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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, 
 
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 ©{pp. -... ©apijrigJjt f a 
 
 UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 
 
v^ PRICE, SO CENTS. 
 
 Flesh. 
 
 •w* 
 
 Milk. 
 
 • •• 
 
 Health* 
 
 W -y^fr «fr* «%* ^WW W W^^g^jP W w ^ 5^^585^%? WW W^W W$ 
 
 The F. E. Sai)borr) Corjtpa^t), 
 
 OMAHA, NEB., U. S. A. 
 
plesl?. 
 
 AV'K- 
 
 Health 
 
 A TREATISE FOR THE 
 
 pp aetieal Stock ^aiseF and tDaipy Farmep 
 
 ON THE 
 
 production of plesl?; 
 
 production of f(\\\\{', 
 
 prevention and Qure of Disease . 
 
 by THH p. E. SA^BO^ COJVLPANV, 
 ,4- OJWAflfl, u. S. fl. 
 
 'ktf ■ 
 
 REVISED EDITION. 
 
 COPYRIGHT 1892, 
 
 By F» H. Sanborn. 
 
 OMAHA 
 HEES PRINTING CO 
 1892 
 
 3MPANY W *^ 
 
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA. 
 
 LINCOLN, May 4, 1889. 
 THE F. E. SANBORN COMPANY, 
 
 Omaha, Nebraska. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 1 hare examined a sample of the Standard Horse and Cattle 
 
 Food and find that it does not contain any mineral matter whatever, 
 
 except a small percentage of sulphur and common salt. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 (signed) H. H. NICHOLSON, 
 
 Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 Iowa College of Science, Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 
 
 CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 AMES, IOWA, July 18, 1892. 
 To Whom it May Concern: 
 
 This is to certify that I have chemically examined a sample of 
 
 Standard Horse and Cattle Food, put up by THE F. E. SANBORN 
 
 COMPANY, of Omaha, Nebraska, and I find that it contains no 
 
 poisonous or harmful mineral or organic substances whatever. The 
 
 substances composing this mixture are those that excite a healthful 
 
 appetite in domestic animals, and are promoters of good digestion 
 
 and assimilation. (sfgned) A. A. BENNETT, 
 
 Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 /TANDARD HORSE AND CATTLE FOOD is entirely free from 
 arsenic, antimony or any other poisonous drug. It contains no 
 mineral whatever, except one per cent, sulphur and three per cent, 
 common salt. We will pay $500 and the- cost of analysis for the 
 detection of any other mineral in its formation. 
 
 THE F, E. §ANB0RN COMPANY, 
 
 Qj^afca, July 1 8, JL892 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 (JjjrHE PROFIT IS IN THE FOOD, and to him belongs 
 the credit who can, in the feeding and management of 
 live stock, most fully utilize that profit. The great need 
 of the farmer of to-day is not so much fine-spun theories 
 as a general knowledge of the sound principles which underlie 
 the practical feeding and management of our domestic animals. 
 The purpose of this book is to furnish to the farmer and 
 stock raiser, in a popular form, not only reliable information 
 and advice regarding the general management and feeding of 
 horses, cattle and all farm animals, and in preventing the dis- 
 eases to which they are commonly subject, but it is to show to 
 them, in as fair and candid a manner as possible, the advantage 
 in security from disease, as well as the profit to be secured from 
 the use of Standard Horse and Cattle Food. In the body of 
 this work we have said much upon the prevention of diseases 
 among live stock, but not too much, by any means; for, were 
 space not so limited, we could still say more, and continue to 
 give the farmer advice which he could follow with profit. 
 
 The methods by which the greatest results may be secured 
 from the feeding of a given amount of fodder have received, 
 within the past two decades, almost universal recognition among 
 practical feeders. Experiments, based upon scientific research, 
 have established the fact that the feeding of a ration to farm 
 animals, properly adapted to their needs and containing a 
 proper proportion of nutrients necessary to the maintenance of 
 the body so that no one kind will be overbalanced by another, 
 is the proper method of feeding to prevent waste. "We have 
 
 included a table of analysis of feeding stuffs showing the nutri- 
 
 s 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 tive qualities contained in a large amount of the fodders com- 
 monly used in this country, and have endeavored to show by 
 theoretical application the means by which the farmer may 
 avail himself of the information contained in it to his profit, 
 whether it be in feeding working animals or those intended for 
 the market or dairy. 
 
 The importance of maintaining a good appetite and securing 
 thorough digestion and assimiliation have been quite fully 
 treated; for it is in these respects that the farmer certainly 
 needs assistance. 
 
 The special attention of the stock feeder has been directed 
 to the ill-advised practice of feeding animals intended for the 
 dairy or for the market a ration but little more than sufficient 
 to maintain their existence. 
 
 That part of the book embracing the treatment of diseases 
 has been directed by a thoroughly competent and experienced 
 veterinarian, and in no case has any treatment been advised 
 which is not endorsed by the highest authorities. 
 
 We trust that our efforts will meet with that recognition 
 which we believe our honesty of purpose merits. If they do, 
 we will be satisfied. Very respectfully, 
 
 THE F. E. SANBORN COMPANY. 
 Omaha, Nebraska, July 5, 1892. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 UR FARM ANIMALS, representing the investment of 
 millions of wealth, are kept with two principal objects 
 in view — labor and profit. It is, therefore, of the most 
 vital importance that the food consumed should produce 
 the best results in the direction for which it is intended ; also 
 that their general care and management be such as will insure 
 their health and fullest development. 
 
 That the proper care of our domestic animals, which con- 
 tribute so much to our comfort and necessities, is often times 
 neglected, and many times misunderstood, none will deny. 
 This statement will gather strength when we reflect upon the 
 abuses of the natural laws governing the care of these same 
 domestic animals, otherwise designated live stock. 
 
 Perhaps there is no pursuit which is surer of success, when 
 well understood and practically followed, than that of farming 
 and stock-raising. On the contrary, if but partially understood 
 and indifferently followed, the best laid plans are too often 
 attended by disappointment and disaster. 
 
 It costs the farmer no more to keep a good animal than a 
 poor one. The only profitable condition is a good condition; 
 and the farmer and stock raiser will consult his own best 
 interests by keeping his live stock constantly in the highest 
 state of thrift and health. Keep the animals constantly in good 
 condition ought therefore to be the motto of every farmer. It 
 is the great secret of their success, and the difference between 
 success and failure turns upon it. 
 
 The organ of first importance is the stomach; for it is here 
 that the food undergoes those changes which transform fodder 
 into flesh, milk or energy. A good appetite, vigorous diges- 
 tion and thorough assimilation must all be secured, in order that 
 the animal may reach its highest degree of profit or usefulness. 
 
 In feeding animals for profit a certain amount of food is 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 required to maintain their existence. This much is outlay- 
 without any returns. All that is consumed in excess of this 
 amount means profit. It is, therefore, of first importance that 
 the appetite of the animal be developed to the highest capacity, 
 in order that it may' consume the greatest amount possible in 
 excess of what is required as the food of support. When this 
 increase in appetite is satisfied with properly selected food, and 
 is followed by good digestion and assimilation, the highest 
 condition of profitableness of the animal may be secured 
 
 The blood is the colored fluid which circulates through 
 every part of the body, by means of the arteries and veins, car- 
 rying nourishment which it derives from the food taken into 
 the digestive organs. It is also the channel through which all 
 the effete and worn out matter is carried from the system. 
 
 When we consider that the blood is the primary source of 
 all vitality, we can readily understand the importance of its 
 being properly supplied with nourishment. This nourishment 
 can only be secured through the agency of the stomach, which 
 in its turn must be supplied with proper food in proper quan- 
 tities. 
 
 Impure blood is the most prolific of all sources of disease, 
 and is due chiefly to impaired circulation, or improper nourish- 
 ment, or both. Defective circulation among live stock is due 
 principally to the blood being thickened by a heat producing 
 diet, or by a debilitated condition of the general system. It is 
 not hard to understand the result of feeding stock month after 
 month with corn, which, from its heat producing tendencies, 
 creates an impaired circulation, thereby hindering the blood in 
 its great work of purifying the system. 
 
 The intelligent use of Standard Horse and Cattle Food, 
 when accompanied by proper feed in proper quantities, not only 
 thoroughly regulates the condition of the blood, but strengthens 
 and invigorates the digestive organs, and enables the animal to 
 secure the greatest possible amount of nutriment from all the 
 food consumed. 
 
FEEDING STOCK TO PRODUCE FLESH. 
 
 VERY intelligent reader and thinker who has studied the 
 history of stock raising and stock feeding, for the past 
 quarter of a century, has been astonished at the progress 
 made in this great industry. The slipshod methods of 
 former years have been swept aside, and science has been called 
 to the aid of the farmer. Weights and measures have taken 
 the place of guesswork, the thoroughbred has supplanted the 
 scrub, and order and prosperity reign in the domain of the hus- 
 bandman. 
 
 Whilst nearly every farmer has his own peculiar methods, 
 and these methods may differ widely from those of his neigh- 
 bors, yet the great body of feeders and farmers are moving 
 forward along the same line, and keeping pace with the spirit 
 of progress which characterizes the age in which we live. 
 
 Conditions and methods have changed as the years have 
 gone by; the vast grazing grounds of the western states have 
 gone forever; the prices of hay and grain increase with the 
 seasons, and the stock raiser of to-day, who will not acquaint 
 himself with the results of investigation and experience, and 
 profit by the lessons which they teach, will find himself dis- 
 tanced by his more progressive neighbor. 
 
 The methods which found favor twenty-five years ago were 
 good in their way, and the times and conditions which then 
 prevailed allowed them to be successful; but they will not do 
 now; the farmer of to-day cannot do as his father did, and hope 
 to reap the same reward. 
 
 It costs more to raise stock under present conditions than 
 it formerly did, and, as our agriculture becomes more intense, 
 this cost will increase. Our rich prairie soil, which now seems 
 inexhaustible, will become less and less fertile by continued 
 cropping, and a rapidly increasing population will necessitate a 
 
8 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 greater subdivision of the lands. All of this means an increase 
 in the cost of farm products, as well as a rise in the price of 
 land itself. The legitimate result of these conditions should be 
 a more systematic method of cultivating the soil, and a more 
 careful husbanding of all the waste materials. In no branch of 
 practical farming should this apply with so much force as in 
 stock raising. 
 
 Agricultural colleges and experimental stations have been 
 established for the purpose of securing reliable data to be used 
 as a basis of operations by the practical stock feeder; in short, 
 to find ways and means by which this greatest of industries 
 may secure to its promoters the largest profits possible. 
 
 While these experiments furnish reliable knowledge upon 
 this subject, each individual stock feeder must think out for 
 himself the manner of applying this knowledge to his personal 
 needs. All of the materials which go to make up the most 
 approved rations may not be at his command; he must learn 
 to utilize to the best advantage those feed stuffs which he can 
 raise or procure the most economically. If he would succeed, 
 he must not only consider the proper kind but also the cost of 
 the different feed stuffs. Profit must be the basis of all success- 
 ful stock feeding. 
 
 Nature of the Animal Body. 
 
 Science has enlightened us upon the workings of the animal 
 organism, and, while there are many things about it which we do 
 not understand, yet the knowledge we possess enables us to act 
 very intelligently with regard to its nourishment and care. We 
 know that it is built up by the digestion and assimilation of the 
 food; we also know that much depends upon the character of 
 that food, as regards the results attained; but it remains for 
 chemical analysis to give us the constituent elements of the 
 body, and the nutritive qualities found in feed stuffs. 
 
 By comparison we find that certain feed stuffs supply 
 nourishment to particular portions of the body, when digested 
 aud assimilated, whilst other kinds of feed stuffs perform a sim- 
 ilar office for other parts of the body. From these facts, it will 
 
NATURE OF THE ANIMAL BODY. 9 
 
 be seen that the body can be sustained and increased by a 
 judicious selection of those feed stuffs which most fully supply 
 its proper nourishment. 
 
 The animal body can be reduced to four substances, namely, 
 protein (lean flesh), fat, water and ash. These are the sub- 
 stances which the food must supply. The condition of the ani- 
 mal depends upon their relative proportion in the body. The 
 amount of water in the body varies from forty to sixty per 
 cent, of the live weight. The fundamental elements of which 
 the body is built up are, therefore, lean flesh, fat, water and ash. 
 They are not created or altered by the body. They must be 
 furnished by the food, and when furnished in the proper form 
 the body has the power to extract from it its proper nourish- 
 ment. 
 
 Nature of Food Materials. 
 
 Providence has been very generous to the brute creation, 
 as well as to man himself; she has provided for their every 
 want. The intimate relationship between plant and animal 
 life is marvelous to contemplate. The two are equally depend- 
 ent one upon the other. The growing plant gives off oxygen, 
 which, when taken into the lungs, helps to sustain the life of the 
 animal; while the carbonic acid gas thrown off from the lungs 
 forms nourishment for the plant. The animal fed upon the 
 products of the vegetable world dies, and its body returns to 
 the elements from which it sprung; thus the great phenomenon 
 of nature goes on. 
 
 Feed stuffs are composed substantially of the same elements 
 and in the same combinations as those found in the body. The 
 protein, carbohydrates, etc., are found in varying quantities in 
 plants, some containing more, and others less, of the nourish- 
 ing elements. One plant or grain may be especially rich in 
 protein, and another contain a surplus of carbohydrates. No 
 one plant contains all of the elements necessaiy to sustain life 
 for a protracted, period, hence the necessity of a mixed ration 
 in order to secure perfect sustenance. This leads us to the 
 interesting subject of selection of feed stuffs, so as to secure as 
 
10 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 nearly as possible a proper and profitable ration for our ani- 
 mals. 
 
 Selection of Feed Stuffs at Hand. 
 
 The farmer and stock feeder will not always find upon his 
 farm, or economically within his reach, all of the feed stuffs 
 which the most approved ration may require. His duty, as 
 well as profit, lies in making the most economical use of the 
 materials at his command. He should carefully study the rel- 
 ative value as a feed stuff of every plant produced upon his 
 farm, compare their, digestibility, and, by reference to the table 
 of plant and grain analysis, select the most economical combin- 
 ations possible. In other words, he should select such a ration 
 as will most perfectly answer the purpose he has in view, 
 whether it be a ration for maintenance only, for work animals, 
 or one which is expected to fit animals for market. His calcu- 
 lations must take into account the materials at hand, their par- 
 ticular properties, and their comparative digestibility, as well 
 as their cost. He must not for a moment lose sight of the real 
 object of feeding cattle or hogs for the market, namel}', profit; 
 nor should he neglect, in the least, the details of his business; 
 for it is the little things which make up the great results of 
 successful business in this, as well as in any other, calling. 
 
 The accompanying table, which covers a wide range of 
 materials, many of which are available to the practical farmer, 
 will be found of great value in selecting a proper food ration: 
 
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF FEEDING STUFFS. 
 
 11 
 
 Fodders. 
 
 HAY, STRAW. 
 
 Com fodder, field cured 
 
 Clover hay 
 
 Timothy hay 
 
 Mixed grasses 
 
 Oat Btraw 
 
 Eye straw 
 
 Wheat straw 
 
 Timothy and redtop 
 
 Barley hay, seed in milk 
 
 Oat hay, seed in milk 
 
 Maize stover 
 
 GREEN FODDERS. 
 
 Pasture grass.... 
 Corn ensilage ... 
 Clover ensilage. 
 
 Maize fodder 
 
 Sorghum 
 
 Rye fodder 
 
 Clover 
 
 GRAIN AND SEEDS. 
 
 Barley. 
 
 Oats 
 
 Rye 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Dent corn 
 
 Flint corn 
 
 Sweet corn 
 
 Western corn 
 
 Millet 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 Field bean 
 
 Flax seed 
 
 Rape seed 
 
 Hemp seed 
 
 Pumpkins 
 
 Peas 
 
 Cotton-seed meal 
 
 ROOTS AND TUBERS. 
 
 Mangolds 
 
 Rutabagas 
 
 Turnips 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Artichokes 
 
 Sweet potatoes 
 
 BY-PRODUCTS. 
 
 Brewers' grains 
 
 Sunflower cake 
 
 Malt sprouts 
 
 Oilmeal, old process 
 
 Oilmeal, new process 
 
 Rye bran 
 
 Wheat bran, roller mill 
 
 Wheat bran, old process 
 
 Wheat shorts 
 
 Wheat middlings 
 
 Corn and cobmeal 
 
 Per cent, of 
 Water and Ash 
 
 32.1 
 12.6 
 11.1 
 15.5 
 
 9.6 
 11.1 
 
 G.5 
 12.36 
 10.25 
 
 9.15 
 19.56 
 
 80.00 
 80.50 
 76.30 
 80.98 
 76.08 
 75.28 
 73.33 
 
 10.9 
 10.9 
 11.6 
 10.5 
 10.10 
 11.00 
 8.82 
 19.10 
 14.00 
 14.00 
 14.5 
 12.3 
 11.8 
 12.2 
 89.1 
 13.2 
 
 91.8 
 87.1 
 88.9 
 78.5 
 80.0 
 69.7 
 
 75.0 
 10.3 
 10.3 
 9.2 
 10.7 
 11.5 
 12.0 
 12.0 
 12.7 
 12.0 
 
 4.3 
 
 6.1 
 
 4.1 
 
 4.7 
 
 5.2 
 
 5.4 
 
 7.0 
 
 4.80 
 
 4.44 
 
 6.48 
 
 5.79 
 
 2.00 
 1.30 
 2.50 
 1.13 
 0.91 
 1.88 
 2.16 
 
 2.4 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.55 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.92 
 
 1.20 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 3.1 
 
 3.4 
 
 3.9 
 
 4.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 2.4 
 
 7.3 
 
 1.0 
 1.4 
 0.7 
 0.9 
 1.0 
 1.1 
 
 0.3 
 
 8.1 
 5.7 
 5.9 
 5.6 
 3.7 
 5.6 
 4.9 
 4.3 
 3.18 
 
 Per cent, of 
 Digestible Nutrients. 
 
 2.5 
 
 6.9 
 
 3.1 
 
 3.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.9 
 
 3.72 
 
 5.24 
 
 5.07 
 
 2.41 
 
 2.5 
 
 1.1 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.19 
 
 0.80 
 
 1.77 
 
 2.70 
 
 8.5 
 9.5 
 8.16 
 8.35 
 9.18 
 6.25 
 9.5 
 6.8 
 2S.0 
 17.2 
 15.5 
 12.2 
 0.4 
 19.7 
 35.8 
 
 1.1 
 0.7 
 0.8 
 1.4 
 2.0 
 0.9 
 
 4.8 
 31.3 
 18.8 
 27.1 
 28.3 
 10.2 
 12.6 
 10.2 
 10.8 
 11.6 
 
 6.8 
 
 $1 
 
 35.1 
 
 37.7 
 
 43.3 
 
 40.2 
 
 42.6 
 
 37.5 
 
 37.7 
 
 44.87 
 
 44.82 
 
 43.85 
 
 34.48 
 
 9.9 
 11.0 
 11.0 
 10.87 
 12.26 
 13.38 
 12.78 
 
 62.0 
 48.0 
 58.4 
 60.9 
 65.64 
 65.00 
 62.56 
 60.06 
 45.0 
 47.0 
 50.2 
 18.9 
 10.2 
 16.2 
 7.1 
 55.0 
 22.3 
 
 4.5 
 
 8.1 
 
 7.2 
 16.6 
 16.8 
 28.0 
 
 11.3 
 
 24.7 
 
 48.1 
 
 34.3 
 
 34.8 
 
 47.7 
 
 44.1 
 
 47.5 
 
 46.8 
 
 48.87 
 
 56.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.9 
 
 0.9 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.96 
 
 1.18 
 
 131 
 
 0.47 
 
 0,4 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.31 
 
 0.28 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.44 
 
 1.7 
 
 3.9 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.9 
 
 4.36 
 
 4.21 
 
 6.92 
 
 3.14 
 
 2.6 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 35.2 
 
 40.4 
 
 30.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 1.5 
 
 11.7 
 
 0.2 
 0.3 
 
 1.2 
 
 7.6 
 
 0.9 
 
 7.0 
 
 2.8 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.9 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.8 
 
 2.68 
 
 3.9 
 
12 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 Feeding Standards. 
 
 Feeding Standards are concise statements of the amounts of 
 digestible protein, carbohydrates and fat, which experience has 
 shown are the best adapted to the accomplishment of the pur- 
 pose for which the animals are intended, whether that be for 
 the dairy or the butcher's stall. 
 
 The advantages of a reliable feeding standard are various. 
 It enables the stock feeder to choose such fodders and grains 
 as will the most economically prepare his stock for any condi- 
 tion he may have in view for them. It presents at once, and in 
 form for practical and immediate application, the best results 
 of many experiments, and places the stock raiser and feeder in 
 a position to utilize the products of his farm to the best advan- 
 tage. 
 
 A feeding standard is but a guide for the formation of feed- 
 ing rations, which latter may be varied as often as the materi- 
 als at hand will admit. The amounts given are calculated for 
 a thousand-pound animal; of course, for a larger animal, the 
 amount should be increased according to the increased weight 
 of the animal; but for smaller ones the amount should not be 
 decreased in proportion to the decreased weight, as the surface 
 which radiates or looses heat is nearly the same in the smaller 
 as in the larger animal. 
 
 In the body of this work the terms albuminoids and carbohydrates are frequently used 
 in explaining the quality of foods. On page 11, and following, we show the complete com. 
 position of fodder vegetables. But lor those who have never studied chemistry we will 
 explain the use of these different parts of foods. 
 
 Protein, or Albuminoids, make or grow muscles in animals; and foods rich in 
 albuminoids are also rich in phosphate of lime, to grow the bones— so that such foods grow 
 the muscles and frames of young animals— such as oil-meal, pea-meal, wheat, bran, oats, 
 clover hay, etc. 
 
 Carbohydrates are composed of carbon and water. This part of foods produces ani- 
 mal heat and makes fat. Starch, gum, sugar, woody fiber, and all the vegetable oils are 
 composed of carbohydrates. Nine-tenths of the value of straw, ripe corn stalks, etc., is in 
 their carbohydrates. 
 
FEEDING STANDARDS. 
 
 13 
 
 The following feeding standards are given as the averages 
 of a large number of experiments with horses, cattle, sheep and 
 swine, made in Germany and in this country: 
 
 Feeding Standards Per Day and Per 1,000 Lbs., 
 Live Weight. 
 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 — a 
 
 8" 
 
 Nutritve (digestible) 
 substances. 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 « 
 
 s « 
 — a 
 
 o « 
 H 
 
 jQ 
 
 
 to 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 u 
 
 GO 
 
 1 ""1 
 
 o 
 
 04 
 
 CD 
 
 3 
 
 
 17.5 
 20.0 
 22.5 
 24.0 
 26.0 
 22.5 
 25.5 
 24.0 
 27.0 
 26.0 
 25.0 
 26.0 
 25.0 
 
 36.0 
 31.0 
 23.5 
 
 0.7 
 1.2 
 1.5 
 1.6 
 2.4 
 1.8 
 28 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 3.0 
 2.7 
 3.0 
 3.5 
 
 5.0 
 
 4.0 
 2.7 
 
 8.0 
 10.3 
 11.4 
 11.3 
 13.2 
 11.2 
 13.4 
 12.5 
 15.0 
 14.8 
 14.8 
 15.2 
 14.4 
 
 .15 
 .20 
 .25 
 .30 
 .50 
 .60 
 .80 
 .40 
 .50 
 .70 
 .60 
 .50 
 .60 
 
 8.85 
 11.70 
 13.15 
 13.20 
 16.10 
 13.60 
 17.00 
 15.40 
 18.10 
 18.50 
 18.10 
 18.70 
 18.50 
 
 32.50 
 28.00 
 20.20 
 
 1: 12 
 1:9 
 
 2. Wool sheep — coarser breeds 
 
 3. Oxen moderately worked 
 
 1 : 7.5 
 
 
 1 • 7 
 
 
 
 5. Milch cows 
 
 6. Fattening oxen — first period 
 
 Fattening oxen — second period... 
 Fattening oxen — third period 
 
 7. Fattening sheep — first period 
 
 Fattening sheep — second period .. 
 
 1:5.4 
 1:6.5 
 1 : 5.j 
 1 :6 
 1:55 
 1:4.5 
 
 8. Fattening swine — first period 
 
 Fattening swine — second period .. 
 Fattening swine — third period. ... 
 
 27.5 
 24.0 
 17.5 
 
 1 : 5.5 
 1 : 6 
 1 :6.5 
 
 The first column in the above table, headed u total organic 
 substances," gives the amount of feed required, less the water and 
 ash. It must be borne in mind that in feeding dry fodder the 
 amount as given in that column must be increased to allow for 
 the water and ash it contains, which can easily be ascertained 
 by referring to the table of analysis of feed stuffs. 
 
 The next three columns, headed " protein" (lean flesh or 
 albuminoids), "carbohydrates" and "fat," state the amount 
 that the ration should contain of each of them. 
 
 The fourth column represents the sum of the protein carbo- 
 hydrates and fat. 
 
 The "nutritive ratio" is the ratio which the amount of 
 digestible protein bears to the sum of digestible carbohydrates 
 and fat. In calculating this ratio, we take two and one-half 
 
14 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 times the amount of fat and add' it to the amount of carbo- 
 hydrates, for the reason that one pound of fat produces as 
 much heat as two and one-half pounds of starch. 
 How to Compound a Ration. 
 
 The first point to be determined is the object for which the 
 feeding is intended, whether for simple maintenance only, or 
 for growth, fattening or milk. The next thing to do is to 
 ascertain the weight of the animal, as the ration must be in 
 proportion thereto. The amount of coarse fodder contained 
 in the ration for cattle and sheep should be from 2 to } 2^ per 
 cent, of the live weight of the animal; then refer to the table 
 of analysis of feed stuffs, and learn the amount of nutritive 
 elements contained therein. This done, add to the ration grain 
 feed containing such an amount of protein, carbohydrates and 
 fats as will bring the ration up to the required standard. 
 
 In preparing a ration, enter the ingredients of each mate- 
 ial used, as given by the table of analysis of feeding stuffs, 
 under four columns, headed, respectively, " total dry matter," 
 "protein," "carbohydrates" and " fats." To secure the amount 
 of total dry matter in the feed used, deduct the amount of 
 water and ash, as given in the table, from the total weight of 
 the feed stuffs; then put the amount of each nutrient under 
 its respective column, and continue in like manner with each 
 kind of feed to be used, adjusting the quantity of each kind, 
 so that, when the required amount of total dry matter has been 
 employed, the totals of protein, carbohydrates and fats, as shown 
 by the footings in each column, will, as nearly as possible, cor- 
 respond with the amounts called for in the standard. 
 
 A little attention to this important matter will soon make 
 it easy for any stock feeder to compound a suitable ration for 
 his animals. 
 
 Suppose it is desired to adjust a ration for fattening oxen 
 for the first period; the feeding standard calls for 27 pounds 
 dry matter, which must contain 2.5 pounds protein, 15 pounds 
 carbohydrates and one- half pound of fat for a thousand pound 
 animal, It may be made up as follows; 
 
TRIAL RATION. 
 
 16 
 
 Daily Ration for an Ox Weighing 1,000 Pounds. 
 
 Fifteen pounds clover hay 
 
 Five pounds corn fodder 
 
 Ten pounds western corn 
 
 Five pounds bran, roller process. . . . 
 
 Totals 
 
 Amount required by standard 
 
 . 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 <» « 
 
 a 
 
 "O « 
 
 S5 
 
 5 
 
 £a 
 
 b 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 ,5 
 
 A 
 
 h 
 
 5 
 
 12.20 
 
 1.04 
 
 5.65 
 
 3.18 
 
 ,.13 
 
 1.75 
 
 8.03 
 
 .62 
 
 6.00 
 
 4.11 
 
 .63 
 
 2.21 
 
 27.52 
 
 2.42 
 
 15.61 
 
 27. 
 
 2.5 
 
 15. 
 
 .19 
 03 
 31 
 14 
 
 .67 
 
 .50 
 
 The above ration is slightly in excess of the feeding stand- 
 ard in carbohydrates and fat. It is calculated with the idea 
 that corn fodder and clover hay form the basis of the* ration. 
 In compounding this ration we refer to the table of analysis of 
 feed stuff s^and find that 100 pounds of clover hay contain 
 12.6 pounds of water, 6.9 pounds of digestible protein, 37.7 
 pounds of carbohydrates and 1.3 pounds of fat. These figures, 
 divided by 100, by removing the decimal point two places to 
 the left, gives the amount one pound contains of each of these 
 substances, and multiplying by 15 gives the quantities of 
 each in 15 pounds, the amount used. All the other ingredients 
 of the ration are treated in the same manner, it being ascer- 
 tained by trial how much to use of each one. 
 
 The proportion of food consumed by swine, when compared 
 with that of other animals is very large. Full grown hogs 
 when fattening will, during the first period, consume upwards 
 of forty pounds of dry matter for every thousand pounds of 
 live weight. During the second and third period the amount 
 of food diminishes, until it does not greatly exceed that of fat- 
 tening cattle or sheep. It is a common custom to feed pigs a 
 fattening ration as soon as they are weaned; they thus grow 
 and take on fat at the same time. This fact, in a measure, 
 accounts for the rapid gain in weight often noticed in young 
 fattening hogs. It is not uncommon for them to make a gain. 
 
16 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 in weight equal to twenty- five per cent of the dry matter con- 
 sumed, while generally it requires from five hundred to six 
 hundred pounds of dry matter to produce an increase of one 
 hundred pounds in the weight of mature animals. 
 
 It may be stated that no feeding standard intended for fatten- 
 ing swine can be unvarying; for the only limit to the consumption 
 of food among these animals is the limit of their appetite. 
 The different fodders produced upon the farm which may be fed 
 to swine are usually plentiful, and afford a choice to the intel- 
 ligent feeder. The same plan substantially is followed in com- 
 pounding a ration for fattening swine, as was explained under 
 the head of cattle in this chapter. 
 
 Sheep are very nearly allied to cattle in habits, both being 
 ruminants, and feeding upon nearly the same character of 
 foods. They require, however, a more liberal supply of protein 
 than the Other animals. The results of a great many experi- 
 ments made in feeding sheep for mutton proves the truth of 
 this statement. The increase in the percentage of protein nat- 
 urally increases the cost of feeding; at the same time it is 
 offset by the fattening process being made more rapid. Feed- 
 ing standards for sheep, on this account, are even more difficult 
 to formulate than for other animals. 
 
 The feeder should thoroughly familiarize himself with the 
 table of feed stuffs analysis, as well as the other tables given. 
 Most people lose the real essence of a book, or treatise, by not 
 regarding the tables with that interest which their importance 
 merits. 
 
 Having become familiar with the tables referred to, the 
 stock feeder should chose from among those feed stuffs at his 
 command the products which most nearly contain the elements 
 required, and in the proper proportions. He will not find any 
 one containing all the needed nutrients, but by successive 
 experiments he will be enabled, with the aid of the tables, to 
 approximate an excellent feeding ration, and one which will, in 
 point of economy, amply repay him for every hour spent in 
 compounding it. 
 
VARIETY IN FEED STUFFS. 17 
 
 A variety of feed stuffs, when used in compounding any 
 feeding ration, has a peculiar and distinct value, which few 
 farmers, until of late years, have appreciated,and which science 
 has not yet satisfactorily explained. 
 
 Digestibility of Feed Stuffs. 
 
