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AN EPITOME 
 
 OF 
 
 English History 
 
 WITH 
 
 Questions for Examination, 
 
 B Y 
 
 S. AGNES KUMMER. 
 
 M xx 1 1 xx na in I? a. r v o , 
 
 
 t BALTIMORE: 
 JAMES S. WATERS, PUBLISHER. 
 1866. 
 
 V 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by 
 
 S. AGNES KUMMER, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the Diftrict Court of Maryland. 
 
 W. K. Boyle, Printer, Baltimore. 
 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This little manual is offered to Teachers and Students 
 of English History, with the hope that it may supply 
 a want which the compiler has found unmet by any of 
 the existing text-books. It is by no means designed to 
 supersede the study of more comprehensive class-books of 
 English History, but merely to act as a hand-maiden to 
 them, by presenting in a condensed form the principal 
 dates and facts which, when once fixed in the memory, 
 will add greatly to the facility and enjoyment of more 
 extended study. 
 
 It was at first designed to limit the use of this little 
 work solely to the pupils for whom it has been prepared, 
 but the success which has attended its partial application 
 in manuscript has induced its publication, in the hope that 
 it may be profitable to others who are interested in this 
 noble study. 
 
 Edgeworth School, 
 
 Baltimore, August 8th, 1866. 
 
AN EPITOME 
 
 OF 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 BRITAIN TO THE ROMAN INVASION. 
 
 From Date Unknown to 55 B. C. 
 
 This is the legendary period of British history. Britain 
 was anciently called Albion; it was a desolate waste of 
 marsh land and forest, and its inhabitants, whom tradi- 
 tion says were descended from Brutus, a Trojan, were 
 barbarians. The Phoenician merchants traded with the 
 Britons for tin several centuries before the Christian era 
 Shakspeare's "King Lear" was an ancient British monarch 
 of this period. 
 
 BRITAIN FROM THE ROMAN TO THE SAXON 
 INVASION. 
 
 55 B. C.—A. D. 449. 
 
 Invasion of Britain by the Romans under Julius Caesar, 
 55 B. C. Cassivelaunus or Caswallon was the leader of the 
 Britons. 54 B. C. second invasion of Caesar who penetrated 
 as far as Verulam, the modern St. Albans. 
 
 For ninety-five years no other invasion was attempted, 
 and the Britons lived in peaceful communication with Rome, 
 but as free as if Caesar had never landed. 
 2 
 
6 
 
 The Druids were the priests of the Britons. At Stone- 
 henge are the remains of a Druidical temple. Human 
 sacrifices were a terrible feature of Druidical worship. 
 
 During this period lived Cunobelin, the Cymbeline of 
 Shakspeare. 
 
 Mock-invasion of Caligula A. D. 40. Invasion of Clau- 
 dius A. D. 43. The Roman General was Aulus Plautius, 
 and Caractacus was the leader of the Britons; capture of Cam- 
 alodunum, the modern Colchester. Vespasian, afterwards 
 Emperor, conquered the Isle of Wight, and his son Titus, 
 the future conqueror of Jerusalem, fought as a private 
 soldier. 
 
 A. D. 51, Caractacus defeated at Caer-Caradoc in 
 Shropshire and sent captive to Rome. A. D. 59, Sue- 
 tonius appointed by Nero took the command in Britain, 
 he attacked Anglesey and destroyed the Druids. A. D. 61, 
 Boadicea, "bleeding from the Roman rods/' stirred up a 
 revolt, which ended in the defeat and death of the "British 
 Warrior Queen." The town of Londinium, modern Lon- 
 don, was laid in ashes. The Romans were now masters 
 of Britain. 
 
 Agricola appointed to the command A. D. 78, he marched 
 into Caledonia and raised a line of forts from the Clyde to 
 the Forth. 
 
 A. D. 121, Hadrian built a rampari from the Tyne to 
 Sol way Firth, this is known in history as the wall of Sev- 
 erus, because two centuries afterwards.. A.D. 208, Severus 
 repaired and perfected it. Severus died at York. 
 
 St. Alban, first Christian martyr of Great Britain, was be- 
 headed at Verulam 303. Constantius died at York 306, and 
 his son, Constantine the Great, assumed the purple at York. 
 The Scots and Picts invaded Britain and penetrated to Lon- 
 don, 368. The Britons obtained some assistance from Rome, 
 but it was soon withdrawn. A letter was written to iEtius 
 Governor of Gaul, A.D. 448, in which Vortigern, Prince of 
 
the Britons, entreated the Saxons for aid. Arrival of 
 Hengist and Horsa A. D. 449. 
 
 ENGLAND FROM THE SAXON INVASION TO 
 
 THE NORMAN CONQUEST. 
 
 A. D. 449—1066. 
 
 This portion of English history may be divided into 
 four periods : 
 
 1st. From the first .Saxon Invasion to the foundation of 
 the Heptarchy. A. D. 449—827. 
 
 2d. From the foundation of the Heptarchy to the usur- 
 pation of the Danes. A. D. 827—1013. 
 
 3d. The Danish usurpation. A. D. 1013—1041. 
 
 4th. From the Restoration of the Anglo-Saxons to the 
 Norman Conquest. A. D. 1041—1066. 
 
 FIRST PERIOD. 
 
 From the First Saxon Invasion to the Foundation of the 
 Heptarchy. A. D. 449—827. 
 
 Vortigern married Rowena, the daughter of Hengist. 
 A. D. 455, Horsa was slain. A. D. 457, Hengist drove the 
 Britons out of Kent, and assumed the kingly power. En- 
 couraged by the success of their countrymen, other bands 
 of German invaders came over at different intervals and 
 settled themselves in England. 
 
 About A. D. 520, died the famous Arthur, King of 
 Britain. Numerous fabulous stories are told about Arthur, 
 his Knights of the Round Table, and the enchanter Merlin. 
 A. D. 597, St. Augustine, a monk, came to Britain, which, 
 under the Saxons, had relapsed into heathendom. Augus- 
 
8 
 
 tine converted Ethelbert, King of Kent, and many of his 
 subjects. Ethelbert had married Bertha, daughter of Cari- 
 bert, King of the Franks. Bertha was a Christian when she 
 came to Kent, and worshipped in the church of St. Martin, 
 Canterbury. St. Martin's is the oldest church in England, 
 and is generally supposed to have been built by the Romans, 
 A. D. 187. Ethelbert, Bertha, and St. Augustine were 
 all buried in St. Martin's. 
 
 St. Paul's Cathedral, London, was founded A. D. 609, 
 and Westminster Abbey by Sebert, King of the East Saxons, 
 A. D. 616. The University of Cambridge was founded 
 A. D. 644. Bede, the historian, usually styled ''the 
 Venerable Bede," died at the Monastery of Wearmouth 
 A. D. 735. 
 
 A. D. 827, the Saxon kingdoms were united into 
 one monarchy styled the Heptarchy, over which Egbert, 
 King of Wessex, was sole ruler. The country was now 
 first called England, and Winchester was the capital. The 
 Britons had all been driven to Cambria, now Wales. 
 
 SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 From the Foundation of the Heptarchy to the Usurpation of 
 the Danes. A. D. 827—1013. 
 
 Egbert. A. D. 827—836. 
 
 The Danes invaded England. Egbert was buried at 
 Winchester. 
 
 Ethelwolp. 836 — 857. 
 
 Son of Egbert. He married, 
 
 1st. Osburga, daughter of Earl Oslac; 
 
 2d. Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald of France. 
 Ethelwolf and Osburga had five sons, all of whom, except 
 
9 
 
 the first wore the English crown; and one daughter, 
 Ethelswytha. 
 
 During this reign the Danes invaded England, sailed up 
 the Thames, and burnt the cities of London and Canter- 
 bury. 
 
 Ethel wolf died at Steyning in Sussex, and was buried in 
 the Cathedral of St. Swithin, at Winchester. 
 
 Etiielbald. 857—860. 
 Ethelbert. 860 — 866. 
 Ethelred. 866—872. 
 
 Sons of Ethelwolf and Osburga. During these reigns 
 the Danes continued their ravages. They martyred Ed- 
 mund, King of East Anglia, and his burial place took the 
 name of Bury St. Edmunds. 
 
 Alfred the Great. 872 — 901. 
 
 Son of Ethelwolf and Osburga. He was born at 
 Wantage, died at Farriagdon, and was buried at Win- 
 chester. He married Elswitha, daughter of Ethelfrid of 
 Mercia. 
 Alfred had several children; the best known are : 
 
 Edward the Elder, who succeeded his father; 
 
 Ethelfleda, the most learned and remarkable woman of 
 her time. 
 
 During this reign there was continual warfare with the 
 Danes. 878, a great peace was concluded between Alfred 
 and Gruthruni, the Danish chief. 893, the Danes again 
 began to commit ravages, but Alfred finally restored tran- 
 quillity to the country. 
 
 During the reign of Alfred the University of Oxford was 
 founded England was divided into counties and hundred^, 
 and trial by jury established. 
 2* 
 
10 
 
 Edward the Elder. 901 — 925. 
 
 Son of Alfred and Elswitha. He re-established the Uni- 
 versity of Cambridge. 
 
 Atiielstan. 925 — 941. 
 
 Son of Edward the Elder and Egwina. He died at 
 Gloucester, and was buried at Malmsbury. He gained 
 numerous victories over the Danes, and caused the Bible to 
 be translated into the Saxon tongue. 
 
 Edmund I. 941—947. 
 Edred. 947—955. 
 
 Sods of Edward the Elder and Edgifa. 
 
 Edward was stabbed by Leolf, a robber 
 
 Edred was ruled by St. Dunstan, Abbot of Glastonbury. 
 
 Edwy. 955—959. 
 
 Edgar the Peaceable. 959 — 975. 
 
 Sons of Edmund I. and Elfgiva. 
 
 Edwy married Elgiva, his cousin. Dunstan forced him 
 to divorce Elgiva, who was put to death with great cruelty, 
 and Edwy died of grief. 
 
 Edgar built monasteries, exterminated wolves, and in- 
 creased the navy. He was very arrogant, and at Chester 
 his barge on the Dee was rowed by eight vassal princes. 
 
 Edward II., the Martyr. 975 — 978. 
 
 Son of Edgar the Peaceable and Ethelfleda. He was 
 stabbed at Corfe Castle by order of his step-mother, Elfrida. 
 
 Ethelred II., the Unready. 978—1013. Died 1016. 
 
 Son of "Edgar the Peaceable and Elfrida. He married, 
 1st. Ethelgina; their son was Edmund "Ironside." 
 
11 
 
 2d. Emma, sister of Richard II., duke of Normandy; 
 their sons Were, 
 
 Alfred, who fell into the hands of his enemies and was 
 put to death at Ely; 
 
 Edward, surnamed the Confessor. 
 
 This reign was a series of struggles with the piratical 
 Danes. At first the king was weak and injudicious enough 
 to buy them off with tribute money, called Danegelt. Nov. 
 13th, 1002, Ethelred caused a massacre of the Danes, 
 which they revenged by an invasion under their king, 
 Sweyn. Ethelred fled to Normandy; he subsequently re- 
 turned to England, but never recovered his authority. 
 
 THIRD PERIOD. 
 The Danish Usurpation. A. D. 1013—1041. 
 
 Sweyn was virtually sovereign of England for one year, 
 but before he could be crowned he died at Gainsborough. 
 
 Canute the Great. 1014 — 1036. 
 Edmund Ironside. 1016. 
 
 After many struggles on the part of Edmund Ironside to 
 regain the kingdom, in 1016, Canute and he made an 
 agreement to divide it between them. About a month after- 
 wards Edmund was murdered at Oxford, and Canute 
 became sole monarch of England. 
 
 Edmund Ironside left two sons, who were educated in 
 Hungary; 
 
 Edmund. 
 
 Edward "the Exile," the father of Edgar Atheling, and 
 of Margaret, who married Malcolm, King of Scotland. 
 Canute married; 
 
 1st. Elgiva. Their sons were Sweyn and Harold. 
 
12 
 
 2d. Emma, the widow of Ethelred the Unready. Their 
 son was Hardicanute. 
 
 Canute died at Shaftesbury, and was buried at Winches- 
 ter. He was a wise prince; his reproof to his courtiers at 
 Southampton is well known. 
 
 Harold, surnamed Harefoot. 1036 — 1040. 
 
 Son of Canute and Elgiva. Tt was during this reign 
 that Alfred, the son of Ethelred and Emma, was murdered. 
 Harold died at Oxford. 
 
 Hardicanute. 1040 — 1041. 
 
 Son of Canute and Emma. He was wicked and in- 
 temperate, and died at Lambeth after a short reign. 
 
 FOURTH PERIOD. 
 
 From the Restoration of the Anglo-Saxons to the Norman 
 Conquest. 1041—1066. 
 
 Edward the Confessor. 1041 — 1066. 
 
 Son of Ethelred and Emma. He married Edith a, 
 daughter of Earl Godwin. Edward had been educated in 
 Normandy; he favoured foreigners and thereby incurred 
 the dislike of the English. 
 
 The most prominent man of the time was the powerful 
 Earl Godwin. He and his family were at one time ban- 
 ished by the king. Soon after his restoration he died, 
 leaving as head of the house his son Harold, who wished 
 to be appointed Edward's successor. The King had nomi- 
 nated Edward the Exile, but a few days after the latter 
 returned to England, he died, and the Confessor, passing 
 
13 
 
 over the true heir, Edgar Atheling, bequeathed the crown 
 to William of Normandy. 
 
 Edward built that part of the abbey church of Westmin- 
 ster still called, "The Confessor's Chapel." He was buried 
 there. 
 
 During this reign the sons of Duncan,, King of Scotland, 
 fled to England to seek assistance from Edward. Their 
 father had been slain by Macbeth, who had also usurped 
 the throne. This story is told by Shakspeare in the tragedy 
 of Macbeth. 
 
 Harold II. 1066. 
 
 Harold, the son of Earl Godwin, was crowned king by 
 the Archbishop of York. Whilst Harold was in the north 
 of England, defeating the Norwegians who had landed on 
 the coast, William of Normandy landed at Pevensey, in 
 Sussex. The battle of Hastings was fought between Harold 
 and William, Sept. 25th, 1066. William was victorious. 
 Harold was killed, — he was buried in Waltham Abbey. 
 Two years later the Conqueror founded an Abbey on the 
 site of the battle-field, and called it "Battle Abbey." 
 
14 
 
 SAXON LINE OF KINGS. 
 
 Egbert, 
 
 Ethelwolf, 
 
 Ethelbald, 
 
 Ethelbert, 
 
 Ethelred, 
 
 1 
 
 J> sons of Ethelwolf, 
 
 827—836. 
 836—857. 
 857—860. 
 860—866. 
 866—872. 
 872—901. 
 901—925. 
 925—941. 
 941—947. 
 947—955. 
 
 Alfred the Great, J 
 
 Edward the Elder, son of Alfred, 
 
 Athelstan, } 
 
 Edmund I. > sons of Edward the Elder 
 
 Edred, ) 
 
 ^ WJ ', x> „ l^nsofEdmundLJ 955 - 959 
 Edgar the Peaceable, 3 (. 959—975 
 
 Edward the Martyr, ) sons of C 975— 978 
 
 Ethelred the Unready, ) Edgar, £978—1016 
 
 Edmund Ironside, son of Ethelred the Unready, 1016 
 
 THE DANISH LINE, 
 
 Canute the Great, 
 Harold Harefoot, 
 Hardicanute, 
 
 sons of Canute, 
 
 1014—1036. 
 
 i— 1040. 
 
 -1041. 
 
 C 1036—1 
 I 1040—1 
 
 SAXON LINE RESTORED. 
 
 Edgar the Confessor, son of Ethelred the 
 
 Unready, 1041—1066. 
 
 Harold, son of Earl Godwin, 1066. 
 
15 
 
 THE NORMAN LINE. 
 William the Conqueror. 1066 — 1087. 
 
 Born 1027. Son of Robert, Duke of Normandy, surnamed 
 "Robert the Magnificent," or more commonly, "Robert le 
 Diable," and Arlotta, daughter of a tanner of Falaise. He 
 was married to Matilda of Flanders, and had four sons and 
 six daughters. Those best known in history are : 
 
 Robert, surnamed Courthose, to whom he left Normandy; 
 
 Richard, who was killed in the New Forest; 
 
 William Rufus, king of England; 
 
 Henry, afterwards Henry I., to whom he left his mother's 
 fortune; 
 
 Adela, who married Stephen, Count of Blois, and was 
 the mother of Stephen the Usurper. 
 
 William the Conqueror met with the accident which caused 
 his death at the burning of the town of Mantes. He died at 
 the abbey of St. Gervaise, near Rouen, and was buried in 
 the abbey of St. Stephen at Caen. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 The conquest of England 1066. — His coronation in West- 
 minster Abbey — Edgar Atheling renounced his claim to 
 the crown, and received a pension of a mark (£1 17s. 6d. 
 present money) a clay. The Saxons, the Normans, and the 
 sons of the King, rebelled in turn. War with Philip L, 
 King of France, — Destruction of Mantes and death of the 
 Conqueror. 
 
 During this reign the Curfew Bell was instituted — the 
 New Forest made — Doomsday Book compiled — Feudal law 
 introduced — and the Tower built. 
 
 Matilda, wife of the Conqueror, died at Caen, and was 
 buried there in the Convent of the Holy Trinity. She has 
 commemorated the achievements of her warlike husband in 
 
16 
 
 the famous Bayeux tapestry, still preserved in the cath< 
 dral of Bayeux. 
 
 William II., surnarned Rdfus. 1087 — 1100. 
 
 JUBorn 1057. Son of William the Conqueror and Matilda 
 of Flanders. He was never married. He died in the New 
 Forest, and was buried at Winchester. 
 
 Principal Events of his ReigiiL 
 
 Invasion of Normandy — Robert and William united against 
 Henry — First Crusade 1095 — Shot in the New Forest by 
 Sir Walter Tyrrel. 
 
 During this reign Westminster Hall was built. — The sea 
 overflowed 4000 acres of land, situated opposite Deal, and 
 formed what is called Goodwin Sands. 
 
 The New Forest was fatal to three of the descendants of 
 the Conqueror; his sons Richard and William, and his grand- 
 son Richard, son of Robert Courthose. 
 
 Henry I., surnamed Beauclerc. 1100 — 1135. 
 
 Born at Selby in Yorkshire, 1070.— Son of William the 
 Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders He was married, 
 1st. to Matilda of Scotland, niece of Edgar Atheling; 
 2d. to Adelicia of Louvain. 
 Henry I. and Matilda of Scotland had two children: 
 
 William, who was drowned crossing the Channel from 
 
 Normandy; 
 Matilda, called "the Empress Maude," who married first, 
 Henry V., Emperor of Germany, and afterwards 
 Geoffrey Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou. 
 
17 
 
 Henry died near Rouen, in Normandy. His body was 
 taken to England and interred in the Abbey of St. Mary at 
 Reading:. 
 
 *o - 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign 
 
 War with his brother Robert, Duke of Normandy. Cap- 
 ture of Robert, who was imprisoned for twenty-eight weary 
 years at Cardiff Castle. It is said that he was also deprived 
 of sight. Shipwreck of the ' 'White Ship," and loss of Prince 
 William. The King was so much affected by the death of 
 his son, that "he never smiled again/' 
 
 During this reign the order of "Knights Templars" was 
 instituted. 
 
 Stephen of Blois. 1135 — 1154. 
 
 Born 1105. Son of Stephen, Count of Blois, and Adela, 
 daughter of William the Conqueror. He was married to 
 Matilda of Boulogne. All their children, except a daughter 
 who took the veil, died young. The eldest, Prince Eustace, 
 had been proclaimed heir to the throne of England. 
 
 Stephen died at Dover, and was buried in the Abbey of 
 Feversham. His queen, Matilda, was a noble woman. 
 The beautiful legend on her tomb is, "If ever woman 
 deserved to be carried by angel hands to heaven, it was this 
 holy Queen." She was buried in the Abbey of Feversham. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign, 
 
 Wars with Matilda, daughter of Henry L, who by right 
 
 of birth should have had the crown. — Matilda was aided by 
 
 the Earl of Gloucester. — David, King of Scotland, invaded 
 
 the north of England in defence of his niece's title, and 
 
 3 
 
18 
 
 fought the battle of Northallerton or the Standard. The 
 Scots were defeated. After many years of civil war, most 
 disastrous to the kingdom, Stephen and Matilda made a 
 compromise, by which Stephen was to reign during his life- 
 time, and the crown to descend to the son of Matilda. 2d 
 Crusade 1145. 
 
 During this reign lived William of Malmesbury, an his- 
 torian. 
 
 NORMAN LINE OF KINGS. 
 
 William the Conqueror. 1066—1087. 
 
 William II., surnamed Rufus. 1087—1100. 
 
 Henry I., surnamed Beauclerc. 1100 — 1135. 
 
 Stephen of Blois. 1135—1154. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET. 
 
 Henry II., surnamed Plantagenet. 1154 — 1189. 
 
 Born 1133. Son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou, 
 and Matilda, daughter of Henry I. In him the Saxon line 
 was restored. He married Eleanor of Guienne or Aquitaine, 
 the divorced wife of Louis VII. of France. They had seven 
 children: 
 
 William, who died in childhood; 
 
 Henry, who married Marguerite of France, and died before 
 his father; 
 
 Richard, surnamed Cceur de Lion; 
 
 Geoffrey, who married Constance of Bretagne, and was 
 the father of Arthur and the Damsel of Bretagne; 
 
19 
 
 John, surnamed Lackland; 
 
 Maud, married to Alphonso of Castile; 
 
 Joan, married to William, King of Sicily. 
 
 Henry died of a broken heart at the Castle of Chinon near 
 Saumur, in Anjou, and was buried in the Abbey of Fontev- 
 rault. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 Disputes with the clergy — Thomas a Becket, son of Gilbert 
 a Becket, a merchant of London, who had been a crusader, 
 and a Saracen lady, was created Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 Becket, when elevated to this high station, changed his de- 
 meanor and sided against the King. Henry was much irri- 
 tated by the conduct of Becket, and in an unguarded moment 
 exclaimed, "Is there nobody to deliver me from this turbu- 
 lent priest?" Four gentlemen of the King's household 
 immediately set out for Canterbury and murdered Becket in 
 the Cathedral, before the altar of St. Benedict, 29th Decem- 
 ber, 1170. Becket was canonized, and pilgrimages were 
 made to his shrine. King Henry was obliged to do public 
 penance at his tomb. — Conquest of Ireland 1171. Dermot, 
 King of Leinster, asked assistance from Henry to restore 
 him to his sovereignty, from which he had been driven; he 
 enlisted in his cause the Earl of Pembroke, surnamed Strong- 
 bow. The latter married Eva, the daughter of Dermot, and 
 upon the death of Dermot claimed the crown in right of his 
 wife. Henry obliged Strongbow to resign his pretensions, 
 and the whole kingdom of Ireland submitted without a blow. 
 Queen Eleanor encouraged her sons to rebel against their 
 father. Henry, the eldest, died before his father. Geoffrey 
 was killed in a tournament at Paris. After the death of his 
 brothers, Richard persuaded John to join a rebellion against 
 their father. The disaffection of this favourite son, John, 
 caused the King so much grief that it resulted in his death. 
 
20 
 
 During this reign the kingdom was divided into circuits. 
 The distinction between Saxons and Normans began to dis- 
 appear. Glass windows first used in private houses. Nich- 
 olas Breakspeare, the only Englishman who ever wore the 
 tiara, was chosen Pope in 1154, and took the title of 
 Adrian IV. 
 
 Richard I., surnamed Cceur de Lion. 1189—1199. 
 
 Born at Oxford, 1157. Son of Henry II and Eleanor 
 of Guienne. He was married to Berengaria, daughter of 
 the King of Navarre, and had no children. Richard died 
 while besieging the castle of Chalus in Aquitaine, and was 
 buried in the Abbey of Fontevrault. 
 
 Richard has been installed in romance as the great hero 
 of chivalry, but although Sir Walter Scott has said that his 
 name is "so dear to Englishmen," and we have been used 
 to identify him with the "Black-Knight" of "Ivanhoe," and 
 the "lion-heart" of "The Talisman," it must not be forgotten 
 that he was a rebellious and undutiful son. His expedients 
 to raise money were very questionable, and, though brave 
 and frank, he was haughty and avaricious. During his 
 reign of ten years he passed but four months in England, 
 and he was never known to speak English but once. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 3d Crusade— Sojourn in Sicily — Capture of the Island of 
 Cyprus — Capture of Acre — Battle of Joppa, in which the 
 Christians were victorious — Truce with Saladin for three 
 years, three months, three days, and three hours — Return of 
 the King — His capture, imprisonment, and release. Tradi- 
 tion says that the place of his captivity was discovered by 
 Blondel, a faithful minstrel — Siege of the castle of Chalus, 
 near Limoges. 
 
21 
 
 During this reign lived the celebrated outlaw, Robin 
 Hood. He is the Saxon yeoman Loeksley, of Ivanhoe, and 
 was the leader of a band of outlaws, amongst whom were 
 Friar Tuck and Little John; they lived in Sherwood Forest 
 
 John, surnamed Lackland. 1199 — 1216. 
 
 Born 1166. Son of Henry II. and Eleanor of Guienne. 
 He was married to Isabella of Angouleme and had five chil- 
 dren. Those best known in history are: 
 
 Henry, who succeeded him; 
 
 Jane, married to Alexander, King of Scotland; 
 
 Eleanor, married, first, to the Earl of Pembroke, secondly, 
 to the Earl of Leicester. 
 
