■Hjll f'"1 iiii ]} ill iiiiii i ii 1 ' '^"1 IP " ■ ■ ' 1 ; i ; ! ! i ^°-^^ f-^^ ^^•^A, •f'. .^^"-^ '^ ^^■^<^. ■i^^ o > •^^o'* .^•^°- .0'' *1 O ^^- .*^ -*•„ „^'^ <. «'i ^•^°x> WASHINGTON COUNTY COURT HOUSE. HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COVNTY, OHIO AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS, EDITED AND COMPILED BY MARTIN R. ANDREWS. M. A. DOUGLAS PUTNAM PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AXD POLITICAL SCIENCE. MARIETTA COLLEGE. Histofy is PHiloBophy Teaching by Examples. I700-1900 PUBLISHED BY BIOGRAPHICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, Geopge Richmond, Pres.; S. Harmer Neff, Sec'v.; C. R. Arnoi.d, Treas Chicago, Illinois. 1902. Preface. TN preparing this history- of Washington County, we have kept in view the fact that since any former histon* was written a generation has passed away. The 19th century has been completed with all its records. It is therefore fitting that a histor}", which extends over parts of three centuries, should devote a larger proportion of space to the first half of the 19th centur}-; to that period, when the various elements of our population were blend- ing into one people. In the early part of the last centun,', the great lessons to be learned were not how to repress a savage foe, but how to make our county a productive economic unit in our State and nation. We have, therefore, devoted much space to a description of the attempts to establish various forms of industrv" and of the long struggle to secure lines of commerce by water and land. In this, as well as in the history of political contests, we have given the stor\' as far as possible in the ver\" words of contemporaries. Washington Countv" is verv- fortunate in having within her borders many persons who have carefully preserved manu- scripts, newspapers, and other documents bearing upon the early histor\\ From these w^e have copied ven," freely. In these records, we believe, the descendants of those who took an active part in making the historj" of Washington Count}" in the 18th and l&th centuries have no reason to be ashamed of the stor\ . It is impossible to name all the kind friends who have assisted us in the preparation of this work. Mr. Archer B. Hulbert, who has already won distinction in the historical field, contributed the first and second chapters and assisted in the compilation of some of the others. For the revision of the chapter about the bench and bar, we are indebted to Mr. J. A. Gallaher; for the historj- of the early judician,", to Mrs. Lillian T. Wood: for the chapter on the press, to Mr. George M. Cooke; and for the chapter on Marietta in the past two decades, to Mr. John W. Lansley. Mr. S. J. Hathaway has carefully revised his elaborate militan." histor\', which he prepared 25 vears ago, and has brought it up to date, adding a concise histon." of the Spanish-American War. We are indebted to Mrs. Bertha G. Ballard, for a sketch of Belpre; to Mr. John D. HoUinger, for a description of Adams to\\-nship; to Mr. A. D. Hopper for a description of Matamoras; and to Miss Virginia V. Dodge, for many items concerning both the early and the later history of Waterford township and the town of Beverly. The biographical department, over which the historical editor had no supervision, will in his opinion prove hereafter the most valuable part of the whole book. Could we have such complete biographies of all the men who came to the Muskingum before 1800 it would be worth many times the cost of this volume. The biographies prepared in this volume have been carefully revised by friends or relatives and their pages will increase in value as the years pass by. The Author. November, 1902. NOTE. All the biographical sketches published in this volume were sub- mitted to their respective subjects or to the subscribers, for whom the facts were primarily obtained, for their approval or correction before going to press; and a reasonable time was allowed in each case for the return of the typewritten copies. Most of them were returned to us within the time allotted, or before the work was printed, after being corrected or revised; and these may therefore be regarded as reasonably accurate. A few, however, were not returned to us; and, as we have no means of knowing whether they contain errors or not, we cannot vouch for their accuracy. In justice to our readers, and to render this work more valuable for reference purposes, we have indicated these uncor- rected sketches by a small asterisk ("), jslaced immediately after the name of the subject. They will all be found on the last pages of the book. Biographical Publishing Co. TsLble of Contents. CHAPTER I. Prehistoric (ArcMr B. Enlbert) The Old West — Its Primeval Rivers, Forests and Animals — The Mound-Huilders — Mounds of Mar- ietta — The Great Battle Ground of America — The Hunting-Grounds of the Iroquois — Weakening of the Iroquois Confederacy — The Story of the Delawares, Shawanese and Wyandots — Notes. CHAPTER II. Three Flags in the West (Archer B. Ilul/icrl) French Explorations and Establishment of Frontier Forts — Arms of the King of France— French and English Character Contrasted— French and Indian War — Pontiac's Rebellion— The Revolutionary War in the West — Massacre of Gnadenhutten — Note. CHAPTER III. MOVKMENTS OF THE PIONEERS 47 Depreciated Currency and Impoverished Public Credit— P.ounty Lands -Ohio Company of Associates — Work of General Rufus Putnam and Rev. Mana-sseh Cutlei"- Ordinance of 1787— Landing at the Mouth of the Muskingum— Industry and Courage of the Pioneers— Odier Near-by Settlements— Notes. CHAPTER I\'. War With the Indians "" St. Clair's Defeat— Massacre at Big Bottom— Belpre and Beverly— Forts at Marietta and Harmar— Far- mers' Castle and Fort Frye— Ohio Company Affairs at Low Ebb— Joseph Kelly— General Wayne's Successful Campaign— Dawning of a Brighter Era for (Jhio Colonists— Capture and Escape— Reminis- cences of War Times and of Later Years— The Indians in Ohio— Letters of General Putnam— List of the Pioneers at the Forts During the Indian Troubles— Pioneers Killed bv the Indians. CHAPTER V. Politics in Early Times 98 Washington County Created— Governor St. Clair with a Legislature on His Hands— Chillicothe vs. Mar- ietta -A State Constitution— Slavery— Despair of the Federalists and Exultation of the Republicans— Harman Blennerhassett— Local Questions Cease to be the Point of Difference Between Political Parties — The Era of Good Feeling--New Questions. CHAPTER VI. Politics From 1820 to I860 l^^ Democrats and Whigs— Slavery— Underground Railroad— Campaign of 1840— Newspaper Extracts Pertaining to the Politics of the Period— Celebration in Marietta— Rotation in Office— Contests of 1836 and 1840— Campaign Songs of 1840— Washinf ton County Colonization Society— Anti-Abolition and Anti-Slavery Meetings — Public Sentiment in 1837— The Ohio Kidnaping Case -Later Views of the Ohio Kidnaping Case. CHAPTER VII. Education ''*''' Early Teachers and Schools— Tiie First School Houses— Improvements in School Houses— Agitation for Better Educational Facilities— The First Schools— Examiners of Common Schools— Educational Notices— School Directors— Teachers' Institutes- -Washington County School Association Minutes- William Slocomb— Township High Schools— Other Means of Education— Was-hington County Bible Society— The Marietta Library Association -The Marietta Lyceum- First Mechanics' Lyceum— A Hint on Home-Training— Sabbath-Schools— Society for the Promotion of Temperance- Marietta Female Seminary— Art— Schemes for the Betterment of Mankind Edward Postlethwayt Page -Washington County Children's Home— History of Children's Homes. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER VIII. Higher Education I8fi Early Academies— The Marietta Infant School — Institute of Education— Manual Labor Association — The Marietta Collegiate Institute — Marietta Female Seminary — Marietta College — Historical Sketch of Marietta CoUege^Teachers and Educators — Artists. CHAPTER IX. Economics and Social Progress. 1788-1830 213 Mills — Clothing — Saltl — Boat-building — Marietta in 1809 — Imports from the East — Steam Mill — In- dians — Trade Stimulated by the War of 1812 — Withdrawal of Specie to the East — Hard Times — Search for .Silver — The Scotch Immigration — Change of Method in Taxing Land — Improvements — Temperance Movement — A Change in the Population of the County — Humane Society — Agricultural Society — Grand Circus Hunt — Wool and Wolves— Phenomena — General LaFayette — Steamfooat Building — The First Steamboat up the Muskingum — Navigation of the Muskingum~-Navigation of the Ohio — The Town in 1826 — Marketing — Ministerial Lands— Washington County Agricultural Society — Marietta Fair — Rail- road to Ohio — Baltimore and Ohio Railroad — Health of Marietta— Silk Culture — The German Immigra- tion. CHAPTER X. Forty Years of Advertisements 244 CHAPTER XI. Com mercial Development 270 Improvement of the Muskingum — Railroad History — Navigation of Uuck Creek — County Court House — Old Established Business Houses — Marietta Post Office — City Hall — Marietta Township in 1838— Washington County in 1834 — Wolves — Emigrant Association — Public Spirit — Roads and Turnpikes — Improvement in Horses — Rapid Transit in 1839 — Passing of the Stage Coach. CHAPTER XII. Towns and Townships of the County 291 Adams Township — The Town of Lowell — Aurelius Township — Barlow Township — Belpre Township — The Town of Belpre — Decatur Township — Dunham Township — Fairfield Township — Fearing Town- ship — Grandview Township — The Town of New Matamoras — Independence Township — Lawrence Township — Liberty Township — Ludlow Township — Marietta Township — Muskingum Township — New- port Township — Palmer Township — Salem Township — Warren Township — Waterford Township — The Town of Beverly — Watertown Township — Wesley Township. CHAPTER XIII. Town and County Societies 348 Historical Societies — Agricultural Societies — Fraternal and Secret Organizations — Civic and Industrial Societies. CHAPTER XIV. History of the Churches 354 Report to the Ministerial Trustees— Baptist Churches— St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church— The Cen- tral Christian Church — The Christian Union Church — Congregational Churches— St. Luke's Protestant Episcopal Church— St. Luke's Evangelical Lutheran Church— Methodist Episcopal Churches— The African Methodist Episcopal Church— The Wesleyan Hethodist Church— The First Presbyterian Church— The First Unitarian Society in Marietta— The Universalist Society— The First United Brethren Church. CHAPTER XV. Th e Press ( George M. Cooke) 398 CHAPTER XVI. Banks and Banking 410 TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVII. The Oil Industry (H. E. Smith) 41,'J The History since Cow Run — Operations in Each Township — Drilling — Shooting — Pumping Acci- dents — Operation — Leasing Capital Invested in Washington County — The Future Prospects. CHAPTER XVIII. Civil History of the County 42;i Establishment — Statistics of the Population — Changes in Extent- County .Seat — Court House- Infirm- ary — Our Early Judiciary — Roster of County Officials. CHAPTER XIX. Bench and Bar 436 CHAPTER XX. Physicians of Washington County 4()0 Attempts to Control the Practice of Medicine — The Twelfth Medical Society —Personal Sketches. CHAPTER XXI. Later History of the Ohio Company 474 CHAPTER XXIL Reminiscences by Col. Joseph Barker 480 Sketch of Colonel Barker's Life — The Early Courts — Store Supplies — Ship-building — The French Emi- grants — Indians Dissatisfied — Scarcity of Food — Why the Indians did not Keep the Treaty of Harniar — Building of the Block-houses — Big Bottom Massacre — Wolf Creek Mills — Provisions for Defense — Indian Alarm — The Garrison at "The Point" — Indian Troubles — First Enlistment of Men for the Indian War — Cultivation of Land Encouraged — Belpre — Upper and Lower Settlements — Reminiscences of Prominent Persons of the Early Settlements. CHAPTER XXIII. Reminiscences by Hon. George M. Wooubridge 500 Sketch of Mr. Woodbridge's Life — A Watch Night Meeting of ¥'\hy Years Ago — Early Floods in the "Ohio Basin" — Revolutionary Record — A Report of the Early Burials in Waterford Township — Some Distinguished Visitors During the Past Century — Recollections of Some Men of Former \ears — Some Early Recollections — Mound Cemetery — Monument to Mark the First Landing of the Pioneers — The Old Court House — Corn Husking Times — A Hunt in 1832 — The Past — The First .Sunday-school- A Genuine Pioneer — Defense of the Pioneers and Their Successors. CHAPTER XXIV. Commercial Develop.ment of Marietta in the Past Two Decades (John W. Lansley) Commercial Growth Prior to 1880 — The Awakening — Annexation of Harmar — Water Works — Paid Fire Department — Electric Light Plant — Street Paving and Sanitary Sewers — Electric Street Railway — Telephone Companies — Railroads — Natural Gas — Increased Activity in the Oil Industry — Building Operations Enlivened — Growth in the City's Business — Suburbs — New Public Buildings- Bridge Across the Ohio — New Projects — Improvement of the Ohio — Tax Levies and Valuations in Marietta for the Past Decade — Roster or City Officials. CHAPTER XXV. The War of 1812 (Sei/mour J. Hathaway) Cause of the War — Attitude of the Federalists — Situation in Washington County — Why the Draft was Resorted to — Battle of Tippecanoe — Expedition of General Hull — Surrender of Hull Call for Troops — Expedition of Gen. Edward W. Tupper — Companies from Washington County — Siege of Fort Erie — Perry's Victory — Proctor and Tecumseh Defeated by Harrison — Battle of New Orleans and Treaty of Peace — Rolls of Washington County Companies — Biographical Sketches of Officers. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXVI. The Civil Wak (Seymour J. Hathaway) Causes of the War — Leaders, North and South — Political Campaign of 1860 — Position of the People of Washington County as to the War — The Union ISlues Respond to the Call for Troops — The Militia System of Ohio — Appeal to the Governor for Aid — Camp Putnam Established — Governor Dennison's Plan of a Campaign Successful — M. & C. Railroad Guarded — Grim-visaged War — The First Great Call to Arms — Eirst Three Years' Company from the County — Camp Tupper Established — Military Com- mittee Appointed — Beginning of Governor Tod's Administration — First Volunteer Killed in Battle — Shiloh — Washington City in Danger — Parkersburg Threatened — The Draft — Camp Marietta Estab- lished — Corinth, Antietam and South Mountain — Department of West Virginia Established at Marietta — Emancipation — Union League — ChancellorsviUe — Gettysburg — Vicksburg — The Morgan Raid — Buf- fington's Island — The Militia — Chickamauga — Ohio National Guard— Atlanta Campaign — March to the Sea — Shenandoah Valley — Battle Year, 1864-1805— Celebration of the Fall of the Rebellion. CHAPTER XXVH. The Civil War— Continued {Seymour J. Ilathairay) 613 Women's Work m the War — Union Soldiers' Relief Association — Soldiers' Aid Society of Harmar — The Marietta Military Hospital — Short Sketches of the Military Organizations from the County — Battery C, F'irst West Virginia Light Artillefy— Battery H, First Ohio Volunteer Light Artillery— Battery K, First Ohio Volunteer Light Artillery — Battery K, Second Ohio Heavy Artillery — Company L, First Ohio Vol- unteer Cavalry — Company H, Seventh Ohio Volunteer Cavalry — Company B, Ninth Ohio \'olunteer Cavalry— Company F, Second Virginia Volunteer Cavalry — Company V, Eighteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry—Companies A, P" and G, Thirty-sixth Ohio Volunteers —Companies H and F,Thirty-ninthOhio Volunteers — Sixty-third Ohio X'olunteer Infantry — Company F, Seventy-third Ohio Volunteers — Seventy- seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry— Ninety-second Ohio Volunteer Infantry — The Silver Grays— The "Pony Section" — One Hundred and Forty-eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry — Biographies of Officers of the War of the Rebellion. CHAPTER XXVIH. The Civil War— Continued (Seymour J. Uathmray] 732 Roll of Honor — The Soldiers' Monument. CHAPTER XXIX. The Spanish-American and Philippine Wars (Seymour J. Ilothaicay) 853 Spanish-American War — Philippine War — Gen. Harrison Gray Otis. CHAPTER XXX. Sketches of Pioneers 860 The First White People in Ohio— Gen. Rufus Putnam— Rev. Manasseh Cutler, LL. D.— Gen. Benjamin Tupper— Commodore Abraham Whittle— Col. Robert Olivr— Maj. Haffield White— Col. Ebenezer Sproat — Col. Return Jonathan Meigs— Arthur St. Clair— Ichabod Nye— Mrs. Rebecca Ives Gillman — Mrs. Mary Lake— Isaac and Rebecca Williams— Col. William Stacy— Maj. Anselm Tupper— Col. Benja- min Tupper— Gen. Joseph Buell — Rev. Daniel Story — John Mathews — Ephraim Cutler— David Putnam — Nahum Ward. Biographical 895 /h c^i^^^cl^ /uM^L^^-^i,^.^^.^ Bistory of marietta Jfnd lUasbmgton County, Ohio CHAPTER I. PREHISTORIC The Old West — Its Primeval Rivers, Forests and Animals — The Mound-Builders — Mounds of Marietta — The Great Battle-Ground of America — The Hunting- Grounds of the Iroquois — Weakening of the Iroquois Confederacy — The Story of the Delawares, Shawanese and Wyandots — Notes. the old west. It must be next to im])os?iljlc fur one in this day to realize what a tangled wilderness this West was a century and a half age. "The thing which puzzles us," writes W. H. H. Mnrray, "is not the past. Init the future : not the door '\\-liich has been shut. 1jut the strange door which has never been opened. * * * For who, though knocking with reddened knuckles against it, may start even an echo?" True words, indeed ; yet were the task put to us. it is to be seriously doubted if we of un- trained imagination could not draw a truer pic- ture of this land as it will appear a century hence than we could conjure up of the land as it ajjpeared a century ago. Suppose tlie latter picture could be true to the dense growth of bush and tree, the wallowings of the plunging buffalo, the ways of the wihl animals tunneled through the tangled maze of bush and vine — true, in short, to the groundwork, would it faithfully picture the tangled tops of the giant trees, where a more intricate network of Na- ture's handiwork might have been seen than on the ground? Who, init one acquainted with primeval forests, cait picture the straggling branches of the giant trees reaching out into the ethereal battle ground to a last death grap- ple with its hoary rivals, both weighed down by luxuriant masses of moss and tangled vine? Records of early pioneers aflirm that when this forest was first invaded by the woodman's ax it was found to be one tiling to cut a tree's trunk, Init quite another thing to dislodge its top from the network of forest overgrowth, from wliich giant trees ha\'e lieen known to hang su.spended in mid air after their trunks 14 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND ]VASHIXGTON COUXTV. \Yere severed. Felling of trees often loegan at the top : boys were sent up to strip the branches ijefore the trunk was cut. Where are the trees the like of which (Washington found on the Ohio near the Great Kanawha with a iliameter of over 14 feet? What a sight the wouillaml rivers must have beeri! Think of the plunder of the for- ests which the Wabash and Kentucky at flood- tide must have carried on their boiling bosoms. Picture the gigantic gorges of f(3rest trees, blocked in their wild course down the Alle- ghany and piled in monstrous and grotesque confusion from bank to Ijank, fnrcing even the river itself to find a new course through the forests. And so the vistas seen on our rivers tn-day could not have ])een so beautiful in the old days: perhaps thev were never visible ou the lesser streams. For the c<.)ntinuous falling of the solid walls of trees which lined both banks must have well- night roofed our smaller stieams completely ed their hieroglyphics are now so embedded that these inscriptions are visible only at low tide, and indeed in some cases are never seen above the surface of the water. Of all streams the majestic Ohio, alone, moves on much as of old; and, though many islands have passed from sight, there is hardly a mile in all her course which does not recall, in name, the days when that ri\er was the great high- way through the hunting ground of the Iro- quois and of the race of "men who wore hats" who came upon its tides to found the empires which today exist along its sweeping shores. And yet the Ohio is soon to undergo great changes wbicli will materially alter its aspect. Surveys for dams are l)eing made, Avhich, when completed, will give a nnninnim depth of six feet between locks. The animal life of the forests one can fancy, perhaps, with more accuracy than any other characteristic, for the deer and turkey, the wolf and buflalo o'f that day have their antitypes in ours. And }et here one mig'ht fall short, for few recall the vast flocks of pigeons which swarmed above the primeval forest, even dark- ening the heavens as though a cloud had passed, and liligliting the trees in which they spent a night. .Vn early traveler in the West has left record that from a single hollow tree several wagon-loads of feathers have been ex- tracted. THE MOUND BUILDERS. The historv of this West is a long; his- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. »5 tory of war, from tlie earliest days CA-en to our own century. This territory between the Alleghenies and the Mississippi is one of the greatest battlefields in the world. It is certainly the oldest and most renowned in our America. The tirst of our race to enter it looked with wondering eyes upon the monstrous earthen forts of a prehistoric race whom we have named from the relics they left behind the "Mound Builders." Of this race the In- dians knew nothing, sa\-e what the legend.? handed down by their fathers told of a race of giants which was driven out of the Central West, and sent flying down the Ohio and Mis- sisippi to reappear no nmre in hunian history. Antiquarians find that these furts and mau- soleums reveal little in addition to the Ijloody storv told by crude implements uf war. of Old. unhappy, far off things And battles long ago. In certain instances great piles of human liones are found at strategic revetment angles where heaviest attack was made and stoutest resistance encountered. Here bones are some- times found pierced by death-dealing arrow- heads. \\'hat power hurled the flints of these warriors of prehistoric days? The Indian legend, that they were giants in strength, is easily bclie\-ed. Nowhere else on the continent are fouTid such forts as were 'built by these an- cient defenders of the Central West. MOrXIKS AT M.\RIETT.\. The ancient works at Marietta occupied the "plain" and were included within the terri- torv north of Putnam street and east of Third (with the exception of the gratled way, ex- tending down to the lower river terrace, at a ])(>int between Second and Fnmt streets). These works consisted originally of two enclosures (irregular .squares, one of which contained about fijrty and the other twenty acres), together with several trun- cated pyramids or elevated platforms of earth, the graded way. the great mound iiow en- closed in the cemeterv. several emlxinkments flanking it, and numerous lesser tumuli. The portions of this interesting group of works remaining on the two tnnicated pyramids known as Oiiudranaon and Caipitolium, and tlie mere bed or Ijottum of the graded way. Sacra I'ia. When the settlement was made at Marietta these works were covered with a heavy for- est. "When I arrived," .says Dr. Cutler, "the ground was in part cleared, but many large trees remained on the walls and mounds. The only possijjle data for forming any prolja'ble conjecture res])ecting the antiquity o.f these works, I conceived, must be derived from the growth n]jon them. By the concentric circles, each of which denotes the annual growth, the age of the trees might be ascertained. For this purpose a number of trees were felled; and in the presence of Governor St. Clair and many other gentlemen, the number of circles was carefully counted. The trees of the great- est size were hollow. In the largest of those which were found there were from three to fof.r hundred circles. One tree, somewhat de- cayed at the center, was found to cwitam at least 463 circles. Its age n-as undoubtedly more than 463 years. Other trees in a grow- ing state were, from their appearance, much older. There were likewise the strcMigest marks of a previous growth, as large as the present. Decayed stumps could be traced at the surface of the ground, on dift'erent parts of the works, which measured {nnn six to eight feet in diameter. In one of the angles of a s([uare a decayed stump measured eight feet in diameter at the surface of the ground ; and though the body of the tree was so m,ouldered as scarcel\- to be perceived above the surface of the earth, we were able to trace the decayed wood under the leaves and rubbish for nearly a hundred feet. A thrifty beech, containing 13C1 circles, appeared to have first vegetated within the space that had been occupied by an ancient prebserved and measured, from six to 10 feet in height, and from 25 to 35 feet broad at the base. Through these ^^•alls there were, upon three sides, three openings or gateways, of which the central ones were the largest. The central one in the front, facing the [Muskingum, was 150 feet wide. Immediately in front of this great gate- ',vay, and leading from it toward the river, its walls running at right angles to those of "The Town," was the* immense graded way, sometimes called the covert, or co\'ered way, and named uy some pioneer, of classical educa- tion, Sacra Fia. This was a broad avenue, excavated so as to descend by a perfect grade to the lower or latest formed terrace of the Muskingum, at the font of which it is sup- posed the stream flowed when the work was construclod. The grade remains, but the walls thrown up at either side have long since been demolished. They began at a distance of 60 feet from the gateway, were exactly parallel, and 680 feet long. They were 150 feet apart at their bases, J30 feet at their summits, and the Ijroad "way" between them was rounded and raised like a modern city street. At the base of the grade the Walls were 21 feet in perpendicular lieight, measuring from the in- side, while at the same iioint upon the outside they Avere from eight to jo feet high, and much less at the upper end of the avenue. This portion of the Marietta works alone would lie a slu]X'ndous piece of construction, even in vhi.^ age: and in the era when it was executed must have been a marvel of engineering and have re- quired the patient, long-continued toil of a vast nunjber of men. Not less remarkable were the four squares or truncated pyramids (of which the two principal ones ha\e Ijcen pre^- ser\eic feet rif earth. At the center of each of the four sides the earth jirojects, forming gradual and easy ascents to the top. The elevated square, next in im- ])ortance, is the the Capifoliiiiii. which is situ- ated upon the northwest corner of Washington, and Fifth streets. The southern wall of "The Town" originally extended along Washington street, very near the Ca\pito!iimi. This elevated square is 150 feet long by 120 feet wide, and is about eight feet high. Upon three sides are projections or inclined ways leading to the level platform, hut upon • the south side the graded ascent is a recess, the mpasurements of wdiich are equal to those of the projections, or about 20 feet in width bv 40 feet in length. East of this square there was originaK' another and a smaller one, which was known in earlier days as .S7. Cecelia. It was a truncated p}Ta- mid. similar in general characteristics to the Oiiailranaoii and Capitolimn. 120 feet long by 50 teet wide and fi\'e or six feet high. It had graded ascents onl_\- ;it the ends. In the northern angle of the encbjsure was another rectangular elevatiou, which was ne\-er of as great a heigh*: as the others, and. unlike them. had no ascents. The purpose for which these elevated squares and the great graded wav leading down to the ]\Iuskingum can. of course, only lie conjectured. The former, it has been generally thought liy students of arch:e- A MODERN VIEW OF MOUND CEMETERY. MOUND-BUILDERS' EARTHWORKS ON THE SITE OF MARIETTA. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 19 ology, were designed as the sites of tem- ples, and were originally so occupied, luit with edifices which, having hecn constructed of per- ishable material, long since crumhled into dust. The surface of the elevated squares which we have described is perfectly level, except where it has been upheaved by the roots of falling tres, or burrowing animals. The squares bear a close resemblance to the Tcncalli of Alexico, upon which temples still stand. In Ohio there are but few of these peculiar formations in connection with the great groups of works, and, in fact, besides the Marietta squares there are none, except at Portsmouth, Newark, and in the vicinity of Chillicothe. At no one of these localities are the squares as large as those we have here degcribed. A\'orks oi this kind occur more frequently in the South, and in- vestigators, who ha\-e traveled down the Valley of the Mississippi and thence into IMexico, re'- port that there is exhibited quite a uniform and constant increase in the size of the squares until they lead up to the mighty temple-crowned TcocaUi in the land of ilontezuma. Upon the other hand, as we journey southward we find a decrease in the size and in the number of enclosures of similar nature to those which abound in Ohio. We have so far said but little of the smaller of the two enclosures which existed at Mari- etta. As we have said, its are-a was about 20 acres. This area is now about equally di- vided north and south b_\- Wooster street, and lies above Fourth street. This enclosure, which formed the connection in the great system of the Marietta works, between the larger enclosure and the great mound, was many years ago obliterated. Its walls were never as high as those of the larger enclosure called "The Town." There were openings or gateways at the center of each side and at the corners, which were de- fended by mounds. It is conjectured that these two enclosures were not designed for defense, although they may of course have ser\-ed that ]iurpose. The ditch or fosse which often oc- curs in connection with the walls of similar enclosures was wanting here, but it is not im- probable that palisades were planted upon the top of the embankments. The most reasonabe hypothesis to be adopted in accounting for the construction of the so-called "forts" is that they were simply enclosures designed to protect the temples and the sacred altars of th.e ancient people from the profane gaze or touch of an alien race, or to guard them from desecration by animals. They ma_\- also ha\-e served as the place for great civic or religious asseniiblages, or the practice of something analagous to the Olym- pian games. \'ery likely they contained the residences of the priests or rulers of the people. Most of the earth of which the so-called "forts" were constructed must have been taken evenly from the surface of the ground within and around them, although excavations com- monly designated as "dug holes" were at an e.arly d;iy observable in several places not far from the works. Several of these have been supi)oscd to be wells, funnel-shaped like those in eastern countries, so that the water carriers could go down into them. The large mound now inclosed in the ceme- tery, the most interesting feature of the Alari- etta gnjup of works, remains to be described. It is not larger than some others in Ohio, but is proljably higher in proportion to its base measurement, and is nni(|ue in its accessories of embankment and fosse. It is 30 feet in heighth and its base is 115 feet in diameter. It is surrounded by a ditch about 15 feet wide and four feet deep, outside of which is a wall about lou.r feet high, and twenty feet or more in breadth. There is an opening in this wall upon the north side and a lilling in the fosse, each about 20 feet in width. The surrounding wall and ditch do not form a perfect circle, but an ellipse, the longer diameter of which is 230 feet, and the shorter 215 feet. Originally there were a number of fragmentary walls of slight elevation west and south of the great mound, forming an imperfect re-enclosure. HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, There was also a wall extending from a point near the tilling of the fosse toward the south eiiibankment of a smaller enclosure. The mound was described 'by Squier and Davis in 1847 as being truncated. It so ap- pears at present and the memory of the oldest inhabitant cannot recall a time when it was otherwise. The writer, however, has reason to believe that the mound, as originally con- structed, was a perfect mammalian. The Mari- etta mound is, doubtless, a sepulchral mound, and it is probable that it contains (or did once contain) two chambers like the great mound at the mouth of Grave Creek, in West Virginia — one chamber being situated upon a level with the surrounding plain, and the other mid- way between the base and the ape.x of the mound. The flattening of the top may have been caused by the crushing in of one or Iwth of these cham'l:)ers (the chambers arc in most cases constructed of timlier), -jr by the up- rooting of the great nak which IJr. Cutler's journal tells us stood upon the top in 178s. It is not generally known that the mound has been partially excavated, but such is the fact. Dr. Cutler, as ([noted by j\lr. Harris, says that "an opening being made at the summit of the great conic mound" (and it is wnrthy of note that he uses the word conic ) "there were fnund the bones of an adult in a horizontal position, covered with a iiat stone. Beneath this skele- ton were three stones placed vertically at small and different distances, but no bones were dis- . covered. That this venerable monument might not be defaced, the opening was closed without further search." The skeleton found was doubtless not lower down than the middle of the mound, that is to say, 15 feet from the apex. In everv one of the few large mounds excavated, which lKi\e a chamber near the top, there has been fonnd another at the base, and hence there is presumptive evidence that the bones of some mighty personage of the ancient race lie as they were originally deposited in an unknow'n age, amidst the pomp and splai- dor of strange ami superstitions rites. While this mound i> undnnbtedlv monumental in its character, its unic[ue accessory formations — the fosse and wall — would suggest that the builders had in view some other purpose than the rearing of a massive sepulchre. It may have been utilized as a place for the observance of religious ceremonies. Small mjounds are usually to ibe found upon the hills overlooking the larger works in the valleys. These are not wanting at Marietta. Harmar Hill and the other eminences in the vicinity of the great group w'e have described are crowned with them and they occur at in- terA-als along the whole length of the Muskin- gum Valley, and also those of the Tuscarawas and the Ohio. It is conjectured that these mounds served the purpose of coignes of van- tage from which the approach of an enemy could be descried, and also that they were sig- nal stati(jns from which beacon lights have flashed forth at night and columns of smoke arisen in the daytime as warnings of impend- ing danger, i-r the means of conveying quickly- other information.. It will be found that from one of these mounds upon the valley wall, another similar m,ound can nearly always be seen, and that the second commands a third, and so on. It is probable that these mounds formed systems extending- along the valleys and across the country. There are in \Vashington County many small works and mounds, the most interesting" (_)f which are mentioned in the histories of the localities in which they occur. It is scarcely necessary tO' say that there are none which ap- proach in magnitude the ancient remains at ^^larietta. The pioneers of [Marietta exhiljited a laud- able disposition to oreser\-e the strange monu- ments left by a prehistoric people, and although much has necessarily Ijeen swept from exist- ence, the most interesting portions of the great system have been preserved, and nearly in the condition in which they were found. While the Goths and Vandals at Circleville were raz- ing tO' the ground the wonderful works which ga\-e their town its name, the citizens of Mari- etta were takini;- steps not only to guard again.st AND REPRESEXTjrn-E CITIZEXS. the inimeiliate r)])literati(in of the remains within the tnwn plat, hnt to secure tlieir pro- tection for all time. The name.s which have heen used in this chapter, Oiiadrauaou, Capi- toliuuh and Sacra Via, were l>estowed upon the several works durinji' the vear 1788. A Httle later the Ohio Company passed the fol- lowing resolution, which was the first measure adopted looking toward the preservation of the ancient works : Rrsohrtl. l'h;u Colonel Battclle. Colonel Crary, and Major Ser.geant be a committee to lease the public squares (lo Samuci H. Parsons, Rufus Putnam and Griffin Gr»ene. csqs.), the ones on which the great mound stands, the Quadranaou and Capitoliuin, for so long a time as they are not wanted for the uses for which thev were reserved. The committee are to point out the mode of improvement for ornament, and in what manner the ancient works shall be preserved, and al-^o to a'^ocrtain the amount of wliat is to be given. In ]Mai-cIi, 1 79 1, the Company decided to lease Public Square No, i (Marie Antoinette), containing the great mound, to Rufus Putnam for 12 vears, on condition that he shotild set out trees and make other improvements. On similar terms it was iirop'ised to lease Square \o. J ( Capildlliini) . lo Dudley Woodhridge for eight _\-ears. and Scpiare No. 3 {Oiiadra- uaou). to Benjamin Tuijper for 10 A'ears. It was resolved at the same time that Sacra Via he not leased, but that General Putnam should retain control of it, seed.it down, plant trees upon it, etc. It was specified that the trees to he set out on the ancient works were to he of native growth. Subsequently Rufus Put- nam. Paul Fearing, and Dr. Jabez True were a])pointed trustees to take charge of the pub- lic squares until the town should become in- corporated, and lease them tn proper persons, the avails of the rent to be applied to the education of indigent orphans. The large trees growing u])on the Quadra- naou are all of second growth and were set out in accordance with the reciuirements of the Oliio Comijau}-. This work, or rather the question O'f its preser\-ation and the right of the lessee to ol.iliterate or deface it. was the svtb- ject of a very warm controversy in 1820. The I stpiare contaiiu'ng the Oiiadrauaou had been leased to D. Hartshorn and he had transferred the right of possession to Ue\-. Joseph W'illard. lie began plowing down the truncated pyra- mid and the citizens protested. Caleb Emer- .siHi, who was a member of the Council, was ac- tive in opposing Willard's action. The Council remo\-ed the square front Willard's possession and leased it to C. D. G. Bonny, and a num- l>er of citizens turned out and repaired the damage done by the plowing. A discussion of the merits of the case was c:u-ried on for some months in the newspajjcrs between a writer who signed himself "Fair Play," and Mr. AN'illard. and the case was carric to 1837, and some dannage had been caused to the ancient works. Ijut in the year mentioned the citizens raised a sufficient sum of monev to repair the injuries effected and to build fences around the scpiares. Ichabod Xye and Thomas X'inton were appcjinted 'bv the Council as a committee to make the needed improve- ments and restorations. The large mound has, perhaps, been injtired more than either of the other remains, the water liaving washed the sides where the earth was loosened by the feet of climbers. The une\-en places were filled, the defective trees cut down, and the entire sur- face of the mound sown with grass. In order that the symmetry of the mound should not again be intpaired by the displacement of eartn consequent upon many persons climbing up its steej) sides, a flight of stoue stejjs was con- structed by which the summit could be easily gained. The mound has since lieen kept, by occasional slight lalior bestowed upon it. in the best possible condition, as have also^ the other remains. Till-: t;KK.\T i;.\TTi.F.-(;Kou.\n ok .\Mi;iacA. Through. lut the i8th centm-v this West HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, was a continual battle-ground. To it both France and England, in turn, clung with equal determination, and ])oth tested the fool- ish experiment of attempting to win it back, when once it was lost, by means of the Indians who made it their lair. THE HUNTING GROfNDS OF THE IROQUOIS. W'lien the first explorers entered the West, earlv hi the i8th century, it was found to be the princely hunting ground of the Iroquois, better known as the Six Nations. Of all American Indians the Iroquois were ever pre- eminent, invincible. The proud races of the furthest South had felt the weight of their tomjahawks and the nations that camped about the shores of Lake St. John "kept their senti- nels puslied well southward in dread of their fierce invasion." As conquerors of half a con- tinent, the choicest hunting grounds were theirs, and so the forests, divided by the Oyo (Ohio), which took its rise in the Iroquois homeland south, of Lake Ontario, was the na- tion's choice. The hunting grounds of an Indian nation were not, in the nature of the case, located near the nation's homeland. The forests near In- dian villages soon became devoid of game, and the hunters were compelled to seek it at an in- creasing greater distance from home. And so it became customary for the stronger nations and confederacies to obtain by concpiest or un- opposed occupation, great tracts of distant for- ests which should be their own peculiar prop- ert^• and into which vagrant hunters of other nations came only on peril of their lives. These hunting grounds were as stable and well de- fined as a nation's homeland itself, and, as among the Bedouin nations of the Le\-ant, the degree of the conqueror's \ictory nver his ath'ersary w&s measured by the number of sheep and camel purloined, so the victory of one Indian nation over another was measured, in part, Ijy the extent of new hunting grounds in which it might thereafter roam without challenge. The hunting grounds were an In- dian nation's pride and came first in the na- tion's category. And so the "Happy Hunting Ground," alive with game, wliich no ruthless conquerer conld wrest away, was the red man s happiest conception for a life everlasting. Still, during Iroquois sovereigiity over the Central West, it is not probable that they alone knew of the treasures of bufl:'alo and turkey and pike which the land and its streams con- tained. In the far ^^'est the Iroquois left the ^liami's nation undistuiijed in their old home between the Miami and the Wabash. Ottawas, "traders" frrmi the North, who had never built a fire beside more splendid streams than the Central A\'est contained, were at times vagrant, frightened, visitors to the lands be- tween the Great Lakes and the Oyo. Other scattered remnants of Indian nations are ru- mored to have built fires in the hunting- grounds of the Iroquois; if so they hid their charred emhers in the leaves, to obliterate all proofs of their sly incursions. Ever and anon, from tlie Iroquois home- land, came great armies into the West in search of game. Launching their painted canoes on the headwaters of the Oyo (now the Alleghany and Ohio), they came down wiith the flood tides of the spring and fall and scattered into all the ri\'ers of the forest, — the Kanawha. .Mnsking\im, Scioto, Kentucky, Miami and ^^'aI>ash. Other canoes came up Lake Ontario to Lake Erie and passed up the Cuyahoga and down the rvluskingum, or up the Sandusky and down the Scioto, or up the Miami-of-the-Lakes and down the Wabash. Then were the forests filled with shouting, and a hundred great fires illuminated the primeval shadows. After the hunters came the warriors in brightly colored canoes, their paddles sweep- ing in perfect unison. And woe to* the arro- gant southern nation whose annual tribute had failed to come! Down to the South the war- riors sped, to return with terrible proofs of their prowess, lea\-ing upon the rocks in the rivers bauglitx' s}-mbols of their \ictories. WEAKENING OF THE IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY. But, at last, the supremacy of the arrogant AXD RliPRESEXTATIVE CITIZEXS. -23 Six Nations was challenged, and the territory over