 All feed stuffs are not equally digestible. Some may con- 
 tain an equal amount of nutritive elements with certain other 
 plants or grains, and yet when fed to animals yield a much 
 less amount of valuable matter for sustenance. This is due to 
 certain conditions existing within the plants themselves. When 
 we speak of a food as being more or less digestible, we simply 
 mean that the animal has the power of appropriating more or 
 less of the nourishment which it contains. Chemical analysis 
 will reveal the exact amount of nourishing elements bound up 
 in a food, but, of two foods of the same composition, one may be 
 more digestible than the other, and therefore the more econom- 
 ical food of the two. Some foods are completely digested, as, 
 for instance, milk; others are only partially digestible. The 
 grains, hay, straw, etc., contain a certain amount of nourish- 
 ment which can not be appropriated, the animal body not hav- 
 ing the power to extract all of it, and in this respect it is like 
 our field crops — they can not absorb all of the available fertiliz- 
 ers; a given amount will always remain in the soil. This is an 
 important point, because it is only that portion of the food which 
 is digested that is of any value, and hence, in mixing and ap- 
 portioning feed, we should in all cases count only on the di- 
 gestible portion. 
 
 Difference in Digestion among Animals. 
 
 The most common observation will detect among animals 
 on any farm, whose owner makes a pretense of stock raising, 
 some animals which do not show the average thrift of the herd. 
 With substantially the same opportunities and advantages, they 
 seem unable to keep pace with their fellows. They are con- 
 spicuous among the other animals by reason of their generally 
 unthrifty appearance, and, although the amount of food coii- 
 
18 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 sumed might well give them a place among the best of the herd, 
 yet it seems to be almost wasted when compared with the ac- 
 tual returns secured from the more thrifty ones. Individual 
 peculiarities may account for a few of these cases, but faulty 
 digestion lies at the bottom of the great majority of them. 
 Other things being equal, it is fair to presume that there is a 
 wrong here which can be corrected, for, if the food which is 
 consumed is properly digested and assimilated, it will surely 
 yield a profitable return in the gain of the animal; in other 
 words, make something more of him than a mere machine for 
 the grinding of grain. 
 
 Effects of Injudicious Feeding or Exposure. 
 
 It is a well-known fact that bodily exercise will draw upon 
 the energies of the body, and demand an increased feed ration. 
 This is not only true of the outward motions of the body, but 
 also of the internal movements necessary to digestion. If a 
 very bulky fodder be given, the increased work of moving it 
 in and through the digestive apparatus has exactly the same ef- 
 fect as labor of any other kind. Undoubtedly a great deal of the 
 benefits derived from the feeding of easily digested food is due 
 to the saving to the body of the extra loss caused by the effort 
 to digest the less soluble food. 
 
 Exposure has an unfavorable influence upon fattening ani- 
 mals, also. Certain elements of the body, notably fats, are'con- 
 sumed b}' it to maintain a certain degree of animal heat. If an 
 animal be unduty exposed to the cold, a greater amount of fat 
 will be consumed to keep up the normal temperature, the fat- 
 tening process will be deterred, and more food will be required. 
 The body undergoes a constant change; the food builds up, and 
 exercise tears down. The careful stock feeder will use his en- 
 deavors to have the balance always on the credit side. 
 
 Amount of Water Drank Should be Restricted. 
 
 We have already shown the ill effects of exposure upon cat- 
 tle, and especially upon feeding animals. A too generous 
 alio wan og of water is no less to be guarded against, Thev 
 
INJUDICIOUS FEEDING OR EXPOSURE. 19 
 
 both lead to the same result, namely: consumption of matter 
 in the animal body by an effort of the system to restore its nor- 
 mal temperature. This consumption of the materials already 
 stored up in the body decreases the profits of the feeder. The 
 stock feeder should restrict the amount of water drank by his 
 feeding animals to the amount required by health. This is, 
 for cattle, roughly estimated, at between four and five pounds 
 of water to every pound of dry matter consumed. Of course 
 the more watery the fodder, the less water is required. Too 
 warm a stable, or too large an allowance of salt, are conditions 
 which cause the animal to drink too much water. Animals 
 should not be compelled to slake their thirst from icy streams, 
 or from the consumption of snow, as they are sometimes allowed 
 to do. Where practical with feeding cattle, it would be profit- 
 able to warm the water slightly, as the real loss to the body in 
 drinking ice cold water is caused by the effort in warming it to 
 the temperature of the body. This misapplied energy comes 
 from the combustion of tissue, and is no less a loss than that 
 which would be sustained were the feeder to shelter his fatten- 
 ing animals on the bleak side of a straw stack. It is just so 
 much profit subtracted from the net results of feeding, and con- 
 sequently from the owner's pocketbook. 
 
 No Profit in Feeding a Life Sustaining Ration. 
 What is meant by a life sustaining ration is one which will 
 keep the animal in such a condition that he will neither gain nor 
 lose. A knowledge of the exact amount necessary in what is 
 called the maintenance ration for the various animals is very 
 valuable. It enables us to calculate a ration and cost of keep- 
 ing of idle animals, and to tell the amount which we must 
 feed to secure a profit. There is no greater mistake made by 
 the stock raiser than niggardly feeding. Be he ever so penu- 
 rious in other matters, he should be generous to his fattening 
 animals. His very niggardliness is rank extravagance. A fat- 
 tening animal may be compared to a mill; the more grain he 
 grinds the more toll will the miller get. Every pound of hay, 
 grain or fodder that a fattening steer or pig can be induced 
 
20 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 to eat more than is required to maintain his body in its normal 
 condition is a gain to its owner, if that amount be digested and 
 assimilated. There is a two-fold gain in this increased con- 
 sumption by the animal; it is not only feeding in a manner 
 that will secure absolute and perceptible gain, but it will, by 
 the increased ratio with which the flesh is laid on, shorten the 
 time required to prepare the animal for the market. 
 
 Appetite, Digestion and Assimilation. 
 
 A careful selection of the most palatable foods to be secured 
 and a vigorous condition of health are the prime requisites to a 
 good appetite and a greater consumption of food. The animal 
 should be in prime condition, not only that his fattened carcass 
 may become wholesome food, but that he may be the more 
 profitable as a flesh forming machine. His digestion should 
 keep pace with his appetite, so that assimilation may be carried 
 on more perfectly, and the increased nourishment be secured. 
 
 Appetite. — Appetite may be called the voice of the system 
 calling for the means to sustain it. It is the sensation which 
 the creator has placed in the animal to induce it to seek sus- 
 tenance. The limit of the appetite is the real feeding standard 
 for any fattening animal. The stock feeder may select the 
 finest of the herd, he may provide himself with the most 
 approved ration, and yet, if the animal does not consume more 
 than a maintenance ration, he loses money every day that he 
 feeds him. The results of repeated experiments prove that the 
 growth of an animal is in direct proportion to the amount of 
 digestible food consumed. How necessary then it is that our 
 fattening animals have a good appetite. 
 
 Digestion. — The process of digestion takes place in the ali- 
 mentary canal; it begins in the mouth, and ends in the smaller 
 intestines. The first step is called mastication, or chewing of 
 the food. AVhen it is broken up, the food is more readily acted 
 upon by the juices of the stomach. During the process of mas- 
 tication the food is mixed with saliva, which moistens the food 
 and softens it so that it may be the more easily swallowed and 
 
APPETITE, DIGESTION AND ASSIMILATION. 21 
 
 acted upon in the stomach. The saliva acts powerfully upon the 
 starch in the food, converting it into a sort of glucose, or grape 
 sugar, thus preparing it for easy digestion. In all animals 
 having a simple stomach, the act of mastication is completed at 
 once; but in the case of ruminants, or animals which chew the 
 cud, it is only slightly chewed at first, and then passes into one 
 of the compartments of the stomach. The partly chewed food 
 remains in this large stomach, or paunch, for a time, where it is 
 softened b} r the saliva with which it was mixed in the mouth 
 and by the fluids secreted in the stomach. The part of the feed 
 which becomes dissolved by this process passes directly to the 
 other divisions of the stomach, whilst the undissolved parts are 
 returned, a portion at a time, to the mouth, to be re-chewed 
 and again mixed with the saliva. When swallowed the second 
 time, a part of the food passes through a peculiar opening in 
 the gullet into the first and second divisions of the stomach; 
 but a large portion of it passes on into the third stomach. In 
 this division of the stomach, the food is subjected to a squeez- 
 ing process, which is accomplished by the contraction of the 
 muscles of this organ. This process brings the dissolved con- 
 tents of this apartment in contact with myriads of small capil- 
 laries, which cover the entire inner surface of the third stomach. 
 These little vessels, like tin}^ mouths, suck the nutriment from 
 the food, and convey it almost directly to the blood, by 
 which it is sent on its way to build up the different portions of 
 the body. The whole process of digestion is simply a changing 
 of the solid matters of the food into forms which are soluble 
 in the fluids of the stomach, a condition in which they can be 
 taken up by the circulation. 
 
 Careful experiments have determined that the albuminoids 
 are acted upon principally by the gastric juices in the stomach. 
 Starch is dissolved by the saliva, and the fats by the bile. 
 
 Digestion is both a chemical and physical process, consisting 
 in solution and chemical change of the nutriments contained in 
 the food. The rapidity and completeness of these changes 
 
22 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 depend largely upon the condition both of the animal and of 
 the food itself. 
 
 Assimilation. — Assimilation is the process by which the dis- 
 solved nutritive elements of the food are conveyed to the blood 
 and by it incorporated into the tissues of the body. 
 
 We have seen how the food is dissolved by mastication and 
 the action of the fluids of the mouth, stomach and other organs. 
 As before stated, the inner surface of the entire alimentary 
 canal is supplied with minute vessels which unite with the 
 larger ones and finally carry the nutriment which they have 
 absorbed to the circulation. These small vessels, covering the 
 entire inner surface of the digestive apparatus, suck up the 
 nutritious qualities of the food all along the line, until the use- 
 less part of it passes from the bowels. Thus the albuminoids, 
 carbohydrates and fat of the plants become parts of a living 
 animal. 
 
 We have seen that the body can only be sustained and 
 increased by the nutrients taken into it, and the more careful 
 the selection of feed stuffs, the more economically is this result 
 obtained. A certain portion of the food consumed is required 
 to sustain life and keep the animal where he will neither gain 
 nor lose. This amount, as before stated, is called a mainte- 
 nance ration. Obviously, therefore, a profitable feeding ration 
 must exceed a maintenance ration. The more you can increase 
 the amount of food above the mere point of sustenance, the 
 greater the profit. 
 
 Value of Standard Food. 
 
 The previous portions of this chapter have been devoted to 
 the scientific methods of stock feeding. The table of feed stuffs 
 anyalsis reveals to us the nutritive elements bound up in the 
 vegetable kingdom. The feeding standards state the quantities 
 of these elements which must be contained in a properly com- 
 pounded feed ration, but neither of them inform us as to the 
 manner of increasing the appetite, digestion and assimilation. 
 Throughout every treatise on the feeding of stock to produce 
 flesh is heard the refrain, "Increase the appetite and you increase 
 
VALUE OF STANDARD FOOD. 23 
 
 the profits." Every pound of digestible feed that an animal can 
 be induced to consume beyond a maintenance ration means 
 profit to the owner. An animal, like a machine, must be in 
 good order to produce good results. Right here is where 
 Standard Horse and Cattle Food begins its work. It is the 
 most powerful aid to the appetite, digestion and assimilation 
 available to the stock feeder of the present day. It purifies 
 the blood, builds up and strengthens the system, thus placing it 
 in a condition of thrift — a condition most favorable to the 
 taking on of flesh. 
 
 As has been previously observed, the appetite is the voice 
 of nature calling for food. In fattening animals the great need 
 is to have them vigorous enough to consume more food than is 
 required to sustain the body. It may be increased to any 
 reasonable extent by toning up the entire s}^stem, increasing 
 the capacity for the consumption of food, and comes naturally 
 as a manifestation of the increased demands of a more vigorous 
 body. By a judicious use of Standard Food, the stock feeder 
 can easily improve the appetite of his animals so that their 
 consumption of feed stuffs will be increased fully twenty per- 
 cent, the value of which is easily shown. 
 
 Increased Digestion and Assimilation. 
 
 An important factor in the feeding of stock is a vigorous 
 digestion. We have demonstrated the value of a good appetite, 
 but it is equally important that the animal have a strong diges- 
 tion and a perfect assimilation, for, no matter how much feed 
 an increased appetite may induce an animal to consume, there 
 can be no proportionate gain unless that food is thoroughly di- 
 gested and properly assimilated, and thus made to accomplish 
 the end for which it was intended. Standard Food, by pro- 
 ducing a more abundant secretion of the fluids of the stomach, 
 enables the animal to digest and assimilate the greater amount 
 of feed consumed, thereby securing to the body the full benefits 
 of the increased diet. Standard Food does even more than 
 this: it not only increases the consumption of feed, and stimu- 
 lates digestion in proportion, but it actually enables the system 
 
24 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 to extract an increased amount of nutriment from the whole 
 amount of feed consumed. This it does by inducing the har- 
 monious and increased action of all the forces of the digestive 
 apparatus. 
 
 Of course no practical stock feeder will expect the above re- 
 sults from an occasional feeding of a ration of Standard Food. 
 It must be fed regularly throughout the fattening period. If 
 this be done, the extra nutriment secured from the grain feed 
 and stored up on the ribs of the animal, b}' reason of the in- 
 creased digestion and assimilation, will much more than repay 
 the cost of the Standard Food used, to say nothing of the in- 
 creased appetite or the increased marketable value of the 
 animal. 
 
 Let us see. Take, for instance, three pigs of equal weight 
 and as nearly alike as possible; suppose that, by feeding one 75 
 pounds of corn in thirty days, he neither gains or loses during 
 that time. This would be a life sustaining ration. Feed the 
 next one 100 pounts of corn in the same time; this would 
 leave 25 pounds of corn for the production of flesh, the life 
 sustaining ration being the same in both. This 25 pounds of 
 corn produces, we will say, 20 pounds of flesh. Now, suppose 
 that, by adding Standard Food to the ration of the third pig, 
 we increase his appetite, so that he will consume 125 pounds of 
 corn in the same time. "We would, in this case, have 50 pounds 
 of corn in excess of the life sustaining ration, against 25 
 pounds in the case of the second pig, which, in the same ratio, 
 would give us a gain of forty pounds. The result is plain, 
 and is as follows: 
 
 Amt. available 
 Amt. of Life sustain- for increase Increase in 
 
 corn fed ing ration of flesh weight 
 
 First pig 75 lbs. 75 lbs. 
 
 Second pig- 100 lbs. 75 lbs. 25 lbs. 20 lbs. 
 
 Third pig 125 lbs. 75 lbs. 50 lbs. 40 lbs. 
 
 The 75 pounds of corn fed the first pig is lost; the 100 
 
 pounds for the second pig has produced a gain of 20 pounds of 
 
 flesh, while, in the case of the third pig, the 125 pounds of corn 
 
 fed, which is an increase of 25 per cent, over the second pig, 
 
RATIO OF INCREASE IN WEIGHT. 25 
 
 makes a gain of 40 pounds of flesh, or just double the gain 
 made b}' the second pig. In other words, the extra 25 pounds 
 of corn, aided by the Standard Food, has, in the case of the 
 third pig, produced as much gain as the 100 pounds of corn 
 which was fed to the second pig. 
 
 We have given the above figures to illustrate the most 
 important principle in stock feeding, which is that the more a 
 pig, or any fattening animal, will eat and properly digest and 
 assimilate, the more profitable he will prove. 
 
 Does It Pay? 
 
 It may occur to some careful farmer, who has never fed 
 anything except corn and oats, and says they are good enough 
 for him, to ask the question, " If you make my animals eat 
 more, and I go to the expense of feeding Standard Food 
 besides, where does my profit come in? " The result secured 
 is the only criterion by which the cost can be justly estimated. 
 Some farmers may think that because Standard Food costs 
 more per pound than corn, oats, oil cake, etc., that the}' cannot 
 afford to use it; but the result is lost sight of in their calcula- 
 tion. If the addition of Standard Food to a fattening ration, 
 during a period of sixty or ninety days, will yield a profit on 
 the extra investment of from 100 to 200 per cent., it certainly 
 can be afforded by the most careful and economical stock 
 feeder. Profits even greater than these have been made under 
 our personal observation, as well as by regular consumers of 
 the Food, many of whose reports we have corroborating our 
 experience. 
 
 The following table will simplify the above, and at the 
 same time prove that it pa}'S to feed Standard Food: 
 
 Daily Days Pounds Total Value of Total Net 
 
 ration fed fed gain gain cost profit 
 
 Ten head... 18 lbs. 60 10,800 $43.20 
 
 Ten head ... 25 lbs. 60 15,000 1,800 lbs. $80.00 60.00 $30.00 
 Ten head... 30 lbs. 60 18,000 3,085 lbs. 154.25 87.00 67.25 
 
 In the above table we have assumed that, at the commence- 
 ment of the feeding period, the animals weigh 1,000 pounds 
 
26 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 each, and that 18 pounds of mixed feed, properly proportioned, 
 is a life-sustaining ration, the price of which is estimated at 
 40 cents per 100 pounds; also that the flesh gained is worth 5 
 cents per pound. In feeding the first ten head a maintenance 
 ration, he not only fails to secure a profit, but actually loses 
 $43.20. In feeding the second lot 7 pounds per day in excess 
 of a maintenance ration, a net gain of $30.00 is secured, or 50 
 per cent, profit on his outlay; while in feeding the third lot 2 
 pounds of Standard Food per day, which has increased the 
 appetite so as to consume 12 pounds of feed per day to each 
 animal in excess of the life sustaining ration, he has secured a 
 net gain of $67.25, which is a profit of nearly 80 per cent, on 
 the total outlay, or considerably more than 100 per cent, on 
 the outlay of extra corn and Standard Food over lot number 
 two; in other words, the feeder realizes 85 cents per hundred 
 weight on all the feed fed to lot number three, against 60 cents 
 for that which was fed to lot number two. 
 
 In this calculation we have taken no advantage of the 
 increased digestion and assimilation, or the higher marketable 
 value of the beef from feeding Standard Food, while in reality 
 they are subjects for just as serious consideration. 
 
 The process of fattening stock is an expensive one, therefore 
 the shorter that period can be made the more profit will be 
 realized. The proper use of Standard Food will shorten the 
 fattening period fully 25 percent, and at the same time produce 
 more and better flesh and with less grain. Take, for instance, 
 ten head of steers weighing 1,000 pounds each, and by feeding 
 them in the ordinary way they are able to consume 25 pounds 
 of mixed feed per day for a period of 100 days. In this time 
 they would consume 25,000 pounds of feed, and we will assume 
 that the gain is 3,000 pounds of flesh. Now let us take another 
 ten head of equal weight and condition, and, by feeding a daily 
 ration of Standard Food, they are able to consume 30 pounds of 
 mixed feed per day each, for a period of 75 days, in which time 
 the total consumption is 22,500 pounds, a saving in feed of 
 2,500 pounds over the other lot. Assuming that with both lots 
 
INCREASED MARKET VALUE. 27 
 
 the life sustaining ration is 18 pounds of mixed feed per day, 
 the first lot has 7 pounds for the production of flesh, the lot fed 
 the Standard Food consuming 12 pounds a day each in excess of 
 the life sustaining ration, will make a proportionate gain of 
 over 5 pounds per day, or 3,950 pounds of flesh in 75 days, 
 which is 950 pounds more than is gained by the other lot in 100 
 days; the tabulated result is as follows: 
 
 Amount of 
 
 Daily ration Time fed feed consumed Gain 
 
 Ten head 25 lbs. mixed feed. 100 days. 25,000 lbs. 3,000 
 
 Ten head 30 lbs. mixed f«ed. 75 days. 22,500 lbs. 3,950 
 
 As in our previous calculations, this does not include any 
 advantage from the greater percentage of nutriment secured by 
 the increased assimilation, nor the increased value per pound 
 of the beef in the market, which are of too much importance to 
 be overlooked. 
 
 Increased Market Value. 
 
 The final test of any method adopted in the fattening of 
 stock is the price which the animals will command when placed 
 upon the market. By looking over our market reports almost 
 any day we will observe a difference of from one to two cents 
 per pound in the prices paid. The following is copied from a 
 report of the Chicago market of March 25, 1892, showing the 
 grades offered and prices secured on that date: 
 
 Extra steers, 1,600 lbs at $5.15— $82.40 
 
 Choice steers, 1,400 lbs.. at 4.60— 64.40 
 
 Good steers, 1,300 lbs at 4.00— 52.00 
 
 Fair steers, 1,100 lbs at 3.45— 37.95 
 
 Poor steers, 900 lbs at 3.00— 27.00 
 
 No more convincing argument can be produced than is 
 shown by a comparison of these prices; the difference between 
 the prices paid for the best and poorest grades of these steers is 
 $55.40 per head, an amount equal to more than twice the full 
 value of the inferior animals. This shows the difference between 
 good and shiftless management, and proves that in the feeding 
 of stock the more brains and skill employed in connection with 
 a legitimate outlay the greater will be the returns. What counts 
 
28 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 most on the market is weight and appearance; the glossy coat, 
 the well-rounded flank and the ability to tip the beam at the 
 highest notch, count for everything in the sharp competition of 
 the general markets. Such animals not only command the 
 highest prices, but secure an immediate sale. 
 
 How are these most desirable results to be secured? They 
 are of themselves suggestive of the answer. Proper care and 
 liberal feeding are the essentials. The farmer who will, in con- 
 nection with good care and shelter, feed a regular ration of 
 Standard Food, for the purpose of increasing the appetite, di- 
 gestion and assimilation, and provide a feeding ration which 
 will satisfy the increased appetite, is bound to secure the best 
 results possible to be obtained. 
 
 To show more plainly the difference between ordinary and 
 scientific feeding, let us take, for example, two lots of steers of 
 ten head each. We will presume that one lot have always had 
 good care and shelter, with plenty of wholesome food, and have 
 been kept thrifty by a judicious choice of feed stuffs and an 
 occasional use of Standard Food. When turned out to pasture 
 at three years old, they should weigh one thousand pounds each. 
 The other lot have been compelled to shift for themselves, and, 
 while they have had just as good pasture in the summer time, they 
 have had a straw stack for shelter during the winter; they have 
 been neglected and underfed. A liberal estimate of their 
 weight would be eight hundred pounds each. Give both the 
 run of the pasture from that time until the middle of December, 
 giving the first lot ten pounds of chopped corn per day from 
 the first of September, and giving the second lot nothing ex- 
 cepting what they will pick up. The first lot should weigh, 
 December 15th, twelve hundred pounds each, and the other lot 
 would do well to weigh nine hundred and fifty pounds each- 
 Then put the first lot in the feed yard and provide good sheds; 
 feed them 18 pounds of ground corn, 5 pounds of bran, with 
 10 pounds of clover hay, and 5 pounds of well cured corn fodder 
 per day. In addition to this ration give two pounds of Stand- 
 ard Food per day to the lot. This ration continued until the 
 
DIRECTIONS FOR FEEDING STANDARD FOOD. 29 
 
 first of April should produce a gain of four pounds per day 
 each, or 400 pounds per head during this fattening period of 
 about 100 days, at the end of which time they will weigh, say, 
 1600 pounds each. 
 
 Taking the other lot from the loth of December, we will give 
 them the run of the stalk fields until the first of February, with 
 a daily feed of 25 pounds of corn in the ear. Then put them 
 in the feed yard and give them 20 pounds of shelled corn per 
 day, and what hay they want to eat until April 1st, when they 
 will be better than the average if they weigh 1200 pounds each. 
 Presuming this date to be the period for marketing both lots, 
 the first one would sell readily at five cents per pound, while 
 the other lot are well sold if they go at four cents per 
 pound. The following table shows the result : 
 
 10 head of steers, 1,600 lbs. each, at 5c per lb., $800 00. 
 
 10 " " 1,200 " " 4c " 480 00. 
 
 To pay for extra feed $320 00. 
 
 This will doubtless furnish a pretty good argument in an- 
 swer to the claims of some farmers who say that they cannot 
 afford a liberal grain feed, or to use Standard Food. 
 Directions for Feeding Standard Food to Fattening Stock. 
 
 For cattle during the fattening period, feed one pound of 
 Standard Food to ten head, twice a day, with the grain feed, 
 omitting its use one week in each month after the first month. 
 
 In feeding in stalls this can be attended to with little if any 
 loss of time. If the feeding is done in the yard, it should be 
 given with the grain feed in^tight troughs; in this wa}^ it can 
 be fed with ear corn, or any grain feed, without waste. 
 
 For hogs of average size, feed one pound to twenty head 
 twice a day, increasing the amount in proportion to the size. 
 Its use may be omitted one week in three, after the first month. 
 It can be conveniently mixed with the swill or grain feed. 
 
 For sheep, feed one pound to thirty head once a day, with 
 the grain feed, using the ordinary care, as directed in the feed- 
 ing of other animals, to prevent waste; skipping one week in 
 each month after the first month. 
 
SPECIAL FEEDING FOR MILK. 
 
 It has been clearly demonstrated that we can take an ordi- 
 nary cow of good constitution and form, and greatly improve 
 both the quality and quantity of the milk by a special and reg- 
 ularly conducted system of care and improved feeding. If 
 such a cow does not produce more than three thousand pounds 
 of milk per year, she is, under ordinary circumstances, kept at 
 a loss; but when well fed, and kept in good health and condi- 
 tion, she will yield at least six thousand pounds of good milk 
 per year, and the cost of producing it will be but very little 
 more than the production of three thousand pounds. This 
 clearly demonstrates the economy of liberal feeding, and main- 
 taining good health, as essential elements in increasing the pro- 
 ductiveness of the cow beyond the point at which profit begins. 
 
 To fully understand the advantages to be secured in this 
 direction, it is important to know how milk is formed in the 
 udder of the cow. Although the blood is its primary source, 
 milk is not secreted directly from it, but is formed in the milk 
 glands, from the cells of the gland itself. In fact, milk is noth- 
 ing less than the liquefied organ. The milk gland is composed 
 of a great number of small vesicles; these are made up of the 
 simplest kind of cells lining a structureless membrane; this 
 membrane doubled in folds forms numberless small sacks, all 
 having a common outlet. These vesicles are covered by a 
 very fine network of blood and lymph vessels which nourish 
 them. Now, as milk itself is formed from the melting or 
 liquefying of these small cells within the glandular tissues of 
 the udder, it becomes a positive necessity for the continued 
 flow of milk that new cells be rapidly formed. In cases where 
 insufficient or improper food is supplied, these cells are formed 
 from the reserved flesh of the body, and the animal becomes 
 poor; also where the system is in a depleted condition from 
 poor digestion and assimilation, producing an impoverished 
 
SPECIAL FEEDING FOR MILK. 31 
 
 condition of the blood, the formation of these cells is decreased 
 in a corresponding degree. 
 
 A properly selected ration for cows is just as essential to 
 the economical production of milk as is a properly adjusted 
 portion for fattening animals. Certain kinds of feed stuffs are 
 much more valuable as milk producers than others. Experience 
 has taught that foods rich in protein or albuminous properties 
 are best adapted to the peculiar needs of the milch cow. The 
 following feeding standard is based on numerous experiments 
 in feeding milch cows. 
 
 Feeding standard for milch cows per day and 1,000 pounds 
 live weight: 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Digestible protein 2.5 
 
 Digestible fat 0.4 
 
 Digestible carbohydrates 12 . 5 
 
 Total dry matter 24 
 
 Nutritive ratio 1 :5 . 4 
 
 These quantities are the amounts which the animals would 
 obtain from good pasture. 
 
 Suppose the dairy farmer wishes to feed his cows so as to 
 give each the required amount of the various nutrients required 
 by this table. By reference to the table of analysis of feeding 
 stuffs given in the previous chapter, the amounts of the several 
 nutrients contained in each article of feed which he proposes to 
 use can easily be ascertained. Allowing his cows to weigh 1,000 
 pounds each, and 18 pounds of clover hay as the basis of their 
 daily ration, he finds that, by adding to it 5 pounds of corn 
 meal, 5 pounds of bran, 3 pounds of oat meal and 16 pounds 
 of carrots, he has a full ration, and one in excess of the stand- 
 ard, as is shown by the following table; 
 
32 
 
 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 Eighteen pounds clover hay 
 
 Five pounds corn meal 
 
 Five pounds bran (roller process). 
 
 Three pounds oat meal 
 
 Sixteen pounds carrots , 
 
 Totals 
 
 Amount required by standard, 
 
 i 
 
 
 IV 
 
 a 
 
 
 cS 
 
 >*H 
 
 
 T3 
 
 M 0> 
 
 
 
 xr+* 
 
 a 
 
 JQ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 ej 
 
 H 
 
 fi 
 
 O 
 
 14.66 
 
 1.2 
 
 6.79 
 
 4 
 
 .3 
 
 3.00 
 
 4.12 
 
 .63 
 
 2.20 
 
 2.59 
 
 .29 
 
 1.44 
 
 2.40 
 
 .22 
 
 2.00 
 
 27.77 
 
 2.64 
 
 15.43 
 
 24 
 
 2.50 
 
 12.5 
 
 .2 
 
 .15 
 
 .14 
 
 .11 
 
 .03 
 
 .63 
 .40 
 
 Although this ration is nearly four pounds larger in dry 
 matter than is required by the standard for milch cows, yet the 
 dairy farmer will find that his cows will fully digest and assim- 
 ilate this amount when allowed a regular ration of Standard 
 Food; for it increases the appetite so that this extra amount of 
 food is demanded, all of which goes to the production of milk. 
 This table is given merely to show how a ration may be pre- 
 pared so as to conform, as nearly as practicable, with the 
 amounts required by the feeding standard. An}' articles of feed 
 stuffs adapted to the needs of milch cows may be used, bearing 
 in mind the important object of furnishing such articles as will 
 supply the necessary amounts of the various nutrients. A fuller 
 explanation of how to compound a proper ration will be found 
 in the preceding chapter on flesh producing. The principle in 
 this case is exactly the same. 
 
 Cows should be fed a certain amount of bulky food, in 
 order that the stomach may be distended, a condition necessary 
 to good digestion. 
 
 There must always be a variety of food in the milk ration, 
 and the dairy farmer should stud}' the nature of the feed stuffs 
 he uses that he may produce the best results. The error too 
 frequently committed by dairymen is in supplying a ration 
 from one kind of fodder which can almost always be overcome 
 by a little study of their resources. 
 
 Cows require a very large amount of water while in full 
 
PROFITS IN DAIRY FARMING. 33 
 
 milk. Cows giving twenty pounds of milk per day may be 
 considered to require nearly forty pounds more water than fat- 
 tening cattle of the same weight. As water permeates every 
 portion of the system of the cow, its purity is of the first con- 
 sideration. So important is this, that the rule may be gener- 
 ally applied that no water is fit for a milch cow which is not fit 
 also for man to drink. It should be bountifully supplied 
 both in winter and summer; it should also be of easy access, 
 and so guarded that they may drink unmolested. 
 
 Some of the most successful dairy farmers put a little bran 
 or middlings and salt into the watering troughs to induce cows 
 to drink often. It is an excellent practice, and one which will 
 be repaid for all the extra trouble by the increase in milk. 
 
