HD 9757 .M3 A5 1919 Copy 2 MARYLAND STATE BOARD Oi Executive Oflic THE WOOD -USING INDUSTRIES OF MARYLAND F. W. BESLEY, State Forester AND j. G. DORRANCE, Assistant Forest BALTIMi iRE, MARYLAND Glass. Book. A 5" u / *?-/? MARYLAND, STATE BOARD OF FORESTRY. EDWARD B. MATHEWS Executive Officer F. W. BESLEY State Forettei THE WOOD -USING INDUSTRIES OF MARYLAND BY F. W. BESLEY, State Forester AND j. G. DORRANCE, Assistant Forester BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 1919 Copy & rx ^ <\ ?& ^ ^ Ay Vfi STATE FORESTER'S OFFICE 815 CALVERT BUILDING BALTIMORE F. W. BESLEY State Forester J. GORDON DORRANCE Assistant Forester KARL E. PFEIFFER Assistant Forester JOSHUA A. COPE Assistant Forester DOROTHY C. FRASER Secretary SARA M. REESE Clerk n c af B. OCT 25 1920 CONTENTS CONTENTS Page Introduction 13 PART I. INDUSTRIES. The Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 19 Industries 27 Boxes and Crates 27 Planing Mill Products 28 Tanks and Silos, Cooperage 29 Car Construction 30 Furniture 31 Ship and Boat Building 32 Baskets 33 Fixtures 34 Caskets and Coffins 35 Brushes 35 Vehicle and Vehicle Parts 36 Picture Frames and Moldings 38 Musical Instruments 39 Cigar Boxes . 40 Woodenware and Novelties 40 Toys 41 Portable Houses 42 Trunks, Valises, Luggage 42 Molds and Patterns 43 PART II. WOODS. Kinds of Wood 47 Southern Yellow Pines 47 Oak Species 48 Cypress 49 Black Gum 49 Tulip Poplar 51 Red Gum 52 Basswood 53 Eastern White Pine 53 Chestnut 54 Beech 55 Hickory Species 56 Douglas Fir 57 Hard Maple 57 Red Maple 58 Birch Species 59 Black Locust 59 Yellow Buckeye 60 Mahogany 61 Page Western White Pine 61 Eastern Spruce 62 Hemlock 63 Ash Species 63 American Elm 64 Spanish Cedar 64 Black Walnut 65 Cedar Species 66 Cotton Gum 66 Circassian Walnut 67 Redwood 67 Western Spruce 68 Black Cherry 68 Sugar Pine 69 Lignum-Vitae 70 Rosewood 70 Cucumber 71 Teak 71 Tamarack 72 Cottonwood 72 Sycamore 73 Boxwood 73 Holly 73 Uses of the Different Woods— Check List 76 PART III. THE COUNTIES. The Counties 85 Baltimore (City and County) 85 Wicomico 86 Washington 88 Worcester - 89 Anne Arundel 90 Dorchester 91 Frederick 92 Somerset 93 Caroline 93 Cecil 94 Talbot 94 Garrett 95 Kent 96 Allegany 97 Calvert 97 Carroll 98 Montgomery 9g APPENDIX State's Directory of Manufacturers 103 Principal Forest Products Ill Special Uses of the Forest 117 ILLUSTRATIONS ILLUSTRATIONS Plate. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. Facing Page Frontispiece — A Source of Baltimore Veneers. g. 1— The Box Mill 14 g. 2 — Shipping Box Shooks 14 g. 1— nShooks 18 g. 2 — Boxes 18 g. 1 — Dorchester Planing Mill 22 g. 2 — Interior Finish, of Chestnut 22 g. 1 — The Wooden Tank 28 g. 2— The Wooden Silo 28 g. 1— The Table Factory 30 g. 2 — (Store Fixtures, Interior Finish 30 g. 1 — Boat Shop Interior 32 g. 2 — Worcester County Shipyard 32 g. 1 — The Wooden Schooner 34 g. 2 — A Leading Industry 34 g. 7 — Gun Stocks — Rough and Finished 36 g. 2 — Brush Backs 36 g. 1 — Rims and Hubs 38 g. 2— ^Spokes and Hubs 38 g. 1 — Novelties 40 g. 2 — Toys 40 g. 1 — From Mill and Factory Waste 46 g. 2 — Close Utilization 46 g. 1 — Expensive Waste 52 g. 2 — Products from Mill Waste 52 g. 1— Typical Mill Waste 58 g. 2 — Saved from the Slab Pile 58 g. 1 — Oak Boards 62 g. 2 — Vehicle Stock 62 g. 1 — The Veneer Slicer 68 g. 2 — Tulip Poplar Veneer 68 g. 1 — Douglas Fir Door 72 g. 1 — Tamarack Knees 78 g. 1— U. S. Uses for Wood 84 g. 1— The Early Mill 88 g. 2 — Red Oak Chair Stock 88 g. 1 — Octagon Berry Box 94 g. 1— The Better Sort of Office 98 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION All intensive study of the wood-using industries of Maryland has been completed, and is presented in report form here. It covers one year, to September 1, 1916. This work is in line with the policy of the Maryland State Board of Forestry to extend actual co-operation and real assistance to all forest users of the State. There is probably no field where thorough investigation Avould develop more of actual interest and public value or offer a more intimate protrayal of Mary- land's essential industries. In 1909, the State Board of Forestry, in co-operation with the Federal Government, made a study of the wood-using industries of the State in operation at that time. This resulted in a report issued in 1910. A limited edition was published, and the demand which it created showed that further research along these lines could profitably be undertaken when opportunity offered. The data here presented was collected just prior to the disturb- ance of normal conditions generally through participation by this country in the war. Therefore, conditions set forth here are those of average times, and have a greater value than would have been the case for any subsequent period to now. Combined with "The Forests of Maryland," published in 1916, this report gives a complete, detailed record of forest conditions, timber production, and wood manufacture. It takes up more than a mere study of the amounts and varieties of woods employed in one industry and another, and it goes deeper than a census of forest industries. It shows not only what is used and why. but also prices demanded, consumption, production, factors of forest finance, conditions of employment in forest industries, and local significance of each forest use for every corner of the State. Manu- facturing is treated in detail, and waste in wood has been con- sidered practically. Some interesting facts are shown. The lumber cut in 1916 amounted to 110,000,000 board feet, valued at approximately 14 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland $1,850,000, while the quantity of lumber consumed by the wood- using industries was 345,000,000 feet, valued at $7,888,000. Mary- land distinctly stands out as a manufacturing State. Probably one of the most significant features in the report is the greating increas- ing use of woods that in the past have been considered of low quality and often too poor for manufacture. Red gum, beech, birch and red maple are among the varieties which have shown surpris- ing increase in consumption. Generally speaking, the first few varieties of wood in order of importance are much the same now as in 1909. Southern yellow pines, the oaks, cypress and tulip poplar are still leaders. Black gum shows surprisingly the result of in- creased demand, higher prices and diminishing forest areas. From a consumption of 85,000 board feet in 1909 in Maryland, 8,465,000 feet of black gum aret now used annually in local forest industries. Other woods, that were called cheap, show also to some extent the same change. On the other hand, there have been some declines. Sycamore and cottonwood have almost dropped from the list, to so small an extent are they used. This is probably due to difficulty in securing them and the fact that other woods, more easily obtainable, will do as Avell or better. Hemlock, a tree once plentiful in the great forests of Western Maryland, was, in 1916, but twenty-first in the list of woods used. From 2,200,000 feet and the fourteenth place m 1909, it has now dropped to 890,000 board feet annually. This demonstrates very plainly that the original timber is gone from the forests of Maryland, and that improved handling and heavy planting, better methods and less waste become more ecessary with the passing of each year. Maryland, with nearly 300 distinctly wood-using industries, her 11,000 employees of these manufactories, and finished forest products aggregating millions, cannot afford to fail of encouraging by every practical means this source of constant profit and daily livelihood to much larger elements of the State than even appear from these figures. In this report, an occasional minor industry has been grouped with others, so that information personal to them and confidenti- ally obtained could in no way prove embarrassing in use, for it is desired that this report should be a real help to all of Maryland's forest owners and wood users, more especially those who have con- tributed so largely to make this work successful. Of several hundred PLATE II. FIG. 1 — THE BOX MILL. This plant — Worcester County, Md. — manufactures packages from loblolly pine. Large factories of this type use great amounts of yellow pine in making products of much value' and importance to the Eastern Shore. PLATE II. FIG. 2 — SHIPPING BOX SHOOKS. Worcester County, where this was taken, makes great quantities of crates and boxes, a large part of which reach market by the water route. Schooners often handle the shooks. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 15 Maryland firms approached in this investigation, there were only two which were unwilling to co-operate, and genuine interest in the prac- tical features of this work has been apparent throughout the State. Particular thanks are due the United States Forest Service for illustrations, which add much to the value of the work. The data presented here is authoritative. It is localized, and it is new. As such, the book is recommended to those of Maryland who have an interest in the forests or their more important uses. PART I INDUSTRIES PLATE III. PIG. 1— SHOOKS. Softwood boxes and crates — sides, tops and bottoms — packed as shooks, are shown in the factory where they are made. PLATE III. FIG. 2-^BOXES. From card index containers to dry goods packages, some types are shown here. THE WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF MARYLAND The industries producing wood and timber maintain a greater number of establishments than any other in this State, and nor- mally there is but one industry in Maryland where the value of the products, and the number of dependent wage-earners, exceed those of the lumber business and allied trades. Together, they oper- ate 1,168 establishments and employ 16,790 men. They manufacture rough lumber (shingles, cooperage materials), finished lumber (sash, doors, blinds and interior finish) and wooden boxes. Additional operators produce ties, poles, posts and similar forest products, while those allied concerns which carry further the manufacture of these wood products include ship building, furniture, musical instru- ments, carriages, wagons and automobiles, cigar boxes, baskets, cooperage and miscellaneous manufactures. In explanation, it may be said that while the last-named industries do not use wood ex- clusively in making up their ouput, they supply products, neverthe- less, in which wood constitutes a large share of all the raw material converted. A thorough investigation begun in 1909 by the Maryland State Board of Forestry and the United States Forest Service disclosed that Maryland wood-using or manufacturing industries then in operation were annually converting into finished products 284,346,985 feet of raw material in the shape of rough lumber. Twenty per cent., approximately, was State-grown, and 80 per cent, supplied from States and countries outside. By 1916, Maryland was producing but 17 per cent, of the total, and other changes will appear as the two investigations are compared. Total wood consumption, for instance, rose in this short time 21 per cent. Average cost has gone from $20.67 per thousand board feet to $22.86. Maryland manufacturers of wood were then, in 1909, deriving their supplies of this commodity from 34 different States and 13 foreign countries. Twenty-six of the 54 species of wood reported 20 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland TABLE 1 SUMMARY BY INDUSTRIES OP WOOD USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. 19. Boxes and crates, packing Planing mill pro- ducts Tanks and silos, cooperage ._. Car construction.. '. Furniture — Ship and boat building Baskets .... Fixtures Caskets and coffins Brushes Vehicles and vehicle parts Picture frames and mouldings Instruments, musi- cal Boxes, cigar Woodenware and novelties Toys Portable houses Trunks , valises. luggage Molds and patterns Grown in Mary- land. 34,228,000 5,789,000 4,580,000 525,000 3,011,000 3,004,000 4,570,000 1,641,000 11,000 255,000 Totals United States. 136,273,000 74,866,000 14,780,000 14,790,000 11,786,000 9,160,000 2,015,000 3,689,000 4,800,000 4,500,000 3.163,000 2,343,000 U 284,000 235.000 213.000 Foreign, 39.000 rs.ooo 284,874,000 118,000 40,000 370,000 ,000 452,000 1,000 101.000 332,000 1.473.000 Total Bd. Ft. 170,501,000 80,773,000 19,360,000 15,355,000 15,167,000 12,200,000 6,585,000 5,782,000 4,800,000 4.500,000 4,304,000 2,343,000 1,510,000 737.000 Per Cent. of Whole. 562,000 235,000 213.000 99,000 75,000 S45.101.O00 1.2 100 Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. $14.92 33.50 33.40 37.68 31.03 19.40 42.60 48.33 20.89 27.04 32 43 53.63 168.51 30.82 20.04 25.69 23.18 31.67 $22.86 Total Cost F. O. B. Factory, $2,543,705 2,101,855 649,126 513,217 571,559 378,533 127,780 246,308 232,000 94,000 116,373 75.975 80,976 124, 19J 17,320 4,710 5,473 2,295 2,375 $7,887,770 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 21 as used came in part from Maryland, the largest representation of species in other States occurring in Virginia, with 24, West Virginia with 20 and Pennsylvania with 15. In 1916 just 27 States appear, with the addition of the Philippines. The States of Con- necticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire. Oklahoma and Texas are not now given by manufacturers as the source of wood supplies, and when the relatively small size of the New England and Middle Atlantic States among this number, and the length of time during which their standing timber has been ex- ploited and sold, are considered, it is not so surprising that they are no longer generally continuing as lumber exporters. Two new States, however, appear in the list of 1916 which were not in that of seven years before, they being, namely, Idaho and Illinois. The amount of wood from Illinois is not, of course, large, but increas- ing amounts of pines are being sent East from Idaho and other far- Western States. All those from which Maryland is now drawing supplies of wood are Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Ten- nessee, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Those given in italics are regarded as particularly important, The for- eign countries from which this State also receives importations of timber are Africa, Brazil, Canada, the East Indies, Honduras, India, Mexico, Russia, San Domingo, Turkey and the West Indies. Among these the names of Australia, Ceylon and France no longer appear, while the East Indies and San Domingo are additions since the list of 1909. Those which are given are the foreign lands from which Maryland imports of wood are normally drawn ; probably less than half of them are carrying on any traffic with the State as this report is written. The various wood-using plants which at present constitute this industry in Maryland are not evenly distributed over the State as a whole, but rather restricted to three principal centers: Balti- more, Salisbury, and Hagerstown. In the State, Baltimore leads, of course; Salisbury, in Wicomico County, on the Eastern Shore, takes second place in the State in importance of its wood-using industries ; Hagerstown, . in Washington County, is the principal center of the wood-manufacturing industry in Western Maryland, 22 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland in addition to ranking third in the State. Several things have naturally determined the centering of these establishments. In the case of Baltimore these reasons are very obvious — labor, markets,, means of transportation and adequate facilities of every sort imme- diately at hand. For Hagerstown also the reasons are quite apparent, since it possesses, next to the section just mentioned, the finest railway transportation of any section of the State. Washington County itself has the second largest county mileage in steam and electric roads, and Hagerstown, at its center is reached by a network of lines from points outside. This unusual accessibility by rail also tends to promote conditions of labor and the supply of laborers, while a further advantage which should not be under- valued lies in the large supplies of wood and timber which are constantly being cut in the mountain country to the west, not only in the two Maryland counties of Garrett and Allegany, but in the adjoining States of Pennsylvania and "West Virginia. Incidentally, the timber purchased locally in the Hagerstown valley, because of the favorable conditions under which it grows, is of exceptional grade and adaptability. Salisbury possesses decided advantages in combined water and rail shipment. It is convenient to the pine-producing centers of the Southern seaboard, from which is drawn the great builk of its rough lumber for manufacture, and Wicomico County itself has woodland aggregating 46 per cent, of its total area. It is nearby other counties with still larger areas of timber, all conducive to supplying material for industries of far-reaching importance. As was pointed out in the early part of the chapter, the in- dustries producing wood, with those manufacturing products of wood and therefore dependent to a certain extent upon the forest resources, together represent various business and industrial activity of State-wide magnitude. They are industries which we could hardly be without, and which we could therefore afford to per- petuate. In this connection a glance at the annual cut, yearly growth and present stand of the timber in Maryland is quite re- vealing. It is probable that the average annual increment of wood per acre for all the forests of the State cannot exceed 15 cubic- feet. The total growth, upon the basis of this consumption, is 33.420,690 cubic feet; the annual cut is at present 46.949,181 cubic PLATE IV. FIG. 1— DORCHESTER PLANING MILL. Boxes and planing- mill products lead locally. This Hurlock mill is typical of the modern, effective plant usually found. 1|| ^.V" "*"^*«^ r 1 1 1 B^" 1 i 1 4 s 1 II \-\ SKlflii &&: ^ M 1 IP ' 1 li ■ li @ * Jtk ■ 1 I ^■■l tiJBjBW -'..... g . _ - ^ , . PLATE IV FIG. -INTERIOR FINISH, OF CHESTNUT. This picture demonstrates that blighted chestnut is good for something, and that this wood deserves wide use in finishing, fixtures, and planing mill products. "Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 23 TABLE 2 MEN EMPLOYED IN MARYLAND, BY INDUSTRIES. Industry. Baltimore. No. Men. No. Plants. 1. Shi]» and boat building 2. Boxes and crates, packing 3. Planing mill ptoduets. 4. Furniture 5. Instruments, musical.. and vehicle 6. Vehicles parts 7. Brushes . 8. Car construction. 9. Baskets 10. Fixtures 1,901 1,188 942 716 509 200 260 25 306 Balance of State. No. Men. 173 646 415 575 275 75 350 200 356 No. Plants. Total for State. No. Men. 2,074 1,834 1,357 1,291 903 584 550 460 381 372' No. Plants. Tanks and silos, cooperage Woodenware and novelties Toys ... Boxes, cigar Caskets and coffins and 16 Picture frames mouldings 17 Portable houses 18. Trunks, valises, lug- gage 19. Molds and patterns.. 175 175 165 115 The State . Average men per plant. *Total firms listed 7,621 44 164 * 282 represents total wood-using industries in Maryland. 330 also represents the 282 firms, some of which, however, manufacture more than one wood product, and are therefore divided accordingly and indicated more than once. 21 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland feet,, and the amount of timber now standing 317,871,408 cubic feet. The annual growth is but 71 per cent, of the total production, which in turn amounts yearly to 15 per cent, of the whole. Very little reflection or calculation is necessary to indicate that timber is be- ing cut much faster than it is grown. It is a good deal of a certainty that the annual cut will not appreciably diminish for some time to come, and it is equally sure that under the present conditions and prevalent methods the annual growth will not be greatly increased. There is but one practical solution, and that is more efficiency in forest management and greater care in the removal of the crop. Through the former there is little doubt that in a comparatively few years' time the production of Maryland forests might be raised 100 per cent, The Board has studied this phase of State forestry very carefully. It has already assisted several hundred local timber OAvners to regulate their cut. secure sale of products and augment their production. But these hundreds should be thousands, and the Board is fully prepared to undertake such problems in every portion of the State at the instance of any woodland owner. Better management means increased production ; with increased production there will follow increase of manufacturing. Improved methods, beginning in the woodlot or larger tract of forest land., will extend and be felt through the whole field of production and operation, and with those conditions put in effect, the wood-using industries of Maryland, already of commanding importance, should steadily advance in value and give employment to even greater numbers. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 25 TRANSPORTATION, MARKETS AND GENERAL CONDITIONS IN THE LUMBERING AND WOOD-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES OF MARYLAND. Transportation. Waterways. — Maryland's total area is 12,210 miles, of which. 