SB 983 
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 ANNUAL STATEMENT 
 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Illinois State Entomologist 
 
 TO THK 
 
 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 
 
 CONCERNING 
 
 Operations Under the Horticultural 
 Inspection Act. 
 
 By S. A. FORBES. 
 • State Entomol-ogist. 
 
 Deeember 20, 1899. 
 
AUG 22 W^ 
 
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 Statement of the 
 
 State Entomologist 
 
 CONCERNING OPERATIONS UNDER THE HORTICULTURAL 
 INSPECTION ACT, 
 
 BY S. A. FORBES. 
 
 THE WORKINGS OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE LAW. 
 
 The office of state entomologist of Illinois was established by law 
 in 1867, and chars^ed with the duty of investigating the entomology 
 of the state, and particularly of studying the history of the insects 
 injurious to the products of the horticulturists and agriculturists of 
 Illinois. The entomologist was also required to prepare a report of his 
 researches and discoveries in entomology for publication by the state 
 annually, this requirement being later changed to make the report a 
 biennial one. Otherwise the duties of the office have remained with- 
 out alteration until the passage of an emergency act by the last legis- 
 lature, approved April 11, 1899, by which the entomologist was re- 
 quired to ''inspect, or to cause to be inspected by his duly appointed 
 assistants, once each year all nurseries in the state of Illinois as to 
 whether they are infested by dangerous insects or infected with con- 
 tagious plant diseases, and if upon such inspection such nurseries ap- 
 pear to be free from such dangerous insects or diseases he shall, upon 
 the payment of the expenses of inspection as certified by him, give 
 to each owner of such nursery or nurseries a certificate to the facts, 
 and shall file duplicate certificates with the director of the state agri- 
 cultural experiment station and with the secretary of the State Hor- 
 ticultural Society, which certificates shall be at all times subject to 
 public inspection." It is further made his duty to inspect, or to cause 
 to be inspected, any property or place in the state which he shall have 
 reason to suppose to be affected by dangerous insects or contagious 
 plant diseases, on discovery of which he must give written notice to the 
 owner or person in charge and direct him so to treat the infested prop- 
 erty as to prevent the conveyance or spread of the injury to other 
 
 Reprinted from the Transactions of the Illinois State Horticultural Society for 
 1899. 
 
premises, this notice amounting to a quarantine of the premises to 
 which it applies. In case the owner does not conform to this direction, 
 the entomologist must cause the property or premises to be properly 
 treated, and the owner is required to pay one-half the cost of treat- 
 ment. An exception was made, however, of propert)^ infested by the 
 San Jose scale before the year 1899, which must be treated by the 
 entomologist without charge to the owner. 
 
 The shipment of uncertified nursery stock into the state is checked 
 by a provision of law requiring the transportation agent to hold such 
 uncertified stock at the office of delivery until notice has been given to 
 the state entomologist and a certificate of inspection issued by him. 
 
 The violation of any part of this law is made a misdemeanor pun- 
 ishable by a fine of not less than ten nor more than one hundred 
 dollars, and it is made the duty of the state's attorney to prosecute. 
 
 The entomologist is further required to make a biennial report 
 and financial statement to the governor, and an annual statement to 
 the State Horticultural Society showing the Illinois nurseries in- 
 spected, the number and kinds of certificates issued, the location and 
 ownership of the premises disinfected by him or his assistants, the 
 kinds and amount of property destroyed under the act, and siich other 
 facts concerniug the operations of his office under the act as the 
 executive committee of the Horticultural Society may request. It is 
 in pursuance of this last requirement that this paper has been pre- 
 pared. 
 
 It will be seen that the operations for which the office is re- 
 sponsible on which report is to be made to this society are included 
 under the two heads of nursery inspection, and the insecticide or 
 fungicide treatment of infested or infected property. 
 
 ANNUAL INSPECTION OF NURSERIES. 
 
 Preliminary to the inspection of nurseries it was necessary that I 
 should have a complete list of Illinois nurserymen, and this was se- 
 cured, with very few deficiencies, ( 3 ) by comparing published trade 
 lists of those engaged in the nursery business in Illinois, (3) by send- 
 ing to nurserymen in every county where nurseries were known to oc- 
 cur a list of the names of nurserymen for that county with a request for 
 additions and corrections, and (3) by careful inquiry by inspectors 
 at county seats of counties visited by them and of nurserymen whose 
 premises were inspected. Additional information was secured from 
 postmasters in counties from which no nurseries were given in the 
 published lists. 
 