 He died at Swinshead Abbey in Lincolnshire, and was 
 buried in Worcester Cathedral. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign, 
 
 Murder of his nephew, Arthur of Bretagne, son of Geof- 
 frey, and rightful heir to the throne — Quarrel with the 
 Pope, Innocent III. — The barons compelled John to sign 
 Magna Charta at Runnymede, near Windsor, 15th June, 
 1215. John enlisted foreign soldiers and tried to recall all 
 the liberties he had granted. The barons invited Louis, 
 eldest son of the King of France, tu their aid, promising to 
 reward him with the crown. — Death of the King. 
 
 Magna Charta is still preserved in the British Museum. 
 
 Arthur of Bretagne was supposed to have been murdered at 
 
 the Castle of Rouen, and his sister, the Damsel of Bretagne, 
 
 was imprisoned hi J^/istol Castle, where she died. John 
 
 lost his French i f; ?,nrraish hence his surname. 
 jjrith ivy. 
 
 8* 
 
22 
 
 Henry III. of Winchester. 1216—1272. 
 
 Born 1207. Son of John and Isabella of Angouleme. 
 He was married to Eleanor of Provence, and had four chil- 
 dren. The best known in history are : 
 
 Edward who succeeded him; 
 
 Edmund, titular King of Sicily; 
 
 Margaret, married Alexander III. of Scotland. 
 Henry died at Westminster, and was buried in West- 
 minster Abbey. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 Earl of Pembroke appointed Protector of the realm. — The 
 French army defeated atLincolu, 1210.— Death of the Earl 
 of Pembroke. — The Pope gave Prince Edmund the title of 
 King of Sicily. Great extortion of the Pope and Henry to 
 defray the expenses of this empty honor. — The barons, headed 
 by Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, refused to submit 
 to the exactions of the King. — The "mad parliament" assem- 
 bled at Oxford. — Louis IX. of France attempted to act as 
 mediator, but he was unsuccessful. — The King and Edward 
 taken prisoners at Lewes, 1264. — Edward's escape, 1265. 
 Battle of Evesham, in which the party of the King was vic- 
 torious. — The Earl of Leicester and his son were slain. — 
 1270, Prince Edward set out on a crusade, the seventh and 
 last. 
 
 This was the longest reign in English history, with, the 
 exception of that of George III. During this reign and that 
 of Edward I. lived Roger Bacon, a monk, who dwelt at 
 Oxford, and was the first experimental philosopher in Eng- 
 land. He is said to have invented gunpowder, telescopes, 
 reading glasses, and various othmment.ijs both useful and 
 curious. He was looked upon as'iaptivitvian. 
 
 The first parliament met in 1265. 
 
23 
 
 Edward I., surnamed Longshanks. 1*272 — 1307. 
 
 Born A. D. 1239. Son of Henry III. and Eleanor of 
 Provence. He was twice married; 
 
 1st. To Eleanor of Castile, by whom he had fifteen chil- 
 dren; 
 
 2d. To Marguerite of France, by whom he had two sons. 
 
 He died at Burgh-on the-Sands, near Carlisle; his heart 
 was taken to the Holy Land, and his body was buried in 
 Westminster Abbey. His tomb bears this inscription: 
 
 "Here lies the Hammer of the Scottish Nation." 
 
 His queen, Eleanor of Castile, surnamed "The Faithful," 
 was a lovely woman. She accompanied Edward to the Holy 
 Land, and it is said that she saved his life by sucking the 
 poison from his arm, which had been wounded by a Saracen 
 assassin. Whether this touching legend be strictly true 
 or not, it is certain that Edward always attributed his recov- 
 ery to Eleanor's devoted care and attention. Queen Eleanor 
 died 1291, near Grantham, in Lincolnshire. The King 
 followed her corpse in person during thirteen days. At 
 each resting place Edward erected a magnificent cross. 
 Those at Waltham and Northampton still remain. In 
 London the body rested on the spot now occupied by the 
 statue of Charles I., and a cross was built in memory 
 of Edward's chere reine, hence Charing Cross, "dear Queen's 
 Cross." At this time (1866), that monument is being 
 restored near the same spot, and is called Hungerford Cross. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 War with Wales. — 1282, Llewellyn, the Welsh prince, 
 was killed in a skirmish at Builth, on the Wye. His 
 head, crowned with ivy, was placed on the gate of the 
 Tower of London. — 1283, Conquest of Wales — David, 
 
24 
 
 brother of Llewellyn, was executed — 1284, Edward, sou 
 of the King, was born at Caernarvon, and declared Prince 
 of Wales, and since then the eldest sons of the English 
 sovereigns have always borne that title. — 1290, The Jews 
 banished from England, and they were not permitted to 
 return until the time of the Commonwealth. 
 
 War with Scotland The "Maid of Norway," grand- 
 child of Alexander III. of Scotland, and Margaret, daugh- 
 ter of Henry III. of England, betrothed to Edward of 
 Caernarvon, died at the Orkney Islands on her way to Scot- 
 land. There was no direct heir to the throne of Scotland; 
 thirteen claimants appeared, but only three of them had 
 any real grounds for their demands, The decision was 
 referred to Edward I., who pronounced in favor of John 
 Balliol. — 1292, Robert Bruce disputed the succession. — 
 The Scots, headed by Sir William Wallace, were defeated 
 at Falkirk. 1298. 
 
 Wallace was executed at Smithfield, London, 23d Au- 
 gust, 1305. Robert Bruce, grand-son of the Robert Bruce 
 who had disputed the crown with Balliol, slew the Red 
 Comyn in the church of the Minorites, at Dumfries. Ed- 
 ward immediately took up arms to revenge the murder 
 Bruce was crowned King of Scotland, at Scone, March 29th, 
 1306. The English King made all haste to reach Scotland, 
 but died near Carlisle, August 7th, 1307. 
 
 Edward, some years previous, had made an unsuccessful 
 attempt to recover Guienne. His improvement of the laws 
 has given him the title of "the English Justinian." 
 
 There is a tradition that after the conquest of Wales, 
 Edward caused the massacre of the Welsh bards. This is 
 commemorated in Gray's noble ode, "The Bard." During 
 the war with Scotland Edward removed to London the 
 great stone, "the stone of destiny," on which the Scottish 
 kings had been crowned from time immemorial. This 
 
25 
 
 relic is still preserved in Westminster Abbey, and is fixed 
 to the bottom of Edward the Confessor's chair, the corona- 
 tion chair, by clamps of iron. It is nothing more than a 
 piece of reddish-gray sandstone, squared and smoothed - 
 
 Sir William Wallace, the "Knight of Ellerslie," is to 
 the Scottish people what Tell is to the Swiss, and Washing- 
 ton to the Americans. He is supposed to have been be- 
 trayed to the English by Sir John Monteith. He was 
 tried in Westminster Hall. After his death his head was 
 placed on London Bridge, and his body was quartered and 
 sent to Newcastle, Berwick, Perth and Aberdeen. Robert 
 Bruce was crowned by Isabella, Countess of Buchan, as 
 her brother, the Earl of Fife, whose duty it was to have 
 placed the crown on the King's head, refused his attend- 
 ance. King Edward before his death made his son prom- 
 ise that his body should be boiled in a large caldron until 
 the flesh separated from the bones, and that these bones, 
 wrapped in a bull's hide, should be carried at the head of 
 the English army whenever the Scots rebelled. This 
 promise was not fulfilled. 
 
 Edward II., surnamed Caernarvon. 1307 — 1327. 
 
 Born A. D. 1284. Son of Edward I. and Eleanor of 
 Castile. He was married to Isabella the Fair, of France, 
 and had four children. The two best known are: 
 
 Edward, who succeeded him; 
 
 Jane, married to David II. of Scotland. 
 
 He was murdered at Berkeley Castle with great cruelty. 
 The Severn re-echoed, 
 
 "The shrieks of death, through Berkeley's roof that ring, 
 Shrieks of an agonizing King." 
 
 The body of this unhappy monarch was buried in Glou- 
 cester Cathedral. His Queen Isabella, ' 'she-wolf of 
 
26 
 
 She was 
 
 imprisoned in Castle Rising for some years before her 
 death. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 Edward disregarded the promise made to his father to 
 continue the war with Scotland. Recalled Piers Gaveston, 
 and showed him so many favors that it caused great dis- 
 affection amongst the barons. Gaveston was taken pris- 
 oner by the Earl of Pembroke, and executed on Black- 
 low-hill, near Warwick Castle. War with Scotland renewed. 
 Battle of Bannockburn, June 25th, 1314, — the Scots were 
 completely victorious. Hugh de Spenser succeeded Graves- 
 ton in the favor of the King. — The nobles banded themselves 
 against the De Spensers, (father and son), and a period of 
 bloody contentions between the King and the Barons en- 
 sued. 1322, the Earl of Lancaster was beheaded. The 
 Queen contrived to go to France with the Prince of Wales, 
 and then openly sided with the Barons against the King. 
 Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, headed the faction against 
 Edward, — he became the favourite of Isabella. 1326, the 
 Queen and her party openly took up arms against the King. 
 Edward was taken prisoner and conducted to Kenil worth 
 Castle, where he was compelled to sign a formal abdication 
 of the crown in favor of his son Edward, Prince of Wales. 
 After his deposition the King was very cruelly treated, and 
 on the 21st of September, 1327, by the command of the 
 Queen and Mortimer, he was murdered in Berkeley Castle. 
 
 During this reign, 1312, the order of Knights Templars 
 was suppressed. Their property in London was given by 
 Edward II. to the Earl of Pembroke; at his death it passed 
 to the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and afterwards to 
 the Crown. In the reign of Edward III. it was leased by the 
 
27 
 
 students of law, and has been occupied by them ever since. 
 James I. conferred the property upon them. The Temple 
 Church is one of the most interesting monuments of Lou- 
 don. It was built in 1183, after the model of the Church 
 of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. In contains many 
 ancient monuments of the Templars. 
 
 Edward III. of Windsor. 1327—1377. 
 
 Born 1312, Son of Edward II. and Isabella the Fair 
 of France. He was married to Philippa of Hainault, and 
 had twelve children, seven sons and five daughters. Two 
 sons died in infancy, the others were : 
 
 1. Edward, the Black Prince, married to Joanna of 
 
 Kent, widow of Sir Thomas Holland. 
 The Black Prince died near London, and was buried in 
 
 Canterbury Cathedral. 
 2d. Lionel, Duke of Clarence, who died, leaving an only 
 daughter, Philippa, married to Edmund Mortimer, Earl 
 of March. — The son of the latter, Roger, Earl of Aiarch, 
 was the true heir to the throne of England on the 
 death of Richard II., but, owing to his youth, his 
 claims were disregarded, and they were transmitted to 
 his daughter Anne, who married Edmund, son of the 
 Duke of York. Their son Richard, Duke of York, 
 asserted his claims to the throne, and though he was 
 killed, they were recognized in the person of his son, 
 afterwards Edward IV. 
 3d. John of Gaunt, "time-honored Lancaster," married, 
 1st. Blanche of Lancaster; 
 2d. Constantia of Castile; t 
 
 3d. Katherine Swynford, whose son, John Beaufort, 
 was the great-grandfather of Henry VII. 
 
28 
 
 4th. Edmund of Langley, Duke of York, great grand- 
 father of Edward IV. 
 
 5th. Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester. 
 
 Edward III. died at Shene, and was buried in Westmin- 
 ster Abbey. Philippa was a worthy consort for the "Lion 
 of England." She is buried at the feet of her husband in 
 Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 An ineffectual attempt to subjugate Scotland during the 
 minority of the King — The King asserted his power by the 
 execution of Mortimer and the imprisonment of the Queen. 
 War with Scotland and France. Edward asserted his 
 claim to the throne of France through his mother Isabella, 
 in defiance of the Salique law. The French defeated in the 
 naval battle of Sluys, 1340. The next two years Edward 
 employed in trying to replenish his exhausted treasury, and 
 in attending to the affairs of his kingdom. 1342, Edward 
 espoused the cause of Jane, Countess of Montfort, the most 
 extraordinary woman of her age, whose husband claimed 
 the succession to the dukedom of Brittany. 1346, Edward 
 made a formidable invasion of France. Battle of Crecy, 
 25th of August, 1346; the Black Prince "won his spurs" 
 in this battle, and the blind King of Bohemia was killed. 
 After the battle of Crecy followed the siege of Calais, which 
 lasted eleven months. October 17th, 1346, Philippa won 
 the battle of Neville's Cross, near Durham, in which David, 
 King of Scotland, was taken prisoner. The lives of six 
 noble citizens of Calais were spared at the instance of Queen 
 Philippa. A grievous pestilence prevented the immediate 
 prosecution of the French war. September 19th, 1356, 
 was fought the battle of Poitiers, in which the English 
 were completely victorious. King John of France was taken 
 prisoner to London. John was subsequently restored to lib- 
 erty, but in default of the payment of his ransom he returned 
 
29 
 
 to London, and died at the palace of Savoy in the Strand. 
 In 1367 the Black Prince marched into Castile to assist 
 Pedro the Cruel. The Spanish campaign and its conse- 
 quences were very unfortunate to the English. In 1376 
 died the Black Prince. Edward died in 1377, abandoned 
 by his children, and almost alone. 
 
 "Mighty victor, mighty lord, 
 
 Low on his funeral couch he lies ! 
 No pitying heart, no eye, afford 
 A tear to grace his obsequies." 
 
 At this period "feudalism" was nearly at an end, but the 
 "poetry of feudalism" existed in the order of "chivalry." 
 England was very prosperous. — The King encouraged the 
 development of trade and commerce. — Coals were first taken 
 from Newcastle to London. — Queen Philippa established the 
 cloth manufacture at Norwich. Froissart, author of the 
 Chronicles, was the Queen's secretary ; and Geoffrey Chau- 
 cer, the "father of English poetry," called by Spenser, 
 
 "Well of English undefyled;" 
 
 and author of The Canterbury Tales, was her protege. 
 
 Edward showed a warm friendship for Jacob Van Arte- 
 veldt, commonly styled "the Brewer of Ghent," and it was 
 at his suggestion that the King assumed the royal coat of 
 arms of France. The palace of Windsor was built under 
 the direction of William of Wykeham. Over the great 
 gate is the well known inscription, 
 
 "This made Wykeham." 
 
 Wykeham founded Winchester School, and was made 
 Bishop of Winchester, and afterwards Lord Chancellor of 
 England. He took for his motto, 
 
 "Manners makyth Men." 
 
30 
 
 During this reign and the next also lived John Wycliffe, 
 "the Morning Star of the Reformation;" he was protected 
 by John of Gaunt. Wycliffe translated the Scriptures into 
 English; his proselytes were called Lollards. 
 
 Iu 1344, the Order of the Knights of the Garter was 
 instituted. The badge of the Order is a dark blue ribbon, 
 with the motto, "Honi soit qui mal y pense," (Evil to 
 him who evil thinks). This Order is the most honourable 
 of any in the world; it consists of twenty- five members, not 
 counting the Sovereign of England, who is head of the 
 Order, princes of the blood, and foreign potentates who are 
 sometimes invested with it as a very high honour. The 
 crest of the King of Bohemia, slain at Crecy, was three 
 ostrich feathers, and his motto, "Ich dien," (I serve); they 
 were adopted by Edward the Black Prince, and have ever 
 since been worn as the arms of the Princes of Wales. 
 
 It is said that "bombards," a sort of cannon, were first 
 used by the English at the battle of Crecy, About this 
 period oil-painting was invented by John Van Eyck, a 
 native of Holland. Queen Philippa founded Queen's Col- 
 lege at Oxford, and the Hospital of the Nuns of St. Cathe- 
 rine by the Tower. 
 
 Richard II. of Bordeaux. 1377—1399. 
 
 Born 1367. Son of Edward, the Black Prince, and 
 Joanna of Kent. He married 
 
 1st Anne of Bohemia, surnamed the Good; 
 
 2d. Isabella of Valois; 
 and left no children. He was murdered at Pontefract Cas- 
 tle, and buried first at King's Langley, and afterwards in 
 Westminster Abbey. 
 
31 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 1381, Insurrection headed by Wat Tyler — Richard's 
 conduct was bold and energetic — Wat Tyler was killed at 
 Smithfield and the insurgents immediately submitted to the 
 King. 1388, Battle of Otterbourne sung in the old ballad 
 of Chevy Chase; — young Percy, surnamed Hotspur, was 
 taken prisoner, and Douglas slain. 1397, the Duke of 
 Gloucester, uncle of the King, was accused of high treason 
 and summoned to be tried by Parliament at Westminster, — 
 before the day appointed it was said that Gloucester had 
 died in prison, but it was suspected that he had been mur- 
 dered by the King's orders. 1398, Quarrel between Henry 
 Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford, and Thomas Mowbray, 
 Duke of Norfolk; the King banished them the kingdom. 
 1399, John of Gaunt died, and Richard seized on his 
 estates. Bolingbroke returned to claim his rights whilst 
 Richard was in Ireland; he was joined by a great number 
 of noblemen and followers, and soon made use of his ad- 
 vantages to seize upon the crown. Richard was taken pri- 
 soner in Flint Castle, he was conveyed to the Tower, where 
 he resigned the crown in favor of ''my cousin, Henry of 
 Lancaster." He was afterwards formally deposed by a vote 
 of Parliament assembled in Westminster Hall, and removed 
 to Pontefract Castle, where he was murdered or starved to 
 death. 
 
 Shakspeare has illustrated this reign in one of his ten 
 "Chronicle Plays." Isabella, the youthful Queen of Rich- 
 ard,, returned to France, where she afterwards married her 
 cousin, Duke of Orleans. 
 
32 
 
 Henry IV., surnanied Bolingbroke. 1399—1413. 
 
 Born 1367. Son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lan- 
 caster. He was married 
 
 1st. To Mary de Bohun, daughter of the Earl of Here- 
 ford, by whom he had four sons and two daughters. 
 His sons were, 
 Henry, who succeeded him; 
 
 Thomas, Duke of Clarence, who died before Henry V; 
 John, Duke of Bedford; 
 
 Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, called "the good Duke 
 Humphrey;" 
 
 2d. He married Joanna of Navarre, who had no children. 
 
 Henry died in "the Jerusalem Chamber" in Westminster 
 Abbey, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 Proclaimed king in Westminster Hall, when he uttered 
 his famous challenge to the realm of England that he, 
 Henry of Lancaster, was the rightful heir. — The claims of 
 Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, a child of seven years 
 old, descended from Lionel, second son of Edward III., 
 were entirely disregarded. The King soon realized the 
 truth of the words put into his mouth by Shakspeare, 
 
 "Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown." 
 
 The Welsh made an effort to place the Earl of March on 
 the throne, — many of the nobles rebelled against Henry's 
 authority, — the Lollards were persecuted, — Owen Glendower, 
 a Welsh gentleman, was a formidable foe to Henry. 14th 
 Sept. 1402, Battle of Homildon-hill, the Scots under 
 Douglas were defeated hy the Earl of Northumberland and 
 
33 
 
 his son Henry Percy, suruarned Harry Hotspur. The Earl 
 of Northumberland, Glendower, and Douglas, entered into 
 an alliance against Henry IV, The battle of Shrewsbury 
 was fought, July 23d, 1403, in which the King was vic- 
 torious. Henry, Prince of Wales, signalized himself gal- 
 lantly in this battle. Northumberland was pardoned, but 
 two years later again rebelled; he was joined by Richard 
 Scroop, Archbishop of York, who was seized, tried, con- 
 demned and executed. He was the first English Archbishop 
 who perished by the hands of an executioner. 
 
 Henry's last days were embittered by the conduct of his 
 son Henry, Prince of Wales, who spent his time with 
 riotous and dissolute companions. Chief Justice Gascoigne 
 on one occasion sent "madcap Harry" to prison for contempt 
 of court; Henry said when he heard it, "Happy the monarch 
 who possesses a judge so resolute in the discharge of his 
 duty, and a son so willing to submit to the laws!" 1405, 
 James of Scotland was taken prisoner while on his way to 
 France, and was not released until 1423. Henry was seized 
 with apoplexy in the chapel of Edward the Confessor, and 
 was removed to the Jerusalem Chamber. It had been pre- 
 dicted that he should die in Jerusalem, so when told where 
 he was he received it as his death-knell. He died March 
 20th, 1413. 
 
 The career of Prince Hal has been portrayed by Shaks- 
 peare in his matchless plays. Sir John Falstaff was one of 
 the jolliest of his gay companions. The story goes that the 
 Prince of Wales tried on the crown before his father's death. 
 and that when Henry asked him by what right he could 
 wear it, the prince replied: "With the sword you won it, 
 and with the sword I will keep it." 
 
 4* 
 
34 
 
 Henry V. of Monmouth. 1413 — 1422. 
 
 Born 1388. Son of Henry IV. and Mary de Bohun. 
 He was married to Katherine of Valois, and had one son; 
 
 Henry, who succeeded him. 
 
 He died at Vincennes, near Paris, and was buried in 
 Westminster Abbey. 
 
 His widow Katherine secretly married Owen Tudor, a 
 Welsh gentleman. Their eldest son Edmund, married 
 to Margaret Beaufort, great-grand-daughter of John of 
 Gaunt, was the father of Henry, Duke of Richmond, after- 
 wards Henry VII. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 Henry began his reign by manifesting a generous and pru- 
 dent policy; he released the young Earl of March, the true 
 heir to the throne; he restored the Percys to their estates 
 and honors; he had the body of Richard II. removed from 
 Langley and interred at Westminster, by the side of his 
 Queen, "the good Queen Anne;" and he gave up his gay 
 companions and applied himself diligently to the affairs of 
 his kingdom. The Lollards, or Wycliffites, suffered a cruel 
 persecution. Four years later, 1418, Lord Cobham was 
 burned in St. Giles' Fields. — 1415, Henry determined to 
 invade France; previous to his departure he discovered a 
 conspiracy headed by the Earl of Cambridge, Lord Scroop, 
 and Sir Thomas Grey, who were tried, condemned, and exe- 
 cuted. — Henry landed near Harfleur, August 14th, 1415. 
 Charles VI. of France was insane, and the kingdom was 
 distracted by internal factions. Harfleur yielded after a 
 siege of thirty-six days. October 25th, 1415, Battle of 
 Azincour, (Agincourt,) in which the French were entirely 
 
35 
 
 defeated. This was one of the most glorious victories ever 
 gained by an English army, but it was attended by a fearful 
 sacrifice of human life. After this battle hostilities were 
 interrupted for two years. Aug. 1st, 1417, Henry again 
 landed in France. January 1419, Rouen was captured 
 after a protracted siege. 1420, a treaty was concluded at 
 Troyes, the principal articles of which were that Henry 
 should marry Katherine, daughter of the French King; that 
 Charles should during his lifetime enjoy the title and dignity 
 of King of France under the regency of Henry; an dthat 
 the latter should succeed to the throne upon the death of 
 Charles, to the exclusion of the Dauphin. 1422, Henry 
 died at the Castle of Vincennes, in the Bois de Vincennes 
 near Paris; his body was conducted with great pomp to 
 London, and interred in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 During this reign each citizen of London was ordered to 
 hang a lantern outside of his door at night, from whence 
 arose the custom of lighting the streets. At this time lived 
 Sir Richard Whittington, "thrice Lord Mayor of London." 
 
 Henry VI. of Windsor. 1422—1461. 
 