 In regard to profits in dairy farming, the cow is simply a 
 machine for converting feed into milk to the same extent that 
 an engine is a machine for producing power from fuel. If only 
 enough fuel is supplied to keep the water warm, no power is 
 generated; or, if the machine be defective, valuable power is 
 lost. The boiler must have sufficient fuel to produce extra 
 heat before any power is secured, and the various parts of the 
 machine must be in good order to secure the best possible re- 
 sults. Just so with the milch cow. She must have feed suffi- 
 cient, in quality and quantity, to more than maintain her ex- 
 istence, and her condition must be the best in order to secure 
 the highest degree of her usefulness. In accomplishing this re- 
 sult, the organ of first importance is the stomach. It is here 
 that the first change in this wonderful process commences. The 
 peculiar value of Standard Food in strengthening the diges- 
 tive organs and promoting the general health can not be over 
 estimated by the practical dairy farmer. It will increase the 
 appetite, stimulate the digestion, and produce thorough assim- 
 ilation, thus securing rich, pure blood and vigorous health. 
 
 Standard Food does this by cleansing the stomach of any 
 morbid accumulations which obstruct the action of the diges- 
 tive organs. It then comes in contact with the coating of the 
 stomach, and produces a healthy and copious flow of the gastric 
 
34 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 juice. This fluid, acting directly upon the feed, dissolves and 
 digests it, so that every available portion of the nutriment 
 contained in the feed may be secured and utilized. Under 
 these conditions, the entire body becomes more vigorous, and, 
 by its increased demand for more nourishment, directly and 
 naturally develops an increased appetite. 
 
 Any increase of the appetite, when accompanied by proper 
 digestion and assimilation, is a source of direct profit; for all 
 nutriment contained in the ration which is not consumed in 
 maintaining the normal connition of the animal goes to the 
 production of milk. Standard Food, therefore, not only 
 returns a profit from an increased digestion and assimilation, 
 but also from an increased consumption of feed. 
 
 There is a vast difference in the grades of cows, and in their 
 abilities as producers of milk. This is due to a variety of 
 causes, such as breeding, difference in feeding and general man- 
 agement. In a general way, cows may be divided into three 
 classes with regard to their condition and profitableness — poor, 
 fair and good. 
 
 To the first class belong such cows as are unprofitable as 
 milkers. Usually the digestion is weak, and the assimilation, 
 is imperfect, being hindered by a disordered condition of the 
 digestive organs; poor blood and a depleted condition of the 
 general system are the results. Much of the nourishment con- 
 tained in the feed is lost, and nearly all of the remaining nutri- 
 ment is consumed in maintaining the existence of the animal, 
 so that very little is left for the production of milk. The 
 regular feeding of Standard Food corrects this unprofitable 
 condition. It strengthens the digestive organs, causing a 
 health} flow of gastric juice, so that good digestion and 
 thorough assimilation are secured. These conditions secure 
 good blood, a strong natural appetite and the highest state of 
 health; and the increase in both the quality and quantity of 
 the milk, which is sure to follow, will gradually bring them up 
 to their highest capacity. 
 
 To the second class belong those cows which yield a mod- 
 
HOW TO PRODUCE MORE MILK. 35 
 
 erate amount of milk even under ordinary circumstances. The 
 common manner of feeding and management has failed to 
 develop their full capacity; their digestion, while not poor, has 
 been far from vigorous; they have not gotten all the nutriment 
 out of the feed they have consumed, nor has it been properly 
 assimilated. 
 
 The great mass of our dairy cows are yet of the common or 
 native kind, properly belonging to this class, and are capable of 
 great improvement in ^heir lacteal qualities; much more so than 
 most farmers are aware of.- 
 
 The grade of these cows may be greatly raised, and a large 
 percentage added to their ordinary yield in quality and quantity, 
 and the consequent profit from them, by the use of Standard 
 Food. Its proper use with good feed assists greatly in stimu- 
 lating the digestion, promoting assimilation and increasing the 
 appetite, so that more feed will be eaten, and at the same time 
 more nutriment secured from the full amount consumed. This 
 produces increased activity of the milky glands, by the great 
 abundance of pure blood flowing to them, and, in consequence, 
 a full and profitable yield. 
 
 To the last class belong those cows which are in generally 
 good condition, and without special care or feeding yield a 
 good flow of milk. The number of cows of this class is greatly 
 in the minority, yet the actual value of a regular allowance of 
 Standard Food is equally as profitable with them as with either 
 of the other classes. It is fully adapted to their needs in 
 securing thorough digestion and assimilation and in making 
 rich, pure blood, thus securing increased activity of the milky 
 glands to keep up the normal flow during the whole period of 
 lactation. The period of the greatest productiveness of the 
 cow is usually soon after calving, when the milky glands are 
 most active, after which there is a natural tendency to decrease 
 the amount. In keeping these glands continually active, 
 through the agency of the stomach, in increased digestion and 
 assimilation, and a full supply of rich, pure blood, this flow 
 may be kept up to nearly the amount produced at the com- 
 
36 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 mencement of the milking period. This can be done by a 
 proper daily allowance of Standard Food, with a well-propor- 
 tioned feed ration of sufficient amount to fully supply the 
 demands of the animal. 
 
 Another and very important gain from the use of Standard 
 Food on this class of cows is in increasing the appetite so that 
 the animal is enabled to eat, digest and assimilate a larger 
 amount of feed. This is easily explained. The cow must first 
 be supported before she can produce an J milk whatever. Care- 
 ful experiments in many cases prove that it requires two- thirds 
 of a full ration to keep a cow in fair condition — her food of 
 support. Up to that point there is no profit from the expend- 
 iture. By increasing the ration, say one-third, a certain return 
 in milk is secured, and by making another like increase double 
 the amount of milk is secured. Thus with an increase in the 
 feed of twenty- five percent, a gain of one hundred per cent is 
 secured. 
 
 To put the matter in another light, suppose the dairy farmer 
 is feeding his cows 18 pounds of mixed feed and hay per day, 
 which simply keeps them in condition, but produces no milk. If 
 he increases the ration to 24 pounds per day, which fully sup- 
 plies the appetite and is all they can digest and assimilate, he 
 may secure 14 pounds of milk each per day. By feeding Stand- 
 ard Food it can be safely claimed that the appetite would be 
 increased so that each cow would eat and thoroughly digest 
 and assimilate 30 pounds per day, which would, in the same 
 proportion, increase the milk to 28 pounds per day. In other 
 words, 18 pounds of feed return nothing; 24 pounds of feed 
 return 14 pounds of milk; 30 pounds of feed and 1-6 pound of 
 Standard Food return 28 pounds of milk. This production of 
 milk is based on the claim that from three to four pounds of 
 nutritious feed in excess of the amount required for support 
 will produce six quarts of milk. Thus, it will be seen that 
 Standard Food, in increasing the appetite of milch cows, will 
 add largely to their yield in excess of the additional expend- 
 iture. 
 
OUR GUARANTEE. 37 
 
 A great many good cows are fed beyond their ability to 
 digest and assimilate; as a consequence their systems become 
 clogged and they lose their usefulness as profitable milkers. 
 These are known in many districts as over-mealed or "burnt 
 out" cows. These cows have simply been overworked as milk 
 producers, and the lacteal functions have become actually worn 
 out, so that the nourishment consumed goes to the production 
 of flesh rather than milk. The action of Standard Food is most 
 effective in regulating this derangement. By producing an 
 abundance of rich, pure blood it invigorates and builds up the 
 entire system, and restores every organ to its normal condition 
 and usefulness. Standard Food has been tested in so many 
 cases of this kind that its use is recommended without hesitancy 
 to regulate this condition. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that in using Standard Food 
 nature is assisted in every instance and not forced in any. It 
 supplies the lack of what nature would furnish to the cow in 
 her natural condition. The dairy cow of today is a creature of 
 circumstances, and too many of us fail to realize that constant 
 high feeding on unchanging diet does not always furnish them 
 with all that nature requires. 
 
 Cows in calf may be fed Standard Food with the utmost 
 safety, as it strengthens the generative organs, and, barring 
 accidents, pre vents abortion, and insures easy parturition. 
 
 The dairy farmer should remember that all healthy increase 
 in milk production is gradual; The first effect from the feed- 
 ing of Standard Food is the regulation and improvement of 
 the condition. This often requires considerable time, and no 
 extra flow of milk can be expected until it is accomplished. 
 
 Guarantee. 
 
 In using Standard Horse and Cattle Food according to our 
 directions on milch cows, we guarantee value received in every 
 instance, in the increase of the quantity and quality of the milk 
 and in the general health and condition of the animal. 
 
 Our regular agents, and all parties selling Standard Food, 
 
38 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 are authorized to give this guarantee, which will be honored by 
 this company, in any case where it can be fairly shown that the 
 results secured are not equal to our representations. 
 
 The F. E. Sanborn Company, 
 
 Omaha, Nebraska. 
 How Standard Food Should be Fed. 
 Feed one pound to twelve head twice a day, mixed with 
 the grain feed. Omit its use one week in each month after the 
 first month. The object of allowing this intermission in the 
 use of Standard Food is to furnish that change to the system 
 which is necessary in the feeding of any nourishing substances. 
 One of our directions, which must never be overlooked, is 
 to furnish an abundant supply of pure water, as the larger the 
 production of milk the more water is required. 
 
CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF HORSES. 
 
 Contagious and Blood Diseases. 
 
 Loss From — Preventable — Bleeding — Influenza — Epizootic 
 
 — Catarrh — Pinkeye — Strangles — Distemper — Farcy 
 
 — Glanders — Rheumatism — Humors of the Blood. 
 
 These are among the most important of all the diseases to 
 which horses and, in fact, all farm animals are subject, being 
 the most destructive, and, at the same time, preventable by 
 strict care and a rigid following of the common sense laws of 
 health. 
 
 The experience by which so many of our farmers and stock 
 owners have suffered proves the appalling losses from its devas- 
 tation, and authentic records show that thousands and thous- 
 ands of animals are annually lost from the terrible ravages of 
 these diseases. To detail the losses from them to any extent 
 would be a difficult task. Suffice it to say that in the year 1872, 
 alone, the investments of millions of dollars were swept away 
 in the horses that were attacked in almost every part of the 
 United States, and, from the effects of it, every horse owner 
 dreads the possibility of its return. 
 
 Preventable. — It is proven beyond question, by practical 
 experience, that contagious diseases in animals are preventable 
 with certainty by the proper application of sanitary laws and 
 sensible measures of prevention. 
 
 Clean, airy, wholesome surroundings go a long way toward 
 hindering the progress of disease; and good blood, good diges- 
 tion, strength and vigor of body and of the whole system and 
 its vital organs, assisted by these measures that are all impor- 
 tant, give no chance for disease to secure a foothold; for it has 
 nothing to work upon ; it has nothing to assist it. While an animal 
 is in this virtually perfect physical condition, with the advan- 
 tage of these favorable surroundings, it is next to impossible for 
 
40 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 it to take disease, unless through its germ by direct contact with 
 it, and, even then, it can only be of the mildest type, and, unless 
 of a necessarily fatal character, like glanders, easily handled 
 and easily cured. 
 
 It can be readily seen that the animal system is overcome 
 by any contagious disease in proportion to its debility and its 
 feeble powers of resistance. The system, therefore, which is 
 weak from living in impure air, damp buildings, darkness, on 
 poor or deficient food, foul water, from over work, from long 
 standing or debilitating disease, etc., is more ready to succumb 
 to the attack of contagion than one in the strength of the most 
 vigorous health. Hence it is that all that contributes to robust 
 health contributes to insurance against contagious disease. 
 
 The use of tonics, of health-giving and strengthening food, 
 that build up and fortify the whole system, is based on their 
 tendency to produce a more vigorous health, for they assist, 
 with good hygiene, in warding off infection. What an impor- 
 tant subject, then, for the serious consideration of every stock 
 owner who knows the grave results of neglect to keep the 
 health of his stock in the most vigorous condition. The 
 thorough and systematic use of Standard Horse and Cattle 
 Food has proven that, as a preventive of contagious diseases, 
 it is a success and positive in its results, and that in the hands 
 of any practical horseman it will never fail to give eveiy result 
 that could be expected. 
 
 Bleeding. — This is one of the methods for the treatment of 
 disease that is certainly unwarrantable, and is a practice that 
 should never be resorted to, however much it may be doubted 
 by the adherents of an exploded theory. It is a disgrace to 
 humanity, and an outrage on the privileges of the noble and 
 useful animals on whom we are so much dependent. A moral 
 responsibility rests upon every man to see that their natural 
 claims are respected, and that, when sick or dying, they should 
 be treated with mercy. Medicines and forms of treatment will 
 be presented in these pages that, if followed, will insure greater 
 success in treating these and other diseases, without in any way 
 
CONTAGIOUS AND BLOOD DISEASES. 41 
 
 impairing the powers of the animal's constitution that are all 
 needed to combat with disease. 
 
 Influenza — Epizootic-Catarrh.— This is a disease of an 
 epizootic fever type that is of frequent occurrence, usually in 
 the spring and fall of the year, always accompanied by great 
 weakness or debility. Indeed, it is very rare that we see a cold 
 run its course, as such, without some complication of one kind 
 or another. 
 
 In stables that are badly ventilated, or overcrowded, the 
 malady is apt to make serious havoc, unless prompt meas- 
 ures are adopted to control it. 
 
 Nothing can be definitely stated as to the primary cause of 
 its development, but it can be safely asserted that its further- 
 ance is assisted by impure air, poor and scanty food, debility 
 and general neglect, that any one ought to know are most al- 
 luring to disease, and apt to cause disease by their own influence. 
 
 Symptoms — The disease comes on suddenly with extreme 
 weakness and stupor, succeeded by a chill or shivering, then 
 increased heat, with irritation and fever. There is loss of appe- 
 tite, cough and a discharge of mucus from the nose, watering 
 of the eyes, all followed in a day or two with swelling of the 
 legs, and, in severe cases, of the belly and breast; harsh blowing 
 sounds are heard in the chest, and the membrane of the nose is 
 pink or lead color. The limbs are alternately cold and hot and 
 the hair rough. 
 
 Treatment — Do not carry the mistaken idea that a horse 
 suffering from this disease does not need the best care that can 
 be given. It is not only due him, but is a material saving to the 
 owner; furthermore, without proper care the disease is more than 
 likely to assume a complicated form, when treatment would do 
 but little good; or it may leave him in a condition from which 
 he will be a long time in recovering, or perhaps never will ; so, 
 all around, the best care that can be given is none too good. 
 
 Place the horse in good shelter, where he can get pure air, 
 and cover him according to the condition of the temperature; 
 if the weather is cold, blanket well and bandage the legs. 
 
42 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 If there are symptoms of high fever give him twenty drops 
 of the tincture of aconite root in a little cold water, every four 
 hours, till five doses are given, to reduce the fever. Prepare a 
 light feed of bran mash or soft feed and mix with it two meas- 
 ures of Standard Food, and give three times a day. Place 
 fresh cold water before him and allow him to drink as much as 
 he wants. No other treatment, except the regular use of this 
 Food, and seeing to his general comfort, will then be necessary. 
 Increase the grain feed as his appetite calls for it, and when 
 well improved decrease the Standard Food to one measure at 
 each meal. Do not apply blisters or any such thing to the 
 throat, as is too often done, as they can do no good. 
 
 Nothing will result better than the regular use of the Food, 
 as it will keep the bowels in good order, coax the appetite, and, 
 most of all, keep up the strength of the horse. Be sure the 
 animal is entirely well and in full strength before putting to 
 work again. ' If treated as described, in from six to ten days he 
 will be almost well. 
 
 Thousands of horses have been thus cured with this Food, 
 many of them under our personal notice, and in no case have 
 we ever had it fail to bring the animal out in good condition. 
 From our experience we know that in such cases, when its use 
 is begun at once, and our instructions are followed, it will do 
 just as we claim, which we are willing to guarantee to all 
 horsemen. 
 
 Pinkeye. — This is a name that has, of late years, been 
 applied very generally to a peculiar form of disease, of epizootic 
 nature, among horses. It is quite prevalent during the spring 
 and fall seasons, attacking nearly all the horses in a community 
 with greater or less severity, seemingly from one common 
 cause. 
 
 Symptoms — Are very much the same as those of influenza 
 just described, except that the breathing and respiratory organs 
 are seldom affected. There is dullness and stupor, with loss of 
 appetite; the coat is rough and staring and there is some cough, 
 
PINKEYE, STRANGLES, DISTEMPER. 43 
 
 with discharge from the nose. The' ej^es are watery and have a 
 peculiar pink color. 
 
 Treatment — Provide sufficient shelter and covering to keep 
 the horse warm, and see that he gets pure air and all the fresh 
 cold water he wants to drink, offered to him every three or four 
 hours. Give Standard Food regularly, as directed for influenza, 
 mixed with light feeds of bran mash, or soft feed, three times 
 a day, and in a week he will be all right again. 
 
 Strangles — Distemper. — A specific fever of young horses^ 
 usually accompanied with swellings and formation of matter 
 between the bones of the lower jaw, though often seen on the 
 sides of the face and elsewhere. It is caused by change from 
 field to stable, from idleness to hard work, and change of loca- 
 tion and climate. We are also informed that it is caused by a 
 specific poison in the blood that but few horses escape. Expos- 
 ure to cold and wet, and to impure air, contribute to hasten its 
 development, while contagion is a common cause. 
 
 Symptoms — The disease is often preceded by a period of 
 unthriftiness, staring coat and loss of condition. This will be 
 followed by a cough, watery flow from nose and eyes, quickened 
 breathing and pulse, costiveness, scanty and high colored urine, 
 fever and thirst; then a swelling appears, usually between the 
 bones of the lower jaw, that is hot and tender to the touch. 
 Water is often returned from the nose in drinking and food 
 dropped after chewing. 
 
 Treatment — Sustain the strength of the horse by an abund- 
 ance of soft, nourishing food and pure air. Give twenty drops 
 of the tincture of aconite root every four hours, in a little cold 
 water, till five doses are given. Use Standard Food as directed 
 for influenza, and the disease will very likely be over in ten 
 days. The secret in treating this disease, the same as others 
 of similar nature, is to keep up the strength and appetite of the 
 horse Therefore any extras that can be furnished, in the way 
 of bran mashes, boiled oats, or other tempting food, or even 
 hay tea or gruel in extreme debility, is of great benefit. Hence, 
 
44 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 it is easily seen in this connection the assistance which is ren- 
 dered by the use of Standard Food. 
 
 If the swelling between the jaws is bad, it is a good plan to 
 poultice it with flax-seed meal, by means of a square piece of 
 cloth, with holes for the ears and eyes, tied down the middle of 
 the face, which will hold the poultice in place. Steaming the 
 nostrils is also good, and may be done by feeding hot bran 
 mashes from a nose bag hung on the head. 
 
 The bowels will be kept in good order and the blood active 
 by feeding Standard Food, thus avoiding any complications 
 of the disease; and, if the animal has otherwise general good 
 care, its full recovery in a short time is assured. 
 
 Farcy. — Most authors who are recognized as authority 
 state distinctly that farcy is a variety of glanders, but in our 
 experience with this disease we are obliged to recognize the 
 sound arguments and principles of Dr. McClure, that farcy is a 
 disease of scrofulous nature and is produced by a fermentation 
 of the blood. For instance, if the liver, kidneys and bowels of 
 a horse are not performing their proper functions, the worn out 
 or effete matter is not carried from the blood or body through 
 the usual channels. This effete matter decays and becomes an 
 active ferment in the blood and fluids of the body. 
 
 Symptoms — The coat is rough; one leg, usually the fore leg, 
 will swell to a very large size, hot and painful, and in a day or 
 two it will break out in small, running ulcers, discharging a 
 water}?" fluid, though frequently thick and of a resinous color. 
 Soft, puffy swellings are usually seen about the mouth, lips and, 
 indeed, on many parts of the body. After a few weeks the 
 condition of the animal becomes much changed for the worse; 
 the blood becomes so deteriorated that the animal's vitality is 
 soon exhausted. Overcrowding, with little or no ventilation, 
 and debility, from neglected or long-standing diseases, are com- 
 mon causes. It is also produced by inoculation from the virus 
 of glandered or farcied horses. 
 
 Treatment — Having explained the cause and nature of the 
 disease, the kind of treatment is plain. Destroy the ferment 
 
FARCY, GLANDERS. 45 
 
 and purify the blood to stop the effect. Give a tablespoonful 
 of sulphite of soda at a dose, twice a day, for about ten days, 
 then three times a week thereafter, for a few weeks; this will 
 destroy the fermentation. While the blood is thus being regu- 
 lated, it will be necessary to add to it, also, and in every way 
 assist the powers of the constitution to overcome the disease. 
 Feed two measures of Standard Food three times a day in 
 good rich feed; for this purpose nothing can be better, for by 
 this means the power and strength of the body is kept up as 
 well, and a cure can be depended on with more certainty. 
 Remove the horse, with all his blankets and articles used in 
 feeding, etc., to a comfortable place and remote from well 
 animals, as this is considered one of the contagious diseases 
 of the horse. 
 
 Glanders. — This is essentially a disease of an ulcerative 
 character. Horses affected with chronic glanders will live and 
 work for years, but the disease during this time is as contagious 
 to other horses, as well as to man, as though existing in the 
 most aggravated form. The causes of this disease are many, 
 among which are starvation, filth, neglect and debilitating dis- 
 eases, as strangles, epizootic catarrh, lung fever, or indeed any 
 disease that is neglected or capable of forming pus. 
 
 Symptoms — Languor, dry staring coat, impaired appetite, 
 quick pulse and breathing, ulceration of the lining membrane 
 of the nose, accompanied by a discharge of pus of a greenish 
 color that dries rapidly when spread over the nostrils, and 
 which sinks when placed in water. Soon the nasal flow becomes 
 yellow and sticky and upon the mucous membrane may be seen 
 deep ulcers of irregular form, with little or no tendency to heal. 
 There is one symptom that nearly always accompanies this dis- 
 ease and that is the enlargement of the gland under the jaw. 
 Another frequent symptom is the painful dropsical swelling of 
 the limbs and joints. A rational understanding of the nature 
 of this disease explains the reason why a cold in horses ter- 
 minates in glanders; it is the absorption of the pus. 
 
 Treatment — It is very evident, from the results that have 
 
46 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 been produced in the various forms of treatment, that there is 
 no specific known for the treatment of this disease. In fact, 
 most of our educated veterinarians contend that it is incurable. 
 Therefore it is very probable that the best and most humane 
 course to be pursued is to destroy the animal as soon as the 
 disease is manifested and bur}' it deeply in the earth. 
 
 Prevention — When the causes of this disease, which pro- 
 duces such frightful havoc, are taken into consideration, it is 
 right and sensible to assert that much may be done in the way 
 of prevention; for it is highly probable that more than one- 
 half of the cases of glanders, from year to year, are produced 
 by allowing the simpler forms of disease to take their own 
 course. Coughs and colds are neglected, distempers are left to 
 cure themselves, and other diseases, that affect the blood and 
 vital powers, are left to be their own doctors, and a disease that 
 is incurable, and upon which it has been found necessary to 
 legislate, is the result. Is this right? It is evident that 
 the punishment inflicted by the unerring law of nature proves 
 that it is not. An empt}^ granary or a depleted pocket-book 
 offers no excuse for the neglect of stock, even in the simplest 
 afflictions, and the natural law demanding their comfort and 
 relief no man has any moral right to evade. 
 
 Rheumatism — In the acute form of this disease there is 
 extreme pain in the legs and joints, accompanied by fever, irri- 
 tation and excitement, and, on account of the severe 
 pain the horse seems to dread to move from one position 
 to another. He sweats profusely, but has no fever in the feet, 
 by the absence of which it can be distinguished from founder. 
 An observance of this may be of assistance in forming a cor- 
 rect opinion of the case. 
 
 One of the most frequent causes is from placing horses, 
 heated from exertion, where they are exposed to a draught of 
 cold air and suddenly checking the perspiration. The secretion 
 is absorbed by the blood and acts as a poison, producing 
 inflammation. 
 
 Treatment — Put the horse in a comfortable, airy place, 
 
RHEUMATISM, HUMORS OF THE BLOOD. 47 
 
 with plenty of bedding under him, to induce him to lie down. 
 Give twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite root every 
 four hours, till six doses are given. See that the animal is 
 comfortably blanketed and give general good care. Giv« well 
 prepared rations of soft feed and oats, containing one to two 
 measures of Standard Food, morning, noon and night. This 
 will be of great benefit in regulating the condition of the 
 blood. By the time the six doses of aconite have been given, 
 the fever will have been greatly reduced and the general con- 
 dition much changed for the better; but the use of the Food 
 should be continued for several weeks until the blood is thor- 
 oughly regulated. 
 
 Chronic Rheumatism — This is usually the sequel of the 
 acute form of this disease, but unlike it, is relieved by 
 counter irritation and exercise. There is no doubt but many 
 of the cases of hidden lameness in horses are caused by chronic 
 rheumatism. 
 
 Treatment — Give five twenty-drop doses of the tincture of 
 aconite root four hours apart; also give thirty-drop doses of 
 the powdered meadow saffron seeds twice in the day. In the 
 place of this, a few doses of nitrate of potash may be given in 
 the water, so divided that one ounce will be given in a day. 
 Standard Stock Liniment, applied twice a day, will relieve the 
 pain and soreness in the limbs, and is the best external remedy 
 that we have ever used. Use the Standard Food regularly, as 
 directed for the acute form, to regulate the blood, bowels and 
 appetite. Feed generously and give general good care. 
 
 Humors of the Blood — An impure and disordered condi- 
 tion of the blood, that affects the general health, is very much 
 more frequent among horses than is generally supposed. In- 
 deed, most owners may believe that the blood of their horses is 
 in good condition until their attention is called to it, perhaps, 
 by eruptions of the skin, sores, a bad coat, or other s}'mptoms 
 equally as convincing. And it is not to be wondered at; for, 
 with tne changes of climate, exposure to heat and cold, hard 
 labor, high feeding on corn, with little change, and oftentimes 
 
48 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 neglect, it is enough to not only pollute the condition of the 
 blood, but to wear out a machine made of steel, of equal, or 
 even greater, powers. 
 
 Stand a tired horse, wet with perspiration, where a draught 
 of cold air will reach him, feed him on corn, all that his natur- 
 ally strong digestive organs can assimilate, to give him bodily 
 strength for hard labor; then subject him, in the collar, to a 
 scorching sun, and very soon again to a cold winter's wind and 
 storms, and what is the result? If nothing else, then certainly 
 a disordered and impure condition of the blood. Therefore, 
 something is needed occasionally to strengthen and purify and 
 regulate it, to expel the accumulated impurities that have been 
 absorbed. In our experience of many years in the practical 
 care and treatment of horses, we have found nothing so practi- 
 cal, economical, or so highly satisfactory, as Standard Food, and 
 for this use its value is praised by many beside ourselves. 
 
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS, 
 
 Prevalence — Treatment — Cold — Coughs — Sore Throat — 
 Bronchitis — N as al Gleet — Heaves — Pleurisy — Con- 
 gestion of the Lungs — Pneumonia — Lung Fever. 
 
 In almost all domestic animals, these are of first importance, 
 on account of their frequency and the serious consequences they 
 entail. In young horses, especially, they are very common, and 
 probably more destructive than any other class of disease. They 
 may be safely classed as one of the evils of domestication. 
 
 Frequently the assertion is heard, coming from some horse- 
 man, who is generally credited with dispensing broad gauge 
 ideas, that if his horses take cold and have a fever, or even are 
 more seriously afflicted, that he does nothing for them, for they 
 will get well as quickly without his assistance as though he 
 were all the time poking medicine down them. In some cases 
 this may be so, particularly if the right treatment is not used; 
 but he does not realize that he has taken the horse out of his 
 natural position, and subjected him to a form of usage and mode 
 of life that is contrary to his nature, and which very things 
 have produced disease that he leaves to true nature to cure. 
 Were it not for the natural power of self-restoration that is 
 possessed by all animal creation, such a man would recognize 
 the teachings of dear experience. We will agree with him that 
 strong medicines have done more harm than good, and are 
 seldom needed; but he must agree with us, even though a 
 portion of his experience, under the most favorable circum- 
 stances, may give him some right to his claim, that, in the care 
 of his stock when they do get sick, because the law of nature has 
 been violated by him, they need such relief and medical care 
 from him to overcome disease as will compensate for their 
 deprivation of the great assistance of nature; not to force but 
 to assist in their restoration to health. 
 
 3 49 
 
50 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 Cold. — No disease is more common among young horses; 
 but, unfortunately, it rarely runs its course as such. 
 
 Symptoms — A slight cough, fever, and more or less discharge 
 from one or both nostrils, thin and watery or, perhaps, a thick 
 pus. The lining membrane of the nose is red and inflamed. 
 Cold sometimes extends into the throat and lungs; when it 
 spreads to the chest it is called bronchitis. 
 
 Treatment — Keep the appetite good and the bowels in 
 good order by feeding one to two measures of Standard Food 
 at each meal. Give nutritious feed in generous quantities, 
 but not enough to bring on indigestion. Keep the horse com- 
 fortable and in a warm, airy place. Continue the use of the 
 Food until entirely well, and this will be found a simple and 
 successful plan of treating common cold. 
 
 Coughs. — A symptom of disease of the respiratory organs, 
 as tubercles of the lungs, thickening of the lining membrane of 
 the windpipe and enlargement of the glands of the neck. It 
 also occurs from a diseased condition of the liver or from indi- 
 gestion. Coughs that are of long standing are, in many cases, 
 almost incurable, but more recent cases can usually be treated 
 with good success. 
 
 Treatment — The best that we have found in years of expe- 
 rience is the regular use of Standard Food, fed with the grain, 
 one to two measures at each feed. It will help the worst cases, 
 and, if not of a nature caused from enlargement of the glands, 
 it can be relied upon to cure. In severe cases, drop a little 
 oil of tar — half a teaspoonful — on the tongue every day, then 
 give some grain so it will be swallowed. Another good thing 
 is to sprinkle a handful of unground flax-seed in the feed every 
 night. Feed generously and give occasional drinks of flax- 
 seed tea. 
 
 Sore Throat — Symptoms — The nose is raised, the head being 
 carried stiffly and more in a line with the neck than usual. 
 There is swelling of the throat, and usually a cough and dis_ 
 charge from the nose. In chronic sore throat, there may 
 appear to be general good health, but a cough comes on in par- 
 
COUGHS, SORE THROAT, BRONCHITIS. 51 
 
 oxysms when the horse comes into the cold air, drinks cold 
 water, eats dry oats or musty hay, or is subjected to violent 
 exertion. 
 
 Treatment — Rest in a clean, dry, airy stable. Clothe com- 
 fortably and flannel bandage the legs. Tie a rug or blanket 
 closely around the neck and steam the nostrils as for strangles. 
 If the fever is high, give twenty drops of the tincture of aco- 
 nite root, and repeat twice, four hours apart. Feed the Stand- 
 ard Food as directed for influenza and give general good care. 
 The horse may be given drinks of flax seed tea twice a day 
 with the best results. 
 
 Bronchitis — This is a very common disease among horses, 
 and is confounded by many horse doctors with inflammation of 
 the lungs, distempers and colds, from which it is distinguisha- 
 ble in various ways. 
 
 Symptoms — A chill, fever, harsh cough, which in a short 
 time becomes soft and rattling; loss of appetite, heaving of the 
 flanks, mouth hot and dry and a discharge from the nose. 
 