 I have been somewhat embarrassed to determine just what should 
 be called a nursery under the law, the dictionary definitions of the 
 word being usually very comprehensive and sometimes indefinite. By 
 the Standard dictionary a nursery is defined as '"'a place where trees, 
 
3 
 
 shrubs, flowering plants, etc., are raised for sale or transplanting," 
 and by the Century dictionary as "a place where trees are raised from 
 seeds or otherwise in order to be transplanted; a place where 
 vegetables, flowering plants and trees are raised (as 
 by budding or grafting), with a view to sale." Both these definitions 
 might easily be made to include plantations of small fruits, green- 
 houses, truck gardens, and gardens of flowering plants. Being 
 strongly of the opinion, however, that it was not the intention of the 
 law that property of this kind should be subject to the annual in- 
 spection, I decided to apply the term in the sense in which it is com- 
 monly used in business ; that is, to make a distinction between the 
 nurseryman, the florist, and the vegetable gardener, while recognizing 
 the fact, of course, that some nurserymen sell flowering plants and 
 some florists sell nursery stock. In this sense a nursery may be de- 
 fined as a place where trees, shrubs, and woody vines are grown for 
 sale. This includes all fruits except those growing on herbaceous 
 plants, as well as ornamental trees and shrubs. 
 
 For purposes of inspection the state was divided into four dis- 
 tricts, one northern, one southern, and two central, in such a manner 
 that each could be completely covered by a continuous trip, the 
 principal lines of railroads largely determining the boundaries of the 
 districts. To each of these divisions of the state an inspector was 
 assigned early in July, with instructions to go from place to place 
 by the shortest and most convenient lines of travel, not returning to 
 the office until his district was fully inspected. I exercised great care 
 in the selection of inspectors, since the law requires that they shall be 
 competent scientific and practical entomologists, and gives 
 to their acts done in pursuance of my instructions the same validity 
 as to my own. It was particularly necessary that they should be 
 known to me personally as thoroughly reliable men, and it was espe- 
 cially desirable that they should have due tact and discretion and a 
 considerable experience of average human nature. I was fortunately 
 able to provide for this work from my regular corps of assistants, all 
 well known to me. Mr.E. C.Green was assigned to the northern district, 
 Mr. R. W. Braucher to the north-central, Mr. F. M. McElfresh to the 
 south-central, and Mr. H. 0. Woodworth to southern and southeastern 
 Illinois. 
 
 The regular work of inspection in the northern district was begun 
 July 6 and finished September 14 : that in the north-central was begun 
 July 11 and finished September 15 ; and that in southern Illinois was 
 begun July 6 and finished September 13. In the south-central division 
 the inspection was begun July 26, being delayed by some previous en- 
 gagement of Mr. IMcElfresh, and was interrupted by his appointment 
 September 4 as instructor in entomology to the Oregon Agricultural 
 College. It was resumed in this district September 19 by Mr. Wood- 
 worth, after he had finished his own special work, and was completed 
 
October 9. Eight nurseries of which we had no knowledge at the 
 time the regular trips were made were subsequently inspected on 
 special trips. The total number of premises inspected to December 
 10 was two hundred and seventy-five. Eighteen of these proved, 
 however, not to be nurseries, the owners asserting that their stock 
 was not intended for sale, and by a change of ownersliip since in- 
 spection two of these nurseries have been merged as one. This leaves 
 two hundred and fifty-six nurseries in the state, some scarcely worthy 
 to be called by that name, but all coming, so far as my information 
 goes, under the technical definition given. Seventy-seven of these 
 nurseries are in those counties grouped by the State Horticultural 
 Society as northern Illinois, seventy-eight in central Illinois, and one 
 hundred and one in southern Illinois. 
 
