coal shipped from Schuylkill county gradually increased, until, as the table shows us, in the latter year, 19, 973 tons went to market. In the year 1829 there was a great excitement in regard to coal and coal lands, and during that and the succeeding year many speculators hastened to Schuylkill county, hoping to make fortunes out of the now valuable lands. The Miners' Journal of June 26th, 1830, under the heading of borough census, speaks of the increase of the population of Pottsville as " almost unpre- cedented," and foots up a grand total of 2,424 residents ; and further states, that there were besides about 1,350 who did not consider themselves permanent residents, making the whole number 3,Y'74. At that time the population of the county had reached the number of 20,744. In all directions new towns and villages were being laid out, and every indication pointed to permanent prosperity. As is always the result, however, depression followed in the wake of excitement, 1006 HISTOBY OF FENNSYLVANIA. and the 3'eav 1831 looked upon many a bankrupt, and turned sadly homeward many an adventurer who had been sanguine of successful venture. Comfortable dwelling houses in the new town of Pottsville were unoccupied, and could have been had for the asking free of rent. It was a common saying that " men who had come in the stage with plenty of money, went down the tow-path of the canal with packs on their backs." The depression did not continue long. Among those who had flocked to the "Land o' King Coal" were pioneers who were equal to overcoming all obstacles and to producing enduring prosperity and wealth instead of failure and want. From that time to the present, despite some years of disaster and seasons of gloom, Schuylkill county has continued to increase in wealth, and in the number of inhabitants who swell her census lists. Alth ugh there are some fertile acres within her boundaries, and well-tilled farms skirt the mountain ranges in different localities, the agricultural productions of Schuylkill county will never seem of much importance when compared with her coal and iron. The old Greenwood furnace has already been mentioned. Near it, in Pottsville, before the year 1836, a number of men had been endeavoring to solve the problem of how to make iron with anthracite coal. M. B. Buckley, Thomas S. Ridgwaj-, and John Pott, Jr., had already succeeded in melting the ore with anthracite coal, but the difficulty had been that the iron and the cinder could not be separated. Burd Patterson, also, who was an energetic and prominent pioneer, and to whom Schuylkill is indebted for many a rapid advance, had devoted time and money in efforts to attain a method by which the desirable result could be reached. At length, in 1836, Dr. Geisenheimer, a man of scientific knowledge and logical mind, succeeded in obtaining the iron separate from the cinder. His triumphant eflforts were made at the Valley furnace, in Schuylkill county, and place his name high upon the list of those who have enlarged the power of man over the materials around him. In the same year, as the Miners^ Journal of August 6, 1836, informs us. Governor Ritner being in Schuylkill county, went to the Valley furnace to witness the new method of making iron, and was greatly pleased with what he saw. It is stated upon good authority that Dr. Geisenheimer first made anthracite iron with the cold blast, and that it was subsequently that the more efficient hot blast was introduced from across the Atlantic. The Pioneer furnace at Pottsville was commenced in 1837, and was the first one built for the purpose of making iron with anthracite coal. After passing through many hands this furnace was bought by Atkins Bros,, and subsequently, in 1866, it was torn down by them and a new one built in its stead, and they have since erected two more at the same place. The total annual capacity of the three furnaces is twenty-eight thousand tons. The same enterprising firm are pro- prietors of the Pottsville rolling mill, which they have enlarged until it is equal to producing two thousand tons of iron per month, and when run to full capacity gives employment to five hundred men. The Palo Alto iron works at Pottsville, which owe their advancement to the energy and business ability of Benjamin Haywood, have a capacity of one thou- sand five hundred tons of iron per month, and require, when in full operation, SCHVYLKILL COUNTY. 1067 about five hundred employees. The furnaces built at St. Clair, Stanhope, Minersville, Port Carbon, and Ringgold swell the annual pig-iron capacity of the furnaces of Schuylkill county to a total of sixty -eight thousand tons. The Colliery iron works at Pottsville were begun, in 1835, by Haywood & Snyder, and continue in successful operation, now giving employment to as many as two hundred men and boys. The firm of Haywood & Snyder made, at a branch establishment at Danville, the first rolls for making T rails for the Mon- tour iron works. These were the first T rail rolls made in Pennsylvania, and with the possible exception of the rolls of the Mount Savage mill in Maryland, the first in this country. The Colliery iron works are now owned bv George W- Snyder, Benjamin Haywood having retired fi-om the firm in 1850, and the estab- lishment has made some very heavy machinery, some of which will be mentioned further on in the present sketch. The Orchard iron works at Pottsville were founded in 1846 by John L. Pott. A large amount of heavy machinery for the manufacture of iron has been turned out by this establishment for many parts of the United States. At one time they were at work simultaneously on machinery to be sent to Maine and other machinery to be sent to Georgia. Otlier large iron establishments have been built upon an extensive scale at difierent points in the county. The first newspaper printed in the Schuylkill county was the Freiheits Press, which was published at Orwigsburg. The Miners^ Journal was started in 182Y, at Pottsville, by George Taylor. In 1829 it passed into the possession of Benjamin Bannan, who conducted it successfully for many years, and made the name of the Miners^ Journal known over a greater extent of territory than is often reached by a country newspaper. In 1869 Mr. Bannan and Colonel Robert H. Ramsey, whom he had taken into partnership with him, began the publication of the Daily Miners'' Journal. The new enterprise was due princi- pally to the efforts of Colonel Ramsey, whose zeal and industry were unceasing, and the paper has continued to prosper without cessation ever since. Mr. Bannan died in the summer of 1875, and in less than a \'ear afterwards Colonel Ramsey had been summoned from earth. A large number of other newspapers are published in Schuylkill county. In 1829 Abraham Pott, a son of John Pott, Sr., had erected for his saw mill in Black valley the first steam engine ever used in Schuylkill county. It was put up for him by Prosper Martin, of Philadelphia, and was about ten horse power. With this engine Mr. Pott made the first practically successful attempt to generate with anthracite coal the steam