wliich they were masters h-egan to grow smaller instead of greater. The white men came to America. Their "new" empires were being erected on the continent. "New Spain" arose to the south; "New Sweden" was spoken of and "New Amsterdam," on Long Island Sound; "New England" was heard of between the St. Lawrence and the Atlantic Ocean, and "New France" was founded amid the Cana- dian snows, with its capital on the tumbling river of St. Laurant. Though both came from l)eyond the same ocean the Iroquois found that there was a great difference between the founders of "New England" and the founders of "New France." The former settled down (|uietly, bought land, cleared it and raised ci'ops. They treated the Indian very respectfully — paying little atten- tion to him or his land. The French, however, were different. There was no end to their running about. Their arrival was scarcely noised abroad before they were seen hurry- ing up the inland rivers on missii.ms of various import. And so the Iroquois came to hate the French, especially after their first encounter with them on the shores of Lake Champlain, when the white captain fired off a horrid arque- buse which killed two chieftains and wounded another, and liked to have scared the whole Indian army to death. Tliis hatred was aug- mented as the French made friends with the Algonquin tribes of tlic lower St. Lav.rence who, having fled from before the Iroquois v,-ar- riors like dust before the wind, now, in re- venge, piloted the French up tlie Ottawa and showed them a way to enter the Great Lakes of the Iroquois by the back door, Georgian Bay! Once acquainted with the five Great Great Lakes, the French were even less satis- fied than before, and down into the hunting grounds of the Iroquois they plunged in searcli of a great river and a sea which would lead to China. Already they had named the portage around one of the St. Lawrence Rapids "La Chine." Iielieving that the river led "to China" — a country of wdiich the farthest western na- tions, tlie fierce Chippewas and L)acotahs, even, had never heard ! As the iSth century grew older the Iro- cpiois became too busy with affairs of war and diplomacy and trade to come each year to their western hunting grounds and guard them with the ancient jealousy. Situated as they were between the J'"rench and English settlements, they found a neutral role difficult to maintairi and' they became fitfully allied now with the Al- Inmy, now with the Quebec governments, as each struggled to gain possession of the great Northern fur trade which was under the domi- nating influence of the Si.K Nations, who con- tnilled the Ottawa, St. Lawrence and all the New York ri\ers. THE STORY OF THE DEL.\W.\RES, SH.VWANESE AND WV.-\NI)0TS. The hunting grounds of the Iroquois were too delightful a "land to remain long unoccu- pied. Had Providence willed that these for- ests in and west of the Appalachian mount- svstem should have continued to be unoccupied until the white man came to possess it, many of the darkest pages of American histor}- could never have been written Rut the very reverse of this happened. Not only was it filled with Indians, but there came to it from far distant homes, as if chosen by fate, three of the most desiderate Indian nations on the continent, each having been made ready, seemingly, by long vears of oppression and tyranny, for the bloody work of holding this \'\'est from the white man. The three nations found by the first explorers in the abandoned hunting grounds of the Iroined in the plot to dri\-e out the English from the West and win hack the land for France. In turn the\ became attached to British inter- ests at the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, and thev were as true to the very last to them as they had l)ectn formerly to the Freiich. Idirough their aid England managed to retain forts Sandusky, Miami and Detroit for 20 years after the close of the Revolution, despite the solemn pledges given in the treaty of Paris. The \\'yandots came from the far North. The second nation to enter the Alleghany for- ests was the Shawanese, who came from the far Soutli. 'J'he Shawanese were the onlv AXD REPRESEXTATirE ClllZEXS. 25 American Indians who liad e\en so much as a tradition of having come to tliis continent from across the ocean. Like that of the savage W'yandots, tlie Iiistory of the Sliawanese Ix'fore they settled downi on the swift Scioto is a cheerless tale. Too pnjud to join one of the great Southern confederacies, if, indeed the opportunity was ever extended to them, the}- sifted northward through the forests from Florida until they settled l^etween the Cumber- land and Tennessee rivers. Here the earliest geographers found them and classified them as the connecting hranch. lietween the Algon- Cjuins of New England and the far .\nrthwest, so different were they fnun their !rs in T'ennsx Ivania was placed at 700, one-half of whom were said to be Shawanese. This w^ould indicate a total population of perhaps 1,500 Shawanese. ^^'ith the approach of the settlements of the white man and the opening of the bloody French and Indian \Var. they left, the Susque- hanna and pushed straight westward to the Scioto River valley beyond the Ohin. The Shawanese have well been called the '"Bedouins of the American Indians." The main Ixxly of the nation migrated from Florida to the Cumberland and Susquehanna and Scioto rivers. Fragmentary portions of the nation wandered elsewhere. Cadwallader Cob- den said in 1745 that one tribe of the Shaw- anese "had gone quite down to New Spain." 'When La Salle wished guides from Lake On- tario to the Gulf of Mexico in 1684, Shawan- ese were sujiplied him, it being as remarkalole that they were Shawanese so far north (though they may have been prisoners among the Iroquois) as it was that they were ac- quainted with the Gulf of Mexico, In the lilack Forest the Sliawanese gained another and a well-earned reputation — of being the fiercest, most uncompromising Indian nation with which the white man ever dealt. They were for the half century which the Black Forest was their home and the W'yandots their allies, ever first f(jr war and last for peace. Under their two terrilile well-known chieftains, Cornstalk and Tecumseh. thev were allied both with the b'rcnch and with the British in the vain attemjit to hold back the tide of civilization from the river valleys of the Cen- tral West. .Missionary work among them proved a failure. They made treaties but to break them. .\ni an acre of all the land which lay south of them, Kentucky, but was drenched i/y blood they spilt. Incited by such hell- hounds as the (iirty boys, there was no limit to wJiich the Shawanese could not be ])ushed, and for it ;dl they had been trained by instinct and tradition through luinvberless vears of des- perate ill-fortune. The W'yandots and the Shawanese came from the North and South. The third nation which made the hunting grounds of the Iro- (juois its homeland came from the Eastern sea- board. The legendary history of the Lenni- Lenapes cannot be equaled, in point of ro- mance in Indian history. Tradition states that they lived at a \ery earh- period west ()f the Mississi[)i)i River. L'niting with their neigh- l)ors, the Inxpiois, the two nations began an eastward conquest which ended in driving the giant .Alleghans, the ]\k)und-Builders, from the alluvial valleys of the Scioto, JNIiami, Muskin- gum, Wabash, Ka.skaskia, Cahokia and Illi- nois, where their mounds and ring forts were found, and di\-iding between them the .\tlantic sealxiard, the Injquois taking the north and the Lenni-Lenapes settling in the valley of the Delaware, where they took the name of Delawares. But not long after this division had been effected, the spirit of jealousy arose. The Iroquois receiving arms from the Dutch, who founded New Amsterdam (New Yorkj, became expert in the acconiiilishments of war. 25 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, The Delawares adapted themselves to peaceful modes of living, and their laden maize fields brought them rich returns for their labors. \\"\i\-\ the confederation of the Iroquois tribes intc:» the Six Nations, the doom of the Dela- wares \\-as sealed. By treachery or by main force the upstart "uncles" from the North fell to c[uarreling with their Southern "nephews.'' Seeing that nothing but ruin stared them in the face the Delawares began selling their land to the Dutch, the friends of their "Good jMig- non" Penn. "How came you to take upon yourselves to sell land?" was the infuriated cry of the Iroquois, who sent by their (irator, Cawassatiego, their ultimatum in the weak- ened Delawares. "You sell land in the dark. Did you ever tell us you sold land to them? * * * \\"e tind you are none of oau" lilood. Therefore we charge you to remove instantly. \\'e assign you two places to go, either to Ugo- man or Shamokin : Go!" Dismayed, disgraced, the Delawares re- tired fromi the green maize fields which they loved and fell back, a crowd of disordered fugi- tives, into the Alleghany forests. Sifting through the forests, crowding the Shawanese before them, they at last crossed the Alleghany and settled down on the upper ^luskingum about 1740. Here they lived for half a cen- tury, fighting with Villiers and Pnntiac and Little Turtle. Here they were visited by armies and by missionaries who did noljle wor1< among them. The Delawares later fought against the armies of Harmar, St. Clair and '\^'ayne, after they abandoned the valley which was first their home, and then sank hopelessly into the general rout of the liroken tribes moving westward after the battles of Fallen Timbers and Tippecanoe. On the Kansas River and its tributaries the remnant of the once powerful Lenni-Lenapes range today o\-cr a territory of a million acres, still dreaming, it is said, of a time when they will again as- sume their historic position at the head of the Indian family. A great mass of tradition lives with them of their eastern conquest, the homes on the Delaware, Alleghany and Mus- kingum, where the poet had Evangeline visit them in her search for Gabriel. And still the massacre of Gnaderibrutten is told to wonder- ing children in Delaware wigwams which dot the Ozark ■Mountains as titey once dotted the Alleghany valleys. The total number of Indians in the hunt- ing ground of the Iroquois would be difficult to estimate. During the Revolutionary War, when the Central \A'est was filled with an hun- dred fugitive tribes, a United States Commis- sioner reported the number of Indian war- riors affiliated with the Iroquois as 3,100, divided as follows : \\'yandots 300, Mingoes 600, Senecas 650, Mohawks 100, Cuyahogas 220, Onondagas 230, Oneidas and Tuscarawas 400, Ottawas 600 ; the other nations were given as follows : Chippewas 5,000, Pottawatomies 400; scattering, 800. Considering the Indian family as consisting of four persons, the total Indian population of the Central West would be 40.000, probably a very liberal estimate. On the Plan of Ihc .-liiciciit Earllix^'orks. General Putnam has left very explicit notes about the plan of the ancient works as he found them in 17SS. He says, "There are at least three kinds of works at Marietta as described on the plan, and designed for very difTerent purposes. The walls A B C D and E F G H (the two large quadrangles covering the greater part of the high ground and lying be- tween Putnam and Montgomery streets) were evidently erected for defense, and whoever views the figures i, 2, &c., which are as level on top as a mosaic pavement, will not hesitate to pronounce that on them once stood some spacious buildings, and whoever considers the other figures, although he may be at a loss with respect to their use, he will have no dif- ficulty in Iielieving they were for purposes very different from either of the other kinds of work. Thus far, everyone who has viewed them, and, I will venture to say, whoever shall view them, will be of one opinion, but Avith re- ''^'^^mm^f^^^sm^^is& o ? H ^> CO -■^ W --a fc 3 « W O £ o < »- § n w s t H o S P3 ^ ; H g g < - AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 29 spect to other matters everyone has his conject- ures and I will give you mine. "The chasms or openings in the walls l^y many are supposed to be intended for gate- ways, and no doubt but that they served partly for that purpose; but I think it highly probable that both these and the openings at the angles were supplied with wooden works, probably with something like bastions or projecting towers for the lodgment of the troops assigned for the defense of the place as well as the better to flank the curtains. It is observable in the square A B C D that from one opening to another the distance is no more than from 1-4 to 20 perches, the half of which distance must be the necessarj- flight i)f an arrow in order for a complete flank fire. "As to the antiquity of these works they e.xceed all calculations, the size of trees grow- ing on them being the same as on the other land. References. "A ]) C D is the remains of an an- cient wall or rampart of earth whose base is from 25 to 36 feet, and its height from four to eight feet. Figs. 5 and 6 are two parallel walls (if earth distant from each other, from center to center, 14 perches, at c and f their perpendicular height is 21 feet and base 42 feet ; at g and /; their height is eight feet. This height was taken on the inside or between the tw'o walls. On the outside they are nowhere more than five feet high. "E F G H are walls or banks of earth. Their height and base were not taken by measure but they appear to be about 20 feet base and from three to five feet high." CHAPTER. II. THREE FLAGS IN THE WEST French Explorations and Establishment of Frontier Forts — Arms of the King of France — French and English Character Contrasted — French and Indian War — PoNTiAc's Rebellion — The Revolutionary War in the West — Massacre OF Gnadenhutten. — Note. FRENCH explorations ANU ESTABLISHMENT OF frontier forts. In the year 1540, Jacijues Cartier raised a white cri.iss crowned with the flciir c!c lis of Fi'ance upcm an improvised altar of crossed canc-e paddles at Otiebec, bearing the inscrip- tiiin "Fraiiciscus primus, Dei gratia, Franco- nun Rex Rcguat," and formally took posses- sion of a new ciintinent. Two centuries later, in the dawn of early morning, Biritish sol- diers wrested from the betrayed ^^lontcalm the mist-enshrouded height where tliat emblazoned cross had stood and N'ew France fell — "amid the proudest monuments of its own glory, and on the \ery spot of its origin." All the American Indians sonn found, as the Iroquois had, that nothing would do Init these newly-come Frenchmen must run about over all the countrw Each river must lie as- cended, the portages traversed and lakes crossed. Every hint of further ri\'ers and lakes resulted forthwith in a thousand ques- tions if not in the immediate formation of an exploring e.xpeditiou. And yet there was method in the madness