 Born 1421. Son of Henry V. and Katharine of Valois. 
 He was married to Margaret of Anjou, and had one son, 
 Edward of Lancaster, who was married to Anne, daughter 
 of the Earl of Warwick, and was cruelly slain after the bat- 
 tle of Tewkesbury. Henry was murdered in the Tower, in 
 1471, and was buried in Chertsey Abbey. His remains 
 were subsequently removed to St George's Chapel, Windsor. 
 Henry was a feeble monarch but a good man. It was his 
 misfortune to live in an age of violence, yet to be possessed 
 of a saintly and gentle spirit. Gray calls him the ' 'meek 
 
36 
 
 usurper." His Queen, Margaret of Anjou, was the very 
 reverse of her husband, and she endeavoured to supply by 
 her energy and force of character the feebleness of Henry's 
 rule. She is generally portrayed in hideous colours, as 
 unfeminine, cruel and revengeful, but much allowance must 
 be made for the peculiarity of her position in connection 
 with her resolute and indomitable spirit. After the total 
 defeat of the Lancastrians Margaret was imprisoned in Eng- 
 land for five years, she was then liberated and retired to 
 the home of her father in France. She died at the chateau 
 of Damprierre, and was buried in the Cathedral of Angers. 
 In the breviary of Margaret there is one sentence supposed 
 to have been written by herself: — 
 
 "Vanity of vanities, all is vanity." 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 The Duke of Bedford was appointed Regent of France 
 and Protector of England, and the Duke of Gloucester was 
 to hold the latter office during the absence of the Duke of 
 Bedford in France. 1424, James I. of Scotland was set at 
 liberty after eighteen years captivity; he married Jane 
 Beaufort, daughter of the Duke of Somerset. Charles VI. 
 of France died two months after the death of Henry V. The 
 Dauphin, Charles VII. of France, asserted his right to 
 the crown, but his prospect of success seemed to grow weaker 
 and weaker. 1428, siege of Orleans, under the Earl of 
 Salisbury, who, being killed, was succeeded by the Earl of 
 Suffolk. 1429, the siege of Orleans was raised by Joan of 
 Arc, (Jeanne d'Arc,) who believed that she was divinely 
 commissioned to restore the fallen fortunes of France. 
 Through her efforts Charles was crowned at Bheims.— 1431, 
 the siege of Compiegne; Joan of Arc was taken prisoner, 
 tried for witchcraft, and, to the lasting disgrace of the Duke 
 
37 
 
 of Bedford, was burnt at the stake at Rouen. Charles VII., 
 who owed her his kingdom, made no effort to save her. The 
 Duke of Bedford died in 1485. The English power in 
 France declined until at last they had nothing left them but 
 Calais. 1445, Henry married Margaret of Anjou, and 
 instead of receiving a dowry with her, he was obliged to 
 surrender Anjou and Maine. 1447, The Duke of Glouces- 
 ter was impeached and arrested at Bury St. Edmunds; he 
 was found dead in his bed, and is supposed to have been 
 murdered. 1450, the Duke of Suffolk was accused of high 
 treason, — he was banished, intercepted on his passage to 
 France, and murdered. The same year an insurrection, 
 headed by Jack Cade, broke out in Kent, — Cade called him- 
 self Mortimer, entered London, and as he passed London 
 Stone, struck it with his sword and said, "Now is Mortimer 
 lord of this city." The insurgents were soon quelled, and 
 Cade was killed. 1452, The Duke of York took up arms. 
 The civil wars which ensued between the Houses of York and 
 Lancaster are called the "Wars of the Roses," — the Yorkists 
 wore a white rose, the Lancastrians a red one. 1454, Prince 
 Edward was born and the Duke of York had no longer any 
 hopes of securing the crown peaceably. May 23d, 1455, 
 Battle of St. Albans; the Yorkists were victorious, and the 
 King fell into the hands of the Duke of York. For several 
 years there were no open hostilities, and the King was 
 restored to the sovereign authority. July 10th, 1460, Bat- 
 tle of Northampton. Henry was defeated and taken pris- 
 oner, and the Queen escaped northwards. Parliament 
 assembled and decided that Henry should continue to reign 
 during his lifetime, but that the Duke of York and his heirs 
 should succeed after Henry's death. Dec. 23d, 1460, Bat- 
 tle of Wakefield; the Lancastrians, headed by Margaret, 
 were victorious; the Duke of York and his son, the Earl of 
 Rutland, were slain. The Duke of York's head was cut off 
 
38 
 
 by Margaret's orders, and, encircled with a paper crown, 
 was fixed upon the gates of York; 
 
 "So York may overlook the town of York.'-' 
 Margaret set out for London, and was met at St Albans by 
 the Earl of Warwick with a party of Yorkists — this second 
 battle of St. Albans was favorable to the Lancastrians. 
 Edward, the young Duke of York, entered London, March 
 3d, 1461, and was proclaimed king by the people. Henry 
 VI. Jived ten years longer, but here ends his reign. 
 
 Joan of Arc, called the Maid of Orleans, was distin- 
 guished for her patriotism, heroism, and piety. Two 
 great modern poets have celebrated her memory, Southey 
 and Schiller, and "Joan of Arc is a heroine to Englishmen 
 no less than to Frenchmen." Perhaps the most beautiful 
 tribute to her memory is the statue in the gallery of Ver- 
 sailles, executed by the Princess Marie d'Orleans, daughter 
 of the late king, Louis Philippe. 
 
 Loudon Stone is of great antiquity, and is supposed to 
 have been of Roman origin. Tradition says that it was in 
 Temple Gardens that the Roses were chosen as badges of 
 the Yorkists and Lancastrians, the Duke of Somerset 
 plucked a red rose and the Earl of Warwick a white one. 
 Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, was the most powerful 
 Baron in England. He is called the King-maker, because 
 he was able to make and unmake kings; and "the last of 
 the Barons," because he was the last who exercised such a 
 controlling influence in the kingdom, and who maintained 
 it with so great state. The badge of Warwick was "the 
 Bear and the Ragged Staff." Shakspeare puts in his mouth 
 these lines; 
 
 'Now, by my father's badge, old Neville's crest, 
 The rampant bear chain'd to the ragged staff." 
 
 King Henry founded King's College, Cambridge, and Eton 
 College, near Windsor, 
 
39 
 
 l - Where grateful Science still adores 
 Her Henry's holy shade." 
 
 Margaret of Anjou founded Queen's College, Cambridge. 
 The Duke of York left three sons; 
 
 Edward, who became King under the title of Edward IV.; 
 George, Duke of Clarence, who married Isabella, eldest 
 
 daughter of the Earl of Warwick; 
 Richard, duke of Gloucester, who afterwards became 
 Richard III. 
 
 Edward IV. of York. 1461—1483. 
 
 Born 1443. Son of Richard, Duke of York, and Cecily, 
 daughter of Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmoreland. He 
 married Elizabeth Wydville, or Woodville, widow of Sir 
 John Grey, and had eight children. The best known in 
 history are : 
 
 Edward, who succeeded him; 
 
 Richard, Duke of York; 
 
 Elizabeth, married to Henry VII. 
 
 Edward died at Westminster, and was buried in St. 
 George's Chapel, Windsor. His Queen is buried by his 
 side. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 Margaret collected a large army and was met by the Earl 
 of Warwick and his forces at Towton; a battle was fought 
 March 29th, 1461, in which the Yorkists were completely 
 victorious. Henry and his family fled to Scotland. Mar- 
 garet of Anjou went to France in the hope of obtaining aid. 
 After the battle of Hexham, May 15th, 1464, Margaret fled 
 with her son, escaped from the perils of robbers, and went 
 
40 
 
 to her father's court and lived some years in seclusion. 
 Henry VI. was imprisoned in the Tower The marriage of 
 Edward to Lady Grey gave great offence to the Earl of 
 Warwick, who left the party of the King and sided with 
 the Lancastrians. The Duke of Clarence joined with War- 
 wick, who, to strengthen his alliance with Margaret of Anjou, 
 espoused his second daughter, Anne, to her son Prince 
 Edward. Warwick landed at Dartmouth, Sept. 13th, 1470; 
 Henry was released from prison and recognized as King 
 under the regency of Warwick and Clarence. April 14th, 
 1471, Battle of Barnet; the fickle Clarence deserted to his 
 brother, and the Earl of Warwick was defeated and slain. 
 May 3d, 1471, Battle of Tewkesbury, in which the Lancas- 
 trians were totally defeated. Queen Margaret and her son 
 were taken prisoners, and the prince was cruelly slain by 
 King Edward and his brothers. King Henry died in the 
 Tower a few days afterwards; it is generally supposed that 
 he was murdered by the Duke of Gloucester. 1478, the 
 Duke of Clarence was impeached and condemned to die; 
 historians say that he was permitted to choose the manner of 
 his death, and that he was drowned in a butt of Malmsey 
 wine. Edward, at the time of his death, was preparing 
 for a war with Louis XT. of France. 
 
 During this reign the art of printing was introduced into 
 England by William Caxton, a citizen of London. The 
 first book printed in England was the "Game and Play of 
 the Chesse," in 1474; it was dedicated to Geor?e, Duke of 
 Clarence. 
 
 Edward V. 1483 
 
 Born 1471. Son of Edward IV. and Elizabeth Woodville. 
 He was murdered in the Tower and buried there. During 
 
41 
 
 the reign of Charles II. his remains were discovered and 
 removed to Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 This is the shortest reign in English history, having lasted 
 about three months. The Duke of Gloucester had been nom- 
 inated Regent by the late king, and soon contrived to get 
 the young king in his own power, and imprisoned his uncle, 
 Lord Rivers, and his step-brother, Lord Grey, in Pontefract 
 Castle, where they were put to death. The Queen, with 
 the Duke of York and the Pve Princesses, fled to the Sanctu- 
 ary at Westminster, but Gloucester obliged her to surrender 
 the Duke of York into his hands. Richard soon had him- 
 self proclaimed king, and the two princes were smothered 
 in the Bloody Tower, and buried at the foot of the north-east 
 stair-case in the White Tower. 
 
 Richard III. 1433—1485. 
 
 Born 1452. Son of Richard, Duke of York, and Cecily, 
 daughter of Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmoreland. He was 
 was married to Anne of Warwick, widow of Edward, Prince 
 of Wales, who was murdered at Tewkesbury. He had one 
 son, Edward, who died before his father. Richard was 
 killed at the battle of Bosworth, and buried in the. Church 
 of the Grey Friars at Leicester. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 The Earl of Richmond, sole representative of the House 
 of Lancaster, who was in Brittany, agreed to marry Eliza- 
 beth of York and lay claim to the crown. The Duke of 
 Buckingham, head of the conspiracy in England, was taken 
 and executed, and Henry was obliged to return to Brittany. 
 5 
 
42 
 
 Richard haviDg, as it is suspected, poisoned his wife, Anne 
 of Warwick, proposed to marry his niece, Elizabeth of York. 
 Henry's partisans advised him to prevent this marriage by 
 a new invasion, and he landed at Milford Haven, Aug. 7th, 
 1485. August 22d, Battle of Bosworth. Richard was 
 killed, and the Earl of Richmond was proclaimed king, by 
 the title of Henry VII. Thus ended the wars between the 
 Houses of York and Lancaster. Richard was the last of the 
 Plantagenets. 
 
 The battle of Bosworth was more important in its con- 
 sequences than any since the Conquest. The battle of 
 Hastings brought in the feudal system, and the battle of 
 Bosworth put an end to it entirely. On the one occasion 
 the contest ceased at the fall of Harold, on the other upon 
 the death of Richard. Richard wore his crown on the 
 battle-field. It was taken by a soldier, who hid it in a 
 hawthorn bush. Lord Stanley found the crown and placed 
 it on the head of Henry VU. The latter assumed the 
 device of a crown in a thorn bush, and from this circum- 
 stance probably originates the old proverb : "Cleave to the 
 crown, though it hang on a bush." There were fourteen 
 sovereigns of the Plantagenet line. 
 
 Plantagenet Line of Kings. 
 
 Direct Line. 
 
 Henry II., surnamed Plantagenet, 1154 — 1189 
 
 Richard I., Coeur de Lion, " 1189—1199 
 
 John Lackland, 1199—1216 
 
 Henry III. of Winchester, 1216—1272 
 
 Edward I , surnamed Longshanks, 1272 — 1307 
 
 Edward II. of Caernarvon, 1307—1327 
 
 Edward III. of Windsor, 1327—1377 
 
 Richard II. of Bordeaux, 1377—1399 
 
43 
 
 House of Lancaster. 
 
 Henry IV., surnamed Bolingbroke, 1399 — 1413 
 
 Henry V. of Monmouth, 1413—1422 
 
 Henry VI of Westminster, 1422—1 461 
 
 House of York. 
 
 Edward IV. of York, 1461—1483 
 
 Edward V. 1483 
 
 Richard III. 1483—1485 
 
 HOUSE OF TUDOR. 
 
 Henry VII. 1485—1509. 
 
 Born 1455. Son of Edmund, Earl of Richmond, and 
 Margaret Beaufort, daughter of the Duke of Somerset. He 
 married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV., and 
 had four children : 
 
 Arthur, married Katherine of Arragon and died young; 
 
 Henry, who succeeded him; 
 
 Margaret, married, first, James IV., of Scotland; and 
 secondly, Douglas, Earl of Angus; 
 
 Mary, married, first, Louis XII. of France, and secondly, 
 Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. 
 
 Henry died at Richmond and was buried in Westminster 
 Abbey in the magnificent chapel he built, and which is 
 called by his name. 
 
 The Queen was also buried in Westminster, and her 
 monument is beside that of her royal husband. 
 
 Henry was a wise and prudent sovereign, but he was 
 arbitrary and tyrannical, and deservedly detested by his 
 subjects. He was swayed by two ruling passions, avarice 
 and hatred of the House of York. 
 
44 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 1487, imposture of Lambert Simnel, who announced that 
 be was the young Earl of Warwick, son of George, Duke 
 of Clarence. He was sustained by some Irish malcontents, 
 and aided by Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, the sister of 
 Edward IV. Henry publicly exhibited the real Earl of 
 Warwick, who was a prisoner in the Tower, and soon 
 quelled the rebellion. Lambert Simnel, who confessed that 
 he was the son of a baker at Oxford, was made scullion 
 in the king's kitchen, and by his good conduct rose to be 
 falconer. In 1492 began the long and curious romance of 
 Perkin Warbeck. He was the son of a merchant of Tour- 
 nay, and his princely appearance and dignity of behavior 
 well fitted him to personate Richard Plantagenet, the young 
 Duke of York, who had been smothered in the tower. He 
 was acknowledged by the Duchess of Burgundy as her 
 nephew, and was kindly received at the court of James 
 IV., the gallant and unfortunate Scottish king. He was 
 married to the Lady Katherine Gordon, cousin of the 
 king. Henry soon bought off James's allegiance to War- 
 beck by the hand of his daughter Margaret, — this Prin- 
 cess formed the link which in time bound the two king- 
 doms in one. Perkin made an ineffectual attempt to push 
 his fortunes in the south-western part of England; he was 
 taken prisoner to the Tower, tried and condemned, and 
 hanged at Tyburn. Three days after the Earl of Warwick 
 was beheaded on Tower Hill. 
 
 The rest of Henry's reign was spent in making foreign 
 alliances and commercial treaties, and in amassing wealth; 
 in attaining the latter object he was totally unscrupulous, 
 and was aided chiefly by two unprincipled men, Empson 
 and Dudley. In 1501. Arthur, prince of Wales, was mar- 
 ried to Katherine of Arragon, daughter of Ferdinand and 
 Isabella of Spain. The young prince died four months 
 
45 
 
 after Lis marriage, and Henry, being unwilling to return 
 the dowry of the Princess Katherine, negotiated a marriage 
 between her and his second son, Henry. Henry VII. was 
 despised and hated by his subjects, and, though by his wise 
 policy he had greatly increased the prosperity of England, 
 they hailed his death as a relief from the oppressions of a 
 tyrant. 
 
 This period is the transition from mediaeval to modern 
 times. The power of the nobles was entirely broken, and 
 instead of residing in feudal state in their own castles, they 
 became dependents at the court of the sovereign. The 
 popular power rose in opposite proportion, and the invention 
 of printing, and the increase of commerce and manufactures, 
 opened a new era to the middle and lower classes of Eng- 
 land. 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America. 
 1496, Henry sent out a small fleet of ships under the com- 
 mand of John Cabot, a Venetian merchant. He discovered 
 Newfoundland, and also the continent of America. His son 
 Sebastian was as great a navigator as his father, and they 
 were the pioneers in the brilliant path of discovery which 
 opened such a rich and inexhaustible mine of wealth to the 
 Old World. 
 
 During this reign the Star Chamber was instituted or re- 
 vived. It was an arbitrary court, so called from the hang- 
 ings of the room in which it was held. It existed until the 
 time of the Long Parliament. 
 
 Henry VIII. 1507—1547. 
 
 Born 1491. Son of Henry VII. and Elizabeth of York. 
 He had six wives: 
 
 1st. Katherine of Arragon, whom he divorced; 
 
 5* 
 
46 
 
 2d. Anne Boleyn, whom he beheaded; 
 
 3d. Jane Seymour, who died a natural death; 
 
 4th. Anne of Cleves, whom he divorced; 
 
 5th. Katherine Howard, whom he beheaded; 
 
 6th. Katherine Parr, who survived him. 
 
 He had three children, all of whom succeeded to the 
 throne: 
 
 Edward, son of Jane Seymour; 
 
 Mary, daughter of Katherine of Arragon; 
 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn. 
 
 Henry died at Whitehall and was buried in St. George's 
 Chapel, Windsor. This monarch was cruel and tyrannical, 
 and has left a name which* will be deservedly odious through- 
 out all time. He murdered more wives and executed more 
 subjects than any Christian sovereign who ever lived; yet, 
 strange to say, he never entirely alienated the affection of 
 his people. He had the ability to select wise counsellors, 
 and though some of them were wicked, none of them were 
 weak; but he was entirely unscrupulous in his means for 
 removing them whenever they had forfeited his favour. 
 
 Only one of the queens of the royal Bluebeard lies by his 
 side. Katherine of Arragon died at Kimbolton Castle, and 
 was buried at Peterborough. Henry erected the beautiful 
 Abbey-church as a monument to her memory. 
 
 Anne Boleyn was beheaded within the Tower, on the 
 space before the Church of St. Peter ad Vincula. The spot 
 is marked by a slab with inscription recording the sad cir- 
 cumstance. Her body was buried in St. Peter's Church 
 in the Tower There is a tradition that it was secretly 
 conveyed to, and interred in, Salle Church, the burial-place 
 of the Boleyns, and that the spot is marked by a black 
 marble slab without inscription; but this seems highly 
 improbable. 
 
 Jane Seymour died at Hampton Court, and was buried in 
 St. George's Chapel, Windsor. 
 
47 
 
 Anne of Cleves remained in England after her divorce 
 She died at the Palace of Chelsea, and was buried in West- 
 minster Abbey. 
 
 Katherine Howard was executed on the same spot as 
 Anne Boleyn, and was buried in St. Peter's Church in the 
 Tower. 
 
 Katherine Parr, after the death of Henry, married Lord 
 Seymour. She died at Sudley Castle, and was buried in 
 the Chapel of Sudley. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 Henry commenced his reign very auspiciously. He uni- 
 ted in his person the rival claims of the Yorkists and Lan- 
 castrians, therefore he had an undisputed title, and the 
 avarice of his father had provided him with an ample trea- 
 sury. Soon after his accession Empson and Dudley were 
 convicted of treason and executed. In June, 1509, Henry 
 celebrated his marriage ceremonies with Katherine of Arra- 
 gon, the dispensation for which had been granted six years 
 previous. Henry was persuaded by his father-in-law, Fer- 
 dinand of Spain, to join a league against France. August 
 16th, 1513, Battle of the Spurs. James IV. of Scotland, 
 the ally of France, invaded England. Sept. 9th, 1513, 
 the Battle of Flodden Field; the English were victorious. 
 James IV. was killed and left an infant son as heir to his 
 throne. 1514, Mary, sister of the king, was married to 
 Louis, king of France, who died soon afterwards. The 
 king was guided almost entirely by the advice of Wolsey, 
 his favourite. His contemporaries, Francis I. of France, and 
 Charles V. of Spain and Emperor of Germany, both sought 
 his alliance, and to effect their object courted the favor of Wol- 
 sey. 1519, arrangements were made for a meeting between 
 Henry and Francis, near Calais. As the former was on his 
 way to France he received a visit from Charles V. at Can- 
 
48 
 
 tcrbury, where the two kings kept Whitsuntide together. 
 June 1619, Meeting of Henry and Francis near Ardres, 
 known as the "Field of the Cloth of Gold." Henry wrote 
 an attack on Luther, the German reformer, and obtained 
 from Pope Leo X. the title of "Defender of the Faith." 
 The ambitious Wolsey failed in his scheme to obtain the 
 tiara, and as the king had adopted a new favourite, Sir 
 Thomas More, he was doomed to fall. His disgrace was 
 finally caused by the opposition he showed to Anne Boleyn. 
 1533, The king divorced Katherine of Arragon, on the plea 
 that it was not lawful to marry his brother's widow, but his 
 true motive was the desire to marry Anne Boleyn, a daughter 
 of Sir Thomas Boleyn of Norfolk, which he accomplished 
 the same year. This divorce led to a separation from the 
 Church of Rome, as the Pope opposed it and issued a bull 
 against a second marriage. The king was much influenced 
 by Cromwell, who suggested to Henry to declare himself 
 head of the Church in his own dominions^ and, in 1534, an 
 Act of Parliament gave him the title of, "Supreme Head 
 on Earth of the Church of England." The blood-thirsty 
 king threatened the lives of those who refused to acknow- 
 ledge his supremacy; the most illustrious victims were 
 Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and Sir Thomas More. — 
 Thomas Cranmer obtained the king's notice by a proposal 
 to submit the question of his divorce to the Universities of 
 Europe. He was created Archbishop of Canterbury. Cran- 
 mer advised the dissolution of the monasteries, and proposed 
 that out of their revenues new bishoprics should be founded, 
 and colleges of students of divinity annexed to every Cathe- 
 dral. Unhappily his wise and noble policy was disregarded, 
 and much of the revenue found its way into the king's trea- 
 sury. It was owing to Cranmer that anything was left for 
 the Church. 1536, Henry's affection for Anne Boleyn 
 began to waver, and he sought a pretext to get rid of her. 
 This was soon found, and she was tried, condemned, and 
 
49 
 
 executed. Queen Anne was beheaded on the 19th of May, 
 and on the 20th the king was married to Jane Seymour, 
 daughter of Sir John Seymour of Wiltshire. The late 
 innovations led to much discontent and several insurrec- 
 tions, which were effectually repressed. Jane Seymour 
 probably saved ber head by dying a natural death, and 
 the king sought a foreign alliance. Cromwell proposed 
 Anne, daughter of John, duke of Cleves. Hans Holbein 
 painted a flattering portrait of the princess, and that deter- 
 mined Henry to marry her. However, the original was so 
 much less attractive than the picture, that Henry soon got 
 tired of his new queen. Anne very willingly gave her con- 
 sent to a divorce, and remained in England, comfortably 
 enjoying the manors and estates which had been settled 
 upon her. Cromwell fell into disfavour, and was executed 
 July 28th, 1540. On the same day Henry married his 
 fifth queen, Katherine, daughter of Lord Edmund Howard, 
 and niece of the Duke of Norfolk. This lady he beheaded 
 in 1542. The same year James V. of Scotland died 
 of a broken heart, leaving as his heir a daughter a few 
 weeks old, the celebrated Marie Stuart, Queen of Scots. 
 1543, Henry married Katherine Parr, daughter of Sir 
 Thomas Parr of Westmoreland Henry was engaged for 
 about two years in a war with France, it was attended with 
 little advantage to either side, and was terminated by the 
 treaty of Boulogne. One of Henry's last acts was to cause 
 the Duke of Norfolk, and his accomplished son Henry How- 
 ard, Earl of Surrey, to be arrested for treason. Surrey was 
 beheaded, but Henry died the day before that appointed for 
 the execution of the sentence upon the Duke of Norfolk, 
 who was thus spared. 
 
 Thomas Wolsey, the son of a butcher at Ipswich, was 
 "fashioned to much honor from his cradle." He rose to be 
 a Cardinal, and aspired to the Papacy. He lived in a style 
 
50 
 
 of princely splendour, built Hampton Court Palace, and 
 founded Christ Church College, Oxford. He died at Lei- 
 cester Abbey. Wolsey's qualities, good and bad, have been 
 immortalized by Shakspeare in the dialogue between Queen 
 Katharine and Griffith, in the drama of Henry VIII. 
 
 The Reformation is dated from the reign of Henry VIII. , 
 but the seeds of this important change had been sown 
 nearly two centuries before, and were now springing forth to 
 bear abundant fruit. Miles Coverdale was the first to trans- 
 late the whole Bible into English; the first edition was 
 printed in Zurich. Cranmer's or the Great Bible was 
 printed in 1538. In that year injunctions were given to 
 set up the Bible in parish churches. 
 
 The battle of Flodden Field is celebrated in Sir Walter 
 Scott's poem, Marmion. This defeat was a blow from which 
 Scotlaud never recovered. 
 
 The celebrated literary men of this reign were : Sir 
 Thomas Wyatt, a poet, the friend of Lord Surrey, who 
 was also a poet; Sir Thomas More, author of Utopia; Wil- 
 liam Tyndale, a translator of the Bible; and Erasmus, a 
 native of Holland, who was Greek Professor at the University 
 of Cambridge. Hans Holbein, a native of Augsburg, was 
 Henry VIII's favourite painter. St. Paul's School, Lon- 
 don, was founded during this reign. 
 
 Edward YI. 1547—1553. 
 
 Born 1537. Son of Henry VIII. and Jane Seymour. 
 He died at Greenwich at the age of sixteen, and was ^buried 
 in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Edward was a prince of much promise; he possessed tal- 
 
51 
 
 ents and acquirements beyond his years. His diary, still 
 preserved in the British Museum, is very remarkable, 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 The Earl of Hertford, uncle of the young king, was 
 appointed Protector. He was soon after created Duke of 
 Somerset. 1547, the Protector led an army across the bor- 
 der for the purpose of forcing the Scots to consent to 
 the union of the two kingdoms by the marriage of Edward 
 VI. and Mary, Queen of Scots. The English gained a 
 decided victory at the battle of Pinkie, but the Protector 
 did not pursue his advantages and returned to England. 
 Shortly afterwards the Scots sent their Queen to France, 
 where she married the dauphin, afterwards Francis II. 
 1549, Parliament passed "An Act for the Uniformity of 
 service." The result of this was the "Book of the Com- 
 mon Prayer," based upon the ancient catholic services 
 which had been transmitted from the early days of the 
 Church. Cranmer greatly aided the work by his zeal and 
 sound judgment. He drew up Forty-two Articles, from which 
 the Thirty-nine Articles now in force are derived, and com- 
 piled the Church Catechism, except the latter part concern- 
 ing the Sacraments. The greater part of the people were 
 with the Reformers, but some who resisted the movement 
 were chiefly encouraged in their opposition by Gardiner, bish- 
 op of Winchester, and Bonner, bishop of London, who were 
 deposed from from their sees and imprisoned. The Protec- 
 tor had a fatal quarrel with his brother, Admiral Lord Sey- 
 mour, who, on the loss of his wife, the dowager-Queen, 
 Catharine Parr, aspired to the hand of the Princess Eliza- 
 beth. Seymour was condemned by a bill of attainder, and 
 executed on Tower Hill, March 20th, 1549. 1548—1549, 
 Insurrections broke out in Cornwall, Devonshire, and Norfolk; 
 the latter was headed by one Ket, a tanner. The Protector 
 became unpopular, and a confederacy, headed by the 
 
52 
 
 Earl of Warwick, was formed against him. The latter 
 was created Duke of Northumberland. Somerset was first 
 deprived of his protectorship and afterwards condemned to 
 death. He was executed on Tower Hill, Jan. 22d, 1552. 
 The Duke of Northumberland, having got rid of his great 
 rival, was now the ruling power in the kingdom, though he 
 had no direct authority. He influenced Edward to make a 
 will, by which the crown was left to Lady Jane Grey, 
 to the exclusion of the princesses Mary and Elizabeth. 
 Lady Jane Grey was descended from Mary, sister of Henry 
 VIII., and Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. She was married to 
 Lord Guilford Dudley, fourth son of the Duke of Northum- 
 berland. Edward was dying of consumption and was com- 
 pletely in the power of the Duke. He closed his life with a 
 prayer for England and the Church of England. 
 