for an engine. The difficulty had always been that the anthracite coal quickly burned out the old style of grate bars. The first set of bars were burned out by Mr. Pott's fire in about twelve hours. He then made a pattern of his own invention, forming the bars about four inches deep in the centre and two inches deep at each end, and at Windsor furnace, in Berks county, new bars were cast. The change was a complete success, and the bars now in use are almost identical in form with those then devised by Mr. Pott. From 1830 there was rapid improvement in the methods of mining and transporting coal. In 1835 a steam engine was erected at the Spohn colliery, Centreville, near Pottsville. It was put up by Haywood and Snyder, the 1068 HISTOEY OF PENNSLVANIA. castings, however, having been made bj Levi Morris & Co., of Philadelphia. That engine was about twenty-horse power, and was used for hoisting coal and pumping water. In the same year Haywood & Snyder built for the North American Coal company the first steam engine ever built in Schuylkill county. It was thirty -horse power, twelve-inch cylinder in diameter, and four-feet stroke. The Milkers' Jo urn al of March 18th, 1837, describes the advance at that date as fol- lows : " It is. well known tlie business of min- ing hitherto has been main- ly confined to operations above the water level. The na- tural conse- quence that fol- lowed, of many veins having been worked out or exhausted on certain tracts of land above the water level, has introduced the new s\'stem of min- ing below by means of inclined planes and steam engines. The number of engines alread}^ erected and in operation is considerable, and that num- *J ber will in all likelihood be greatly increased within a few years." After a time, however, a better plan was sug- gested by John G. Hewes, of Pottsville. While on a visit to Philadelphia, his attention was attracted by the then common spectacle of a man on the street breaking up the large pieces of coal into sizes suitable for use in the house- hold fire. Mr. Hewes concluded that the dust and fragments, too small to burn, should be separated from the coal before the latter was shipped to market, and thus a saving of freight be effected. At his suggestion was made the first coal-screen ever run by steam power in the Schuylkill region. It was erected b}^ Hewes, Baber, and Co., on the landing known as the Long Dock, at Port Carbon. The coal was broken by hand with hammers, on planks, and VIEW NEAR BROOKSIDE. SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. 1069 afterwards on perforated iron plates, by gangs of men in structures known as penitentiaries. The introduction of breakers is described in tlie report of tlie Board of Trade to the Coal Mining Association, January, 1 845, as follows ; " The introduction into this county within the past year of machinery for breaking coal, may justly be considered as an acquisition of vast importance to the already extensive means and appliances for economising manual labor. The machine in general use was invented by Messrs. J. & S. Battin, of Philadelphia, and was first put up in their coalyard in that city about a year ago. The first in this county was erected by Mr. Gideon Bast, on Wolf creek, near Minersville, and since that time they have been put up in various places, and are found to answer the fondest hopes of the inventor, and meet most fully the wishes of the coal operators, in performing the work at a very reduced cost and less waste of the coal. This machinery, with the circular screens attached, and driven by a twelve-horse engine, is capable of breaking and screening two hundred tons of coal per day, which is fully equal to the work of from forty to fifty men." In 1845, Alfred Lawton began sinking the Saint Clair shaft, but failed to complete it down to the Mammoth vein, although, by a bore hole, he had reached the Primrose at a depth of 122 feet. Subsequently, in 1851, E. W. McGinness commenced operations at the same shaft, and his determined efforts were rewarded by the distinction he gained when he reached the Mammoth vein. The Mammoth vein was struck at the depth of 438 feet from the surface. A deep boring made in Crow Hollow, in 1852-'8, under the direction of P. W. Sheafer, cut the Mammoth vein at a depth of 385 feet. The next shaft in the same vicinity sunk to the Mammoth vein was that of the Hickory coal company, at Wadesville. Its location and direction, which involved difficult and delicate scientific work, were success fiillj'^ performed by P. W. & Walter S. Sheafer, civil and mining engineers. In miner's phraseology the Mammoth vein was " won " at the depth of 619^ feet, the engineers estimate having been 607 feet, a wonder- fully accurate calculation. The Pottsville collieries of the Pliiladelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company are on the most extensive scale yet hazarded in this country. The shaft, located by General Henry Pleasants, chief engineer of the company, is the deepest coal shaft in the United States, and bears strong testimony to the scientific knowledge and skill of General Pleasants. From it coal is now hoisted vertically 1,584 feet. The Pottsville collieries have two hoisting shafts, but can be worked practically as one colliery, and will, when complete, prepare 2,000 tons daily, or practically about 500,000 tons per annum. The East shaft and boring developed the veins as follows: Little Tracy vein, cut at a depth of 216 feet ; Tracy, 413 feet; Litlle Diamond, 690 feet; Diamond, 830 feet; Little Orchard, 1,065 feet; Orchard, 1,099 feet; Primrose, 1,558 feet; Holmes, 1,651 feet; Four Ft., 1,874 feet; Seven Ft., 1,909 feet; Mammoth, l,y54 feet. The shaft is sunk to the depth of 1,592 feet. The depths below the Primrose were tested by the Diamond drill. The Orchard and Primrose veins are unusually far apart here, owing to the folding of the measures. The machinery for the Pottsville collieries is very heavy. For them the Colliery iron works at Potts- ville are now building a pair of engines, working in conjunction, with forty -five 1070 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA. inches cylinder diameter, and five feet stroke. These engines develop actually about 1,800 horse power, and are capable of developing, if required, 5,000 horse power — being under tbe same circumstances about one-fourth more powerful than the great Corliss engine which drove the machinery in Machinery Hall at tlie Centennial Exposition. The Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron company own 152,992 acres of land, 2,262 acres of which will be worked through the Pottsville collieries. In comparison with this establishment it may be stated that in 1835 the annual production of a first-class colliery was about 10,000 tons. The railroad above described, as made by Mr. Abraham Pott, was from a point in Black valley to the Schujdkill river, and was about half a mile in length. It was begun in 1826, and completed in the spring of 1827, and, therefore, could claim to be ahead in point of time of the well-known railroad from Summit