of this running about. In the first place log forts were founded at \-arious points, and when the world came to know e\en a fraction as nnuch as the French did about the West, it found that these forts were situated at the must strategic points on the continent. For instance, there was Fort Frontenac, near the narrowing of Lake Ontario into the St. Law- rence. This fort commanded that river. Then there was Fort Niagara, which commanded the route to Lake Erie. There was Foil De- troit, which commanded all access from Lake Erie to lakes Huron, Michigan and Superior. There were forts I-a Boeuf, Venango and Du- quesne tO' hold the Ohio, Fort Sandusky to hold the Sandusky River, Fort Miami at the head of the rapids on the Miami-of-the-Lakes to hold that ri\er, and the portage to the \\'a- bash, and \'incennes and Kaskaskia in the Illi- nois C(juutr_\-. The Indians did not oljject to these forts, i.)ecause they found that they were really no forts at all, Ijut rather depots and warehouses for th.e great fur trade, where their stacks of beautiful otter and sable and beaver skins could be exchanged for such splendid colored ribbons and tinkling bells and powder and lead and whiskey ! Each fort became a trading post where the Indians gathered frequently for en- tertainments of various character. Fancy if you can the emparadising dreams which nuist lia\e filled the head of manv a Gov- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. ernor of Xew France, as lie sui'Ncyed willi heaving lireast the vast domains of t!ie .Missis- sippi Valley, comprising four inillinn M|uare miles of delecta'ble land, and fancied the mighty empire it would some day sustain — outrivaling the dreams of a "Grand Monarque.'' Picture, if you can, the great ]io])es of the builder of Quebec who could see the infant city holding in fee all the great system of lakes besides whose sea-outlet it stood — the Gibraltar of the new continent. Fancy the assemblies of notables which met when a returned Jesuit or forgot- ten courcnr dc bois came hurrying down the Ottawa in his canoe and reported the finding of a mighty river, yet unchronicled, filled with thousands of beaver and otter ; a new bright gem in the Bourbon crown. And so, we may suppose, such assemblies referred mockingly to the stolid Englishmen living along the Atlantic seaboard to the South. How the French must ha\e scorned England's conception of America! Long af- ter the French had passed from Quebec to the Great Lakes and down the Mississi]5pi to the Gulf of Alexico, the English had a boat built at home which could be taken apart on the tipper waters of the James River, carried across the mountains on wagons to be put together on the shores of the Pacific Sea! How the French must have laughed when they heard •of this; we can imagine them drinking hilari- ously to the portable boat stranded in the .Mle.- ghany forests three thousand miles from its destination ! And so it was that the wily emissaries of the Bourl)on throne incorporated the fast-fill- ing hunting grounds of the Iroquois with Xew France. It was an easily acquired country since they, brought nothing into it tliat was not wanted, and took nothing away — but furs! Though of these furs they were mighty ]);irlic- ular respecting the number and the fpiality, and especially that traders from the English settlements over the nmunlains should not come and get them. But it turned out that the English not only came, but even .claimed for themsehes the Ohio couiitrv which lav bevond the .Mlegbanv mountains! If Cabot and Drake discoxered the continent, did they not discover its inter- ior as truly as its seaboard? Moreover, the English had l)y treaty acquiretl certain rights from the Iroquois which held good, they main- tained, wherever the Iroquois had carried their irresistible conquests from Labrador to the Everglades of Florida. And who could then say that this did not hold good beyond the Ai- leghanies, where the Iroquois for so long hatl been the acknowledgeld mastea-s? Thus it was that slowly, naturally and with the certainty of doom itself, there drew on the terrible war which decided whether the destiny of the new continent should be placed in the haiuls of a Teuton or a Ciaelic civiliza- tion — whether Providence should hold the de- scendants of the founders of Jamestown or of Quebec responsible for its mighty part in the history of human affairs. This war has re- ceived the vague name of the French and In- dian War. By this is meant the war Eng- land and her cohmists in America fought against the French and Indians. It is remarkal)lc enough that this war, which was to settle so much, began from a spark struck in the West. The explanation of this is found in the fact that a great expanse of forest separated the English settlements on the .Atlantic seabt)ard and the great line of French settlements, 3,000 leagues in length, which stretched from the*, mouth of the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. The nearest points of contact were in Virginia and Penn- sylvania, for here the rivalry of French and English traders had l)een most intense. \"irginians found it a very acceptable part to play — this trying the test case with France to decide who was the real master of the land o\-er the mountains. In 1749 a company of Viriginian gentlemen received from the King of England a royal charter granting them pos- session of 200.000 acres of the P)lack Forest between the Monongahela and Kanawha ri\ers. The astonishment and anger of the French on the St. Lawrence knew no bounds! Im- mediately the French governor Galissoniere 3= HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND JVASHINGTON COUNTY set on foot plans which Avould result in the withdrawal of the English colonists. Looking- back through the years, it may seem A-ery strange tliat the go\-ernors of New France never anticipated a clasli with England on the Ohio and prepared for it. but it appears, that, of all the West. Lake Erie and the Ohio River were ihe least kno-ie'ii to the French. This can be understood from the following romantic story of French exploration: On a wild October day, Cartier who raised the altar at Quebec and claimed the new con- tinent stood on ]\Iount Royale, looking wist- fully westward. Behind Iiim lay the old world throbbing with an intuition of a north- west passage to China and India. Before him shimmered two waterways in the sun. As we know them now the southern was the St. Lawrence, the western the Ottawa. It was a strange Providence which led the Algoncjuins to induce Cartier to set the tide of French trade and exploration o\-er the Otta- wa rather than up the St. Lawrence. By this France lost, we are told, the Hudson Valley — the key to the Eastern half of the conti- nent — but gained the Great Lakes. This tide of trappers, merchants, Jesuits, and adven- turers went up the Western river, across into Georgian Bay, through the lakes, down the Wisconsin, Illinois and ^Mississippi. Some few braved the dangers of traveling in the domains of the Iroquois and went up the St. Lawrence to Lake Ontario, thejn across to Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay. The impor- tant result was that Lake Erie was the last of all the Great Lakes to be discovered and the country south of it was the last to be explored and claimed by the French. Lakes Ontario and Huron were discovered in 1615, Lake Su- perior in 1629, Lake ^Michigan in 1634. Lake Erie was not discovered until 1669 — half a century after the two lakes which it joins. And then fur a hundred years it was a mystery. Champlain drew it on Ids map as a widened river, and other majJS of the day make it a bro'jk, river, strait ur lake, as tlieir authors fancied. One drew it as a river, and, in per- plexity over its outlet, ran it into the Susque- hanna and down into Chesapeake Bay. And late as in the map of Celeron, in 1750, is writ- ten along the southern shore of Lake Erie — "This shore is almost unknown." .\RMS OF THE KING OF FR.VNCE. It is a custom peculiar to the French ta declare possession of a land by burying leaden plates, upon which their profes-.ions of sov- ereignty are incised, at the mouths of its riv- ers. This has been an immemorial custom, and has been done in recent times in the Pa- cific Ocean. La Salle buried a leaden plate at the mouth of the Mississippi in 1682, claim- ing possession o^ that river and all streams emptying into it and all lands drained by them. But, now, more plates were needed. And so Celeron de Bienville, a gallant chevalier of St. Louis, departed from Quebec in the fall of the same year with a detachment of eight sub- altern officers, six cadets, an armorer, 20 sol- diers, 180 Canadians, 30 friendly Iroquois and 25 Abenakis with a load of leaden plates to be buried at the mouths of all the rivers in the Central West. Two plates were buried in what we now call the Alleghany River and one at the mouth of Wheeling Creek, the Muskin- gum (W'ashington County), Great Kanawha and Miami rivers. (See Note.) At the burial of each plate a given formality was observed. The detachment was drawn up in battle array. The leader cried in a loud voice "Vive le Roi." and proclaimed that possession was ta- ken in the name of the King. In each in- stance, the Arms of the King, stamped upon a sheet of tin, were affixed tO' the nearest tree, and a process verbal was drawn up and signed bv the officers. Each plate bore the follow- ing inscription : "In the year 1749. of the reign of Louis the XV, King of France, We, Celeron, com- mander of a detachment sent by Monsieur the Marcpiis de la Galissoniere, Governor General of New France, to re-establish tranquility in some Indian villages of these cantons, have AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 33 buried (here a space w'as left for the date of and place of burial) this plate of lead near the ri\'er Ohio otherwise Belle Riviere as a monument of the renewal of possession we have taken of the said river Ohio, and of all those which empty into it, and of all lands on both sides as far as the sources of said rivers, as enjoyed by the Kings of France preced- ing, and as they have there maintained them- selves by arms and treaties, especially those of Ryswick, Utrecht and Aix-la-Chapelle." Ah ! but leaden bullets were more needed in the West than leaden plates! This Celeron found out before he had gone a dozen leagues. Hostile Senecas dug up his first plate and hur- ried with it to the English at Albany. At Logstown. near the present city of Pittsburg, he found some detested English traders, and a strong anti-French influence. He drove off the intruders with a sharp letter to their gov- ernor, but here his Iroquois and Abenakis In- dians deserted him, and, on their way north, tore from the trees the Arms of the King. Celeron hurried homeward liy tlie shortest route — up the Miami River and down the Maumee and through the lakes — and ren- dered his alarming report. It was decided im- mediately to fortify Celeron's route. The en- terprising successor of Galissoniere — Govern- or Duquesne — sent a detachment from Que- bec with orders to proceed to Lake Erie and begin the building of a line of forts do\m the Ohio frontier, from Lake Erie to the Ohio River. This party, under the command of M. Marin, landed near the present site of Erie. Pennsylvania, and raised a fort. The ruins of this fort in the West are still perceptible within the limits of the city of Erie. It was a strong work built of chestnut logs, 15 feet high and 120 feet square, with a block house on each side. It had a gate to the .southward and one to the northward, but no port holes. It was first called Fort Du- quesne, but later was named Fort Presque Isle from the promontory which juts out into the lake. From Fort Presque Isle M. Marin hewed a road southward, a distance of 13 miles, 21 feet in width, to the Riviere aux Roeufs — river of Buffaloes — later named French Creek by Washington. This was the first white man's road — military or otherwise — ever made in the Central West. It was built in 1753 and though it has not been used over its entire length since that day it marks, in a general way, the important route from the important route from the lakes to the Allegha- ny and Ohio rivers, which became early in the igth century the great thoroughfare for freight to and from the Ohio Valley and the East. For a distance of seven miles out of the city of Erie, the old French road of a century and a half ago is the main road south. At tiiat dis- tance from the city the newi highv.-ay leaves the old French route, but the latter can he followed without difficulty until it meets the Erie-Waterford plank road. At the end of this road was erected Fort La Boeuf on the north bank of the West Fork of Riviere aux Boeufs, at the intersection of High and Water streets in what is now the town of Waterford, Penns3-lvania. Being an inland fort it was not ranked or fortified as a first-class one: yet as a trading fort, it was of much' importance in the chain from Oucbec to the Ohio. Late in the summer of 1753, M. Marin sent 50 men to erect a third fort in the chain from Lake Erie just below the junction of French Creek and the Alleghany River, on the present site of Franklin. Pennsylvania. Possession was taken of the site by Capt. Chabert fie Joncaire wlio spent the winter in a trader's hut. lun'ing been opposed by Indians' who said that the land was theirs, and that they would not have them liuild upon it. In the spring, ho-.vever, machinery for a sawmill was brought froin Canada and oak and chestnut trees were cut down and sawn into timbers for a new fort which was completed in April. It was not an elaborate work but answered its purpose as an entrepot for goods .going down to Fort Du- quesne. It was named Furt Machault from Jean Baptiste Machault, a ccleljrated French 34 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY financief and politician and favorite of La Pompadour. The fort was a parallelogram about 75 by 105 feet with bastions in the form of polygons at thel four angles. The gate fronted the river. It contained a maga/.ine protected by three feet of earth and five bar- racks two stories high furnished with stone chimneys. The soldiers" barracks consisted of 44 buildings built around the fort on the north and east sides. Thus, strong in her resources of military .and civil centralization, France moved swift- ly into the West at last. In this, her superior- ity over the English colonies was as marked as her success in winning her way into the good graces of the Indians. TRENCH AND ENGLISH CH.\R.\CTER CON- TR.