 I append to this statement a list of all the nurseries inspected, 
 arranged by counties alphabetically, giving the names and addresses 
 of owners, and the dates of certificates where these have been issued. 
 Two hundred and nine of the two hundred and fifty-six nurseries in 
 the state are now covered by my certificate of inspection, leaving 
 forty-seven without certificates. Only one of these forty-seven has 
 been refused a certificate, and this a small lot belonging to a dealer 
 and containing only left-over stock of preceding years. The remain- 
 ing forty-six nurserymen have not as yet paid the expenses of in- 
 spection, without which I have no authority of law to issue a certifi- 
 cate. It is not to be assumed that all these forty-eight delinquents 
 are evading the payment of the inspection expenses or transacting 
 business in violation of the law. A small number are undoubtedly so 
 doing, but I have reason to suppose that the greater part of them are 
 delaying payment because they do no fall business, and consequently 
 do not yet need the inspection certificate. Indeed, ten nurserymen 
 have explained ihcir delay of payment in this way, and twenty-nine 
 other nurseries are described by my inspectors as so small and poor 
 that most or all of them probably belong to the same class. iSTineteen 
 of the two hundred and nine nurseries finally certified — nearly ten 
 per cent of the whole — were in such a condition tbat it was impossible 
 to issue certificates of freedom from dangerous insects or plant dis- 
 eases upon the face of the inspectors' reports, and in these nineteen 
 cases the certificates were withheld until certain prescribed conditions 
 had been fulfilled, or until satisfactory assurance was given that 
 these requirements would be met. 
 
 Of the two hundred and ten certificates issued, two hundred and 
 three were in identical form as follows : 
 
OFFICE OF THE ILLINOIS STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
 
 Urban A, III., 
 
 This is to Certify that the growing nursery stock and prem- 
 ises of 
 
 situated 
 
 have been inspected according to the provisions of an Act to prevent 
 the introduction and spread in Illinois of the San Jose scale and other 
 dangerous insects and contagious diseases of fruits, approved and in 
 force April 11, 1899, and that no indications have been found of the 
 presence of the San Jose scale or other dangerous insect or plant 
 disease. 
 
 This certificate is invalid after June 1, 
 
 S. A. Forbes, 
 State Entomologist. 
 
 In seven cases the nurseries were in such condition as to require 
 a limitation of the certificate, and two such forms of special certifi- 
 cates were issued. When certain kinds of stock in a nursery were 
 condemned as unfit for the market, a certificate was issued covering 
 by name only those kinds to the sale of which no objection was found. 
 In a few cases the sale of nursery stock was prohibited until certain 
 precautionary and insecticide measures were applied under the super- 
 vision of an agent of my office, and a certificate was then issued in the 
 following form : 
 
 This is to certify that the nursery stock bearing this certificate 
 
 and grown on the premises of situated 
 
 at has been inspected according to the 
 
 provisions of an Act to prevent the introduction and spread in Illinois 
 of the San Jose scale and other dangerous insects and co7itagious 
 diseases of fruits, approved and in force April 11, 1899, and that no 
 indications have been found of the presence of the San Jose scale 
 or other dangerous insects or plant disease. 
 
 This certificate is invalid after June 1, 1899. 
 
 In these cases the nurseryman agreed, in writing, that the cer- 
 tificate should be attached only to stock which had received the re- 
 quired treatment under the approval of an office assistant. 
 
 It is an evident requirement of .the law that the expenses of 
 nursery inspection should be paid by the owners of nurseries, and that 
 the certificate should not issue until such payment is made. As this 
 interpretation of the act was occasionally questioned by nurserymen, 
 I asked the opinion of the attorney general, and was by him confirmed 
 in the above understanding. 
 
 As the law does not prescribe any method of distributing costs of 
 inspection trips to individuals whose premises are inspected, I was 
 
6 
 
 obliged to assess these expenses according to my best judgment of 
 what was fair and just to all concerned. This was a delicate and 
 embarrassing duty which I would gladly have avoided, and to which 
 I gave careful personal attention. As the trips of my inspectors were 
 not made separately for the purpose of inspecting individual nurseries, 
 but were general trips in the course of which a large number were 
 visited in succession, I was obliged to adopt some plan of division of 
 the total expense of the common trip. After careful study of the 
 workings of various possible plans, I finally adopted the following 
 method : 
 
 I brought together every two weeks the inspection reports and 
 bills of expense of each inspector, and the total cost of inspection for 
 this period, including the salary of the inspector, was distributed 
 among the nurseries concerned. This was done in such a manner 
 that all should share equally the cost of transportation and some other 
 general expenses, while the cost of subsistence and the pay of the 
 inspector were divided among them in proportion to the time required 
 for the inspection of each nursery. 
 