 Treatment — The first steps should be to make the horse 
 comfortable, and reduce the fever. Give fifteen to twenty 
 drops of the tincture of aconite root every four hours, till six 
 doses are given. Give plenty of cold water to drink, and 
 occasionally a little flax seed tea or gruel. Give bran mash or 
 boiled oats in small feeds and mix well with them one to two 
 measures of Standard Horse and Cattle Food. This will gently 
 relax the bowels and cool the stomach, also prevent debility 
 and depression. Continue its use and give special care until 
 entirely well. In the chronic form of this disease, Standard 
 Food will be found equally valuable. In connection with its 
 use the following ointment may be applied, well rubbed in, 
 down the course of the windpipe, once a week: Lard, one 
 ounce; red iodide of mercury, one drachm; mix. This will cause 
 whatever thickening there may be to be absorbed. Lard or oil 
 may be applied once a day where the ointment was applied, to 
 keep the skin from cracking. 
 
52 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 Nasal Gleet — This is a result, usually, of catarrh and cold 
 in old and debilitated horses, and is shown by a thin, watery 
 discharge from the nose. The case may be classed as one of 
 simple gleet, if there are no ulcers on the lining membrane of 
 the nose, or no enlargement of the gland under the jaw and can 
 readily be cured by care and good treatment. 
 
 Treatment — See that the horse is well sheltered and allow 
 a term of good feeding. Mix one measure of Standard Food 
 with the feed at each meal This will give the horse strength 
 and vitality, and that is what is needed to cure the disease. 
 Continue the use of the Food until the horse is entirely well. 
 
 Heaves. — This is a disease that is much the same as asthma 
 and may be defined as a difficulty in breathing. Some horses 
 are so seriously affected with this disease as to be made almost 
 unfit for use. In others it is so slight that it can only be 
 observed by a peculiar hitch or double beat of the flank, differ- 
 ent from any other form of breathing. It is caused by over- 
 feeding on clover hay, chaff, cut straw or any bulky and innu- 
 tritious food. 
 
 Treatment — Give five grain doses of arsenic once a day, for 
 two weeks, then skip a week and commence as before. This 
 will cure many cases. Use but little hay or any feed of large 
 bulk. Improve the general condition of the horse as much as 
 possible. This can be done by the regular use of Standard 
 Food, three measures a day with the grain feed; besides, it is 
 exceedingly good of itself in allaying the disease. A teaspoon- 
 ful of oil of tar may be given every day, by placing it on the 
 tongue, with excellent results. 
 
 The following is a good receipt for h ves and has produced 
 remarkable results in many cases: 
 
 2 ounces powdered lobelia seed 
 
 4 ounces linseed meal. 
 
 \ ounce black antimony. 
 
 Mix: divide into twelve doses, and give one night and 
 morning. When used up wait a week and repeat. 
 
PLEURISY, PNEUMONIA. 53 
 
 Pleurisy. — Inflammation of the membrane covering the lungs 
 and lining the cavity of the chest. 
 
 Symptoms — The breathing is deep; not so short and quick 
 as in inflammation of the lungs; there is a chill succeeded by 
 fever; there is a disinclination to turn short. Usually the pain 
 will subside in twenty-four hours after the attack, and the 
 horse will appear better. 
 
 Treatment — Treat the horse as for inflammation of the lungs, 
 by giving him pure air, cold water and aconite. This is to be 
 given in twenty-drop doses, four hours apart, till six doses have 
 been given. 
 
 To remove the fluids from the body after the disease has 
 passed its active form, allow good feeding and a generous diet. 
 In this connection Standard Food is always of great value. 
 
 Congestion of the Lungs. — Symptoms — The horse blows; 
 he is heaving at the flanks, with the nostrils dilated, and, in a 
 general way, shows symptoms of distress, and is very stupid. 
 
 Treatment — Clothe the body and bandage the legs. Allow 
 plenty of fresh air and give the following mixture: sweet 
 spirits of nitre, half an ounce; powdered carbonate of ammonia, 
 half an ounce. Mix in a small quantity of gruel in the form of a 
 drink. 
 
 An excellent form of treatment, when it can be had, is to 
 wrap the entire body in rugs, wrung out of hot water, and cov- 
 ered thickly with dry ones, the limbs being actively rubbed at 
 the same time. 
 
 Pneumonia — Lung Fever. — This is an inflammation of the 
 substance of the lungs, and is sometimes very common in the 
 spring after a hard winter. 
 
 So far as the direct or indirect causes of this disease are con- 
 cerned, we may safely infer that crowding, and a bad system of 
 ventilation include them all; yet, it is often caused in horses 
 by hard and laborious work, or from a long drive facing a cold 
 wind after being taken from a warm stable. 
 
 Symptoms — A chill, followed by a fever that is high for a 
 time, and is succeeded by cold legs and ears, quickened breath- 
 
54 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 ing and pulse and dilated nostrils. The muscles of the side and 
 breast will be seen to quiver in inflammation of the lungs, and 
 will seldom deceive. The animal will eat nothing, and persis- 
 tently stands with his nose in the manger, and, if taken out of 
 the stall into the open air, a relief is secured from the fresh air 
 so that he will almost refuse to go back into the stable again. 
 This shows the necessity of pure air in all lung diseases. 
 
 Treatment — Place the horse in a light and airy place that 
 is comfortable, and clothe according to the weather. Bandage 
 the legs well to keep them warm. Aconite, judiciously given, 
 is a great remedy in treating this disease. It should be given 
 in twenty- five drop doses in a little water, four hours apart, till 
 six doses have been given. Allow the horse to have plenty of 
 cold water to drink. He should have one ounce of chlorate of 
 potash every twelve hours until signs of improvement are 
 shown, when it may be discontinued. This may be given in a 
 few quarts of linseed tea. Give nourishing food and mix with 
 each feed two measures of Standard Food. This will keep up 
 the strength and appetite of the horse. Continue feeding in 
 this amount until the animal is well improved, then feed one 
 measure at each feed until entirely well. 
 
 We would caution our readers not to place too much reli- 
 ance in strong medicines for the cure of disease. The physi- 
 cian does much good when he practices rationally; recognizes 
 himself as the servant of nature; does her bidding and does no 
 harm in the use of poisons and meddlesome medication. In 
 the treatment of most forms of curable disease, what is needed 
 is great patience, faith in nature, and a strong reliance in such 
 remedial agents as will assist nature to restore health, not to 
 force it. Hence the value, in working according to the require- 
 ments of nature — to assist and not to force — of Standard Horse 
 and Cattle Food. 
 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 
 
 The Results of Bad Feeding — Diet — Loss of Appetite — 
 
 Indigestion — Constipation — Laxatives — Diarrhcea — 
 
 Hide- Bound — Debility — Dropsy — Worms — Bots 
 
 — Colic — Inflammation of the Bowels — 
 
 Diseases of the Liver — Lampas. 
 
 It is probably the experience of most farmers and stock 
 owners that a great proportion of the diseases occurring among 
 live stock are produced, either directly or indirectly, by errors 
 in diet, or general care, that bring on a disordered and diseased 
 condition of the organs of digestion. Such a fact is admitted 
 by veterinarians, indeed to a greater extent than is generally 
 conceded by those who have not made the subject a particular 
 study. 
 
 More horses may be seen in a broken down condition from 
 the effects of this class of disease than any other. They are so 
 poor that their hide seems only to cover a lot of bones; they 
 have no life, no vitality or ambition, and are sorry specimens 
 indeed by the side of the well groomed, well fed animals that 
 are not the subjects of the kind of care that forces sucn condi- 
 tions. And the shame is in the fact that such a condition is 
 avoidable by proper care and attention in the feed of the 
 animals, and in their natural wants in sickness or in health. 
 
 Diet — No single article of diet, let it be ever so rich in the 
 elements that form tissues and support life, can be used for any 
 length of time with success. The natural desire in ourselves 
 for something else, after being confined to any particular article 
 of diet, proves to us that in order to be successful in preserving 
 the health of our live stock we must vary the diet. The 
 stomach must be made to labor hard at times, or its functions 
 will deteriorate. It must be made to work for a living once in 
 a while. Labor operates on the stomach in the same manner 
 
56 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 that it does on the brain and muscle — increases their capacity. 
 We may, therefore, distend the horse's stomach at times and not 
 continually burden it with meal, chopped feed and concentrated 
 food. 
 
 It must be borne in mind, too, that the various functions of 
 the body need rest; for, should a horse be permitted to stand 
 up to a full crib for hours at a time, disease of one kind or another 
 is sure to occur. On the other hand, let him be deprived of 
 what is actually necessary to keep up the strength and vitality, 
 and he soon becomes poor and debilitated, and an excellent 
 subject for disease. As a matter of fact, the art of feeding, of 
 choosing diet and allowing it judiciously, to secure the best 
 results, may be brought down to a point of great nicety. 
 
 Loss of Appetite. — This is more of a symptom than a 
 disease, and is due to some derangement of the system. In 
 cold, influenza and fever, the appetite is bad and with their 
 removal it will be restored. When it is caused by a disordered 
 digestion, what is needed is good care and good feed. The use 
 of Standard Food, three measures a day, will regulate the diges- 
 tive organs to a nicety, and bring the horse to his feed again in 
 a very few days, so that he will not only relish it, but it will be 
 thoroughly assimilated. 
 
 Indigestion. — From various causes the horse is liable to this 
 condition, which not only proves very inconvenient, but 
 after existing some time usually leads to the establishment of 
 incurable diseases. It is frequently caused in old horses by 
 diseased teeth; but outside of this cause, in horses of any age, 
 it may be laid to improper or irregular feeding, or to the prac- 
 tice which some persons ignorantly follow of constantly dosing 
 the horse with mineral condition powders, poisons and all such 
 remedies. 
 
 Symptoms — The condition is at first shown by an uncertain 
 and irregular appetite, and, as the disease advances, good food 
 is refused and the horse seems to have a desire to eat his bed- 
 ding and rubbish generally; he licks the walls, etc., and seems 
 to have a great desire for filthy water. There is a general want 
 
INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION. 57 
 
 of condition; the skin is tight, and the bowels are irregular. 
 Many more horses are troubled with indigestion than is gen- 
 erally supposed, and particularly in cities where they are stall 
 fed continually. 
 
 Treatment — If the teeth are affected, secure the services of 
 a competent veterinary dentist to look after them at once; and, 
 if they are in good condition to properly masticate the food, 
 good care and good feed with grooming and the regular use of 
 Standard Food will effect a complete cure. The Food should 
 be used one to two measures at each feed, according to the 
 condition of the horse, and roots, vegetables and even fruits 
 should be provided, while a moderate amount of daily exercise 
 is highly necessary. 
 
 Standard Food has been used in innumerable cases of 
 this kind, all degrees of severity of which are seen in different 
 horses, and its results have actually been wonderful. 
 
 Constipation — Inaction of the bowels, caused by natural 
 torpidity or want of activity, debility or weakness, serious and 
 latent diseases, etc. In those animals naturally prone to con- 
 stipation, nothing is required beyond an occasional bran mash, 
 the use of linseed or a mild laxative only, and as long as 
 bodily health is maintained, all remedies of a strong medicinal 
 character are not recommended. When debility or disease is 
 the cause, Standard Food, fed in the proper amounts to act as 
 a mild laxative, will produce every result that will be required, 
 As a symptom of other diseases constipation must be dealt with 
 accordingly. 
 
 Laxatives — In many cases, and especially in those with 
 marked constipation or bowels loaded with indigestible mate- 
 rial, a laxative is beneficial. For the horse, aloes in three to 
 five drachm doses, or, often better, sulphate of soda in one to 
 one and one-half pound doses, will usually remove an irritant, 
 cool the general system and produce speedy relief. Where a 
 mild laxative is needed to cleanse the system, Standard Food 
 fed liberally is, without doubt, the most satisfactory of any- 
 thing that can be used. 
 
58 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 Diarrhoea — This is nature's plan for ridding the bowels of 
 any irritant or obnoxious substance, and consists of a looseness 
 or increased action of the bowels. It is, therefore, not an inde- 
 pendent disease, but a sympton of some derangement. When 
 this condition is present, and no pain, griping or pawing, as in 
 colic, it needs no special treatment, more than general good 
 care and good diet. Continued diarrhoea, however, needs atten- 
 tion, as it shows that the irritation that has produced it does 
 not pass away. 
 
 Treatment — -Give twenty drops of the tincture of aconite 
 root in a little cold water; then give the following powder 
 every two hours until the animal is better: Prepared chalk, 
 half an ounce; catechu in powder, one drachm; opium in pow- 
 der, ten grains. Allow plenty of cold water to drink as it will 
 help to allay irritation. Bran mashes should be given for a. 
 few days to overcome the effects of the binding medicine. The 
 Standard Food will be an excellent assistant in this particular; 
 in fact, there is no stage of diarrhoea in which it cannot be 
 used to the best advantage. 
 
 Hide-bound. — This is a condition that is produced by 
 debility, indigestion or a general " out of sorts." It is not a 
 disease, but is the result of derangement, brought on generally 
 by poor feed, overwork and lack of proper care. 
 
 Treatment — Give the horse a good variety of grain feed in 
 generous quantities, and cut hay daily, wet with salt water. 
 Frequent feeds of bran are good on account of its bulk. Give 
 Standard Food at each meal, one to two measures, according to 
 condition, mixed with the grain. If the horse is cared for in 
 this way, we will guarantee that he will regain his good con- 
 dition in a very few weeks. 
 
 Debility. — This is a condition that is in too many cases the 
 result of ignorance and neglect, and accompanies many diseases. 
 On this account it is very essential to discountenance any form 
 of treatment, even in diseases of an exalted character, that will 
 reduce the strength. The animal thus affected becomes weak 
 and debilitated, giving an access so free to disease that the 
 
DEBILITY, DROPSY, WORMS. 59 
 
 system in its weakness is unable to rally its strength and fatal 
 results often follow. 
 
 The majority of cases arise from neglect and poor treatment 
 in sickness, such as purging and the inhuman practice of bleed- 
 ing. The want of knowledge, or the lack of care on these points, 
 has killed more horses and made more crow-baits than anyone 
 could be made to believe. Valuable horses have been neglected 
 and maltreated either by the hand of a careless owner or in the 
 care of some horse doctor, whose ignorance, or bad judgment, is 
 no excuse for him, until this shameful condition has been the 
 result, that has either terminated in the animal's death, or left 
 him an actual disgrace to his owner. For such results are surely- 
 avoidable with good care and proper treatment. Remedies that 
 may seem simple in themselves, but if they perform that essential 
 task — maintain the strength and work in unison with nature — 
 are all that are needed. 
 
 Symptoms — The horse is very weak and sometimes staggers 
 as he walks. There is disturbed breathing and many other indi_ 
 cations, to a general observer, that show weakness and deple- 
 tion of the whole system. Of course there is almost every stage 
 of this condition, from the horse that has lost but little of his 
 strength and vitality to the one that is so weak and debilitated 
 that he can scarcety walk. 
 
 Treatment — Give plenty of good feed and the best of care 
 to the maltreated beast, and allow him every comfort that his 
 condition demands. Feed Standard Food regularly, one to two 
 measures at each meal, according to the animal's condition. 
 This will give him strength and appetite, regulate the digestion 
 and make good blood, and that is what is needed. Continue 
 this treatment until the horse has been restored to good con- 
 dition, and see that he is strong and well before putting to 
 work again. 
 
 In cases of this kind the value of Standard Food cannot be 
 too highly estimated. The results are always of the best and 
 have been praised in cases innumerable, while it has saved the 
 life of many a valuable animal. 
 
60 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 Dropsy. — This is rather the result of disease than the disease 
 itself, and means an unnatural accumulation of water in the 
 cavities of the chest, belly, breast and tissues of the legs. It 
 depends generally upon a debilitated condition, the result of 
 other weakening diseases and starvation, or is the result of 
 bleeding, blistering and physicing. 
 
 Treatment — Eest and blood-making food are demanded. 
 Feed corn-meal mixed with bran and cut hay, give frequent 
 feeds of steamed oats mixed with bran. In fact, tempt the 
 appetite with whatever nourishing food the animal will eat. 
 Give the following medicine three times a day, mixed in the 
 feed: Powdered sulphate of iron, one drachm; Spanish fly, two 
 grains. Feed the Standard Food regularly, beginning with one 
 measure at each meal, and as soon as the appetite has increased, 
 double the amount. 
 
 Water in the chest is removed by introducing an instrument 
 called a trocar, but when an operation of this kind has to be 
 performed, unless the attendant has some knowledge of it, it is 
 necessary to seek the services of a veterinarian. 
 
 Worms. — There are various forms of parasites that infest the 
 alimentary canal of the horse; but really, they are not as injur- 
 ious at all times as some writers claim them to be. They are 
 rarely, if ever, found in the intestines of healthy animals, and 
 their presence is generally due to a deranged condition of the 
 digestive organs. 
 
 Among the different forms may be mentioned the thread 
 worm, which inhabits the rectum; the long thread worm, which 
 is found in the large intestine; the roundworm, which is usually 
 found in the small intestine, and the tape worm which also 
 affects the same part. 
 
 General Symptoms — These are shown when worms are 
 present in large numbers, when they attach themselves to the 
 mucous membranes, or when they bore through these to reach 
 other parts. There are general signs of ill-health, poor condi- 
 tion, pot-belly, hide-bound, a scurfy, dry state of the skin, 
 irregular and usually voracious appetite, diarrhoea, alternating 
 
WORMS, BOTS. 61 
 
 with costiveness, and above all, the passage of worms or their 
 eggs. There is often a tendency to elevate the upper lip and 
 rub it against a wall or manger, to lick earth or lime, or to 
 shake the tail and rub out the hair about its root. There may 
 sometimes be severe, flatulent or spasmodic colic. 
 
 Treatment — Most of the remedies recommended in the old 
 works of veterinary are just about as likely to kill the horse as the 
 worms, and are, to say the least, unsafe. The true theory is this: 
 Worms are the result of indigestion; hence our object by way 
 of prevention is to give tone and strength to the digestive 
 organs. Their weak condition is not due to the presence of the 
 worms, but is just what account for the presence of them, and 
 which create morbid secretions that invite their remaining; but 
 as soon as the digestion and tone of the system are improved 
 worms cease to be nourished, when they die, are digested and 
 pass from the "bowels. In other words, worms are the effect and 
 not the cause of poor condition in almost every case, and as 
 soon as this poor condition is remedied they cease to exist. 
 
 Suppose we give the infested horse powerful purges, calo- 
 mel, turpentine, etc., as are recommended; we may succeed in 
 expelling worms by such methods, but that only mends the 
 matter in part, for these medicines are all more or less prostrat- 
 ing, and create a worse state of digestive derangement than 
 that which previously existed, which soon causes their return. 
 
 When a horse shows any of the symptoms here alluded to, 
 feed him Standard Food with the grain, two measures at each 
 meal, and keep it up persistently until the thorough good con- 
 dition of the animal is established. It is obnoxious to the 
 worms, but its great value in expelling them lays in toning up 
 the digestion and general system to take up the morbid secre- 
 tions just spoken of. 
 
 It cannot be expected that a few days' feeding of the Food 
 will accomplish all that is wanted in expelling worms. Its use 
 must be continued in some cases for weeks, bat the good results 
 that are sure *to follow will more than pay all trouble and 
 expense. 
 
62 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 Where it is thought necessary, the following may be used 
 in connection with the use of the Food: Fluid extract of 
 wormwood, four drachms, to be given in the morning before 
 feeding, for several days. 
 
 Four drachms of the solid extract of male fern, every other 
 morning for a period of ten days, is said to be a specific for 
 tape worm. 
 
 Bots. — The only parasite which occupies the stomach as its 
 dwelling place is the common horse bot. There are doubtless 
 others which undergo a process of development in the stomach, 
 and we also know that many are carried into it by a reverse 
 action of the intestines. 
 
 These parasites are produced by a variety of bot-fly, which 
 attach their eggs to the hairs on the knees, breast, nose, sides 
 and mane of the horse, which give rise to irritation and are 
 licked by the animal. The moisture thus derived and the tem- 
 perature of the summer season are sufficient to hatch the eggs. 
 They are carried by the tongue to the mouth, and eventually 
 to the stomach, where they attach themselves to the mucous 
 membrane. In this situation they remain for a period of about 
 eight months, when they leave their hold and pass from the 
 bowels. The presence of bots within the stomach has been a 
 subject of great consideration, some authorities claiming that 
 they prove of great service in assisting digestion, etc., while 
 others claim that their absence would be a boon to the horse. 
 It is evident to us however, that they seldom do injury, unless 
 congregated in large numbers. 
 
 Treatment — Improve the condition of the horse so that the 
 debilitating effects of the bots' presence will not interfere with 
 the general health and condition of the horse; for it must be 
 borne in mind that no medicine will dislodge or destroy them short 
 of killing the horse also. Once the eggs are in the stomach, which 
 seems to be their natural dwelling place, they cannot be 
 removed by force. Allow good feeding and the regular use of 
 Standard Food to keep the animal in good condition, which 
 
FLATULENT AND SPASMODIC COLIC. 63 
 
 it will do, and without doubt prove the best form of treatment 
 that can be adopted. 
 
 Colic. — This is a disease of very frequent occurrence among 
 horses and is the cause of extensive mortality. The term is 
 used to denote the pain and disturbance arising in the bowels 
 from various causes. The disease is of two kinds, flatulent 
 and spasmodic colic. 
 
 Flatulent Colic. — This form of the disease is known by a 
 distension of the intestines and abdomen with gas. 
 
 Symptoms — The attack comes on suddenly and some horses 
 are liable to it under any circumstances. At the commence- 
 ment of the attack the horse becomes uneasy from pain and 
 commences to paw and soon begins to roll from side to side. 
 Sometimes he is on his legs again in a moment, gives the body 
 a shake, and looks at his flank as if endeavoring to point out 
 the location of the disease. Occasionally the animal remains 
 quiet for a time, the limbs being gathered beneath the body in 
 a kind of crouching attitude, until the pain becomes so severe 
 that he must shift his position, and again we find him rolling 
 or standing with the hind legs stretched backward and the fore 
 ones advanced. Supposing at this period that there be no flat- 
 ulency, yet the breathing is quick, the pulse wiry, the eye 
 glassy, and the animal exceedingly nervous and uncontrollable, 
 the case is then one of spasmodic colic; but if gas is passed 
 from the bowels or the abdomen becomes distended, it is surely 
 a case of flatulent colic. 
 
 Treatment — Give, the first thing, one tablespoonful salera- 
 tus dissolved in a pint of water, at one dose, and if relief is 
 not secured in ten minutes, repeat the dose. If this does not 
 give relief, give the following: 
 
 -£ ounce extract of ginger. 
 
 £ ounce hyposulphite of soda. 
 
 1 pint water. 
 
 Mix: Give at one dose. 
 
 This colic drench we can highly recommend, having used it 
 with success in many cases. 
 
64 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 The following is also an excellent drench, and may be used 
 if relief is not secured: 
 
 1 ounce powdered aloes. 
 
 1 ounce sulphuric ether. 
 
 2 ounces tincture of opium. 
 1 pint water. 
 
 Mix: Give at one dose. 
 
 Repeat in thirty minutes if necessary, and give an injec- 
 tion of warm water, soap and a handful of table salt. 
 
 Spasmodic Colic. — Symptoms — The horse shows unmistaka- 
 ble signs of great abdominal pain that seems to come on all at 
 once. He leaves his feed, shakes his head, looks around at his 
 flank and almost strikes his belly with his hind feet. In some 
 cases the horse will paw and stamp continually, or throw him- 
 self violently to the floor. The spasms continuing, the horse 
 breaks out in a sweat, heaves at the flank, and is greatly excited. 
 There are intervals of ease from pain. 
 
 Treatment — We can recommend the following drench very 
 highly, having used it many times with the best success: 
 ^ ounce sweet spirits of nitre. 
 1 ounce laudanum. 
 -§- ounce extract of ginger. 
 \ pint water. 
 
 Mix: Give at one dose. 
 
 If the pain does not yield, repeat in thirty minutes. Repeat 
 again in thirty minutes if necessary, and use a diluted injec- 
 tion of tincture of lobelia; two ounces m one pint of water. 
 
 Many persons ignorantly suppose that after an attack of 
 colic has been cured, the horse is as well as ever, forgetting that 
 violent spasms produce stiffness, soreness and weakness, and 
 which are likely to pave the way to subsequent attacks or lay 
 the foundation of other diseases when returned early to work. 
 In addition the animal has so much medicine within his diges- 
 tive organs that hard labor may produce serious results. Give 
 the animal perfect rest, if possible, for several days. Allow 
 good feed and the regular use of Standard Food to again 
 
INFLAMMATION OP THE BOWELS. 65 
 
 put the digestion in good order and guard against a return. 
 We are safe in saying that most cases of colic can be prevented 
 by keeping the digestive organs in good condition from the use 
 of Standard Food. 
 
 Inflammation of the Bowels. — This is a common disease 
 among horses, and may follow unrelieved obstruction of the 
 bowels, especially if these have been treated by powerful medi- 
 cines. The indiscriminate use of irritating purges, or of 
 mineral condition powders, is prolific in its cause. It may also 
 be caused by exposure to cold, drinking cold water in great 
 quantities when hot, diarrhoea and as a sequel to colic. 
 
 Symptoms — There is severe pain in the belly, which is con- 
 tinuous, giving no intervals of rest as in colic, for which disease 
 it cannot be mistaken on this account; for in colic there are 
 times of ease from pain, but never in this disease. There is 
 extreme restlessness, sweating and breathing fast, with high 
 fever and excitement. 
 
 Treatment — Give thirty drops of the tincture of aconite 
 root, and repeat in two hours. Apply blankets wrung out of 
 hot water to the belly and renew every twenty minutes. Do 
 not bleed, as this only weakens the animal and tends to hasten 
 death. Give injections every half hour of warm water and 
 soap, to which has been added a small amount of table salt, 
 and continue this form of treatment as long as sufficient 
 strength of the horse remains. This is a hard disease to handle 
 when once started, and purgatives, or any medicines except 
 such as will allay fever and pain, are too slow to act. 
 
 But prevention is especially to be sought in such a terrible 
 disease. Feeding regularly and sufficiently frequent, in moder- 
 ate quantities, with food of good quality, and a gradual, instead 
 of a sudden change in diet, are highly essential. Avoid full 
 draughts of cold water when sweating and exhausted, and par- 
 ticularly the feeding of new hay or grain, or heating agents, 
 like corn and wheat, unless the horse is accustomed to this 
 kind of feed. Keep a box of Standard Food in the stable 
 and give a measure of it daily with the grain feed. It will 
 
 4 
 
66 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 strengthen the horse, give him good blood, good appetite and, 
 not least of all, good digestion, that, with good feed, affords 
 assurance against such attacks. 
 
 Diseases of the Liver. — Disease of this organ is often met 
 with among horses that are highly fed and have little to do; at 
 the same time hard-working horses are often its subjects from 
 errors in die 4 ; and various other causes. The liver is the largest 
 secreting gland of the body, and, without it, digestion cannot 
 be maintained, and the waste or effete matter cannot be 
 removed from the blood. Therefore, when the liver is dis- 
 turbed there can be no health in the rest of the system. 
 
 Space being limited, we are prevented from enumerating in 
 detail the various derangements and diseases of the liver, but 
 a review of the general symptoms that are generally seen may 
 be of special value. 
 
 General Symptoms — Briefly, these may be stated as follows: 
 Sluggishness; irregular bowels; the excrement of a yellow color 
 from excess of bile in congestion of the liver; lameness in the 
 right fore limb, or even in one of the others, without observable 
 cause; cramps and even paralysis in the severe coses; slow 
 pulse; yellow or orange color of the eyes and other visible 
 membrane; tenderness when the last ribs are struck with the 
 fist; a j^ellow fur may sometimes be seen covering the upper 
 surface of the tongue; appetite lost; swelling or stocking of 
 the legs, especially the hind ones, etc. 
 
 General Treatment — Relieve the horse from all very 
 laborious work; but it must be remembered that a full limit of 
 moderate daily exercise is very essential to a cure. Many of 
 the books recommend bleeding or purging, but no authority can 
 convince us of the good effect of such treatment. Give the 
 horse as much change in diet as possible. Assist the liver in 
 its all important work of digestion and strengthen and give it 
 tone to perform its labor. This may be done by proper feed- 
 ing and the regular use of Standard Food; if fed about two 
 measures at each meal, it will act as a mild laxative, enough to 
 very soon place the bowels in good order. 
 
DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 67 
 
 The Standard Food is prepared with the object in view to 
 render natural assistance to the liver in digestion, and for this 
 purpose it, without doubt, stands without a peer, and it can posi- 
 tively be relied upon, and is supported by our guarantee, to 
 regulate all primary derangements of this organ. 
 
 Lampas — A red, swollen state of the soft parts behind the 
 upper front teeth, and is seen in young animals on shedding 
 the teeth, or in older ones in digestive disorder. The taking 
 in of food may be painful from the tender palate project- 
 ing beyond the teeth. 
 
 Treatment — Feeding hard, unshelled corn has a good effect. 
 Scarif}^ slightly with a knife or lancet, for half an inch back 
 from the teeth, and if caused with disorder of the stomach 
 give a mild dose of physic and regulate the digestion by feed- 
 ing Standard Food. This is a much more humane treatment 
 than burning the mouth with a hot iron, an operation which 
 the horse never forgets nor forgives. 
 
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 
 
 Inflammation of the Kidneys — Inflammation of the Bladder 
 — Diabetes — Calculi — Bloody Urine. 
 
 Diseases of the urinary organs are of considerable preva- 
 lence in certain localities, and not infrequently the assistance of 
 skill, combined with great care, is demanded in relieving the 
 subjects of their attacks. They are more frequent in localities 
 that abound in diuretic or resinous plants; where fodder is se- 
 cured in a wet, musty condition, and fed in this damaged state; 
 or in lands containing limestone or alkali. The habitual pri- 
 vation of water also causes this class of disease, as well as inju- 
 dicious dosing with diuretics, and finally mechanical injuries to 
 the loins, etc., all tend to induce various urinary diseases. 
 
 General Symptoms — In most cases where there is acute in- 
 flammation it is accompanied by a stiff, straddling gait with the 
 hind legs. The loins are tender, as is shown by pinching them, 
 when the horse crouches. There is less trouble in backing than 
 where there is sprain of the back or loins, but it is found very 
 difficult to turn the horse around or describe a circle with his 
 body. There is straining to discharge urine, which may be 
 passed in large quantities, in deficiency, or, perhaps, not at all, 
 and, as is the case in all acute affections, thirst and loss of ap- 
 petite are noticeable. 
 
 In the general treatment of the urinary organs we have al- 
 ways advised the systematic use of Standard Food in connec- 
 tion with good remedies for their relief. The basis of this ad- 
 vice has been the experience we have gained from feeding it in 
 private use, and the high testimony we have received indorsing 
 its value for these diseases. In the manufacture of the Food 
 no direct diuretics are used, which, our experience teaches us, 
 makes it of great value in treating this class of disease. Fur- 
 thermore, ingredients for its manufacture have been introduced 
 
INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 69 
 
 by us, which act as a powerful tonic to these organs, and which 
 are used by no other manufactory of the kind in the United 
 States, and which our readers are assured will act in the mild- 
 est and most efficient manner, and, in connection with general 
 good treatment, perform a cure where it can be reasonably ex- 
 pected. 
 
 Inflammation of the Kidneys. — This disease is generally 
 caused by hard work, by slipping, or from sudden colds by being 
 exposed to rain and cold, the eating of musty hay or unhealthy 
 food of any kind; powerful and continued diuretics are liable 
 to cause it. 
 