Hill to the Lehigh river, Mauch Chunk, built in 1827. In 1829 and 1830, a number of rail- roads in Schuylkill county were projected and partly or entirely built. To-day we may ride over railroads dating back to those years. The Pottsville and Dan- ville railroad, completed not much later, was used but for a short time and then abandoned. A nel-work of railroads now extends into all parts of the coal region. In 1870, the number of miles of railroad underground, in Schuylkill county, was estimated at 339. The East Mahanoy tunnel is 3,411 feet in length, and the Little Schuylkill tunnel, 892 feet. It is impracticable in this work to give a history of the part taken by Schuylkill county men in the military operations of the country. The American army of the war of 1812 had entered upon its rolls the names of brave soldiers from this region. A number of men from Schuylkill county enlisted in the Washington Blues, a company commanded by Captain Daniel D. B. Keim, of Reading. Among them was John Bannan, afterwards an able and prominent lawyer of Pottsville, and who at the time of his death was the oldest member of the Schuylkill county bar. The Washington Artillerists, afterwards company B, 1st Regiment Pennsylvania volunteers, left Pottsville for the fields of Mexico December 5, 1846. These soldiers were engaged at the battles of Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Puebla, Humantli, Atlixco, La Pas, and other places now familiar on the map of Mexico. The survivors reached Pottsville, on their return, July 28, 1848. They were commanded by Captain James Nagle, a gallant officer, afterwards well known as Colonel, successively of the 6th and 48th Regiments Pennsylvania volunteers, and the 39th Pennsylvania militia, and 194th Regiment of one hundred days men, and also as Brigadier-General commanding the Second Division of the Ninth Army corps. When the rebellion began, two companies from Schuylkill county were among the first defenders who reached Washington, April 18, 1861, and as is said in the " Memorial of the patriotism of Schuylkill county :" " Schuylkill, with three sister counties of Pennsylvania, wears the distinguished honor of being first in the field for the defence of Washington." During the progress of the war several regiments and a number of independent companies marched to the front from Schuylkill county, and her soldiers fought with the bravest, and won laurels in battle. But it is impossible here to give an account, including the names and deeds of each, and it would be invidious to mention only a few. The lands in Schuylkill county, devised by Stephen Girard to the city of SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. IO71 Philadelphia, in trust, have become immensely valuable. The whole number of acres of the Girard estate in Schuylkill and Columbia counties is 18,333, which is worth from fifty dollars to one thousand dollars per acre, and we learn from a recent report of Heber S. Thompson, of Pottsville, the efficient engineer and agent of the Girard estate for Schuylkill and Columbia counties : " The coal lands, which are (6,592 acres) about one-third of the whole area of the estate, comprise some of the most valuable tracts of the anthracite region, the total thickness of coal in seams of three feet or over, amounting in places to one hundred feet of regular measures." The same report states the capital invested in colliery improvements on the Girard estate by the lessees, exclusive of the interest of the estate in the same, is $2,771,788, and estimates the amount of the coal still remaining in the ground of the estate, exclusive of waste, at 174,000,000 tons. After a spirited contest Orwigsburg was compelled to relinquish her position as the county seat of Schuylkill county, and the first court held at Pottsville was of December term, 1851. In the census of 1870 the population of Schuylkill county is fixed at 116,428, but when that census was taken many of the miners were working out of the county, and the census does not give an accurate statement. In 1876 the population has reached 125,000 at least. Of the most prominent towns of the county, the census of 1870 gives the number of inhabitants as follows : Pottsville, 12,384 ; Ashland, 5,714; Mahanoy City, 5,533; Shenandoah, 2,951; Minersville, 3,699; Schuylkill Haven, 2,940; Port Carbon, 2,251; St. Clair, 5,726. SNYDER COUNTY. BY HORACE ALLEMAN, SELINSGROVE. NYDER county was formed out of the southern half of Union county, by act of March 2cl, 1855. The commissioners under said act to organize were William G. Heirold, James Madden, Thomas Bower, James McCreight, and Isaac D. Bo3'er. The name was o-iven to the county in honor of Governor Simon Snyder, who was elected from this section, and who occupied the gubernatorial chair for three consecu- tive terms, commencing in the j'ear 1808 and ending in the year 1817. This county has an area of about two h u n d r e d square miles, along the northern part of which, ex- tending from east to west, is Jack's mountain, while toward the souther part, and running parallel with Jack's mountain, is Shade mountain. Between these mountains lie beautiful and fertile valleys, formed bj' the rolling land. It is bounded on the north by Union county, on the east b}' the Susquehanna river, which is part of Northum- berland county, on the south by Juniata county, and on the west by Mifflin county. The pri n c i p a I streams are the Susque- hanna river. Middle creek, and Penn's creek. These creeks furnish an excellent water power, which has been utilized for years in the manufacture of flour, lumber, etc. The population of the county, according to the last census, is about 16,000, of which nine-tenths are of German descent. The principal products are whea', corn, lumber, and iron. It is one o" 10i2 SNYDER COUNTY COURT HOUSE, MIDDLEBURG. [From a Photograph by the Keystone Company, Sellnsgrore. SNYDER COUNTY. IO73 the finest wheat growing counties in the State, the crops scarcely ever failing. The timber grown is excellent, and consists of walnut, chestnut, pine, hemlock, etc., much of which is here prepared for market in the numerous mills and sash factories. Though Snyder county is still an agricultural district, the day cannot be far distant when a new field of labor and advancement will open up. Recent prospecting and researches have developed the fact,, that in addition to the iron ore already taken out, and used, there exists in other sections of the county ore of superior quality and in abundance. This ore is principally of the fossiliferous variety. It is easy of access, and convenient for trans- portation. The Sunbury and Lewistown railroad traverses the county from east to west, forming a connecting link between the Pennsylvania railroad at Lewis- town and the Northern Central at Selinsgrove station, in Northumberland county. The Pennsylvania canal also passes along the eastern border of the county. The townships of the county are, Adams (formed from Beaver township in 1874), Beaver, West Beaver, Centre, Chapman, Franklin, Jackson, Middle Creek, Monroe, Penn's, Perry, West