 Edward VI. founded Christ's Hospital, London, on the 
 site of the Grey Friars Monastery. It is generally called 
 "The Blue Coat School" from the dress worn by the schol- 
 ars. The Book of Homilies was compiled by Cranmer and 
 Ridley. The latter had been made Bishop of London upon 
 the deposition of Bonner. 
 
 Mary I. 1553—1558. 
 
 Born 1516. Daughter of Henry VIII. and Katharine of 
 Arragon. She was married to Philip II. of Spain and had no 
 children. She died in St. James's Palace, London, and was 
 buried in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Principal Events of her Reign. 
 
 Upon the death of Edward VI. the Duke of Northum- 
 land hastened to proclaim Lady Jane Grey. In the mean- 
 time Mary was coming to London to claim the throne. 
 
63 
 
 Popular justice declared for Mary, and in ten days all those 
 who had endeavoured to set aside her succession were prison- 
 ers in the Tower. Northumberland and his associates were 
 convicted of high-treason and beheaded. Sentence was 
 pronounced against Lady Jane Grey and her husband, Guil- 
 ford Dudley, but the execution of it was delayed for the 
 time. Mary reinstated Gardiner and Bonner in their sees, 
 and took the former as her chief adviser in civil and ecclesi- 
 astical affairs; the Protestant bishops were imprisoned, and 
 the Roman Catholic religion was restored. Mary soon after 
 her accession proposed to marry her kinsman, Philip of 
 Spain; this project was very unpopular to the English, and 
 several attempts were made to resist the marriage by force 
 of arms. The most successful rebellion was made in Kent, 
 by Sir Thomas Wyatt; he penetrated as far as London, but, 
 finding nothing but opposition, was obliged to give up and 
 was taken prisoner near Temple Bar. This insurrection 
 sealed the fate of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guilford Dud- 
 ley, who were beheaded, Feby. 12th, 1554. Wyatt was 
 executed two months later. 
 
 Mary accused her sister Elizabeth of being implicated in 
 Wyatt's rebellion, and imprisoned her in the Tower. The 
 Princess was afterwards removed to the Palace of Wood- 
 stock, and kept under strict surveillance. June 25th, 1554, 
 Mary was married to Philip of Spain; the ceremony took 
 place at Winchester. In November Cardinal Pole came 
 over to England as a legate from the Pope, and, after some 
 concession* from Parliament, he pronounced the kingdom 
 reconciled to the apostolic see. 
 
 Now followed the Marian persecution, which has left an 
 indelible stain upon the name of the Queen, and made her 
 known to all posterity as "Bloody Mary." Two hundred 
 and seventy- seven persons perished at the stake, but, as in 
 the primitive ages, "the blood of martyrs was the seed of 
 the Church." We speak of "the fires of Smithfield," but it 
 6 
 
54 
 
 was not only in London that the bloody work went on, many 
 suffered in the counties. John Rogers wasethe first who was 
 martyred, he was burnt at Smithfield; Hooper at Gloucester; 
 Rowland Taylor at Hadley; Bradford and Philpot at 
 Smithfield; Ridley, Latimer, and Cranmer, at Oxford. The 
 spot where the last three were executed is marked by "the 
 Martyrs' Memorial." Fuller says, "of all the Marian mar- 
 tyrs, Mr. Philpot was the best born gentleman; Bishop Rid- 
 ley the profoundest scholar; Mr. Bradford the holiest and 
 devoutest man; Archbishop Cranmer of the mildest and 
 meekest temper; Bishop Hooper of the sternest and aus- 
 terest nature; Dr. Taylor had the merriest and pleasantest 
 wit; Mr, Latimer had the plainest and simplest heart." 
 After Cranmer's death Cardinal Pole was made Archbishop 
 of Canterbury. 
 
 1557, Philip persuaded Mary to undertake a war with 
 France to support Spanish interests. This was brought to 
 a disastrous end by the loss of Calais, in January, 1558. 
 This was the last French town held by the English, in 
 whose possession it had been for over two hundred years. 
 This and other disappointments greatly affected the Queen's 
 health, and hastened her death. "When I die, Calais will 
 be found written on my heart," were the words she uttered 
 in the depth of her misery. Cardinal Pole died on the same 
 day as the Queen. Something may be said in extenuation 
 of Mary's character, as her early training and misfortunes 
 had not developed her more amiable qualities, but she was 
 naturally a tyrant, like her father, with this distinction, that 
 Henry was a tyrant without a conscience, and Mary a tyrant 
 with one. 
 
 In this reign coaches were first introduced. 
 
55 
 
 Elizabeth. 1558—1603. 
 
 Born 1535. Daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn 
 She never married. Died at Richmond, and was buried in 
 Westminster Abbey in the same vault with her sister 
 Mary. Her successor, James I., erected a noble monument 
 to her memory. 
 
 In Elizabeth were united the good and bad qualities of 
 her race. Her glorious reign has rendered her the most 
 popular of English sovereigns, and her people delighted 
 to call her "G-ood Queen Bess." Her character was two- 
 fold; as a ruler she was wise and politic, and, though 
 tyrannical, she commanded the homage and admiration of 
 her subjects, for her one sole aim was the peace and pros- 
 perity of her kingdom. As a woman, she displayed very 
 different qualities; she was vain and weak, and had an 
 insatiable love of admiration. The greatest blot on her 
 memory is her treatment of Mary Queen of Scots, but even 
 that admits of some extenuation, and it is not easy to regard 
 it with unpredjudiced eye whilst so much romance and sym- 
 pathy attach to the unfortunate Marie Stuart. 
 
 Principal Events of her Reign. 
 
 Elizabeth's accession was hailed with great joy by the 
 people, and, until recently, the 17th of November was called 
 in honor of it, "The Queen's Day." Cecil, afterwards Lord 
 Burleigh, was the chief adviser of Elizabeth. Through 
 his counsels and those of his brother-in-law, Sir Nicholas 
 Bacon, Lord-Keeper of the Seal, the Church was gradu- 
 ally restored to the condition it was in during the reign 
 of Edward VI. The nation generally acquiesced in the 
 Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, and for some time the 
 Church of England was the only religion of the king- 
 dom, and was neither opposed by Romanism nor Dissent. 
 
56 
 
 Elizabeth resolved to remain unmarried, although her royal 
 hand was sought by a long list of suitors, foremost among 
 whom were Philip II. of Spain, and two of the French 
 princes. In 1568, the party of Marie Stuart in Scotland was 
 entirely defeated near Glasgow, and the beautiful and un- 
 happy queen sought refuge in the dominions of her cousin 
 Elizabeth. She landed at Workington in Cumberland, and 
 immediately sent to the Queen to entreat her protection and 
 aid. The latter refused to see her until she could clear her- 
 self of the grave charge of having assassinated her husband, 
 Lord Darnley. Mary was removed from castle to castle 
 until finally she was imprisoned in Fotheringay, During 
 her captivity of nearly nineteen long years, numerous con- 
 spiracies were formed to overthrow Elizabeth and place 
 Mary upon the throne. The most formidable were that 
 headed by the Duke of Norfolk, and Babington's Plot. 
 After the frustration of the latter the Queen's ministers 
 advised that some decisive step should be taken, and Mary 
 was tried, and condemned to suffer death for high-treason. 
 The sentence was executed at Fotheringay Castle, February 
 8th, 1587. The next year, 1588, Philip II. of Spain sent 
 his formidable Armada to invade England. The English 
 zealously prepared for resistance; Lord Howard of Effing- 
 ham was in command of the navy, and Drake, Hawkins, and 
 Frobisher were amongst those who served under him. The 
 land forces were collected at Tilbury, and there the Queen 
 herself reviewed them, and delivered that famous oration 
 which roused the courage and loyalty of her subjects to the 
 highest degree. The winds aided the gallant English navy, 
 and of the one hundred and thirty ships of the "Invincible 
 Armada," but fifty-three returned to Spain to bear the 
 tidings of their defeat. 1596, Expedition to Cadiz, which 
 proved very disastrous to the English. 1599, The Earl of 
 Tyrone was in insurrection in Ireland, and the Queen's 
 favourite, Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, was appointed 
 
57 
 
 Lord Lieutenant of that country to put down the rebellion. 
 Essex managed affairs badly, and, having returned to Eng- 
 land without permission, fell into disgrace with the Queen. 
 His subsequent conduct did not tend to reinstate him in her 
 favour, and, in 1601, he was seized and conveyed a prisoner 
 to the Tower. His trial and condemnation speedily fol- 
 lowed, and he was beheaded on Tower Hill. Mountjoy, the 
 successor of Essex in Ireland, defeated Tyrone and com- 
 pelled him to surrender. In March, 1603, the Queen died, 
 having equivocally named James VI. of Scotland, as her 
 successor. 
 
 During this reign Sir Thomas Gresham, a relative of the 
 Queen, founded the "Royal Exchange," which was opened 
 by Elizabeth in person. 
 
 The bounds of the English nation were much extended 
 by the discoveries of Gilbert, Drake, Frobisher, and 
 Raleigh; and in 1600, the East India Company was founded. 
 
 It is in literature, however, that the "Elizabethan Age" 
 is chiefly illustrious. The Queen, "that bright occidental 
 star of most happy memory," was a woman of high attain- 
 ments, and a warm encourager of learning and literary men. 
 Among the great statesmen of this period were William 
 Cecil, Lord Burleigh; Francis Bacon, Earl of Yerulam; 
 Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester and favourite of the 
 Queen; and Francis Walsingham. Among the poets and 
 prose writers, Richard Hooker, Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 Edmund Spenser, Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Walter Raleigh, 
 and William Shakspeare, are names unrivalled in any age 
 or country. Elizabeth founded Trinity College, Dublin; 
 and Westminster School, London. 
 
 6* 
 
58 
 
 SOVEREIGNS OF THE HOUSE OF TUDOR. 
 
 Henry VII. 1485—1509. 
 
 Henry VIII. 1509—1547. 
 
 Edward VI. 1547—1553. 
 
 Mary I. 1553—1558. 
 
 Elizabeth, 1558—1603. 
 
 HOUSE OF STUART. 
 James I. 1603—1625. 
 
 Born 1566. Son of Lord Darnley and Mary, Queen of 
 Scots. He was married to Anne of Denmark, and had 
 several children, only three of whom survived the age of 
 childhood; 
 
 Henry, who died at the age of eighteen; 
 
 Charles, who succeeded his father; 
 
 Elizabeth, married Frederick, Elector-Palatine and 
 ex-king of Bohemia. 
 
 James died in the palace of Theobalds, and was buried 
 in Westminster Abbey. He earned the reputation of being 
 "the wisest fool in Christendom;" he was a scholar without 
 having the sense to avail himself of his learning; in person 
 he was ungainly, his manners were awkward, his habits very 
 unbecoming his station, and his lack of personal courage 
 provoked the contempt of his courtiers. He was much 
 influenced by unworthy favourites, upon whom he lavished 
 his revenues; but whatever were the faults and frailties 
 of his life, on his death-bed he showed Christian courage 
 and resignation. As a sovereign James was unpopular, he 
 held the belief in the Divine right of kings, and was very 
 despotic. He was always an advocate for peace, and will- 
 ing to make any concessions for its preservation. 
 
59 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 James chose as his prime minister Robert Cecil, son of 
 the great Lord Burleigh, to the exclusion of Cecil's rival, Sir 
 Walter Raleigh. The latter was accused of being concerned 
 in a plot for placing on the throne Lady Arabella Stuart, 
 cousin of the king, and was imprisoned in the Tower for 
 twelve years. 1605, Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot, 
 which was a scheme of the Romanists for destroying the king, 
 the Prince of Wales, and the Parliament, by blowing up the 
 Houses of Parliament on the opening of the session, Nov. 
 5th. Guy Fawkes was seized in the vaults, and he finally 
 made a confession which revealed the other conspirators. 
 Some of them were executed, and others of them were 
 killed in trying to resist the party sent to arrest them. 
 1612, died Henry, Prince of Wales, a youth of great 
 promise. On the death of Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, 
 the king took as his prime favourite a Scotch adventurer 
 named Robert Carr, whom he created Earl of Somerset. 
 The Earl and his wife were accused of being implicated in 
 the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, and upon the arrival 
 of a new favourite at court, George Villiers, they were tried 
 and sentenced to be banished the kingdom. The new 
 favourite was made Duke of Buckingham, and loaded 
 with honours. 1617, Sir Walter Raleigh was released for 
 the purpose of undertaking an expedition to Guiana, but, 
 as it proved unsuccessful, the unfortunate man was arrested 
 and convicted under his former sentence. He was executed 
 in the Old Palace Yard, Westminster. 1619, the English 
 were very desirous to render assistance to the Elector-Pala- 
 tine, who had been elected King of Bohemia. James re- 
 fused aid until too late, and the Prince lost both Bohemia 
 and the Palatinate. James was continually at variance 
 with his Parliament, who refused to grant the subsidies he 
 
60 
 
 demanded. A marriage between "Baby Charles" and 
 the Infanta of Spain now became the darling scheme of 
 James, and negotiations ensued. The prince, becoming 
 weary of the delay which attended them, set out for Spain 
 with the Duke of Buckingham, travelling incognito. The 
 king demanded, as a condition of the marriage, that his son- 
 in-law should be restored to the Palatinate, but as this was 
 refused by the King of Spain, the treaty was broken off. 
 Application was then made for the hand of Henrietta Maria, 
 daughter of Henry IV. of France, and whilst the negotia- 
 tions were pending the king died. 
 
 During this reign English colonies were established in 
 North America. The two principal were the settlement of 
 Jamestown in Virginia, by the London or South Virginia 
 Company, in 1607; and that at Massachusetts Bay, by the 
 Plymouth Company, in 1620. James renewed the charter of 
 the East India Company, which had been granted but for a 
 limited time, and thus the foreign trade of the kingdom was 
 greatly increased. The authorized translation of the Bible 
 was published in 1611. It was the work of 47 learned men, 
 from the Universities and Westminster; it has ever since 
 been the only version in the English language acknowledged 
 by the Anglican Church, and is the noblest monument of the 
 Anglo-Saxon language. 
 
 Francis Bacon, Lord Chancellor, 
 
 "The greatest, wisest, meanest of mankind." 
 
 was, in 1621, found guilty of bribery, and disgraced from his 
 high position. Elizabeth, daughter of James I., was the 
 heroine of a sad romance. Reduced by her husband's mis- 
 fortunes to absolute penury, she still showed a brave spirit, 
 and occupied herself in the education of her children. Her 
 sons, Prince Charles and Prince Rupert, subsequently joined 
 their unfortunate uncle, Charles I.; and it was through her 
 
61 
 
 youngest daughter Sophia, who married Ernest Augustus, 
 of Brunswick, and was the mother of George I., that the pre- 
 sent royal family came to the throne. The following popu- 
 lar rhyme will aid the memory in retaining the date of the 
 gunpowder plot: 
 
 "Remember, remember, the fifth of November, 
 The Gunpowder plot, shall ne'er be forgot." 
 
 Charles I. 1625—1649. 
 
 Born 1600. Son of James I. and Anne of Denmark. 
 Married Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV. of France, 
 and had seven children. Those best known are: 
 
 Charles, afterwards Charles II.; 
 
 James, Duke of York, who also succeeded to the throne; 
 
 Mary, married to William II., Prince of Orange; 
 
 Henrietta, married to Philip, Duke of Orleans. 
 
 He was beheaded before the palace of Whitehall; and 
 buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. In personal ap- 
 pearance Charles presented a great contrast to his father; he 
 was gifted with intellect and taste, in manner the most accom- 
 plished gentleman in England, and possessed of a courtly 
 grace and fascination which few could resist. His private 
 character was unblameable. As a sovereign, it was his mis- 
 fortune to have fallen upon evil days, and like the luckless 
 Louis XVI. of France, (between whom and himself there is a 
 striking parallel), he was the innocent victim of the sins and 
 follies of his ancestors. He inherited from his father high 
 ideas of the kingly prerogative, and also his failing of being 
 influenced by his favourites. He was infirm of purpose, and 
 has been charged with a want of sincerity; but when his for- 
 tunes fell and he was in the hands of his enemies, his char- 
 acter beamed with all the virtues of a Christian and a gen- 
 tleman. The greatest fault of his reign was his weakness 
 
62 
 
 in consenting to the sacrifice of Stafford, a fatal step which 
 was subsequently visited upon him in his own misfortunes, 
 and which he bitterly regretted to his dying hour on the 
 scaffold. The King was attended on that awful occasion by 
 Bishop Juxon. The last sentence he uttered was, "I go 
 from a corruptible to an incorruptible crown," and before 
 laying his head on the block he uttered the mysterious word, 
 "Kern ember." 
 
 Until the year 1859, the 30th of January was appointed 
 throughout the English dominions as a day of national hu- 
 miliation, and a special service was used appropriate to the 
 commemoration This observance was abolished by Act of 
 Parliament, as also the holidays on the anniversaries of the 
 Gunpowder Plot, and the restoration of Charles II. 
 
 Henrietta Maria was not a favourite with the English peo- 
 ple. During her royal husband's troubles, in 1644, she 
 escaped to France, where she received an affectionate wel- 
 come. [Jpon the restoration she went to England but soon 
 returned to France, where she died at the palace of Colombe, 
 near Paris. Her funeral oration was pronounced by the 
 celebrated Bossuet. Her heart was given to the Nuns of 
 the Convent of Chaillot, which she had founded, and her 
 body was buried with her fathers at St. Denis. 
 
 Principal Events of Ms Reign. 
 
 The marriage with the French princess, which had been 
 negotiated in the previous reign, was concluded by proxy 
 before James was laid in the tomb. The New Parliament, 
 which assembled in June 1625, refused to grant supplies to 
 Charles, who immediately raised loans from private per- 
 sons, and fitted out an expedition to Cadiz, which terminated 
 very disastrously for the English. The next Parliament 
 impeached Buckingham of high treason. The king was 
 indignant, forced upon his favourite as indemnity the Chan- 
 
63 
 
 cellorship of the University of Oxford, and, to save him 
 from further prosecution, dissolved the Parliament. 
 
 In 1627, Charles sent a fleet to the assistance of the Hu- 
 guenots, who were besieged in La Rochelle; it was com- 
 manded by the Duke of Buckingham, and terminated most 
 ingloriously for the English. The next Parliament refused 
 to grant subsidies until Charles gave his assent to the cele- 
 brated "Petition of Right." He did this in a way which 
 offended the Commons and they renewed their attack upon 
 Buckingham, whom the king continued to uphold. The 
 favourite went to Portsmouth to superintend preparations 
 for a new attack upon La Rochelle, and was there assassi- 
 nated by a man named John Felton. The expedition to La 
 Rochelle was intrusted to the Earl of Lindsey, but he 
 arrived too late to relieve the Huguenots, who had been 
 obliged to surrender. 
 
 The Parliament of 1629 was a very stormy one. The 
 principal question at issue was the royal right to levy ton- 
 nage and poundage, but political questions had become em- 
 bittered by religious differences. Oliver Cromwell made 
 his maiden-speech during this session. A great tumult 
 having arisen in the House of Commons, the king went 
 there in person, but was refused admittance. Indignant at 
 these proceedings Charles immediately dissolved Parliament, 
 and declared his intention to rule alone, and for eleven 
 years England was under absolute government. During 
 this period two men became very prominent, Sir Thomas 
 Wentworth, afterward Earl of Strafford; and Laud, Bishop 
 of London, afterward Archbishop of Canterbury. The 
 authority of the Star Chamber was much extended, and 
 some heavy fines and severe punishments were imposed. In 
 1634, a tax called ship-money was levied. The maritime 
 counties complied cheerfully, but those in the interior re- 
 fused to pay it. The first to protest was John Hampden. 
 His cause was tried in Westminster Hall, where decision 
 
64 
 
 was given in favour of the crown. But having withstood 
 Charles "with dauntless breast," he was exalted by public 
 opinion to a hero and patriot, and became one of the king's 
 most powerful opponents. About this time Charles en- 
 deavored to establish Episcopacy in Scotland, but it met 
 with the most violent opposition. The Presbyterians banded 
 themselves together by a ' 'Solemn League and Covenant," 
 and raised a considerable army. In 1640, as war with 
 Scotland seemed inevitable and Charles was totally without 
 means to carry it on, he was obliged to assemble Parliament. 
 As the latter refused supplies and disapproved his arbitrary 
 measures. Charles speedily dissolved it again to the great 
 discontent of the people. Meantime the difficulties between 
 the king and Scotland grew worse. The Scots under Leslie 
 crossed into England, and, after a successful skirmish, took 
 possession of Newcastle. The king summoned a Council at 
 York, in which it was decided that no appeal to arms should 
 be made for two months, that a Parliament should be called 
 to settle the difficulties, and that during the interval the 
 Scots should be maintained at the expense of the northern 
 English counties. November 3d, 1640, the famous "Long 
 Parliament" met. Strafford was impeached by the Com- 
 mons of High Treason, and a few days afterwards Laud was 
 arrested on the same charge. Strafford was tried in West- 
 minster Hall and a Bill of Attainder passed against him. 
 The king was in an agonizing state of irresolution whether 
 to sign the bill or to save his faithful favourite. His fears 
 finally prevailed, and his assent to the execution was given. 
 When Strafford heard it he exclaimed, ' 'Put not your trust in 
 princes." The Star Chamber was abolished, and several 
 other arbitrary measures reformed. Charles went to Scot- 
 land, and was rapidly recovering the popular favour, when 
 his cause was materially injured by a rebellion in Ireland. 
 In 1642, Charles came to an open rupture with the Parlia- 
 ment, and both parties felt that there was no appeal but to 
 
65 
 
 the sword. The king and his sons, the Prince of the Wales 
 and the Duke of York, went to York. He demanded admit- 
 tance into Hull, the military magazine of the North, but, being 
 refused by the governor, he was compelled to active measures 
 and set up his standard at Nottingham, August 20th, 1642. 
 For the next six years raged all the horrors of civil war. — 
 The king was supported by the clergy, the landed gentry, 
 the Universities, and the majority of the nobles; amongst 
 his generals were his nephew, Prince Rupert, Lord Lindsay, 
 and the Marquis of Newcastle. Lord Falkland adhered to 
 the royal cause, but he was bitterly opposed to the struggle. 
 The Parliamentarians consisted of the middle classes of 
 England, of tradesmen, shopkeepers, dissenters, and a mi- 
 nority of the nobility; among their leaders were John Hamp- 
 den, Oliver Cromwell, Lord Essex, Lord Fairfax, Sir Wil- 
 liam Waller, and the Earl of Manchester. 
 
 The first engagement was fought at Edgehill, October 
 23d, 1642, without any decided result. Charles made 
 Oxford his head-quarters. Battles and sieges followed. 
 Hampden was killed at Chalgrave, near Oxford. The 
 Scots joined .their forces with those of the Parliament, and 
 Prince Rupert was totally defeated at Marston Moor, July 
 2d, 1644. By this reverse the king lost the northern coun- 
 ties. In 1645, after a long imprisonment, Archbishop 
 Laud was tried, condemned, and executed. The king's last 
 battle was fought at Naseby, June 14th, 1645; the Par- 
 liamentary forces were completely victorious, the king was 
 obliged to flee, and his army was broken and dispersed. 
 The fall of Bristol completed the ruin of the royalists, and 
 the king, driven to extreme measures, sought refuge amongst 
 his countrymen, the Scots. To their lasting disgrace they 
 sold him to the English Parliament for £400,000, and he 
 was conveyed to Holmby House, Northamptonshire, one of 
 his own royal residences. Meantime there were dissensions 
 amongst his enemies, and the army, led on by Cromwell, 
 7 
 
66 
 
 arrayed itself against the Parliament. The king was for- 
 cibly taken to Hampton Court, from whence he escaped to 
 Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight. Cromwell prepared the 
 way for severe measures against the king, by excluding all 
 members from Parliament who were not Independents and 
 Republicans. He was aided in this arbitrary proceeding 
 by Colonel Pride, and it is known as "Pride's Purge." 
 Charles was taken from Carisbrooke to Hurst Castle, to 
 Windsor, and finally to St. James's Palace, London. He 
 was tried by a High Court of Justice appointed solely by 
 the Commons, who were assembled in Westminster Hall, 
 and sentenced to death. He was beheaded at Whitehall, 
 January 30th, 1649. 
 
 During the civil war of this reign the Eoyalists assumed 
 the name of Cavaliers, and were distinguished by their long, 
 flowing locks; the Parliamentarians were called Roundheads, 
 from their close cropped hair. At this period lived William 
 Harvey, who discovered the circulation of the blood, He 
 announced this important discovery in 1616. At the battle 
 of Edgehill he was guardian to the Princes Charles and 
 James. During this reign died John Donne and George 
 Herbert, eminent divines; and Ben Jonson, a celebrated 
 dramatic writer. 
 
 THE COMMONWEALTH. 1649—1660. 
 