2,319 square miles, or 19 per cent., is water. The great area in waterways is made up of 1,203 square miles in the Chesapeake Bay proper, 93 in Chincoteague Bay and 1,023 in other estuaries. From the lower end of the Chesapeake, where the Mary- land State line runs from below Somerset County, on the east, to Smith Point, Northumberland County, Virginia, on the west, it is approximately 130 miles up the center of the Bay to its end in Cecil County. It is a great waterway, the largest inlet on the Atlantic Coast of the United States. At the entrance it is 12 miles across, later broadening to an average width of 20 miles, and a maximum of 10. The Eastern and Western Shores of Maryland are veritably honeycombed by navigable, tide-water streams, while the Potomac River, one of the most important, follows the southern and south- western boundaries of Maryland throughout. As far as Washington it is navigable by steam vessels, and from there by smaller boats and barges to Chain Bridge, near the District line. These water- ways give Maryland an enormous amount of deep-water transpor- tation. They were important factors in the State's settlement, and they are as invaluable now. Natural facilities for water transportation are also supple- mented by several which are artificial. A canal, the Chesapeake and Delaware, connects the upper Chesapeake with Delaware River; another runs from Georgetown, near Washington, to Cumberland. in Western Maryland. The latter, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, is an old and important link in the State's waterways, for this idea, of connecting the Potomac at tide-water with the nearest point attainable to the headwaters of the Ohio, originated with George Washington before he became President. It is 185 miles in length. and fed throughout by the Potomac River. Railroads and Highways. — There are over 1,400 miles of rail- way in Maryland, including the Annapolis Short Line ; Baltimore. 26 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Chesapeake & Atlantic; Baltimore & Ohio; Chesapeake Beach; Cum- berland Valley; Cumberland & Pennsj'lvania ; Emmitsburg; George's Creek & Cumberland ; Hagerstown & Frederick ; Jennings Bros. ; Maryland, Delaware & Virginia; Maryland & Pennsylvania; New York, Philadelphia & Norfolk ; Norfolk & Western ; Northern Central ; Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington; Washington. Baltimore & Annapolis; Washington, Potomac & Chesapeake; and Western Maryland systems. In addition, there are 1,500 miles of State roads improved with shell, concrete, and macadam, forming main lines of traffic, and connecting all of the county seats. Facilities are ample in nearly every district not accessible by the water route, and in many parts boat and train service are combined to give adequate shipping advantages. There should not be a section of Maryland, from the truck gardens of the Eastern Shore to the mountain woodlands of Western Maryland, which is inaccessible to the great markets near at hand. Markets. — Maryland is a State possessing to a- great degree the undoubted advantage of markets which are numerous well distributed and profitable. Within a radius of 190 miles of Baltimore City are New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Richmond and Wilmington, cities which, taken with Baltimore, include more than 8 per cent, of the country's total population. It is also noteworthy that these great markets, without ex- ception, are available by water as well as by rail. Were these advantages and the existing means of transportation not enough, the State itself has within its borders several relatively important markets and centers of distribution. Baltimore, in Central Mary- land ; Salisbury, Pocomoke City, Cambridge, Easton and others on the Eastern Shore ; Cumberland, Hagerstown and Frederick, in Western Maryland, are all centers of wood-manufacturing plants which depend, to some extent, upon local forest supplies. Certain products, particularly in an unmanufactured state, find their way to these and other points for distribution, and lum- ber and lath, with cordwood and charcoal, have their greatest demand in the larger communities. There are markets in Maryland which are available to all the forest products of the State. These markets have shown consistent growth, though still susceptible of profitable- development. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 27 INDUSTRIES. Boxes and Crates. Nearly one-half of the wood used in all industries — 49 per cent. — went into boxes, crates and packing. Of this, 20 per cent, was home-grown. This industry used the lowest grade of wood of any, the average price per thousand being less than $15. Sixteen different kinds of wood were reported, but yellow pine constituted by far the largest amount used — 91 per cent. The industry is confined largely to Baltimore City and to the Eastern Shore penin- sula. In the latter, the sides, tops and bottoms of the boxes are cut into shape and assembled, but shipped for convenience in a TABLE 3 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. Per Av.Cost Total Mary- United Total Cent. Per M Cost Kind of Wood. land. States. Foreign. Bd. Ft. of- Whole. at Fac- tory. F. 0. B. Factory. 1. S. yellow pines 33,898,000 120,932,000 154,830,000 91 $14.80 $2,291,341 2. Black gum 70,000 7,400,000 7,470,000 4 13.30 99,380 3. Red maple 1,500,000 1,500,000 1 18.00 27,000 4. Tulip poplar 1,394,000 1,394,000 1 16.37 22,816 5. Red gum 75,000 1,300,000 1,375,000 1 15.37 21,130 6. Basswood — _ 1,355,000 1,355,000 .7 19.83 26,875 7. Cypress 1,025,000 1,025,000 .5 16.46 16,875 8. E. white pine 805,000 805,000 .5 26.07 20,983 9. Chestnut 180,000 75,000 255,000 .1 15.39 3,925 10. W. white pine 200,000 200,000 .1 25.00 5,000 U. Cotton gum 175,000 175,000 .1 29.86 5,225 12. Oak species 5,000 60,000 65,000 14.46 940 13. Red cedar 27,000 27,000 40.00 1,080 14. Cucumber 15,000 15,000 39.00 585 15. Hard maple 5,000 5,000 80.00 400 16. Cottonwood 5,000 5,000 30.00 150 Totals 34,228,000 136,273,000 170,501,000 100 $14.92 $2,543,706 28 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland knocked-down state, called box shooks, Tiie user nailing them to- gether. Those made in Baltimore are mostly of the set-up kind ready for use,, such as are demanded by the manufacturers of merchandise. For packing provisions woods such as gum, maple and tulip poplar, which do not impart an odor to the contents, are preferred. White pine is the favorite for canned goods and merchandise. Planing Mill Products. This industry used 23 per cent, of all the wood employed by Maryland manufacturers, and the total cost of the material at the factory was nearly equal to that of boxes and crates, the highest TABLE 4 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED LN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. Kind of Wood. 10. Tulip poplar. Chestnut W. white pine Hemlock Hard maple Mary- land. 1. S. yellow pines 4,6G7,000 2. Cypress 3. Oak species 4. E. white pine — 5. Basswood United States. 53,940,000 7,955,000 Foreign. 592,000 3,506,000; 89,000' 2,3O7,000l ; 2,100,000! 10,000 108,000; 131,000! 11. Eastern spruce : 12. Red gum 13. Douglas fir 14'. Mahogany 15. Birch species ! 50,000 90,000 1,221,000 1,193,000; 705,000 640,000; 432,0O0| Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. 395 77 155 108,000 58,607,000 7,955,000j 4,098,000; 2,4O6,O0O| 2,100,000! 1,329,000 1,324,000 705,000; 090,000' 432,000| 395,000 167,000 155,000 108,000 88,000 A v. Cost Total Per M ; Cost at Fac- | F. O. B. tory. Factory. $20.97 $1,228,862- 37.83, 300,965 36.97 151,515 60.98 146,718 32.30 67,840 37.36 49,654 35.20 46,011 40.39 2S.475 18.41 1 12,700 32.75, 14,150 33.37! 13,180 22.84 3,815 48.55 7,525 L40.97J 15,225 51.14 4,540 16. Black gum 30,000 30,000 60,000 35.00; 2,100 17. Black walnut 25,000 25,000 j 50,000 63.00, 3,2.50 18. Sugar pine 50,000! 50,000 45.00 2,250 19. Ash species 40,000 40,000 36.251 1,450 20. Wild black cherry- 7,000 6,000j 13,000 75.00: 975 1,000 1,000| 55.00! 55 Totals 5,789,000 74,866,000 118,000 80,773,000 100 $26.02' $2,101,855 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 29 of all industries, and it was also next to that in value. Yellow pine constitutes 73 per cent, of the amount used, while cypress was 10 per cent. In all, 21 different woods were used, but only 7 per cent, were home-grown. Nearly one-third of the lumber production of the United States is demanded by this industry. Tanks and Silos, Cooperage. This industry used thirteen different kinds of wood and 6 per cent, of all the woods consumed by manufacturers. Yellow pine heads the list with 54 per cent., oak 29 per cent., Douglas fir 10 per cent. The average cost was $33 . 50 per thousand, California redwood costing the most, while black gum and ash were the lowest-priced woods. Twenty-four per cent, of the amount used was home- grown. The quantity of Western wood is notable, since Douglas fir constituted 10 per cent, of the total amount of wood used. For this class of manufacture, straight-grained, durable woods are required. TABLE 5 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. TANKS AND SILOS, COOPERAGE, Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. S. yellow pines 2. Oak species 2,380,000 1,933,000 8,037,000 3,634,000 2,000,000 470,000 300,000 132,000 10,417,000 5,567,000 2,000,000 470,000 300,000 265,000 134,000 100,000 63,000 20,000 10,000 7,000 7,000 54 29 10 2.5 i l l .5 $29.07 41.81 31.50 45.32 36.50 25.44 29.89 45.50 33.33 15.00 15.00 32.00 32.00 $302,817 232,764 63,000 21,30;) 10,950 6,742 4. Cypress 5. E. white pine 6. Red gum _ 133,000 134,000 4,005 4,550 2,100 300 150 224 224 8. Redwood 9. American elm 10. Ash species 11. Black gum.-.i. 12. Beech 13. Hickory species 100,000 03,000 20,000 10,000 7,000 7,000 4,580,000 14,780,000 19,360,000 100 $33.50 $649,126 30 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Cooperage includes two classes of barrels and kegs— tight cooper- age comprises barrels and kegs used as liquid containers and requires the higher grade of material, such as oak, Douglas fir, cypress and redwood ; while what is known as slack cooperage includes barrels for dry articles, as flour, sugar, apples, potatoes, and kegs for holding nails, bolts, horse shoes, etc, Manufacturers of slack cooperage are likely to enjoy good mar- kets and steady trade indefinitely. For some time, due to a variety of obvious reasons, the tight cooperage industry has suffered. Now, with containers of alcoholic liquids in ever- diminishing demand. there is in many centers an actual crisis for the makers of tight barrels and kegs. This is something Avhich the manufacturer can hardly alter. He can hope only for changed trade conditions, or himself convert his business to conform to other and keener demands. Car Construction. "Wood is largely being displaced by metal in the construction of cars, but even with the large substitution a considerable amount TABLE SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. CAR CONSTRUCTION. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 9,890,000 2,562,00o! 9,890,000 3,087,000 800,000 600,000 535,000 200,000 100,000 80,000 40,000 12,000 10,000 1,000 64.5 20 , 5.5 4 3.5 1.5 .5 .5 $32.44 24.03 60.00 35.67 46.82 26.00 50.00 50.00 200.00 26.00 120.00 35.00 $320,830 74,190 525,000 3. Tulip poplar 800,000 600,000 535,000 200,000 100,000 80,000 12,000 10,000 1,000 40,000 48,000 21,400 25,050 5,200 5. Cypress 7. E. white pine 5,000 4,000 8,000 312 9. Mahogany 1,200 35 12. Hard maple Totals 525,000 14,790,000 40,000 15,355,000 100 $33.40 $513,217 PLATE VI. FIG. 1 — THE TABLE FACTORY. Manufacture of first-class wooden tables is an important branch in Maryland furniture-making. PLATE VI. FIG. 2 — STORE FIXTURES, INTERIOR FINISH. Divers products made of many woods come from the planing- mill and fixture shops. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 31 of wood is used. Maryland manufacturers reported 12 different kinds of wood, of which yellow pine constituted 64.5 per cent, and oak 20 per cent. The average cost was comparatively low — $33 per thousand. Only 3.5 per cent, of that used was State-grown. Yellow pine, because of its abundance, lightness of weight and good working qualities^ was used largely for tops and sides of box ears, while oak was most extensively used for framing. Small quantities of other woods were used for the interior finish of coaches. Furniture. Seventeen different woods were used, of which oak constituted 51 per cent, and tulip poplar 13.5 per cent. Oak is in demand be- cause of its hardness, beauty of grain, capacity for high polish and good working qualities. Tulip poplar is largely used for drawers. TABLE 7, SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. FURNITURE Kind of Wood Mary- land. United States. ; Foreign. i - Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost Per M at Fac- tory. ! Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1 Oak species ... ... 2 Tulip poplar _. .. 3 Chestnut .. 2,161,000 300,000 410,000 6,034,000 1,727,000 702,000 ._ .--. 074, (XX) 505,000 . 484, 000 j 353,000i 8, 195, (XX) 2,027,000 1,112,000 974,000 505,000 484,000 475,000 343,000 30.5,000 300,000 180,000 90,000 65,000 62,000 35,000 12,000 3,000 54 13.5 7.5 6.5 3.5 3 3 2.5 2 2 1 .5 .5 .5 $37.82' $309,901 48.09 97,486 20 02 22,927 4 Hard maple 5 Red maple ... 6- Basswood _... 25.00: 24,354 29.90 15,100 24.89i 12,047 ? Red gum 122,000 29.33 13,933 8. Beech . 343,000 305., 000 22.13 7,589 129. 83j 39,597 28.00 8.400 300,000 180,000 90,000 65,000 11. Birch species 12. Black gum 26.33 20 00 4,740 1 .800 8,000 7,000 3,000 153.85 10.000 14. Ash species 15. S. yellow pines 16. Black walnut 17. Wild black cherry- 54,000 35,000 5,000 21.94 22.57 121 .67 25.00 1,360 790 1,460 75 Totals -. 3,011,000 11,786,000 370,000 15,167,000 100 $37.68 $571,559 32 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland shelves, etc. Nearly 20 per cent, of the wood used was Maryland- grown, including all of the cherry, most of the black walnut and a large part of the oak and chestnut. Ship and Boat Building. ShiD and boat building' has long been an important industry in Maryland because of the large water area of the State included in the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. All classes of wooden boats are built, from small pleasure boats to large barges. Fifteen different woods were used by manufacturers, of which white pine constituted 64 per cent., with oak the next in amount — 26 per cent. The aver- age price paid was $31 per thousand feet, the range being from $20 per thousand for red gum to $350 for teak. The expensive woods, such as teak, mahogany and lignum-vitae, were used in interior finish of expensive pleasure boats, while yellow pine and oak were the chief woods used in freight vessls. TABLE. 8- •SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. S. yellow pines 2. Oak species 3. Eastern spruce 4. Douglas fir 5. Cedar species 6. Western spruce 7. Cypress 85,000 2,869,000 7,714,000 342,000 435,000 205,000 148,000 100,000 85,000 69,000 55,000 15,000 12,000 9,000 7,799,000 3,211,000 435,000 205,000 148,000 100,000 85,000 69,000 55,000 50,000 15,000 12,000 9,000 5,000 2,000 64 26 4 2 1 1 .7 .5 .4 .4 $28.57 33.45 21.84 27.56 43.89 35.00 62.41 75 17 55.21 20.00 216.67 156.25 350.00 50.00 42.00 $222,835 107,414 9,500 5,650 6,496 3,500 5,305 5,187 9. Tulip poplar 3,037 50,000 1,000 11. Mahogany 12. Lignum-vitae 13. Teak 5,000 2,000 3,250 1,875 3,150 250 15. Hard maple 84 Totals 3,004,000 9,160,000 36,000 12,200,000 100 $51.03 $378,533 PLATE VII. FIG. 1— BOAT SHOP INTERIOR. In small boats and large ships, wood is filling a need again. It is not only handy for pleasure craft; the all-wood boat once more follows the ocean lanes. Ijtim i^W^Si «£.. ,- m '- N? PLATE VII. FIG. 2— WORCESTER COUNTY SHIPYARD. Shipbuilding is coming into its own again, and Maryland has its share. The wooden bottom is now in demand. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 33 Boat building, once of prime importance to Maryland, as indeed to many other seaboard States, is now coming into its own again. Baltimore firms which but two or three years ago did a very small amount of repair work— chiefly, too, on vessels of other nations — are at present making tremendous strides, and show phenomenal growth. In part, it is a product of the war, but America is naturally a ship-constructing nation, and this industry seems likely not only to continue as it is, but indeed to register still higher records. Baskets. • The basket business is an important one in Maryland because of the large quantity used by the truckers in shipping their products. In fact, Maryland is one of the leaders of the Atlantic seaboard in baskets. The baskets are made from thin pieces of wood, cut on veneer machines; and in the case of round baskets, the tops and bottoms are generally made of pine. Red gum is the favorite wood for baskets and constitutes 70 per cent, of all the wood used. Eighty-five per cent, of this was home-grown, and 70 per cent, of all wood used was grown in Maryland. The average cost was $19 . 40 per thousand feet for crates and packing boxes. TABLE 9 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916.* BASKETS Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Red gum 3,935,000 260,000 160,000 25,000 5,000 75,000 100,000 10,000 665,000 230,000 250,000 340,000 275,000 155,000 80,000 20,000 4,600,000 490,000 410,000 340,000 300,000 160,000 155,000 100,000 20,000 10,000 70 7.5 6 5 4.5 2.5 2.5 1.5 .5 $17.61 17.09 17.20 36.40 22.83 21.78 26.77 15.50 37.50 17.00 $80,995 2. Tulip poplar 3. Black gum _ 4. Hard maple 5. American elm. 6. Beech 8,375 7,050 12,375 6,850 5,515 7. Red maple 4,150 8. S. yellow pine 9. Birch species 10. Basswood _*. 1,550 750 170 Totals 4,570,000 2,015,000 6, 585 ,.000 100 $19.40 $127,780 Does not include willow withes. 34 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Fixtures. It is difficult in some cases to distinguish between and separate fixtures from the products of furniture manufactories. Fixtures in this report constitute such furnishings of stores, saloons, lodge and club rooms, offices and churches as are not usually movable. This industry used only 2 per cent, of wood consumed. Of the amount used, 28 per cent, was Maryland grown, although of the two principal species given — oak and locust — over half of the former and all of the latter were home-grown. Chestnut, the next wood in importance and widely distributed in the State, was all imported. The average cost of the woods is $42.60 per thousand feet, which is comparatively low for the grade of material required. The low cost, however, is due to the fact that locust, which constituted TABLE 10 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. FIXTURES. Per Av.Cost Total Mary- United Total Cent. Per M Cost Kind of Wood. land. States. Foreign. Bd. Ft. of Whole. at Fac- tory. F. O. B. Factory. 1. Oak species ... 540,000 911,000 1,451,000 25. $33.80 $49,050 2. Locust 1,075,000 1,075,000 18.5 9.30 10,000 3. Chestnut 7x5,000 510,000 498,000 .725,000 510,000 498,000 435,000 12 5 27 43 19,887 15,400 9 5. Tulip poplar 9 41 58 6. Birch species 435,000 8 46.90 20.40D 7. Mahogany 377,000 377,000 6 134.28 50,625 118,000 117,000 118,000 118,000 3,656 13,893 9. Black walnut 1,000 2 117.71 10. Black gum _ 105,000 105,000 2 35.00 3,675 11. Hard maple 90,000 90,000 50.00 45.00 35.00 4,500 2,475 1,955 12. Red gum 13. R«d maple 55,000 55,000 14. Circassian walnut. 50,000 50,000 325.00 16,2.-0 15. Cypress 45,000 45,000 45.00 2,625 16. Wild black cherry. 25,000 15,000 40,000 .5 61.88 2,475 17. Rosewood 25,000 25,000 350.00 8,750 18. E. white pine 10,000 10,000 65.00 650 Totals 1,641,000 3,689,000 452 ,000 5,782,000 100 $42.60 $246,308 PLATE VIII THE WOODEN SCHOONER. The building of wooden ships is not yet a lost art; in fact, it promises again to be live and growing industry. PLATE VIII. FIG. 2 — A LEADING INDUSTRY The days of the Baltimore clipper are past, but its successor is requiring daily more material and men. Huge yards are going up. Wood enters every craft, sometimes little else. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 35 18.5 per cent, of the amount of wood used, cost less than any other wood utilized by Maryland manufacturers in any industry. This was purchased in the log and was used largely in the manufacture of insulator pins. Caskets and Coffins. Six different woods were reported by Maryland manufacturers as going into rough boxes, caskets, and coffins. Tulip poplar and buckeye constitute 42 per cent., followed closely by white pine, chestnut, basswood and oak. White the amount of wood used by the industry was comparatively small, the cost per thousand was relatively high— $48 . 33 per thousand— due to the quality demanded. Of these six woods that were used none were State-grown. TABLE 11 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. CASKETS AND COFFINS. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. . Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Tulip poplar 2. Yellow buckeye 3. E. white pine 4. Chestnut b. Basswood 6. Oak species 1,000,000 1,000,000 750,000 750,000 700,000 600,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 750,000 750,000 700,000 600,000 21 21 15.5 16.5 14.5 $60.00 50.00 33.00 35.00 50.00 60.00 §60,000. 50,000 24,750 26,250 35,000 36,003 Totals 4,800,000. 4,800,000 100 $48.33 $232,000 Brushes. Brush-making in Maryland centers in two places, Baltimore and Frederick. At both there are manufacturers of considerable import- ance, and their product is one which is sold in all parts of the country and world. The production of wooden brush-backs, and of high-quality brushes of all sorts, is specialized. Intricate machinery, skilled workers and numerous kinds of raw materials are requisites for a large output. The fibres of which the bristles are fashioned are 36 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland of vegetable growths gathered in all parts of the world, from Mexico and tropical America to the islands of the East Indies. In Baltimore, but little manufacturing is done outside of brush-backs. For these beech exclusively is used. But in Frederick there is a tremendous output of finished brushes in very great variety, and for it beech, birch and maple are used in considerable amount. A grade of No. 2 common is usually employed, and practically all of the wooden brush material that is manufactured in Maryland is cut in West Virginia. TABLE 12 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. BRUSHES. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. v Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent, of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Beech .._.. 2. Birch species 3. Hard maple ~I~" 3,500,000 500,000 500,000 3,500,000 500,000 500,000 78 11 11 $20.50 21.00 23.50 $71,750 10,500 11,750 Totals 4,500,000 4,500,000 100 $20.89 $94,000 This industry is an interesting one, and one which show T s little wood w T aste, something still sufficiently of a novelty to gain attention. Sizes and shapes in bruslubacks are widely diversified, of course. Large material is shaped and cut in styles suitable for floor and scrubbing brushes, mop blocks and handles. Smaller stuff is readily converted into dowels and even corn-popper handles, and, of course, the greater part goes into the backs of small brushes. For brushes cover a large field, and in Maryland practically every sort is made, ranging from the large size suitable for swabbing up the deck of a battleship to that which is an adjunct to the toilet table. Maryland brushes stand high in the country-wide trade, and command an ex- panding market. Vehicles and Vehicle Parts. This includes both motor and horse-drawn vehicles. Of the 13 different woods reported by the industry, hickory constituted PLATE IX. FIG. 1— GUN STOCKS— ROUGH AND FINISHED. This product, needed through recent events as never before, requires high grades of American and Circassian walnut. Supply has not kept pace with demand. * ? **.**»1 ■11 1 il^'^l '* tmHBBI y&+m '•>■*♦* 1 ■r «^,»/^H §§ 1 n \ ft:": ;*:'*:■ e II m*~ \***«v.*.'''fiS » * ♦ 1 •- • ' #' '■'■ ■-»•'■• 1 H ****** ■nHH r llnl 1 J Jkv-jI 99k. ;» WB§ k * ♦ J Bk**.**" kJ PLATE IX. FIG. 2— BRUSH BACKS. These backs — of beech, birch and maple — are ready for insertion of the bristles, industry is important to Maryland, and uses much hardwood of good quality. The Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 37 nearly 75 per cent, of the total amount used, followed by oak — 19 per cent. — with tulip poplar and ash in smaller proportion. Hickory is a favorite wood for spokes, rims and gear parts, followed closely by white oak, with tulip poplar the chief wood for bodies of wagons, carriages and automobiles, and ash in use extensively for frame parts. Ked gum is often substituted for tulip poplar in body parts. Elm and black gum are extensively used in hubs. Beech, cypress, basswood and yellow pine enter largely into the construction of wagon beds. TABLE 13- • SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United Stages. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent, of Whole. Av.Coat PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O.B. Factory. 1. Hickory 615,000 487,000 4,000 19,000 15,000 2,589,000 333,000 102,000 39,000 30,000 10,000 22,000 15,000 12,000 8,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 3,204,000 820,000 106,000 58,000 30,000 25,000 22,000 15,000 12,000 8,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 74.5 19 2.5 1.6 .5 .5 .5 .5 .3 .2 $24.05 30.45 71.80 56.72 28.00 10.00 22.73 24.00 70.00 30.00 40.00 120.00 200.00 $77,070 2. Oak species 3. Tulip poplar 4. Ash species 5. Red gum 24,972 7,611 3,290 840 6. Black gum 250 7. American elm 8. Beech 9. Cypress 10. Basswood 11. S. yellow pines 12. Sycamore 13. Mahogany 500 360 840 240 80 120 200 Totals 1,140,000 3,163,000 1,000 4,304,000 100 $27.04 $116,373 This industry, one of the oldest in Maryland, is one which in the past few years has been almost revolutionized. Concerns which have clung to the manufacture of carriages, wagons and only horse- drawn vehicles have in many cases seen their business melt slowly away. In this situation, they have had to turn to the making of auto parts and, unless their carriages happened to be an unusu- ally well-known article with a famous trade-name, give up almost 38 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland entirely the manufacture of their principal product, and the one for which the business was originally founded. Carriage and motor vehicle repairs keep many old carriage and wagon manufactories in existence, but unless such firms are willing to modernize their plants and turn from the old article to something in growing and present demand, they must be content to look on and gradually to drop behind. Picture Frames and Moldings. The picture frame and molding industry embraces, in addi- tion to picture frame material, moldings such as are used by paperhangers for drop ceilings, with those to cover electric wiring and framing for blackboards, and does not include those used in general house finishing. But six woods were reported as used by Maryland manufacturers; basswood constituting 73 per cent. It is used especially for the construction of frames and moldings that are to be painted or gilded. Its cheapness and good working qualities, and the fact that it holds paint well, particularly commend it. Oak, the next wood in point of use, went into picture frames and moldings where the natural finish was desired, its pleasing grain giving high ornamental value. All the wood used came from outside the State, although each of them is locally abundant. TABLE 14 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. PICTURE FRAMES AND MOLDINGS Per Av.Cost Total Mary- United Total Cent PerM Cost Kind of Wood land States Foreign Bd Ft of Whole. at Fac- tory F. 0. B. Factory. 1 Basswood _. 1.700,000 1.700,000 72.5 $27.30 $46,400 2. Oak species 428,000 428,000 18 47.43 20,300 3 Chestnut 100.000 . 100,000 4.5 45.00 4,500 4 Red gum 100.000 100,000 4.5 38.00 3,800 5. Birch species 10,000 - 10,000 .5 65.00 653 5.000 5,000 65.00 325 Totals- 2,343.000 2,343,000 100 $32.43 $75,975 PLATE X. FIG. 1— RIMS AND HUBS. The stock in this drying and storage room is fine-quality oak and hickory rims, with hubs of birch and elm. PLATE X. FIG. 2-^SPOKES AND HUBS. When these hickory spokes and elm hubs have left the dry-room, they will be ready for assembling. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 39 Musical Instruments. . The production of musical instruments is an industry of mag- nitude in Baltimore; it is also foremost in Hagerstown. Sixteen different woods were reported by Maryland manufacturers, but only two of them were produced, in part, in Maryland, although nearly all are native trees. The average cost per thousand for the wood was $53.63, which is the second highest on the list. Ash, tulip poplar and hard maple comprise two-thirds of the wood used. Ash and maple are used largely for the framework of organs and pianos, spruce for sounding boards, Avhite pine for keys and the finer grades of valuable hardwoods, such as mahogairy, cherry and walnut, for cases. Chestnut, which is ordinarily used as a back- ing for veneer in pianos, was not reported by Maryland manu- facturers. TABLE 15 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. INSTRUMENTS, MUSICAL Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost Per M at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Ash species 416,000 309,000 284,000 83,000 80,000 75,000 42,000 39,000 15,000 25,000 19,000 5,000 4,000 1,000 1,000 101,000 416,000 309,000 284,000 101,000 83,000 80,000 75,000 42,000 39,000 25,000 25,000 19,000 6,000 4,000 1,000 1,000 27.5 20.5 19 6.5 5.5 5.5 ^ " 3 2.5 .1.5 1.5 1 .5 .5 $39.22 54.66 43.73 141.09 71.25 36.25 26.00 48.00 68.59 36.00 70.00 82.63 115.00 65.00 126.00 350.00 $16,315 16,890 3. Hard maple 12,420 4. Mahogany _. 5. E. white pine 6. Eastern spruce 14,250 5,914 2,900 7. Basswood 1,950 8. Birch species 9. Oak species • 2,016 2,675 10. Beech _ 10,000 900 11. W. white pine 12. Wild black cherry. 1,750 1,570 13. Black walnut....— 14*. Cypress 15. Holly _ 16. Cedar species 1,000 690 260 126 350 Totals 11,000 1.398.000 101,000 1,510,000 100 $53.63 $80,976 40 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Cigar Boxes. Spanish cedar is the popular wood for cigar boxes because of the pleasing odor imparted to the contents, in addition to its good working qualities. Gum and tulip poplar were largely used for tobacco boxes and to some extent as a backing for Spanish cedar veneer. None of the wood used by this industry was Maryland- grown, although three of the four species reported are abundant in the State. Maryland is an important tobacco-growing State, centers of leaf production being actually very close to the box factories of Baltimore. "With both a local demand and an outside growing one. this industry should demonstrate steady expansion. TABLE If. SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN' MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. BOXES, CIGAR. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Spanish cedar 332,000 332,000 295,000 100,000 10,000 45 40 13.5 1.5 $229.52 138.86 61.00 192.50 $76,200 2. Black gum 3. Red gum 4. Tulip poplar 295,000 100,000 10,000 40,965 5,100 1,925 Totals | 405,000 332,000 737,000 100 $168.51 $124,190 Wooden ware and Novelties. Under this class are a great variety of useful articles for house- hold service., such as buckets, bowls, bread boards, rolling pins, rat and mouse traps, toivel racks, meat boards, potato mashers, pails, etc., while there is an almost endless variety of novelties. Of the 13 woods used, red gum and basswood constitute 84 per cent. There was a larger percentage of home-grown woods used by this industry than any other — in all, 45 per cent. All of the red gum, oak, chestnut, yellow pine and black walnut were Maryland- grown. PLATE XI. FIG. 1— NOVELTIES. There is literally nothing which the modern turnery cannot fashion from wood. PLATE XL FIG. 2 — TOYS. Made-in-America toys are used again. These dolls, save hair and eyes, are entirely a product of home-grown basswood. WooD-UiSiNG Industries of Maryland 41 TABLE 17 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. WOODEN WARE AND NOVELTIES. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 240,000 18,000 3,000 1,000 1,000 240,000 230,000 45,000 18,000 6,000 6,000 4,000 4,000 3,000 3,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 43 41 8 3 1 1 1 1 .5 .5 $17.42 26.20 57.56 166.67 25.00 35.00 25.00 20.00 150.00 25.00 120.00 40.00 300.00' $4,180 6,025 2,590 2. Basswood 230,000 45,000 4. Lignum-vitae 5. Oak species ... 6,000 3,000 150 6,000 210 7.- Chestnut 4,000 4,000 1,000 100 8. S. yellow pines 80 9. Mahogany 10. Cypress 11. Boxwood 12. Black walnut ... 3,000 450 75 12) 40 13. Rosewood — . 300 Totals... 255,000 284,000 23,000 562,000 100 $30.82 $17,320 Toys. Wooden toys and wooden parts of toys, partly of wood and partly of metal, consumed a very small part of the wood manu- factured, although it represented a great variety of products. The TABLE 18- - SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. TOYS. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. S. yellow pines 100,000 75,000 55,000 5,000 100,000 75,000 55,000 5,000 42.5 32 23.5 2 $13.00 27.51 22.00 27.40 $1,300 2,063 1,210 137 2. Tulip poplar 3. Basswood 4. Red gum Totals 235,000 235,000 100 $20.04 $4,710 42 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Southern pines, tulip poplar and basswood were the principal varieties used, with a small amount of red gum. The American toy is only now coming into its own. The once German monopoly is gone from our shops, and though the Japanese are busy capturing the market, toys made at home are enjoying a sharply rising demand. Portable Houses. The manufacture of portable wooden houses is an industry of growing importance, which is here considered separately from ordinary house construction. Small houses and other portable build- ings are made in standard sizes, shipped in parts and assembled at the place of use. They consist of garages, summer cottages and temporary uarters for workmen, tool houses, temporary school houses, churches, etc. White pine constitutes 70 per cent, of all wood used, while yelloAV pine comprises 24 per cent. A small amount of tulip poplar, cypress and red cedar was also used, although none of it was Maryland-grown. The manufacture of such buildings shows healthy growth, and it is a business which should increase rather than diminish. TABLE 19 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND. YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. PORTABLE HOUSES. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost Per M at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. E. white pines 2. S. yellow pines 3. Tulip poplar _ 4. Cypress 150,000 50,000 7,000 5,000 1,000 150,000 50,000 7,000 5,000 1,000 70.5 23.5 3 2.5 .5 $28.00 12.50 34.86 75.00 29.00 $4,20} 623 244 375 29 Totals 213,000 213,000 100 $25.69 $5,473 Trunks. Valises, Luggage. In all, but two woods were reported as used by this indus- try. Basswood constituted two-thirds and yellow pine the re- Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 43 mainder. Basswood, while light in weight, is tough and strong, which, together with its good working qualities, make it a favorite wood for the purpose. Yellow pine is used for the cheaper grades of trunks, especially for trunk trays. TABLE 20 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. TRUNKS, VALISES, LUGGAGE. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 67,000 32,000 67,000 32,000 67.5 32.5 $26.61 16.00 $1,783 2. S. yellow pines 512 Totals 99,000 99,000 100 $23.18 $2,295 Molds and Patterns. The manufacture of molds and patterns requires soft, even- grained woods that will keep their shape well under atmospheric changes. White pine answers these requirements, accounting for its exclusive use in these manufactures. TABLE 21 SUMMARY OF WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. MOLDS AND PATTERNS Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. E. white pine. 75,000 75,000 100 $31.67 $2,375 Totals 75,000 75,000 100 $31.67 $2,375 PART II WOODS ~«& £o SO t- b- OS -* CO t- C* 00 ^ U3 00 © cp OOMOO ClOOOO »« iO O ifl < ■♦©(NriCO 3> t~ 25 00 C3 O 5 O: (N 30 © rH l« © C-3 L'lOIOOl HHt-WM C*lC50i-Hio © © O C4 55 OS t- ■"»« Oi CO OJNNOi i^Ninoo £5 o o c* e5 i«X00© oo tft o i-I o oj oo ft © <5 ©* ©' © to •VIMOI^M t- •* CO "* CO iS O CO (M CM CM OOOWNN CM -«fl CM rH 6* ©» i-I r-I rH MNOiffilN rH© 1 o o © © © © §§§§! gss: .tpw©-* CO © rgTooo"* i>«o" 00CM© rH NNO CM eo S ©_ < WNOi CM rH r^ i i O 03 ©, 00®MMi lOMNH OS oo -3 «2Q cs a -2 > o W r, - w £££ °3« >>.- CL,C?HJ5-h I Sill |o .SSccKes ^2 O 3 t, t- 3 75 =ss 03 <3 m c3 53 « G s- a> « ■a £■ 03 cm k 3 si !S£ >&=»& ss IrH r^fa-jQrt IS 585 s.^5 =S* a-g«gg E-C cm c? !? bc^o ss 09 C £3 02 »_- = KOOBr 3§C = en -fc» 09 t; »a 09 09 >2 £ fa 03 H 2 "3 -a I s 3 cj. >i 4)3 2 «> &. ifl n r i<*o2« 55-IS CO C^ CO Oi ©" HHHHN iSg. 01 3 3.3 OO 3 e, OS is ■8 5 es t- 3 S C T-, es g S a ■ CJ S gTS 1 b c s o r>0 O c*o» oe nnsim SH' * m * HhJH k9 1 B 1 sfcs t . s. iif#r r : ■ '^^^^B' jH s , 2 1 I ' ' * tr*' B * Br .«! ■mIUjIj! B . 5 . -*■■.■■: 4-:--;v- • t— w-| ■mI i ■ ^■" * ii~fci ' 3 HH|i§ ■ -HLl ''^l "JL— ~-- ; ^ "*' B ~ : ■"; ' ■ ~^HH » ■ ; o o . o 9, o w -2 s R O I— I ,rH 3 < £« KINDS OF WOOD Southern Yellow Pines. Southern yellow pines, including loblolly, short-leaf, long-leaf and scrub pine, represent 70 per cent, of the total amount of wood used by the Maryland manufacturers. Of the above species, all except the long-leaf pine grow in Maryland, although short-leaf pine but sparingly. The pines are confined largely to Southern Maryland, where they are the principal timber species. TABLE 23- -CONSUMPTION OF SOUTHERN YELLOW PINES, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Boxes and crates. 33.898.000 4,607,000 2, 380.000 &5.000 120,932,000 53,940,000 8,037,000 9,890,000 7.714.000 154.830,000 58,607,000 10,417,000 9,890,000 7,799,000 510,000 100,000 100,000 50,000 35,000 32.000 4,000 2,000 64 24.2 4.5 4 3 .3 $14.80 20.97 29.07 32.44 28.57 30.20 15.50 13.00 12.50 22.57 16.00 20.00 40.00 $2,291,341 2. Planing mill pro- ducts 3. Tanks* and silos 4. Car construction... 5. Ship and boat 1,228,862 302,817 320,830 222,835 15,400 1,550 ■6. Fixtures i ...J 510,000 ioo.ooo 1 ! 8. Toys 9. Portable houses 10. Furniture 100,000 50,000 35,000 32,000 2,000 1,300 625 790 512 12. Woodenware and novelties 13. Vehicles and vehicle parts 4,000 8D 80 Totals 41,134,000 201,242,000 242,376,000 100 $18.10 $4,387,022 The annual cut of yellow pine amounts to some 100,000,000 feet, about 41 per cent, of the amount used by manufacturers. Of the amount so used, but 17 per cent. — 41,000,000 feet — was locally 48 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland grown, the remainder of the Maryland cut going into rough lumber for construction purposes. While there is some variation in the wood of the different species of the yellow pine, in general it is fairly even-grained, easily worked, abundant and obtainable in almost any desired sizes, making it extremely popular for a large variety of uses. The box, crate and packing industries used nearly two-thirds of the total quantity reported, while nearly one-fourth went into planing mill products. The average cost per thousand feet at the factory was the lowest paid for any manufactured lumber. Oak Species. There are no less than 13 different species of oak used com- mercially in the State, often several species for the same purpose, so that it was impracticable to separate them. Furthermore, since TABLE 24 CONSUMPTION OF OAK SPECIES, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreien. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. A v. Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Furniture . 2. Tanks and silos... 3. Planing mill pro- 2,161,000 1,933,000 592,000 2,809,000 525,000 540,000 487,000 6,034,000 3,034,000 3,500,000 342,000 2,562,000 911,000 333,000 600,000 428,000 60,000 39,000 8,195,000 5,567,000 4,098,000 3,211,000 3,087,000 1,451,000 820,000 600,000 428,000 65,000 39,000 6,000 30 20 15 12 11 5 3 2 2 $37.82 41.81 36,97 33.45 24.03 33.80 30.45 60.00 47.43 14.40 68.59 25.00 $309,91)1 232,764 4. Ship and boat 107,414 5. Car construction .. 6. Fixtures 74,1'JO 49,OjO 7. Vehicles and vehicle 24,972 8. Caskets and coffins 36,000 9. Picture frames and 5,000 6,000 20,30;> 10. Boxes and crates, packing 11. Instruments, musi- cal 940 2,675 Vi. Woodenware and 150 Totals 9.118.000 18,449,000 27,567,000 100 $36.63 $1,009,871 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 49 the trade recognizes only two classes — white oak and red oak — and their characteristics are not sufficiently well established by manu- facturers to justify a distinction for this study, they are here grouped under the one title — oaks. The oaks constitute 8 per cent, of the total amount of wood used by manufacturers, and 33 per cent, of that used was grown in Maryland. It is the most widely distributed of the important timber trees. The most important species of oak, commercially, are white oak (Quercus Alba), red oak (Quercus Rubra), black oak (Quercus Velutina), chestnut oak (Quercus Prinus), scarlet oak (Quercus Coccinea), Spanish oak (Quercus Digitata) and pin oak (Quercus Palustris). The wood of the oaks is hard, heavy, strong, tough and durable, serving many purposes. Cypress (Bald). This species reaches its northern limit of distribution as a forest tree in Southeastern Maryland, along the tidal rivers, where it occurs in pure stands or mixed with gum and other water-loving species. None of the Maryland-grown cypress was reported used by manufacturers, the State-grown material going into such pro- ducts as shingles, poles and other local uses requiring unfinished material. The principal uses reported by manufacturers are for planing mill products and packing boxes, as shown in Table 25. It is used generally for doors, sash, panels, molding and other interior finish. The wood is light, soft, straight-grained, easily worked and very durable. The latter quality makes it desirable for greenhouse con- struction, where conditions conducive to decay are prevalent. Black Gum. Black gum is distributed widely over the State, from the swamps of Southeastern Maryland to the mountains of Western Maryland, but though common, it is not regarded as especially important or valuable for timber. The wood, not hard, is tough and cross-grained, making it difficult to Avork. It is very largely cut into veneers and used for crates and baskets by the veneer mills of the lower Eastern Shore. 50 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland TABLE 25 CONSUMPTION OF CYPRESS, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916 Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. ■ i Per Cent. of Whole. Av Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Planing mill pro- ducts 2. Boxes and crates, 7.955,000 1,025,000 7,955,000 1,025,000 535,000 470,000 300,000 85,000 45,000 12,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 76 10 3 1 .5 71 $37.83 16 46 $300,965 3. Car construction .. 4. Tanks and silos 5. Furniture 6. Ship and boat 535,000' 470,000 _ _. 