Perry, Washington, and Union (formed from Chapman in 1869). Selinsgrove, the centre of business for the county, is pleasantly situated on the west bank of the Susquehanna, in a most picturesque section of the State. Through this town flows Penn's creek, and within its limits passes the Penn- sylvania canal. The population of the place is 1,600. Selinsgrove was laid out by Anthony Selin, hence its name. Selin was a Swiss, and bore a captain's com- mission in the Pennsylvania Line of the Revolution. He was also a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. The exact date of the laying out of this place is unknown, but it is doubtless a centennial town, as it was already known by its- present name in 1785, when Simon Snyder, afterwards Governor, seitled here. Many thrilling and interesting anecdotes are narrated concerning the early history of the place and its inhabitants. On the northern boundary of the- county one of the most cruel and treacherous murders was perpetrated. This was in October, 1755. The Indians, seeing the gradual encroachments of the whites upon their favorite hunting grounds, became distrustful and envious. The result of this antagonism soon manifested itself a short distance from t e mouth of Penn's creek, by an attack upon the settlers, consisting of twenty-five persons. In this onslaught all were either killed or carried away prisoners, except one, who escaped, though being dangerously wounded. The scene of this massacre has been described by some of the neighboring settlers, who came to bury the dead,, in the following words: "We found but thirteen, who were men and elderly women. The children, we suppose, to be carried away prisoners. The house where we suppose they finished their murder we found burnt up; the man of it,. named Jacob King, a Swisser, lying just by it. He lay on his back, barbarously burnt, and two tomahawks sticking in his forehead. . . . Tiie error of which has driven away almost all the inhabitants, except the subscribers, with a few more, who are willing to stay and defend the land ; but as we are not at all able to defend it for the want of guns and ammunition, and few in numbers, so that without assistance, we must flee and leave the country to the mercy of the enemy." These words were addressed to his Honor, Robert If. Morris, then. 3 s 1074 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. Provincial GoA'ernor. The terror and consternation caused by this cruel outrage A J soon became general. About one week after the events above described, John " ' Harris (tlie founder of Harrisburg), in company' with a part}' of forty-five, started up the Susquehanna in search of the savages. A number of the mangled corpses were still found, which they buried, and then proceeded to find the Indians, for the purpose of making a peace-treaty with them. Their visit was by no means satisfactor}'. During the night a number of the Indians, suspecting that the}- were to be murdered, started to summon their friends. On the following morning Harris and his part}' made presents to the Indians, but their conduct LUTHEKAN MISSIONARY INSTITUTE, SELINSGROVE. had been so suspicious, that they were anxious to get away where they would be better protected. They started southward, and had proceeded as far as the head of the Isle of Que, where Penn's creek, prior to the construction of the Pennsylvania canal, emptied into the Susquehanna. Here they were surprised and attacked by some thirty savages, who had laid concealed. Rising suddenly, the Indians opened fire upon the whites, four of whom fell mortally wounded. Harris and his men immediately sought the shelter of the trees, and opened fire in return, killing four of the Indians and losing three additional men. The place of this fight was marked l)y a wedge driven into a linden. It is narrated of John Snyder, brother of the Governor, and one of the early settlers in this place, that while sojourning at Lancaster, a short time before the SNYDER COUNTY. 1075 Revolutionary war, a British officer expressed his opinion of the Americans in gross and insulting language, whereupon John repelled the insult to the accom- paniment of a sound flogging. This treatment of their superior so incensed the soldiery, that they pursued John with fixed bayonets in hot haste. He, however, eflT'jcted his escape, being strong and active and swift of foot. Opposite Selinsgrove, in the Susquehanna, are a cluster of beautiful and fertile islands. These were first settled and improved by an old man, known by the name of Jimmy Silverwood. These islands at that time afl[brded several excellent shad fisheries, as high as three thousand being caught at one haul of the seine. Silverwood, the owner of the islands, realised quite a handsome income from these fisheries, but having, in common with his sons, spent it carelessly and with a lav- ish hand, the}' soon found that their expenses ex- ceeded the income, and as an inevitable result died poor. Selinsgrove at the present day is a pleasant and attractive town. On the night previous to the 22d of February, 1872, and on ohe evening of October 30, 1874, this place was visited by large conflagrations in the heart of the town. Many valu- able buildings and much property were destroj'ed by each of said cahimi- ties. Since these fires, modern and ornamented brick dwellings and business places have taken the place of those destroyed. At this town the Missionary Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran church, a flourishing institution of that denomination, is established. It was founded in the year 1858, by the late Rev. Benjamin Kurtz. D.D,, of Baltimore, and is now under the superintendence of Rev. II. Zicoler, D.D., and Rev. Prof. P. Born. The home of Governor Snyder was at Selinsgrove, and his remains are buried in the old Lutliern grave-yard of the town, witli but a simple marble slab to mark his resting place. His mansion, of which a representntion is given, ho built and occupied. In this building he breathed his last. It is a substantial stone house, with ornamental grounds attached, ard is now the residence of Samuel Alleman, Esq. Thongl. the building has received some modern improve- ments since occupied by its present owner, yet in the main structure and in the interior the original remains. Freeburg is a pleasant village, situate five miles south-west of Selinsgrove, in a fertile valley, and is a neat and prosperous place. Its inhabitants are SNYDER MANSION, SEI.INSGROVE. [From a Photograph by the Keystone Company, Selinsgrove.] 