 Symptoms — More or less fever of the general system, and 
 unwillingness to move, particularly the hind legs: very sensi- 
 tive to pressure on the spine. The horse looks anxiously around 
 at his flanks, stands with his hind legs wide apart and straddles 
 as he walks. He is turned with difficulty on account of pain. 
 The urine is high colored, sometimes bloody, and is voided in 
 small quantities. The pulse is quick and hard. 
 
 Treatment — No diuretics are to be given as they would 
 simply aggravate the case and make it worse. Give the horse 
 one pint of linseed or olive oil and then the following: 
 \ drachm powdered opium. 
 \ pint linseed mucilage. 
 
 Mix : Give at one dose; repeat every eight hours. 
 The loins should be fomented with hot water, or covered with 
 mustard poultice. Soon the inflammatory symptoms subside; 
 the horse does not have so much pain, and the color of the urine 
 becomes lighter. Discontinue the above treatment and give one 
 ounce of the fluid extract of buchu morning and evening. Lin- 
 seed tea should be supplied liberally as a drink during the time 
 while the horse is under treatment, and care must be taken not 
 to allow the bowels to become overloaded. After recovery the 
 horse should be kept quiet for a month and allowed good feed 
 and care, with light daily exercise. During this time the mod. 
 erate use of Standard Food will be found very beneficial. 
 
 Should it be suspected that the horse is suffering pain, caused 
 
70 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 by the passage or presence of urinary calculi, then thirty to 
 forty drops of muriatic acid should be given in a pailful of 
 water once or twice a day. 
 
 Inflammation of the Bladder. — It may be caused by the 
 injudicious use of powerful diuretic medicines, or from the use 
 of fly blister or turpentine. 
 
 Symptoms — The principal symptoms are almost identical with 
 those of inflammation of the kidneys. The urine is voided fre- 
 quently in small quantities, and in some cases the act of stall- 
 ing is almost continual. The horse looks frequently at his 
 flanks, paws, and flinches to pressure on the flanks. 
 
 Treatment — The same treatment that is recommended for 
 inflammation of the kidneys should be adopted The principal 
 object is to lower inflammation. Do not bleed; give aconite in 
 twenty-drop doses, four hours apart, till six doses are given, to 
 reduce the fever. In addition to the treatment advised, give 
 five drachms of the bicarbonate of soda twice a day, to neutral- 
 ize the urine. 
 
 Diabetes — Profuse Stalling. — This disease consists princi- 
 pally of a greatly increased flow of urine, without any apparent 
 structural disease of the kidneys. 
 
 It arises, in a great measure, from feeding musty or heated 
 hay, exposure to cold, etc. It is frequently caused by the 
 improper use of diuretics, as nitrate, saltpetre, resin, etc., which 
 are frequently used in large quantities by persons who are 
 ignorant of the harm they are doing. These ingredients are 
 used in most of the condition powders that are for sale. It is 
 not prudent or necessary to give such medicine, unless it is for 
 some specific purpose, and then very cautiously. 
 
 Symptoms — The extreme thirst attracts attention ; the horse 
 is constantly craving water and rapidly loses condition, the coat 
 is rough and staring, he passes large quantities of clear urine, 
 his litter being constantly wet. 
 
 Treatment — It is usually easily checked,if taken in time. The 
 bowels must be kept free. Give nutritious diet, and of the best 
 quality, allow frequent draughts of linseed tea. A drachm or 
 
STONE IN THE BLADDER, BLOODY URINE. 71 
 
 two of the sulphate of iron may occasionally be mixed with the 
 oats, and one ounce of the fluid extract of buchu may be given 
 every night. 
 
 Iodine in two-drachm doses, once or twice a day, is claimed 
 to be a never failing remedy. 
 
 The following ball may be given night and morning: 
 1 drachm iodine. 
 1 drachm iodide of potassium. 
 1 drachm Barbadoes aloes. 
 Licorice and syrup sufficient to make a ball. 
 
 Tonics should be commenced early. With this aim, feed a 
 measure of Standard Food at each meal. 
 
 Should the disease not yield to such treatment, the case may 
 be considered incurable. 
 
 Calculi — Stone in the Bladder. — These are concretions 
 formed in the bladder from a diseased condition of the urine. 
 
 Symptoms — Many of the symptoms are similar to those of 
 spasmodic colic. There is pain, an occasional stoppage in the 
 urine before all is passed, and a straddling gait. 
 
 Treatment — There is no treatment in the province of medi- 
 cine that can be recommended. Relief is to be secured by a 
 surgical operation, a description of which will be of no avail 
 here. Seek the services of a competent veterinary surgeon and 
 place the case in his hands. 
 
 Bloody Urine. — This is the result of sprains or injuries of 
 the loins, unwholesome food, violent exercise, etc. Strong 
 diuretics are also occasional causes. 
 
 Treatment — Remove the cause, whatever it may be. Give 
 plenty of linseed tea to drink. Apply warm water to the loins. 
 Give one of the following pills daily: 
 
 1 ounce sugar of lead. 
 
 2 ounces linseed meal. 
 
 Mix with syrup and divide into eight pills. 
 
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 
 
 Care in Preventing — Abortion — Hints on Prevention of — 
 Difficult Parturition — Sterility in Stallions. 
 This class of disease in the horse is not by any means infre- 
 quent, but is mostly confined to breeding districts. It is certain 
 that thousands of farmers and stock breeders suffer more loss 
 from the evils of abortion, alone, than from all other diseases 
 among their stock; while other diseases that come under the 
 same general head go to make up a list that occupies a position 
 to command their careful attention, that knowledge may be 
 gained and measures adopted for their prevention and judi- 
 cious handling. 
 
 They arise from a variety of causes, among the most promi- 
 nent of which are poor feed and neglect, producing a debilitated 
 condition of the system; mechanical injuries affecting the parts; 
 the improper feeding of smutty corn or of fodder containing 
 ergot; excitement and irritation accompanying gestation or 
 parturition; and diseases of the urinary organs. 
 
 There is no class of disease in which the natural rules of 
 prevention should be more assiduously adhered to than in this. 
 The farmer or breeder who is active and watchful enough to 
 prevent disease among his stock is, from a general point of 
 view, successful It means a great deal, and applies in the 
 consideration of every class of disease, but in none more than 
 this. In many cases severe forms of disease may be safely 
 handled in proper hands, and the calling of a veterinarian may 
 be the means of again setting matters right; but there is no use 
 in doing this after the damage has been done, as in a case of 
 abortion, where there is no help but in prevention. 
 
 Abortion — as has already been stated, there are many cases 
 in which more loss is suffered from abortion than from all other 
 diseases among stock. It consists of the expulsion from the 
 
ABORTION AND ITS PREVENTION. 73 
 
 womb of the foetus, prematurely, or before its natural time. 
 It is caused by blows or pressure on the abdomen, slips or falls, 
 diseases of the abdominal organs, the feeding of poor and innu- 
 tritious food, causing a poor and generally unthrifty condition; 
 of ergotted hay or smutty corn, drinking water that is foul or 
 very cold, severe exercise after a long rest, hot and damp sta- 
 bles, and the abortion of other animals in the same stable. 
 These are the principal causes, but it is caused more from errors 
 in diet and care, in feeding too little or too much, or upon fod- 
 der that is innutritious and harmful, than anything else, as they 
 produce a deranged or diseased condition of the system, when 
 abortion is likely to follow. 
 
 Prevention — Avoid every cause as much as possible that 
 may seem likely to produce it. See that the animal is allowed 
 good, wholesome diet, and enough to keep it in good condition. 
 Indigestion should be studiously avoided, for it is followed by 
 debility and disease. Smutty corn or hay containing ergot 
 should not be fed, but if these must be consumed, feed with 
 carrots, turnips, etc. Keep in well ventilated stables, and, 
 finally, assist the digestion and strengthen the system by the 
 moderate use of Standard Food. If the animal is in fair con- 
 dition, two measures a day will be sufficient. It makes good 
 blood and gives tone to the system, and strengthens the gene- 
 rative organs. If it is fed in this way, and general good care is 
 given, it will prove of the utmost value, and, barring accident 
 or injury to the animal, do all that is required. It has been 
 used where abortions have occurred in a herd, effectually stop- 
 ping it, by which reason we are amply able to judge of its 
 value. 
 
 An animal aborting from any cause should be allowed to 
 run over several periods of heat before she is served again. 
 When abortions have broken out in a herd, good results have 
 followed the use of chlorate of potassa daily, in one- half ounce 
 doses. 
 
 When the abortion becomes inevitable, it must be allowed 
 to proceed as in parturition, and assistance given if necessary. 
 
74 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 Difficult Parturition — Danger from parturition arises 
 chiefly in its being forced from any cause before its natural 
 time, from unnatural conditions of the passages or from wrong 
 presentations. It is easy in most animals and is, in nearly all 
 cases, a matter of mechanical simplicity. The results are 
 usually most satisfactory when left to nature. The relaxation 
 of the ligaments of the pelvis, which are gently dilated by the 
 advancing water bags, is the natural preparation, and makes it 
 in animals, where good condition has been maintained, a process 
 which is rarely difficult or protracted. 
 
 Excellent results may be secured by feeding two to three 
 measures daily of Standard Food in warm, sloppy feed, for sev- 
 eral weeks before parturition. 
 
 Various disorders are likely to follow parturition that is 
 difficult, particularly in animals that have become weak 
 and poor from innutritious food or lack of care, and these 
 should be carefully prevented. Flooding, retained afterbirth, 
 leucorrhoea, etc., may be prevented by the regular use of the 
 Food in building up and strengthening the system of the animal. 
 Sterility in Stallions. — The question has been asked us a 
 great many times by farmers and breeders, " Is the Standard 
 Food a good thing to feed to stallions/' and we have always 
 answered that it is, supplementing our reply with the informa- 
 tion that we never saw any thing better. This we have always 
 claimed without reserve, for we have observed the results of its 
 use closely, and they have been good indeed. It is well known 
 that many stallions, during a season of hard service, will fail to 
 place some mares with foal, even though every surrounding is 
 propitious to that result, and some, even without excessive copu- 
 lation, prove sterile in frequent cases. Our careful observation 
 of the tests of Standard Food in overcoming this difficulty 
 fully warrants us in recommending its use in such cases. It 
 makes good blood, gives fertility and tone to the system, and 
 strength to the generative organs, and, in a general course of 
 strengthening, fits him for labor and fruitful service. 
 
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 
 
 Frost-Bites — Scratches — G rease — Lice — Mange — 
 Eruptions. 
 
 Frost-Bites. — These cause extreme swelling of the heels and 
 back part of the hind legs, and are the result of exposure of the 
 parts in severe weather on account of broken doors or open 
 places in the walls of the stable, which admit the cold. 
 
 Treatment — If the legs are swollen and painful, rub them 
 with snow or cold water, continuing gradually with warm water. 
 Then rub dry and apply Standard Stock Liniment. Apply the 
 liniment twice a day afterwards, until well. 
 
 Scratches, Mud-Fever, Cracked Heels. — These diseases 
 are very common among horses, especially in the spring and 
 fall months. They are often the result of keeping horses stand- 
 ing in damp or filthy stables. Another common cause is wash- 
 ing the legs without afterwards rubbing them dry. The hollow 
 of the pasterns are swollen and cracked and there is usually 
 more or less lameness. The parts are hot and tender and fre- 
 quently bleed. 
 
 Treatment — The horse should be given plenty of litter and 
 kept in a clean, dry stall. Wash off the parts with warm water 
 and soap, dry thoroughly and apply Standard Stock Liniment 
 twice a day. If the horse is in poor condition, or his blood dis- 
 ordered, feed one measure of the Standard Food at each meal. 
 This treatment has been used in many cases and found very 
 reliable. 
 
 We give below a remedy recommended very highly by one 
 of the most successful horsemen in the country: 
 3 ounces oxide of zinc. 
 2 drachms carbolic acid. 
 10 ounces lard. 
 
 Mix: Apply twice a day. 
 
 75 
 
76 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 The following prescription is regarded very valuable by a 
 noted liorseman: 
 
 £ ounces resin. 
 
 2 " copperas. 
 
 2 " alum. 
 
 1 " bees wax. 
 
 4 " tallow. 
 
 1 pint tar 
 Boil slowly and skim. Use when cool. 
 
 Grease. — This is a disease of the heels and legs of the horse, 
 similar in nature to scratches, but of a more aggravated form, 
 and produced by the same general causes. In the early stage 
 the sweat glands are inflamed and there is a discharge from the 
 heels of an offensive oily character, which often causes portions 
 of the skin to slough off, producing unsightly sores on the parts. 
 Treatment — All medicinal aid is useless unless the parts are 
 kept clean. Most cases are readily cured by washing the heels, 
 and after drying them well applying Standard Stock Liniment 
 twice a day. It may be safely claimed that this treatment is 
 all that is necessary in the early stages of the disease. It must 
 be kept up regularly, however, for, on account of the nature of 
 the disease, there is no certainty of an early cure. In place of 
 the Liniment the following lotion may be applied daily, which, 
 in mild cases will generally suffice: 
 
 30 grains chloride of zinc. 
 1 pint water. 
 In cases of long standing, cut off the hair and apply linseed 
 poultices to the parts, mixing with them a little powdered char- 
 coal. After removing the poultices apply the following oint- 
 ment each morning and wash off clean at night: 
 
 1 scruple acetate of lead. 
 
 4 drachms soft soap. 
 
 4 drachms lard. 
 The above is highly recommended by a practical horseman. 
 Feed the Standard Food while giving the external treatment, 
 
GREASE, LICE, MANGE. 77 
 
 one to two measures at each meal, according to the condition 
 of the animal. 
 
 Lice. — In the majority of cases the presence of lice may be 
 attributed to want of cleanliness. The curry comb and brush 
 and clean stables are the preventives. 
 
 When a horse is taken with itching, and scratches and rubs 
 himself as if something were annoying him, examine him care- 
 fully for lice, and if present they can be seen with the naked 
 eye. 
 
 Treatment — Take liver of sulphur, one ounce; cold water, 
 one pint; mix and apply with a hard brush to but a portion of 
 the body at a time. 
 
 A decoction of stavesacre is very effectual, and is made as 
 follows: Powdered stavesacre seeds, four ounces; boiling water, 
 four pints. When cool, apply with a brush, after which tie up 
 the animal's head till the skin is perfectly dry. 
 
 In addition to the local treatment feed Standard Food, one 
 measure at each meal to improve the condition. 
 
 Mange — This is the result of an insect burrowing in the 
 skin, and is very contagious. It may be generated by unclean- 
 liness and poor care, but is usually the result of direct con- 
 tagion from coming in contact with a mangy horse, his blankets 
 or harness. A healthy and clean horse, however, may stand 
 for weeks near a mangy one without taking the disease, which 
 shows that plenty of " elbow grease " with the curry comb and 
 brush and good feed are the preventives. 
 
 Symptoms — Generally the first symptom to be observed is 
 the horse rubbing his head and neck against the manger. 
 Small pimples appear and the hair falls of. The skin is dry and 
 hard; the hair has lost its gloss and does not lay smooth upon the 
 body. A mangy horse is soon reduced in flesh on account of 
 the constant irritation. 
 
 Treatment — The disease being of a local nature requires 
 local treatment. The following is recommended: 
 2£ ounces creosote. 
 15 ounces spirits wine. 
 40 ounces water. 
 
78 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 Before applying wash the horse thoroughly with soap and 
 water, then when dry use the creosote mixture. 
 
 Another plan of treatment, recommended by a prominent 
 veterinarian, is to wash the animal thoroughly with castile 
 soap and water, wipe dry and apply the following mixture: 
 
 1 pound unslaked lime. 
 
 2 pounds flour of sulphur. 
 12 pints water. 
 
 This mixture should be previously prepared by placing in 
 a stone jar on the stove until it boils. Stir with a wooden 
 spatula and keep boiling for ten minutes; then set it aside and 
 at the end of twelve hours pour off the clear liquid and bottle 
 tightly and put away in a dark place. Should it fail in the 
 first instance, a second application will do no harm whatever. 
 
 Eruptions — There are many different varieties of skin 
 diseases, many of which are much the same and produced by 
 the same causes. A certain class of skin disease, which we 
 have chosen to place under the head of eruptions, shows faulty 
 digestion, humors and impurities of the blood, etc. The hair 
 falls off in places, leaving the skin bald and covered with small 
 pimples. The derangement may be so severe, indeed, that the 
 limbs and body will break out in small sores. 
 
 The condition of the blood must be improved and the 
 digestion corrected to cure the disease. To this end feed 
 Standard Food regularly, one to two measures at each meal, 
 with good grain feed. There is nothing more effective. 
 
LOCAL INJURIES, LAMENESS, ETC. 
 
 General Remarks — Cuts and Wounds — Barb "Wire Wounds 
 — Bruises, Punctures, etc. — Sprains — SweLLiNGS — Sad- 
 dle or Collar Galls — Proud Flesh — Stings of Bees — 
 Broken Knees — Capped Hock — Capped Elbow — Ring- 
 bone — Spavin — Blood Spavin — Curb — Splints — Side 
 Bones — Thoroughpin — Wind Galls — Firing Horses — 
 Foot Diseases — Contraction — Corns — Pricks — Sand or 
 Quarter Crack — Navicular Disease — Thrush — Quit- 
 ter — Fistula — Polevil — Sweent — Founder — Chronic 
 Founder — Lock Jaw. 
 
 This class of affections is large and varied, and embraces 
 wounds, bruises of the skin and deeper seated tissues, fractures 
 of bones, sprains of ligaments and tendons, dislocations, etc., 
 etc. The importance of this chapter entitles it to more space 
 than we can devote to it, but we trust the following concise 
 forms of treatment will, if carefully carried out, lead to the 
 most satisfactory results. 
 
 The rational treatment of the foregoing diseases, the world 
 over, has been the application of compresses, poultices and 
 liniments. A careful study of these diseases has resulted in 
 the production of our Standard Stock Liniment. Having stood 
 the severe test of years of constant trial, this preparation has 
 become what its name implies, a standard specific in the above 
 and all kindred diseases; and, on account of the unusual merits 
 of this Liniment, justice will compel us to recommend the 
 Standard Stock Liniment in many of the forms of treat- 
 ment which follow. 
 
 Cuts and Wounds — These injuries are easily managed in 
 most cases. In character they are eitker cuts, lacerations, 
 bruises or punctures. In cuts from any instrument, the first 
 thing to be done is to clip the hair from around the edges of 
 
 79 
 
80 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 the wound, and wash thoroughly with warm water and castile 
 soap, apply Standard Stock Liniment, and repeat this treatment 
 daily until a cure is effected. In cuts of a more serious char- 
 acter, involving the rupture of large veins or arteries, the flow 
 of blood should be stopped at once. This may be done by 
 touching them with a hot iron, or a more simple and usually 
 effective remedy is covering the part with cob-webs. Should 
 there be much inflammation and pain, poultice; but, if poultic- 
 ing is impractical, hot fomentations must be applied in con- 
 junction with the Liniment, and continued until it subsides. 
 
 Give the horse freedom from flies and all other annoyances. 
 
 Barb Wire Wounds. — Of all the dangers of external injury 
 to which western horses are subject, the barbed wire fence is 
 responsible for more than all other causes combined. Injuries 
 from this cause demand the most intelligent treatment, on 
 account of the seriousness of their character. The treatment 
 should be similar to that recommended for ordinary cuts. The 
 danger arises mainly from the poisonous effects of the wire, and 
 should be promptly attended to. No better result can be secured 
 than by the free use of Standard Stock Liniment. It counter- 
 acts the effects of the poison, produces a healthy suppuration 
 and checks inflammation, so that by using it once or twice a 
 day a speedy cure is effected. 
 
 We have used the Liniment in our personal practice so suc- 
 cessfully that we have no hesitancy in guaranteeing it as the 
 best specific for barb wire wounds on the market. 
 
 Bruises, Punctures, Etc. — These are caused by kicks, blows, 
 falls, etc., and on account of location are frequently hard to 
 treat. A special feature is a loss of vitality which often leads 
 to slow recovery. The first object to be attained is the resto- 
 ration of the affected parts to healthy action; stimulants must 
 then be diligently employed. Standard Stock Liniment con- 
 tains all the elements necessary to accomplish this^ end. 
 
 Punctures are usually caused by nails, the point of a fork, 
 or other sharp instruments. The same treatment should be 
 employed as has been recommended for barb wire wounds. 
 
SPRAINS, SWELLINGS, GALLS. 81 
 
 Sprains. — Injuries of this nature are caused by over exer- 
 tion of the part affected, producing a rupture of some of the 
 fibres of which it is composed. 
 
 The treatment of sprains is so simple, and their neglect so 
 disastrous as to merit special attention. Give the horse com- 
 plete rest, without which no cure can be expected; bathe the 
 affected parts with warm water and rub thoroughly dry; then 
 apply Standard Stock Liniment, rubbing well to promote healthy 
 action, repeating twice" a day until cured. Improve the 
 general condition of the horse by feeding bran mash to which 
 has been added a measure of Standard Food. 
 
 Swellings. — Hard, inflammatory swellings, caused by injury, 
 suppuration, diseased bone, etc., are very frequent among work 
 horses, and are often the most troublesome and unsightly ail- 
 ments the horse is heir to. Intelligent forms of treatment can 
 always be had which will aid and often cure. As a general 
 form of treatment, nothing will be- found better than the regular 
 and systematic use of Standard Stock Liniment, in connection 
 with thorough and persistent rubbing. 
 
 Saddle or Collar Galls. — These are very common as well 
 as annoying evils which beset work horses. The cause is usually 
 a poorly fitting harness or saddle. 
 
 The treatment consists in keeping the parts clean, properly 
 adjusting the harness and applying a good healing lotion. The 
 best thing we know of is Standard Stock Liniment. 
 
 Proud Flesh. — A name commonly applied to hasty granu- 
 lations in a sore or wound, which presents a fungus appear- 
 ance. 
 
 Treatment — Sprinkle the wound wi?t?h a little powdered blue 
 vitriol. The Standard Stock Liniment will also have an excel- 
 lent effect in stimulating a healthy growth of new flesh. 
 
 Stings of Bees. — These are the source of great pain and 
 irritation to horses, and sometimes lead to very serious results. 
 The prompt application of Standard Stock Liniment will relieve 
 the pain at once. Apply every two or three hours until cured. 
 
82 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 In case the Liniment cannot be had, apply a strong solution of 
 camphor and good vinegar. 
 
 Broken Knees. — When a horse stumbles and falls upon his 
 knees, taking the hair and some of the skin off, it is called 
 broken knee. They are of all degrees of severity, but require 
 much the same treatment as a common wound or bruise. 
 Cleanse the parts from sand and dirt, and, if the knee joint has 
 not been injured so as to allow the escape of joint oil, the reg- 
 ular use of Standard Stock Liniment will effect an early cure, as 
 it is an excellent remedy for all abrasions of this character, 
 healing them in a remarkably short time. In case the joint is 
 affected, secure the services of a competent veterinarian at once, 
 as it may save the horse. 
 
 Capped Hock. — This name is given to a soft swelling on 
 the point of the hock, and is caused by kicking in stable or in 
 harness, lying on stone floored stalls, or by kicks from other 
 horses. 
 
 The best treatment is the regular use of the Standard Stock 
 Liniment. The parts should first be bathed with cold water, to 
 reduce any inflammation, then rub thoroughly dry, and apply 
 the liniment. This treatment, if repeated twice a day, will 
 produce a cure as quickly as any remedy that can be prescribed. 
 
 It might be well to remember that time is required to 
 remove any enlargement, and patience is as important as good 
 medicine. 
 
 Capped Elbow. — This is an enlargement at the point of the 
 the shoulder, and is caused by the calk of the shoe pressing 
 against the part while the horse is lying down. 
 
 Treatment — The enlargement, partaking of the nature of an 
 abcess, should be opened, after which treat as an ordinary 
 wound, applying Standard Stock Liniment once or twice a day. 
 
 Ring-Bone. — This is a form of disease similar to spavin and 
 splint, and consists of a morbid enlargement of the bone located 
 just above the crown of the hoof. Many cases are of hereditary 
 origin, on account of ill-formed pastern joints, which are poorly 
 
CAPPED HOCK, RING-BONE, SPAVIN. 
 
 adapted to nard work, and ring-bone is the result of nature's 
 attempt to strengthen the joint. 
 
 The exciting causes of ring-bone are sprains brought on by 
 overwork; in short, either sprain, injury, blow or bruise may 
 act as the direct agent in bringing about the disease. 
 
 Treatment — The remedies commonly used are varied and 
 extensive. Forms of treatment are adopted which are not only 
 foolish but barbarous. It seems that the ring-bone is not enough 
 to torment the poor brute, but that firing and other equally 
 inhuman practices prevail, more in the past than in the present, 
 to be sure ; but such treatment should be discontinued by every 
 man who loves a horse. The idea of curing ring-bone, and 
 restoring the parts to their normal condition, is absurd. Much, 
 however, may be done in the way of reducing the enlargement, 
 and, in recent cases, intelligent forms of treatment will do 
 much toward restoring the joint to its natural form and uses. 
 First, remove all heat and inflammation with cold water cloths 
 wrapped around the limb for three days, taking them off at night; 
 then apply Standard Stock Liniment, and rub vigorously until 
 thoroughly dry. This treatment should be followed daily. An 
 accompanying treatment, recommended by a noted veterinarian, 
 will be found to work exceedingly well in some cases. It is the 
 application of cod liver oil and kerosene in equal parts, alter- 
 nating with the Liniment, using it in the morning, and the Lini- 
 ment at night. Bear in mind that a cure must not be expected, 
 for you are treating what is termed an incurable disease; but 
 perseverance in this treatment will reasonably reward every 
 effort. 
 
 Spavin. — This consists of a diseased condition of the hock, 
 and is commonly located on the inner side, the result of which 
 is ulceration, inflammation, or a bony deposit. There is usually 
 an* enlargement of the size of half a walnut, and sometimes 
 larger, while frequently there is no enlargement to be dis- 
 covered. 
 
 The causes of spavin are numerous, but result chiefly from 
 hard work, sprains, or any cause which may excite inflammation 
 
84, FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 of this part. The most common cause lies in the breeding of 
 horses on account of malformation of the limb. 
 
 Symptoms — The horse shows a stiff moving of the toe, which 
 causes a peculiar, quick catching up of the leg, especially in 
 trotting, which usually passes off so that no lameness is exhib- 
 ited after being exercised for a short time. If turned quickly 
 in a narrow circle, the animal drops on the limb, carries it stiffly 
 or even rests on the toe only. 
 
 Treatment — The hopes of success must greatly depend upon 
 the time the evil has existed, It must be begun before the 
 bon}^ deposit has gained its full solidity, so as to form a part of 
 the bone itself. The removal of acute lameness is generally 
 the chief benefit which can be expected. Our principal hope, in 
 recommending the form of treatment we do, lies in not only 
 preventing the bony deposit, but in removing the inflammation 
 which is the cause of much of the pain, stiffness and enlarge- 
 ment of the ligaments. Standard Stock Liniment has given 
 such universal satisfaction in the treatment of spavin, not to 
 cure to all intents and purposes, but to do what we have stated 
 above, that we feel justified in recommending it, knowing that 
 it will satisfy any horseman who expects a reasonable result. 
 Give the horse a complete and entire rest, as a cure can not be 
 otherwise expected; bathe the limb in warm water, and rub 
 thoroughly dry; then apply Standard Stock Liniment to the 
 diseased part as often as three times a day. Continue this 
 treatment until the lameness has been reduced, when one or 
 two applications of Liniment a day, with good rubbing, will 
 suffice. 
 
 Do not expect impossibilities; old cases are practically 
 incurable, but more recent ones may be treated in this way 
 with reasonable success. 
 
 Blood Spavin. — This is an enlargement situated in front of 
 the hock joint. It is soft and fluctuating, rarely causing lame- 
 ness. It is sometimes so extensive as to involve the sides of 
 the hock joint. There is really no satisfactory treatment for 
 this difficulty. The best that can be recommended is to bathe 
 
CURB, SPLINTS, SIDEBONES. 85 
 
 the joint with cold water, or, better, direct a stream of cold 
 water upon the joint for ten minutes; rub dry, and apply 
 Standard Stock Liniment well rubbed in with the hand. Give 
 the horse complete rest if possible. Do not attempt to open 
 the swelling, as there is danger of injuring the joint. 
 
 Curb.— This is a swelling upon the back part of the hock 
 just below the point and is the result of strain of the ligaments. 
 Horses with ill shaped hocks are most susceptible to this dis- 
 ease, or those having what is known as cow hocks. 
 
 Treatment— Curbs are not usually difficult to manage; what 
 is most required is attention and perseverance; without these no 
 form of treatment can result happily. Put on a high heeled 
 shoe, then bathe the hock in as hot water as the hand will bear, 
 and rub thoroughly dry; do not neglect the rubbing, after 
 which apply Standard Stock Liniment to the swelling. Repeat 
 this treatment daily for at least a month, at the end of which 
 time the swelling will begin to disappear. Continue the use 
 of the Standard Stock Liniment as often as may seem necessary. 
 Bear in mind that rest to the animal is one of the most essen- 
 tial requisites to a cure. 
 
 Splints.— This is a small bony enlargement which appears 
 usually upon the inner side of the foreleg, well up toward the 
 knee. It is generally caused by working horses when too 
 young, but frequently disappears as the animal grows older. 
 
 Treatment for this enlargement should be that usually rec- 
 ommended for bone spavin. 
 
 Side Bones. — This disease is most common in the fore feet, 
 and especially where the pasterns are straight and short. Prop- 
 erly speaking, it is the ossification of the cartilages of the bones 
 of the foot. 
 
 Treatment — The same principles must be observed as in all 
 these diseases. Rest is essential; cold water application, and 
 the regular use of Standard Stock Liniment, will be found as 
 satisfactory as any treatment that can be used. 
 
 Thoroughpin. — This is synonymous with blood spavin, and 
 is located on the inside of the hock just above the point where, 
 
86 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 in the natural condition of the limb, is a hollow. These en- 
 largements rarely cause lameness, although the parts involved 
 may become inflamed. A simple and highly recommended 
 remedy is the application to the enlargement, as soon as it ap- 
 pears, of soft soap and salt, well rubbed in at night and washed 
 off in the morning repeating three or four times. 
 
 The same treatment can be recommended as that given for 
 the cure of blood spavin. 
 
 Wind Galls. — These are soft but elastic swellings or en- 
 largements and are not accompanied by any inflammation what- 
 ever. They are found between the knee and the pastern joint. 
 Any treatment for them will usually be unsatisfactory, from 
 the fact that the same causes which produce them will bring 
 them back again even after removal. Cold compresses, vigor- 
 ous rubbing, and the application of Standard Stock Liniment, 
 will do much towards their removal, as well as fortify the parts 
 against their return. 
 
 Foot Diseases. — Nearly all of these diseases are directly or 
 indirectly the result of faults in shoeing and the lack of care 
 of the feet. One of the points on which the owner should al- 
 ways be careful is that the foot should be properly pared to re- 
 ceive the shoe. The frog need never be touched any more than 
 to remove hanging shreds More horses' feet have been 
 spoiled by paring down the heel and in cutting and trimming 
 the frog than in any other way. Always see that the shoe fits 
 accurately at all points of the hoof, and that it is nailed on by 
 careful workmen. Remove the shoes before the hoofs have 
 overgrown them, so as to allow them to bear upon the sole. 
 