 On the death of Charles I. the Commonwealth was pro- 
 claimed, and the House of Lords was declared by the Com- 
 mons to be "useless and dangerous." Cromwell was ap- 
 pointed Lord Lieutenant to Ireland, and having tranquil- 
 lized that country left his son-in-law, Ireton, as his deputy, 
 and went to settle affairs in Scotland. The Scots had 
 refused to acknowledge the Republic, and had proclaimed 
 
67 
 
 Prince Charles as their King. Charles landed in Scotland 
 in 1650, but he was little more than a prisoner in the hands 
 of his adherents. Parliament prepared to defend the Com- 
 monwealth, and Cromwell was appointed Commander-in- 
 chief of its armies. 
 
 The Scottish army, commanded by General Leslie, was 
 defeated at Dunbar. Charles was crowned at Scone, Jan- 
 uary 1st, 165 1. On the 3d of September of the same year 
 he was totally defeated at Worcester, and obliged to flee to 
 France. 
 
 The English navy, under command of Blake, Monk, and 
 Penn, gained signal victories over the Dutch fleet under 
 Van Tromp and De Ruyter. In April, 1653, Cromwell 
 took the extraordinary measure of disbanding the Long- 
 Parliament. Having dismissed the members, he locked the 
 doors, put the keys in his pocket, and returned to White- 
 hall, where he had taken up his residence, Dictator of Eng- 
 land. The Long Parliament was succeeded by the Little 
 Parliament, or as it is sometimes called from one of its chief 
 orators, Barebone's Parliament, which consisted of members 
 approved by Cromwell. December 16th, 1653, Oliver 
 Cromwell was made "Lord Protector of the Commonwealth 
 of England, Scotland and Ireland." The Republic was 
 very prosperous; Jamaica was taken from the Spaniards, 
 the power of Holland was humbled, the cause of the perse- 
 cuted Vaudois was vindicated, commerce flourished, and in 
 all the civilized states of Europe the English power was felt 
 and respected. But though the nation was in high esteem 
 abroad, at home there was much secret discontent. Crom- 
 well sought the title as well as power of King, but when it 
 was offered him by Parliament he did not dare to accept, 
 and he lived in constant dread of assassination. This appre- 
 hension and domestic afflictions hurried him to the grave, 
 and he died at Whitehall, September 3d, 1658. Richard 
 Cromwell, his eldest son, was immediately proclaimed head 
 
68 
 
 of the Commonwealth, but his tastes and political feelings 
 ill-qualified him for the position. He soon signed an abdi- 
 cation, and the Long Parliament was restored. General 
 Monk, who was in command of the English army in Scot- 
 land, marched on to London, called a new Parliament, and 
 proposed the restoration of Charles Stuart to the throne of 
 his ancestors. This proposal was received with universal 
 joy, and May 8th, Charles II. was proclaimed King, and 
 the Commonwealth was at an end. 
 
 During the period of the Republic and the next two 
 reigns, many great names flourished in literature. Jeremy 
 Taylor, an eminent divine, chaplain to Laud, suffered 
 greatly during the civil wars, and on the restoration was 
 made Bishop of Down and Connor in Ireland. "The 
 quaint Fuller," Bishop Hall, Isaac Barrow, and Archbishop 
 Leighton, were also prominent among English divines, 
 Cowley, Marvell, Butler, and Waller, were distinguished as 
 poets; Sir Matthew Hale as one of the most upright of 
 judges; Lord Clarendon as an historian; and Izaak Walton 
 as a biographer, and more particularly as the "Father of 
 Anglers." But the greatest name in this period of litera- 
 ture was that of John Milton, Latin Secretary to Cromwell, 
 the uncompromising Puritan, and the author of Paradise 
 Lost. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell, "the uncrowned King of England," 
 was born in Huntingdon, and descended from au ancient 
 and honourable house. He is one of the most extraordi- 
 nary men in history; and owed his success chiefly to his 
 great political talents, his courage, and indomitable energy. 
 His peculiarities were not unlike those of the great Na- 
 poleon, and no occasion was too dignified or important to 
 restrain him from indulging his passion for practical jokes. 
 His love for his family was the most amiable trait of his 
 character, but his children did not share his ambition, and 
 
69 
 
 disapproved his course. Cromwell was buried in West- 
 minster Abbey, but on the Restoration his body was ex- 
 humed, hanged at Tyburn, and buried under the gallows. 
 Richard Cromwell, after his abdication, spent some time 
 in travelling, and then settled down in obscurity on his farm 
 of Cheshunt in Herts, where he died at a good old age. It 
 is said that he changed his name to Clark. 
 
 Charles II. 1660—1685. 
 
 Born 1630. Son of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria of 
 France. He was married to Catherine of Braganza, by 
 whom he had no children. He died at Whitehall, and was 
 buried in Westminster Abbey. Charles was possessed of 
 excellent qualities, but they were almost obscured by his 
 great vices and follies, and he had not profited by the les- 
 sons of adversity Rochester was the author of the follow- 
 ing epigram on the "Merry Monarch :" 
 
 "Here lies our Sovereign Lord the King, 
 Whose word no one relies on, 
 He never said a foolish thing, 
 And never did a wise one." 
 
 Catherine of Braganza survived Charles. At the Revolu- 
 tion of 1688 she returned to Portugal, where she died. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 Charles chose Edward Hyde (afterwards Lord Clarendon), 
 the faithful friend of his exile, to be Chancellor and Lord- 
 Keeper of the Seal. An Act of Indemnity was passed 
 pardoning all who had taken part against the Crown, ex- 
 cepting those who were immediately concerned in the King's 
 death. In 1663, Dunkirk was sold to France for £400,000. 
 War was declared against Holland, February *22d, 1665. 
 7* 
 
70 
 
 The Duke of York was in command of the navy, and gained 
 a signal victory off the coast of Suffolk. In the same year 
 the plague broke out, and raged with dreadful violence, and 
 the following year, 1666, the Great Fire destroyed about 
 five-sixths of the whole City of London. Louis XIV. of 
 France united with the Dutch against England, and, in 
 1667, De Ruyter sailed up the Thames and burned several 
 ships at Chatham. A disgraceful peace was soon afterwards 
 concluded, and the English had gained but little advantage 
 during the war except the acquisition of New York in North 
 America. Clarendon was unjustly blamed for the reverses 
 of the English, and dismissed from office. The ministry 
 then formed was called the "Cabal," from the initial 
 letters of the names of its members : Clifford, Ashley, Buck- 
 ingham, Arlington and Lauderdale. 1668, the "triple 
 alliance" was formed to check the ambitious progress of Louis 
 XIV. In this reign the Habeas Corpus Act was passed, 
 and a bill was introduced to exclude the Duke of York from 
 the succession, as he was a Roman Catholic, but it was 
 rejected. There were several conspiracies formed to over- 
 throw the Government, the chief of which were the plot of 
 Titus Gates, that of Monmouth and Algernon Sidney, and 
 the Rye House plot. Several of the conspirators were exe- 
 cuted; the most bitterly lamented was Lord Russell, a very 
 popular man. Charles died in the Romish faith. A mod- 
 ern historian has thus briefly painted his character: "The 
 falsest, meanest, merriest of mankind." 
 
 In the diaries of Pepys and John Evelyn we have a 
 graphic picture of the court life of this reign. Sir Chris- 
 topher Wren, the famous architect, rebuilt St. Paul's, and 
 many of the city churches, which had been destroyed by the 
 Great Fire. He designed the monument on Fish-street hill, 
 which is erected on the spot where the fire first broke out. 
 
71 
 
 Sir Christopher Wren is buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. 
 Charles II. founded Chelsea Hospital. 
 
 In 1682, Pennsylvania was settled by Quakers under 
 William Penn. 
 
 James II. 1685-1688. 
 
 Born 1633. Son of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria of 
 France. He was married, first, to Anne Hyde, daughter of 
 Lord Clarendon, by whom he had two daughters; 
 
 Mary, married William of Nassau, Prince of Orange; 
 
 Anne, married George, Prince of Denmark. 
 
 Secondly, he married Mary Beatrice of Modena, by whom 
 he had a son, 
 
 James Francis Edward, afterwards called the Pretender. 
 
 He died at St. Germains, and was buried in the church 
 of the English Benedictines in Paris. In 1813, his remains 
 were removed to St. Germains. James was unpopular 
 before he came to the throne, he was bigoted and arbitrary, 
 and his determination to force Papacy upon the nation lost 
 him his crown. After his expulsion he retired to Frauce, 
 where he was received with great generosity by Louis XIV. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 James commenced his reign by attempts to re-establish 
 the Roman Catholic religion, which gave great displeasure 
 to the nation. 
 
 The Duke of Monmouth raised a rebellion in the west of 
 England. It proved unsuccessful, and Monmouth was cap- 
 tured and taken to London, where he was executed on 
 Tower Hill. His followers were tried by the cruel Judge 
 
72 
 
 Jeffries, and butchered without mercy; even innocent women 
 were not spared, and Alice Lisle, deaf, aged, and feeble, was 
 executed at Westminster for having lodged two fugitives 
 from the battle. James grew more and more bold in his 
 efforts to restore Papacy; he forced prelates of his own faith 
 on the Universities, and issued a "Declaration for Liberty 
 of Conscience," which was levelled against the liberties of 
 the Church of England. Seven Bishops petitioned against 
 it; Sancroft, the Primate; Lloyd, of St. Asaph; Turner, of 
 Ely; Lake, of Chichester; Ken, of Bath and Wells; White, 
 of Peterborough; and Trelawney, of Bristol. They were 
 committed to the Tower, and on their way down the river 
 the banks were crowded with sympathizing spectators. 
 After a long trial they were acquitted, to the great mortifi- 
 cation of the king and joy of the people. In September, 
 1688, the heads of the Church party in England invited 
 William of Orange, son-in-law of the king, to be their cham- 
 pion in the cause of civil and religious liberty. He accepted 
 these advances, and landed at Torbay, November 4th; he 
 was joined by the nobility, clergy, and military, and even 
 the Prince of Denmark and the Princess Anne. James 
 made no resistance, he was allowed to escape to France, 
 and the revolution was effected without a blow. 
 
 William III. of Nassau. 1689—1702. Reigned jointly 
 with Mary II., his wife. 
 
 William, born 1650, was the son of the Prince of Orange, 
 and Mary, eldest daughter of Charles I. 
 
 Mary, born 1662, was the daughter of James II. and 
 Anne Hyde. 
 
 They both died at Kensington, Mary in 1694, and Wil- 
 liam in 1702, and were buried in Westminster Abbey. 
 They had no children. 
 
73 
 
 Principal Events of this Reign. 
 
 A short interregnum occurred after the flight of James, 
 and on the 13th February, 1689, the Prince and Princess 
 of Orange were proclaimed king and queen, under the title 
 of William III. and Mary II. The Scots accepted the new 
 sovereigns, but there was some opposition to them in Ireland. 
 James took advantage of the feeling and landed in that 
 country supported by a French army. Londonderry was 
 besieged by the Jacobites, as James's followers were called, 
 and was not relieved before the beleaguered inhabitants had 
 suffered the last extremity of famine. William resolved to 
 take the field in person, and landed at Carrickfergus. On 
 the 12th of July, 1690, was fought the battle of the Boyne, 
 which decided the fortunes of James, who fled to France. 
 William's veteran general, Marshal Yon Schomberg, was 
 killed. Before the king went to Ireland the Bill of Bights 
 was passed, and it was also enacted that should the sove- 
 reign become a Papist, or marry a Papist, the subject should 
 be absolved from allegiance. In 1691, the campaign in 
 Ireland was closed, and William had time to prosecute his 
 military plans on the Continent. Marlborough was his 
 general during this expedition, which was terminated by the 
 peace of Ryswick, September 20th, 1697. James II. died in 
 1701, and Louis XIV. immediately acknowledged his son, 
 the Pretender, King of England. William indignantly 
 prepared for war, but he did not live to see the preparations 
 completed His death resulted from injuries received by 
 a fall from his horse. His consort, Mary, never took an 
 active part in the affairs of the government In 1700, when 
 the only surviving son of Princess Anne died, an act of 
 Parliament settled the succession on the descendants of the 
 unfortunate Elizabeth, daughter of James I., ex-queen of 
 Bohemia and Princess Palatine of the Rhine. 
 
74 
 
 During this reign Whitehall was destroyed by fire; the 
 Banqueting Hall alone was saved. Chiefly through the in- 
 strumentality of Dr. Thomas Bray, the two great Societies 
 of the Church of England were founded; the "Society for 
 Promoting Christian Knowledge," and the "Society for the 
 Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts," familiarly 
 known as the C. K. S. and S. P. G. societies. At this 
 time flourished Dryden, the poet; Sir Isaac Newton, and 
 Sir Robert Boyle, the great philosophers; Daniel De Foe, 
 author of Robinson Crusoe; and Bishop Burnet, an histo- 
 rian During this reign the Czar of Muscovy, Peter the 
 Great, came to England to become practically acquainted 
 with various manufactures. He was lodged for a time in 
 the house of John Evelyn, author of the "Diary." 
 
 Anne. 1702—1714. 
 
 Born 1664. Daughter of James II. and Anne Hyde. 
 She was married to George, Prince of Denmark, and had 
 nine children, only one of whom, George, Duke of Glou- 
 cester, lived beyond the age of infancy; he died aged eleven. 
 Anne died at Kensington, and was buried in Westminster 
 Abbey. Anne was a selfish and weak woman, and com- 
 pletely under the influence of her confidantes. The Duchess 
 of Marlborough, Sarah Jennings, was for a long time the 
 favourite, and she and the queen corresponded under the 
 assumed names of Mrs. Morley and Mrs. Freeman; but she 
 was afterwards supplanted by Abigail Hill, Lady Masham. 
 
 Anne was called "the Good Queen Anne." 
 
 Principal Events of her Reign. 
 
 Anne's reign commenced with the war of the Spanish 
 succession, in which England, Holland, and Germany, were 
 
75 
 
 allied against France. Marlborough commanded the army, 
 and his forces, combined with those of Prince Eugene, 
 gained the "famous victory" of Blenheim. By this Marl- 
 borough was raised to the highest honours; the queen gave 
 him the royal palace of Woodstock, near Oxford, and the 
 nation there built him a splendid mansion, called in compli- 
 ment, Blenheim. In the same year, 1704, Sir George 
 Rooke took the fortress of Gibraltar, which has ever since 
 remained in the possession of the English. In 1707, the 
 two kingdoms of England and Scotland were united into one 
 nation under the name of Great Britain, and it was agreed 
 that they should be represented by one and the same parlia- 
 ment. Marlborough's successes on the Continent continued, 
 and he won the victories of Ramillies, Oudenarde, and Mal- 
 plaquet. Shortly afterwards he fell into disgrace through 
 court intrigues, and was dismissed from his command. The 
 peace of Utrecht was concluded in 1713; by it Newfound- 
 land, Hudson's Bay, and the Island of St. Kitts were ceded 
 to the English. On the 31st of July, 1714, Queen Anne 
 died. 
 
 The reign of Queen Anne is sometimes called the Augus- 
 tan age of English Literature. Periodical literature was 
 originated by Addison and Steele in the "Tatler" and the 
 "Spectator." Dean Swift excelled in satirical writing; and 
 Pope was first among the poets. John Locke was a philoso- 
 phical writer; he drew up a constitution for the State of 
 South Carolina. It was at this time that the terms Whig 
 and Tory became party words; the Whigs favoured the 
 house of Hanover, and the Tories were for absolute mon- 
 archy, and friends to the Stuarts. In 1710, the people 
 were greatly excited by the famous trial of Dr. Sacheverel. 
 The Cathedral of St. Paul's was finished in this reign, it 
 having occupied thirty-five years to re-build it. 
 
76 
 
 SOVEREIGNS OF THE HOUSE OF STUART. 
 
 James I. 1603—1625. 
 
 Charles I. 1625—1649. 
 
 Commonwealth, 1649—1660. 
 
 Charles II. 1660—1685. 
 
 James II. 1685—1688. 
 
 Interregnum of two months. 
 
 William III. (and Mary II.) 1689—1702. 
 
 Anne, 1702—1714. 
 
 HOUSE OF HANOVER OR BRUNSWICK. 
 George I. 1714-1727. 
 
 Born 1660. Son of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hano- 
 ver, and Sophia, daughter of Frederick, Elector Palatine, 
 and Elizabeth, daughter of James I. He married Sophia 
 Dorothea of Zell, and had two children; 
 
 George Augustus, who succeeded him; 
 
 Dorothea Sophia, married Frederick William, King of 
 Prussia. 
 
 He died near Osnaburg in Hanover, and was buried in 
 the Schlosskirche, Hanover. George I. was possessed of 
 some good qualities, he was sagacious, industrious and sin- 
 cere; but his ignorance of the English language and habits, 
 and his unreasonable fondness for his native country, pre- 
 vented him from gaining the affections of his new subjects. 
 They regarded him with suspicion as a foreigner, whose 
 interest in Hanover was stronger than that in Great Britain. 
 In his domestic relations George I. was very unfortunate. 
 He was separated from his wife, who was imprisoned for 
 thirty-two years; and he lived at constant and bitter vari- 
 ance with his son and successor. 
 
77 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 Party spirit at this time ran very high; the King showed 
 a decided preference for the Whigs, and removed many of 
 the leading Tories from office. Lord Bolingbroke, the Duke 
 of Ormond, and the Earl of Oxford, were impeached of high 
 treason; the two former escaped to the continent, but the lat- 
 ter was committed to the Tower. These impeachments led 
 to some serious disturbances, which gave occasion to the 
 passage of the Riot Act. The Pretender, son of James II. , 
 known by the title of the Chevalier de St. George, asserted 
 his claim to the throne, but his cause was materially injured 
 by the death of Louis XIV., who had promised him aid. 
 Sept. 6th, 1715, the Earl of Mar raised the standard of the 
 Pretender in the Highlands. Nov. 12th, the Jacobites, in 
 the north of England, were defeated and taken prisoners at 
 Preston. The Pretender landed in Scotland on the 22d of 
 December, and the 23d of January was fixed for his corona- 
 tion, but before that day, the Duke of Argyle, who com- 
 manded the forces of the King, had driven him from the 
 country, and he was glad once more to seek refuge in France. 
 The King was inexorable in his punishment of the rebels, 
 and many of them were executed. In 1716, the Septennial 
 Act was passed, by which the duration of Parliament was 
 limited to seven years. 1718, Admiral Byng defeated the 
 Spanish fleet in the Mediterranean. The quadruple alliance 
 was formed by England, France, Holland, and Germany, 
 and, in 1720, the King of Spain was obliged to an- 
 nounce his accession to it. In the same year misery and 
 ruin were spread over the country by the bursting of the 
 South Sea Bubble. It was borrowed from Law's Mississippi 
 Scheme in Paris, and was chiefly contrived by Sir John 
 Blunt. The King died during a visit to Hanover. 
 
 8 
 
78 
 
 During this reign the order of Knights of the Bath was 
 revived. The eccentric Lady Mary Wortley Montague in- 
 troduced inoculation into England; it was first practised 
 upon some criminals in 1721. Sir Robert Walpole rose to 
 political power during this reign, and was Prime Minister at 
 the time of the king's death. 
 
 George II. 1727—1760. 
 
 Born 1683. Son of George I, and Sophia Dorothea of 
 Zell. He was married to Princess Caroline Whilemina of 
 Anspach, and had two sons and five daughters. His sons 
 were: 
 
 Frederick, Prince of Wales, who married Augusta, Prin- 
 cess of Saxe-Gotha, and had a large family of chil- 
 dren. His eldest son was George, afterwards George 
 III. He died in 1751. 
 
 George William, Duke of Cumberland. 
 
 He died at Kensington and was buried in Westminster 
 Abbey. He did not possess any brilliant qualities as a ruler; 
 he was just and sincere, and like all the Hanoverian kings 
 possessed personal courage in an eminent degree, but he was 
 hasty in temper, without intellect or refinement, and avari- 
 cious. Like his father, he preferred Hanover to England, 
 and was at enmity with his eldest son. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 Sir Bobert Walpole was continued in office as Prime Min- 
 ister, and soon wielded an immense power in Parliament. 
 Queen Caroline supported the policy of Walpole, and by her 
 extraordinary influence and tact, so controlled affairs that 
 she was, in effect, the sovereign of the kingdom. In 1737, 
 the Prince of Wales, who was very popular, came to an open 
 
79 
 
 rupture with his father, and he was banished from court; this 
 dissension in the royal family was soon followed by the death 
 of the Queen, a wise and amiable woman, who was much 
 regretted. The commercial interests of England had been 
 much injured by the interference of the Spanish government, 
 and, as the latter refused redress, war was declared in 1739 
 Admiral Yernon took Porto Bello, and gained some other 
 advantages in the Spanish settlements in America. A con- 
 tinental war was raging to support the terms of the Prag- 
 matic Sanction, which guaranteed the imperial succession to 
 Maria Theresa of Austria. The English espoused the cause 
 of the Empress. The king led the army in person, and. 
 aided by his son, the Duke of Cumberland, gained the battle 
 of Dettingen, June 27th, 1743. In 1745 the allies lost the 
 battle of Fontenoy. In 1744, Charles Edward, son of the 
 first Pretender, attempted an invasion of England, but was 
 unsuccessful. His ill fortune did not deter him from mak- 
 ing another effort in Scotland the following year; he landed 
 on the coast of Inverness, and raised his standard at Glen- 
 finnan. He gained an inconsiderable victory at Preston Pans, 
 and afterwards pushed his arms into England as far as Derby; 
 but he was compelled to retreat, and was finally defeated at 
 Culloden by the Duke of Cumberland, April 16th, 1746 
 This was the last atteuipt made by the Stuarts to recover the 
 crown of Great Britain. Charles Edward, or the Cheva- 
 lier, as he was called, wandered in the Highlands for some 
 months, but at last he was able to make his escape to France. 
 He subsequently resided in Italy under the title of the 
 Count of Albany His followers suffered terribly from the 
 severity of the Duke of Cumberland. Lords Kilmarnock, 
 Balmerino, and Lovat, were beheaded on Tower Hill In 
 1748, the Continental war was terminated by the peace of 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1751, Frederick, Prince of Wales, 
 died, and his eldest son, George, was created Prince of 
 Wales. In 1755, a war broke out between the English and 
 
80 
 
 French colonies in America, which led to the Seven Years' 
 War. In 1755, General Braddock was defeated near Fort 
 Duquesne, now Pittsburg, in Pennsylvania. His aid-de- 
 camp was George Washington, a native of Virginia, who 
 was afterwards to play such a prominent part in the separa- 
 tion from the mother country. In March, 1757, Admiral 
 Byng was shot for having failed to act with decision in the 
 Mediterranean. At this time Lord Clive gained great suc- 
 cesses for the English arms in India. In 1758, the cele- 
 brated Mr. Pitt, Lord Chatham, was placed at the head of 
 the British ministry, and he sketched out the plan of the 
 American campaign. The English were everywhere victori- 
 ous, but their crowning glory was the capture of Quebec, by 
 General Wolfe; after this the Canadas surrendered to them. 
 In the midst of triumphs by sea and by land, in Europe, 
 America, and India, George II. died. 
 
 In 1752, the Gregorian calendar was adopted in England, 
 and eleven days were taken out of the month of September 
 This change gave rise to the distinctions of "Old Style," 
 and "New Style" 
 
 During this reign flourished Gay, author of the "Beggars' 
 Opera;" Dr. Arbuthnot, a celebrated Scotch Physician: 
 James Thomson, author of "The Seasons;" Dr. Watts; 
 Bishop Butler, who wrote the "Analogy;" Bishop Berkeley, 
 who conferred great benefits on the English colonies in 
 America; and Thomas Gray, author of "The Bard," and 
 "Elegy written in a Country Churchyard." Wolfe repeated 
 the latter poem to the officers by his side as he was floating 
 down the St. Lawrence, the night before the capture of 
 Quebec, and added, "I would rather be the author of that 
 poem, than have all the glory I feel sure of to-morrow." 
 During this reign Anson sailed ronnd the world; and the 
 disastrous massacre of the Black Hole of Calcutta took 
 place. 
 
81 
 
 George III. 1760—1820. 
 
 Born 1738. Son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and 
 Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. He was married to Charlotte 
 Sophia, Princess of Mecklenburgh Strelitz, and had a large 
 family of children. Those best known are : 
 
 George, afterwards Prince Regent, who succeeded him; 
 William Henry, Duke of Clarence, who became King 
 
 William IV.; 
 Edward, Duke of Kent, who married Victoria, Princess- 
 Dowager of Leiningen, and sister of Prince Leopold of 
 Saxe-Coburg, and was the father of Alexandrina Vic- 
 toria, the present Queen; 
 Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, who became 
 
 King of Hanover on the death of William IV.; 
 Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge. 
 He died at Windsor, and was buried in St. George's 
 Chapel. George was obstinate, narrow minded, and igno- 
 rant; but his faults were redeemed in his private character 
 by his domestic virtues, his honesty, his simple tastes, and 
 sincere piety. One advantage George III. had over his 
 predecessors, he was a true Englishman, and in his first 
 speech declared that he gloried in the name of Briton. 
 George at different periods of his life suffered from a mental 
 malady, which at last became incurable. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 The Earl of Bute, who was high in favour with the new 
 king, supplanted Pitt in the ministry. The Peace of Paris 
 was concluded in February, 1763, and thus ended the Seven 
 Years' War. By this treaty several valuable colonies in 
 America were secured to Great Britain. About this time 
 John Wilkes became very notorious on account of an arti- 
 cle, No. 45, which he had contributed to the "North 
 8* 
 
82 
 
 Briton." This paper created a violent excitement in the 
 political world, which lasted several years. In 1765, Par- 
 liament passed the Stamp Act, which was very obnoxious 
 to the American colonies, and was the first link in the chain 
 of events which led to the Revolution. Patrick Henry 
 opposed it with a burst of eloquence in the Virginia House 
 of Burgesses. The Act was afterwards repealed, but even 
 this concession failed to appease the colonists, who had other 
 grievances to complain of. Frequent changes in the min- 
 istry weakened the power of the home government; thirteen 
 colonies banded themselves together and elected a Congress, 
 and on the 4th of July, 1776, the famous Declaration of 
 Independence was signed. The Americans were assisted in 
 their struggle by the French. George Washington was 
 Commander-in-Chief of the American armies, and La Fay- 
 ette of the French. The war was terminated by the sur- 
 render of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, October 19th, 
 1781. Gibraltar, which had been besieged for three years, 
 was relieved in 1782. During the preparations made to 
 equip a fleet for this service, the Royal George was lost in 
 Portsmouth harbour, and nine hundred persons perished. 
 January 20th, 1783, a treaty of peace was signed at Ver- 
 sailles, and the independence of the American colonies was 
 recognized. Mr. Pitt, son of Lord Chatham, was made 
 Prime Minister. Th^ king suffered from temporary attacks 
 of derangement; in April, 1789, he went in state to St. 
 Paul's to give thanks for his recovery from one of these 
 afflictions. 
 