1 076 EISTOE Y OF PENNS YL VANIA. greatly given to music, in which they display much natural talent. There is an academy established here, which has been in successful operation for at least twenty years, and is preparatory in its course. It is under the superintendence of Professor Daniel S. Boyer. MiDDLEBURQ is situatc ten miles west of Selinsgrove, in Middle Creek valley, and is the county seat. Its location is central, and hence was selected as the seat of justice. It was laid out by Albright Swineford, and the German name of the place is Schwinefords-stettel. It contains a population of 370. Not far from Middleburg is Beaver Springs, an old town formerly known as Adamsburg, near which resided Mr. Middleswarth, who for one-third of a cen- tury occupied a prominent place in the councils of the State and nation. The future of Snyder county is encouraging. Its agricultural and mineral wealth is becoming fully known and appreciated. Capitalists have turned their attention in this direction, and a strenuous effort is being made for the comple- tion of the Selinsgrove and North Branch railroad, which is to connect probably with the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg at Northumberland, and the Baltimore and Ohio railroad at Hancock, Maryland. Passing through the eastern and southern part of the county, it intersects with the Sunbury and Lewistown railroad at Selinsgrove, and the Pennsylvania railroad at Mifflintown. SOMERSET COUNTY. BY EDWARD B. SOULL, SOMERSET. HAT part of Pennsylvania now included within the limits of Som- erset county, was formerly part of Bedford county, from which it was taken by an act of Assembly, dated April H, 1795. It contains within its borders an area of 1,050 square miles. Situated as it is, between the Laurel Hill and Allegheny mountains, the country is one of remark- able beauty. It is of an undulating character, consisting of high hills, fertile valleys, and grassy glades. Owing to its elevated position, the climate is liable to great and sudden changes. The soil of its glades and valleys, and even on some of the mountain sides, is very rich and productive, and will compare fa- vorably with the best farming lands in Lancas- ter and other eastern counties. The county is bounded on the north by Cambria, on the east by Bedford. The southern border is the Maryland State line, and the west- ern border is composed of Fayette and Westmore- land counties. The low- est grade over the Alle- gheny mountains is to be found in this county, by way of the Deeter Gap. This gap is formed by a small stream, known as the Deeter's run, forcing its way through the mountains. It has its source within a few hundred rods of the summit of the mountain, and is one of the streams that form the head-waters of the Raystown branch of the Juniata river. The county is almost a solid bituminous mountain, at least two-thirds of the entire area containing coal, one-half iron-ore, one-half limestone, and full one-third contains all three in juxtaposition. Fully one-half of its area is clothed with forests, numbering among their growth almost every variety of timber known to a mountainous country. Among the principal coal veins are those of the Xorth Fork, Elk Lick, and Buffalo basins, the average depth of the seams being about eight feet. The agricultural products are principally wheat, rye, oats, buck- wheat, and potatoes. A large amount of the land is devoted to grazing and dairy farms, and "Glades butter" enjoys an enviable reputation in the Balti- 1077 SOMERSET COUNTY COURT HOUSE, SOMERSET. 1078 HISTOBY OF PENNSYLVANIA, more, Philadelphia, and other eastern markets. The amount of maple sugar manufactured forms no small item in the yearly products of most of its farms. The manufacturing interests are not very numerous, and are mainly confined to woolen goods, lumber, whiskey, and leather. A large fire-brick manufactory has been established on the line of the Pittsburgh branch of the Baltimore and Ohio raih-oad, a short distance east of Meyersdale. The development of the county was very backward until the completion of the Pittsburgh division of tlie Baltimore and Ohio railroad, in the fall of 1870. Since that time it has been quite rapid. There are now seven lines of railroad being operated in the county ; the Pittsburgh division of the Baltimore and Ohio, the North Fork, Somerset and Mineral Point, Buffalo Valley, Salisbury, and the Keystone. The point at which the first settlement was made is a matter of doubt, and one about which there has been considerable dispute. There is a tradition founded on what seems to be good authority (which will be given as we proceed further with this history), that the first settlement was made at Turkeyfoot, prior to the Chester settlement, but the oldest settlement of which we have been able to gain any accurate knowledge appears to have been made in the Glades, near the centre of the county, the present site of the town of Somerest, and in Brother's Valley. A number of hunters located in the Glades, near the centre of the county, where the present town of Somerset now stands, about the year 1765. Their names were Sparks, Cole, Penrod, White, Wright, and Cox, The latter appears to have been the leader of the party, and gave his name to the creek which flows through the Glades, A number of them afterwards removed their families to their claims, and became permanent residents. In the spring of 1773 the num- ber of settlers was greatly augmented by the ari'ival of people from the eastern side of the mountains, and continued to grow rapidly in numbei'S and prosperity until the beginning of the Revolution, As early as 1762, a party of settlers had located along the old Forbes road, which had been opened up by Colonel Bouquet, on his expedition to Fort Pitt in 1758, His command constructed a small fort where Stoystown now stands, and it is probable that they threw up the earthworks (known as Miller's breast- works), at the forks of the road in the Allegheny mountains. In the fall of the year 1758, General Forbes marched his command over this road. A very small force of men were regularly stationed at the fort at Stoystown until the memor- able invasion by Pontiac in 1763, when they were called in to the assistance of the garrison at Bedford. This road continued to be the only avenue of communica- tion between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia for nearly forty years after. The set- tlers spoken of above settled along the direct line of the road, and were stopping places of notoriety among the traders and packers. Among them were Casper Stetler, near the summit of the mountain ; John Miller, on the top of the moun- toin ; and John Stoy, where Stoystown now is. Mr. Husbands, in his "Annals of the Early Settlement of Somerset County," says, "about the year 1780 a colony of fifteen or twenty families from New Jersey arrived at Turkeyfoot and spread over the adjacent hills, from which it received the name of Jersey settlement." These persons were mostly Baptists. Benedict's history gives the date of the )l SOMERSET COUJyTY. IO79 first organization of a church at this point at HtS. The Redstone Association, to which this church belongs, was established in 1776. The news of the stirring events that were being enacted in the East during the spring and summer of 1776, did not reach this settlement till fall, owing to the imperfect line of communication they were enabled to keep up with the out- side world. The news of Lexington and the signing of the Declaration cf Inde- pendence awakened the enthusiasm and patriotism of the settlers, and a company of riflemen was enlisted by Captain Richard Brown, and marched east to the scene of hostilities. This company, after participating in the battle of Lon0. . centre county, sketch of, .50:2; historical review of, 503; towns of, 507; formation ot townships in, 512. 