 Contraction. — This is the result of bad management in the 
 stable and a lack of knowledge in shoeing. Contraction is an 
 alteration of the shape of the back portion of the foot — a nar- 
 rowing at the heels. 
 
 Treatment — Cut down the hoof and shorten the toe, but do 
 not touch the bars nor frog. Soften the hoof by soaking it 
 often in warm water. Then put on a light shoe and use the 
 animal only at light work. Anoint the hoof, frog and sole 
 
FOOT DISEASES, CONTRACTION, CORNS. 87 
 
 daily with a mixture of fish oil and spirits of turpentine, which 
 will soon soften the foot and render it elastic. Nailing the shoe 
 on one side of the heel only is recommended as an assistant in 
 the cure of contracted feet. 
 
 Corns. — This is the result of an injury to the sole of the 
 foot, caused by a bruise, or from the shoe pressing upon the 
 part. It is characterized by a red spot, which may not be ob- 
 served unMl the sole has been pared down. It is usually lo- 
 cated on the inner portion of the heel, and generally causes 
 lameness to a greater or less degree. When neglected, corns 
 are very apt to cause the formation of matter within the hoof. 
 Treatment — Remove the corns by cutting them out, then 
 hold up the foot and apply a few drops of commercial sulphuric 
 acid to the part. In shoeing the horse see that the shoe bears 
 evenly upon the wall of the foot only. A dressing which is 
 highly recommended is equal parts of tar and olive oil. When 
 matter has been formed within the hoof, make a small opening 
 in the sole, so as to allow it to escape, after which, cleanse the 
 foot thoroughly and apply Standard Stock Liniment. 
 
 Pricks. — This injury may occur from shoeing or from step- 
 ping on a nail or other sharp pointed substance. 
 
 Treatment — First pull out the nail and poultice the foot 
 over night. Then see that there is an opening for the escape 
 of matter that may have formed. This is very necessary, for, 
 if the matter does not escape, it not only causes great suffering 
 to the horse, but will break out at the top of the hoof, thus 
 forming a quitter. After an opening has been properly made, 
 drop five drops of muriatic acid into the hole once a day for a 
 day or two, then treat the same as for suppurated corn. In all 
 cases of pricks, where pus is formed and allowed to escape 
 through proper openings, if rightly treated, no further trouble 
 need be apprehended ; but, if matter is not formed from in- 
 juries of this sort, a tendon has been pierced and lock-jaw may 
 be expected. 
 
 Sand or Quarter Crack — This is a split in the hoof which 
 may occur in all places, and in either fore or hind feet, but is 
 
88 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 usually located on the inner side of the fore feet. It is caused 
 by the hoofs becoming dry and brittle. It is evident, also, that 
 it is caused in some cases by contraction. The principal object 
 should be to prevent it. This may be done by applying to 
 brittle feet equal portions of oil of tar and fish oil, with a brush, 
 a few times a week. Soaking boots are manufactured which 
 are well adapted to supply moisture for the softening of the 
 hoof. 
 
 Navicular Disease. — This is a disease of the navicular 
 bone in the foot of the horse, and is of frequent occurrence. It 
 is caused by constant work upon hard paved streets. Slight 
 inflammation, neglected, without giving rest to the horse, con- 
 tinues until it ends in ulceration of the bone. 
 
 Symptoms — The animal, while standing, throws the affected 
 foot forward, thus transferring the weight of the forepart of the 
 body upon the other limb; he has a short, hobbling gait, and 
 steps cautiously. It is also determined by undue heat of 
 the foot; the muscles of the shoulder waste, and the heels 
 become pinched in and the walls are thin and weak. 
 
 The liability to navicular disease is very great in horses 
 with narrow chests, upright pasterns and out turned toes. 
 
 Treatment — This is unsatisfactory, except in recent cases. 
 Remove the shoe, shorten the toe, and keep standing from 
 morning till night in a puddle of wet clay in which the foot 
 will sink to the top of the hoof. At night place in a dry stall 
 and apply Standard Stock Liniment to the coronet and heei of 
 the foot. In case the wet clay treatment cannot be secured, 
 place the hoof in warm water, which will soften it and relieve 
 the pressure; then use the Liniment as above directed. This 
 treatment will give relief, and, in most cases, effect a cure. 
 
 Thrush. — This is located in the frog of the foot, and is 
 characterized by an offensive discharge. It is commonly 
 caused by unclean stables, exposing the foot to the filthy ac- 
 cumulations of urine and excrement; it is also caused by 
 bruises or wounds of the frog, or the accumulation of dried 
 mud, etc. 
 
NAVICULAR DISEASE, QUITTER, FISTULA. 89 
 
 Treatment — Wash the foot clean; pare away all ragged 
 parts of the frog; keep the stables dry and clean; and apply 
 Standard Stock Liniment to the part once a day. 
 
 Quitter. — This is a painful disease of the foot, and is 
 known by the swelling of the coronet, which soon breaks and 
 discharges pus. The quarter is enlarged and the lameness is 
 severe and protracted. It is caused by wounds of the coronet, 
 suppurating corns, bruises, pricks and wounds of the sole, etc. 
 
 Treatment — It is very necessary in the treatment of this 
 disease that a free opening be made in the bottom of the foot, 
 so as to allow the escape of all matter. The swelling 
 will thus be quickly reduced. Get a small syringe and 
 inject into the opening a mixture of the sulphate of zinc, 
 two ounces, and rain water, eight ounces, once a day. Never 
 poultice the whole of the hoof. If poulticing is thought advis- 
 able, one of linseed may be applied to the sole. If no opening 
 has been made in the sole, drop ten drops of muriatic acid into 
 the opening above once a day for a few days, and apply Stand- 
 ard Stock Liniment to the coronet and heel. This treatment 
 will be very efficient. 
 
 In concluding our remarks upon the diseases of the foot, we 
 wish to say that it is necessary in these, as in all other diseases of 
 a like nature, to keep the bowels free and active. To this end 
 give frequent feeds of bran mash, and use Standard Food 
 regularly, one measure at each meal. The general health of the 
 horse will thus be promoted and any external treatment be 
 greatly assisted. 
 
 Fistula. — Fistula of the withers is caused by an injury to 
 the bones of the withers. This disease is frequently called 
 thesolow. It is of the nature of an abscess, and is usually 
 deep seated. By reason of its location, this disease is more 
 liable to become serious than any other of this nature, for the 
 pus, instead of working to the outward surface, penetrates the 
 loose tissues of the shoulder, and forms pipes pointing in sev- 
 eral directions. It may extend to both sides of the withers and 
 even involve the vertebrae, if neglected, and the cure will be 
 
90 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 proportionately more difficult. It is caused by bruises and 
 accidents, inflammation of the bone; in fact, any cause which 
 will produce an abscess will produce fistula. 
 
 Treatment — In the early stages, when there is simply in- 
 flammation and soreness, cooling applications, such as pouring 
 cold water upon it, or directing a small stream of water from 
 a hose against it, is very beneficial, and often times sufficient, 
 when resorted to at once. The part may be kept wet with the 
 following lotion: 
 
 4 ounces salt petre. 
 
 1 ounce sugar of lead. 
 
 1 ounce muriate of ammonia. 
 
 1 pint common salt. 
 
 2 gallons cold water. 
 
 Cover the withers with a few thicknesses of cloth kept wet with 
 this lotion. If, however, matter forms, the sooner the abscess 
 is opened the better. Make an opening into its lowest side, so 
 as to allow the escape of matter as freely as possible; then 
 inject a half tablespoonful of the tincture of iodine once a day, 
 for a few days, which will serve to eat or destroy the mem- 
 branous formations. It may then be treated as a common sore, 
 by keeping it clean and occasionally washing the parts well, 
 first with castile soap and water, then with a mild solution of 
 blue vitriol or carbolic acid and water. A few drops of the 
 carbolic acid to a pint of water will be sufficiently strong. The 
 top of the sore should be kept open by inserting a small piece of 
 cotton smeared with simple ointment, for, if allowed to heal 
 while containing pus, it will continue to form and break out 
 anew. 
 
 Keep the bowels open and improve the general condition of 
 the horse by feeding Standard Food. 
 
 Poll evil. — The affection is located at the back part of the 
 head, and is so well known to horsemen that a description is 
 hardly necessary. It commences with inflammation, followed 
 by suppuration in the form of a simple abscess, or in the form 
 of fistula. It is caused by injury to the poll, which may occur 
 in many ways, or from disease of the bone. 
 
FISTULA, POLL EVIL. 91 
 
 Treatment — As soon as the swelling has become a little soft 
 have it opened without delay. It will not do to allow the mat- 
 ter to accumulate, as it would spread in various directions, 
 making a very formidable affection. Make the opening at its 
 base and large enough to admit a man's finger. As soon as 
 this is done all the matter must be squeezed out, which process 
 may be accomplished by the use of a sponge and hot water. 
 The sore may be syringed out with a solution of the sulphate of 
 zinc, one drachm of the zinc to four ounces water. A simple 
 remedy, which is claimed to be very effectual, is as follows: 
 Burn corn cobs and fill the cavity with the ashes. Repeat two 
 or three times if necessary to effect a cure. This treatment is 
 vouched for by a prominent horseman, and is so easily procured 
 that it is worthy of trial. 
 
 The following treatment is recommended by a prominent 
 veterinarian: 
 
 4 ounces acetate of copper. 
 
 4 ounces sulphate of copper. 
 
 4 ounces alum. 
 
 1 ounce white precipitate. 
 
 2 ounces nitric acid. 
 1 pound honey. 
 
 This is to be used by saturating a little tow with it and 
 pushing to the bottom of the ulcer, so that it will touch every 
 part of it. In about twenty-four hours the diseased part can 
 be separated from the healthy flesh with the finger, and taken 
 out, when it is to be dressed as a simple wound. In the mean- 
 time the animal must receive the best of treatment with regard 
 to diet, for it is very rare that this disease can be cured by local 
 treatment alone. The regular use of Standard Food will 
 answer this purpose admirably. 
 
 Sweeny. — This is a sprain of the muscle which fills up the 
 rear cavity on the outer side of the shoulder joint. Soon the 
 muscles begin to waste rapidly until the shoulder blade is 
 prominently exposed. The primary cause may be laid to some 
 disease in the foot or leg. 
 
 Treatment — At first give rest and apply hot fomentations. 
 
92 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 When the muscles begin to form again this treatment may be 
 supplemented by moderate use of Standard Stock Liniment, 
 with gradually increasing exercise. Time must be given for 
 nature to do its work, as this is as necessary as good medicine. 
 In most cases, where the horse is turned out to pasture, he will 
 recover all right. An occasional application of soft soap and 
 salt has been highly recommended as an efficient form of treat- 
 ment. 
 
 Founder. — This disease is of two forms, acute and chronic, 
 the latter being a continuance of the former. Acute founder 
 consists of inflammation of the sensitive parts of the foot, and 
 may be caused by direct injury, over exertion on hard roads, 
 blows, bruises, pricks with nails, injury from a badly-fitting 
 shoe, etc. It may also occur from a sudden chill, from drinking 
 cold water when heated, from standing in a draft of air after a 
 hard drive, or from over-loading the stomach with grain. 
 
 Symptoms — The horse stands upon his heels with fore feet 
 stretched forward and will scarcely move; the hind legs are 
 brought well forward under the body; he is feverish and breathes 
 quickly, presenting altogether a picture of distress. 
 
 Treatment — The horse should be encouraged to lie down, by 
 placing him in a wide stall with plenty of good bedding; give 
 twenty drops of the tincture of aconite root in a little cold 
 water every four hours, until six doses have been given; apply 
 cold water cloths to the feet, changing them constantly until the 
 pain subsides. If this treatment is adopted at once, the horse 
 will usually come out all right in a few days. 
 
 Keep the bowels in good condition by a liberal use of Stand- 
 ard Food. It is an essential part of the treatment. 
 
 Chronic Founder. — May be treated much in the- same way, 
 only it is more necessary to soften the horn of tfhe feet with a 
 preparation of oil of tar and fish oil in equal parts. Do not 
 bleed from the foot or any other place for this disease; give the 
 animal as much rest as possible, but do not expect a cure of 
 this disease in the chronic stage. 
 
CARE AND TREATMENT OF CATTLE. 
 
 It will be readily seen that to fully treat all the diseases 
 common to cattle in a book of this size would be well nigh 
 impossible, not to mention the limits of a single, chapter. We 
 will, therefore, confine ourselves to a description of and a treat- 
 ment for the more common diseases among them, including 
 some of the more malignant disorders among cattle, together 
 with the most rational methods for preventing them. 
 
 Abortion. — This affection is found among all animals, but 
 is most common among cows. Location often has a great deal 
 to do with the prevalence of this disorder; occasionally neigh- 
 borhoods are found where it seems to take almost an epidemic 
 form. It consists in the cow parting with her calf before the 
 full period of gestation has been completed. 
 
 Symptoms — These are generally surrounded by more or less 
 obscurity, according to the causes producing it. When the 
 causes are not from disease of the generative organs themselves, 
 the symptoms which will be generally observed are weakness 
 and general debility. In cases where it assumes what appears 
 to be an epidemic form, a slight, almost inaudible, cough will 
 be observed. 
 
 The most of these are produced by the unnatural conditions 
 with which the animal is surrounded, which, if we will reflect 
 upon it for a moment, will show how unreasonable it is to 
 expect the cow to thrive and do well under conditions totally 
 foreign to her nature. 
 
 ' r he main causes are, the feeding of slops, or any other feed, 
 the tendency of Which is toward the secretion of milk in excess, 
 or which may produce scouring; poor and insufficient feed of 
 any description which, from lack of proper nutriment, induces 
 an impoverished condition of the system. Milking cows too 
 close to the period of calving is a common cause of this trouble; 
 any disease which may impoverish the blood or weaken the 
 system in any manner, for it must be understood that weakness 
 and debility are the most prolific causes of this dreaded scourge. 
 
 These causes, each in themselves, or altogether, are liable 
 to produce abortion, and, when aggravated by neglect and 
 unwholesome surroundings, may produce a veritable epidemic 
 of this disorder. 
 
 «J3 
 
94 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 Prevention — A careful study of these causes will convince 
 every intelligent reader that this great drawback to success in 
 stock raising can be prevented. To this end good, wholesome 
 food, and enough of it, must be provided; great care must be 
 taken not to feed to excess of anything sloppy, which is liable 
 to keep the bowels too loose, for this condition relaxes the sol- 
 ids of the body, and, to the detriment of good health, produces 
 an over secretion of milk. 
 
 Dry up the milk in all cows at least sixty days before the 
 time of calving. If the flow of milk does not stop naturally, 
 give three drachms sulphate of iron and one-half ounce pow- 
 dered gentian root in the feed once each day for a week or ten 
 days. No milking should be done during this time, unless 
 found necessary to prevent injury to the udder. Give sufficient 
 food that the extra demands of nature be supplied and the off- 
 spring thrive without affecting the health of the mother. If 
 the animal has a cough, feed one measure of Standard Food at 
 each meal, which will stop the cough and keep the blood in a 
 healthy condition, prevent relaxation of the solids of the body 
 and promote absorption. Cows, during this period, should be 
 kept apart from other cattle, particularly in the feed yard, 
 where they are liable to accident from vicious animals. 
 
 Cattle are of a nervous disposition and highly excitable, 
 and boisterousness or undue force will counteract every other 
 attention that can be given them. For this reason, during the 
 period of gestation, cows need absolute quiet and freedom from 
 all excitement. 
 
 Elsewhere in this book we have made the plain statement 
 that Standard Food is not a cure all, but we do state, without 
 fear of successful contradiction, that it is a preventive of 
 abortion among cows, when intelligently used in connection 
 with good, wholesome food in proper quantities, pure water, 
 sufficient shelter and proper care. It regulates the whole sys- 
 tem, purifies the blood, promotes absorption and strengthens 
 the generative organs; in short, its use will insure that condi- 
 tion of health which will best fit the animal for the perform- 
 ance of the task that nature has placed upon her. Feed one 
 measure of the Food to each animal at each meal with the grain 
 feed. If this amount is deviated from, regulate it according 
 to the condition of the bowels. 
 
 If these directions are followed in the use of the Food and 
 care of the animal, we will, barring accidents and mistreatment, 
 
CARE DURING GESTATION. 95 
 
 guarantee the performance of every claim made for Standard 
 Food in the prevention of abortion among cows. 
 
 Calving. — Comparatively little will be said upon this sub- 
 ject, as most farmers and dairymen are familiar with this 
 natural and necessary incident to stock raising. 
 
 The symptoms of immediate delivery are great restlessness 
 and uneasiness, indicative of pain, which is shown by lying 
 down and rising up, or otherwise continually changing position. 
 These increase in severity until, in the natural process, the calf 
 has been delivered. The natural presentation at full time is 
 when the head and fore legs are presented together. If there 
 are no malformations, either in the cow or her offspring, par- 
 turition will take place naturally and safely. Under these 
 conditions, nature alone can do the work. Unnecessary assist- 
 ance should be avoided, and the wisdom of waiting will be 
 shown by the results. However, should the labor be unduly 
 protracted, on account of the animal being weak, proper assist- 
 ance should be given. 
 
 There are various forms of unnatural presentation, which, 
 however, it is not our province to treat in this book. Suffice 
 it to say that any explanations which could be given would 
 leave the stock owner who has had limited experience little bet- 
 ter off than before. An operation in cases of this character 
 should be directed by skill and experience, in order that proper 
 methods may be adopted in assisting nature. 
 
 The retention of the afterbirth is of frequent occurrence 
 among cows, when there is some unhealthy condition present, 
 such as debility and an impoverished condition of the system. 
 Healthy cows are not troubled with protracted retention of the 
 afterbirth. When this results from a deranged condition of 
 the system, the cause readily suggests the remedy. When cows 
 have not cleansed within a reasonable time after calving, give 
 one pound of epsom salts, in the form of a drench, with sweet- 
 ened water; also give in a light bran mash, or with gruel, two 
 measures of Standard Food at each meal, and continue its use 
 until a better condition of health is established. In case the 
 afterbirth has not been expelled within six or eight hours by 
 this treatment, give \ ounce of powdered ergot of rye, and 
 repeat in half an hour, if necessary, which will cause its expul- 
 sion by contraction of the womb. The general health from this 
 time must be carefully looked after. Give good wholesome 
 food in generous quantities, and with each meal give from one 
 to two measures of Standard Food, according to the condition 
 
96 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 of the animal, and continue its use until its full strength and 
 vitality has been restored. The Food has been used in many 
 cases of this kind with remarkable success, and in no one of 
 them has it ever failed, when properly used, to perform every 
 requirement demanded. 
 
 Milk Fevek. — This disease usually makes its appearance 
 within a very few days after calving. Cows which are heavy 
 milkers, especially of the select breeds, are more susceptible to 
 it than others; it is also more likely to attack cows that are too 
 fleshy. 
 
 Symptoms — Loss of appetite; dullness; staggering gait; full, 
 high pulse; the head and horns are hot; soon the cow becomes 
 weak, it falls and is unable to rise, and unless the disease is 
 checked the brain will become affected also, when the animal 
 lays the head back on the flank or dashes it upon the ground. 
 
 Pkevention — Owing to the fact that a great majority of 
 these cases are almost immediately fatal, the most rational 
 course lies in prevention. If the directions which have been 
 given for the treatment of animals during the period of gesta- 
 tion, in regard to the use of Standard Food, have been carefully 
 followed, no trouble from this source need be apprehended. It 
 must be borne in mind, however, that the Food is a flesh pro- 
 ducer, and, while the animal should be kept in good condition, 
 care should be taken against the over production of flesh. For 
 the last week before calving, feed the Food freely, one to two 
 measures at each feed, so as to act mildly as a laxative; feed but 
 little grain or solid feed for one week before calving; avoid as 
 much as possible the effects of sudden changes of the weather, 
 by providing suitable shelter. If there is any reason to antici- 
 pate milk fever, give 25 drops of the tincture of aconite root a 
 few hours after calving, and repeat every six hours until four 
 doses have been given. 
 
 Treatment — As soon as the presence of this disease is dis- 
 covered, give 30 drops of the tincture of aconite root and -J 
 ounce of powdered opium in a bottle of thin gruel; repeat the 
 aconite without the opium every four hours until four doses 
 have been given. If the disease has affected the brain, place a 
 bag of chopped ice upon the forehead, attaching it to the horns, 
 and replenish as needed; give a powerful purge of two 
 pounds epsom salts, - 1 ounce carbonate of ammonia, and \ 
 drachm mix vomica. Keep the animal as quiet as possible, 
 also keep the legs and body warm, by covering according to 
 the season. After the animal has sufficiently recovered to take 
 
MILK FEVER, GARGET. 97 
 
 to her feed, give two measures of Standard Food daily in bran 
 mash, gruel or any tempting food, gradually, increasing the 
 amount to two measures at each meal; continue this treatment 
 until the full strength and vitality has been re-established. 
 
 Garget. — This is an affection of the udder in cows, and is 
 often very troublesome; it often occurs soon after calving. It 
 is caused by blows on the gland, lying on cold, sharp stones, 
 exposure, lack of proper attention in milking, indigestion, or, 
 indeed, any derangement of the general health. If the general 
 health of the cow is carefully looked to, and the udder and teats 
 are kept in proper condition, there will be no garget. 
 
 Symptoms — Heat in the udder with redness and pain; in a 
 day or two swellings will appear, becoming soft and containing 
 pus. These must be opened at this stage to prevent sores and 
 the final destruction of that portion of the udder. 
 
 Chronic garget is distinguished from the acute form by the 
 absence of swellings containing pus. Shivers and chills usually 
 accompany the other symptoms mentioned. 
 
 Treatment — In mild cases,where there is but little pain and 
 fever, rub briskly and persistently with the hand, in addition 
 to the application of spirits of camphor or weak iodine oint- 
 ment. In case these remedies are not effective, apply a warm 
 bran or linseed poultice to hasten suppuration; open the swell- 
 ings at the lowest point, and when the discharge has ceased 
 heal as for a common sore. It must be borne in mind that 
 the full restoration of the parts depends largely upon the udder 
 being thoroughly milked. 
 
 Sore Teats. — Cows are frequently troubled with this ail- 
 ment, and particularly during the spring season. The teats 
 become chapped and cracked from exposure. A good treatment 
 for this complaint is the application of an ointment composed 
 of lard, 8 oz., and acetate (sugar) of lead, 1 oz. Wash the teats 
 and udder well with warm water before applying the ointment. 
 
 Hide Bound. — This is caused by faulty digestion and a lack 
 of assimilation of the feed, and must not, on that account, be 
 considered a disease in itself. The digestive organs being im- 
 paired, the manner of treatment is plain; Standard Food being 
 a thorough regulator of the blood and digestive organs, its 
 regular and persistent use will completely overcome this condi- 
 tion and restore the animal to complete health in a few weeks. 
 Feed one to two measures at each meal with the grain feed, 
 according to condition. 
 
 Diarrhcea. — This troublesome disorder is the result of 
 
 6 
 
98' FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 various causes, among which may be mentioned over-loading 
 the stomach, consuming food that is inferior and indigestible, a 
 change from dry food to green, or any food of a purgative or 
 irritating nature. Disordered digestion is a common cause, as 
 the food is then unacted upon and it enters the intestines as an 
 irritant. 
 
 Treatment — Irritants are found to be common causes, there- 
 fore they should be cleared from the bowels when they are 
 known to exist. For this purpose give the adult animal one 
 pint of raw linseed oil. This will not only cleanse the bowels, 
 but has a soothing effect upon the whole alimentary canal. 
 Follow up this treatment with draughts of ^linseed or slippeiy 
 elm; in obstinate cases mild astringents may be used, but only 
 after the irritant has been carried off by a laxative. The fol- 
 lowing astringent is recommended: 
 
 Prepared chalk 12 drachms. 
 
 Powdered kino 2 drachms. 
 
 Powdered opium ^ drachm. 
 
 Powdered gentian 2 drachms. 
 
 Warm gruel 1 pint. 
 Mix and give at one dose. Such a dose may be repeated in 
 twenty- four hours, if required. In all cases look carefully to 
 the quality and quantity of the food given. The regular use 
 of Standard Food should immediately follow the foregoing 
 treatment. This will improve the appetite, stimulate digestion 
 and give tone to the entire system. 
 
 Diarrhcea in Calves. — This is a very common and fatal 
 affection among young calves. A general cause is the custom 
 of not allowing the calf to suck its own mother, and feeding it 
 skimmed milk. They are fed out of a bucket, and the rapidity 
 with which they drink the milk, which is often more than they 
 need, gorges the stomach and paralyzed the digestive organs. 
 Prevention — Allow the calf to suck its own mother until it 
 is several weeks old. This will prevent gorging the stomach 
 with cold milk. After the calf has been weaned, and particu- 
 larly if it has been fed skimmed milk, give about one-third of 
 a measure of Standard Food in the milk at each meal. This 
 will keep the digestive organs in good condition, and increase 
 the thrift and growth of the animal. 
 
 Treatment — One of the simplest and most effective treat- 
 ments is to give the calf boiled milk for a day or two, discon- 
 tinuing its use as soon as it has accomplished its purpose, so as 
 not to cause constipation. In obstinate cases give three 
 
DIARRHCEA IN CALVES, JAUNDICE. 99 
 
 drachms of carbonate of soda in well boiled wheat flour gruel, 
 once a day. Give one-third of a measure of Standard Food to 
 promote the digestion and thrift of the calf. 
 
 The regular use of Standard Food will be found a great aid 
 in the growth and development of young calves. 
 
 Jaundice. — This is quite a common disease among cattle, 
 and consists in an unnatural distribution of bile throughout the 
 entire system, instead of performing its natural function as an 
 aid to digestion. This condition is due to the bile ducts be- 
 coming closed. An active cause is the keeping of the animal 
 in improperly ventilated and damp stables. Any food or sur- 
 roundings which will produce a disordered condition of the 
 liver is liable to cause jaundice. 
 
 Symptoms — A yellow color of the lining membrane of the 
 nose, mouth and eyes. These symptoms are all accompanied 
 by dullness, constipation and general lassitude. 
 
 Treatment — All cases of jaundice, when attended to as soon as 
 the symptoms are manifested, will readily yield to tLe use of 
 Standard Food, in connection with good food and rational care 
 of the animal. It effects a cure by regulating the digestion 
 and stimulating the secretions. One or two measures should 
 be fed at each meal, according to the condition of the animal. 
 
 Choking. — Cattle that are fed upon roots, turnips, potatoes 
 and the like, are very liable to this distressing accident. 
 
 Treatment — This must be as prompt as possible. Elevate 
 the head of the animal into a line with the neck and hold the 
 mouth open with a balling iron or similar contrivance. Then 
 the tongue being drawn out with the left hand, the right may 
 be passed into the throat and the substance reached with the 
 middle finger being hooked over it so as to withdraw it. If 
 the substance is lodged low down in the gullet it may often be 
 worked up into the throat by pressure beneath it. If this is 
 unsuccessful it may be moved downward, if too great force is 
 not used. Should these measures fail, lose no time in gagging 
 the animal. A smooth, round piece of wood, two inches in di- 
 ameter may be used, tying it in the mouth and carrying the 
 cord up over the horns. This prevents dangerous swelling 
 and the obstruction usually passes on in the course of an hour 
 or two. 
 
 Failing to remove the body by the means advised, pour 
 small quantities of oil or melted lard down the throat. This 
 may enable the animal to either swallow the substance or expel 
 it by coughing. Should all milder expedients fail, an attempt 
 
100 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 must be made to force the obstruction downward by means of 
 a piece of wood made about six feet long and one inch in diam- 
 eter at its base and small enough above to be flexible Have 
 this perfectly smooth and well oiled. Great care should be 
 taken in ascertaining that it has entered the gullet and is clear 
 of and above the windpipe. If coughing follows the introduc- 
 tion of this instrument, withdraw it at once, as this indicates 
 that it has entered the air passages. There are cases which 
 require the gullet to be opened and the obstruction removed, 
 after which the wound should be brought together with a 
 couple of stitches of silk. Then feed the animal for a week 
 upon soft feed and gruel, so as to give the wound time to heal. 
 
 Hoven. — This is a distension of the paunch by gas. It is 
 caused by overloading the paunch and is especially common 
 among weak or underfed cattle when put on green food, such 
 as clover which is wet, green crops containing much water, and 
 roots which are frosted or partially decayed. As this is a dis- 
 ease which develops and becomes serious in a very short time, 
 every farmer should be prepared to treat it promptly. 
 
 Symptoms — There is a swelling of the whole left side of the 
 belly, which, when lightly tapped, gives a drum-like sound; the 
 breathing is difficult, the nostrils distended and the eyes blood- 
 shot; there is an occasional belching of wind with a loud noise. 
 All these symptoms are accompanied by great distress, which, 
 if relief is not given, continues until the animal falls and dies 
 from rupture of the paunch and nervous shock. 
 
 Treatment — In the first stage of this disease relief may be 
 obtained by dashing cold water over the loins and exercising 
 the animal. Gagging, as recommended for choking, is also said 
 to be a successful treatment. In urgent cases the paunch must 
 be punctured. No time should be lost in choosing an instrur 
 ment; if a trocar is not at hand, use an ordinary pocket knife. 
 Plunge it into the left side at an equal distance between the 
 hip bone and the last rib; allow the knife to remain in the 
 wound until a large quill can be inserted in its place; this will 
 afford a means for the gas to escape. After the gas has been 
 removed the following mixture should be immediately given: 
 Epsom salts, one pound; ground ginger, three ounces; warm 
 linseed mucilage one quart; mix and give at one dose. Restore 
 the tone and full vigor of the digestive organs by feeding one 
 measure of Standard Food at each meal for several weeks. 
 
 This disease occurring at intervals in a chronic form is due 
 to a debilitated condition of the walls of the rumen, which will 
 
HOVEN, GRAIN SICKNESS. 101 
 
 yield to the regular use of the Standard Food as directed above. 
 
 Grain Sickness. — This is caused by overloading the paunch 
 with an excess of solid food. Animals gaining access to a 
 heap of grain will eat almost to bursting. S uch an occurrence 
 frequently proves troublesome, if not fatal, and from which 
 the term, "grain sickness," has originated. 
 
 Symptoms — Develop more slowly than in hoven; distress 
 and dullness are among the first signs; the left flank bulges 
 outward, the back is raised and the breathing hurried. The 
 abdomen may be dented with the hand and gives no drum-like 
 sound upon being tapped. The horns, ears and extremities 
 are usually cold and rumination is suspended. 
 
 Treatment — In the first stages give a pound each of epsom 
 and glauber salts, two ounces oil of turpentine and one-half 
 drachm of mix vomica. Mix and give at one dose. Follow 
 this in an hour or two by a stimulant, such as a pint of whisky 
 or gin, and in seven hours,. if no relief has been obtained, repeat 
 the purgative dose, using it in the same strength as before. At 
 the end of ten or twelve hours, if no favorable symptoms are 
 shown, the paunch must be opened, as a last resort. This is an 
 operation requiring both skill and care and, unless the operator 
 is acquainted with it, proper assistance had best be called. 
 
 Hoose in Calves. — This is a parasitic disorder common 
 among calves in breeding districts. It is due to the presence 
 of very small worms in the bronchial tubes and in the lungs. 
 
 Symptoms — This disease is denoted by a husky cough, diffi- 
 cult breathing, emaciation and loss of appetite. Soon the cough 
 becomes frequent, with the raising of mucus and worms; the 
 hide is tight and the coat rough and staring. Thus the disease 
 goes on from bad to worse, until death claims the victim in the 
 course of a few weeks. 
 