\STED. French and English character nowhere show more plainly than in the nature of their contact with the Indian as each met him along the St. Lawrence, the Alleghany and the Great Lakes. The French came to conciliate the Indians, with no scruples as to how they might accomplish their task. The coiireur-dc-bois threw himself into the spirit of Indian life and very nearly adopted the Indian's ideals. The stolid English trader, keen for a I)argain. just- ly suspicious of his white rival, invariably distant, seldom tried to ingratiate himself into the friendship of the redman. The z'oyagcur flattered, cajoled, entertained in his wild way. regailed at tables, mingled witlmut stint in Indian customs. Sir Guy Carletrm writes : "France did not depend nn the numlier of her troops. ])ut on the discretion of her officers Avho learned, the language of the nati\-es. '■' * * * * distributed the King's presents, ex- cited no jealousy and gained the affections of an ignorant, credulous but bra\'e people, whose ruling jiassions are independence, grat- itude and revenge." The Englishman little affected the conceits (if the red man, seldom opened his heart and was less commnnly fa- miliar. He ignored as much as [jossible In- dian habits ; the Frenchman feigned all rev- erence for them, with a care never to rupture their stolid complacency. The English trader dressed like a ranger or trapper, making as lit- tle use of Indian dress as practicable. The vo\ carry this load.' The father's heart having l^y this time become hardened, and the bad adviser calling to him, '\\'hip him if he disobeys,' and he refusing to carry the pack, the father orders his son to take up the pack and carry it oft' or he will whip him. and alreadv takes up a stick to beat him. 'So.' says the son. 'am I to be served thus for not doing what I am unable to do? Well, if entreaties avail nothing with you. fa- ther, land it is to be decided by blows, whether or not I am able to carry a pack so heavy, then I have no other choice left me, but that of re- sisting your unreasonable demand by my strength, and thus, by striking each other, learn who is the strongest.' " The Indians were urged to become neutral AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 41 in tlie struggle tliat was opening. Impossible as such a course would have been to men who loved war Ijetter than peace, certain tribes promised to maintain neutrality. In a few months, however, most of the nations were in open or secret alliance with British officers. Even the better element of the Delaware na- tion, led by Captain White Eyes, eventually sacrificed their lives in attempting to play the impossible role. England was aJways handi- capped in her use of the American Indian be- cause of the want of men who could success- fully exert control over him. Even when the forts of the French in the West ])assed into British possession, Frenchmen were retained in control since nO' Englishman could .so w"ell rule the .savages who' made the forts their ren- dezvous. The beginning of the successful employment of the Indians against the grow- ing Virginian empire south of the Ohio and against the multiplying cabins and forts of the "Long Knives" may^ loosely be said to have begun in the spring of i77cS. wlien three North- em renegades Simon Girty. Matthew Elliott and Alexander McKee eluded the Continental general. Hand, at Pittsburg, and took service under Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton at De- troit. Bred to border warfare and well known among the Indians from the Susquehanna to the Missouri, these three men were the "most effective tools for the purpose of border war- fare" that the British could ha\-e secured. Hamilton immediately began to plan the in- vasion of Pennsylvania and the conquest of Pittsburg. The campaign was condemned by his superiors in the East and was forgotten by its originator when the news of a bold inva- sion of his own territory bv a Virginian army suddenly reached his ears ! The Transylvania Company, which had erected a proprietary government south of the Ohio, came suddenly to an end when the Ken- tuckians elected George Rogers Clarke and Ga- briel Johni Jones members of the Virginian Assembly, as the assembly erected the county of Kentucky out of the land purchased by Henderson at Fort Watauga in 1775. Upon bringing this alxiut, Clarke, a native of Virginia and a hero of l.)unmore"s War, returned to Kentucky nourishing greater plans. \\'ith clear eyes he saw the increasing affiliation of Indian and British interests meant that Eng- land, even though she might be unsuccessful in the East, could keep up an interminable and disastrous warfare "a;long the rear of the col- onies" so long as she held forts on the North- ern edge of the Black Forest. Clarke sent spies northward who gained information con- firming his suspicions and then he hm'ried eastward with his bold plan of conquering the "strongholds of British and Indian barbarity." Kaskaskia, Vincennes and Detroit. He came at a fortunate time. The colonies were re- joicing over the first great victory of the early ^var. Saratoga. Hope, eveiTwhere. was high. From Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, Clarke received two orders, one to attack the British post Kaskaskia. He at once set out for Pittsburg, to raise, in the West (where both Dunmore and Lewis raised their armies) troops for the most brilliant military achieve- ment in W^estern history. Descending the Ohio to Kentucky, where he received re-in- forcements, Clarke marched silentlv through the forests with 135 chosen men to Kaskaskia, which he took in utter surprise July 4, 1778. "Keep on with your merriment," he said to revetllers whom he surprised at a dance, "but remember you dance under Virginia, not under Great Britain." Clarke brought the news of the recently made alliance between France and the United States into the Illinois country and used it with telling effect. A Frencli priest at Vincennes ran up a Virginian flag over that fort, telling the inhabitants and the Indians that their "French Father" had come to life. In October Virginia incorporated the "County of Illinois" within her Western empire — the first portion of the land north of the Ohio River to come under the administra- tion of one of the States of the Union. Contemporaneously with Clarke's stirring conquest, an expedition was raised at Pitts- burg to march against the Indians in the 42 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, neighborhood of the British fort at Sandusky — ^possibly to counteract the rumored attempt to invade Pennsylvania by Hamilton at De- troit. Troops and supplies were to be assem- bled at Fort Pitt \\ihere the famous route of Bouquet \\"«s to be followed toward the lakes. The expedition was put in charge of Gen. Lachlan Mcintosh. Distressing delays made the half-hearted Indians who were to guide the army staff and Mcintosh started before his stores arrived, fearing longer delay would alienate his friendly Indians, among whom was the Delaware, White Eyes, now turned from a neutral course. At the mouth of the Beaver River, Mcintosh built the fort which bore his name — the first fort built by the Americans on the Northern side of the Ohio. Advancing westward over Bouc|uet's track with 1,200 men he reached the Muskingum (Tuscarawas) River in 14 days, arriving No- vember 19, 1778. The result, of this attempt- ed invasion is best described perhaps by Gen- eral Mcintosh liimself in a letter written to General Washington the year following : "A letter by express from Lieutenant-Col- onel Campbell, a little afterward, informed me that no supplies came yet, and w'e had very little tO' expect during the winter, nor could he get the staff to account for, or give any reas- ons for their neglect and deficiencies, which disappointed all ni}- flattering- prospects and schemes, and left me no other alternative than either to march back as I came without effect- ing any valuable purpose, for which the world would justly reflect upon me after so much ex- pense, and confirm the savages in the opinion the enemy inculcates ofi our weakness, and unite all of them to a man against us, or- to build a strong stockade fort upon the Muskin- gum, and leave as many men as our provisions would allow to secure it until the next season, and to serve as a bridle upon the savages in the heart of their owln country: which last I chose with the unanimous approbation of my prin- cipal officers and we were einployed upon it while our provisions lasted." But Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton, learn- ing of Clarke's seizure of Kaskaskia and the treachery o-f the fickle inhabitants of Vin- cennes, set about to reconquer Illinois. De- parting from Detroit on a beautiful October day the expedition descended the Detroit Riv- er and entered the Alaumee. The weather changed and it was 71 days before the Ameri- can captain Helm at VincenueSi surrendered his wretched frirt, and became a prisoner of war. Hamilton was unable to push on; to Kaskaskia because of the lack of provisions, and sat do\\-n to watch the \\'inter ont where he was. Thus the s]5ectacular year of 1778 closed — Clarke at Kaskaskia watching his an- tagonist feasting at Vincennes; Mcintosh's little guard at Fort Laurens undergoing con- tinual harrassing and siege. In the East the evacuation of Philadelphia, the battle of Mon- mouth and the terrible Wyoming Massacre were the events of the year. But the year 1779 was to witness as brill- iant a military achievement in the West as the East was to witness in the capture of Stony Point. This was the recapture of Vincennes by Clarke. Joined b_v an experi- enced adventurer. Col. Francis Vigo, former- !\- of the Spanish service, Clarke was persuad- ed that he must capture Hamilton or Hamilton would capture him. Accordingly, on the 5th of February. Clarke set out for Vincennes with 170 trusty men. In 12 days they reached the Embarras River, which was crosed on the 2 1 St with great bravery, the men wading in the water to their shoulders. On the 25th, Hamilton, the most surprised man in the world, was compelled to surrender. Within t^vo weeks he was on his way to \'irginia where, being found guilty of I)uying Virgin- ian scalps of the Indians, he wtis imprisoned but was exchanged the year following. In Jul};, while returning from New Or- leans with supplies. Colonel Rogers and party of Kentuckians were overwhelmed by Indians under Girty and Elliott on the Ohio River. In a terrible running battle, 60 Kentuckians were killed. The sad news spread quickly throughout Kentuckv and a thousand tongues AXD REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 43 called loudly for reveng^e. In response ^lajor Bowman led 300 volunteers up the Scioto Val- lev and attacked the Shawanese capital. There was bungling somewhere and a retreat was or- dered before victory was achieved. During this sinnmer the conqueror of Illi- nois expected to complete his triumph by the capture of Detroit. A messenger from Thomas Jefferson, Governor of Virginia, brought tid- ings that troops for this expedition would be forthcoming from Virginia and Kentucky and wlould rendezvous at Vincennes in July. When the time came, Clarke found only a few soldiers from Kentucky and none at all from Virginia. The Detroit expedition fell through because of Virginia's povertv in monev and in men, though artillery, ammunition and tools had been secured for the cltmpaign from Fort Pitt, at Washin^gton's command. But with master- ly foresight Governor Jefferson secured the es- tablishment of a fort on the Mississippi River in the Illinois country. During this summer the little garrison which General Mcintosh left buried in the Black Forest at Fort Laurens fled back over the "Great Trail" to Pittsburg. Nowhere north of the Ohio were the scenes, fre- quently enacted in Kentucky, reproduced so vividly as at little Fort Laurens on the upper IMuskingum. At one time 14 of the garrison were decoved and slaughtered. At another time an army numbering 700 warriors invested the little half- forgotten fortress and its in- trepid defenders. A slight embankment may be seen today near Bolivar, Ohio, which marks one side of the first fort erected in what is now Ohio, those near the lake shore ex- cepted. Thus closed the year 1779 — Clarke again in possession of Vincennes, as well as Kaskaskia and Cahokia, but disappointed in the failure of the Detroit expedition ; Hamilton languishing in a Virginia dungeon, 1,200 miles from his capita'1-fort, Detroit ; Fort Lau- rens abandoned, and the Kentucky country covered with gloom over Rogers' terrible loss and Bowman's inglorious retreat from the val- ley of the Scioto. On the other hand, the East was glorying in "Mad .\nthony'' Wayne's capture of Stony Point, Sullivan's rebuke to the Indians and Paul Jones' electri- fying victory om the sea. Four expeditions set forth in 1780, all of them singular in character and noteworthy. The }-ear ])efore. 1779, 'Spain had declared war upon England. The new commander at Detroit took immediate occasion to regain control of the Mississippi by attacking the Spanish town of St. Louis. This expedi- tion, under Captain Sinclair, descended the Mississippi from Prairie du Chien. The at- tack on St. Louis did not succeed, but six whites were killed and 18 taken prisoners. At the time oi Bowman's expedition against the Shawanese, the year previous, a British officer. Colonel Bird, had assembled a noteworthy array at Sandusky preparatorv to the invasion of Kentucky. News of the Kentucky raid up the Scioto Valley set Bird's Indians to "cooking and counselling" again, instead of acting. This year Bird's invasion materialized and the fate of the Kentucky set- tlements trembled in the balance. The in- vading army of 600 Indians and Canadians was armed with two pieces of artillery. There is little doubt that this army could have bat- tered down ever\- "station" in Kentucky and swept victoriously through the new settle- ments. Ruddles' station on the Licking was first menaced and sf.rrendered quickly. Alar- tin's fort also capitulated. But here Bird paused in his conquest and withdrew north- ward, the barbarit'- of the Indian allies, for once, at least, sho<-king a British commander. The real secret of the abrupt retreat lay no doubt in the fact that the increasing immigra- tion had brought such vast numbers of peo- ple into Kentucky that Bird feared to penetrate further into the land for fear of a surprise. The gross carelessness of the newly arrived inhabitants in not taking the precaution to Ijuild proper defenses against the Indians un- doubtedly appeared to the British commander as a sign of strength and fortitude which he did not have the courage to put to the test. As a matter of fact, he could probably have 44 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND JJ-ASHINGTON COUNTY annihilated every settlement between the Ohio and Cumberland Gap. In turn Kentucky sent an immense army north of the Ohio in retaliatiijii, a thousand men volunteering under Clarke, the hero of Vincennes. A large Indian army was routed near the Shawanese town, Pickaway. ]\Iany towns with standing crops were burned. A similar expeclition from Pittsburg under Gen- eral Brodhead burned crops and villages on the upper Muskingum. In retaliation for the attack on St. Louis, the S[)anish commander at that point sent an expedition against the deserted British post of St. Joseph. Upon declaring war against England in the year previous, Spain had oc- cupied Natchez, Baton Rouge and Mobile, which, with St. Louis. ga\-e her conwuand of the Mississippi. But His Catholic Majesty was Imilding other Spanish castles in Amer- ica. He desired the conquest of the British Northwest to ofYset the British capture of Gib- raltar. This "capture" of St. Joseph led to an amusing but ominous claim im the part of Spain at the Treaty of Paris when, with it for a pretext, the Spanish crown clamied all lands west of a line drawn from St. Joseph southward through what is now Ohio, Ken- tucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and Mis- sissippi ! The Mississippi River boundary was, however, stoutly contended for and obtained by the American commissioners. In this year the first "gunboat" to \Ay Wes- tern waters was built under direction of Brig- adier-General Clarke. It was a galley armed with light artillery. This queer looking craft soon fell in.to disuse., though it became a ter- ror to the Indians who continually infested the lower Ohio. It was relished little better by the militia, who- disliked service on water. But it stands as a typical. illu.stration of the enter- prise and devotion of the "Father of Ken- tucky" to the cause for which he had done so much. The vear following, 17S1, saw the termin- ation of the Revolution in the East wdien Cornwallis' armv marched down the files of French and American troops at Yorktown to the melancholy tune — "The World's Turned Upside Down." The Treaty of Paris was not signed until 1783, and in the meantime the bloodiest year of all the war, 1782, was adding its horrors to all that have gone before. M.