1181 1182 QENEBAL INDEX. Cliaiiibersburg, Inirning of, 267, 753; view of, before the tire, 7W; aftei Nie fire, 756; notice of, 756. Chambers, Cnl' ne\ James, 154, 620. (.'hiiineleon f.i.l^, tileii Oiioko, 4S5. I'Uester coiiiii> , sketch of, 517; resouices of, 520; historl- i»l rrvirw ul, 625; eUucatioiuil iuslituiioiis in, 534; towns ami townships in, 55-1. Chfsicr. . <;iiestii valley, view ot, 519. «Jlievaax-de-uize in llu Delaware, 156 Chew mansion, (iermantown, 178. Christ church, I'liiiadeipliia, Hf2S. Churcll, Jerry, 570. Clarion couuiy, sketch of, 547; resources of, 550; educa- tional interests in, 551; historical review of, 552: towns of, 554. Clarion, court house at, 547; prison at, 549; Carrier seminary at, 552; noiice ot, 554. Clarke, (jeneral George, troops enlisted for expedition of, 1142, 1158. Clayion, Colonel Asher, 110. Clearfield county, sketch of, 557; resources of, 559; his- torical re^^dew of, 563; towns oi, 5ti4. Clearfield borough, view of, .557; notice of, 564. Clinton county, sketch of, 509; resources of, 571; his- torical review ot, 574; towns oi, 579. Clinton, Sir Hetiry, succeeds Lord Howe, 184; evacuates Philadelphia, 185. Cloud I'oiiit, Lehigh valley, 500. Cluggage, Captain Kobert, 154. CiiKUiuati, Society ol, 270. Coaches, first through line to Pittsburgh, 236. Coal, use and discovery of, 487, 884, 1063, 1146. Coaiesvi.le, notice of, fi36. Cockade, State, adopted, 235. Colve, Aulhony, Uutch Governor, 42. Columbia l)orough, not,v,e oi, 830; view of town hall and Locust street in. 331. Columbia county, sketch of, 584; historical review of, •585; towns of, 593; lormalionof townships of, 596. Coiniuittee of Safety, appointment of, 148; seal of, 148; new api)oiiitment of, l.H. Coiiesioga Itidians, treachery of, 107; removal of re- qtiested, HI; murderous ludlatis harbored by, 112; de- stroyed by the f axtang boys. li2. Coneinaugh, view on tlic. 1152. Conewago canal company, 214. Coiinccti ;ut, claims of, 2ord Baltimore, 822. Crooked Uillet, surpiiseat, 184. 959. Crozer liieiilogical .seminary at Upland, 681. Cumberland county, sketch of, 6i2; first settlers in, 615; Indian incursions in, 617; resolves ot inhabitants, 1774, 618; lebel invasion of, 1863, 622; towns of, 6:<3. Curtin, Andrew G , Governor, 259; biographical sketch of, 2-59; inaugural declarations, 259; coinpielieiuls the magiiitudu ot the rebellion, 260; his care tor the troops, 268. Curwensville, notice (f, 564. IV^NViLLE, court house at, 961; notice of, 962; insane Kosiiltal at, 964. Dauvhin county, sketch of, 6-37; f ai-ly settlement of, 640; in the Kevolution, 612; town of, 649; formation of town- ships. 653. Davis, Jelferson, President Southern Confederacy, 279. Decatur. Commodore Steplien, 2:59. De Haas. Colonel .John IMiiip, 1.56. Declaratory a-'t of the Itrliish I'arliainent, 124. Di'laware county, sketch of. 055; first settlement ln\ 656; 'o^viisand townships in, 667. Delaware Indians, 19, "a), 21, 22, 2.3. Delaware river, discovery of by Hudson, 28; names known by. 29. Delaware Water tJap, 949. Denny, William, i>-.-piity Governor, 93; biographical sketch of, 93. Derry church, descrlplb ii of, 644. Deshier's Fort, sketch and notice of, 876. DeVries, David Pieterszen of Hoorn, 31, 32. D'Hiiioyossa, Alexander, 39. Dickinson, John, course of at the outset of the Kevolu- tion, 163; elected president, 204; biographical sketch of, 305. Dickinson college, ("ailisle, 629, 630. Dix, Miss Dorothea L., the philanthropist, 254. Doanes, the outlaws, 446. Donegal churcli, notice of, 840. Doubleday, General Abner, at Gettysburg, 286. Doudle, Captain Michael, 154. Downlngtown, noiice of, 536. Doyiestown, notice of, 449; court house at, 438; soldiers' monument at, 449. Drake's pioneer oil well, 1119. Duel lietween John Biniis and Samuel Stewart, 1004. Dnncan's island, description of, 651. Duumore, Lord, Governor of Virginia, 144. Dunmore's war of 1774, 11.55. Dutiuesne Fort, erection of, 80; burning of, 98. Early, General Jubal, at Gettysburg, 293, 294; orders the burning of Chamberslmrg, 753. Easton, grand Indian council at, 1756, 95; second coun- cil at, 1758. 98; historical summary of, 985. Eaton, li.\. George W., 784. Ebensburg, notice of, 475. Kciinomy, description of, 3.56; assembly house at, 357; idiurch of the Harmonists at, 358. Eiluration, of the poor, 2.35; liberal system of adopted, 243; public or tree system adopted, 247; advocates of, 248. Eld-r, (Jolouel John, 109, 114; letter of to Colonel Burd, 120. Elttsborg or Elslngborg, Swedisli fort, 34. Elliott, Commodoie Jesse Duncan, 240. Elk county, skeuli of, 682; resinirces of, 683; early settle- ments in, 684; towns of, 690; formation o( townships in, 690. Emigh's Gap, Tyrone and Clearflehl railroad, 567. Emporium, viewoi, 479; notice of, 483. England, policy ol, 123. Eplirata, wounded at Brandywlne taken to, 176; notice of, 836; brothers' and sisters' Imuse at, 835. Krie city, view of from the lake, 692; old block-house at, 693; noiice or, 719; soldiers and sailors' monument at, 720*. Erie county, sketch of, 693; early history of, 693; towns and townshitis in, 721. Eiie, lake, account ot battle of, 704. 934. Evans, John, Deputy Governor, 6J; biographical sketch of, 01. Evans, Oliver, inventions by, 210, 236. Ewell, General Robert, at Gettysburg, 282, 286, 288. 293, 299, 300, 302; at Carlisle, 622. Ewing, General James, 162. Excise laws, siiminary ot, 218. Faik Play men, notice of, 919. Fall Brook, notice of, 1107; view of, 1108. Fallston, notice of, 3t9. Fayette county, sketch of, 724; roads laid out in, 727; historical suiiiinary of, 727; towns of, 729. Federal consliluilon, convention to frame, 210; adop- tion of, 211. Feeble-minded children, training school for, 2-56. Fell, Judge .lesse, burns anthracite coal in a grate, 884. Findlav, William, Governor, 242; biograpliical sketch of, 242; noli.e of, 758. Fitulley, William, 229, 231. Fisheries, inland, 275. Fitch, John, invention by, 209. Five Nations Indians, 21. Fletcher, Benjamin, Governor, 55. Foils— Ashcratl's, 726; Augusta, 999, 1001: Bedford, 362; Bosley, 586; Burd, or Necessiiy, 72rt; Casimir, 36; Cas- sell's, 726; Christina, 34; Cresap's, 824; De-liler's. 876; Forty. 902; Franklin. 1126; Fieeland, 189, .001; Gad- dis', 726; (Tianville, 942; Hamilton. 948: Henry, 866; Hunter, 649; Jenkins", .586; LeKoeiil, 102, 698, 1126; Lucas. 726; Lvttleton, 765; McClure's. .586: McCoy's, 726; Mcintosh, 188; Machiiull, 1122; .Meninger, 1001; Mercer, 180; Mifflin, 180: Miller's, lo78; Minter's, 726; Morris', 726; Aliincy. 188, 1001: Nassau, 35; Norris, 918; Oplandt, 31; I'earse's. 726; I'enn, 943: Presqu'Isle, 102, 694, 1126; Itice, .586; Stevenson's, 726: Smith, SBil; Swearingen's, 726; Venango, 102, 1126; Washington, 166; Wheelei-, 686. Fort Bedford house, 363. Fort Pitt, erection of, 98; plan of, 98; redoubt at, 104. Fort Stanwix, treaty of 1708, 130; second treaty at, 1784. 