 Prevention — The most effective way to prevent this trouble 
 is to keep the animal on high grazing lands and away from 
 marsh and meadow lands. All infected animals should be kept 
 apart from well ones and the dead bodies should be deeply 
 buried. 
 
 Treatment — Place the infected animals in a close building 
 and burn small amounts of flour of sulphur on a shovel or pan 
 until the air is sufficiently charged with the fumes to cause 
 moderate coughing only. This should be repeated several days 
 in succession, then at intervals of a week, for several weeks, in 
 order to kill the young worms as they are hatched out. Feed 
 generously on a diet including dry grain, and the animal should 
 
102 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 have free access to salt, as that is destructive to the worms. 
 For calves six months old feed one measure of Standard Food 
 daily with the other feed. They should not be considered 
 cured until all coughing and excitement of breathing have been 
 dispelled. 
 
 Bronchitis. — This, is an inflammation of the lining mem- 
 brane of the windpipe and the large air tubes of the lungs. 
 Cattle are subject to every degree of severity in this disease, 
 and in many cases, on account of its insidious and deceptive 
 nature, its presence is overlooked until it has often times assumed 
 a dangerous character. 
 
 Farmers and dairymen generally are not careful enough in 
 their observations of their stock in regard to health. The great 
 prerequisite to success in this line is a thorough knowledge of 
 the conditions attending both health and disease, so that, when 
 any derangement of the animal organism presents itself, he may 
 know how to act. This is the great obstacle to be contended 
 with in the treatment of all diseases of cattle; for, through over- 
 sight and ignorance of their symptoms, the remedies are not 
 applied early enough. 
 
 Bronchitis is rather a disease of the herd than of the indi- 
 vidual animal, on account of its being due largely to atmos- 
 pheric causes. 
 
 Symptoms — In the beginning of the attack the animal has a 
 slight, harsh cough, accompanied by watering of the eyes and a 
 discharge from the nose. If the ear be applied to the windpipe, 
 a slight grating sound will be heard. 
 
 Treatment — Upon the first discovery of the attack give 
 twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite root every four 
 hours until five doses have been given; also give one-half 
 ounce powdered sulphite of soda three times a day. Supple- 
 ment this treatment with the use of Standard Food, two meas- 
 ures at each meal, three times daily, until the animal looks 
 brighter and eats well; then continue the moderate use of the 
 Food until full health has been restored. Feed lightly, so as 
 not to produce indigestion, and give plenty of cold water and 
 allow pure air. 
 
 Bladder Diseases. — This class of diseases, though not fre- 
 quent among cattle, is occasionally the source of considerable 
 trouble. Diseases of this organ among them are generally 
 caused by foreign matter in the urine, and by calculi or stone 
 in the bladder. 
 
 Symptoms — There is almost continual restlessness of the 
 
BRONCHITIS, BLADDER DISEASES. 103 
 
 animal from irritation and pain. The eyes present a blood- 
 shot appearance, the attempt to void urine is almost con- 
 stant and unsuccessful, only a few drops being passed at a 
 time; the animal is likely to die from irritation, excitement 
 and exhaustion, if proper relief is not given. 
 
 Treatment — The prompt administration of tincture of 
 aconite root to relieve pain and fever is advisable. Give twen- 
 ty-live drops in one dose. Follow this with draughts of linseed 
 tea and thin gruel, which will have a soothing effect upon the 
 kidneys and bladder. Feed regularly two measures of Standard 
 Food at each meal; this will correct the emaciation and weak- 
 ness consequent upon this disease, and at the same time, when 
 fed in this quantity, have a soothing and healing effect. In 
 cases where calculi or any foreign substance in the kidneys or 
 bladder is suspected, give sixty drops muriatic acid once a day 
 in cold water. This should not be administered during the 
 presence of irritation or pain. 
 
 Anaemia. — This term signifies a want of blood in the animal 
 and is very common among cattle, much more so than is gen- 
 erally supposed. Some cases are not traceable to any direct 
 cause, but the great majority of them are the result of improper 
 digestion, excessive secretions from the udder, feeding for a 
 length of time on one kind of food, starvation, improperly 
 ventilated or dark stables, etc. 
 
 Symptoms — Extreme paleness of the lining membranes of 
 the mouth, nose and eyes; slow, weak pulse, and a great lack of 
 life and energy; the breathing quick, and slight exertion pro- 
 duces perspiration and fatigue. As the blood becomes poor, 
 all these symptoms are aggravated, and in the advanced stages 
 dropsical swellings beneath the jaws or in the limbs, the stag- 
 gering gait, etc., are highly characteristic. 
 
 Treatment — The very nature of this disease indicates the 
 character of the treatment; being, as it is, due to an impover- 
 ished condition of the whole system, what is needed is neither 
 physicing nor dosing, but a generous supply of wholesome, 
 vitalizing food, such as will make rich, pure blood, and give 
 strength and tone to the entire system. In addition to a liberal 
 supply of nutritious feed give each animal two measures of 
 Standard Food at each meal. 
 
 Make occasional changes in the character of the animal's 
 feed and give proper care and sufficient shelter. Continue the 
 use of the Food as directed in other parts of this book. 
 
 Red Water. — This affection is essentially a blood disease, the 
 
104 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 result of imperfect digestion and assimilation, and is character- 
 ized by a disordered condition of the liver, wastirrg of the bodily 
 tissues and an impoverished condition of the blood. The color 
 given to the urine is caused by the breaking up of the red cor- 
 puscles or coloring matter of the blood, which passes off 
 through this channel. This disease is most common among 
 cows, a fact which may be attributed to the demands made on 
 the system by the secretion of milk and process of gestation. 
 
 Symptoms — Diarrhoea, lasting for a day or two, and usually 
 followed by constipation; there is a tendency to rapid emacia- 
 tion; weakness is great, and increases as the disease advances; 
 urine of a brown or deep red color. 
 
 Treatment — Relieve the stomach of all indigestible matter 
 by giving a brisk purge, such as epsom salts one pound, calomel 
 one to two drachms, gentian and ginger each one ounce; 
 mix and give at one dose, with plenty of fluid. Give bran 
 mashes freely and two measures of Standard Food at each 
 meal. To assist in a complete recovery, give good, substantial 
 feeding, which will also assist in making blood to replace that 
 which has been lost. 
 
 Black Leg. — This is a malignant disease affecting young 
 cattle in the spring of the year. It is very rapid in its devel- 
 opment, usually attacking the best in the herd, and death fol- 
 lows in a short time. It is denoted by one hind leg and thigh 
 becoming congested with blood and turning black. 
 
 This disease is incurable. 
 
 Prevention — About the best method of prevention that 
 can be recommended is to keep the young animals on high pas- 
 ture lands, allow them free access to salt, and give one pound 
 of Standard Food to each twelve or fifteen head daily. This will 
 regulate the bowels and keep the blood in a normal condition. 
 On the first appearance of this disease in the locality, give each 
 animal between one and two years old half a pound of epsom 
 salts and feed the Standard Food regularly each day. 
 
 Black Tongue. — This disease is manifested by eruptive 
 blisters on the tongue, palate and cheeks, accompanied by swell- 
 ing. Although apparently located in these members, it is a 
 blood disease and of a very malignant character. 
 
 Symptoms — The tongue is red and swollen; the muzzle, 
 head and neck are also swollen; there is a constant flow of 
 saliva from the mouth; mastication of the food is hindered 
 and breathing is difficult. As the disease develops the breath- 
 ing becomes labored, the saliva is tinged with blood and has an 
 
BLACK LEG, MURRAIN, TEXAS FEVER. 105 
 
 offensive odor, when fever sets in and death usually occurs 
 within two or three days. 
 
 Treatment — The following treatment in the earlier stages 
 is recommended: Remove the diseased animals to a place by 
 themselves. The tongue should be lanced to relieve congestion; 
 cleanse the mouth with a wash of vinegar and tepid water and 
 give the animal one pound of epsom salts. Allow plenty of 
 cold water to drink, and, as food cannot be taken, supply nutri- 
 tious drinks of linseed or hay tea, flour or oatmeal gruel, etc. 
 Give also, twice each day, one ounce of sulphite of soda in 
 cold water, to correct fermentation in the blood. Great caution 
 should be exercised to prevent the contact of the poisonous 
 saliva with the hands or any part of the body. 
 
 Prevention — The same measures for prevention should be 
 adopted as those recommended for black leg. 
 
 Epizootic Aphtha. — (Murrain) — This is one of the most 
 contagious diseases among cattle. It attacks the feet and 
 mouth, and in cows sometimes extends to the teats and udder. 
 It is caused, as has already been stated, by contagion, and, when 
 once fairly established in a locality, most measures for its pre- 
 vention appear to be futile. 
 
 Symptoms — Rough, staring coat, increased temperature and 
 shivering; dry muzzle; mouth hot and red; eruptive blisters 
 within the mouth and on the teats, containing pus; great rest- 
 lessness in cows when milking is attempted; there is a largely 
 increased flow of saliva; the feet frequently become badly 
 affected with sores on the coronet and between the hoof, often 
 resulting in the loss of the hoof. 
 
 Treatment — Give a laxative of one pound of epsom salts; 
 wash out the mouth with a solution of tincture of myrrh and 
 borax, each one ounce, in one quart of water. Apply a lotion 
 to the teats of one half drachm of carbolic acid and ten ounces 
 of glycerine. Apply a dressing to the feet of one ounce of oil 
 of vitriol in four ounces of water, with a feather. This is to 
 be used after washing the foot thoroughly with castile soap and 
 water. Give bran mashes, gruel, linseed tea, etc. The feeding 
 of one or two measures of Standard Food at each meal will 
 serve to regulate the system and facilitate recovery. 
 
 Texas Fever. — This is a much dreaded disease, and is sup- 
 posed to originate in Texas, but might with equal pro- 
 priety bear the name of any of the Gulf States, whose low ma- 
 larial marshes appear to propagate this malady. 
 
 Among the native cattle of those states it does not usually 
 
106 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 assume a malignant form; indeed, its presence is often un- 
 noticed; but when communicated to cattle in the Northern 
 States it assumes an exceedingly fatal character. It is propa- 
 gated by contagion through the bowel discharges, and roads, 
 pastures, streams, etc., become mediums of infection. The 
 germ of this disease is killed by frost. It is not con- 
 sidered contagious between northern animals. The disease 
 usually developes within four or five weeks after contact, and 
 is distinguished by drooping of the head, arched back, dullness, 
 cough, trembling of the flanks, impaired appetite and very high 
 fever. These increase in severity until the animal is compelled 
 to lie down. The eyes become glassy and fixed, the secretions 
 lessened and clotted with blood, the urine changes to a dark 
 color and the mucous membranes are of a deep yellow or brown. 
 The disease becomes more aggravated in time, until death en- 
 sues. 
 
 A regular form of treatment is useless. However, the ani- 
 mal may be given large doses of epsom or glauber salts in great 
 quantities of sweetened water, repeating the dose in twenty- 
 four hours. Allow all the cold water the animal will drink. 
 
 Pleuro-Pneumonia. — This is a disease among cattle, in re- 
 gard to the origin of which there is a great difference of opin- 
 ion among the highest authorities, some holding the apparently 
 well founded opinion that it is never propagated except by con- 
 tagion, while others of equal prominence advance the theory 
 that it is due to atmospheric conditions, improper food, and 
 unfavorable surroundings. 
 
 It is a specific disease, manifested by inflammation in the air 
 passages, lungs and their coverings, accomrjanied by a profuse 
 outpouring of fluid into the chest and lungs, gradually increas- 
 ing in volume until the lungs are nearly submerged; they 
 gradually become solidified and in the course of time the vital 
 power gives way and the animal dies from suffocation. 
 
 Symptoms — Fever is the first indication; then there is a 
 slight cough, which increases in harshness as the disease pro- 
 gresses; the hair along the back is rough and staring, and there 
 is tenderness in the back when pinched. Shivering, rapid pulse 
 and breathing, constipation, high colored and scanty urine, 
 impaired appetite and irregular rumination are among the 
 more prominent symptoms. 
 
 Treatment — Will depend much upon the condition of the 
 animal. Low vitality, occasioned by poor feeding or the exces- 
 sive secretion of milk, are very unfavorable conditions. As 
 
PLEUROPNEUMONIA, CATTLE PLAGUE. 107 
 
 soon as the disease has been discovered, give 25 drops of 
 the tincture of aconite root, and repeat every four hours 
 until five doses have been given. Give also one-half ounce of 
 the sulphite of soda, twice a day. Give well chosen feed in 
 small quantities, adding from two to three measures of Stand- 
 ard Food at each meal. The purpose of this is not only to 
 stimulate the system, but to restore and maintain the appetite. 
 
 Contagious %Typhus — Rinderpest — Cattle Plague, etc. — 
 This disease consists in inflammation and irritation of the fibrous 
 tissue or 'white membranes of the nose, windpipe and chest. 
 These ,membranes become deteriorated and decayed, producing 
 a dangerous poison, which, becoming absorbed into the general 
 circulation through a gradual process, is followed by fermenta- 
 tion of the blood, and the body breaks out in carbuncular sores 
 which discharge pus. This manifestation is accompanied by 
 fever, weakness, etc. The blood and tissues of the body 
 become so degenerated that the animal dies in from one to 
 three weeks. 
 
 It is caused by certain conditions of the atmosphere, debil- 
 ity, weakness, and a low condition of general health, and con- 
 tagion made possible by these predisposing causes. 
 
 Symptoms — The temperature of the body is variable, being 
 alternately cold and hot; there is a husky cough, and a dis- 
 charge from the eye and nostril; the back is arched and the 
 coat looks rough and unhealthy ; upon examination eruptions 
 will be found in the mouth and nose. Soon the discharge from 
 the e3 r es and nose becomes streaked with blood; diarrhoea sets 
 in. All of these S3'mptoms are followed by stupor and the 
 signs of approaching death. 
 
 Treatment — Give 25 drops of the tincture of aconite root, 
 and repeat in four hours to allay the fever. Give also pow- 
 dered carbonate of ammonia 1 ounce, powdered sulphate of 
 iron 3 drachms, morning and night, Give daily 1 ounce of 
 sulphite of soda in the middle of the day. Give good, strong 
 feed in moderate quantities, adding from two to three meas- 
 ures Standard Food at each meal. In this, as in all other con- 
 tagious diseases, give plenty of cold water, allow pure air and 
 observe strict cleanliness. Isolate the affected animal from the 
 rest of the herd, as the fundamental principle of prevention 
 lies in this precaution. The above treatment, carefully fol- 
 lowed, will cure the great majority of the animals affected 
 with this disease. 
 
PREVENTION OF DISEASE AMONG SWINE. 
 
 The development of disease among swine is the result of 
 the conditions with which they have been surrounded. In their 
 native state, unrestrained by yard or pen, and without master 
 or provider ,they were obliged to labor diligently for sustenance, 
 which gave them endurance and strength of constitution. 
 Under present conditions their physical functions have been 
 greatly changed by confinement, high feeding, etc. During a 
 series of years the hog has gained much in symmetry of form 
 and appearance, but he has certainly lost in strength of consti- 
 tution and the ability to resist disease. A general relaxation 
 of the system has opened the way for hog cholera and other 
 fatal diseases. We do not mean to say that the hog in his 
 native state would not be liable to take disease, but it is certain 
 that his hardier constitution would be a safeguard against it. 
 Most fatal diseases among swine are contagious, and find their 
 easiest prey among animals whose feeble vitality is insufficient 
 to resist the epidemic tendency. 
 
 A great deal of confusion has been caused by applying the 
 name of hog cholera to almost every disease prevalent among 
 swine. It is immaterial what the name of the disease is, so long 
 as it conveys the proper idea Hog cholera is not a separate 
 disease, but is a class of malignant diseases of a contagious and 
 infectious nature which, while allied in fatality, differ greatly 
 in their general symptoms, internal effects, - rimary location 
 and duration of attack. 
 
 Among the various forms of diseases among swine, may be 
 enumerated: Putrid erysipelas (malignant typhus), malignant 
 putrid sore throat, inflammation of the bowels, quinzy, strangles, 
 diphtheria, inflammation of the lungs, kidney worms, intestinal 
 worms, etc. 
 
 There are certain articles which can be used in the treat- 
 ment of these diseases, but which we do not consider within 
 our province to mention here and at this time, for our mission 
 is to advocate the prevention rather than the attempt to cure 
 these diseases. 
 
 We have the testimony of thousands of farmers to the effect 
 that Standard Food has alone cured their hogs of disease. We 
 positively know that it is of great benefit when fed even to sick 
 
 108 
 
GENERAL CAUSES OF DISEASE. 109 
 
 hogs, but it must be distinctly understood that our claims for 
 the Food are for the prevention and not for the cure of these 
 diseases. Each one of them requires a separate and distinct 
 form of treatment, yet the methods for their prevention are 
 bound to remain the same. 
 
 General Causes of Disease. 
 
 Local conditions have much to do with the health of swine, 
 but, in the investigation of the causes of diseases among them , a 
 careful study of other conditions is doubtless of more import- 
 ance. With the domestication of these animals came all the 
 evils of improper breeding, confinement and erroneous feeding. 
 Naturally a forager, active in body and strong in constitution, 
 and made hardy by a constant struggle for existence, is it to be 
 wondered at that the primitive hog, when subjected to the evils 
 of modern surroundings, is a fit subject for disease ? 
 
 Grave errors are made in breeding; many farmers have been 
 tempted to sell their larger and more thrifty sows and breed 
 from the poorer ones; also to breed from animals too young. 
 These, together with in and in breeding, have produced a race of 
 animals deficient in constitution and bodily vigor. 
 
 Improper surroundings must come in for their share of the 
 causes of these diseases. Hogs cannot be expected to thrive 
 amid filth or when unduly exposed to the heat and cold. Such 
 surroundings are almost sure, in themselves, to originate 
 disease. Under these conditions, a single hog in a large drove 
 may be in just the condition to develop the disease or take it 
 by infection, thus imperiling the safety of others, in but little 
 better condition, by direct contact, who, in turn, convey it to 
 otners. 
 
 Another, and one of the greatest causes, is a continued high 
 feeding of kinds of food containing too much heat and fat pro- 
 ducing properties. The most prominent among this class of 
 foods is old, dry corn, which, when fed continuously, produces a 
 feverish and inflammatory condition of the system. The nat- 
 ural tendency of foods of this character should be counteracted 
 as much as possible by the addition of such other articles as 
 will produce a cooling and loosening effect, thus avoiding the 
 perils of a plethoric condition, }^et keeping the animals fatten- 
 ing at the same time. 
 
 No one cause is, perhaps, more productive of disease than 
 that of keeping hogs from year to year in the same pen or field. 
 Nature has given these animals an instinct which teaches them 
 
110 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 to search for bugs, vegetable roots, etc., which, in bilious and 
 digestive derangements, are natural excitants of the stomach, 
 liver and bowels. 
 
 Frequent changes of the enclosure for hogs are impracticable 
 and well nigh impossible to the average farmer, for the reason 
 that it is not only too expensive, but also that space is limited 
 which is suitable for this purpose. Recognizing this, it is a fact 
 that the soil becomes exhausted after a time of the elements 
 necessary to the health of the hog, and, being placed where he 
 is unable to obtain them, it becomes imperative that he be sup- 
 plied from some other source, if lie remain free from disease. 
 
 Prevention. 
 
 The prevention of the diseases and epidemics common 
 among swine means success to the practical hog raiser. To 
 prevent disease among hogs is more rational than any attempted 
 cure, however successful. Millions of dollars are annually 
 wiped out of existence by the ravages of disease among these 
 animals which might have been avoided by supplying proper and 
 healthful surroundings, and the use of common sense methods 
 of prevention. By prevention we mean the placing of the ani- 
 mal in such a condition of bodily vigor as to be able to resist 
 disease in any form, and not in doping and dosing him with 
 mineral drugs, or deranging the stomach and bowels with doses 
 of antimony, copperas, madder, and a thousand and one things 
 which have killed an army of hogs, said to have died with the 
 cholera. 
 
 Avoid all causes, so far as possible, which are likely to pro- 
 duce this malady. Breed from the most vigorous animals only; 
 furnish clean, comfortable quarters and plenty of pure water; 
 feed a well-balanced ration which will keep them growing and 
 insure them vigorous and healthy bodies. The very essence of 
 prevention lies in securing the highest measure of bodily 
 health, and that method which will the most surely and natur- 
 ally reach this condition is the rational course of prevention to 
 follow. 
 
 The value of Standard Food in bringing about these essen- 
 tial conditions of thrift and vigor, in the prevention of disease, 
 is almost incalculable. For it will, if used sensibly and rightly 
 in connection with good treatment otherwise, place the animal 
 in such a condition that he is able to successfully resist disease. 
 It stimulates the stomach to healthy and vigorous action, and, 
 by increasing the flow of its juices, not only secures more sus- 
 
PREVENTION OF DISEASE. Ill 
 
 tenance from the ration consumed, but enables it to throw oft 
 all accumulated impurities, whose presence hinders its proper 
 action and endangers the health of the animal. Everything 
 depends upon the proper action of the stomach, for, when good 
 digestion and complete assimilation are secured, pure blood 
 and good health are assured. 
 
 The presence of intestinal worms in large quantities is a 
 source -of serious trouble among swine. The indiscriminate 
 dosing of hogs with mineral and poisonous preparations to 
 kill worms is an absurd and dangerous practice, and one which 
 discloses a lack of knowledge on this subject. Any small good 
 that can be done in this way is only temporary, for, although it 
 removes the worms, it does not remove the cause. The true 
 theory is this: worms are the result of a deranged condition, 
 and not the cause. The deranged condition comes first, and 
 worms follow as the result — not the reverse. 
 
 The regular and continued use of Standard Food restores 
 the stomach and smaller intestines to a normal condition and 
 healthy action, which enables them to throw off the mucus 
 accumulation which generates worms, and in which they exist. 
 The success of this treatment lies in removing the cause, thus 
 disposing of it effectually. 
 
 Improper feeding is a prolific cause of disease among swine. 
 The continued feeding of old, dry corn produces a feverish and 
 inflammatory condition of the system, which, if allowed to con- 
 tinue, is likely to end in disease. Young pigs suffer more from 
 this manner of feeding than the more mature animals; it is 
 one of the greatest sources of disease among them, and is very 
 likely, from its heating and inflammatory tendency, to weaken 
 and debilitate the digestive organs and lay the foundation for 
 disease. Old corn should be soaked for a day or two before it 
 is fed, and accompanied by a proper ration of Standard Food. 
 These precautions will counteract the feverish tendency and 
 produce a cooling and loosening effect, thus preserving health 
 and insuring growth at the same time. 
 
 The feeding with corn of sloppy articles, boiled roots, boiled 
 oats, etc., where practical, is of value in increasing the 
 health. 
 
 The practice of keeping hogs in one pen or field from year 
 to year is no doubt the cause of a great deal of loss from dis- 
 ease among them. The hog, from instinct, seeks for a natural 
 regulator in bilious and digestive derangements in the soil. 
 The use of one enclosure for a long time exhausts the soil of 
 
112 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 these natural regulators of the health of the hog, and 
 leaves him without anything to correct the irregularities to 
 which he is naturally subject. It can be easily seen that, if 
 these are not supplied in some other way, he has no protection 
 against the inroads of disease. Standard Food supplies this 
 deficiency in the most natural manner. It stimulates the 
 digestive organs to prompt and healthy action and corrects 
 ever}r tendency toward a morbid condition. 
 
 Prevention Plus Profit. 
 
 It is a fact that, in feeding Standard Food to hogs for the 
 prevention of disease, it actually costs nothing as a preven- 
 tive. While it is putting the system of the animal in a condi- 
 tion to resist disease, it is making an extra increase in flesh and 
 fat to much more than pay its cost. 
 
 Some farmers, who think it costs too much to feed Standard 
 Food as a preventive, lose sight of the gain it will make in the 
 increase of flesh. A little calculation will show them what a 
 small extra gain in flesh will offset the cost of the Food. Ac- 
 cording to our directions for feeding, an increased gain of three 
 or four pounds per month to each head will do this. The actual 
 facts, however, are that, with proper use, it will not only pay for 
 itself in extra gain produced, but return a handsome profit, so 
 that the farmer not only gets his preventive for nothing, but 
 has a profit thrown in. 
 
 Let us suppose that the farmer has two lots, of ten pigs 
 each, which have been weaned when six weeks old. Let both 
 lots have the run of the yard, and what suitable food they may 
 require. Give one lot, in addition, say one-third of a pound of 
 Standard Food per day, until they are five months old, and the 
 other lot none. After that increase the Standard Food ration 
 a little with the one lot, so that the amount consumed daily 
 will be about one-half pound, feeding in this proportion until 
 they are eight months old. For the next two months, feed the 
 one lot such a ration of properly selected food as will fully 
 meet the demands of the increased appetite caused by Standard 
 Food. The amount of Standard Food consumed by these ten 
 pigs should be about one pound a day during this two months. 
 At this time the age of the pigs in each lot will be ten months. 
 The one lot, which have had the benefit of the Standard Food 
 ration, have been healthy and vigorous throughout. The Food 
 has increased their digestion and assimilation, and also has in- 
 creased their appetite, thus enabling them to eat a larger 
 
PREVENTION PLUS PROFIT. 113 
 
 amount of feed than the other lot. If their appetites have been 
 at all times satisfied, they will weigh, at this age, 300 pounds 
 each, and be ready for market at the top price. The other lot 
 have had the same advantages otherwise, but no Standard 
 Food, and will do well to weigh 225 pounds each at this age. 
 They will not be so saleable as the other lot when placed upon 
 the market, and will command but a normal price. This year 
 the one lot would have sold readily at 4 cents per pound, live 
 weight, and the other lot possibly at 3-£ cents per pound. The 
 following plainly shows the result: 
 
 10 pigs, 300 pounds each, at 4 cents per pound $120 00 
 
 10 pigs, 225 pounds each, at 3 £ cents per pound 78 75 
 
 Difference in gross receipts from two lots 41 25 
 
 Cost of Standard Food consumed by the one lot 12 00 
 
 Left for profit and to pay for extra food 29 25 
 
 The one lot of pigs would consume 25 pounds of Standard 
 Food in the first 100 days, 30 pounds in the next 90 days, and 
 40 pounds in the last 60 days. This is allowing for the omis- 
 sion of its use one week in every three after the first month, 
 which is according to our directions. The total amount of 
 Standard Food consumed would be a little less than 100 pounds, 
 or say 10 pounds to each pig during the 8^ months, at a cost of 
 $1.20 per head. The returns over the other lot would be, 
 according to these figures, 84.12-J per head, an amount which 
 not only pays^ for the Standard Food and extra grain feed con- 
 sumed, but leaves a handsome profit besides. Thus it will be 
 seen that, aside from the essential element of prevention, guar- 
 anteed to every farmer who uses Standard Food according to 
 our directions, he secures an extra return which amply repays 
 him for the outlay. 
 
 How to Feed Standard Food. 
 
 For young pigs, feed in the proportion of one pound to 30 
 head, once a day; for medium sized pigs, one pound to 20 head, 
 once a day; increase this amount on fattening hogs to one 
 pound to ten head daily. In all cases, omit the use of the 
 Food one week in three after the first month. The Food may 
 be fed in swill, or with grain feed, when it should be fed in 
 troughs to prevent waste. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP, 
 
 All the advantages secured from feeding Standard Food to 
 horses, cattle and swine are obtained in an equal degree when 
 it is fed to sheep. It acts directly upon the digestive organs, 
 thus securing healthy action of all the functions of the body, 
 which is the first step in the prevention of disease. 
 
 Most of the diseases of sheep, except those produced by 
 external causes, can be very satisfactorily treated by the proper 
 use of Standard Food. Diseases of the blood, digestive and res- 
 piratory organs are directly acted upon by its use. Many of 
 the diseases to which sheep are subject are due to local condi- 
 tions, such as keeping them on low, wet lands, undue exposure 
 in inclement weather, and careless and improper feeding. 
 
 The rational treatment, under the first of these conditions, 
 would be to remove them to higher ground, and give local 
 treatment to the seat of disease. This, if promptly done, is 
 usually sufficient, when accompanied by the feeding of a proper 
 ration of Standard Food, to build up their impaired health. 
 
 Undue exposure in inclement weather, etc., should be cor- 
 rected as much as possible by providing proper shelter. No 
 animals upon the farm will show the effects of good treatment, 
 or make a better return from it, than sheep. 
 
 The intelligent and systematic feeding of sheep is of great 
 importance in securing and maintaining their health. The 
 value of variety in feed stuffs for sheep is not enough appre- 
 ciated. A properly proportioned ration for sheep will amply 
 repay the trouble in improved health alone. 
 
 Another of the important points in successful sheep farming 
 is strict regularity in the time of feeding, and proportioning 
 the amount of fodder to the wants of the animal. With good 
 attention to these particulars, sheep will maintain better health 
 and make a more profitable return on moderate keeping than 
 on the best food fed with irregularity, A due regard to proper 
 location, comfortable quarters, generous and regular feeding, 
 are ail essential in preventing disease among sheep. If these 
 be carefully observed, and they be allowed a moderate ration 
 of Standard Food, for the purpose of correcting any irregular- 
 ity of condition, which is quite likely to be present, although 
 not observed, the owner may be assured of not only prevent- 
 
 114 
 
FEEDING FOR MUTTON. 115 
 
 ing disease among them, but of securing the greatest develop- 
 ment in flesh and fleece. 
 
 The Fleece. 
 
 One of the greatest advantages secured from the feeding of 
 Standard Food to sheep is in increasing the growth and qual- 
 ity of the fleece. Good feeding improves the coat, whether it 
 be hair or wool. No one can fail to see the favorable effect 
 upon the hair of well fed cattle compared to those poorly fed, 
 arid also upon the wool of well fed and poorly fed sheep. This 
 is due to the superior condition of the animal, and is particu- 
 larly noticeable among animals fed a regular ration of Standard 
 Food. Poor, ill kept sheep can not produce wool of the first 
 quality; neither can irregularly fed animals grow an even tex- 
 ture of wool. Expert wool buyers are able to tell the kind of 
 care the sheep have received by the texture of the wool exam- 
 ined. It will be uneven and weak in places. These inequali- 
 ties show the periods of good and shiftless keeping. Regular 
 and continued feeding of a properly compounded ration, with 
 the addition of Standard Food according to directions, together 
 with proper surroundings, will insure an abundant growth of 
 fine wool of even texture. The use of Standard Food as above 
 directed will not only increase the quantity and quality of the 
 wool grown, but will produce an increase in flesh alone suffi- 
 cient to more than pay for its use. 
 
 Feeding for Mutton. 
 
 Sheep raising, for wool alone, is not a profitable enterprise; 
 but when sheep are jointly raised for mutton and the profits of 
 the fleece as well, we have one of the most surely and speedily 
 profitable branches of stock-raising. A great advantage lies in 
 the fact that both objects can be attained at the same time in 
 the same animal. Liberal feeding, attended with proper care 
 and judgment in its selection, will secure a marked improve- 
 ment in the fleece, while adding pounds of flesh to the carcass. 
 
 The production of mutton is more profitable than the pro- 
 duction of beef, pound for pound, it selling usually for a larger 
 price per pound, and having the added profit from the fleece be- 
 sides. 
 
 Sheep produce a greater percentage of flesh from a given 
 amount of feed consumed than do cattle. The use of Standard 
 Food in the feeding of sheep yields the most satisfactory re- 
 turns both in* flesh, selling qualities of the animal and in quan- 
 tity of fleece secured. 
 