\SS.\CRE OF GN.-\DENHUTTEN. ^^'hilc the East was rejoicing-, the Central West saw the terrible massacre of Gnadenhut- ten, the more terrible because committed by white meui themselves. Half a decade before the Revolutionary War, the heroic Moravian missionary, David Zeisberger, had located three Christian Indian towlns o« the uppier Muskingum in what once was Washington county. To these towns a mmiber of Christian Indians * had been de- ported from their former homes in Pennsyl- vania by the Moravian Church. Throughout tlie war the situation of these towns was most desperate, located as they were in the center of the forests between Fort Pitt and Fort De- troit and near the bloody "Great Trail," the highway through the Central West. Before! long, the Delawares, among whom the Chris- tian Indians were permitted to settle, became affiliated with the British or Americans. The Moravians still attempted the impossible role of neutrality. Before long, they became suspected by both British and Americans. This suspicion gained ground rapidly, but at last, in 1781. 300 war- riors under command of Captain Pipe and the British captain Elliott, appeared on- the Mus- kingum and ordered the removal of the Chris- tian village to the Sandusky River, as a measure of safety. With a broken heart the venerable Zeisberger. now in his 60th year, put himself at the head of his persecuted flock and led them from their homes to the wilder- ness of the Sandusky. Here in their new habitation the greatest hardships overtook the Moravians. In the midst of this terrible experience, the mission- aries were summoned to Detroit to answer the AXD REPRESEXTATIVE CITIZENS. 4S charges brought against them. In the court martial held there, they were acquitted hon- orably of all charges, and the British govern- or treated them with marked kindness. They wer allowed to return ti) their converts on the Sandusky. When the year of 1782 came, the food supply was exhausted and a party of 100 converts was permitted to return to the Mus- kinginn to gather a crop of corn which had been left standing. In recounting the awful massacre which followed, one cannot refrain from accepting a charitable explanation of it. Undo-ubtedly the borderers of the Monongahela, always suf- fering from the savage inroads of the Ohio Indians, looked with deep suspicion upon this returning band of Indians: and there seems to be little doubt that Indian brigands, through trickery, succeeded in bringing upon these in- nocent wayfarers strong circumstantial evi- dence of participation in the border raids, by concealing in their homes plunder taken from the borderland. While the Christian Indians were collecting their supply of corn, a posse of enraged borderers appeared among them. Plain evidences of their guilt were found in their homes. The leader of the expedition put the question : "Shall the IMoravian In- dians be taken prisoners to Pittsburg or be put to death?" A small fraction of the posse favored the former course, but a large pro- portion voted for the Latter. The women and children were placed in one luiilding, the men in another, and the awful tragedy was enacted. "My arm fails me," said the leader as he knocked his 14th bound \-ictim on the head, "to go on in the same way ; I think I have done pretty well." And that night, as the moon arose, its weird light shone down upon 96 corpses of murdered Christian Indians — 40 men, 22 women and 34 children — and upon the carnival of bears and panthers, fighting ' in the ghastly light for the bodies. The Gnadenhuttcn ^lassacre took place March 8, 1782. . In May, 1782, the atrocities of the Brit- ish-encouraged savages along the Pennsyl- vania and Virginian border becoming unbear- able, an expedition was raised in the Iklonon- gahela country to penetrate to the Indian in- fested country on the Sandusky River. Vol- unteers, 400 in number, all mounted, rendez- voused on the Ohio, near Mingo Bottom, and elected as commnader Col. W'illiam Crawford, an experienced officer in the Revolutionary War, following his friend Washington faith- fully through the hard Long Island and Del- aware campaigns. Crawford struck straight through the forests, even avoiding Indian trails, at first, in the hope of taking his foe utterly by surprise. But his wily foe com- pletely outwitted him and the Indians and Brit- ish nevv' well each day's progress. The bat- tle was fought in a prairie land near the San- dusky River in what is now Crawford County, Ohio and though not a victory for eidier side, an American retreat was ordered during the night following. Colonel Crawford was cap- tured, among others, and suffered a terrible death at the stake, perhaps the saddest single atrocity committed by the red men in W'estern history. This gray-haired veteran of the Revolution gave his life to appease the In- dians for a massacre of Christian Indians per- petrated by savage borderers from the ^lonon- gahela country the year previous. Kentuckv had witnessed minor activities of the savages during the spring. In August a grand Indian army asseml)led on the lower Scioto for the purpose of invading Kentucky. The assembly was harangued by Simon Girty and moved southward and invested Bryant's station, one of the strongest forts in Kentucky. After a terrible day during which re-inforce- ments kept arriving, only to be compelled to fight their way into the fort or flee. Girty at- tempted to secure capitulation. Outwitted, the renegade resorted to a strategem as cun- ningly devised as it was terribly successful. In the night the entire Indian army vanished as if panic stricken. Meat was left upon the spits. Garments lay strewn al)0ut the encamp- ment and along the route of the fugitive army. The more experienced of the border anny 46 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, wliich was suon in full cry on the trail scented the deception, but the headstrong hurried on- ward in the liope of revenge. At the crossing of the Licking, near the lower Blue Licks, the Lidian ambush received the witless pursuers with a frightful burst of flame, and the battle of Blue Licks became a running fire, a liead- long rout and a massacre. A thousand men joined Clark for a retal- iatory invasion of the North and the usual de- struction of villages and crops was accom- plished. This may be considered the last mil- itary event in the Revolutionary War in the West. And here it is proper to call particu- lar attention to this and the preceding similar invasions from south of the Ohio River. Though judged by ordinary military stan- dards the numerous invasions from Virginia and Kentucky amounted to little, such was not the case. Tiie Lrdians could ever retreat hel- ter-skelteil into the forests and avoid more than a skirmish with an advancing army. But they could not take their crops and the de- struction of every maize and corn field was a victory for tlie invaders as it compelled the Lidians to live more largely upon game. As game grew scarcer the hunters were compelled to go further and further awjiy. Thus by do- ing nothing more than burning villages and crops, the wdiites were sure in time of con- quering the trans-Ohio land. And this was just what was happening, almost without the knowledge of the conquerors of the West. Each invasion which left a smoking land be- hind it helped to complete the conquest — though it had retired in disgrace. By this process one river valley after another in the West, north of the Ohio, came out of the sphere of Indian and British influence. Be- fore the end of the Revolutionary War, the Muskingum Valley w-as practically abandoned by the Delawares. Li 1782 Crawford was not opposed until he struck the Sandusky River. The depredations of the Indians on the Ohio^ continued through the decade 1780- 1790, but were confined almost exclusively to the lower Ohio, or below the mouth of the Sci- oto. Traveling on the Ohio between the Scioto and the Monongahela was comparatively safe, compared with the dangers between the Sci- oto and the \\'abash. This show-s the west- ern mr>vement of the Indians. As will lie seen, there was a corresponding northward movement of tlie tribes. By the end of the decade 1790- 1800, the Scioto and Sandusky \-alleys were practically abandoned by the Shawanese and Wyandots. And when the final blow was to l>e struck, it was struck due northwest from the first great battle-field in the west, where the blundering Braddock fell. NOTE. The plate buried by Celeron at the mouth of the Muskingum was discovered after the freshet of 1798, projecting from the river bank in front of the spot where the Fort School now stands. Before its \-alue was known, part of its lead had been cut up and molded into bullets. Paul Fearing rescued it and William Woodbridge translated what re- mained of the inscription. It was sent to Governor DeWitt Clinton who presnted it to the Antiquarian Society of ^Massachusetts. — .S^rr Pioneer History, Page 20. CHAPTER. III. MOVEMENTS OF THE PIONEERS. Depreciated Currency and Impoverished Public Credit — Bounty Lands — Ohio Com- pany OF Associates — Work of General Rufus Putnam and Rev. Manasseh Cutler — Ordinance of 1787 — Landing at the Mouth of the Muskingum — In- dustry and Courage of the Pioneers — Other Near-by Settlements — Notes. The settlement of Ohio differs from that of Kentucky, West Virginia, and Tennessee in tliis important particular, that the government of the territory and the tenure of land were provided for before the first party of settlers landed on the banks of the Ohio. Hence not only the date of the first settlement but the record of the negotiations which led to that settlement have Ijeen carefully preserved. The beginning may be found in the consultations among the officers and soldiers of the Amer- ican Army in that long period of waiting be- tween the surrender of Cornwallis and the final departure of the British from Xew York. depreciated currency and impoverished PUBLIC credit. After the Continental currency had depre- ciated until it was not received for more than two and a half cents on a dollar, the step to final repudiation was easy. The Congress of the Confederation had neither money nor credit. All they could give the officers and soldiers were certificates of final settlement. These certificates were soon in the market at the rate of eight dollars of the face for one •dollar of Spanish silver. At this rate there was little chance for those who had been many years in the army to return to their old homes and go into business. Naturally they liegan to look to that vast regiim west of the Alle- ghanies which had l^een wrested from the British possession 'b_\- the \alor and endur- ance of American soldiers. Some of the col- onies held shadowy claims to portions of this territory and Congress was too weak to resist. That these claims hatl no good legal founda- tion is evident from this, — that all the terri- tory between the Ohio and Mississippi had by Act of Parliament, in 1774, been annexed to Canada. It was legally a part of that prov- ince until captured by the forces of the United States. This temi^orary title by virtue of con- quest was confirmed, thanks to the wise fore- thoug'ht of Franklin, by the treaty of peace with Great .Britain. Tims the legal title to this vast empire, from wliich live States have been formed, passed to the United States in their collective capacity. L^nfortunately, however, these States were then held together by a mere rope of sand : Congress had no pow- er to resist the absurd claims of different States, nor to enforce the treaty against the British who for many years continued to hold the tcrritorv south of the Great Lakes. 48 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, BOUNTY LANDS. As a result of these deliberations, 285 of- ficers, nearly all of whom were from England, signed a petition bearing date of June 16, 1783, praying the Honorable Congress that the bounty lands promised to officers and sol- diers of the Revolutionary Army be located in the territory between the Ohio River and Lake Erie an(U extending westward 24 miles beyond the mouth of the Scioto. It seems strange that Congress did not at once grant a request which carried with it the assurance of protection on the exposed frontier. But there were many excuses for delay, the chief one being that different States laid claim to parts of "the territory. Nearly a year later (April 5, 1784), General Rufus Putnam, im- patient of the delay, wtote from Rutland, Massachusetts, to General \\'ashSngton and reciuested him to name some member of Con- gress who would favor the movement. He confesses that he dared not expect aid from the Massachusetts or New York delegates, since these States had land of their own to sell. He urges haste because the poverty of the returned soldiers would force them to set- tle in some place without delay. Ci'ncr,!! Kufus Pnlnam to Cciu-rul ll'asliiiigfon. RuTLAN-n, April the 5th, 17S4. Dkar Sir: Eoiiig unavoidahly prevented from attending the genera! meeting of the Cincinnati at Fliiladelphia as I had intended, where I once more expected the opportunity in person to pay my re- spects to your Excellency, 1 can not deny myself the honor of addressing you by letter, to acknowl- edge with gratitude the ten thousand obligations I feel myself under to your goodness, and most sincerely to congratulate you 'on your return to do- mestic happiness, to enquire after your health, and wish the best of heaven's blessing may attend you and your dear lady. The .settlement of the Ohio country. Sir. en- grosses many of my thoughts; and much of my time, since I left caanp. has been ejnployed in in- forming myself and otJiers with 'respect to the nature, situation and circumstances of that country and the probability of removing ourselves there, and if I am to form an opinion on avhat I have seen and heard of this subject there are thousands in this quarter will emigrate to that country as soon as the honorjbk Ci.ngress makes provision for granting land there, and location and settlement can be made with safety, unless such provision is too long delayed, I mean till (a) majority turn their views another way, which is the case with many more.