300,000 85,0tKX _ 46.82i 25,050 45.32 21,30a 28.00- 8,400 62.41 - r > sos 7. Fixtures 8. Vehicles and vehicle parts 9. Portable houses — 10. Instruments, musi- cal 11. Woodenware and 45,000 12,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 45.00 70.00 75.00 65.00 25.00 2,025 840 375 260 1 Totals 10,439,000 10,439,000 100 $36.54 $3S1,470 TABLE 26 CONSUMPTION OF BLACK GUM, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 19H Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost Per M at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Boxes and crates, 70,000 7,400,00) 7,470,000 410,000 295,000 105,000 90,000 60,000 25,000 10,000 88 1 $13.30 £99. 3So 2. Baskets 3. Boxes, cigar 160,000 250,000 295,000 105,000 90,000 30.000 5 17.20 7,050 3.5 138. 86 ! 40.965 4. Fixtures 5. Furniture 6. Planing mill pro- 30,000 2 1 .5 35.00 20.00 35.00 3,675 1,800 2.100 7. Vehicles and vehicle 15,00o' 10,000 i 10,000 10 OOi 250 8. Tanks and silos 15.00; 1511 Totals 275,000' 8,190,000 8,465,000 100 ! $18.35 $155,370 1 ! ! Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 51 Tulip Poplar. The use of this wood was reported by more manufacturers than cany other. It is of fine texture, light, soft and easily worked, takes paint readily and holds its shape well, making it a favorite among wood users. This species attains a larger size than any other tree in Mary- land It is found in the deep, moist soils of ravines and lower slopes throughout the central part of the State, but not in the mountain section. A little over 8 per cent, of this species was Maryland-grown. Its chief uses were for furniture, boxes and crates, moldings, coffins and car construction. Out of the 19 wood-using industries, 14 re- ported the use of tulip poplar. TABLE 27 CONSUMPTION OF TULIP POPLAR, YEAR ENDING- SEPTEMBER 1, 191b. Grown Per Av.Cost Total in United Total Cent. PerM Cost Industry. Mary- States. Foreign. Bd. Ft. of at Fac- F. 0. B. land.. Whole. tory. Factory. 1. Furniture t 300,000 1,727,000 2,027,000 25 $48.09 $97,486 2. Boxes and crates, 1,394,000 1,394,000 17 16.37 22,816 3. Planing mill pro- 108,000 1,221,000 1,329,000 16.5 37.36 49,654 1,000,000 1,000,000 12 60.00 60,000 5. Car construction .. 800,000 800,000 10 60.00 48,000 6. Fixtures 498,000 498,000 6 41.58 20,705 7. Baskets 200,000 230,000 490,000 6 17.09 8,375 8. Instruments, musi- cal 309,000 309,000 4 54.66 16,890 9. Vehicles and vehicle parts 4,000 102,000 106,000 1.5 71.80 7,611 10. Toys 75,000 '"'"' 75,000 1 27.51 2,063 11. Ship and boat building 55,000 55,000 .5 55.21 3,03? 12. Woodenware and novelties 45,000 45,000 .5 57.56 2,590 13. Boxes, cigar 10,000 10,000 192.50 1,925 14. Portable houses 7,000 7,000 34.86 244 Totals 672,000 7,473,000 8,145,000 100 $41.91 $341,376 52 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Red Gum. This is the favorite wood, veneered, for making fruit and vege- table containers, this use taking nearly three fourths of the entire amount used by manufacturers. The tree grows throughout the Coastal Plain part of the State, along stream or river bottoms and in swamps. The wood is heavy, hard, fairly strong and tough, and of uniform texture. The marked difference between the sapwood and the heartwood — one white, the other red — has led many manufacturers to distinguish two species — the white sapwood being called white gum, while the dark red heart is called red gum. Sixty-two per cent, of the amount used by manufacturers was Maryland-grown. The bulk of that imported came from North Caro- lina, South Carolina and Virginia. TABLE 28 CONSUMPTION OF RED GUM, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Baskets 3,935,000 75,000 122,000 133,000 240,000 90,000 665,000 1,300,000 353,000 132,000 77,000 100,000 100,000 55,000 4,600,000 1,375,000 475,000 265,000 240,000 167,000 100,000 100,000 55,000 50,000 30.000 62 18.5 6.5 3.5 3 2 1.4 1.4 .7 .6 .4 §17.61 15.37 29.33 25.44 17.42 22.84 51.00 38.00 45.00 20.00 28.00 27.40 $80,99o 2. Boxes and crates, 21,130 3. Furniture 4. Tanks and silos 5. Woodenware and 13,933 6,742 4,180 6. Planing mill pro- 3,815 7. Boxes, cigar 8. Picture frames and 5,100 3,800 9. Fixtures 10. Ship and boat 50,000 2,475 1,000 11. Vehicles and vehicle 30,000 840 12. Toys 5,000 5,000 137 Totals 1 4,645,000 2.817.000 7.462.000 100 $19.32 $144,147 PLATE XIII. FIG. 1— EXPENSIVE WASTE. Walnut slabs and edgings, remaining from manufacture of gun stocks, represent high cost and real value. Much may be re-worked. PLATE XIII. FIG. 2— PRODUCTS FROM MILL WASTE. Mop handles, chair legs and dowels are cheaply made from beech, birch and maple waste such as appears in this picture. The finished product is ready for shipment. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 53 Bass wood. Basswood is not abundant in the State, being confined chiefly to the mountain section of Western Maryland. A very small amount of that used by Maryland manufacturers was State-grown. The wood is light, soft, easily worked, tough, but not strong. In its quality it closely resembles tulip poplar. It is sometimes called linden or linn, and is also known as white wood because of its light color. It has a wide range of uses by Maryland manufacturers, no less than 12 of the 19 wood-using industries reporting its use in larger or smaller quantities. TABLE 29 CONSUMPTION OF BASS WOOD, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER ] , lSid. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Planing- mill pro- ducts 2. Picture frames and 2,100,000 1,700,000 1,355,000 700,000 484,000 230,000 118,000 75,000 67,000 56,000 2,100,000 1,700,000 1,355,000 700,000 484,000 230,000 118,000 75,000 67,000 55,000 10,000 8,000 30 25 20 10 7 3 2 1 1 1 $32.30 27.30 19.83 50.00 24.89 26.20 30.64 26.00 26.61 22.00 17.00 30.00 $67,840 46,400 26,875 35,000 12,047 6,025 3,626 3. Boxes and crates, packing 6. Woodenware and 8. Instruments, musi- 1,950 1,783 10. Toys . _ 1,210 11. Baskets 10,000 170 12. Vehicles and vehicle parts 8,000 240 Totals 10,000 6,892,000 6,902,000 100 $29.44 $203,166 Eastern White Pine. This species is found only in the western part of the State in sufficient quantity to rank as a timber tree, and even there it occurs in small, widely separated patches, although in the original 54 "Wood-Using Industries of Maryland forest it comprised a considerable portion of the merchantable timber in sections of Garrett and Allegany counties. Of the amount used by Maryland manufacturers, less than 2 per cent, was Maryland- grown. It was required by 10 industries, but over half of it went into planing mill products. The wood is light, soft, straight-grained and easily worked,, though not strong. It is a tree adapted to the mountain sec- tion of the State, where it is important for forest planting, and under forest management is likely to become much more widely distributed. TABLE SO CONSUMPTION OF WHITE PINE (EASTERN), YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916.. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total . Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Planing mill pro- ducts 89,000 2,307,000 805,000 750,000 300,000 150,000 100,000 83,000 75,000 69,000 10,000 10,000 2,406,000 805,000 750,000 300,000 150,000 100,000 83,000 75,000 69,000 10,000 51 17 16 6 3 2 2 2 1 $60.98 26.07 33.00 36.50 28.00 50.00 71.25 31.67 75.17 65.00 $146,718 2. Boxes and crates, packing 3. Caskets and coffins 20,983 24,750 4. Tanks and silos... 5. Portable houses 10,950 4,200 5,000 7. Instruments, musi- cal _ 8. Molds and patterns 9. Ship and boat 5,914 2,375 5,187 10. Fixtures 650 Totals 89,000 4,649,000 10,000 4,748,000 100 $47.75 $226,727 Chestnut. This species is of common occurrence in all portions of the State, except the southeastern. In the central part of the State it is more abundant than any other species, if the oaks be separated by species. It is almost the universal wood for telephone and tele- graph poles, and is used largely for railroad and trolley ties, fencing. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 55 and lumber for rough construction material. The wood is light, soft, liable to warp and check in seasoning, easily split, coarse and brittle, but durable under exposure. The chestnut blight has in the past few years destroyed large quantities of chestnut. The disease is unabated and threatens to remove this species from the forest as a valuable timber tree. The four important uses reported by manufacturers were planing mill products, furniture, caskets and fixtures. Only 17 per cent. of that used by Maryland manufacturers was State-grown. TABLE 31 CONSUMPTION OF CHESTNUT, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1 1916. m f— ' Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. A.v.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Planing mill pro- .131,000 416,000 1,193,000 702,000 750,000 725,000 75,000 100,000 12,000 1,324,000 1,112,000 750,000 725,000 255,000 100,000 12,000 4,00C 31 26 17.5 17 6 2.5 „__ $35.20 20.62 35.00 27.43 15.39 45.00 26.00 25.0C $46,611 22,927 3. Caskets and coffins 4. Fixtures *. 5. Boxes and crates, 26,250 19,887 180,000 3,925 6. Picture frames and moldings 7. Car construction— 8. Woodenware and 4,500 4.00C 312 10» Totals 725,00( ) 3,557,00( 4,282,00( > 100 $29.0* $124,513 1 Beech. Beech is not abundant, but occurs throughout the Maryland forests. It is not cut to any great extent for lumber, and very little — less than 1 per cent. — was used by Maryland manufacturers. Of the amount used, 86 per cent, went into the manufacture of brushes, most of the remainder into furniture and basket-making. The wood is strong, hard, close-grained, not durable, difficult to season and to split. 56 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland TABLE 32 CONSUMPTION OF BEECH, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. i Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole.. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Brushes 2. Furniture 3. Baskets 5,000 10,000 3,500,000 343,000 155,000 3,500,000 343,000 160,000 25,000 15,000 7,000 86.5 8.5 4 .5 .5 $20.50 22.13 21.78 36.00 24.00 32.00 $71,750 7,589 5,515 ■4. Instruments, musi- 15,000 15,000 900 5. Vehicles and vehicle 360 6. Tanks and silos— 1 7,000 224 Totals 15,000 4,035,000 4,050,000 100 $21.34 $86,338 Hickory Species. Several species of hickory occur in the State, and all are used commercially. Only three, however, occur in quantity — the mocker- nut (Hickoria Alba), pignut (Hickoria Glabra) and shagbark (Hickoria Ovata). Practically the entire amount used by manu- facturers was for vehicles and vehicle parts, with a small amount for tanks and silos. Of the amount used, 19 per cent, was Mary- land-grown. This wood has a highly specialized use for vehicle manufacture, for which it is fitted by its distinctive qualities- hardness, strength, toughness and flexibility. TABLE 33 CONSUMPTION OF HICKORY SPECIES, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916 Industry. Grown in Mary- land United States Foreign Total Bd Ft Per Cent. of Whole Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory Total Cost F. 0. B Factory. I . Vehicles and vehicle parts 615,000 2.589,000 7.000 3.204.000 7.000 99.8 .2 $24.05 32.00 $77,070 224 2 Tanks and silos... Totals .. 615,000 2,596,000 3,211,000 100 $24.07 $77,294 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Douglas Fir. A western species, it finds general use in the East. It is a competitor of the long-leaf pine, available in any dimensions and having excellent qualities. More than 67 per cent, of the amount used was for tanks and silos. The balance was used largely for car construction and boat building. TABLE 34 CONSUMPTION OF DOUGLAS FIR, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per . Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Tanks and silos 2. Car construction— 3. Ship and boat building .. 2,000,000 600,000 205,000 155,000 2,000,000 600,000 205,000 155,000 67.5 20.5 7 5 $31.50 35.67 27.56 48.55 $63,000 21,400 5,650 4. Planing mill pro- ducts 7,525 Totals 2,960,000 2,960,000 100 $32.96 $97,575 Hard Maple. Where this species occurs in commercial quantities in the western counties of the State, it is known usually as sugar maple or sugar. The maple sugar inustry, while restricted to three or four rather small areas in Garrett County, is nevertheless of considerable importance, since the annual output is worth over $40,000. The hard maple reported by Maryland manufacturers was all grown outside the State, although sawmill reports show that nearly an equal amount was produced in the State for the same period. Since the hard maple cut in Maryland was near the Penn- sylvania and West Virginia borders, away from Maryland industrial centres, it went immediately out of the State. Table 35 shows its use in nine industries. One-third of it was used in furniture-making, for which it is especially adapted. The wood is strong, hard and stiff, holding its shape well when properly seasoned. The curly and bird's-eye maple, much in demand for furniture and special uses, is produced from trees of abnormal growth, though of this same species. 58 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland TABLE 35 CONSUMPTION OF HARD MAPLE, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Furniture 2. Brushes _ 3. Planing mill pro- 974,000 500,000 432,000 340,000 284,000 90,000 5,000 2,000 1,000 974,000 500,000 432,000 340,000 284,000 90,000 5,000 2,000 1,000 37 19 16 13 12 3 $25.00 23.50 32.75 36.40 43.73 50.00 80.00 42.00 35.00 $24,354 11,750 14,150 4. Baskets 12,375 5. Instruments, musi- cal 12,420 6. Fixtures 7. Boxes and crates, 4,500 400 8. Ship and boat 84 35 Totals 2,628,000 2,628,000 100 $30.47 $80,068 Eed Maple. Red maple grows abundantly in swamps and on lower slopes- throughout the State, but is generally regarded as one of the least Yaluable species in the forest mixture. It is generally a small tree, and when it does attain large size is usually crooked and defectiYe. TABLE 36 CONSUMPTION OF RED MAPLE, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. 1 ! Grown , in Industry. Mary- land. ! United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. i 1 1. Boxes and crates, I 1,500,000 505,000 80,000 55,000 1,500,000 505,000 155,000 134,000 55,000 64 21.5 6.5 5.5 2.5 $18.00 29.90 26.77 29.89 35.00 $27,000 15,100 3. Baskets 75,000 4. Tanks and silos...' 134, 000 5. Fixtures \ 4,150 4,005 1,925 Totals 1 209,000 2,140,000 2,349,000 100 $22.21 $52,180 I PLATE XIV. FIG. 1 — TYPICAL MILL WASTE. This material, of good quality and fair size, is successfully converted into chair stock and mop handles. It is done in a plant which uses what others throw away. PLATE XIV. PIG. 2— ^SAVED FROM THE SLAB PILE. Slabs and edgings of beech, birch and maple have been profitably turned to a very good grade of chair parts. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 59 Its chief commercial use in Maryland is for tanks, silos and baskets. For the latter use it is cut into veneer, particularly in the Eastern Shore section of the State, together with red gum and sycamore. The wood is rather soft, close-grained, light and not strong. Birch Species. It is probable that several species of birch were used by Mary- land manufacturers — Betula Lutea, yellow birch; B. Lenta, black birch ; and B. Papyrif era, paper birch — although no distinctions were made in the reports. Black birch and yellow birch, both of which occur in Western Maryland, are most largely used by manufac- turers, although no Maryland-grown timber of these species was reported. The wood is heavy, strong and hard, dark brown in color. It is often used for the same purpose as mahogany, which is resem- bles. It was used by Maryland manufacturers principally for brush-backs, fixtures and furniture, although in addition to these uses it goes largely into flooring and interior finish. TABLE 37 CONSUMPTION OF BIRCH SPECIES, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Grown Per Av.Cost Total in United Total Cent. Per M Cost Industry. Mary- States. Foreign. Bd. Ft. of at Fac- F. 0. B. land. Whole. tory. Factory. 1. Brushes 500,000 500,000 40 $21.00 $10,500 2. Fixtures __ _~ 435,000 435,000 34 46.90 20,400 3. Furniture 180,000 180,000 14 26.33 4,740 4. Planing mill pro- ducts 88,000 '_. 88,000 7 51.14 4,540 5. Instruments, musi- cal 42.000 42,000 3 48.00 2,016 6. Baskets - 20,000 20,000 1.5 37.50 750 7. Picture frames and moldings 10,000 10,000 .5 65.00 650 Totals — 1,275,000 1,275,000 10O v $34.19 $43,596 Black Locust. . All the black locust used !by Maryland ^manufacturers yas reported as State-grown, and the only one of the 41 woods so reported GO Wood-Using Industries of Maryland that was supplied entirely from the forests of Maryland. It is the cheapest wood manufactured in the State. This is due in great part to securing it locally in the form of bolts in the rough. The wood is heavy, hard, strong and very durable, holding its shape well, and having the necessary qualities for turning into in- sulator pins, treenails, etc. In addition to its manufactured uses, it is especially valuable for fence posts, on account of its extreme durability. It is a farm and forest tree worth cultivating. TABLE 38 CONSUMPTION OF BLACK LOCUST, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F.O. B. Factory. 1. Fixtures 1,075,000 1,075,000 100 $9.30 $10,000 Totals 1,075,000 1,075,000 100 $9.30 $10,000 Yellow Buckeye. This species was reported by the casket and coffin makers, who used 1,000,000 feet in 1916 — all imported, since it does not occur in Maryland in commercial quantities. The wood is compact, close-grained, weak, light, soft, pale yellow in color, with scarcely any distinction between heart and sapwood. TABLE 39 CONSUMPTION OF YELLOW BUCKEYE, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1,000,000 1,000,000 100 $50.00 $50,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 100 $50.00 $50,000 • Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 61 Its chief use elsewhere is for woodenware, artificial limJbs and paper pulp, in addition to that noted above. Mahogany. More mahogany was used by manufacturers than any other foreign wood, the bulk of it going into fixtures and furniture manu- facture. The wood from different localities differs in tint and grain, but the general characteristics are a rich, reddish-brown color, even grain, moderately soft, giving high working qualities. It is also very durable. It was used by eight different classes of manu- facturers. TABLE 40 CONSUMPTION OF MAHOGANY, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Grown Per Av.Cost Total in United Total Cent. Per M Cost industry. Mary- States. Foreign. Bd. Ft. of at Fac- F. 0. B. land. Whole. tory. Factory. 1. Fixtures __ _. 377,000 377,000 39.6 $134.28 $50,625 .2. Furniture 305.000 305,000 32.1 129.83 39,597 3. Planing mill pro- ducts '. 108,000 108,000 11.4 140.97 15,226 4. Instruments, musi- cal — 101,000 101,000 10.6 141.09 14,250 5. Car construction— 40,000 40,000 4.2 200.00 8,000 6. Ship and boat building 15,000 15,000 1.6 216.67 3,250 7. Woodenware and novelties _ 3,000 3,000 .4 150.00 450 8. Vehicles and vehicle parts — _. 1,000 1,000 .1 200.00 200 Totals 950,000 950,000 100 $138.52 $131,597 Western White Pine. This western species was apparently able to compete success- fully with the eastern white pine for favor among the wood users. Less than one-fifth as much was used as of the eastern variety, but the average cost per thousand feet was considerably less than for the eastern species. Seventy-six per cent, of that used went into planing mill products, while boxes and crates took most of the re- mainder. The wood resembles the eastern species in all particulars. -62 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland TABLE 41- -CONSUMPTION OF WESTERN WHITE PINE, YEAR ENDING ' . SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Grown Per Av.Cost Total in United Total Cent. PerM Cost Industry. Mary- States. Foreign. Bd. Ft. of at Fac- F. O. B. land. Whole. tory. Factory. 1. Planing mill pro- ducts 705,000 705,000 76 $40.39 $28,475 2. Boxes and crates, . packing 200,000 200,000 21.5 25.00 5,000 3. Instruments, musi- cal 25,000 25,000 2.5 70.00 7,750 Totals.. 930,000 930,000 100 $37.88 $35,225 Eastern Spruce. There are two or three varieties of eastern spruce commonly used. It is probable, however, that most of that used by Mary- land manufacturers was the red spruce of the Northeastern States and Canada. The boat builders and planing mills took more than 90 per cent, of the amount used, Avhile the musical instrument makers consumed the remainder. The wood is light, soft, close- grained, of a pale reddish color. In addition to the uses named above, it is largely demanded for paper pulp and for construction material. The species does not grow in commercial quantities in Marvland. TABLE 42 CONSUMPTION OF EASTERN SPRUCE, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Grown Per Av.Cost Total in United Total Cent. PerM Cost Industry. Mary- States. Foreign. Bd. Ft. of at Fac- F. O. B. land. Whole. tory. Factory. 1. Ship and boat building 435,000 435,000 48 $21.84 $9,500 2. Planing mill pro- ducts 395,000 395,000 43 33.37 13,18t 3. Instruments, musi- cal 80,000 80,000 9 36.25 2,900 Totals 910.000 910,000 100 $28.11 $25,-583 mimMimi PLATE XV. FIG. 1— OAK BOARDS. This material shows plainly the defects and good qualities which go to the making of a first-class board. All grades are used by Maryland manufacturers, who employ more oak than any other wood, excepting pine. PLATE XV. FIG. -VEHICLE STOCK. This trade requires great quantities of hickory, here shown seasoned, piled and ready for use. In consumption, it leads all other woods. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Hemlock. This wood was reported by two classes of users — planing mills and car builders. Less than 6 per cent, of that nsed was Mary- land-grown, although the lumber cut of this species in the State for 1916 was nearly equal to the amount used by manufacturers. The wood is light, hard, brittle, cross-grained and difficult to work, but its cheapness and availability in large sizes commend it for many less exacting uses. Next to southern yellow pine it was the cheapest soft-wood lumber purchased by manufacturers. TABLE 43 CONSUMPTION OF HEMLOCK, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Planing mill pro- ducts . 50,000 640,000 200,000 690,000 200,000 77.5 23.5 $18.41 26.00 $12,700 2. Car construction- 5,200 Totals 50,000 840,000 890,000 100 $20.11 $17,900 Ash Species. The two species of ash most commonly used by manufacturers are the white ash (Fraxinus Americana) and the black ash (Fraxi- nus Nigra). It was not possible to separate the two kinds in use, although it is likely that white ash constituted at least 75 per cent, of the amount used. Both species occur in Maryland, the black ash sparingly, but only 4 per cent, of the wood used was home grown, although the amount of ash lumber cut in 1916 was 85 per cent, of the amount used by manufacturers. Strangely enough, 61 per cent, of the amount used by manufacturers was employed by the musical instrument makers in the frames of heavy instruments, while the car builders, furniture and vehicle manufacturing con- cerns, representing the more common uses of ash, took relatively small quantities. The wood of white ash is very heavy, strong, straight-grained, touch and elastic. In addition to the uses re- ported by Maryland manufacturers, it is also generally used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, tool handles, sporting goods, etc. 64 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland TABLE 44 CONSUMPTION OF ASH SPECIES, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost Per M, at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O.B. Factory. 1. Instruments, musi- 2. Car construction... 416,000 80,000 416,000 80,000 62,000 58.000 61 12 9 9 6 3 $39.22 50.00 21.94 56.72 36.25 15.00 $16,315 4,000- 3. Furniture 8,000 19,000 54,000; 39,000| . 1,360 4. Vehicles and vehicle parts 3,290 5. Planing mill pro- ducts 6. Tanks and silos... 40,000 40,000 ! 1 20,000 t 20,000 1,450 300 Totals 27,000 649,000; | 676,000 100 | §39.52 $26,715 American Elm. The basket manufacturers used 78 per cent, of the elm re- ported. It is the favorite wood for truck baskets and barrels. It is a common tree along the streams in Central and Southern Maryv land, but nowhere abundant. Only 4 per cent, of the amount used by manufacturers was Maryland-grown. The wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough and difficult to work. TABLE 45 CONSUMPTION OF AMERICAN ELM, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost Per M at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Baskets 25,000 275,000 63,000 22,000 300,000 63,000 22,000 77.9 16.3 5.8 $24.17 33.33 22.73 $6,850 2. Tanks and silos. __ 2,100 3. Vehicles and vehicle parts 500 Totals 25,000 360,000 385,000 100 $24.54 $9,450 Spanish Cedar. This wood, imported from the West Indies and Mexico, was used by the Maryland manufacturers exclusively for cigar boxes. Its aromatic odor, pleasing color, lightness, case of working and Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 65 holding its shape especially commend it for cigar-box making. It is one of the most expensive woods imported, and, next to ma- hogany, is brought in in larger quantities than any other foreign wood. TABLE 46 CONSUMPTION OF SPANISH CEDAR, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. j Grown in Mary- land. United States Foreign Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Boxes, cigar | 332,000 332,000 100 $229.52 $76,200- Totals ! 332,000 332,000 100 $229.52 $76,200- Black Walnut. A higher price Avas paid for black walnut than for any other hardwood purchased in the State by Maryland manufacturers, and of the amount used by them, 19 per cent, was State-grown, although an amount equalling about 75 per cent, of that used by manufac- turers was cut into lumber in the State. Ninety per cent, of the amount used was for fixtures and planing mill products. The wood is a rich, dark brown color, hard, strong, easily worked, glues well and is not subject to warp or twist. In addition to the uses TABLE 47 CONSUMPTION OF BLACK WALNUT, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Fixtures 1,000 25,000 7,000 1,000 1,000 117,000 25,000 5,000 5,000 118,000 50,000 12,000 6,000 1,000 63 27 6.5 3 .5 $117.71 65.00 121.67 115.00 40.00 $13,890 2. Planing mill pro- ducts 3. Furniture 4. Instruments, musi- cal 3,250 1,460 690 5. Woodenware and 40 Totals 35,000 152,000 187,000 100 $103.37 $19,330 66 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland indicated in the subjoined table, it is also used largely for making gun stocks. The tree is widely distributed through the State, singly or in groups, but never in pure stands or in large quantities at any given place. Cedar Species. The principal cedars used are the southern white cedar (Cha- maecyparis Thyoides) and the western cedar (Thuja Plicata) for ships, boats, packing boxes and portable houses, while it is quite certain that the small quantity used for musical instduments was the red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana). It is not possible from the data obtained to separate the species. A small amount of the southern white cedar is cut in Mary- land, although none of this was reported used by manufacturers. These species occurs in swamps along the Atlantic Coast from New Jersey southward. The wood is very durable, even, fine-grained, light, soft and easily worked. In addition to the uses reported by Maryland manufacturers, it is often used for tanks, silos and planing mill products. It is also a favorite wood for shingles, poles and posts because of its great durability. TABLE 48 CONSUMPTION OF CEDAR SPECIES, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1,-1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign . Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. I. Shjp and boat 148,000 27,000 1,000 1,000 148,000 27,000 1,000 1,000 84 15 .5 .5 $43.89 40.00 350.00 29.00 $6,496 2. Boxes and crates, packing 1,080 3. Instruments, musi- cal „ 4. Portable houses 350 29 Totals. 177,000 177,000 100 $44.94 $7,955 Cotton Gum. This is a southern species, growing in swamps and low lands. The wood is light, soft, weak, close-grained, difficult to split, not durable and very light brown or nearlv white in color. All of Wood-U'sing Industries of Maryland 67 that reported by Manyland manufacturers was used in boxes, crates and packing and was imported. TABLE 49 CONSUMPTION OF COTTON GUM, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Boxes and crates, 175,000 175,000 100 $29.86 $5,225 Totals 175,000 175,000 100 $29.86 $5,225 Circassian Walnut. A native of Persia and Northern China, this tree has been in- troduced into European countries. The highly figured wood of this tree, which gives it its chief value, comes from large burls or burrs which, when cut into veneers, produce the highly pleasing surface effects for which the wood is greatly prized. TABLE 50 CONSUMPTION OF CIRCASSIAN WALNUT, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft- Per Cent- of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Furniture 2. Fixtures 65,000 50,000 65,000 50,000 56.5 43.5 $153.85 325.00 $10,000 16,250 Totals 115,000 115,000 100 $228.26 $26,250 Redwood. The tree receives its name from the characteristic color of the wood. Practically all of the redwood lumber comes from Cali- fornia. The wood is of fine texture, very durable, easily worked, has a pleasing color and holds its shape well. Nearly all of that used went into tanks and silos. It is being extensively used in the East in competition with other woods and for a variety of uses, for which its good working qualities commend it. 68 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland TABLE 51 CONSUMPTION OF REDWOOD, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. AvXost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Tanks and silos... 2. Planing mill pro- ducts _ 100,000 1,000 100,000 1,000 99 1 $45.50 56.00 $4,550 55 Totals.. 101,000 101,000 100 $45.59 $4,605 Western Spruce. The two species of western spruce most commonly found in eastern markets are Engelmami spruce (Picea Bngelmanni) and Sitka spruce (Picea Sitchensis). The wood is light, soft, not strong, nearly white in color. The Sitka spruce is superior in that it has a straighter grain and better working qualities. TABLE 52 CONSUMPTION OF WESTERN SPRUCE, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total - Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Ships and boat building 100,000 100,000 100 $35.00 $3,500 Totals . 100,000 100,000 100 $35.00 $3,500 Black Cherry. Of several species of cherry, the wild black cherry is the only one of commercial timber value. It is found in small quantities in the Maryland forests, particularly in the western part of the State, and 36 per cent, of that used was State-grown. It found a use among seven different industries, fixtures and musical instru- ments taking the larger share. The wood is moderately light, hard, strong, fine-grained, capable of a high polish and a favorite among cabinet makers. 3 -i ." -'V- \.._JL _ \~~ ii / r -7 / i . . gg / i j , . j - .. -?> A v " - - "^ f'\ r Jfmkte^^ , lH W^ **r K ~' E^ ^-^■Hl ||k_ i'"^i Re 1 ""'"*• ",:^ IT" % kill III 1 -V ; --^/'■K .^j& ^£v ,-- .-■ ^ > . ■ \ ,. \ PLATE XVI. FIG. 1 — THE VENEER SLICER. Some veneers are cut with saws; others, from machines like this, are sliced with long, keen knives. PLATE XVI. FIG. 2 — TULIP POPLAR VENEER. This sheet shows the possibilities of veneering- and veneer-making. It measures 10 by 30 feet and is cut from the largest hardwood species growing in America. Wood- Using Industries of Maryland 69 table 53 consumption of black cherry, year ending september 1, 1916. Grown Per Av.Cost Total in . United Total Cent. PerM Cost Industry. Mary- States. Foreign. Bd. Ft. of at Fac- F. O. B. land. Whole. tory. Factory. 1. Fixtures 25,000 15,000 40,000 41.5 $61.88 $2,475 2. Instruments, musi- cal 19,000 19,000 20 82.63 1,570 3. Planing mill pro- ducts 7,000 6,000 13,000 13.5 25.00 1,975 4. Car construction... 10,000 10,000 10.5 120.00 1,200 5. Woodenware and novelties 6,000 6,000 6.5 35.00 210 6. Picture frames and moldings 5,000 5,000 5 65.00 325 7. Furniture __ 3,000 - - 3,000 3 25.00 75 Totals 35,000 61,000 96,000 100 $71.15 $6,830 Sugar Pine. This species is confined almost exclusively to California, where it attains tremendous size and ranks high in commercial value. The wood, which is similar in character to the eastern white pine, is light, soft, straight-grained, readily seasoned and easily worked. The name is derived from a whitish, sugary substance which exudes from the tree when the wood is bruised, and also shows to some extent on the surface of freshly cut boards. All of that purchased by Maryland manufacturers went into planing mill products, for which it is particularly adapted. TABLE 5 ONSUMPTION OF SUGAR PINE,. YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O.B. Factory. 1. Planing mill pro- ducts 50,000 50,000 100 $45.00 $2,250 Totals 50,000 50,000 100 $45.00 $2,250 70 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Lignum- Vitae. A foreign wood, extremely heavy and hard, close-grained, with fibres running obliquely both in radial and tangential directions, making it extremely difficult to split, these qualities give it a high value for bowling balls and other turned products. It is one of the most expensive woods used by manufacturers, and comes principally from Central America and the West Indies. TABLE 55 CONSUMPTION OF LIGNUM-VITAE , YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Grown Per Av.Cost Total in United Total Cent. PerM Cost Industry. ' Mary- States. Foreign. Bd. Ft. of at Fac- F. O. B. land. Whole. tory. Factory. •1. Woodenware and novelties 1 „ 18,000 18,000 60 $166.67 $3,000 2. Ship and boat building 12,000 12,000 40 156.25 1,875 Totals 30,000 30,000 100 $162.50 $4,875 Rosewood. A number of trees of different species from the tropical and semi-tropical countries come under the name rosewood. Most of that brought into this country comes from Central America and northern South America. The wood is characterized by a deep reddish color, often streaked with black, rose-scented when freshly cut, moderately heavy and hard, but easily worked, and taking a handsome polish. It is used in ornamental woodwork. Next to teak, it was the most expensive wood purchased by manufac- turers. TABLE 56 CONSUMPTION OF ROSEWOOD, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Fixtures 2. Woodenware and novelties 25,000 1,000 25,000 1,000 96 4 $350.00 300.00 $8,76„ 300 Totals ___.£, 26,000 26,000 100 $348.08 $9,050 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 71 Cucumber, The cucumber tree, so named from the fruit cone which re- sembles a cucumber, is the most important species of magnolia. It is closely related to the tulip poplar, and resembles it in appear- ance and character of w 7 ood, which is light, soft, close, straight- grained, durable and of a light yellowish color. It occurs in the mountains of Western Maryland, often attaining large size, al- though none of the State T grown wood was used by Maryland manu- facturers. TABLE 57- — CONSUMPTION OF CUCUMBER, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Boxes and crates, packing 15,000 15,000 100 $39.00 $585 Totals 15,000 15,000 100 $39.00 $585 Teak. Teak is a tree native to Southern India, furnishing a wood that is very hard, heavy, strong and extremely durable. It was the most expensive wood used by Maryland manufacturers. All of that reported was consumed by the ship and boat building indus- tries. TABLE -CONSUMPTION OF TEAK, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Ship and boat building 9,000 9,000 100 $350.00 $3,150 Totals 9,000 9,000 100 $350.00 $3,150 72 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Tamarack. Tamarack has always been a favorite wood in the ship -building industry, which took all that reported by Maryland manufacturers". There is an eastern and a western species, the former being the one employed locally. It extends through New England, New York, Pennsylvania and in swamps along the Appalachian Mountains into Western Maryland, where it occurs in a few isolated patches, but not in commercial quantity. The wood is heavy, hard, strong, stiff and very durable. TABLE 59 CONSUMPTION OF TAMARACK, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Ship and boat building 6,000 5,000 100 $50.00 $250 Totals 5,000 5,000 100 $50.00 $250 Cottonwood. A small amount of cotton wood was used by Maryland manu- facturers for crates and packing boxes. There are several species whose wood is marketed under the trade-name "Cottonwood," but it is likely that the species here used was the Populus Deltoidea, reaching its maximum development in the Mississippi Valley. The wood is soft, w T arps badly in seasoning, is difficult to split, but is tough and moderately strong, which, with the absence of odor, makes it a favorite for packing boxes, especially for food products. TABLE 60 CONSUMPTION OF COTTONWOOD, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Boxes and crates, packing . 5,000 5,000 100 $30.00 $150 Totals 5,000 5,000 100 $30.00 $150 PLATE XVII. DOUGLAS FIR DOOR. Douglas fir is one of the newer woods to the East; it has already earned a lasting reputation. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 73 Sycamore, Boxwood and Holly. Very small quantities of these woods were used by Maryland manufacturers. In the case of sycamore, the amount used was no doubt much in excess of that reported, as it is cut and used extensively with the red gum and black gum for veneers, which go into basket-making. The amount reported was used in the form of veneer for panel work in vehicles and camte from outside of the State. TABLE 61 CONSUMPTION OF SYCAMORE, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Vehicles and vehicle 1,000 1,000 100 $120.00 §120 ' Totals 1,000 1,000 100 $120.00 §120 Boxwood was used to a limited extent for novelty work. The source of supply is Europe, Asia and the West Indies. The wood is heavy, hard, extremely fine, close-grained, well adapted for turnery, inlaying and wood engravings. TABLE 62 CONSUMPTION OF BOXWOOD, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost* F. O. B. Factory. 1. Wooden ware and novelties 1,000 1,000 100 $120.00 $120 Totals 1,000 1,000 100 $120.00 $120 Holly is a native wood, seldom reaching tree size in Maryland. The small amount used by manufacturers was brought in from 74 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland outside the State and used for action parts in pianos. The wood is heavy, hard, fine, close-grained like boxwood, and is frequently used for similar purposes. TABLE 63 CONSUMPTION OF HOLLY, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Industry. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. AV.CoSt PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Instruments, musl- 1,000 1,000 100 $126.00 $126 Totals 1,000 1,000 100 $126.00 $126 I AVood-Ubixg Industries of Maryland 75 TABLE 64 SUMMARY OF STATE-GROWN AND SHIPPED-IN WOODS USED IN MARY- LAND, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1, 1916. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. Per Cent. United States. Per Cent. Foreign. Per Cent. Total Bd. Ft. 1. Ash species 27.00C 10.00C 15,000 35,000 725,000 4 .1 .4 36 17 6 3 62 6 19 100 9 33 1.8 17 8 19 649,000 6,892,000 4,035,000 1,275,000 1,000,000 177,000 61,000 3,557,000 5,000 15,000 10,439,000 360,000 2,960,000 8,190,000 175,000 2,817,000 840,000 2,596,000 1,000 2,628,000 2,140,000 18,449,000 4,649,000 201,242,000 50,000 930,000 7,473,000 . 101,000 910,000 100,000 1,000 5,000 152,000 96 99.1 99.6 100 100 100 64 83 100 100 100 94 100 97 100 38 94 81 100 100 91 67 98 83 100 100 92 100 100 100 100 100 81 100 100 100 100 .2 100 100 100 676,000 2. Basswood 3. Beech 1,000 332,000 6,902,000 4. Birch species . 4,050,000 5. Boxwood 6. Buckeye, yellow ___ 7. Cedar species 8. Cedar, Spanish __ 9. Cherry, wild black 1,275,000 1,000 1,000,000 177,000 332,000 10. Chestnut 96,000 11. Cottonwood 4,282,000 5,000 15,000 10,439,000 385,000 2,960,000 8,465,000 175,000 7,462,000 890,000 3,211,000 1,000 30,000 1,075,000 950,000 2,628,000 2,349,000 27,567,000 4,748,000 242,376,000 50,000 930,000 8,145,000 101,000 26,000 910,000 100,000 1,000 5,000 9,000 187,000 12. Cucumber __. 13. Cypress __. ___ 14. Elm, American 25,000 275,000 4,645,000 50,000 615,000 1,075,000 15. Fir, Douglas 16. Gum, black 17. Gum, cotton 18. Gum, red _ 19. Hemlock _ 20. Hickory species 21. Holly 30,000 950,000 10,000 .22. Lignum-vitae 24. Mahogany 25. Maple, hard ; 26. Maple, red 209,000 9,118,000 89,000 41,134,000 672,000 28. Pine, Eastern white 29. Pines, Southern yellow 30. Pine, sugar _ 31. Pine, Western white 32. Poplar, tulip 33. Redwood _ 26,000 9,000 115,000 34. Rosewood _ 35. Spruce, Eastern 36. Spruce, Western 35,000 38. Tamarack 39. Teak 40. Walnut, black 115,000 Totals — 58,754,000 17 284,874,000 82.6 1,473,000 .4 345,101,000 76 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland USES OF THE DIFFERENT WOODS IN ORDER OF IMPORTANCE. (Check list for rapid reference.) Instruments, musical. Car construction. Furniture. Planing mill products. Picture frames and moldings. Boxes and crates. Caskets and coffins. Furniture. Woodenware and novelties. Ash Species. Basswood. Vehicles and vehicle parts. Planing mill products. Tanks and silos, cooperage. Fixtures. Instruments, musical. Trunks, valises, luggage. Toys. Baskets. Vehicles and vehicle parts. Beech. Brushes. Furniture. Baskets Brushes. Fixtures. Furniture. Planing mill products. Woodenware and novelties. Instruments, musical. Vehicles and vehicle parts. Tanks and silos, cooperage. Birch Species. Instruments, musical. Baskets. Picture frames and moldings. Boxwood. Buckeye, Yellow. Caskets and coffins. Ship and boat building. Boxes and crates. Cedar Species. Instruments, musical. Portable houses. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 77 Boxes, cigar. Cedar, Spanish. Cherry, Wild Black. Fixtures. Instruments, musical. Planing mill products. Car construction. Planing mill products. Furniture. Caskets and coffins. Fixtures. Chestnut. Woodenware and novelties. Picture frames and moldings. Furniture. Boxes and crates. Picture frames and moldings. Car construction. Woodenware and novelties. Boxes and crates. Boxes and crates. Cottonwood. Cucumber. Cypress. Planing mill products. Boxes and crates. Car construction. Tanks and silos, cooperage. Furniture. Ship and boat building. Fixtures. Vehicles and vehicle parts. Portable houses. Instruments, musical. Woodenware and novelties. Baskets. Tanks and silos, cooperage. Elm, American. Vehicles and vehicle parts. Tanks and silos, cooperage. Car construction. Fir, Douglas. Ship and boat building. Planing mill products. Boxes and crates. Baskets. Boxes, cigar. Fixtures. GrUM, Black. Furniture. Planing mill products. Vehicles and vehicle parts. Tanks and silos, cooperage. 