 In the same year, 1789, the Revolution broke out in 
 France, and the wildest anarchy reigned in that country. 
 After the execution of Louis XVI., January, 1793, France 
 declared war against England and Holland. The Duke of 
 York commanded the English navy; some victories were 
 gained, and several French islands in the West Indies were 
 cuptured. At this time Napoleon Bonaparte commenced his 
 
83 
 
 extraordinary and brilliant career. The allies one by one 
 deserted England, until, after the peace of Campo Formio, 
 she was left alone to struggle with the giant foe. Napoleon 
 went to Egypt, where he was followed by the English fleet 
 under Lord Nelson. August 1st, 1798, was fought the 
 Battle of the Nile, in which the whole French fleet, except 
 four ships, was destroyed or captured. January 1st, 1801, 
 the Union of Great Britain and Ireland was proclaimed. 
 Napoleon continued his successes on the Continent; and in 
 1802 was elected Consul for life; and in 1804, May 15th, 
 he was created Emperor. October 21st, 1805, was fought 
 the naval battle of Trafalgar, in which the English were 
 successful, but Lord Nelson was killed. In 1806, Napoleon 
 issued his decrees from Berlin, which prohibited all inter- 
 course with England; the bombardment of Copenhagen fol- 
 lowed, and the sufferings it caused are amongst the most 
 painful incidents of the war. Spain was occupied by the 
 French, and her king displaced by Joseph Bonaparte, 
 brother of the Emperor. In this distress the Spaniards 
 applied to Great Britain for aid, and the memorable Penin- 
 sular War was the consequence. The British troops were 
 commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley, afterwards the illus- 
 trious Duke of Wellington. January, 1809, Sir John 
 Moore fell at Corunna, and was buried on "the field of his 
 fame and his glory." In 1810, the king had a return of 
 his former malady, from which he never again entirely 
 recovered; he also became blind. Under these circum- 
 stances it was necessary for some head to be appointed for 
 the government, and the Prince of Wales was made Regent. 
 In 1812, Mr. Perceval, then Prime Minister, was shot in the 
 lobby of the House of Commons. Wellington gained splen- 
 did victories in Spain, and finally drove the French from the 
 Peninsula. In 1812, Napoleon retreated from Moscow, 
 and his reverses roused the allies to new efforts to humble 
 this mighty conqueror. March 30th, 1814, they gained a 
 
84 
 
 victory near Paris, and the next day they entered the 
 French capital. On the 11th of April Napoleon signed 
 his abdication at Fontainebleau, and then retired to the 
 island of Elba. While these events were passing on the 
 Continent the government had to turn its serious atten- 
 tion to the war with the United States, which had com- 
 menced in 1812, and had assumed a very important and 
 threatening aspect. The naval battles were fought prin- 
 cipally on the Great Lakes, and the Americans were com- 
 pletely victorious. January 8th, 1815, General Jackson 
 gained the battle of New Orleans, and the war was termi- 
 nated by a treaty of peace which was signed at Ghent, in 
 December, 1814. 
 
 In 1815, while a Congress at Vienna was deliberating on 
 the affairs of Europe, Napoleon suddenly appeared again 
 in France. The allied forces immediately prepared to resist 
 him, and the decisive battle was fought at Waterloo, June 
 18th, 1815. Wellington was the hero of the battle, but 
 some honour belongs to Bliicher, who commanded the Prus- 
 sian forces Napoleon's cause was completely lost; the 
 allies entered Paris in triumph, and the fallen chief was 
 caged in the island of St. Helena. 1816, the Princess 
 Charlotte was married to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. 
 1819, the Princess Victoria was born, and the following 
 year her father, the Duke of Kent, died. The king sur- 
 vived him but a few days, and thus ended the longest and 
 most eventful reign in English history. 
 
 In this reign electricity was discovered; gas used for 
 lighting the streets; the safety lamp invented; vaccination 
 practised; telescopes improved; and steam applied to navi- 
 gation and printing. It would be difficult to name all the 
 great men and literary characters of this period, some of the 
 principal were: Young, Goldsmith, Burns, and Cowper, 
 poets; Lord Chesterfield, author of the Letters; Dr. Samuel 
 
85 
 
 Johnson, the great philosopher and lexicographer; Hogarth 
 and Sir Joshua Reynolds, painters; Edmund Burke, a great 
 orator; and John Howard, the philanthropist. 
 
 George IV. 1820—1830. 
 
 Born 1762. Son of George III., and Charlotte Sophia, 
 princess of Mecklenburg Strelitz. He was married to 
 Princess Caroline of Brunswick, and had one daughter : 
 
 Charlotte, who married Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, 
 and died November, 1817. She was buried in St. 
 George's Chapel, Windsor. 
 
 George died at Windsor, and was buried in St. George's 
 Chapel. 
 
 "The first gentleman in Europe" was a character whom 
 we can neither admire nor respect. He wasted his talents, 
 and trifled away his advantages; and in old age became very 
 morose and unhappy. 
 
 The Princess Charlotte was greatly beloved by the peo- 
 ple, and her death was very much regretted. Her resi- 
 dence, Claremont, continued in the possession of the widowed 
 Leopold, the late King of the Belgians. He married a 
 second time, and when his father-in-law, Louis Philippe of 
 France, was expelled from his dominions, he offered Clare- 
 mont as a residence to the exiled royal family. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign 
 
 A plot was formed to murder the cabinet ministers, but it 
 was discovered and the perpetrators executed. Queen Car- 
 oline was tried and acquitted. Having been refused admit- 
 tance to Westminster Abbey, on the coronation of her husband, 
 she died soon afterwards of mortification and a broken heart. 
 Greece made vigorous efforts to throw off the Turkish yoke, 
 
86 
 
 and this was finally accomplished at the battle of Navarino, 
 Oct. 20th, 1827, in which it was aided by the combined 
 fleets of England, France, and Russia. In 1829, the Roman 
 Catholic Emancipation Act was passed. In 1830, the king 
 died after a lingering illness. 
 
 William IV. 1830—1837. 
 
 Born 1765. Son of George III and Charlotte Sophia, 
 princess of Mecklenburg Strelitz. He was married to Ade- 
 laide, princess of Saxe-Meinengen, and had two children 
 who died in infancy. He died at Windsor, and was buried 
 in St George's Chapel. 
 
 Principal Events of his Reign. 
 
 In 1832 the Reform Bill passed. Its opposition in the 
 House of Lords was received with great indignation by the 
 people, and disgraceful mobs followed. In 1834, the Eman- 
 cipation Bill was passed, and in the same year the Houses 
 of Parliament were destroyed by fire. The ' 'sailor-king" died 
 June 20th, 1837. 
 
 In 1830 the first railway was opened between Liverpool 
 and Manchester. 
 
 Victoria Alexandrina. 1837— 
 
 Born 1819. Daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, and 
 the Princess Maria Louise Victoria of Saxe-Coburg. In 
 1840 she was married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg, 
 who died December 14th, 1861. He had received the title 
 of Prince Consort. She has nine children: 
 
87 
 
 1. Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, Princess Royal, mar- 
 
 ried to Frederick William, crown-prince of Prussia; 
 
 2. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the 
 
 throne, married to Princess Alexandrine of Denmark; 
 
 3. Alice Maud Mary, married to Louis, Prince of Hesse 
 
 Darmstadt; 
 
 4. Alfred Ernest Albert, of the Royal Navy, created 
 
 Duke of Edinburgh; 
 
 5. Helena Augusta Victoria, married to Prince Christian 
 
 of Augustenburg; 
 
 6. Louise Caroline Alberta; 
 
 7. Arthur William Patrick Albert; 
 
 8. Leopold George Duncan Albert; 
 
 9. Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore. 
 
 On the death of William IV., his brother, the Duke of 
 Cumberland, succeeded to the throne of Hanover, as that 
 kingdom is controlled by the Salic law. In 1838, the first 
 steamship sailed from England to America. In 1851, a great 
 International Exhibition was held in London, the idea of 
 which originated with Prince Albert. 1852, died the 
 Duke of Wellington, he was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. 
 In 1854, commenced the famous Crimean war, which ter- 
 minated with the fall of Sebastapol in September, 1855. 
 A treaty of peace was signed in Paris, March 30th, 1856. 
 In 1857, a formidable insurrection broke out in India. After 
 its suppression the government of the country passed from 
 the control of the East India Company into the dominion of 
 the crown. In 1860, the Prince of Wales visited America, 
 and was everywhere received with great cordiality and en- 
 thusiasm. In March, 1861, died the Duchess of Kent, and 
 in December of the same year, the Queen, the Royal Family, 
 and the whole nation, suffered an irreparable loss in the death 
 of Prince Albert. March 7th, 1863, the Prince of Wales 
 was married to the Princess Alexandrine of Denmark; the 
 ceremony took place in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. 
 
88 
 
 The improvements, discoveries, and great men of the last 
 fifty years, are so familiar, and so easily gathered from other 
 sources, that it is not necessary that they should be here 
 enumerated. 
 
 SOVEREIGNS OF THE HOUSE OF HANOVER OR 
 BRUNSWICK. 
 
 George I. 1714—1727. 
 
 George II. 1727—1760. 
 
 George III. 1760—1820. 
 
 George IV. 1820—1830. 
 
 William IV. 1830-1837. 
 
 Victoria, 1837 — Long may she reign ! 
 
QUESTIONS 
 
 ON 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 1. Which is the legendary period of British History? 
 
 2. What was the ancient name of England ? 
 
 3. What is the tradition as to the origin of the Britons ? 
 
 4. Who were the Phoenicians ? 
 
 5. Why were they early acquainted with Britain? 
 
 6. Who was King Lear ? 
 
 7. Give the date of the first Roman invasion of Britain, 
 
 8. Who led the Roman army, and what do you know of 
 
 him ? 
 
 9. Who was leader of the Britons? 
 
 10. What invasion took place 54 B. C? 
 
 11. How far did Caesar penetrate ? 
 
 12. What was the ancient name of St. Albans? 
 
 13. For how many years were the Britons unmolested ? 
 
 14. Who were the Druids ? 
 
 15. Where is Stonehenge ? 
 
 16. What island was devoted to the residence of the Druids ? 
 
 17. What was a terrible feature of Druidical worship ? 
 
 18. Who was Cymbeline, and by whom has he been immor- 
 
 talized ? 
 19 What can you say about the mock-invasion of Caligula? 
 
 20. When did Claudius invade Britain ? 
 
 21. Who was the Roman General that led the invasion of 
 
 Claudius ? 
 
 22. Who was Caractacus ? 
 
 9 
 
90 
 
 23. What was the ancient name of Colchester ? 
 
 J4. Who conquered the Isle of Wight? 
 
 25. Who was Titus? 
 
 26. When and where was Caractacus defeated, and what 
 
 was the result ? 
 
 27. Who took command in Britain A. D. 59? 
 
 28. Who destroyed the Druids? 
 
 29. What happened in A.. D. 61 ? 
 
 30. Who has called Boadicea, "the British warrior queen?" 
 
 31. What was the Roman name of London ? 
 
 32. When was Agricola appointed to the command of 
 
 Britain ? 
 
 33. What did Agricola raise ? 
 
 34. What did Hadrian build ? 
 
 35. Why is Hadrian's rampart call the wall of Severus ? 
 
 36. Where did Severus die ? 
 
 37. Who was the first Christian martyr of Great Britain ? 
 
 38. Where did he suffer, and at what date? 
 39 When and where did Constantius die ? 
 
 40. Where was Constantine the Great first proclaimed Em- 
 
 peror ? 
 
 41. When did the Scots and Picts penetrate to London ? 
 
 42. Relate about the letter sent to iEtius. 
 
 43. What did Vortigern do in 448 ? 
 
 44. What is the date of the Saxon Invasion ? 
 
 45. Who were Hengist and Horsa? 
 
 46. How may the interval between the Saxon Invasion and 
 
 the Norman Conquest be divided ? 
 47 What is the 1st period? 
 
 48. Whom did Vortigern marry ? 
 
 49. When was Horsa slain ? 
 
 50. What occurred in 457 ? 
 
 51. What followed from the successes of Hengist ? 
 
 52. Who was Arthur and when did he die ? 
 
 53. Is his history altogether fabulous? 
 
91 
 
 54 Who was St. Augustine? 
 
 55. Had Britain ever been Christianized before St. Augus- 
 
 tine was sent there ? 
 
 56. Why had it, as a state, relapsed into heathendom ? 
 
 57. Who was Bertha? 
 
 58. Whom did St. Augustine convert to Christianity? 
 
 59. What can you say about St. Martin's Church, Canter 
 
 bury ? 
 
 60. When was St. Paul's Cathedral founded? 
 
 61. When, and by whom, was Westminster Abbey founded ? 
 62 What was founded A. D. 644 ? 
 
 63. What do you know of the Venerable Bede ? 
 
 64. What important event occurred in A. D. 827 ? 
 
 65. What was the Saxon capital of England ? 
 
 66. Where had the Britons been driven to ? 
 
 67. What is the 2d Period between the Saxon Invasion 
 
 and the Norman Conquest ? 
 
 68. Who was Egbert, and where was he buried ? 
 
 69. Whom did Ethelwolf marry? 
 
 70. What occurred during the reign of Ethelwolf? 
 
 71. What three kings succeeded ? 
 
 72. Who was Alfred the Great and give dates of his reign. 
 
 73. Who are the best known of Alfred's children ? 
 
 74. Who gave Alfred much trouble? 
 
 75. What occurred in 878 ? 
 
 76. What benefits resulted from Alfred's reign ? 
 
 77. Who succeeded Alfred ? 
 
 78. Who was Athelstan ? 
 
 79. Name some of the principal events of his reign. 
 
 80. Who were Edmund I. and Edred? 
 
 81. How did Edmund die? 
 
 82. Who was St. Dunstan ? 
 
 83. Whom did Edwy marry, and what followed? 
 
 84. What can you say of Edgar the Peaceable ? 
 
 85. How did Edward the Martyr die? 
 
92 
 
 86. What was the the surname of Ethelred II., and why? 
 
 87. Who was Edmund Ironside? 
 
 88. Who was Emma, the wife of Ethelred? 
 S9. Name the sons of Ethelred and Emma. 
 90 What was the subsequent fate of Alfred ? 
 
 91. What was Danegelt? 
 
 92. When did the massacre of the Danes take place ? 
 
 93. Who revenged this massacre ? 
 
 94. What became of Ethelred ? 
 
 95 What is the 3d Period between the Saxon Invasion 
 and the Norman Conquest ? 
 
 96. What can you say of Sweyn ? 
 
 97. What became of Edmund Ironside ? 
 
 98. Name the sons of Edmund Ironside. 
 
 99. Who was descended from Edward the Exile ? 
 
 100. Whom did Canute marry? 
 
 101. Who was Hardicanute ? 
 
 102. Where did Canute die and where was he buried? 
 
 103. Relate an incident in the reign of Canute. 
 
 104. What was the surname of Harold, son of Canute? 
 
 105. What was the fate of Hardicanute ? 
 
 106. What is the 4th Period between the Saxon Invasion 
 
 and the Norman Conquest ? 
 
 107. Who succeeded Hardicanute, and what are the dates 
 
 of his reign ? 
 
 108. Whom did Edward the Coufessor marry? 
 
 109. Where had he been educated and what was the result ? 
 
 110. Who was Earl Godwin? 
 
 111. To whom did Edward the Confessor leave the crown 
 
 of England ? 
 
 112. Who was the true heir ? 
 
 113. Where was Edward the Confessor buried? 
 
 114. Relate the story of Macbeth. 
 
 115. Who was Harold II. and by whom was he crowned ? 
 
 116. Who disputed his claims to the throne ? 
 
 117. Where was the fate of England decided? 
 
93 
 
 118. Where was Harold buried? 
 
 119. What was built on the site of the battle-field? 
 
 120. Give the date of William the Conqueror's accession 
 
 121. Whose son was he ? 
 
 122. What was his father's surname ? 
 
 123. To whom was William the Conqueror married ? 
 
 124. Mention the children of William and Matilda who are 
 
 best known in history ? 
 
 125. What was the fate of Richard, second son of the Con- 
 
 queror ? 
 
 126. How did William the Conqueror divide his possessions 
 
 amongst his sons ? 
 
 127. To whom was Adela married, and who was descended 
 
 from her ? 
 
 128. What caused William's death ? 
 
 129. Where did he die and where was he buried? 
 
 130. Where was William the Conqueror crowned? 
 
 131. Upon what conditions did Edgar Atheling resign all 
 
 claim to the crown ? 
 
 132. What rebellions occurred during this reign ? 
 
 133. With whom was William at war at the time of his 
 
 death ? 
 
 134. What was the object of the Curfew bell ? 
 
 135. Where was the New Forest and why was it made ? 
 
 136. What was the Feudal law? 
 
 137. Where did Matilda, wife of the Conqueror, die, and 
 
 where was she buried ? 
 
 138. What is the Bayeux tapestry, and where is it pre- 
 
 served ? 
 
 139. Who succeeded William the Conqueror, and what are 
 
 the dates of his reign ? 
 
 140. Where did William Rufus die, and where is he buried? 
 
 141. Give the date of the 1st Crusade. 
 
 142. What were the Crusades? 
 
 143. How was Robert enabled to go to the Holy Land? 
 
 9* 
 
94 
 
 144. When was the Tower built? 
 
 1 45. What do you know of Westminster Hall ? 
 
 146. What is Goodwin Sands ? 
 
 147. How was the crime of having depopulated such a vast 
 
 tract of land as the New Forest visited upon the 
 descendants of the Conqueror ? 
 
 148. Who succeeded William Rufus? 
 
 149. What was his surname and why was it given % 
 
 150. Who was the proper heir to the throne ? 
 
 151. Whom did Henry I. marry? 
 
 152. Why did he marry Matilda of Scotland 1 
 
 153. Who were the children of Henry and Matilda 1 
 
 154. What was the fate of Prince William ? 
 
 155. Whom did Matilda marry 1 
 
 156. What is she called in history ] 
 
 157. Where did Henry die 1 
 
 158. Where was he buried ? 
 
 159. With whom did Henry I. war ? 
 
 160. What was the fate of Robert 1 
 
 161. What effect did the death of Prince William have 
 
 upon the king ? 
 
 162. What Order was established during this reign ? 
 
 163. Why did Stephen of Blois claim the throne upon the 
 
 death of Henry I. ? 
 
 164. Who was the queen of Stephen 1 
 
 165. What was the character of Matilda of Boulogne 1 
 
 166. Who was Prince Eustace ? 
 
 167. Where did Stephen die 1 
 
 168. Where were Stephen and his queen buried 1 
 
 169. What was the state of the kingdom during this reign 1 
 
 170. Who was the most powerful supporter of Matilda's 
 
 cause ? 
 
 171. Who fought the battle of Northallerton ? 
 
 172. What was the result % 
 
 173. What compromise was made by Stephen and Matilda ? 
 
 174. Give the date of the 2d Crusade. 
 
95 
 
 175. Who was William of Malmesbury ] 
 
 176. How many kings were there of the Norman Line ? 
 
 177. Give their names and the dates of their reigns. 
 
 178. What House succeeded the Norman kings? 
 
 179. Whence came the title ? 
 
 180. Whose son was Henry TI. ? 
 
 181. What was restored in the person of Henry II. 1 
 
 182. Whom did he marry ? 
 
 183. To whom had Eleanor been previously married ? 
 
 184. Name the children of Henry II. and Eleanor. 
 
 185. To whom was Prince Henry married ? 
 
 186. Relate the circumstance of his death. 
 
 187. What was the surname of Richard 1 
 
 188. Who was Constance of Bretagne ? 
 
 189. To whom was Joan married ? 
 
 190. What caused Henry's death, and where did he die ? 
 
 191. Where was Henry II. buried? 
 
 192. Who was Thomas a Becket? 
 
 193. Relate an anecdote to prove the intimacy which ex- 
 
 isted between Becket and the king. 
 
 194. Why was Becket created Archbishop of Canterbury ? 
 
 195. What was the effect of his elevation to the Arch- 
 
 bishopric ? 
 
 196. What led to the murder of Becket ? 
 
 197. Relate the circumstances connected with the murder. 
 
 198. How was Becket's memory honored ? 
 
 199. How did Henry publicly show his regret for the mur- 
 
 der ? 
 
 200. When was Ireland conquered ? 
 
 201 . What circumstances led to the Conquest ? 
 
 202. How did Eleanor use her influence over her sons ? 
 
 203. What was the fate of Geoffrey ? 
 
 204. Who joined Richard in his last rebellion against his 
 
 father ? 
 
 205. Why was that "the most unkindest cut of all ?" 
 
206. How did it affect the king 1 
 
 207. How was the kingdom divided for judicial purposes ? 
 
 208. What great improvement in houses was introduced 
 
 during this reign 1 
 
 209. Who was Nicholas Breakspear 1 
 
 210. Who succeeded Henry II. ? 
 
 211. How many years did he reign? 
 
 212. To whom was Richard married? 
 
 213. What was the cause of Richard's death ? 
 
 214. How has Richard been regarded in romance? 
 
 215. What does Sir Walter Scott say of him? 
 
 216. What was his true character ? 
 
 217. Did he show much affection for his kingdom and sub- 
 
 jects 1 
 
 218. Relate the incidents connected with Richard's setting 
 
 out on the Crusade. 
 
 219. What island did Richard capture ? 
 
 220. Who were victorious in the battle of Joppa ? 
 
 221. What truce was made between Richard and Saladin? 
 
 222. Relate the adventures connected with the capture of 
 
 the king on his return from the Holy Land. 
 
 223. What story is connected with his release ? 
 
 224. How was Richard wounded at Chalus ? 
 
 225. Where is he buried ? 
 
 226. Who was Robin Hood ? 
 
 227. Who succeeded Richard I.? 
 
 228. What was his surname, and why did he receive it? 
 
 229. Whom did he marry ? 
 
 230. Name the children of John. 
 
 231. What was the fate of Arthur of Bretagne ? 
 
 232. Why did the king dispute with Innocent III.? 
 
 233. What did the barons compel John to sign ? 
 
 234. When and where was Magna Charta signed ? 
 
 235. What was John's conduct after he had signed the 
 
 charter ? 
 
97 
 
 236. Whom did the barons call to their aid? 
 
 237. Where did John die, and where was he buried ? 
 
 238. Where is Magna Chaita still preserved? 
 
 239. Where was Arthur murdered ? 
 
 240. What became of the Damsel of Bretagne ? 
 
 241. Give the dates of the reign of Henry III. 
 
 242. Whom did he marry? 
 
 243. Mention Henry's children. 
 
 244. Whom did Margaret marry ? 
 
 245. Why wa3 Eleanor of Provence a very unpopular 
 
 queen ? 
 
 246. Who was protector of the realm ? 
 
 247. W r hat was the character of the Earl of Pembroke ? 
 
 248. Where was the French army defeated ? 
 
 249 What great loss did the king and country sustain in 
 1219 ? 
 
 250. What title did the Pope bestow on Edmund, son of 
 
 the King ? 
 
 251. To what did this empty honour lead? 
 
 252. Who headed the barons ? 
 
 253. What was the "Mad Parliament?" 
 
 254. Where did it assemble ? 
 
 255. Who tried to act as mediator between Henry and the 
 
 barons ? 
 
 256. When was the battle of Lewes fought? 
 
 257. What was the result ? 
 
 258. How did Prince Edward effect his escape ? 
 
 259. What battle was fought in 1265 ? 
 
 260. Which party was victorious, and who were slain ? 
 
 261. When did Prince Edward set out on a crusade ? 
 262 Who accompanied him ? 
 
 263. How long did Henry III. reign ? 
 
 264. Where did he die, and where is he buried ? 
 
 265. Who was Roger Bacon ? 
 
 266. What was the surname of Edward I.? 
 
98 
 
 267. Was it well applied? 
 
 268. Whom did lie marry ? 
 
 269. What was the surname oT Eleanor of Castile? 
 
 270. Relate the legend of her devotion in the Holy Land. 
 
 271. Where did queen Eleanor die ? 
 
 272. What respect did Edward pay to her remains ? 
 
 273. What monuments were erected to her memory ? 
 
 274. What is the origin of the name Charing Cross ] 
 
 275. What is being built to replace the old monument at 
 
 Charing Cross ? 
 