207. Fort Sumter, firing on, 259. Forest county, sketch of, 733: re.sources of, 734; early set- tlements In, 737; towns ana townships in. 738. Forbes. General John, expedition o;, 97; erects Fort Pitt, 98. Frame or government, 47. Fianklin ami Marshall college, 825. Franklin, Benjamin, establishes Philadelphia library. 71; publishes historical review of I'eiinsylvania, 98; po- litical pamphlet written by, 120; letter to Lord Kaiiies relative to, 120; elected president, 209; biographical slietch of, 209. GENERAL INDEX. 1183 F.anlcr,n, view of Liberty street In, 1117; view of in 1810, F.a^^lSu 'county 'suet-h of, 739; resources of, 742; Uis- ^f;u review of. 743: towns ot 756. Kiviaensluitieii, '^^ \;;;''"' . venaiico, plan of, 1123. K.e„eh and K'p^.'fJ.'.'.^'station of t.ooi-s during, 95 'b>remh,''aeslgn«ol,Vl; election of forts by on tl>e Ohio, Kieucli "neutrals, 1025. Krench retugees, 4i4. fc'ries f''*'''';«*=^'"'.''r ih "of to Philadelphia, 115; present b'rontleisnien, wj.W'}, ,LVeruor Penn's opinion ot, 121. Iheiignevances, 110, Uove.no. r^^^^^^^ j ^g^. ^^j^,^^;. "'l^rUTew o'^; 76^ townVand townships in, 7«7. Fugitive slave law, passage of , 2»5. Uallitzin, inissionaiy l'i»«»,V,,i'''' (ias, nrst intvdiiction ot. 1U4- (ipttvsburg. 288, 293, 295; Uermantown, battle of, \ii. , ,,y ^t, 1046. Uern.antown. "? f ^/'f^i'r'i'ene.al l-ee's hea;-.»uy>l:^J^-, ^; b.ographicai G^r;!^^,!?;.'^;.;-.-^ U35; n.oanment erected to by l'.;nus)lvania, 1135. •• HALF SHAKE " meni 421. llain's church near NV erne, sville, J»J. ^^^ i^uS?^'l5^uty Gover,.or, 60; biog.aph.cal nruml'.o.^S'^mes, Deputy Governor, 77; biog.-aphical i.'mu.'ilm ' G.M.e.al Wade, at chambersburg, 748. ■ .'k Ge eral W. S., at Gettysburg. i8/, 29.. H;r,;;:a.tov^.f, stetch of, UM; destmcfo,. of, 1158. Ha.vuver church, view "'' 6^?-„_,„,:„,,g )„ 1774, 641. at, 1179. ,-. ll;u mony Society at Economy, 3ot. ^,jg„ of llarrisburg, seat *-fR"Vf' ""',;' Via U 250: vievV o>, 636; Staie Capitol at, 244; .V'^/.V, ' n "t EMglish, 647. tiist Gerinan church at, t>47; i.isi f^l'"'',,' ' Ha.?is, John, notice ot, 631): grave of, 640. lial lie;;' cSl Thomas, expedition against the Indian couiit.y, 188,413. Halboro', notice ol, 959. Hazleton, ..otice of, 909. S^i;l^:::r^l;^n-h!'l'eba,,on, notice t^ 868. HeuarUks, Captain >V 1 1^'" ' ' ''^Ag -»• Hc.idiicksoii. Captain <-"r"«''%f -^q, 300 Hit General A. 1'., at Gettysburg, 282, 286, 28., 202. 2%, 300. , . in Hochitagete or Barefoot. 19. 34, Hollan.lare, Peter, Swedish Governor, HooVrUeneral, at Gettysburg, 288, 289, 300. Hooker, General Joseph, 2»4. Horse Shoe Curve on Pennsylvania railroad, 396. Horticuliural Hall, Centennial Exposition, 437. " Hot Water" war, 233. House tax, imposition of, 2:53. Howaid General O. O , at Gettysburg, 284. , , ,„ Howe Gene ai; ma. ches on PhilaUe.phia, 171; defeats tTe'Ameiic^ns at Hrandywi.ie. 173; ent.a..ce ...to Philadelpia, 175. ,,.„„..,. oc oa history ot, v//;eaii.v =ci, .nation of townships in, 7S9. ,7a. nntiPP nf 785 Huntingdon borough, 775; seal of, 779, notice 01, (»d. Immigrants into I'^-.^nsylvaiiia, 09. Indiana borough, iiotue of, 795, J9b. Tiii.i'ina county, sketch ol, 790; .esources 01, 01, ronj ^"etUe.nen"sin;793; towns of, 795; townsh.ps in, 796. i;;:i!^;i'^f/^bv^ori'^2{^1^scriptions on, 1122. l;K=X!er^f?8;o„tl.fr^^^^ Indians, purcliases tr mi, lb8.. «-, ios1.ital at^^^^^^^^^ g,, Katlonsat, 77; Supreme ^^E\«veTJa"lk^l^^^^^^^ ,,.^ ,,,,,„ of, 814; re- I townships In, 841. mpation, 243. 'riSrSin^lil^vediu Pennsylvania, 567. ^---S?tf:::^^-t-Governor under ConstUut.ou ^'^^f'?873,'m' II ,,3,,,. .,f,8^; resources of, m: his- 863; notice ot, 867. >184 GENERAL INDEX. r.ebaiion county, sketch of, 863; resources of, 864; hls- toiiral review of, 865; towns of, 867. liee. Governor Henry, In command of Western army, 229 . Lee. General Robert E., at Gettysburg, 288, 296. 299, 300, 301; at Clianibersburg, 749, 752. rebi^'ll university, at Ueililebem, 980, 981. Leiiighton, notice of, 499. I^einke, Itev. feter Henry, 470. I.cnaptf— see Delawares. l.ewishurg, court house at, 1110; view of, 1114; univer- sity of, 1116. Lewistowii borough, view of, 943; notice of, 944. Lewis' lake, notice of, 1082. Lewistown narrows, Pennsylvania railroad, 941. Liberty bell. Independence hall, .556. Library company of IMilladelphia established, 71, Lincoln university, 5.35. Lindstrom, Peter, 37. Litiz, notice of, 637; spring and wallc at, 838. Logan Guards of Lewistown, 261. Logan, James, Provincial secretary, 60, 64, 74; bio- graphical sketch of, 76. Logan, tlie Mingo cliiet, 940. Log collige, 444. Long Island, battle of, 166. Longstieet, General, at Gettysburg, 282, 295, 299. Loretto, St. Aloysius college at, 477. Lovelace, Colonel Francis, English Governor. 41. Lowdon, Captain John, 154. Lower Wei ion Ki lends meeting-house, 954. Lowreys, of Donegal, 848. I^oyal Sock, luad waters of, 1081. Ln'theraii tlniiidgical seminary at Gettysburg, 304. Luzerne county, sketch of, 88i; resources of, 884; early histoi y of, 885; towns of, 909. Lycoming, sketch ol, 913; resources of, 913; liistorical summary of, 915; towns of, 919; townships in, 922. Lykens, notice of, 652. McCANDLESS, General William, at Gettysburg, 202, 299. McCausiand's foray, 753. Mi-Connellsburg, court house at, 760; notice of, 767. MiFarlane, Captain James, 225. .M"Kean county, sketch of, 923; resources of, 924; early settlenienls in, 925. .M'Ktaii, Tli'ima>, commissioner to western counties, 227; elected Governoi, 234; biographical sketch of , 234. Mcivcespori, des<>ription of, 327. Aliicliaull Fort, 1122. Machinery ball, tienteniiial Exhibition, 861. Magaw, Colonel JJobert, 157. Manor of Maske, 281; Pennsbury, 441; Springettsbury, 1171; Succiiih, .5h3. Mansfield, Episcopal clnirch at, 1104; Methodist church at, 1107; Slate noinial school at, notice of, 1106, nu7. Marietta, notice oT, 843. Markliam, William, Deputy (jovernor, 47, 56, 57. Alauch Cluiiik, description of. 496. Alaiyland intruders, 68. 72, 822, 1169. MaMJuand Dixon's line, historical resume of, 124; run- ning oi, 129. MeaiU', General (Jeorge G., at Gettysburg, 284, 287, 288, 296: rejiort of, 301. aieadvilie, court house at, 597; county seat fixed at, 605; view of, 807. Mecbanicsburg, notice of, 632. Media, court hou.seat, 678. jMi-inoi ial Hall, Centennial Exhibition, 774. .Meiiii'Ae— see Iroquois. Jlfiorl.oiough, notice of, 938. Meicer coiiiuy, sketch oi, 93i; historical review of, 932; towns of, 9:t6. .Meirlll, Gt-neial Jesse, 271. Mev, Captain Cornells Jacobsen, 29, 30. .M.jeisdale, notice of, 1080. .Middlebiiig, couiitv court house at, 1072; notice of, 1076. Midill.Mowii, description of, 649. .Miilliii rciniiy, sketch of, 939; historical review of, 940; towns. )f. 944. .Miltlinidwii, county court house and soldiers' monument at, 8uii: notice of, 811. M llliii, Tlioinas, ele( led President, 211; chosen Gover- nor, 213; lilogiapliical sketch of, 213. Miles, <;(j|oiiel Saiiuiel. llili, 167. Milford, coiiniy court bouse at, 1049; notbeof, 1052. .Military jicadcMiiy at Cliesier. 