 Thus, if twenty nurseries were examined in these two weeks, 
 each was charged with a twentieth part of the mere expense of 
 traveling; and if the time spent in the inspection of a given nursery 
 was, say, a fortieth of that spent in the inspection of all of them, 
 then it was further charged with a fortieth of the salary and the 
 cost of subsistence for the two weeks' period. In this way such ex- 
 penses as had no relation to the size and condition of the nursery were 
 divided equally; such as had some such relation were divided pro- 
 portionally; and the total cost of all the trips was fully and exactly 
 provided for. 
 
 This scheme worked upon the whole fairly and well, but had one 
 minor disadvantage in the fact that it was practically impossible to 
 make itemized statements to individual nurserymen, since the items 
 would have included a complete exhibit of two weeks' expense of 
 travel, but few of which it would have been possible for the individual 
 nurseryman in any way to verify. Bills were consequently rendered 
 for the total sum due for each inspection, an explanation of the 
 method of its determination being also sent if any question were 
 raised, and the account was certified by me officially as required by 
 law. The total cost of the inspection of the two hundred and ten 
 nurseries* certified was $1,206.46, an average of $5.74 per nursery. 
 The lowest charge for any inspection was 75 cents, against a small 
 nursery near Champaign examined after the close of the general 
 season by a special trip from my office, and the largest was $36.90, 
 paid by one of the principal nurseries of McLean county. 
 
 ♦Reduced to two hundred and nine by the purchase of one nursery by the owner 
 of another after the annual inspection was made. 
 
The total amount of the forty-six unpaid charges for inspection 
 is $309.03, or $4.54: per nursery. "^If we take away the ten highest of 
 these charges, ranging from $5.43 to $15.71, then the average of the 
 remaining thirty-six "is but $3.73. It is doubtless among the ten 
 highest above mentioned that actual violations of the nursery in- 
 spection law this fall are mainly to be sought. 
 
 While discussing the finances of nursery inspection, I think it due 
 to my office, upon which the disagreeable duty of making collections 
 from nurserymen has been placed by law, to say that the pay of office 
 salaries is in no way dependent upon these receipts, my inspectors 
 being paid from the state appropriation so far as receipts from 
 nurserymen fall short of expenditures on account of nursery in- 
 spection. Any assiduity as a collector which I may have exhibited or 
 may in future exhibit is consequently to be attributed to a desire to 
 preserve the appropriation made in this interest for the purpose to 
 which it was intended that it should apply ; that is, to the disinfection 
 and insecticide treatment of orchards and other premises requiring 
 that kind of attention, particularly those now infested by the San Jose 
 scale. 
 
 Our main dependence for the protection of the horticulture of 
 the state against the introduction and general spread of destructive 
 insects and fungi is that section of the inspection law forbidding 
 transportation companies to deliver uncertified stock. In order to 
 insure a general knowledge of this law I distributed early in June, 
 through the state railroad and warehouse commission, copies of the 
 sections of the law covering this point to all the railroads running in 
 or through the state, and to all express companies doing business in 
 Illinois. I am unable to say how generally the law has been observed 
 by these transportation companies. Only three cases of violation of 
 it have come to my knowledge. One of them was in northern Illinois, 
 where a Wisconsin nurseryman was prosecuted for distributing un- 
 certified nursery stock, plead guilty, and paid the minimum fine. 
 The railway agent who released this stock without certificate was of 
 course also guilty under the law, but plead ignorance of its provisions. 
 In two other cases packages of uncertified nursery stock were noticed 
 in transit by rail by correspondents in southern Illinois. The re- 
 ceipt of uncertified nursery stock by railway agents has been three 
 times reported to my office, all by one railroad having a comparatively 
 short line in Illinois. A single case has also been reported by an ex- 
 press company, and this from my home office in Champaign. I have 
 twice had an assistant in Chicago, who was there on other business, 
 make a tour of express and railway freight offices during the fall 
 shipping season, but nothing illegal was observed. 
 