78 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Boxes and crates. Gum, Cotton. Gum, Red. Baskets. Boxes and crates. Furniture. Tanks and silos, cooperage. Woodenware and novelties. Planing mill products. Boxes, cigar. Picture frames and moldings. Fixtures. Ship and boat building. Vehicles and vehicle parts. Toys. Planing mill products. Hemlock. Car construction. Hickory Species. Vehicles and vehicle parts. Tanks and silos, cooperage. Holly. Instruments, musical. LlGNUM-VlTAE. Woodenware and novelties. Ship and boat building. Fixtures. Fixtures. Furniture. Planing mill products. Instruments, musical. Locust, Black Mahogany. Car construction. Ship and boat building. Woodenware and novelties. Vehicles and vehicle parts. Furniture. Brushes. Planing mill products. Baskets. Instruments, musical. Maple, Hard. Fixtures. Boxes and crates. Ship and boat building. Car construction. Wk^fkr:*f*%&: Wood-Ubing Industries of Maryland 79 Maple, Red. Boxes and crates. Tanks and silos, cooperage. Furniture. Fixtures. Baskets. Oak Spectes. Furniture. Vehicles and vehicle parts. Tanks and silos, cooperage. Caskets and coffins. Planing mill products. Picture frames and moldings. Ship and boat building. Boxes and crates. Car construction. Instruments, musical. Fixtures. Woodenware and novelties. Pine, Eastern White. Planing mill products. Car construction. Boxes and crates. Instruments, musical. Caskets and coffins. Molds and patterns. Tanks and silos, cooperage. Ship and boat building. Portable houses. Fixtures. Pines, Southern Yellow. Boxes and crates. Toys. Planing mill products. Portable houses. Tanks and silos, cooperage. Furniture. Car construction. Trunks and valises. Ship and boat building. Woodenware and novelties. Fixtures. Vehicles and vehicle parts. Baskets, Pine^ Sugar. Planing mill products. Pine, Western White. Planing mill products. Instruments, musical. Boxes and crates. Poplar, Tulip. Furniture. Instruments, musical. Boxes and crates. Vehicles and vehicle parts. Planing mill products. Toys. Caskets and coffins. Ship and boat building. Car construction. Woodenware and novelties. Fixtures. Boxes, cigar. Baskets. Portable houses. 80 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Redwood. Tanks and silos, cooperage. Planing mill products. Rosewood. Fixtures. Woodenware and novelties. Spruce, Eastern. Ship and boat building. Instruments, musical. Planing mill products. Spruce, Western. Ship and boat building. Sycamore. Vehicles and vehicle parts. Tamarack. Ship and boat building. Teak. Ship and boat building. Walnut, Black. Fixtures. Instruments, musical. Planing mill products. Woodenware and novelties. Furniture. Walnut, Circassian. Furniture. Fixtures. Wood-Using Industries op Maryland 81 TABLE 65 DISTRIBUTION OP MARYLAND WOOD USED BY MANUFACTURERS. Kind of Wood. Comm&rcial Range.* Lumber Cut in 1916 (Estimated). Amount Employed by Wood-Using Industries. Total, All Sources. Maryland- Grown. Softwoods. 1. Yellow pine 2. White pine 3. Hemlock 4. Cypress 5. White cedar 6. Red cedar _._ Hardwoods. 7. Oak species 8. Chestnut 9. Red gum 10. Hard maple 11. Tulip poplar 12. Red maple 13. Hickory species 14. Basswood 15. Ash species 16. Birch species 17. Sycamore 18. Beech 19. Black gum 20. Black walnut 21. Elm 22. Cucumber 23. Black locust 24. Wild black cherry. 25. Holly Totals. S W W s s S, C c, w, s c, w, s s w c, s, w s, c, w c, w, s w c, w, s w s, c w, c s, c, w c, s s, c, w w c, s, w W, O s 43,175,000 1,861,000 820,000 217,000 38,000 15,000 24,687,000 12,963,000 2,865,000 2,116,000 1,613,000 1,278,000 1,275,000 896,000 519,000 497,000 482,000 468,000 173,000 135,000 105,000 85,000 80,000 50,000 242,376,000 4-.748.000 890,000 10,439,000 177,000 1,000 27,567,000 4,282,000 7,462,000 2,628,000 8,145,000 2,349,000 3,211,000 6,902,000 676,000 1,275,000 1,000 4,050,000 8,465,000 187,000 385,000 15,000 1,075,000 96,000 1,000 41,134,000 89,000 50,000 9,118,000 725,000 4,645,000 672,000 209,000 615,000 10,000 27,000 15,000 275,000 35,000 25,000 1,075,000 35,000 96,413,000 337,403,000 * C, Central; S, Southern; W, Western Maryland. occurrence and importance. Letters appear in order of regional PART III THE COUNTIES TABLE 66 SUMMARY OP WOOD USED IN MARYLAND, SEPTEMBER 1, 1916— BY COUNTIES.* YEAR ENDING County. Grown in Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Oost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Baltimore City and County 7,565,000 15,373,000 3,303,000 11,300,000 550,000 8,320,000 20,000 6,690,000 2,920,000 550,000 645,000 32,000 756,000 259,000 260,000 21,000 200,000 213,419,000 15,195,000 14,208,000 2,605,000 12,090,000 4,155,000 10,035,000 2,410,000 1,680,000 2,050,000 1,758,000 2,128,000 850,000 974,000 950,000 347,000 20,000 1,450,000 20,000 3,000 222,424,000 30,568,000 17,531,000 13,905,000 12,640,000 12,475,000 10,058,000 9,100,000 4,600,000 2,600,000 2,403,000 2,160,000 1,606,000 1,233,000 1,210,000 368,000 220,000 64 9 e 4 4 4 3 3 1 .7 .7 .6 $23.72 18.45 25.25 18.18 20.51 16.50 27.94 15.98 15.80 34.50 25.59 27.67 20.02 26.00 36.74 39.62 34.48 $5,323,073 563,990 442,689 252,725 259,274 205,890 281,063 145,390 72,678 89,700 2. Wicomico 3. Washington 4. Worcester 5. Anne Arundel 6. Dorchester 7. Frederick 8. Somerset 9. Caroline 10. '•Cecil 11. Talbot 60,871 59,775 12. Garrett 1&. Kent 32,160 14. Allegany 32,056 15. Calvert 44,450 16. Carroll __ 14,581 17. Montgomery 7,585 Totals 58,754,000 284,874,000 1,473,000 345,101,000 100 $22.86 $7,887,770 Since this data was secured, certain county and city boundaries have been changed. ■ y N J F 2 '■* "■ i- 1 Pi : O 2 s i 1 1 \ - 5 < -, 5 5 < 1,1 5 1 1 1 I" I' ■ ' 1 . -• ! 1 | H m f ' r ,— j- 0| U h i r 1 1 r 1 ;" | jf] lit Si II JggJ ii. 1 «5w is 1 * "1 i i i & 1- a° d .81 ' > 'It- 'll ^ -Mb 1 — ll - 1 1 ' ' : : u] z |*-[ a y I j | s J* till 1 1 v - 1*" — 1 1 f ■ I ! H If '■ ^ SI ^5$ W 1 ,!•'"" | V 5:.. JC5 lj ' < 1 I ! 1' ^ i 1 ! J i ii si ii n 1 i J ill! aa ■■1 < *?l3 ' si -is :: tM 1 i «* ■ to Dp | Kg o. 1 Kg II '.'3 ;v ^ ill : ■ ; X- : ■■• - - ^1 ' 1 1 u\ 1 1 i \\\'M r fit "1 i 1 I y | i : 1 > ! In i : -j 51 . - h • Hji n ■.'.:■. li : :lltE:^ i: " ill n • H illl ; 1 | ? ' Hji ^ ^ IV,: | ■ 1 ,ll i i . ■ : ': : V » ■■or-.- 2: : li! ■■■■ ii -ilpi llil: j 1| M ,' - ^ I *. IK 1 !il 1 1 jljlit [J PS 1 0- j Sr ! B 1 II ;: ; | ill 1 i ffl ' ' 1 ■'■ «' Sit sS PI HI lis ; «* c u 8,. t i 1 8 tf- a * & : 1 i 1 i ! 1 j 'lid k III? $1? § i u 1 i i ll !i N ii 1 «5^ I h a- 1 ! < ■ : 1 1 1 . 'I' 1 1 s? II! I« li" ii SI r 111 1 nJBU 1 ' 1 : 1 ' is WOODS USED IN MARYLAND, BY COUNTIES Following are tables and descriptions which show clearly and with all necessary detail the kinds of wood manufactured in each county of the State, with the amounts grown in Maryland, the United States and foreign countries, the total quantities used and what they cost. Six counties have been omitted, as forest indus- tries are not active in them. These counties are Charles, Harford, Howard, Prince George's, Queen Anne's and St. Mary's. These counties are all timber producers, but for various reasons their manufacturing is done outside. It is significant that Carroll County, which pays more per thousand for its material than any other county in the State, grows but 6 per cent, or less itself, whereas Caroline County, with the cheapest wood, uses 63 per cent, of local and Maryland- grown timber. Somerset, which is next, utilizes 74 per cent, of Maryland woods and produces them largely from her own forests. In number of employees, Baltimore City and County lead, with Washington next, then Wicomico and last Montgomery. In number of plants, Baltimore, of course, leads again, followed by Wicomico and Worcester; Cecil, Calvert and Garrett having the fewest. It is significant that the counties of the lower Eastern Shore employ to a large extent both men and women. The counties will appear in order of importance. Baltimore City and County. Baltimore City and County naturally lead the State in forest industries, as in all other kinds. Twenty-four per cent, of the county is wooded and this and neighboring counties produce more than 7,000,000 feet of the timher which it manufactures. It is, of course, the heaviest importer in the State of high-priced foreign woods. All together, there are 38 varieties of wood used by this trade in Baltimore. Manufactories of wood employ nearly 8,000 86 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland people in 164 plants. These plants are of prime importance to the industrial activity of the city and the State. With unparal- leled shipping facilities by rail and water, there is no reason why Baltimore should not continue a leader in the manufacture of forest products along the Atlantic Coast. TABLE 67 MEN AND PLANTS ENGAGED IN WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF MARY- LAND, BY COUNTIES, EXCLUDING BALTIMORE. County. No. Plants. No. Men. Average Men Per Plant. 1. Washington"* 15 21 5 17 6 9 9 5 3 8 2 7 2 2 4 3 966 491* 420 294f 288 144 143 122 89 86 75 58 27 25 14 10 64 2. Wicomico 3. Frederick 23 84 4. Worcester 17 5. Anne Arundel _■ _ 6. Somerset 48 16 7. Dorchester .. __ 16 8. Talbot — 24 9. Kent _ 30 10. Allegany 11 11. Cecil 37 12. Caroline 13. Calvert - — 8 13 14. Garrett — 12 15. Carroll _ - 3 3 118 3,252 * One-tenth -women and children. + One-hall women and children. Wicomico County. Wicomico County, although of course far behind Baltimore,, leads the rest of the State in manufacturing of wooden products. Forty-six per cent, of the county is wooded and more than half of what it manufactures is locally produced. It is well located for growing, manufacturing and shipping, and in certain industries stands foremost in Maryland. The manufacturing of boxes and baskets leads, with a certain number of establishments manufac- Wood-UIsing Industries of Maryland TABLE 68 BALTIMORE CITY (AND COUNTY). 87 Kind of Wood. 1. S. yellow pines. 2. Oak species 3. Cypress 4. Black gum 5. Basswood 6. Tulip poplar .. 7. E.' white pine. 8. Chestnut 9. Red maple 10. Red gum 11. Hard maple ... 12. Beech 13. Yellow buckeye. 14. Mahogany 15. Douglas fir 16. W. white pine 17. Hickory species. 18. Ash species 19. Birch species ... 20. Eastern spruce.. 21. Spanish cedar 22. Hemlock 23. Black walnut . 24. Cotton gum_. 25. American elm 26. Circassian walnut. 27. Western spruce ... 28. Cherry 29. Cedar species 30. Lignum-vitae 31. Rosewood 32. Cucumber 33. Teak 34. Tamarack 35. Redwood 36. Holly 37. Sycamore 38. Boxwood Totals. Mary- land Grown 1,804,000 4,632,000 95,000 300,000 539,000 104,000 11,000 35,000 35,000 United States. 156,281,000 10,759,000 7,962,000 6,940,000 6,183,000 5,834,000 4,114,000 2,627,000 2,140,000 2,137,000 1,282,000 1,230,000 1,000,000 860,000 820,000 582,000 648,000 609,000 485,000 200,000 152.C30 175,000 163,000 100,000 61,000 52,000 15,000 5,000 1,000 J.OOO 1,000 Foreign. 937,000 332,000 115,000 30,000 26,000 9,000 1,000 Total Bd. Ft. 158,085,000 15,391,000 7,962,000 7,035,000 6,183,000 6,134,000 4,114,000 3,166,000 2,140,000 2,137,000 1,282,000 1,230,000 1,000,000 937,000 860,000 820,000 686,000 659,000 609,000 485,000 332,000 200,000 187,000 175,000 163,000 115,000 100,000 96,000 52,000 80,000 26,000 15,000 9,000 5,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Per Cent. of Whole. 1.5 1 1 Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. $17.85 40.99 35.82 19.12 29.88 47.39 49.16 29.46 21.88 22.62 35.19 20.32 50.00 138.26 34.97 34.48 60.12 39.61 47.02 24.48 26.00 103.37 29.86 34.66 228.26 35.00 71.15 56.83 162.50 348.07 39.00 350.00 50.00 55.00 126.00 120.00 120.00 Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. ,821,126 630,806 285,182 134,510 184,774 290,679 202,229 93,264 46,825 48,345 45,119 25,000 50,000 129,547 30,075 28,275 41,240 11,875 76,200 5,200 19,330 5,225 5,650 26,250 3,500 6,830 2,955 4,875 9,050 585 3,150 250 55 126 120 120 7,555,000 213,419,000 1,450,000 222,424,000 100 $23.72 $5,323,073 88 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland turing planing mill products. Furniture, cooperage, woodenware and novelties, boats and vehicles are also included in the local output. This county manufactures products of eight kinds of wood, southern yellow pine being far in the lead. It is interesting to note that nearly one-half of this pine was grown in Maryland. Salisbury is one of the three principal centers of the State in point of wood- using industries. TABLE 69 WICOMICO COUNTY. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O.B. Factory. 1. S. yellow pines 2. Red gum 12,985,000 1,870,000 243,000 125,000 85,000 13,885,000 250,000 380,000 455,000 125,000 100,000 26,870,000 2,120,000 623,000 455,000 250,000 100,000 85,000 65,000 88 7 2 1.5 1 .5 $17.72 17.74 32.16 39.62 21.73 40.00 17.94 17.92 $476,115 37,600 20,038 18,025 5,432 4,000 1,525 3. Oak species 4. Cypress __ 5. Tulip poplar 6. E. white pine 8. Red maple' 65,000 1,163 Totals 15,373,000 15,195,000 30,568,000 100 $18.45 $563,900 Washington County. The forest industries of "Washington County stand third in the State. A certain amount of material used is Mary land-grown, and foreign woods are also employed to a small extent. Manufac- turing centers at Hagerstown, where furniture-making is the chief wood-using industry. Planing mill products are also got out to a large extent, and to a lesser degree vehicles, musical instruments, wooden boxes and novelties. The county has a present wooded area of 24 per cent. There are 18 different kinds of wood used by the manufac-. teries of Washington County, this being a larger variety than is PLATE XX. FIG. 1— THE EARLY MILL. Up-and-down saws once cut Maryland's lumber. Portable mills and circular saws have replaced them over the State, though the old type shown was operated recently in Harford County. PLATE XX. PIG. 2 — RED OAK CHAIR STOCK. A Howard County portable mill is cutting- this material, chiefly for chair legs, from local woodlands. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 89 shown by any other district outside of Baltimore, consumption, followed closely by yellow pine. Oak leads in With Baltimore in the central section of the State and Salis- bury on the Eastern Shore, Hagerstown is the third center of wood manufacturing in the State, with its numJerous activities in Western Maryland. It is well situated in a strong network of railway lines, which add great importance to city and county in the shipping of both raw and finished products. TABLE 7C -WASHINGTON COUNTY. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. Oak species 2. S. yellow pines 3. Hickory species 4. Black locust _, 1,695,000 508,000 1,075,000 5,070,000 3,400,000 2,007,000 10,000 10,000 6,665,000 3,400,000 2,515,000 1,075,000 704,000 637,000 495,000 450,000 439,000 375,000 308,000 166,000 105,000 100,000 50,000 22,000 15,000 10,000 38 19 14 6 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 .5 .5 $32.29 21.07 14.19 9.30 25.67 30.00 23.63 33.22 22.89 32.60 23.62 26.87 26.57 40.50 61.00 22.73 30.00 145.00 $215,21& 7i,aso 35,700 10,000 5. Basswood _ 6. Tulip poplar 704,000 637,000 445,000 450,000 439,000 375,000 298,000 166,000 105,000 40,000 50,000 22,000 18,072 19,109 7. Chestnut 8. Cypress 50,000 11 ,-695 14,950 9. Hard maple-— 10,049 10. Eastern^ spruce 11. Beech „ 12. Birch species 13. Red gum 14. E. white pine 15. W. white pine 16. Elm 10,000 50,000 15,000 12,225 7,274 4,460 2,790 4,050 3,050 500 450 18. Mahogany 1,450 Totals 3,303,000 14,208,000 20,000 17,531,000 100 $25.25 $442,689 Worcester Oounty. Worcester County is remarkable in that it used nearly five times as much Maryland wood as that produced outside the State. In Worcester Oounty, six varieties of wood are manufactured : 90 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland large quantities of yellow pines and red gum, with smaller amounts of oak, cypress, black gum and red maple. Four per cent, of the wood used in Maryland is utilized in Worcester County, which secures its miaterial at a very low cost. Worcester County has the highest per cent, of forest land of any Eastern Shore county — 47 per cent, of its total area now being wooded. This fact, together with natural shipping, manufacturing and labor advantages, is largely responsible for giving it so high a place in the industries of the State. The county manufactures baskets, boxes, cooperage and planing mill products in large amounts, also turning out boats, Avoodenware and novelties. TABLE 71- WORCESTER COUNTY Per Av.Cost Total Mary- United Total Cent. Per M Cost Kind of Wood. land. States. Foreign. Bd. rt. of Whole. at Fac- tory. P. .0. B. Factory. 1. S. yellow pines 9,275,000 1,845,000 n, 120,000 80 $17.11 $190,255 2. Red gum 1,408,000 225,000 1,633,000 12 18.36 29,985 3. Oak species 483,000 483,000 3 28.90 13,955 4. Cypress 285,000 285,000 2 36.05 10,275 5, Black gum 250,000 .250,000 2 17.00 4,250 6. Red maple 134,000 134,000 1 29.85 4,005 Totals 11,300,000 2,605,000 13,905,000 loo $18.18 $252,725 Anne Arundel County. Anne Arundel County, fifth in the State, manufactures large quantities of southern yellow pine and smaller amounts of six. other woods. Thirty-four per cent, of the total land area is covered with woodland, but very small amounts of local material are manu- factured. Being close to Baltimore will account for some of the industries w^ich are located across the river in Anne Arundel County, since shipping and employment advantages are almost equal there, with certain costs naturally less. Large amjounts of planing mill products are turned out, to- gether with quantities of boxes and railway cars. A great deal of car repairing is also done. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 91 TABLE 72 ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. S. yellow pines 2. Black gum 3. Oak species 4. Cypress __ _. 5. Tulip poplar 6. Douglas fir 7. E. white pine 100,000 450,000 10,637,000 1,000,000 55,000 165,000 100,000 100,000 33,000 10,737,000 1,000,000 505,000 165,000 100,000 100,000 33,000 85 8 4 1 1 1 $19.98 13.50 32.92 41.42 16.00 45.00 50.45 $214,540 13,500 16,626 6,835 1,600 4,500 1.665 Totals __ 550,000 12,090,000 12,640.000 100 $20.51 $259,274 Dorchester County. Dorchester County used twice as much wood grown in Maryland as was brought in from outside to be manufactured there. Boxes are first in order of importance, but planing mill pro- ducts also lead. Baskets and boats are produced by the factories of the county. TABLE 73- -DORCHESTER COUNTY. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. S. yellow pines 8,130,000 130,000 3,860,000 100,000 180,000 11,990,000 230,000 180,000 40,000 25,000 10,000 96 2 1.5 .3 .2 $16.07 17.22 42.33 16.87 21.40 38.00 $192,630 3,960 7,620 4. Oak species 5. Yellow poplar 6. Eastern spruce 40,000 20,000 675- 5,000 10,000 535 380 Totals 8,320,000 4,155,000 12,475,000 100 $16.50 $205,800 Six kinds of woods are used, with yellow pine the only variety handled in large amounts. The forest area of Dorchester County 92 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland is 37 per cent, of the whole, and real, natural advantages are likely to increase rather than diminish this important branch of the county's activities. Frederick County. Frederick County shows a considerable diversity in indus- tries. They are not many in number, but their consumption of wood and timiber is high and the output very important. Sixteen kinds of wood are used, from yellow pine to mahogany. Pine, beech and Douglas fir stand first. Although Frederick has 21 per cent, in forest, practically none of the Avood manufactured in Frederick City is locally produced. The city is well located for manufacturing of any kind and the brushes, cooperage, planing mill products, and to a lesser extent baskets, which are the chief output, enjoy a tremendous demand and are of much importance to the city, county and State. TABLE 74 -FREDERICK COUNTY. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Oost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. S. yellow pines 2. Beech 3. Douglas fir .. 4. Cypress 5. Sugar maple 3,060,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 550,000 500,000 500,000 350,000 175,000 110,000 100,000 50,000 60,000 40,000 40,000 3,000 3,060,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 550,000 500.000 500,000 350,000 175,000 110,000 100,000 60,000 60,000 40,000 40,000 10,000 3,000 30 25 20 5.4 5 5 3.5 2 1 1 .6 .6 .4 .4 .1 $26.40 21.50 31.50 39.82 23.50 21.00 37.00 43.33 44.09 45.50 44.67 65.00 27.50 25.00 17.00 200.00 $80,800 53,750 63,000 21,900 11,750 6. Birch species 7. E. white pine 10,500 12,950 8. Chestnut 9. Oak species 10. Redwood 11. Tulip poplar 12. W. white pine 13. Eastern spruce 14. Hemlock 10,000 7,563 4,850 4,550 2,680 3,900 1,100 1,000 15. Basswood 16. Mahogany 10,000 170 600 Totals 20,000 10,035,000 3,000 10,058,000 100 $27.94 $281,063 Wood-USing Industries of Maryland 93 Somerset County. Somerset County has high rank among the manufacturing counties of the State. Like other sections of the Eastern Shore, much more Maryland than foreign-grown wood is used. Seven kinds of wood are demanded, and yellow pine, which is an im- portant timber locally, is far in the lead. Twenty-five per cent, of the county is still in woodland and an important source of the pine which is so largely used. Boxes, baskets and planing mill products lead, with cooper- age and boats also manufactured. Like the other counties of the Eastern Shore, veneered fruit packages make up a large part of the output. TABLE 75 SOMERSET COUNTY. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign . Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O.B. Factory. 1. S. yellow pines 2. Red gum 5,850,000 450,000 310,000 70,000 5,000 5,000 2,360,000 8,210,000 450,000 310,000 70,000 50,000 5,000 5,000 90 5 3 1 1 $15.61 16.00 22.26 15.86 37.50 18.00 18.00 $128,125 7,200 3. Oak species 6,900 4. Black gum 1,110 5. Cypress _ 6. Beech 50,000 1,875 90 7. Red maple 90 Totals 6,690,000 2,410,000 9,100,000 100 $15.98 $145,390 Caroline County. Caroline County is largely wooded — 30 per cent. — and this is reflected in the activity of its forest industries. These used seven kinds of wood in commercial quantities, southern yellow pine lead- ing. Most of the yellow pine is Maryland-grown, and, in fact, but one-third of all wood used is grown outside of Maryland. Caro- line County handles the cheapest wood of any county in the State, paying but $15.80 per thousand for it at the factory. In manufacturing, boxes lead, followed by baskets in large amounts and also planing mill products. 