672. .Miiler.sOuiH, (Icsci iptioii of, 651. Millersvillc, State normal school at, 842. Mliroy, General, dispersion of command of, 265, 266, 282, 7.')0. ."Milton borough, notice of, 1004. .Mlniiit, Pttei, Swedish Governor, 30, 33. Mischiaiiza, 184. .Mohawks. Indians, 17. Mnliiiauiilltiick, 20. McMiroe county, sketch of, 946; historical review of, 947; towns of, 949. •• Monroe doctrine " endorsed by Pennsylvania, 245, Monongahela city, notice of, 1144. ^STTTntgomery county, sketch of, 950; resources of, 951 • historical summary of, 952; towns of, 956. ' Montour county, sketcli of, 961; towns of, 962. Montrose, county court house at, 1087; view of, V095; notice of, 1095. Moore, Nicholas, Chief Justice, 53. Moore, William, elected Vice-President, 192; cliose\i President, 202; biographical sketch of, 202. Moravian missionaries, 17. Moravian missions, 412. 414, 490, 402, 856, 868, 972, 978. ftloravian Inilians, treaclieiy of. 109; removal of to Pro- vince island, 109; opinions of the iroutiersmen relative to, 117. Mori ell. General Isaac, 238. Morris, Koiieit Hunter, Deputy-Governor, 80; bio- graphical sketch of, 80. Mount Pisgali Inclined plane, 496. Mulileniieig, Peter, elected Vice-President, 210; resigns, 211; grave of, 960. Miiiicy, notice of, 921. Muskingum, Colonel Bouquets' expedition to, 122, Myggenijorg or Mosquito fort, 34. Nagel, Capta-n Geokoe. 154. National liglit infantry of Pottsvllle, 261. National road, 725. Native American riots, 252. Navy, Pennsylvania, organization of, 154. Nazareth nail, view of, 990. Nazareth, notice of, 990. Negroes, iinpnitatioii of, 100. Nesquehciiiing bridge, 601. Neville, General John, house burned, 225; re-assumes the duties of his office, 2.'30. New Bloomfield, court house at, 1007; notice of, 1014. New Brighton, view of, 350; description of. 350. New C'astle, Delaware, niailt- a corporation. 41. NewCasile, Lawrence county, court liouse at. 85'1; pub- lic school building at, 859; notice of, 859; Disciples churcliat, 860. New Gottenberg. Swedish fort, 34. Newport, view of, 1009; notice of, 1014. New Purchase, 130. New Sweden, map of. 43. Newtown, description of, 451. Nicole, French Indian trader, 62. Nicolls, Sir Itichard, captures New Netherlands, 40. Noailles, Viscount (,ouis de, 424. Non-importation ivsolutions signed, 130. Norristowii, court house at, 950; notice of, 956; old fire C3: death of, 253. Shuize, Jolin Andrew, Governor, 245 ; biographical sketch of, 245. Sickles, General, at Gettysburg, 288, 290, 292. Six Nation Indians, 21; conference with at Lancaster, 77; treaty with at Fort Stauwix, 130; take sides with the British, 188. Slavery abolished in Pennsylvania, 193. Snyder county, sketch of, 1072; towns and townships in, 1073. Snyder, Simon, Governor, 2.36; biographical sketch of, 236; mansion of, at Selinsgrove, 1075. Siuethport, countv court liouse at, 923; county prison at, 929; notice of, 9.30. Smith, Matthew, lays before Provincial authorities the grievances of the frontiers, 115; commands in the Revolution, 1.54; elected vice-president, 192; resigns, 192. Soldiers' National cemetery, 306. Soldiers' Orphans' schools, origin of, 271, 272. Solebury Friends meeting-house., 444. Somerset borough, county court house at, 1077; notice of, 1079; fires in, 1079. Somerset county, sketch of, 1077: re.sources of, 1077; early settlements in, 1078: towns of, 1080. South-western college, ('alifoniia. 1143. Springettsbury manor, 68. 1169, 1171. Spruce Creek tunnel, Peunsvlvania railroad. 786. Siampact, passage of, 123; opposition to, 123; repeal of, 124; effect of, 1027. Standing Stone, 778. State college. Centre county, 511. State house, i*iovincial, erection of, 71; In 1778, 187. Stephens, .lohii, invention by, 2;i9. Stevens, Tliaddeu.s, grave of, 8:». Stewart, Captain Lazarus, expedition to Wyoming, 110; commands the Paxtang boys. 111; threatened arrest of, 120; goes to Wyoming, 120. Stewart, Commodore Charles, 241. Stewart's block-house, 895. Stinson family, murder of, 109. Stroudsburg, notice of, 949. . , ., . ,„,„ smart. Gen. J. E. B., at Gettysburg,284; raid of in 1882. 747. Stuvvesant, Peter, Governor of New Netherlands, 36. Sullivan county, sketch of, 1081; lakes in, 1083; resource* of, 1084; towns of, 1085. Sullivan, General John, expedition of, 191, 906. Suiibury, notice of, luM. , ,. ,,, Susquehanna countv, sketch of, 1066: plan of townships in, 1086; historical summary of, I0»8; towns of, 1092. Susquehanna Indians, 17, 18, 19. „„ . ., Su.sQuehaiina river, view near Milton, 998: .luiictlon of North and West Branches of, 1002; view on iroin Col- lege hill, Lewisburg, 1112. 1186 GENERAL INDEX. Swanenrlael, 31. Swarthniore college, 654. Swedes cluin^li, l(i24. Swedish settlements on the Delaware, 33, 656. Sykes, General, at Gettysburg, 288. Talon, Omek, Fi-ench refugep. 424. TaiiiiehlU, General Ailainsoii, 238. Taxation without representation, 123. Taylor, Abiah, house built by, 1724, 539. Tavlor, George, signer of JJeclaration of Independence, 986. Tea ships not allowed to land at Philadelphia, 131. Teedyuscung, Delaware chief. 23, 95, 119. Thaniiawage, Mohawk chief, 21. Thomas, Sir George, Deputy-Governor, 75; biographical skelch of, 75. Thompson, Colonel William, commands the first; regi- ment of the "Army of the Continent," 154. Thomson, Cliarles, 123, 141. Tienpont, ('ai)tain Adrien .Joriz, 30. Tionesta, view of, 733; notice of, 738. Tinicum island, 35. Tioga county, sketch of, 1101; resources of, 1102; towns of, 1105; townships in, 1109. TorkilUis, Rev. Keoius, Swedish minister, 83. Towanda, view or, 405; description of, 435. Trappe, ancient Lutlieian cliurch at, 960. Treaty between Swedes and Indians, 37. Trefaildigheit, or Fort Trinity, 38. Trenton, Itattle of, 168, 16'J; decree of, adverse to Con- necticut, 420. Troops called out to quell the Whiskey Insurrection, 227. Tunkhannook, county court house at, 1163; description ot, 1167, 1168. Turnpike roads, first, 1038. Tuscaroia valley, settlement of, 807. Tyrone city, notice of, 402. ITnalachtgo, or Turkey tribe, 20. XJnamis, or Turtle tribe, 20. Union canal, 245. Union county, sketch of, 1110; historical summary of, nil; towns of, 1114. Union I^eague House, Philadelphia, 258. Uniontown, description of, 729. University of Lewisburg, view of, 1115. University of Pemisj'.vania— Department of Arts and Sciences, 1034; Department of Medicine, 1036; sketch of, 1045. University of Pennsylvania, purchase of the president's house foi', 232. Upland, now Chester, 657. Usselinx, William, 33. Valley FonOE, cantonment at, 181 ; Washington's head-quarters at, 182; view of, 955. Van Campen, narrative of, 587. Van Dyck, Goeran, "■ scout Hsscal," 39. Van Hulst, William, 30. Van Twiller, Woutei-, Dutch Governor, 32. Venango county, sketcli of, 1117; French occupation of, 1122; towns of, 1129. Vincent, General, killed at Gettysburg, 291, 300. Virginia, pretensions of relative to western boundary, 144, 1154. Walking Puuchase, 443, 988. Wall. George, 210. Ward, Euslgu Kdward, War for the Union, 259; establishment of Camp Curtin, 360; first troops to reach the Federal capital from Penn- sylvania, 261; first Invasion of the State, 265; last inva- sion, 267; troops raised for, 269. War of In