INSECTICIDE TREATMENT OF ORCHARDS. 
 
 As soon after the approval of the law as practicable field work 
 was begun from my office for the arrest of the spread of the San Jose 
 scale in those parts of the state where it was likely to do most injury. 
 The experience of the two preceding years with insecticide sprays, and 
 published reports of experiments elsewhere with the fumigation 
 method for the San Jose scale had led me to conclude that fumigation 
 with hydrocyanic acid gas is the only method now known which gives 
 any reasonable promise of the obliteration of the scale in any locality 
 where it has become abundant or where it has spread beyond the point 
 of its original introduction. I consequently decided to introduce this 
 method in our own field operations. As this required, however, a 
 large and expensive equipment of canvas tents for the enclosure of 
 trees, together with some experience in the management of the ap- 
 paratus and the application of the gas which my office force had 
 never had, and as, further, the gas treatment can only be applied in 
 the open air to the best advantage during the winter season, espe- 
 cially if extermination of the scale is the end in view, I decided to 
 put a spraying party into the field last spring in the Sparta district, 
 where the scale was most abundant and widespread, and was there- 
 fore most likely to extend its area rapidly. 
 
 This party, in charge of Mr. E. W. Braucher, was instructed to 
 spray such premises as required immediate treatment as a precaution 
 against serious increase of injury or extension of the scale to ad- 
 jacent property, the object of this preliminary procedure being not 
 so much to exterminate the scale even locally as to arrest the extension 
 of the injury temporarily until such time as the most thoroughgoing 
 possible measures of extermination could be organized. Mr. Braucher 
 was instructed, in order to facilitate the thorough application of the 
 spray — extremely difficult at best when the trees are in leaf — to have 
 infested trees cut back as freely as could be done without injury to the 
 tree, and to have any property completely destroyed which was so 
 badly infested by the San Jose scale as to be entirely worthless. He 
 was instructed to bear in mind the fact that he was dealing in an 
 official way with the property of the private citizen, and that he should 
 use the utmost tact and discretion, especially where the safety of 
 other property demanded the destruction of that infested. In any 
 case of serious disagreement between himself and the owner he was 
 to refrain from immediate action, if this could be done without 
 prejudice to the public interest, and to report the facts and his pro- 
 posed procedure to my office. 
 
 Mr. Braucher 's operations in the Sparta neighborhood began 
 April 27 and continued until May 16, when he was assigned to other 
 service. During this time he sprayed the infested orchards of the 
 following owners living near Sparta, in Randolph county: J. M. 
 
9 
 
 Temple, S. A. Blair, J. W. Kobinson, Mrs. J. B. Hayer, Bert Haver, 
 Jefferson Porch, James Wood, Jr., and James Wood, 8r. He de- 
 stroyed as worthless the following fruit stock: At Mr. Temple's, 
 267 peach-trees; at Mr. Robinson's, 126 peach-trees, 3 apple-trees, and 
 6 currant-bushes; at Mrs. Hayer's, 3 apple-trees; at Mr. Porch's, 22 
 peach-trees and 1 apple-tree; at James Wood's, Jr., 52 peach-trees 
 and 2 apple-trees; and at James Wood's, Sr., 24 peach-trees and 2 
 apple-trees. Fourteen hundred feet of osage orange hedge belonging 
 to Messrs. Homer and Bert Hayer were also destroyed, partly by 
 grubbing out and partly by burning with the aid of kerosene. The 
 total property destroyed as worthless from San Jose scale injury thus 
 consisted of 491 peach-trees, 11 apple-trees, 6 currant-bushes, and 
 something over a quarter of a mile of osage orange hedge. 
 