94 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland TABLE 76 CAROLINE COUNTY. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. S. yellow pines 2. Red gum 2,525,000 300,000 50,000 25,000 15,000 5,000 1,655,000 4,180,000 300,000 50,000 25,000 25,000 15,000 5,000 91 7 1 .5 .5 $15.38 18.79 18.50 40.00 19.00 18.00 19.00 $64,275 5,638 3. Tulip poplar 925 4.- Cypress 5. Black gum 25,000 1,000 475 6. Oak species 270 7. Red maple • 95 Totals __„ 2,920,000 1,680,000 4,600,000 100 $15.80 $72,678 Cecil County. This county, although not particularly active in the manu- facture of wood, nevertheless has one product of local impor- tance. This industry, which is practically the only one in the county where wood is used in large measure, is the manufac- ture of boats. Three woods only are used: yellow pine, oak and cedar. All of the oak is grown in Maryland and none of the others. Twenty-four per cent, of Cecil County is wooded. Its important stands of chestnut and oak have been and are being rapidly re- moved. TABLE 77 CECIL COUNTY. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States., Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. S. Yellow pines 2. Oak species 550,000 1,925,000 1,925,000 550,000 125,000 74 21 5 $38.29 20.00 40.00 $73,700 11,000 3. Cedar species 125,000 5,000 Totals 550,000 2,050,000 2,600,000 100 $34.50 $89,700 Talbot County. The manufacture of wood in Talbot County is diversified- boats, planing mill products, boxes, furniture and vehicles all be- PLATE XXI. OCTAGON BERRY BOX. Berry boxes and other fruit containers are important to the^Eastern Shore. To a large extent they are manufactured of local woods and later used for fruits grown in the same sections. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 95 ing produced. Six kinds of woods are used, the oaks and southern yellow pines being" in chief demand. A considerable quantity of the wood employed is grown in Maryland, and much of this comes from the 29 per cent, of Talbot County which is in forest land. TABLE -TALBOT COUNTY. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F.O.B. Factory. 1. Oak species 2. S. yellow pines 3. Tulip poplar _ 4. Chestnut 355,000 240,000 20,000 895,000 322,000 280,000 160,000 101,000 1,250,000 562,000 300,000 160,000 101,000 30,000 53 23 13 7 4 1 $29.15 16.12 20.00 18.00 54.08 16.00 $36,443 9,606 6,000 2,880 5,462 6. Red gum 80,000 480 Totals.... 645,000 1,758,000 2,403,000 100 $25.59 $60,871 Garrett County. Grarrett County, although possessing 63 per cent, of its area in woodland, the highest portion of any county in the State, is hardly a manufacturing region. This would naturally be so, since it is placed in the western part of the State, and somewhat re- moved by location and shipping facilities from the larger markets of Maryland and adjoining States. It is rather a, producing than a manufacturing county, since practically nothing but planing mill products are got out in commercial quantities. Oak and hem- lock, hard maple, southern yellow pine and tulip poplar are the chief woods used, a small amount of oak and tulip poplar coming from Maryland. The forests of Grarrett County were once prob- ably as fine as any woodland occurring in the East, though this is dow changed and there is very little virgin timber left. The mate- rial standing, chiefly hardwoods, still represents a rich store of unused and usable forest material, although it is not likely that manufacturing locally will ever play a very important part. As to the forests of Grarrett County, it is certain that their annual 96 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland production in timber and unmanufactured forest products will continue of great value and importance to both the county and the State. TABLE 70 GARRETT COUNTY. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O.B. Factory. 1. Oak species 2. Hemlock 7,000 1,016,000 600,000 407,000 75,000 30,00d 1,023,000 600,000 407,000 75,000 55,000 47 28 19 3 3 $31.96 18.00 32.31 27.00 50.00 $32,700 10,800' 13,150 2,025 1,100 3. Hard maple - 4. S. Yellow pines 5. Tulip poplar 25,000 Totals. 32,000 2,128,000 2,160,000 100 $27.67 $59,775- Kent County. This is a county which is chiefly devoted to progressive agri- cultural uses. Only 19 per cent, of it is wooded, but nevertheless some manufacturing is done. Boxes and baskets are made, as well as planing mill products, and nearly one-half of the material utilized is grown in Maryland. All of the gum and oak are native, and one-half of the pine. Cypress is brought in altogether from outside, as also a large part of the elm and yellow poplar which are used in local industries. TABLE SO— KENT COUNTY. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. S. yellow pines 2. Red gum 200,000 450,000 75,000 25,000 400,000 175,000 175,000 100,000 600,000 450,000 250,000 200,000 100,000 6,000 37 28 16 13 6 $21.00 17.61 16.50 16.50 40.00 35.00 $12,600 7,925 3. Tulip poplar 4. American elm 4,125 3,300 4,000 6. Oak species 6,000 210 Totals 756,000 850,000 1,606,000 100 $20.02 $32,160 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 97 Allegany County. The status of the wood-using industries in Allegany County is very similar to that of Grarrett County, and for the same reasons. Sixty-two per cent, of the county is in woodland, and a certain amount of the large annual cut is devoted to local industries and the manufacture of planing mill products. Eight varieties of wood are used — pine, poplar and oak being the leaders. This county is more important for its unmanufactured forest products and its reserves of merchantable timber, which rising prices and increased demands are daily making more accessible. TABLE 81 ALLEGANY COUNTY. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost Per M at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. S. yellow pines 2. Tulip poplar 3. Oak species 30,000 74,000 497,000 187,000 107,000 96,000 25,000 12,000 497,000 217,000 181,000 96,000 91,000 51,000 50,000 50,000 40 18 15 8 7 4 4 4 $19.73 27.17 35.44 36.94 15.50 35.94 18.00 45.00 $9,806 5,896 6,415 3,546 5. Chestnut 66,000 39, COO 50,000 1,410 C. E. white pine 1,833 900 8. Sugar pine __ 50,000 2,250 Totals... 259,000 974,000 1,233,000 100 $26.00 $32,056 Calvert County. This is the smallest county, but nevertheless ranks fifteenth in the State in importance of wood-using industries. Boats are its chief product, for which yellow pine and oak are exclusively used. All of the oak and none of the pine comes from Maryland. TABLE 82 CALVERT COUNTY. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost Per M at Fac- tory. Total 'Cost F. O. B. Factory. 1. S. yellow pines 2. Oak species 260,000 950,000 950,000 260,000 79 21 $38.26 31.15 $36,350 8,100 Totals _ 260,000 950,000 1,210,000 100 $36.74 $44,450 98 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Carroll County. Only 13 per cent, of this county is in forest land, and it is therefore not remarkable that this county pays the highest prices in Maryland for the wood which it manufactures. It is a stirring argument in favor of local production for home consumption. A small amount of manufacturing is carried on, the output being confined to vehicles, cooperage and planing mill products. Although small amounts of wood are used, there are nine varieties in all. Practically all of this was grown outside of Maryland. TABLE 83 CARROLL COUNTY. Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Av.Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Cost F. 0. B. Factory. 1. Chestnut 125,000 80,000 57,000 50,000 20,000 7,000 125,000 80,000 65,000 52,000 20,000 10,000 7,000 7,000 2,000 34 22 18 14 5 3 2 2 $40.00 30.00 42.60 50.77 40.00 35.40 32.00 32.00 85.00 85,000 2,400 2,769 2,640 800 3. Oak species 4. Tulip poplar 5. Cypress _. _. 8,000 2,000 6. Hickory species 7. Red gum 3,000 7,000 354 224 8. Beech 7,000 1,000 224 9. Ash species 1,000 170 Totals.. .--~ 21,000 347,000 368,000 100 $39.6? $14,581 Montgomery County. Montgomery is not a heavily wooded county, only 22 per cent, of it being in forest land, and this confined mostly to small farm woodlots. However, ten times as much Maryland wood, is used as that grown outside the State. In fact, much of the wood which is used comes from the county itself. Oak, chestnut, pine, poplar, basswood and cottonwood are being utilized in Montgomery County for the manufacture of furniture, boxes and planing mill products. WooD-UfeiNG Industries of Maryland 99 TABLE 84 MONTGOMERY COUNTY Kind of Wood. Mary- land. United States. Foreign. Total Bd. Ft. Per Cent. of Whole. Ay. Cost PerM at Fac- tory. Total Coat F. O. B. Factory. 1. Oak species _ 2. Chestnut 90,000 70,000 25,000 15,000 10,000 90,000 70,000 35,000 15,000 5,000 5,000 41 32 16 7 2 2 $32.22 38.57 28.86 45.00 30.00 30.00 $2,900 2,700 3. S. yellow pines 1,010 675 5. Basswood 6. Cottonwood 5,000 5,000 150 150 Totals 200,000 20,000 220,000 100 $34.48 $7,585 APPENDIX STATE'S DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS (Firms furnishing data.) 1. Boxes and Crates. A. A. Gassinger & Son 403-11 W. Barre st Baltimore C. C. Lurssen's Sons Co Mount & Cole sts Baltimore H. F. Radecke & Sons Bush & Ridgely sts Baltimore Wm. H. Asendorf & Co Russell & Stockholm sts Baltimore J. H. Duker Co Aliceanna & Eden sts Baltimore Canton Box Co 2515 Boston st Baltimore Henry D. Lewis 1402-4 Leadenhall st Baltimore Wm. Suchting & Sons 605 Portland st Baltimore Chas. Fortenbaugh 636 W. Pratt st Baltimore Balto. Box & Shook Co 901 S. Caroline st Baltimore H. D. Dugan & Co Aliceanna st Baltimore Rittler Box Co 613-21 S. Caroline st Baltimore Union Box Co [708 Aliceanna st Baltimore Acme Box Co Eden & Fleet sts Baltimore Steiner Mantel Co 8th st & Fairmount ave Baltimore Geo. E. Iglehart Co 5th lane & 14 st Baltimore Southern Can Co 717 S. Wolfe st Baltimore Continental Can Co.. Highlandtown Baltimore Balto. Mill & Cabinet Co 407-9 Dover st Baltimore John Clark & Co 411-13 Camden st Baltimore A. Weiskittel Sons & C Lombard st Baltimore Woolford & Smith Cambridge A. B. Cochran Co Crisfield Tawes & Gilson Crisfield W. C. Meier Co.. Crisfield G. T. Reddin & Co Denton Hughes Lumber & Coal Co Denton H. C. Hobibs Denton East Brooklyn Box Co East Brooklyn J. B. Webster & Co East New Market Easton Furniture Mfg. Co Easton L. S. Fleckenstein & Son , Easton J. C. Foster & Co Federalsburg Banjamin & Graham Co Fruitland 104 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Chatham Bros Fruitland H. H. Moore Greensboro Hagerstown Furniture Co Hagerstown ' B. 0. Hudson Co Harold G. A. Thompson & Sons Hurlock Wm. A. Sparklen Oxford Marvel Package Co ; Pocomoke Eastern Shore Co Powellsville Phillipps & Douglas Preston Princess Anne Milling Co Princess Anne Cohn & Bock Princess Anne Day, Swing & Co Ridgely Samuel W. Wheatley Rhodesdale G. E. Leary & Son Rock Hall Huston Sons Co Salisbury C. R. Dickerson & Co Salisbury Morris Bros. & Co Salisbury E. S. Adkins & Co Salisbury Jackson Bros. & Co Salisbury D. J. Elliott Salisbury L. E. Williams & Co Salisbury J. H. Tomlinson Salisbury Marvel Package Co Sharptown Showell Mfg. Co Showell Godfrey Mfg. Co Snow Hill Snow Hill Butter-Dish & Basket Co Snow Hill The Corddrey Co Snow Hill Wango Mfg. Co Wango Washington Grove Mfg. Co ^Washington Grove G. V. Teeters Westover Poco-Wico Co Willards Grover Davis Willards Petey Mfg. Co Whaleysville Wimbrow Bros Whaleysville 2. Planing Mill Products. Farinholt-Meredith Co Annapolis W. B. Gardiner Annapolis Canton Lumber Co Boston st., ft. of Kenwood. .Baltimore Jas. Thomas & Son Leadenhall & Henrietta sts. .Baltimore Wm. D. Gill & Son, Inc 1311 Philpot st Baltimore L. H. Poehlman & Sons 340 Frederick ave Baltimore John F. Wilson Co Frederick road Baltimore Schoppert & Spates Front & Low sts Baltimore Balto. Sash & Door Co Cor. Howard & West sts. . . .Baltimore Otto Duker Albemarle & Fleet sts Baltimore Wood-Ij'sing Industries of Maryland 100 Horstmeier Lumber Co 305 E. Falls ave Baltimore Kelly Sawing & Planing Mills Fleet and President sts Baltimore Heise & Bruns Co 600 S. Caroline st Baltimore Sloane Lumber Co 414 Light st Baltimore Pioneer Har'dwood &. . Flooring Co. . Canton ave. & President st . Baltimore Wm. C. Scherer & Co 808-12 W. Baltimore st Baltimore Wm. C. Dorsey Phila. rd. & Highlandtown . .Baltimore J. L. Gilbert & Bros E. Falls & Eastern ave Baltimore Atlantic Mill & Lumber Co.. .Dock st. and Wharf Baltimore McCoy, Easter Co Clifton ave. & W. M. R. R. . . Baltimore Solmson Fly iScreen Co Bayard & Nanticoke sts Baltimore Tinley Bros. Co Bush & Nanticoke sts Baltimore W. W. Bosley & Co Bayard & Nanticoke sts Baltimore Jones Woodwork Co 625-27 Portland st Baltimore Summer & Gerlach 1401 N. Regester st Baltimore Lafayette Mill & Lumber Co. Lafayette ave. & P., B. & W. R. R Baltimore Louis Heim 831 S. Caroline st Baltimore Balto. Mill & Cabinet Co.. . .407-9 Dover st Baltimore John Dittmar & Sons 800 E. Pratt st Baltimore J. H. Geis & Co Brooklyn Brooklyn Bldg. & Supply Co Brooklyn Cambridge Mfg. Co Cambridge W. S. & A. M. Culp Chestertown Kendall Lumber Co Crellin Tawes & Gibson Crisfield W. C. Meier Co. . Crisfield F. Martens Sons Cumberland Cumberland Sash & Door Co Cumberland Cessna Lumber Co Cumberland W. Md. Lumber Co : Cumberland Cumberland Lumber Co Cumberland Hughes Lumber and Coal Co Denton L. S. Fleckenstein & Son Easton C. N. Lowery Ellerslie J. B. Webster & Co East New Market W. D. Bowers Lumber Co Frederick Wilcoxon & Brown Frederick C. S. Jeffries Frostburg Benjamin & Graham Co Fruitland Wm. J. Lewis Gaithersburg Edgar Fulks Gaithersburg Jamison (formerly Jones Cold Storage Door Co.) Hagerstown West Side Lumber & Door Co Hagerstown Danzer Lumber Co Hagerstown 106 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland S. Rinehart Cohill Hancock G. A. Thompson & Sons Hurlock Marshall Bros Lonaconing People's Lumber Supply Co., Inc Mt. Airy C. M. Rathibun & Sons Oakland Phillipps & Douglas Preston Princess Anne Milling Co Princess Anne Cohn & Bock Princess Anne Young & Sons Pocomoke Quince Ashburne Pocomoke Huston Sons Co Salisbury Morris Bros. Co Salisbury Salislbury Woodworking Co Salisbury L. E. Williams & Co Salisbury Godfrey Mfg. Co Snow Hill The Corddry Mfg. Co Snow Hill Smith & Reifsnyder Westminster Lumber, Coal & Supply Co. of Carroll County. Westminster E. B. Maloney Williston 3. Tanks, Silos, Cooperage. Balto. Cooperage Co Stockholm & Leadenhall sts. . Baltimore Fred'k Albrecht Pratt & Smallwood sts Baltimore Raehl Bros 2022 Frederick ave Baltimore F. Schlimme 620-6 Portland st Baltimore John Raehl 1653 Ridgely st Baltimore Emil Dahms S. E. cor. 4th & Hudson sts. . Baltimore David Garratt 1209 S. Bouldin st Baltimore The Economy Silo Mfg. Co Frederick Corddry & Chandler Fruitland C. W. Pilchard . .' Girdletree W. J. Hall Marion Wm. B. Duncan Pocomoke Peninsula Produce Exchange Pocomoke Z. Cherrix Snow Hill P. Wharton & Son Stockton Oystermen's Barrel Co Stockton Englar & Sponsellar Westminster 4. Oar Construction. Maryland Steel Co iSparrows Point Baltimore Mt. Clare Shops (B. & 0. R. R.) W. Pratt St Baltimore Balto. Car & Foundry Co Curtis Bay Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 107 5. Furniture. a. A. Gassinger & Son 403-11 W. Barre st Baltimore Hughes Furniture Mfg. Co.. .Herbert & Beason Sts Baltimore O'Keef e Bros 500 Frederick ave Baltimore M. Pimes & Co 100-14 N. Front st Baltimore Becker Bros. & Son, Inc Lexington st & Fred'k road. ..Baltimore Reliable Furniture Mfg. Co. .305 President st Baltimore Bagby Furniture Co Eastern ave Baltimore J. C. Knipp & Sons 218-20 Clay st Baltimore Levenson & Zenitz Howard & Ostend sts Baltimore Steiner Mantel Co 8th st. & Fairmount ave Baltimore Harry Roesch & Sons 331-35 E. Fremont st Baltimore Chesapeake Mfg. Co Sharp & Barre sts Baltimore Potthast Bros 1438 Wicomico st Baltimore Balto. Mill & Cabinet Co 407-9 Dover st Baltimore John Dittmar & Sons 800 E. Pratt st Baltimore Easton Furniture Mfg. Co Easton Brandt Cabinet Works Hagerstown Hagerstown Lounge Co Hagerstown Hagerstown Table Works Hagerstown Hagerstown Furniture Co Hagerstown Main Furniture Co Hagerstown Hagerstown Mantel & Furniture Co Hagerstown Harry Wilson Salisbury Washington Grove Mfg. Co ^Washington Grove 6. Ship and Boat Building. John S. Beacham 900 Key Highway Baltimore Balto. Dry Docks & Ship- building Co Ft. of Cross st., Locust Pt. . .Baltimore Spedden Shipbuilding Co Boston st. & Kenwood ave. . . Baltimore Chas. L. Rohde & Sons Co. . . Foot of 3rd st Baltimore Chesapeake Marine Rail- way Co S. E. cor. Philpot & Point sts. Baltimore Md. Steel Co Sparrows Point Baltimore Wm. E. Woodall & Co Foot of Woodall st Baltimore Chesapeake Ship^Geiling Co..901 Fell st Baltimore C. Durm & Son Foot of Hanover st Baltimore Thompson Engine & Yacht Co Foot of Charles st Baltimore Nelson Yacht Bldg. Co Ferry Bar Baltimore Thames Yacht Bldg. Co Ferry Bar Baltimore Booz Bros 15-19 Key Highway Baltimore Md. Dredging & Constr. Co.. Foot of Woodall st Baltimore Lewis Waggner Co 17 S Gay st Baltimore 108 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland Wm. A. Hoare. Colgate Creek Baltimore Cambridge Mfg. Co Cambridge Southern Transportation Co Chesapeake City J. B. Nelson Crisfield E. Deibert & Co.. Elkton S. J. Cooper Oxford Wm. A. Sparklen Oxford E. Jas. Tu'll Pocomoke Smith & Williams Co Salisbury Sharptown Marine Railway Co Sharptown M. M. Davis & Son Solomon's Island C. L. Marsh Solomon's Island 7. Baskets. Acme Basket Co 739 W. Lexington st Baltimore The Wysham Co 106 S. Hanover st Baltimore Berlin Veneer Works Berlin Cambridge Mfg. Works Cambridge Marvel Package Co Chestertown H. C. Hobbs Denton J. E. Foster & Co Federalsburg Benjamin & Graham Co Fruitland H. H. Moore , Greensboro Elmer Wolf Lantz Marvel Package Co Pocomoke Eastern Shore Mfg. Co Powellsville Princess Anne Milling Co Princess Anne Cohn & Bock Princess Anne Day, Swing & Co Ridgely G. E. Leary & Son Rock Hall C. R. Disharoon Co Salisbury D. J. Elliott Salisbury J. H. Tomlinson Salisbury Marvel Package Co Sharptown Showell Mfg. Co Showell Snow Hill Butter-Dish & Basket Co Snow Hill Wango Mfg. Co Wango G. V. Teeters Westover Petey Mfg. Co Whaleysville Wimbrow Bros Whaleysville Poco-Wico Co Willards Grover Davis ... . . .. Willards 8. Fixtures. Reinle, Salmon Co Warner & Stockholm sts Baltimore M. L. Himmel & Sons 107 N. Frederick st Baltimore Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 109 F. X. Ganter Co Sharp & Ostend sts Baltimore Ruse & Co 808 Low st Baltimore Postal Mfg. Co 206 W. Frederick st Baltimore A. Herman 762-64 Vine st Baltimore Balto Mill & Cabinet Co. . . .407-9 Dover st Baltimore John Clark & Co 411-13 W. Camden st Baltimore L. H. Wiebel Hagerstown Hagerstown Mantel & Furniture Co Hagerstown 9. Caskets and Coffins. National Casket Co. (Bal- timore Branch) E. Falls ave. & Lombard st . Baltimore 10. Brushes. Brownwell Brush & Wire Goods Co Eager & Forrest sts Baltimore Ox-Fibre Brush Co Frederick 11. Vehicles and Vehicle Parts. Kunkel Wagon Co 29-37 E. Lee st Baltimore Martin L. McCormick & Bro.,2601 Pennsylvania ave Baltimore Edw. Stinson Mfg. Co 327-35 Guilford ave Baltimore Leonhardt Wagon Mfg. Co.. .417 E. Saratoga st Baltimore Chas. R. iSefton ; 1401 E. Monument st Baltimore C. E. Hosbach Co 808-12 E. Fayette st Baltimore Balto. Hub Wheel & Mfg. Co.Fallsway & Gay st Baltimore Herman Born & .Sons Fremont & Waesche sts Baltimore Ditch, Bowers & Taylor, Inc. North & Mt. Royal aves Baltimore Aug. Jass & Sons 798 Waesche st Baltimore E. Lehnert & Sons 221-23 North st Baltimore Francis T. Lynch 336 N. Calvert st Baltimore John C. Raum & Sons 407 S. Sharp st Baltimore John G. Mann & Sons 4255 Harford road Baltimore C. E. Eckenrode & Co 16-20 N. Carrollton ave Baltimore Jacob Eirmann 906-8 Fell st Baltimore Wm. Potter & Son 2124 Eastern ave Baltimore C. F. Roche Falls road Baltimore Carl Spoerer & Sons 901 S. Carey st Baltimore Hess Carriage Co Hagerstown Hollingsworth Wheel Co Hagerstown J. W. Gordy Salisbury Herr & Babylon Westminster John E. Eckenrode & Son Westminster 110 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 12. Picture Frames and Moldings. Furst Bros. & Co Ostend & Race sts Baltimore Henry H. Hall, Jr 356 W Pratt st". Baltimore Conrad Hamp & Co 608-18 Portland st Baltimore 13. Instruments, Musical. Adam Stein 5-7 N. Greene st Baltimore Stieff Piano Co Lafayette ave. & Aiken st. . . Baltimore American Piano Co. (Knabe Branch) Eutaw & West sts Baltimore M. P. Moller Organ Works Hagerstown 14. Boxes, Cigar. J. Henry Fisher & Sons 14-16 W. Barre st Baltimore John C. Hendricks 201 W. Conway st Baltimore J. H. Henschen 1022 Sharp st Baltimore Otto Bregenzer 1003 China st Baltimore 15. WOODE^YARE AND NOYELTIES. John Dittmar & Sons 800 E. Pratt st Baltimore Wm. A. Rock 407-8 N. Paca st Baltimore Otto Bregenzer 1003 China st. Baltimore Martin Kesmodel, Jr 116 Park ave Baltimore Fr. Bergner & Co Paca & Cross sts Baltimore Berlin Veneer Co Berlin Modern Mfg. Co Hagerstown Harry Wilson Salisbury 16. Toys. International Wood & Paper Products Corporation 117 N. Calverton road Baltimore Carriage & Toy Co 737-41 W. Lombard st Baltimore 17. Portable Houses. C. D. Pruden Co Dock & Warner sts Baltimore 18. Trunks and Valises (Luggage). W. A. Tuerke. 