 276. Where did Edward die ? 
 
 277. What singular directions did he give concerning his 
 
 body 1 
 
 278. Where was he buried ? 
 
 279. What inscription is there upon his tomb 1 
 
 280. Where was Edward at the time of his father's death 1 
 
 281. What war did he undertake a few years after his acces- 
 
 sion 1 
 
 282. When and where was Llewellyn killed ? 
 
 283. Where was his head placed after his death ? 
 
 284. When was Wales finally conquered ? 
 
 285. What was the fate of David, brother of Llewellyn % 
 
 286. What is the reason that the eldest sons of the English 
 
 sovereigns are styled Prince of Wales 1 
 
 287. When were the Jews banished from England I 
 
 288. How long were they excluded from the kingdom 1 
 
 289. What was the origin of the war with Scotland ? 
 
 290. Who was the Maid of Norway ? 
 
 291. How many competitors were there for the crown of 
 
 Scotland ? 
 
 292. Name the two most important. 
 
 293. In whose favour did Edward decide ? 
 
 294. When did the battle of Falkirk take place, and who 
 
 were victorious ? 
 
 295. What was the character of Sir William Wallace ? 
 
99 
 
 296. By whom was he betrayed to the English ? 
 
 297. Where was he tried, and where executed ? 
 
 298. What disposition was made of the remains of Wallace ? 
 
 299. Who was Robert Bruce ? 
 
 300. Where and by whom was the Red Comyn slain 1 
 
 301. To what did this murder lead % 
 
 302. Where was Bruce crowned king of Scotland 1 
 
 303. Who placed the crown upon his head ? 
 
 304. How was King Edward stopped in his revengeful pur- 
 
 poses ? 
 
 305. What attempt had Edward made in France ? 
 
 306. What name is given to Edward I. and why 1 
 
 307. What is the subject of Gray's Bard ? 
 
 308. Relate the history of "the Stone of Destiny." 
 
 309. Why was Edward II. surnamed "Caernarvon ?" 
 
 310. Whose son was he ? 
 
 311. What are the dates of his reign ? 
 
 312. To whom was he married ? 
 
 313. Where was he murdered ? 
 
 314. What were "re-echoed by the Severn" on that dread- 
 
 ful night ? 
 
 315. Where was Edward II. buried ? 
 
 316. What does Gray, the poet, call Isabella ? 
 
 317. Where was she imprisoned ? 
 
 318 Did Edward keep the promises made to his father ? 
 
 319. What was the consequence of the favouritism shown to 
 
 Gaveston ? 
 
 320. Where was Gaveston executed ? 
 
 321. When was the battle of Bannockburn fought ? 
 
 322. Who were victorious? 
 
 323. Who succeeded Gaveston in the favour of the King ? 
 
 324. What ensued? 
 
 325. What part did the Queen take in these contentions ? 
 
 326. Who was Roger Mortimer ? 
 327 What occurred in 1326 ? 
 
100 
 
 328. What was the fate of Edward ? 
 
 329. What order was suppressed during this reign % 
 
 330. What disposition was made of their property in London? 
 
 331. What can you say of Temple Church 1 
 
 332. What is the surname of Edward III.? 
 
 333. How many years did he reign ? 
 
 334. To whom was he married? 
 
 335. Name the sons of Edward III. 
 
 336. To whom was the Black Prince married ? 
 
 337. Where did he die and where is he buried ? 
 
 338. Name the descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence. 
 
 339. What is John of Gaunt called ? 
 
 340. To whom was he married? 
 
 341. Where did Edward III. die ? 
 
 342. Where are Edward and Philippa buried 1 
 
 343. How did the king assert his power, when of an age to 
 
 go\ rn ? 
 
 344. Upon what pretext did Edward make war with France ? 
 
 345. What is the Salique law ? 
 
 346. What great naval battle was fought, and with what 
 
 result ? 
 
 347. How did Edward employ the next two years ? 
 
 348. Why was the French war renewed ? 
 349 When was the battle of Crecy fought ? 
 
 350. Who was killed at Crecy, and under what circum- 
 
 stances ? 
 
 351. Who distinguished himself greatly in this battle 1 
 S52. How long did the siege of Calais last ? 
 
 353. How was it terminated ? 
 
 354. What battle was won by Philippa ? 
 
 355. When was the battle of Poitiers fought ? 
 
 356. What two kings were prisoners in London at the same 
 
 time ? 
 
 357. Where did King John of France die ? 
 
 358. What war did the Black Prince undertake in 1367 ? 
 
101 
 
 359. Was it advantageous to England ? 
 
 360. "Why was Edward's son called "the Black Prince'?" 
 
 361. Repeat Gray's lines which refer to Edward Ill's lonely 
 
 death-bed. 
 
 362. What was the condition of England at this period ? 
 
 363. What new branch of trade was opened % 
 
 364. What did the Queen establish at Norwich ? 
 
 365 . Who who was Froissart ? 
 
 366. Who was Geoffrey Chaucer ? 
 
 367. What is he styled by Spenser? 
 
 368. Who was Jacob Van Artevelt? 
 
 369. Under whose direction was the palace of Windsor 
 ' built ? 
 
 370. What inscription is placed over the great gate? 
 
 371. What was the subsequent career of Wykeham ? 
 
 372. What was Wykeham's motto ? 
 
 373. What school did he found? 
 
 374. Who was John Wycliffe ? 
 
 375. By whom was he protected ? 
 
 376. What were his followers called? 
 
 377. What order was instituted in 1344 ? 
 
 378. Give the popular story of its origin. 
 
 379. Give some description of this order. 
 
 380. What is the crest of the Princes of Wales ? 
 381 By what right do they bear it ? 
 
 382. What new weapon was introduced at the battle of 
 
 Crecy ? 
 
 383. By whom was oil-painting invented? 
 
 384. What institutions were founded by queen Philippa ? 
 
 385. Where was Richard II. born ? 
 
 386. What relationship did he bear to Edward III.? 
 
 387. Whose son was he ? 
 
 388. To whom was Richard II. married? 
 
 389. Where Was he murdered ? 
 
 390. Where was he buried ? % 
 
 10 
 
102 
 
 391. What occurred in 1381? 
 
 392. What was Richard's conduct on that occasion ? 
 
 393. Where was Wat Tyler killed ? 
 
 394. What does the ballad of Chevy Chase commemorate ? 
 
 395. Why was the battle of Otterbourne fought ? 
 
 396. Who was the Duke of Gloucester ? 
 
 397. Of what was he accused % 
 
 398. Where was he to be tried, and what occurred before 
 
 the trial 2 
 
 399. What quarrel was brought before the King in 1398, 
 
 and what was his decision 1 
 
 400. When did John of Gaunt die I 
 
 401. Upon what pretext did Henry Bolingbroke return to 
 
 England ? 
 
 402. Where was Richard at the time ? 
 
 403. How did Henry improve his advantages? 
 
 404. Where was Richard taken prisoner ? 
 '405. What was his subsequent fate ] 
 
 406. What became of the youthful queen of Richard after 
 
 the murder of her husband ? 
 
 407. Give the dates of the reign of Henry IV. 
 
 408. Whose son was he 1 
 
 409. Who was his first wife 1 
 
 410. Name their sons. 
 
 411. Who was Henry's second wife ? 
 
 412. Where did Henry IV. die ? 
 
 413. Where was he buried? 
 
 414. Where was Henry IV. proclaimed king ? 
 
 415. What challenge did he utter on the occasion ? 
 
 416. Who was the rightful heir to the crown 1 
 
 417. Was the early part of this reign peaceful ] 
 
 418. What disturbances occurred 1 
 
 419. When was the battle of Homildon Hill fought ? 
 
 420. What was the result ? 
 
 421. Who entered into an alliance against Henry ? 
 
103 
 
 422. When was the battle of Shrewsbury fought ? 
 
 423. Who distinguished himself in this battle ? 
 
 424. What of Northumberland ? 
 
 425. What was the fate of Archbishop Scroop? 
 
 426. How were Henry's last days embittered ] 
 
 427. Give an anecdote of the Prince of Wales and Judge 
 
 Gascoigne. 
 
 428. What royal prisoner was in England at this time ? 
 
 429. How did he fall into Henry's hands ? 
 
 430. How long did he remain prisoner ? 
 
 431. Where was Henry seized with apoplexy 1 
 
 432 . What prediction had been made concerning the place 
 
 of his death ? 
 
 433. Describe the scene which took place between the King 
 
 and the Prince of Wales shortly before the death of 
 the former. 
 
 434. Mention the most celebrated of the Prince's jolly com- 
 
 panions ? 
 
 435. Where are his mad pranks and follies portrayed ? 
 
 436. Who was the mother of Henry V.? 
 
 437. What are the dates of his reign ? 
 
 438. To whom was he married ? 
 
 439. Where did he die and where was he buried ? 
 
 440. Who was Katherine of Valois' second husband ? 
 
 441. To whom was their eldest son married ? 
 
 442. How did Henry V. commence his reign ? 
 
 443. Who suffered persecution under this king ? 
 
 444. Where was Lord Cobham burned 1 
 
 445. When did Henry determine to invade France ? 
 
 446. What conspiracy was discovered previous to his de- 
 
 parture ? 
 
 447. Where did Henry land 1 
 
 448. Why did he undertake this expedition 1 
 
 449. How long did the siege of Harfleur last ? 
 
 450. When was the battle of Azincourt fought ? 
 
104 
 
 451. Who were victorious ? 
 
 452. What followed this great battle ? 
 
 453. When did Henry invade France a second time ? 
 
 454. What city was cajrtured after a long siege ? 
 
 455. Give the terms of the treaty of Troyes. 
 
 456. From whence arose the custom of lighting the streets 
 
 of London ? 
 
 457. Who was Sir Richard Whittington, and why has he 
 
 a place in "nursery classics?" 
 
 458. What was the parentage of Henry VI.? 
 
 459. To whom was he married ? 
 
 460. What was the name of their only sou, and whom did 
 
 he marry ? 
 
 461. How and where did Edward of Lancaster die ? 
 
 462. Where was Henry VI. murdered ? 
 
 463. Where was he interred, and to what chapel were his 
 
 remains afterwards removed ? 
 
 464. What was Henry's character ? 
 
 465. What does the poet Gray call him ? 
 
 466. What was the character of Margaret of Anjou ? 
 
 467. Relate the history of Margaret after the downfall of the 
 
 Lancastrians ? 
 
 468. In what brief sentence did she sum up her experience 
 
 of life ? 
 
 469. Who was appointed Regent upon the death of 
 
 Henry V.? 
 
 470. To whom was James I. of Scotland married ? 
 
 471. When did Charles VI. of France die ? 
 
 472. Who asserted his claims to the throne ? 
 
 473. What occurred in 1428. 
 
 474. Who raised the siege of Orleans? 
 
 475. Who was Joan of Arc ? 
 
 476. Where was Charles VII. crowned? 
 477 When was Joan of Arc taken prisoner ? 
 
 478. Of what was she accused ? 
 
 479. Who condemned her to death ? 
 
105 
 
 480. Where did she suffer the penalty of this cruel sentence ? 
 
 481. When did Bedford die ? 
 
 482. What effect had his death upon the English arms in 
 
 France ? 
 
 483. Did Mary make a politic marriage 1 
 
 484. What occurred in 1447 ? 
 
 485. What happened to the Duke of Suffolk ? 
 
 486. Describe the insurrection of Jack Cade. 
 
 487. How did it end? 
 
 488. Who took up arms in 1452 ? 
 
 489. What are these civil wars called, and why ? 
 
 490. Who were victorious at the first battle of St. Albans ? 
 
 491. Did the king at that time remain a prisoner in the 
 
 hands of the Duke of York ? 
 
 492. What was the result of the Battle of Northampton ? 
 
 493. What decision was made by Parliament? 
 
 494. What battle was fought in December, 1460 ? 
 
 495. Who were victorious ? 
 
 496. Who were slain in this battle ? 
 
 497. How did Margaret treat her fallen foe ? 
 
 498. What did she do after the battle ? 
 
 499. Which party gained the second battle of St. Albans 1 
 
 500. Who was proclaimed king in March, 1461 ? 
 
 501. How long did Henry VI. live after his deposition ? 
 
 502. For what was Joan of Arc distinguished ? 
 
 503. What modern poets have celebrated her memory ? 
 
 504. What is one of the most beautiful tributes to this 
 
 heroic woman ? 
 
 505. What can you say of London Stone ? 
 
 506. Where were the badges of the Roses chosen? 
 
 507. Who was the most powerful baron of this period? 
 
 508. What is he called ? 
 
 509. What was the badge of Warwick ? 
 
 510. What colleges did Henry VI. found ? 
 
 511. What college was founded by Margaret of Anjou ? 
 
 10* 
 
106 
 
 51 2. How many sor.s did the Duke of York leave, and name 
 them ? 
 
 513. Give the dates of the reign of Edward TV. 
 
 514. What was his parentage ? 
 
 515. To whom was he married? 
 
 516 Name their sons and eldest daughter. 
 
 517. Where did Edward IV. die? 
 
 518. Where was he buried, and who lies by his side? 
 
 519. When was the battle of Towton fought ? 
 
 520. Where did Margaret go after this defeat? 
 
 521. What battle was fought in May, 1464 ? 
 
 522. Relate an incident which occurred to Margaret and 
 
 her son after this battle. 
 
 523. What gave great offence to Warwick ? 
 
 524. How did he resent it? 
 
 525. How did Warwick strengthen his alliance with Mar- 
 
 garet of Anjou 1 
 
 526. When did Warwick land at Dartmouth ? 
 
 527. By what was this followed 1 
 
 528. What occurred at the battle of Barnet 1 
 
 529. What battle decided the fate of the Lancastrians? 
 
 530. What became of Prince Edward ? 
 
 531. What became of the Duke of Clarence ? 
 
 532. What preparations was Edward IV. making at the 
 
 time of his death 1 
 
 533. By whom was printing introduced into England? 
 
 534. What was the first book printed in England 1 
 
 535. Who was Edward V. ? 
 
 536. Where was he murdered ? 
 
 537. When were his remains discovered ? 
 
 538. What was the length of this reign ? 
 
 539. Who had been nominated Regent by Edward IV. 1 
 
 540. How did he use his power ? 
 
 541. Where did the queen and her other children find refuge? 
 
 542. Where were the young princes smothered ? 
 643. Where were their remains at first interred ? 
 
107 
 
 544. What is the date of the accession of Richard III ? 
 
 545. Whose son was he ] 
 
 546. Whom did he marry ? 
 
 547. Where was Richard killed ? 
 
 548. Had he any children ? 
 
 549. W T ho was at this time the representative of the House 
 
 of Lancaster ? 
 
 550. What right had he to this claim ? 
 
 551. What did the Earl of Richmond agree to do ] 
 
 552. Who headed the conspiracy in England? 
 
 553. What matrimonial arrangements did Richard propose 
 
 to make after the death of Anne of Warwick ? 
 
 554 How was this marriage prevented ? 
 
 555. When did the battle of Bosworth take place ? 
 
 556. Why was this battle so important in its results? 
 
 557. To what battle may it be compared 1 
 
 558. Relate the story connected with Richard's crown. 
 
 559. To what proverb did this give rise ? 
 
 560. How many sovereigns were there of the House of 
 
 Plantagenet 1 
 
 561. How many in the direct line % 
 
 562. How many of the House of Lancaster 1 
 
 563. How many of the House of York ? 
 
 564. Name the Plantagenet kings and give the dates of their 
 
 reigns. 
 
 565. Which of the Plantagenet kings were particularly 
 
 noted for their love of war and conquest 1 
 
 566. Which were very weak sovereigns ? 
 
 567. What House succeeded to that of Plantagenet? 
 
 568. Who was Henry VI1 1 
 
 569. Why was he induced to marry Elizabeth of York ? 
 
 570. Name his children. 
 
 571. To whom was Margaret married ? 
 
 572. To whom was Mary married? 
 
 573. Where was Henry VII. buried 1 
 
10S 
 
 574. Who reposes by his side ? 
 
 575. What was the character of this sovereign '. 
 
 576. By what two passions was he swayed? 
 
 577. What title was assumed by Lambert Simnel ? 
 57 s . By whom was he supported ? 
 
 579. How did Heury quell the rebellion ? 
 
 550. How was Simnel punished? 
 
 551. What new Pretender made his appearance in 1492? 
 
 552. What was his origin ? 
 
 553. By whom was he acknowledged? 
 
 554. How did Henry buy off James of Scotlaud ? 
 585. What followed? 
 
 55'3. What became of the young Earl of Warwick? 
 5S7. How was the rest of Henry's reign spent ? 
 
 555. Who were his agents? 
 
 559. To whom was Arthur, Prince of Wales, married? 
 
 590. What negotiations followed the death of that prince? 
 
 591. How was Henry regarded by his subjects ? 
 
 592. What change took place in the state of society at about 
 
 this period ? 
 
 593. What discovery was made in 1492 ? 
 
 594. What was the result of the first English expedition to 
 
 the Xew World, and by whom was it commanded ? 
 595 What was the Star Chamber? 
 
 596. When did Henry VTII. begin to reign ? 
 
 597. Name his wives 
 
 59 5. Name his children. 
 
 599. Where did Henry die, and where was he burie 
 tiOiX What was the character of Henry VIII. ? 
 601. In what respect did he show great ability f 
 
 602 What monument did Henry erect to the memory of 
 
 Katherine of Arragon ? 
 
 603 Where was Anne Boleyn beheaded ? 
 
 604. Where was she buried, aud what is the tradition con- 
 nected with her interment ? 
 
109 
 
 605. Which of Henry's wives reposes beside her husband ? 
 
 606. Where did Anne of Cleves die? 
 
 607. Where was Katherine Howard beheaded and buried ? 
 
 608. To whom was Katherine Parr married after the death 
 
 of Henry? 
 
 609. Under what circumstances did Henry VIII. commence 
 
 his reign ? 
 
 610. How were Dudley and Empson punished ? 
 
 611. How was Henry drawn into a war with France ? 
 
 612. What two memorable battles took place in 1513? 
 
 613. What was the result of the battle of Flodden ? 
 
 614. Who was at this time the favourite of the King ? 
 
 615. Name two great contemporaries of Henry. 
 
 616. What two royal meetings took place in 1519. 
 
 617. Why did Henry obtain the title of Defender of the 
 
 Faith? 
 
 618. What was Wolsey's greatest ambition ? 
 
 619. What caused his fall? 
 
 620. Who succeeded him in the King's favour ? 
 
 621. Upon what plea did Henry divorce Katherine of 
 
 Arragon ? 
 
 622. To what did this divorce lead f 
 
 623. Under whose suggestion did Henry act? 
 
 624. What title was given him in 1534 by Act of Parlia- 
 
 ment ? 
 
 625. Why were Sir Thomas More and Bishop Fisher 
 
 executed ? 
 
 626. How did Cranmer obtain the notice of the King ? 
 
 627. To what high office was he exalted? 
 
 628. What proposals did he make with reference to the 
 
 monasteries ? 
 
 629. Was this wise policy adopted? 
 
 630. To what did the innovations in the Church lead? 
 
 631. How was Henry induced to marry Anne of Cleves? 
 
 632. What did Anne of Cleves do after her divorce ? 
 
110 
 
 633. What caused the death of James V. of Scotland 1 
 
 634. Whom did he leave as his heir? 
 
 635. Mention one of the last acts of Henry's life. 
 636 What was the fate of Surrey 1 
 
 637. How did the Duke of Norfolk escape the same death ? 
 
 638. What was Wolsey's origin % 
 
 639. What great monument still "speaks his virtue" at 
 
 Oxford % 
 
 640. Where did he die 1 
 
 641. When is the Reformation usually dated % 
 
 642. Is this strictly correct % 
 
 643. Who translated the first Bible entire into English 1 
 
 644. When was Cranmer's Bible published ? 
 
 645. Name some of the celebrated literary men of this 
 
 period 1 
 
 646. Who was Hans Holbein 1 
 
 647. What celebrated school in London was founded during 
 
 this reign ? 
 
 648. When did Edward VI. succeed to the throne] 
 
 649. At what age did he die % 
 
 650. Why was his early death much regretted % 
 
 651. Who was appointed Protector upon the death of Henry 
 
 VIII.? 
 
 652. Why did Somerset lead an army in Scotland ? 
 
 653. What battle was fought and with what success % 
 
 654. To whom was Mary Stuart afterwards married ? 
 
 655. What Act of Parliament was passed in 1549 1 
 
 656. What is the Book of Common Prayer ? 
 
 657. Who greatly aided in compiling this work, and what 
 
 else did he frame 1 
 
 658. Who steadfastly opposed the Reformers ? 
 
 659. What led to the fall of Seymour ? 
 
 660. Who formed a confederacy against Somerset ? 
 
 661. What was the fate of the Protector 1 
 
 662. How did the Duke of Northumberland use his power 1 
 
 663. What claim had Lady Jane Grey to the throne ? 
 
Ill 
 
 664. Why was Northumberland particularly interested in 
 
 her advancement ? 
 
 665. How did Edward VI. close his life ? 
 
 666. What is Christ's Hospital ? 
 
 667. By whom was the Book of Homilies compiled ? 
 
 668. Whose daughter was Mary I.? 
 
 669. How long did she reign ? 
 
 670. To whom was she married ? 
 
 671. Where is she buried ? 
 
 672. What followed the death of Edward VI.? 
 
 673. What became of Northumberland and his associates? 
 
 674. What efforts did Mary make to restore the supremacy 
 
 of Home ? 
 
 675. How was Mary's marriage regarded by her subjects ? 
 
 676. Give an account of Wyatt's insurrection ? 
 
 677. To what executions did it lead ? 
 
 678. Of what was the princess Elizabeth accused ? 
 
 679. How was she treated ? 
 
 680. Who was sent as legate from the Pope in 1554, and 
 
 with what authority ? 
 
 681. How did Mary obtain her abhorrent title ? 
 
 682. How many persons are said to have been martyred 
 
 during these persecutions ? 
 
 683. Name some of the most eminent martyrs. 
 
 684. What does Fuller say of these worthies ? 
 
 685. Who was made Archbishop of Canterbury on the death 
 
 of Cranmer? 
 
 686. What war did Philip induce Mary to undertake ? 
 
 687. With what disastrous result did it terminate ? 
 
 688. How did this affect the Queen ? 
 
 689. When did Cardinal Pole die ? 
 
 690. What may be said in extenuation of Mary's character ? 
 
 691. What distinction is there between her character and 
 
 that of her father ? 
 
 692. When did Elizabeth ascend the throne ? 
 
112 
 
 693. Which of Henry's queens was the mother of Elizabeth? 
 
 694. Where did she die, and where was she buried ? 
 
 695. Who erected a monument to her memory ? 
 
 696. What can you say of Elizabeth's character? 
 
 697. What is the greatest blot on her memory ? 
 
 698. Can any extenuation be offered for her course ? 
 
 699. How was Elizabeth's accession received by her 
 
 subjects ? 
 
 700. Who was her chief adviser ? 
 
 701 What very important steps were taken in regard to 
 the Church ? 
 
 702. Did the nation acquiesce in this change ? 
 
 703. What was Elizabeth's decision in respect to matri- 
 
 mony? 
 
 704. Mention some of the chief suitors for the crown matri- 
 
 monial. 
 
 705. What occurred in Scotland in 1658 ? 
 
 706. Where did Marie Stuart seek refuge ? 
 
 707. Where did she land ? 
 
 708. How did Elizabeth receive her appeal for protection 
 
 and aid? 
 
 709. Where was the Scottish queen finally imprisoned ? 
 
 710. How long did her imprisonment last ? 
 
 711. What efforts were made for her release? 
 
 712. How did her sad history terminate ? 
 
 713. How did Philip II. menace England, and when ? 
 
 714. Who commanded the royal navy ? 
 
 715. What eminent men served under him ? 
 
 716. How did the Queen encourage the army ? 
 
 717. What was the result of this formidable invasion ? 
 
 718. What expedition was undertaken in 1596, and how 
 
 did it terminate ? 
 
 719. What insurrection occurred in 1599 ? 
 
 720. What appointment was given to the Earl of Essex ? 
 
 721. How did he fulfil his trust? 
 
113 
 
 722. Why did he not regain the Queen's favour ? 
 
 723. Where was he beheaded ? 
 
 724. Who accepted the office Essex had vacated in Ireland? 
 
 725. What success had he in that country ? 
 
 726. Did Elizabeth appoint a successor ? 
 
 727. Who founded the Royal Exchange? 
 
 728. How were the English dominions much extended 
 
 during this reign ? 
 
 729. What was founded in 1600? 
 
 730. For what is this reign chiefly remarkable ? 
 
 731. Mention some of the great statesmen of this period. 
 
 732. Mention some eminent prose writers and poets. 
 
 733. What College was founded by Elizabeth ? 
 
 734. What public school did she establish? 
 
 735. How many Tudor sovereigns were there? 
 
 736. Give their names and the dates of their reigns. 
 
 737. What House succeeded that of Tudor? 
 
 738. Who was the first Stuart King of England? 
 
 739. What claim had he to the throne ? 
 
 740. To whom was he married? 
 
 741. Mention his children. 
 
 742. To whom was his daughter Elizabeth married? 
 
 743. W^here did James I, die, and where was he buried ? 
 
 744. What epigram illustrates his character ? 
 
 745. What was his personal appearance 1 
 
 746. By whom was he influenced ? 
 
 747. W T hat great qualities did he show on his death bed? 
 
 748. What was James's character as a sovereign? 
 
 749. Who was made prime minister on James's accession ? 
 
 750. How did this create dissatisfaction ? 
 
 751. Upon what accusation was Raleigh arrested ? 
 
 752. How long did he remain a prisoner ? 
 
 753. What was the Gunpowder Plot ? 
 
 754. How was it revealed ? 
 
 755. Who was the chief conspirator ? 
 
 II 
 
114 
 
 756. What penalty did the conspirators suffer for their 
 
 crime ? 
 