 In order to make a beginning of fumigation work a suitable equip- 
 ment of tents was provided for preliminary operations, and C. W. 
 Woodworth, professor of entomology in the University of California, 
 a former graduate of the University of Illinois, was engaged, for his 
 traveling expenses, merely, to come to Champaign and to take charge 
 of the fumigation work until our own force should be competent to 
 manage it independently. Mr. Woodworth was selected for this ser- 
 vice because I knew that he had made a special study of fumigation 
 operations in California and had published an elaborate bulletin upon 
 the subject as one of the series of the California experiment station. 
 A beginning was made June 5, in an infested lot in Monticello, Piatt 
 county. Prof. C. W^. Woodworth was in charge of the party, 
 three of my assistants going over with him from Urbana, 
 and two laborers being hired at Monticello. At this time of the year 
 it was necessary to do the work at night, since exposure of foliage to 
 the sun just after fumigation is likely to result in the scorching of 
 the leaves. The miscellaneous vegetation upon one town lot was treated 
 here with the exception of two or three trees too large for the tents. 
 Other deficiencies of the apparatus having been made manifest, work 
 at this town was suspended until they could be made good, but by 
 that time the season for nursery inspection had arrived, and fumigation 
 was suspended to be taken up after the inspection season was past. 
 
 By the fifteenth of October foliage was so far fallen from the 
 fruit-trees in southern Hlinois that they could with safety be fumi- 
 gated by day, and a party was consequently put into the field under 
 the charge of Mr. E. C. Green, with iristrnctions to undertake the 
 systematic fumigation of infested premises. Mr. R. W. Braucher was 
 attached to the party as an inspector, with instructions to report to 
 Mr. Green the exact distribution of the scale at Sparta. The work was 
 continued at Sparta and its vicinity, extending to the town of Houston, 
 seven miles away, until December 16. At this time it had become 
 evident from the number of additional infested premises discovered 
 in this region bv Mr. Braucber's insneciions. and the a^eneral dis- 
 
10 
 
 cribution of the scale in this district on hedges and other roadside 
 vegetation, that the complete extermination of the San Jose scale in 
 Eandolph county was an enterprise quite beyond our powers with the 
 resources at my disposal, even if all the appropriation made by the 
 legislature for this general purpose were expended in this one locality. 
 A change of program was consequently necessary, and fumigation 
 operations were transferred to other points where there was at least 
 a fair chance of accomplishing the local obliteration of the scale. 
 
 I have selected first those points where the presence of this insect 
 threatens important fruit-growing districts certain to be seriously 
 injured in time if an effective check is not put upon the spread of 
 this pest. The first of these points fixed upon was Richview, in Wash- 
 ington county, and the fumigation party is now at work at thstt place. 
 
 The Sparta district in the meantime has not been wholly 
 abandoned, but a spraying party has been organized to continue in- 
 secticide work with whale-oil soap, with a view to bringing the out- 
 break of the San Jose scale at that point completely under the control 
 of the community, and to give to individual fruit growers ample in- 
 struction and demonstration in respect to the insecticide methods and 
 machinery which they must henceforth use if they wish to protect 
 themselves against continuous injury by this insect. 
 
 Mr. Green has thus far fumigated trees and shrubs upon premises 
 in Randolph county owned as follows : John Robinson, Alvin Blair, J. 
 K.Blair,Sylvester Brown, J. F. Blair, John Davison, Mrs. J H. Moreland, 
 James Davison, Charles Lott, Mrs. J. B. Hayer, Bert Hayer, Jefferson 
 Porch, William Wilson, T. H. Wilson, James Wood, and Mrs. T. 
 Brown. No property has been destroyed by him, although a con- 
 siderable number of trees of various kinds have been pointed out to 
 the owners of these premises as substantially worthless, and in most 
 cases these will be removed and destroyed by the owners themselves. 
 
 In conclusion, I think that 1 may say that the new law is work- 
 ing, on the whole, fairly and smoothly and to the decided advantage 
 of horticulture in this state. It might, perhaps, be improved by a few 
 minor amendments, but upon that point I shall be better able to ex- 
 press myself positively after another year's experience of its admin- 
 'stration. That it embodies a sound and valuable principle, and 
 that it deserves in general the strong and unflinching support of nur- 
 serymen and horticulturists alike I have myself no longer any doubt. 
 It is to be hoped that it will be unnecessary to call upon the courts for 
 its enforcement upon the small number of nurserymen who have 
 thus far evaded its requirements. It seems likely that when the fact 
 is known that nearly all Illinois nurserymen are obeying it without 
 objection the remaining few will fall into line. 
 
 December 20, 1899. 
 
SEP 6 1910 
 
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