212 E. Lexington st Baltimore Jones & Schwartzhopf 1222-32 Greenmount ave Baltimore C. J. Dunn & Co 102 N. Charles st Baltimore 19. Molds and Patterns. A. Weiskittel & Sons Co Lombard st Baltimore "Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 111 PRINCIPAL FOREST PRODUCTS. ("The Forests of Maryland.") The most important rise of the forest, here, as elsewhere, is for Lumber. The production for 1914 amounted to 229,027,500 board feet, 129,105,500 board feet being hardwood and 99,922,000 pine, with a very small proportion of hemlock. This represents a value at the mills of $3,823,463. There are only a few large stationary mills in the State, the bulk of the lumber being cut by portable mills of varying size and kind, whose capacity usually runs from 4,000 to 12,000 board feet daily. These mill operators engage in buying timber lots, and move from place to place as new tracts are found. Most of the pine lum'ber is cut in the Eastern Shore and southern sections of the State, while the bulk of the hardwood comes from Central and Western Maryland. The lumber production of the State has decreased in the last few years because of the exhaustion of large stumpage holdings in the western part of the State, so that now the lumber business is more generally distributed but not so important. It is believed, however, lhat a more stable condition has been reached, and that the present cut may be continued for many years, or actually increased under better systems of forest management. With reduced supplies of stumpage and increased prices, there is a strong tendency toward closer cutting and utilization to a smaller diameter limit. Pulp wood. While the pulpwood business ranks next in importance to that of lumber, with a value of $444,029 and a cut of 74,002 long cords as reported in 1914, its field of activity is much more localized, as two-thirds of the production is from five Southern Maryland counties — Prince George's, Charles, Anne Alrundel, St. Mary's and Calvert. Fully nine-tenths of the pulpwood is furnished by three species — scrub pine, red gum and tulip poplar. Scrub pine, a tree which comes in quickly on abandoned fields in Southern Maryland, and which up to 12 years ago had no value 112 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland except for cordwood, is now the most extensively used for pulp- wood, making up practically two-thirds of the total production. The trees are generally cut during late spring and summer, when they peel most readily. The bark is removed, and the stems are cut into five-foot sections. After remaining piled in the woods until they have become partially seasoned, the wood is hauled to railroad or water shipping points and sent to the various pulp mills, generally to be shipped outside of the State. Practically all of the wood is handled by dealers who usually buy it on the stump, having the cutting and piling done by day labor or by contract. Red gum, a timber tree growing in swamlpy land in the southern part of the State, is also extensively used for pulp wood, and with tulip poplar, which mJakes the best pulp wood of any of the native species and is cut for the purpose over a, wider area than any other, forms most of the remaining third of the total output. Railroad Ties. The 925,392 railroad ties valued at $440,685, as reported in 1914, indicate the importance of this business. Railroad ties are cut in all parts of the State, although the Eastern Shore section con- tributes but a small per cent., and since little capital is required to produce them and they are salable at the nearest railroad point, there are great numbers of producers. A ready market and little expense of manufacture stimulate the cutting of a great many small, thrifty trees for this use before they have reached the most profit- able merchantable size. White oak, always a preferred tie material, formerly consti- tuted the larger part of the product, but it is now becoming scarce, and other oaks are being largely substituted, especially where pre- servative treatment is possible. The principal species used are white oak, red oak (several species), chestnut and a small per cent* of pine. Piling. The counties bordering the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries contribute the great bulk of the piling that is produced in the State. Of the amount produced probably three-fourths is oak, and the remainder principally pine. White oak, because of its greater strength and durability, brings a higher price, but several Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 113 of the red oaks, particularly pin oak, which generally produces long, straight stems suitable for the purpose, are mlich used. Pine is the cheapest and most easily obtained in desired shapes, but it is the least durable. Cordwood. The 85,355 cords of wood valued at $270,380, reported as sold in 1914, represent but a small portion of the wood used in the State, since no account was made of that cut and used for home consumption. Of the amount produced, approximately one- ihird was hardwood, chiefly oak and chestnut, while the remainder was principally pine. It is a low-grade product which cannot be profitably shipped for any great distance, and therefore the prin- cipal mlarkets are found in the nearby towns where the local de- mand is usually supplied, directly to the consumer, by the adjacent landowners. MkNE Props. This industry is confined principally to two widely separated sections of the State — the Eastern Shore peninsula and Western Maryland — and the size of props, woods used and method of sale are entirely different in the two localities. In the Eastern Shore section loblolly pine forms practically the entire output, and props 27 to 36 feet long are cut from the larger trees. Trees ordinarily used for this purpose are from 14 to 20 inches In diameter and the product is generally sold by the ton. The props are shipped to the anthracite coal fields and there cut into suitable lengths. The production for this section, as reported hi 1914, was 56,787 tons. Since the trees cut for mine props are also of a suitable size for saw timber, the two uses are competing, "and the length of haul is generally the determining factor. The mine props cannot be hauled profitably for as great a distance as lumber, and therefore where the haul exceeds three miles the product gener- ally goes into saw timber instead of mine props. The other section of the State where the cutting of mine props is an important business is in the vicinity of the coal fields in West- ern Maryland. The mine prop output coming from the three west- ernmost counties — Garrett, Allegany and Washington — amounted in 1914 to 46,550 tons. The props used, however, in the coal mines 114 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland of Western Maryland are very different from; those produced in the southeastern part of the State, particularly in the size of the trees cut for the purpose, and in that all species of suitable size are cut. Round props, measuring four inches at the top and varying in length from eight to twelve feet, are required, and a great variety of wood is used. In the logging operations here the very small trees, left after lumbering for saw timber or for railroad ties, are cut into mine props Which are sold at a price little more than covering the cost of production and freight, with little, if any, allowance for stumipage value. A few of the large-sized mine props are cut in Southern Mary- land from scrub pine, but they form a very small per cent, of the total production for the State. Tan Bark. Tan bark was produced in seven of the western and central counties of the State in 1914, the total production being 34,360 tons, valued at $253,510. Of this, hemlock constituted nearly two- thirds of the total production; oak, principally chestnut oak, the remainder. The amount of bark produced in this section was very much greater a few years ago, but with the exhaustion of the main timber supplies the production of bark has decreased with that of lumber, of which it mlay be termed a by-product. There are now three large tanneries in the State, and a few small ones, which receive most of their supply of bark from Maryland. For the past twenty years there has been a sharp decline in this in- dustry, due to the rapid exhaustion of chestnut oak and hemlock timber supplies. Staves and Heading. This represents a production of 30,389,019 pieces valued at $223,931, and reported from five counties. About half of the num- ber were barrel staves and headings, the remainder keg staves and headings. Pine constituted nine-tenths of the wood used, and of the remainder, consisting of several species, chestnut was the most important. The barrel staves were principally for oyster and vege- table containers, the bulk of them being used locally, while prac- tically all of the keg staves were sent out of the State, their prin- cipal use being for nails, bolts, horseshoes, etc. In cutting keg Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 115 staves small trees are often utilized, the most desirable size being six to -eight inches in diameter. The tops are utilized to a diameter of three, inches. Poles. The cut of poles reported was 62,135, with a value of $180,042. Practically all of the western, central and southern counties con- tributed to this output, of which nearly all was chestnut, the only exception being 4,000 white cedar and cypress poles cut along the Pocomoke River and its tributaries in Worcester and Wicomico counties. Many small poles are used in local telephone lines, but the bulk of them are shipped out of the State. The chestnut blight, which is so seriously affecting the chestnut trees, has forced great quantities of chestnut on the market in the past few years, caus- ing over-production, with resulting low prices. Shingles. The 13,842,000 shingles valued at $45,901, and cut in 1914, were principally chestnut, with a small amount of white pine in the western part of the State and cypress in the southeastern section. All except three counties of the State reported a cut of shingles, but in only three of them did the cut exceed 1,000,000, viz. : Mont- gomery, Frederick and Howard, in which all the shingles were chestnut. These were cut either by portable sawmills, many of which are equipped for their manufacture, or by individually operated shingle machines. Lath. A total of 14,837,00 lath were cut in 1914, with a value of $45,282. The cut was distributed over nearly all of the counties, Allegany, Dorchester, Garrett, Wicomico and Worcester each re- porting a million or more. Pine was the species almost universally used, and in nearly every case the lath were cut from material not suited for lumber, so that they may be regarded as more or less a by-product of the lumber mills. Mine Ties. This product is only reported from the three westernmost counties of the State, in the mining region. The total output was 116 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 260,000, valued at $39,000. Low-grade material too small for saw timber was generally used. A variety of species enter into the pro- duct, but the principal kinds are birch, maple and several kinds of oak, the latter supplying the bulk of the cut. Posts. The total production — 133,645 posts, valued at $20,587 — was a local product reported in nearly every county of the State. Most of them were sold locally and consisted principally of locust, cedar and chestnut. Export Logs. This product consists of large, choice logs of walnut, poplar, oak and a few other valuable species, culled from the forests, shipped to Baltimore, and there exported in the rough. The pro- duction reported recently is 329,000 board feet annually, valued at $9,870. It is shipped in the log, because it takes a lower cus- toms duty and is the more readily available for the various forms into which it is finally manufactured. Miost of it is used for veneer, except walnut, which is largely and increasingly used for gun stocks. Six counties within a radius of 50 miles of Baltimore reported ship- ment of export logs in 1914. PlNWOOD. The only county in the State to report this product was Wash- ington County, with 440 cords valued at $3,960. For this purpose locust is used, cut into lengths of approximately four feet, and sold by the cord to a large establishment at BJagerstown, which produces considerable quantities of insulator pins. Though red oak also is somewhat used, black locust constitutes the chief source of the telegraph pin manufacturer's wood supply. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 117 SPECIAL USES OF THE FOREST. Among the special uses of the forests not directly associated with timber production are the growing' of basket willows, the pro duction of maple syrup and sugar, and the manufacture of char- coal. These are all uses and products that may mjore properly be classed under the forest than any other division, and while they are somewhat localized, they nevertheless comprise important in- dustries. Willow Production. The growing of basket willows is an important industry in the vicinity of Baltimore. The other centers are Lansdowne, Hale- thorpe, Elkridge and Laurel, with scattered plantations at Fred- erick, Rosedale, Catonsville and Orownsville. Three kinds of wil- low are used — the Lemley, American green and Welsh — and in- stead of being permitted to grow to tree form they are annu- ally cut back to near the surface of the ground. The rods which represent a season's growth are from 4 to 10 feet in length, are cut during the winter, peeled and sold to basket makers and dealers by the pound. The production reported in 1914 amounted to 400,000 pounds, valued at $30,000. Maple Syrup and Sugar. The sugar maple is a tree indigenous to mountain sections, occurring locally over restricted areas in Giarrett County. The principal stands are in the vicinity of Grantsville and Bittinger, with very much smaller ones near Hjoyes Run and the southwestern part of the county. It is the practice in these sections in cutting woodlands where sugar mlaple constitutes a considerable percentage of the stand, to take out all but these trees, which then are left in the form of sugar groves or "camps." More recently, however, advancing prices paid for sugar maple timber have resulted in the cutting down of many of these fine old groves. 118 WooD-U{siNG Industries of Maryland The maple trees, of course, are tapped each spring, the amount of sugar or syrup produced depending upon the season. The Census reported for 1909 a production of 351,908 pounds of sugar, valued at $24,985, and 12,172 gallons of syrup worth $9,401, making a total of $34,386 for the product of approximately 80,000 trees. It is probable that this production has been maintained on an average since 1909, and the value of the product has increased because of the higher price now obtaining for both sugar and syrup. Charcoal. The production of charcoal is not as important as it was some years ago, due to changes in the industries in which it was for- merly used. But three counties — Anne Arundel, Cecil and Charles — reported a production which amounted to 95,000 bushels, valued at $9,500. Up to fifty years ago, and for more than a century be- fore, the cutting of wood for charcoal production was a very im- portant business, as it was then used extensively in iron manufac- ture in several different sections of the State. For example, the Principio Furnace, which is, except for the Muirkirk Furnace in Prince George's County, the only one now oper- ated in the State though to a very limited extent, formerly used large quantities of the charcoal produced from its 10,000 acres of woodland. The Principio Company was organized in 1722, and in 1774 the Catoctin Furnace, in the mountains of the same name, was built. The latter ceased to operate about 20 years ago, though it also had large holdings of woodland comprising nearly 10,000 acres, which it had cut over periodically for charcoal production. The Green Spring Furnace, in the vicinity of Fairview Mountain, likewise discontinued operations, in 1873, but during its active period, covering 25 years, it used the entire product of its 7,000 acres of woodland for charcoal production. Harford Furnace, on a branch of Bush River; another, at The Hocks in Harford County; and still other smaller ones, all contributed to the charcoal industry. Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 119 TABLE A- -THE STATE'S FOREST AREAS, CLASSIFIED BY STAND OF TIMBER PER ACRE. Mixed Hardwoods. Pine. Hardwood and Pine. County. Over 5,000 Bd. Ft. Under 5,000 Bd. Ft. Per Cent Over 5,000 Bd. Ft. Under 5,000 Bd. Ft. Per Cent. Over 5,000 Bd. Ft. Under 5,000 Bd. Ft. Per Cent. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Allegany ___ ._ __ 174 6,744 4,301 8,251 1,861 3,532 2,738 6,868 2,458 3,300 4,484 6,303 9,399 6,787 4,823 2,122 1,471 128,148 61,178 94,659 39,489 19,775 35,401 50,805 66,037 16,395 87,358 264,112 75,234 27,709 26,063 59,416 89,124 55,359 35,496 7,101 8,251 56,160 24,852 18,241 78 74 96 76 34 99 100 43 14 99 98 99 96 97 94 73 94 31 10 19 83 23 22 6 8,430 601 40 1,825 5,243 8,182 1,464 272 166 1,919 7,896 6,942 7,018 7,902 3,158 9,085 144 10,482 19,206 13,609 40,582 62 617 335 1,536 443 2,806 23,755 1,840 22,030 20,843 5,185 599 35,596 77,387 2 19 1 17 34 11 35 1 1 4 1 4 18 3 20 42 26 1 38 59 442 27,115 2,529 31 6,601 1,573 1,370 31,904 6,829 3,810 4,128 20,167 359 79,790 43,559 397 1,277 483 1,504 12,199 1,874 58,164 26,946 23,430 11,493 42,760 28,783 20 Anne Arundel 7 Baltimore _ Calvert _ _._ 3 7 Caroline _ 3. Carroll _. 1 Cecil Charles 46 Dorchester .. 51 Frederick 1 Garrett 1 Harford Howard Kent __1 2 Montgomery _ Prince George's ___ 10 Queen Anne's _ St. Mary's 3 49 48 Talbot — _ - .... 441 4,022 112 15,869 55 Washington 16 Wicomico 39 Worcester 19 The State 96,060 1,346,863 65 57,906 289,300 15 38,561 399,856 20 120 Wood-Using Industrie^ of Maryland TABLE B- -SUMMARY OF THE 1914 LUMBER and timber production of MARYLAND, BY COUNTIES. County. Mills and Operators. Cut in Cubic Feet. Value. Allegany Anne Arundel _ Baltimore Calvert Caroline __ Carroll „ Cecil Charles Dorchester Frederick Garrett Harford Howard Kent Montgomery ... Prince George's Queen Anne's _. St. Mary's Somerset Talbot Washington Wicomico — Worcester 30 20 01 25 24 30 37 51 G2 27 12 10 28 32 26 33 46 38 26 64 51 3,141,400 1,099,610 2,119,584 1,448,475 1,546,000 991,960 716,780 5,838,080 2,231,160 809,965 7,750,245 774,555 599,455 382,870 1,215,545 1,388,000 690,205 1,226,755 2,742,423 1,274,994 1,4S5,950 3,949,470 3,525,700 $440,754 130,099 308,180 202,597 178,654 118,800 96,893 484,866 352,405 179,004 1,379,937 118,342 64,693 53,047 175,422 161,939 83,363 157,002 363,174 137,212 190,850 592,318 467,191 The State 800 46,949,181 J, 436, 751 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 121 TABLE C SUMMARY OP THE 1914 LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTION OF MARY- LAND, WITH BY-PRODUCTS, IN ORDER OP RELATIVE IMPORTANCE. Product. Amount. 129,105,500 Board Feet 99,922,000 Board Feet 74,002 Cords 925,392 3,563,800 Lineal Feet 85,355 Cords 109,217 Tons 34,360 Tons 30,389,019 Pieces 62,135 13,842,000 14,837,000 260,000 '133,645 529,000 Board Feet 95,000 Bushels i 440 Cords Value. Hardwood lumber _. Pine lumber , Pulpwood Railroad ties ........ Piling Cordwood Mine props _ Tan bark Staves and headings Poles Shingles Lath Mine ties _ Posts Export logs Charcoal - Pinwood The State $2,325,127 1,498,336 444,029 440,685 358,900 270,380 261,451 253,510 223,931 180,042 45,901 45,382. 39 ( 0OO 20,687 16,130 9,500 3,960 46,949,181 Cubic Feet $6,436,751 122 Wood-Using Industries of Maryland TABLE r> WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER IN MARYLAND, BY COUNTIES. County. Total Land Area. Wooded Area. Per Cent. Wooded. Stand of Saw Timber in Bd. Ft. (Doyle Log Rule). All" Trees More Than Nine Inches in Diameter. Stumpage Value. Acres. Acres. % Hard- wood, M Bd. Ft. Pine, M Bd.Ft. Total, M Bd.Ft. Hard- wood, $5.00 Per M. Pine, $5.00 Per M. Total. $ Allegany Anne Arundel Baltimore Calvert ^ 266,363 274,500 403,181 139,332 208,350 296,029 223,197 163,832 92,266 103,515 62,390 62,834 39,292 53,543 171,547 138,291 91,117 274,483 81,872 38,644 33,776 68,821 127,200 59,270 119,080 68,387 45,822 72,274 111,608 148,182 62 34 24 45 .30 13 24 59 37 21 63 29 25 19 22 41 26 51 25 29 24 46 47 105,369 122,314 201,352 70,886 31,277 85,377 89,332 163,989 81,024 126,690 432,115 147,204 99,218 49,860 130,340 107,844 65,559 80,564 19,358 85,870 113,062 21,320 70,823 42,073 6,203 7,991 7,752 61,862 179 88,281 315,305 261 15,651 148 110 159 7,513 68,783 14,541 84,266 154,741 127,370 2,078 101,155 221,607 147,442 128,517 269,343 78,638 93,139 85,556 ' 89,332 252,270 396,329 126,951 447,766 147,352 99,328 50,019 137,853 176,627 80,100 164,830 174,099 214,240 115,140 122,475 292,430 $369,107 550,413 1,006,760 283,546 125,108 426,885 357,328 655,956 324,096 570,105 1,728,460 736,020 496,090 249,300 651,700 431,376 295,015 322,256 77,432 343,480 452,248 85,280 283,292 $208,292 31,015 39,955 31,006 309,350 895 $577,399 581,428 1,046,715 314,553 Caroline _ Carroll _ 434,458 " 427,780 Cecil _ .. 357,328 Charles ; 290,546 353,124 1,576,525 1,175 78,255 740 550 795 37,565 275,132 72,705 342,464 706,305 636,850 9,351 505,775 1,108,035 1,009,080 Dorchester Frederick _.. Garrett Harford Howard Kent .* Montgomery ___ Prince George's. Queen Anne's... St. Mary'Sx. Somerset Talbot 368,669 433,130 436,621 283,009 159,442 179,872 302,881 306,872 231,770 i 233,963 273,180 158,780 305,122 242,275 312,955 1,900,621 571,280 1,806,715 736,760 496,640 250,096 689,265 706,508 367,720 664,720 783,737 980,330 Washington Wicomico __ Worcester 461,599 691,055 1,391,327 Thft State 6,330,039 2,228,046 35 2,500,747 1,328,029 3,829,776 $10,821,253 $6,325,859 $17,147,113 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS A 021 048 357 3