 757. What occurred in 1612 ? 
 
 758. Whom did the king take as his favourite on the death 
 
 of Cecil ? 
 
 759. What dignity was bestowed upon him ? 
 
 760. How did he fall into disgrace ? 
 
 761. How did James show his fondness for the new fa- 
 
 vourite ? 
 
 762. Why was Sir Walter Raleigh released from his long 
 
 imprisonment ? 
 
 763. Upon what pretext was he re-arrested ? 
 
 764. Where was he executed ? 
 
 765. To what position had the Elector Palatine been raised ? 
 
 766. Were the English People favourable to his cause ? 
 
 767. Did the king accede to their wishes? 
 
 768. What losses did the unfortunate Elector sustain? 
 
 769. Why was James at constant variance with his Parlia- 
 
 ment ? 
 
 770. What matrimonial scheme did the King propose for 
 
 his son Charles ? 
 
 771. What romantic journey was undertaken by the Prince 
 
 and Buckingham ? 
 
 772. Why was this alliance broken off? 
 
 773. What negotiations for another marriage were then 
 
 entered upon ? 
 
 774. Which were the two principal colonies settled in Amer- 
 
 ica during this reign ? 
 
 775. Give the dates of both settlements. 
 
 776. What charter was renewed by James ? 
 
 777. When was the authorized version of the Bible pub- 
 
 lished ? 
 
 778. What can you say of this work ? 
 
 779. Who was Francis Bacon ? 
 
 780. Why was he disgraced from his high office? 
 
115 
 
 781. What was the sad history of Elizabeth, daughter of 
 
 James I.? 
 
 782. Who were her sons? 
 
 783. How is she the ancestress of the present line of sover- 
 
 eigns ? 
 
 784. Repeat the rhyme that fixes the date of the Gunpow- 
 
 der Plot upon the memory. 
 
 785. What is the date of the accession of Charles I.? 
 
 786. Whom did he marry ? 
 
 787. Which of his sons came to the throne ? 
 
 788. To whom was his daughter Mary married ? 
 
 789. To whom was the Princess Henrietta married? 
 
 790. Where was Charles beheaded ? 
 
 791. Where was the Royal Martyr interred ? 
 
 792. What was Charles' private character ? 
 
 793. What was his character as a sovereign ] 
 
 794. What was the greatest fault of his reign ? 
 
 795. Who ministered to the king during his last moments ? 
 
 796. What were the last words Charles uttered ? 
 
 797. How was the 30th Jany. formerly observed? 
 
 798. When was this practice given up ? 
 
 799. Where did Henrietta Maria remain during her hus- 
 
 band's troubles ? 
 
 800. Where did she reside after the restoration 1 
 
 801. Where did she die 
 
 802. By whom was her funeral oration pronounced? 
 
 803. Where was she buried ? 
 
 804. When was the marriage of Charles with Henrietta 
 
 Maria concluded 1 
 
 805. What occurred on the assembling of the new Parlia- 
 
 ment 1 
 
 806. How did Charles act on their refusal ? 
 
 807. What charge did the next Parliament prefer against 
 
 Buckingham ? 
 
 808. How did the King indemnify him for this prosecution ? 
 
116 
 
 809. What expedition was fitted out in 1627 ? 
 
 810. How did it terminate ? 
 
 811. Upon what condition did Parliament grant the King 
 
 supplies ] 
 
 812. How did Charles act 1 
 
 813. What was the fate of the Duke of Buckingham ? 
 
 814. To whom was the expedition to La Rochelle then in- 
 
 trusted 1 
 
 815. How did it end? 
 
 816. What is said of the Parliament of 1629 ? 
 
 817. What was the principal question at issue ? 
 
 818. Who began his political career during this session ? g 
 
 819. Why was the Parliament dissolved ? 
 
 820. What did Charles then do ? 
 
 821. How long did this absolute government continue ? 
 822 Who was placed over civil affairs ? 
 
 823. Who was head in spiritual matters ? 
 
 824. What is said of the Star Chamber during this period ? 
 
 825. How did Charles raise money ? 
 
 826. Was this measure well received ? 
 
 827. Who was the first to protest? 
 
 828. Where and how was the course decided ? 
 
 829. To what was Hampden exalted by public opinion ? 
 
 830. What did Charles endeavour to establish in Scotland 1 
 831 What did the Presbyterians do ? 
 
 8b2. What was Charles obliged to do in 1640 ? 
 
 833. Did it relieve him in his difficulties ? 
 
 834. By whom were the Scotch commanded ? 
 
 835. What did they do? 
 
 836. What was the decision of the Council of York ? 
 
 837. What name is given to the Parliament that assembled 
 
 Nov. 1640 ? 
 
 838. Who was impeached by the Commons ? 
 
 839. What occurred to Laud a few days afterwards ? 
 
 840. Where was Stafford tried ? 
 
 841 . How was his sentence received by the king ? 
 
117 
 
 842. Did he give his assent to the bill 1 
 
 843. What did Stafford exclaim when told of the king's de- 
 
 cision ? 
 
 844. What was abolished at this time ? 
 
 845. What injured the king's cause in Scotland 1 
 
 846. When did the king and Parliament come to an open 
 
 rupture ? 
 
 847. To what place did Charles retire 1 
 
 848. What was the conduct of the Governor of Hull when 
 
 Charles demanded admission into the town ? 
 
 849. Where did the king raise his standard 1 
 
 850. By whom was Charles supported? 
 
 851. What classes sided with the Parliament? 
 
 852. Name some of the royal leaders. 
 
 853. Mention the principal commanders of the Parliamen- 
 
 tarian forces. 
 
 854. When and where was the first engagement fought ? 
 
 855. Where did Charles fix his head-quarters? 
 
 856. Where was Hampden killed? 
 857 With whom did the Scots side 1 
 
 858. Where was Prince Rupert totally defeated ? 
 
 859. How did this affect the king ? 
 
 860. When was Archbishop Laud executed 1 ? 
 
 861. When and where was the king's last battle fought ? 
 
 862. What became of his army ? 
 
 863. What completed the ruin of the royalists? 
 
 864. Where did the king seek refuge ? 
 
 865. How did the Scots betray his trust in them ? 
 
 866. What was the price for which they sold their king? 
 
 867. Where was Charles conveyed after the sale ? 
 
 868. Were his enemies at peace amongst themselves? 
 
 869. To what place was he removed ? 
 
 870. To what castle did he escape from there 1 
 
 871. How did Cromwell prepare the way for the king'e= 
 
 condemnation ? 
 11* 
 
118 
 
 872. What was "Prides Purge ?" 
 
 873. To what other castles was Charles taken from Caris- 
 
 brooke 1 
 
 874. By what authority was he tried ? 
 
 875. When was he beheaded ? 
 
 876. What name was assumed by the Royalists during the 
 
 civil wars ? 
 
 877. What were the Parliamentarians called? 
 
 878. Who was William Harvey ? 
 
 879. Mention two eminent divines of this period. 
 
 880. Who was Ben Jonson 1 
 
 881. What proclamation was made on the day of Charles's 
 
 execution ? 
 
 882. What resolution was passed by the House of Com- 
 
 mons ? 
 
 883. What office was given to Cromwell ? 
 
 884. Whom did he appoint as his deputy, when obliged to 
 
 go to Scotland ? 
 
 885. What stand did the Scots take ? 
 
 886. What was Charles Stuart's position in Scotland ? 
 
 887. Who was appointed commander-in-chief of the Par- 
 
 liamentarian forces ? 
 
 888. Where were the Scots defeated ? 
 
 889. When and where was Charles crowned ? 
 
 890. When was the battle of Worcester fought ? 
 
 891. With what result to Charles? 
 
 892. Who were in command of the navy ? 
 
 893. What victories did they gain ? 
 
 894. What extraordinary step did Cromwell take in 1653 ? 
 
 895. By what was the Long Parliament succeeded ? 
 896 To what office was Cromwell raised ? 
 
 897. What was the condition of the Republic abroad ? 
 
 898. Were affairs at home equally prosperous ? 
 
 899. To what did Cromwell aspire ? 
 
 900. What shortened his days ? 
 
119 
 
 901. When and where did he die % 
 
 902. Who was immediately proclaimed Protector % 
 
 903. Was he qualified for the position? 
 
 904. What was restored on his abdication ? 
 
 905. Who was in command of the army in Scotland 1 
 
 906. What course did he adopt ? 
 
 907. How was his proposal received 1 
 
 908. When was Charles II. proclaimed ? 
 
 909. Who was Jeremy Taylor 1 
 
 910. Mention some prominent English divines of this period. 
 
 911. Who were eminent as poets ? 
 
 912. Who was Sir Matthew Hale 1 
 
 913. Who was Izaak Walton I 
 
 914. Mention the great literary genius of the age. 
 
 915. Where was Oliver Cromwell born ? 
 
 916. To what did he chiefly owe his success ? 
 
 917. What is said of his peculiarities ? 
 
 918. What was the most amiable trait of his character ? 
 
 919. Did his children sympathize with his ambition 1 
 
 920. Where was Cromwell buried ? 
 
 921. How were his remains treated after the Restoration % 
 
 922. What became of Richard Cromwell after his resigna- 
 
 tion 1 
 
 923. Whose son was Charles II. 1 
 
 924. To whom was he married l 
 
 925. Where did he die, and where was he buried ? 
 
 926. What was his character 1 
 
 927. What epigram did Rochester write on Charles II. 1 
 
 928. What became of Catherine of Braganza after the 
 
 Revolution of 1688 1 
 
 929. Whom did Charles choose as chancellor and keeper of 
 
 the great Seal ? 
 
 930. What was the act of Indemnity] 
 
 931. What was done in reference to Dunkirk in 1668 1 
 
 932. What was declared in 1665 ? 
 
120 
 
 933. Who commanded the British Fleet 1 
 
 934. What occurred in the same year, 1665 ? 
 
 935. By what calamity was this followed in 1666 1 
 
 936. What happened in 1667 ? 
 
 937. What was concluded soon afterwards? 
 
 938. What was the chief advantage which the English had 
 
 gained during the war ? 
 
 939 What was the the cause of Clarendon's disgrace ? 
 
 940. What ministry was then formed ? 
 
 941. What is the origin of the name % 
 
 942. Why was "the triple alliance" formed ? 
 
 943. What important act was passed at this time ? 
 
 944. Why was it proposed to exclude the Duke of York 
 
 from the succession % 
 
 945. What conspiracies were formed during this reign 1 
 
 946. Who was the most lamented of the condemned con- 
 
 spirators ? 
 
 947. In what faith did Charles die ? 
 
 948. How has his character been briefly summed up 1 
 
 949. What writers give us a graphic picture of the court 
 
 life of this reign ? 
 
 950. Who was Sir Christopher Wren ? 
 
 951. What is the Fish-street-hill monument 1 
 
 952. What Hospital did Charles found 1 
 
 953. When and by whom was Pennsylvania settled ? 
 
 954. Who succeeded Charles II. % 
 
 955. Whose son was he 1 
 
 956. Who was his first wife 1 
 
 957. Name their two daughters. 
 
 958. Who was James's second wife 1 
 
 959. Who was their son and what is he called in history ] 
 
 960. Where did James die, and where was he buried 1 
 
 961. Where were his remains removed in 1813 1 
 
 962. What was the character of James II. ? 
 
121 
 
 963. By whom was he received after his expulsion from 
 
 England ? 
 
 964. How did James commence his reign 1 
 
 965. Who raised a rebellion in the west of England ? 
 
 966. What was his fate ? 
 
 967. By whom were his followers tried ? 
 
 968. Relate the sad fate of Alice Lisle. 
 
 969. What measures did James adopt to restore the Papacy ? 
 
 970. Name the seven Bishops who were sent to the Tower 
 
 by James ? 
 
 971. How were the Bishops encouraged in their passage 
 
 down the Thames ? 
 
 972. What was the result of the trial ? 
 
 973. What occurred in 1688 ? 
 
 974. Where did William of Orange land 1 
 
 975. By whom was he joined 1 
 
 976. What did James do 1 
 
 977. Who was William of Orange ? 
 
 978. Who reigned jointly with him, and whose daughter 
 
 was she ? 
 
 979. How long did William survive the queen 1 
 
 980. Where did they die and where were they buried ? 
 
 981. What was the interregnum? 
 
 982. When were William and Mary proclaimed king and 
 
 queen 1 
 
 983. Were the new sovereigns accepted by the Scots? 
 
 984. What was the state of feeliag in Ireland ? 
 
 985. How did James take advantage of this ? 
 
 986. What can you say of the siege of Derry ? 
 
 987. What were James's followers called ? 
 
 988. Who took the field in person? 
 
 989. When was the battle of the Boyne fought? 
 
 990. Who was killed in this battle ? 
 
 991. What Bill was passed about this time ? 
 
 992. What statute was enacted ? 
 
122 
 
 993. What did William do when the Irish campaign was 
 
 closed ? 
 
 994. Who commanded this expedition ? 
 
 995. What treaty was signed in 1697 ? 
 
 996. When did James die ? 
 
 997. What did Louis XIV. immediately do? 
 
 998. How did William act in consequence? 
 
 999. What caused his death ? 
 
 1000. Did Mary II. have much part in the affairs of the 
 
 Government ? 
 
 1001. What Act of Parliament was passed on the death of 
 
 the Duke of Gloucester, the only surviving son of 
 the Princess Anne ? 
 
 1002. What palace was destroyed during this reign? 
 
 1003. Was any portion of it saved? 
 
 1004. What two great societies were founded through the 
 
 instrumentality of Dr. Thomas Bray ? 
 
 1005. How are they familiarly known ? 
 
 1006. What great men flourished at this period ? 
 
 1007. Why did Peter the Great sojourn in England 1 
 
 1008. In whose house did he lodge for some time ? 
 
 1009. Whose daughter was Queen Anne ? 
 
 1010. To whom was she married ? 
 
 1011. Had she any children % 
 
 1012. Where did Anne die, and where was she buried ? 
 
 1013. What was her character ? 
 
 1014. Who were her two great favourites ? 
 
 1015. What title has been given to Anne % 
 
 1016. With what war did Anne's reign commence ? 
 
 1017. What three powers were allied against France ? 
 
 1018. Who commanded the English forces? 
 
 1019. What famous victory did he gain with the aid of 
 
 Prince Eugene 1 
 
 1020. How was he rewarded by his sovereign ? 
 
123 
 
 1021. What token of gratitude was shown him by the 
 
 nation ? 
 
 1022. Who took the fortress of Gibralter ? 
 
 1023. When were England and Scotland united ? 
 
 1024. Under what name ? 
 
 1025. How were they to be represented ? 
 
 1026. What other victories were gained by Marlborough ? 
 
 1027. What happened to him afterwards ? 
 
 1028. What peace was concluded in 1713 ? 
 
 1029. What territories did Great Britain gain by this 
 
 treaty ? 
 
 1030. What is the reign of Queen Anne sometimes called? 
 
 1031. Who originated periodical writing? 
 
 1032. In what did Dean Swift excel? 
 
 1033. Who was Alexander Pope ? 
 
 1034. Who was John Locke ? 
 
 1035. What is meant by the terms Whig and Tory? 
 
 1036. What exciting trial occurred in 1710 ? 
 
 1037. How long was the Cathedral of St. Paul's in re- 
 
 building ? 
 
 1038. How many sovereigns were there of the House of 
 
 Stuart ? 
 
 1039. Give their names and the dates of their reigns, 
 
 1040. How long did the Commonwealth last? 
 
 1041. What House succeeded to that of Stuart ? 
 
 1042. Who was the first king of the line ? 
 
 1043. What claim had he to the British throne ? 
 
 1044. To whom was he married ? 
 
 1045. Name his children. 
 
 1046. Where did George I. die, and where is he buried? 
 1047 What was his character ] 
 
 1048. What was the fate of Sophia Dorothea? 
 
 1049. With which political party did the king assimilate l 
 
 1050. What measures were taken against several prominent 
 
 Tories I 
 
124 
 
 1051. Why was the Riot Act Passed ? 
 
 1052. By what name was James Edward, the Pretender, 
 
 known ? 
 
 1053. Who raised the Pretender's standard in the High- 
 
 lands ? 
 
 1054. Where were the Jacobites of the North of England 
 
 defeated ? 
 
 1055. When did the Pretender land in Scotland ? 
 
 1056. Who commanded the forces of the King ? 
 
 1057. "What became of the Pretender ? 
 
 1058. What Act was passed in 1716 ? 
 
 1059. What victory was gained by Admiral Byng 1 
 
 1060. What was the Quadruple alliance f 
 
 1061. What financial crisis occurred in 1720 ? 
 
 1062. What order was revived in this reign ? 
 
 1063. By whom was inoculation introduced into England? 
 
 1064. Who was Sir Robert Walpole ? 
 
 1065. By whom was George I. succeeded ? 
 
 1066. To whom was he married ? 
 
 1067. Name his sons. 
 
 1068. To whom was Frederick, Prince of Wales, married ? 
 
 1069. Where did George II. die, and where was he buried ? 
 
 1070. What was his character ? 
 
 1071. What is said of Queen Caroline ? 
 
 1072. What domestic difficulty occurred in 1737 ? 
 
 1073. By what was this soon after followed ? 
 
 1074. How were the commercial interests of England seri- 
 
 ously affected ? 
 
 1075. To what did this lead? 
 
 1076. What was the Pragmatic Sanction? 
 
 1077. Whose cause did England espouse? 
 
 1078. By whom was the battle of Dettingen fought? 
 
 1079. Where did the allies meet with a serious reverse ? 
 
 1080. Wha; attempt was made by Charles Edward, the 
 
 Pretender, in 1744 ? 
 
125 
 
 1081. How did he carry out his plans the following year? 
 
 1082. Where did he raise his standard ? 
 
 1083. Where did he gain an inconsiderable victory ? 
 
 1084. How far did he penetrate into England ? 
 
 1085. Where was he finally defeated, and by whom ? 
 
 1086. What afterwards became of the Pretender ? 
 
 1087. What lords were beheaded on Tower Hill ? 
 
 1088. What peace was concluded in 1748 i 
 
 1089. What war broke out in 1755 ? 
 
 1090. To what great contest did it lead ? 
 1091- Where was General Braddock defeated ? 
 
 1092. Who was his aid-de-camp ? 
 
 1093. What was the fate of Admiral Byng ? 
 
 1094. What victories were gained by Lord Clive I 
 
 1095. Who was at the head of the ministry in 1758 ? 
 
 1096. What plan did he sketch out ? 
 
 1097. Who was the hero of Quebec ? 
 
 1098. What followed his great victory ? 
 
 1099. What was the military condition of England at the 
 
 death of George II.? 
 
 1100. What is meant by Old and New Style ? 
 
 1101. Who was the author of the "Beggar's Opera ?" 
 
 1102. Mention a celebrated Scotch physician who lived 
 
 during this reign. 
 1103- Who was the author of the "Seasons?" 
 
 1104. Who wrote the Analogy? 
 
 1105. What is is said of Bishop Berkeley ? 
 
 1106. Who was Thomas Gray ? 
 
 1107. What was General Wolfe's eulogy on Gray's Elegy ? 
 
 1108. What was the Black Hole of Calcutta ? 
 
 1109. Whose son was George III.? 
 
 1110. To whom was he married ? 
 
 1111. Mention his sons. 
 
 1112. Where did George die, and where was he buried ? 
 
 1113. What was his character ? 
 
 12 
 
126 
 
 1114. What advantage did he possess over his predecessors ? 
 
 1115. With what was George afflicted at different times ? 
 
 1116. Who supplanted Pitt in the ministry ? 
 
 1117. What terminated the Seven Years' War ? 
 
 1118. What were secured to Great Britain by this treaty ? 
 
 1119. How did John Wilkes become notorious? 
 
 1120. What Act was passed by Parliament in 1765 ? 
 
 1 121 . How was it received in America ? 
 
 1122. Who was Patrick Henry? 
 
 1123. How was the power of the government weakened ? 
 
 1124. What memorable event took place July 4th, 1776 ? 
 
 1125. By whom were the Americans aided in this war? 
 
 1126. Who was La Fayette ? 
 
 1127. Who was commander-in-chief of the A merican forces I 
 
 1128. How was the Revolutionary war terminated ? 
 
 1 1 29. When was the siege of Gibraltar raised ? 
 
 1130. When and where was the "Royal George" lost? 
 
 1131. W 7 hat treaty was signed at Versailles in 1783 ? 
 
 1132. When did the Revolution break out in France % 
 
 1133. When was Louis XVI. executed? 
 
 1134. Against whom did France declare war? 
 
 1135. Who commanded the English navy? 
 
 1136. What was England's position after the peace of Cam- 
 
 pio Formio ? 
 
 1137. What country did Napoleon invade in 1798 ? 
 
 1138. Who was sent out against the French % 
 
 1139. What great naval victory did he gain ] 
 
 1140. When was the union of Great Britain and Ireland 
 
 proclaimed ? 
 
 1141. What rapid advances were made by Napoleon ? 
 
 1 142. When was the battle of Trafalgar fought ? 
 
 1143. With what result ? 
 
 1144. What was the purport of the Berlin decrees? 
 
 1145. What measures were adopted by England ? 
 
 1146. What important events had transpired in Spain? 
 
 1147. Did the English respond to an appeal for aid? 
 
127 
 
 1148. By whom were the British troops commanded? 
 
 1149. What battle was fought in January, 1809 ] 
 
 1150. Why was the Prince of Wales appointed Regent in 
 
 1810? 
 
 1151. What was the fate of Mr. Perceval, the Prime Min- 
 
 ister ? 
 
 1152. How did the Peninsular war end? 
 
 1153. When did Napoleon retreat from Moscow ? 
 
 1154. When did the allies enter Paris? 
 
 1155. To what humiliating steps was the Emperor forced? 
 
 1156. What was the place of his banishment? 
 
 1157. Relate some particulars of the American war of 1812. 
 
 1158. Where was a treaty of peace signed ? 
 
 1159. How was the Congress of Vienna, in 1815, brought 
 
 to an abrupt close ? 
 
 1160. What memorable battle brought Napoleon's military 
 
 career to a close '? 
 
 1161. Who was the hero of this battle ? 
 
 1162. Who commanded the Prussian army? 
 
 1163. What was done with Napoleon? 
 
 1164. To whom was the Princess Charlotte married? 
 
 1165. When did the Duke of Kent die ? 
 
 1166. Why is this reign particularly memorable ? 
 
 1167. What were the most important inventions and dis- 
 
 coveries of this reign ? 
 
 1 168. Mention some great poets of the age. 
 
 1169. Who was Lord Chesterfield ? 
 
 1170. Who was Dr. Johnson ? 
 
 1171. Name two eminent painters of that time ? 
 
 1172. How was Edmund Burke distinguished? 
 
 1173. Why was John Howard remarkable? 
 
 1174. Who was George IV? 
 
 1175. To whom was he married 1 
 
 1 176 Name his only child ? 
 
 1177 Where was she buried ? 
 
128 
 
 1178. Where did George die, and where was he buried? 
 
 1179. What was George TV's character ? 
 
 1180. What can you say of Princess Charlotte's residence, 
 
 Clareraont % 
 
 1181. What plot was discovered early in this reign? 
 
 1182. What was the principal cause of the death of Queen 
 
 Caroline ? 
 
 1183. When was the battle of Navarino fought ? 
 
 1184. What advantages did it obtain for Greece ] 
 
 1185. What Act was passed in 1829? 
 
 1186. Who was William IV. % 
 
 1187. To whom was he married ? 
 
 1188. Where did he die and where was he buried ? 
 
 1189. What celebrated bill was passed in 1832? 
 
 1190. How was its opposition in the House of Peers re- 
 
 ceived by the people ? 
 
 1191. What occurred in 1834? 
 
 1192. When was the first railway opened in England? 
 
 1193. Whose daughter is Victoria, the reigning Queen? 
 
 1194. To whom was she married ? 
 
 1195. What title did he receive ? 
 
 1196. Name the Queen's children. 
 
 1197. To whom is the Princess Royal married % 
 
 1198. Who is heir apparent to the throne ? 
 
 1199. To whom is the Princess Alice married % 
 
 1200. What title has been given to Prince Alfred ? 
 
 1201. Who succeeded to the kingdom of Hanover on the 
 
 death of William IV.? 
 
 1202. Why did it pass from the English crown 1 
 
 1203 When did the first steam-ship sail from England to 
 America ? 
 
 1204. What Exhibition was held in 1851 ? 
 
 1205. By whom was it projected ? 
 
 1206. When did the Duke of Wellington die 1 
 
 1207. What war commenced in 1854 ? 
 
 W 98 
 
129 
 
 1208. With what did it terminate? 
 
 1209. Where was a treaty of peace signed ? 
 
 1210. What insurrection broke out in 1857 1 
 
 1211. What change was afterwards made in the govern- 
 
 ment of India ? 
 
 1212. What occurred in I860? 
 
 1213. How was he received during his visit ? 
 
 1214. When did the Duchess of Kent die ? 
 
 1215. What calamity befell the nation in December of the 
 
 same year ? 
 
 1216. When was the Prince of Wales married ? 
 
 1217. Where did the ceremony take place? 
 
 1218. Name the sovereigns of the House of Hanover and 
 
 give the dates of their reign. 
 

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