116 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 As we have stated before, and we repeat it here, the stomach 
 is the most important organ in the body, for upon its proper 
 action depends the sustenance and health of the entire body. 
 
 Standard Food creates an increased appetite, and stimulates 
 the stomach so that the extra amount of food demanded by 
 this increase of appetite is properly digested and assimilated. 
 It not only does this, but its regular use will secure a greater 
 percentage of nutriment from all of the feed consumed, the 
 natural result of which is to materially increase the gain over 
 and above the amount secured from ordinary feeding. This 
 increase will much more than pay for the extra outlay incurred 
 by its use. To recapitulate, it acts as a powerful preventive of 
 disease, adds largely to the quantity and quality of wool, and 
 secures an extra production of flesh to more than pay for its 
 use. 
 
 Directions for Feeding Standard Food to Sheep. 
 
 Standard Food should be fed to sheep in the proportion of 
 one pound to thirty head, daily, with a fattening ration. As a 
 preventive of disease and for the purpose of keeping sheep in a 
 thrifty and healthy condition, feed one pound to fifty head, 
 daily. It should be fed with grain or in their feeding troughs. 
 Omit its use one week in four aftor the first month. 
 
CARE OF POULTRY. 
 
 The experience of successful pouttry raisers makes plain 
 the fact that, as an adjunct to the farm and barn yard, this 
 industry is one of the most profitable y properly handled. 
 Unfortunately, too many farmers look upon ohis branch of their 
 business as something of minor importance. Facts, however, 
 do not uphold this opinion. In the year 1883, the poultry 
 products of the United States were greater than those of the 
 dairy, which proves that there are possibilities in this industry 
 which are worthy of the most careful study and attention. 
 
 Many valuable fowls are lost every year from carelessness, 
 and there are also a great many that die from the lack of 
 proper attention when sick. A chicken is too likely to be 
 looked upon as a thing of so little importance that it does not 
 seem worth while to give it any care when sick, and, as a result 
 in many cases, the sick fowl is the cause of spreading disease 
 among the others, and likely causing the loss of the whole 
 flock. Exposure, careless treatment, irregular and improper 
 feeding, cause derangements and disease just as surely among 
 fowls as among any other creatures upon the farm. Chicken 
 cholera, roup, gapes, diarrhoea, etc., are due almost entirely to 
 improper care and the lack of sensible methods of prevention. 
 Fowls should be protected from wet and cold, as well as from the 
 extreme heat of the sun; their enclosures should be kept scrupu- 
 lously clean, and plenty of pure water provided at all times. 
 The coops should be properly ventilated. 
 
 First and foremost in the treatment of these diseases, sepa- 
 rate the sick fowls from the well ones; disinfect the coops and 
 drinking vessels by the use of a solution of carbolic acid; give 
 warm, stimulating food, and mix with it a measure of Standard 
 Food to each twelve medium-sized fowls. This treatment, 
 when accompanied by proper feeding and comfortable shelter, 
 may be relied upon as the most efficient in the cure of these 
 diseases 
 
 The prevention of disease among fowls is much more sensi- 
 ble than to run any risk of curing them after they become sick. 
 Standard Food, by acting directly upon the digestive organs, 
 which in fowls, as well as animals, is usually the seat of disease, 
 corrects all irregularities of the system, producing rich, pure 
 
 117 
 
118 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 
 
 blood, and through it a healthy condition of the entire body. 
 If Standard Food is fed for this purpose, as we direct, and 
 accompanied by cleanliness, proper feeding and comfortable 
 quarters, we are borne out by years of experience in guarantee- 
 ing it as a preventive of any of the diseases common among 
 fowls. Practical poultry raisers have demonstrated the fact that 
 the egg product of hens can be increased from 50 to 100 per 
 cent, by a proper selection of feed and regularity in the time 
 of feeding. Our experience justifies us in making the positive 
 assertion that Standard Food will, when fed regularly, with a 
 properly selected ration of feed, increase the egg product of 
 hens very materially. 
 
 Directions for Feeding. 
 
 A measure for feeding will be found in each box of Stand- 
 ard Food. Give one of these full to each twenty-five chickens 
 every day. Increase or diminish this amount according to 
 size. In case of disease, double the amount fed. 
 
 A good way to feed it is with meal, or with grain that has 
 been dampened, or it may be placed in the drinking vessels 
 with pure water. 
 
OUR REFERENCES AND ENDORSEMENTS. 
 
 We have in our files the original signed letters of which the 
 following are true copies. These are only a few among thous- 
 ands in our possession. If the statements in them are doubted 
 in the least we earnestly urge writing to the parties, enclosing 
 postage for reply : 
 
 Missouri Valley, Iowa, Feb. 3, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 
 
 Gentlemen: — Please send me one thousand pounds (1,000) of your 
 Standard Horse and Cattle Food, in fifty p .und boxes; ship March 1st. 
 
 A year ago last January I bought 1,200 pounds of it and began at 
 once feeding it to my hogs; I followed your directions closely. I 
 weighed my hogs every thirty days and found a uniform gain of two 
 and one-fourth pounds per hog, per day, each, for the entire feeding 
 time of about one hundred days; they looked smoother than usual and 
 their coats had an oily appearance. They ate their corn better, and ate 
 more of it. Their weight was fully 25 per cent more in proportion to 
 their size and appearance than usual. In hauling to market those that 
 were fed on your Food shrunk but three pounds, while those that I fed 
 corn alone shrunk five pounds each. Last fall before I began feeding it 
 to my present herd many of them had a cough. After a few feeds of 
 your Food the cough entirely disappeared. While over seven hundred 
 hogs were lost in this immediate neighborhood, I did not lose a single 
 hog after commencing its use. 
 
 Last winter I experimented with seventy head of cattle; thirty-two 
 were in an open lot, with no other shelter than a straw stack; their 
 coat was smooth and more oily than usual; they gained an average of 
 five pounds per day, each, for three and a half months; in driving to 
 market they shrunk three per cent as against four per cent in the other 
 lot, or one-fourth less. The forty head were what I considered a finer 
 lot, and I kept them up just six months, in a good lot with warm sheds; 
 fed them one-half bushel of corn a day but no Standard Food. Their 
 gain in total pounds was just about the same in six months as that of 
 the thirty head in three and one-half months. 
 
 This winter my chickens were taken with the cholera and began 
 dying off rapidly; a few feeds of the Food cured them completely. Last 
 spring I fed it to my horses while doing my spring's work; at the end 
 of the season they had not lost a pound, nor had a cough, or any sick- 
 ness, while many teams about were sick and some died. 
 
 Yours truly, C. A. Moss. 
 
 Note: — The following is a copy of a letter received from 
 Q. A. Brecunier, proprietor Franklin Grove Creamery: 
 
 Franklin Grove, III., February 9, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 
 
 Dear Sirs: — By request of W. A. Fenner, General Agent, I give a 
 few facts directly connected with my business regarding the use of 
 your Standard Horse and Cattle Food among some of my milk men. 
 Five of my patrons who furnished one thousand pounds of milk per 
 
 119 
 
120 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 day, for a period of one month when pastures were good, began to use 
 the Food. Although the pastures became poorer and the owners did 
 not use any additional food, the use of Standard Horse and Cattle Food 
 increased the flow of milk to twelve hundred pounds per day, or an 
 increase of twenty per cent, more than obtained without its use. I 
 wondered at the increase of milk, and made special inquiries as above 
 stated, recording the exact facts, figures, names and dates. I found all 
 had been using Standard Horse and Cattle Food, buying it from our 
 local agent, Mr. Joseph Graff, and feeding it according to directions: 
 one-twelfth of a pound twice a day to each cow. 
 
 Yours truly, Q. A. Brecunier. 
 
 Prague, Neb., July 1 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 
 
 Gentlemen : — About three years ago I wrote you giving my opin- 
 ion on Standard Food. I had then been using it about a year on my 
 hogs, with the best of success; but I am even better satisfied with the 
 results which I have secured from using it since that time. I began 
 using it solely as a preventive of disease, as I had lost nearly all my 
 hogs in the two years previous. From my experience I am thoroughly 
 satisfied that it will prevent disease, for in more than four years in 
 which I have been using the Food regularly I have not lost a hog from 
 disease. I suppose that during that time four-fifths of the farmers in 
 this county have lost more or less hogs from disease. 
 
 I can give no definite figures on the amount of extra gain which 
 the Food has produced, but I am sure that it has made enough extra 
 increase in the weight of my hogs to considerably more than pay for 
 itself. I have always been able to get top prices, and I do not believe 
 that any one markets any better hogs, or any heavier ones, for their 
 age than I do I usually have about two hundred hogs on my place. 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 (Signed.) George L. Havens. 
 
 Sabetha, Kan., July 6, 1892 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha : 
 
 Gentlemen : — I have sold your Standard Horse and Cattle Food 
 for about four years, and must say that it has given universal satisfac- 
 tion, both as a blood purifier and flesh producer. I could send you tes- 
 timonials from some of our best farmers that have used Horse and Cattle 
 Food for different diseases, both for cattle, horses, and hogs. For poultry 
 I have never heard of anything that will take the place of your Food. 
 I don't think that you advertise Horse and Cattle Food strong enough 
 for poultry. My sales increased one-half this spring. 
 
 E. Horton, Dealer in Groceries, Flour and Produce. 
 
 Cherry Valley. III., June 25, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha : 
 
 Gents : — I have used fifty pounds of Standard Horse and Cattle Food 
 with the best results. I fed a cow which I had tried in vain to get in 
 condition until I gave her this Food, after which she was in good order 
 doubled her flow of milk. I also fed it to my other cows and got a 
 large increase in milk. I believe it to be all that the manufacturers 
 claim for it, and I cheerfully recommend it to all stock men. As an 
 earnest of this have bought one hundred pounds more to-day. 
 
 J. H. Kittle. 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 121 
 
 Salix, Iowa, February 10, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 
 
 Gents:— I have used your Standard Horse and Cattle Food about 
 two years. Within the last year I have fed over a ton of it with the 
 best of results. At present in a herd of over three hundred there are 
 not ten poor ones. I find that they are all in better condition than 
 under the old method of feeding 1 , and they weigh heavier than ordinary 
 hogs of the same size. I killed one recently that looked as though he 
 would weigh about one hundred and twenty pounds, and he weighed 
 150 pounds. I am thoroughly satisfied that it pays well to feed it 
 regularly all the year round, and would not think of raising hogs with- 
 out it. I heartily recommend it to all hog raisers. I find it an excel- 
 lent thing for horses also. T. Bruguier. 
 
 Mobile, Alabama, January 1, 1892. 
 We have sold and used ourselves nearly two thousand (2,000) 
 pounds of Standard Food. It has given general satisfaction to our cus- 
 tomers. In our own stables it has been of great benefit. We use it 
 constantly among our stock, and find it invaluable as a tonic. We have 
 brought to this market quite a number of western horses and mules 
 since we have had the Food, and have not had a horse have distemper 
 while using it. We consider it a great preventive of pink eye, influenza 
 etc. We could hardly get along without it. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 (Signed.) Pettus & Menefee. 
 
 Menomonie, Wis., July 6, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha, 
 
 Gentlembn :— I have used your Horse and Cattle Food for some 
 time and find it to be a valuable preparation for diseased and debili- 
 tated stock, and that it will do all and more than you claim. It is an 
 excellent flesh producer. I can honestly say it is the best thing I have 
 ever used for stock, and I have used many kinds. 
 
 Yours respectfully, John Britzmann. 
 
 Franklin Grove, III. 
 Gentlemen :— We have used Standard Horse and Cattle Food to 
 
 cure and prevent disease and to produce flesh, and find it all that the 
 
 manufacturers guarantee it to be. 
 
 A. R. Whitney, Samuel Dysart, 
 
 Harvey Spangler, Henry Herbst, 
 A. M. Carpenter, John Gronewold, 
 J. E. Lahman, J. F. Vance, 
 
 U. Grant Dysart, A. Reinhart, 
 Henry Gross, Geo. Winkfield, 
 
 C D. Hussey, S. Businga. 
 
 Cornell Illinois, ^ay 18, 1892. 
 The F. E. SanboRin <jo., Omaha: 
 
 Gentlemen:— Allow me to write a few lines to acknowledge to you 
 that I have been using your Horse and Cattle Food in my practice for 
 some time, and in every case where it was given according to my 
 directions, it proved to be an excellent remedy in all cases of onerixia, 
 " loss of appetite," strangles, urinary troubles, and in cases of conva- 
 lescence. My patrons are loud in its praise as a flesh producer and a 
 
122 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 reviver of spirits, also in cases of derangement of stomach and bowels. 
 I shall endeavor to keep a good supply on hand. May the good news 
 be spread far and wide. I am, sirs, yours very respectfully, 
 
 J. J. Vanderee, V. S. 
 
 Sedalia, Missouri, January 2, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co.: 
 
 Gents:— Yours regarding Standard Horse and Cattle Food received. 
 In reply will say that in our transfer department we have been using 
 the Horse and Cattle Food for over a year; stock all look fine and fat. 
 Have not had one case of colic or distemper in a year, or a veterinary 
 account of any kind. Veterinary bill for colic and distemper for any 
 year before we used the Food was fifty dollars, mostly for colic. In 
 the mule departments the results are the same. It is death to horse 
 doctors but of incalculable value to us. Yours truly, 
 
 Hinsdale & Menefee. 
 
 P. S.-We have handled over three thousand mules since we com- 
 menced to use the Food, and not one case of distemper or colic since 
 that time. H. & M. 
 
 Blue Mound, Kan., March 8, 1892 
 The F.E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 
 
 Gents: — Through the influence of your agent I was induced to try 
 your Food, and found it has no equal among all kind of stock. I have 
 been using it for two years and have never been without it. I know 
 that it pays more than it cost in the way of feed, besides keeping your 
 stock in a good, healthy condition. I have used it among my hogs 
 when they had the cholera and found it a valuable remedy. 
 
 J. B. FlNDLY, 
 
 Proprietor Victor Mills. 
 
 A private letter to Mr. F. G. Morgan, Rockford, 111., from 
 Hon. Samuel Dysart, ex-President Illinois State Board of 
 Agriculture and member of Illinois Board of World's Fair 
 Commissioners: 
 
 Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners. 
 Samuel Dysart, Commissioner, 
 
 Franklyn Grove, III, Feb., 29, 1892. 
 F. G. Morgan, Agent Standard Food, Rockford, 111: 
 
 Dear Sir: — Your letter of 27th inst. at hand. I have used Standard 
 Horse and Cattle Food for the past two years with good success in every 
 case. I think it a valuable preventive of disease in domestic animals. 
 It has been used largely among the farmers in this vicinity and is 
 praised by all. 
 
 Many testimonials have been written in this locality in its favor. 
 
 (Signed) Samuel Dysart. 
 
 Whiting, Iowa, Feb. 8, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co.. Omaha : 
 
 I have used Standard Horse and Cattle Food as a preventive of 
 cholera in my hogs, for about two years, with perfectly satisfactory re- 
 sults. Since beginning its use I have not lost any hogs by disease, al- 
 though on the adjoining farms on each side of me many hogs died of 
 disease. Until using Standard Food I was always losing hogs by the 
 cholera, and the year previous to commencing feeding it I lost all but 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 123 
 
 seven of my herd of one hundred and forty. My experience forces me 
 to believe that Standard Food does prevent cholera, and that it has 
 many times paid for itself in the hogs it has saved. I would not want 
 to try to raise hogs without it. My losses by cholera in years past, 
 previous to feeding the Food, had been so heavy that my herd was 
 gradually growing less; but I am now, after two years' use of it, keep- 
 ing a larger herd than I have had in years. J. R. Folwell. 
 
 Elburn, III., July 16, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 
 
 Dear Sir: —I have fed your Standard Horse and Cattle Food to my 
 milch cows and to my horses with very satisfactory results, and it does 
 all you claim for it. 
 
 Mv cows were not doing well and I was induced to buy some of 
 your Standard Food by your agents here, C. H. & E. O. Hills, and feed 
 it to my cows. It restored their appetite and put them in good health 
 and condition. I have continued its use ever since early last winter 
 and find it profitable to feed all the time. 
 
 I consider and believe every one that will feed it to their stock will 
 get full value received. 
 
 I have no disease of any kind around my stock since commencing 
 the use of Standard Food. Yours truly, 
 
 John Jacobson. 
 
 Blair, Neb., July, 4, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 
 
 In answer to your letter, I will say that I have used Standard 
 Horse and Cattle Food for the last six years. It was recommended to 
 me by Wulff Bros. I use it because it prevents hog cholera and is a 
 flesh producing article. It is good for horses in the spring of the year; 
 it makes them shed in good shape. Yours respectfully, 
 
 John Bentrop. 
 
 Sioux City, Iowa, December 23, 1891. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 
 
 Gents:— It certainly gives me pleasure to add my testimony to the 
 merits of your Standard Horse and Cattle Food. I have used it with 
 perfect success in feeding horses, cattle and poultry. My experience 
 demonstrates that it does even more than you claim for it. As a feed 
 for horses, I have found it to be a great blood purifier, an excellent 
 tonic and a sure conditioner. For coughs, colds, etc., I have never found 
 anything equal to it. I feed it often to my herd of Jersey cattle, and 
 can truthfully say that it acts like a charm, keeps them in good con- 
 dition and increases the flow of milk. I feed it to my poultry and never 
 have any sick or drooping fowls, and my hens lay well during the fall 
 and winter, which they never did until I commenced feeding them your 
 Food. . 
 
 I will simply say in conclusion that I have experimented with a 
 great many condition powders and other preparations put upon the 
 market as a cure all, but never yet found anything to compare with 
 your Horse and Cattle Food. 
 
 I shall continue to use the Standard Horse and Cattle Food, for 
 experience has'pro-ven to me that there is nothing upon the market to 
 equal it. Yours respectfully, C. M. Robinson. 
 
 Daily Times; also Secretary Sioux City Driving Park Ass'n. 
 
124 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 Blair, Neb., July 5, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 
 
 I have used Standard Horse and Cattle Food for my stock contin- 
 ually for the last three or four years. It makes flesh; it increases milk 
 and it prevents disease, for I have not had a sick hog on the place since 
 I first used it on the place for that purpose. 
 
 Yours respectfully, P. E. "Wulff. 
 
 Story City, Iowa, July 2, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co.: 
 
 Dear Sirs: — We heartily endorse your claims of the merits of 
 Standard Horse and Cattle Food, and are more than satisfied with the 
 success which we have had in handling- it, since we began in 1888, and 
 with the satisfaction it gives our customers; for we know of no one 
 who has given it a fair trial that is not a steady customer, and it is 
 much better than any condition powder as a medicinal agent and 
 cheaper than oil cake as a flesh producer. We believe it is the Stan- 
 dard Food for hogs, cattle and horses, and our patrons are high in its 
 praise. Very respectfully yours, Holm Brothers, 
 
 Dealers in Harness and Saddlery. 
 
 Smartville, Nebraska. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 
 
 Gentlemen: — My chickens were dying of cholera and I bought one 
 box of your Horse and Cattle Food. After feeding a small quantity 
 they quit dying, and all are now well. Several of my neighbors have 
 tried it with the same results. Yours truly, 
 
 Chas. Roup. 
 
 Guernsey, Iowa, April 8, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 
 
 Dear Sirs: — Your favor of the first inst. at hand. In reply will say 
 that I can give you no tabulated account of the result of your Stock 
 Food, but I fed it to my cattle that I was feeding and they commenced 
 eating better right away, and did better right along while I fed them. 
 I fed the Food once a day, and the result was entirely satisfactory, as 
 the cattle were right up to the feed trough each time, ready for their 
 ration. Yours respectfully, J. C. Kinnie. 
 
 Milford, III., July 1, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 
 
 Gentlemen: — I have used your Standard Horse and Cattle Food 
 and I can say that it is the best patent Food that I have ever used. I 
 fed it to a carload of cattle last winter, and they gained 3^ pounds 
 each per day. I would not be without the Standard Horse and Cattle 
 Food for five times the cost of it. For horses it has no equal. It is a 
 valuable Food for both cattle, horses and hogs. Yours truly, 
 
 C. M. Frye. 
 
 Sherwood, O., June 6, 1892. 
 I have been selling Standard Food for two years, and have never 
 had a customer dissatisfied with it. On the contrary it has done all 
 that it is recommended to do in every instance 
 
 (Signed) H. F. Miller, 
 
 Dealer in General Merchandise. 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 125 
 
 Marshall, Missouri, April 30, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 
 
 I have used your Horse and Cattle Food for the past year and am 
 very well pleased with it. It has accomplished wonders in several 
 instances. Very truly, J. K. King. 
 
 Proprietor Peabod}" Herd Shorthorns and Berkshires. 
 
 auseon, O., May 27, 1892. 
 One of my customers, Mr. Jerry Williams, had some hogs sick 
 with cholera; they were down on their backs and would not eat, so he 
 had to drench them with Standard Food mixed in swill. Every hog re- 
 covered, and Mr. Williams counts that $2.00 worth of Standard Food 
 saved $300 worth of hogs. (Signed) Geo. Schletz, 
 
 Dealer in Flour, Feed and Seeds. 
 
 Monroeville, C, July 1, 1892. 
 The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 
 
 Gentlemen; — I have used the Standard Horse and Cattle Food, sold 
 by R. Zippel, agent, for about two years, and found it to be the best 
 thing for stock I have used, and I do not think it can be equalled for 
 hogs and horses for fattening purposes and a prevention against 
 disease. Yours truly, Anton Erf. 
 
 Franklin Grove, III., Sept. 25, 1891. 
 Joseph Graff, Esq.: 
 
 In these days of humbugs, trial is the only evidence of merit. I 
 bought of you in May last a box of the Standard Horse and Cattle Food 
 and fed it to my poultry, comprising chickens, turkeys and geese, and 
 I have never had so fine a growth or such beautiful plumage. No sick- 
 ness of any kind has appeared among them, although there are between 
 five and six hundred fowls in the lot. An ounce of prevention is better 
 than a pound of cure, and I give much credit to the Food. I cannot 
 say that it will cure all the diseases which poultry are subject to, be- 
 cause I have had none to test it, but I do believe it will prevent disease, 
 which is better. 
 
 Let the incredulous come and see my fowls and judge for them- 
 selves. Yours truly, 
 
 (Signed.) Samuel Dysart. 
 
 Note — The above is a copy of a letter from Hon. Samuel 
 Dysart, ex-President of the Illinois State Board of Agriculture 
 and an extensive farmer and practical poultry raiser of Frank- 
 lin Grove, Illinois. It was written unsolicited to Mr. Joseph 
 Graff, our local agent at that place. 
 
5peeial Ipfor^atiop Ffegardity'g Standard pood. 
 
 Standard Food is put up with the view of suiting the con- 
 venience of all classes of consumers. It is put up in neat, du- 
 rable wooden boxes of 7 pounds, 25 oounds. 50 pounds and 100 
 pounds each. 
 
 The Food JVIeasatfe. 
 
 Each box contains a tin cup to be used in measuring the 
 Food in feeding. It holds when filled full one-tenth of a pound 
 of Standard Food, which is an average feed for a thousand 
 pound animal. This makes Standard Food cheaper per feed to 
 the consumer than any other stock food. 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 7 Pound Boxes $1.00 50 Pound Boxes $6.00 
 
 25 Pound Boxes 3.00 100 Pound Boxes 12.00 
 
 The above are minimum prices for Standard Food in these 
 quantities, and govern except where freight rates necessitate a 
 proportionate advance. 
 
 LIBERAL DISCOUNTS TO LARGE CONSUMERS. 
 COI^HESPOfiDHflCH. 
 
 All inquiries from dealers or consumers will be attended to 
 promptly, and the best information at our command cheerfully 
 furnished. All correspondence should be addressed to The 
 F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha, Neb. 
 
 OUH GUfllWiTEE. 
 
 We guarantee Standard Horse and Cattle Food, when fed 
 according to our directions, to fulfill the following require- 
 ments, or money refunded: 
 
 First. To produce sufficient extra flesh on cattle, hogs and sheep 
 in excess of what can be secured by the ordinary methods of feeding, to 
 realize a profit over and above the cost of the Food. 
 
 Second. To increase the quantity and quality of milk and the gen- 
 eral health and condition of cows, over and above what can be secured 
 by the ordinary methods of feeding, sufficient to more than pay its cost. 
 
 Third. To prevent cholera and other diseases among hogs when 
 used as directed as a preventive. 
 
 Fourth. To prevent and cure all diseases among other farm ani- 
 mals as set forth in this book wherever Standard Food has been recom- 
 mended specifically. 
 
 Fifth. To prevent and cure all diseases common among poultry. 
 
 Sixth. To expel worms from all farm animals when fed in the 
 amounts and for the time specified in our directions. 
 
 Our regular agents and all parties selling Standard Food are 
 authorized to give this guarantee, which will be honored by 
 this company in any case where it can be fairly shown that the 
 results secured are not equal to our representations. 
 
 THE F. E. SANBORN COMPANY, Omaha. 
 
 126 
 
INDEX 
 
 Abortion in cows 93 
 
 Abortion in mares 72 
 
 Anaemia 103 
 
 Analysis of feeding stuffs— Table of 1 1 
 
 Analysis of Standard Food 2 
 
 Animal body, nature of. 8 
 
 Appetite 20 
 
 Appetite, increase of necessary in milcb 
 
 cows 34 
 
 Appetite, loss of. 56 
 
 Assimilation 32 
 
 Barb wire wounds 80 
 
 Bees, i tings of 81 
 
 Blackleg 104 
 
 Black tongue 1<>4 
 
 Bladder diseases in cattle 102 
 
 Bladder, inflammation of the 70 
 
 Bleeding 40 
 
 Blood, humors of the 47 
 
 Bloody urine 71 
 
 Bots 62 
 
 Bowels, inflammation of 65 
 
 Broken knees 82 
 
 Bronchitis 51—102 
 
 Bruises 80 
 
 Calculi 71 
 
 Calving 95 
 
 Capped elbow 82 
 
 Capped hock 82 
 
 Cattle, care and treatment of. 93 
 
 Cattle plague 107 
 
 Choking 99 
 
 Colds 50 
 
 Colic, flatulent 63 
 
 Colic, spasmodic 6 3 
 
 Condition, improvement of, necessary 
 
 in milch cows 35 
 
 Constipation 57 
 
 Contagious and blood diseases 39 
 
 Contagious, typhus 107 
 
 Contraction of the feet 86 
 
 Corns 87 
 
 Coughs 50 
 
 Cracked heels 75 
 
 Curb 85 
 
 Cuts 79 
 
 Dairy farming, profits in 33 
 
 Debility 58 
 
 Diabetes 70 
 
 Diarrhoea 58 
 
 Diarrhoea in calves 98 
 
 Diarrhoea in cattle 97 
 
 Diet 55 
 
 Digestion 20 
 
 Digestion among animals, difference in.. 17 
 
 Digestion and assimilation increased.... 23 
 
 Digestive organs, diseases of the 55 
 
 Diseases of the blood 39 
 
 Diseases of cattle 93 
 
 Diseases of Ihe digestive organs 55 
 
 Diseases of the generative organs 72 
 
 Diseases of the respiratory organs 49 
 
 Diseases of the skin 75 
 
 Diseases of the urinary organs 68 
 
 Diseases of poultry 117 
 
 Diseases of sheep 114 
 
 Diseases of swine 108 
 
 Directions for feeding Standard Food to 
 
 cattle 29 
 
 Directions lor feeding Standard Food to 
 
 Milch Cows 38 
 
 Directions for feeding Standard Food to 
 
 poultry 118 
 
 Directions for feeding Standard Food to 
 
 sheep 116 
 
 Directions for feeding Standard Food to 
 
 swine 113 
 
 Diseases among swine, causes 109 
 
 Diseases among swine, prevention 110 
 
 Distemper 43 
 
 Does it pay to feed Standard Food? 25 
 
 Drinking water, restrictions of 18 
 
 Dropsy 60 
 
 Epizootic Aphtha 195 
 
 Epizootic Catarrh 41 
 
 Eruptions 78 
 
 Farcy 44 
 
 Feeding example, milch cows 36 
 
 Feeding standards 12 
 
 Feeding Standard for milch cows 31 
 
 Feeding stock to produce flesh 7 
 
 Feed stuffs, digestibility of 17 
 
 Fistula 89 
 
 Fleece, the 115 
 
 Food materials, nature of 9 
 
 Foot diseases 86 
 
 127 
 
128 
 
 IND EX. 
 
 Founder 92 
 
 Frost bites 75 
 
 Garget 97 
 
 Generative organs, diseases of the 72 
 
 Glanders 45 
 
 Grain sickness 101 
 
 Grease 76 
 
 Guarantee, Our 126 
 
 Guarantee in production of milk 87 
 
 Heaves 52 
 
 Hide bound 58-97 
 
 Hoose in calves 101 
 
 Horses; care and management of 39 
 
 Hoven 100 
 
 Increased market value 27 
 
 Injudicious feeding or exposure, effects 
 
 of 18 
 
 Indigestion 56 
 
 Influenza 41 
 
 Injuries, local, lameness, etc 79 
 
 Introduction 5 
 
 Jaundice 99 
 
 Kidneys, inflammation of the 69 
 
 Lampas 67 
 
 Laxatives 57 
 
 Lice 77 
 
 Life sustaining ration, a 19 
 
 Life sustaining ration, example 24 
 
 Liver, diseases of the 66 
 
 Local injuries, lameness, etc 79 
 
 Lungs, congestion of the 53 
 
 Lung fever 53 
 
 Mange 77 
 
 Milch cows, amount of water required 
 
 for 33 
 
 Milch cows, ration for 32 
 
 Milk fever 96 
 
 Milk, special feeding for 30 
 
 Mud fever 75 
 
 Murrain 105 
 
 Mutton, feeding for 116 
 
 Nasal gleet 52 
 
 Navicular disease 88 
 
 Parturition, difficult 74 
 
 Pink-«ye 42 
 
 Pleurisy 53 
 
 Pleuro-pneumonia 106 
 
 Pneumonia 53 
 
 Poll evil 90 
 
 Poultry, care of. 117 
 
 Preface 3 
 
 Prevention plus profit 112 
 
 Pricks 87 
 
 Proud flesh 81 
 
 Punctures 80 
 
 Quitter 89 
 
 Ration, how to compound a 13 
 
 Red water 103 
 
 Respiratory organs, diseases of. 49 
 
 Rheumatism 46 
 
 Rheumatism, chronic 47 
 
 Rinderpest 107 
 
 Ringbone 82 
 
 Saddle or collar galls 81 
 
 Sand or quarter crack 87 
 
 Scratches 75 
 
 Sheep, management of , 114 
 
 Side bones 85 
 
 Skin, diseases of the 75 
 
 Sore teats 97 
 
 Sore throat 50 
 
 Spavin, blood 84 
 
 Spavin, bone 83 
 
 Splints 85 
 
 Sprains 81 
 
 Stallions, sterility in 74 
 
 Standard food, profit from feeding 28 
 
 Standard food, use of in preventing dis- 
 ease 40 
 
 Standard food, value of. 22 
 
 Stone in the bladder 71 
 
 Strangles 43 
 
 Swellings 81 
 
 Sweeny 81 
 
 Texas fever 105 
 
 Thoroughpin 85 
 
 Thrush 88 
 
 Urinary organs, diseases of the 68 
 
 Worms 60 
 
 Wind galls 86 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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