^ You "re sensible of tlic necessity as well as the propriety of both officers and soldiers fi.xing themselves in business ' somewhere as soon as possible, as many of them are unable to lie longer on their ears waiting the decision of Congress on our petition, and therefore must unavoidably fix themselves in some other quarter, which wdien done, the idea of removing to the Ohio country will probably be at an end with respect to most of them. Besides, the Connnonwealth of Massachu- setts have come to a resolution to sell their Eastern Country for public securities, and should their plan be formed and their proposition be made public be- fore we hear anything from Congress respecting our petition, and the terms on which the lands petitioned for are obtained, it will undoubtedly be much against us by greatly lessening the number of Ohio associates. Another reason why we wish to know as soon as possible what the intentions of Congress are respect- ing our petition is the effect such knowledge will prob- ably have on the credit of the certificates we have re- ceived in settlement of accounts. Those securities are now selling at 0.0 more than three shillings and six pence and four shillings on the pound, which in all probability might double, if no more, the moment it was known that government w'ould receive them for land in the Ohio country. From these circrmstances and .nany others which might be mentioned, we are growing quite impatient and the general inquiry now is. when are we going' to Ohio? Among others. Brig- adier-general Tupper. Lieutenant-colonel Oliver, and Major Ashley have agreed to accompany me to that country the moment the way is opened for such an undertaking. I should 'have hinted these things to some members of ■Cougre'^s, but the delegates from Massachusetts, although exceeding worthy men and in general would wish to promote the Ohio scheme, yet if it should militate with the particular interest of this State, by draining her of inhabitants' especially when she is forming the ph'u of selling the Eastern Country, I thought they would not be very warm advocates in our favor, and I dare not trust myself with any of the New York delegates with whom I am acquainted, because that goverr.ment are wisely inviting the Eastern people to settle in that State, and as to the delegates of other States. I have no acquaintance with any of them. These circumstances must apologize for my troub- ling you on this subject and requesting the favor of a line to inform us in this quarter what the prospects are with respect to our petition and what measures have or are likely to be taken with respect to settling the Ohio country. I shall take it as a very particular favor. Sir, if you will be kind enough to recommend me to some character in Congress acquainted with and attached to the Ohio cause with whom I may presume to open a correspondence. I am. Sir. with the highe-t re-^pect, your humble ■ servant. Rufus Putnam. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 49 General \\'ashington"s reply to these in- quiries of his old comrade is (me (if the most precious autographs preserved at ^Marietta. It cdutains so many points of interest that we gi\-e all the letter that concerns this subject. Mount Vernon, 2nd of June, 1784. Dfar Sir : I could not answer your favor of the Sth of April from Philadelphia because General Knox, havnig mii^laid, only presented the letter to me in the moment of my departure from that place. The sentiments of esteem and friendship which breathes in it are exceedingly pleasing and Haltering to me, and you may rest assured they are reciprocated. I wish it was in my power to give you a more favorable acc't of the officers' petition for lands on the Ohio and its wavers than I am about to do. After tliis matter and Information respecting the establishment for Peace were my inquiries as I went through An- napolis solely directed, but I could not learn that any- thing decisive had been done in either. On the latter I hear Congress are differing about their powers, but as they have accepted of cessions from Virginia and have resolved to lay out ten new States boun.ded by latitudes and longitudes, it should be supposed that they would determine something respecting the former before they adiourned; and yet. I \ery much (juestiiin it, as the latter is to happen on the tl.ird — that is to-morrow. .As the Congress who are to meet in November next by the adjournment will be composed from an entire now choice of Delegates in each State, it is not in my power nt this time to direct you to a proper correspondent in that body. I wish. I could — for per- suaded I am that to sotnt such cause as you have as- signed may be ascribed the deby the petition has en- countered, for surely if justice and gratitude to the armj- — and general policy of the Cnion were to gov- ern in this case there would not be the smallest in- terruption in granting its request. I really feel for these gentlemen who by these unaccountable delays Cby any other means than those you have suggested) are held in such an awkward and disagreeable state of suspense and I wish my endeavors could remove the' obstacles. At Princeton (before Congress left that place) I exerted every power I was master of, and dwelt upon the argument you have used to show the propriety of a speedy decision. Every member with whom I conversed acquiesced in the reasonableness of the petition — all yielded, or .«eemed to yield to the policy of it, but plead the want of cession of the land to act upon. This is made and accepted and yet mat- ters las I'ar as they have come to my knowledge) re- main in f.ati' q'lo. * * * ( The rest of the letter is concerning some land in Western A'irginia belonging to Gen- eral Washington.) oino co>rp.\xv oi" .\ssoci.vtes. Even in that earlv dav there were patriots 3 more ready to look after personal or hical in- terests than the general g(wn\ ; there were rep- resentatives from Massachusetts who would starve their own soldiers in the hope of com- pelling them to settle in the "Eastern Country" - — that is, the District of Elaine — and there were other members from Xew "S'ork who were equally selfish in their desire to hasten the settlement of the Western part of their own State. Hence the soldiers who wished to begin a settlement northwest of the Ohio cottld not obtain land on favorable terms. After much negotiation continued for three years, a bond was signed October 27, 1787, between Samuel Osgood, ^^'alter Livingston, and Arthur Lee the "Bond of Treasury" for Congress and Manasseh Cutler and Winthrop Sargent for the "Ohio' Company of Associ- ates," in which the payment of $500,000 by the company was acknowledged and promise i was given that when as much more should be paid a deed should be given for 1,500,000 acres of land. This tract was to extend along the Ohio Ri\-er from the western boundary line of the 7th range to the western boundary of the i7tli range and thence noirthward far enough to include the specified amount. That this was for the times a very hard bargain is evident from the subsequent action. The land was yet in dispute, still claimed by Indians who were incited by British agents to prevent any settlement nortli of the Ohio : the first movement, even if there were no enemy, must have been the most expensive for the emigrants: yet afteil this time the land on wdiich ^ Cincinnati now stands was sold at about 17 cents an acre and even after Wayne's victory and the treaty of peace, a township of better land was sold in New* Connecticut at 15 cents an acre. In 1790 it was proposed in Congress to sell land in Ohio at 20 cents an acre. The certificates which the Ohio Company used in pa\'ing for their land were the hard earnings of the soldier and Con- gress should therefore have received them at face value. But among the people there were many 50 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY "Avho were actually jealous of the \'eterans who had fought for independence; they denoimced the Order of the Cincinnati as something dan- gerous and through their representatives forced the soldiers who had spent many years in the thankless task of defending the country to accept a hard bargain. Congress actually Ijought up its own promises to pay at 80 per ■cent, belowl par, and the soldiers were ci^m- pelled to bear the loss. It may be asked, — Why did the ])ioneers select a tract aboijt the mouth of the Muskin- gum? We must remember that in the wilder- ness the large streams were the nnly liigh- ways. From the point they selected, the Ohio, Muskingum, Little Muskingum. Duck Creek and the Little Hocking formed the radii of two-thirds of a circle. Besides, the pioneers knew something of the land they were buying. John Mathews, a nephew of Gen. Rufus Putnam, had been a surveyor en- gaged iri laying out the first seven ranges from the Pennsylvania boundary. His letters and journal show that he had also learned much about the land along the Muskingum and Hocking rivers. ( Note A. ) Captain Hutch- ins, Geographer General of the L^nited States, who had gone through the Eastern part of this territory, also ad\-ised a selection of land on the Muskingum. There was yet another I'eason : Fort Har- mar had been erected in 1785 by United States troons under Major Doughty on the west bank of the Muskingum at its iunction with the Ohio. Part of this s]iot is now iiccu])ied bv what is known as the "Fort School" where fi\'e or six hundred children of Marietta are trained to be intelligent and useful citizens. Thus this sacred ground still serves as a de- fense of the republic. The school teacher has taken the place of the soldier and assumed some of his duties. So much of the land once ci)vered by the fort has been washed away that even the well which is supix)se(l to have stood near the mid- dle is now marked liy a heap of stones that lie far out in the river and are onlv \isil3le in very low water. But let us return to New, England and learn what this Ohio Company of Associates was, and what steps had been taken to organ- ize a settlement. On the 25th of January, 1786, there was published an article signed by General Rufus Putnam and Benjamin Tupper "io inform all officers and soldiers who ha\e served in the late war and who are by an ord- inance of the Honorable Congress to receive certain tracts of land in the Ohio Country, and also all other good citizens wbo wish to be- come adventurers in that delightful region : that from personal inspection, together with other incontestable evidences, they are full}' satisfied that the lands in that quarter are of a much better quality than any other known to New England people." (Note B.) The suggestion was made that delegates from each county of Massachusetts meet to form an association. Accordingly on the ist of March, 1786, 11 men. — ^Winthrop Sargent. John Mills, Manasseh Cutler. John Brooks. Thomas Gushing, Benjamin Tupper. Crocker Sampson, Rufus Putnam, John Patterson, Jahlaliel Woodliridge and Abraham Williams. — met at the Bunch of Grapes tavern in the town of Boston. General Putnam was elected chairman and Major Sargent, secretary. Thus in true American fashion the meeting was or- ganized and the original record written in a neat legible hand remains to this day in the li- lirary of Marietta College. .\rrangements were made for organizing a companv of i.ooo shares. Each share was to represent a paid-up capital of $1,000 in sol- diers' certificates and $10 in gold or silver. The certificates were to be used in the purchase of land ; the specie, in meeting current ex- penses. ORDINANCE OF I "87. Business moved slowly in those days. One year later. March 8, 1787, there was a OHIO COMPANY LAND OFFICE. FIRST ACADEMY BUILDING. lUSKINGl'M ACARF-MV WAS TORN DOWN IN 1887.) AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. S3 meeting of the Ohio Company at Bracket's ta\'ern in Boston, at whicli time it was re- ported that 250 shares had heen subscribed. Of the five directors provided by the articles of agreement, three were then elected : Gen. Samuel H. Parsons. Gen. Rufus Putnam and Rev. Manasseh Cutler. The most important work of that board of directors was left with Rev. Mr. Cutler. In the summer of 1787 he went to New York, where he met the members of Congress and had many confer- ences about the business of the company. On the 13th of July, Congress passed that cele- Ijrated "Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the River Ohio." There have been many hot disputes concerning the authorship of this his- toric paper. It contains provisions suggested long before by Jefferson : it was j^resented b\' Nathan Dane, with whom Dr. Cutler was in <:onference the first day after reaching New York, and the bill before it was passed was shown ti) Cutler who suggested many amend- ments. .\11 but one of these amendments were adopted. In its final form this great ordinance secured this territory forever to the Union : it provided that the land should be free from the contaminating touch of slavery, and that there should be religious freedom. It also contained these words which should be familiar to every pupil in Ohio: "Relig- ion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of man- kind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." The same month an ordinance was passed, authorizing the sale of a large tract of land which, if full payments had been made as originally contemplated, would have been bounded by a line beginning on the Ohio River about seven miles above Marietta, thence northward almost to the northeast corner of Guernsey County, thence west to the Scioto River in Delaware County, thence down the Scioto and up the Ohio to the place of beginning. In fact only about one- fifth of this tract was sold to the Ohio Com- pany, the northwest corner of whose ]nnxhase is a little to the east of Logan, Ohio, including all of Athens and Meigs counties, the greater part of Washington and Gallia and small por- tions of adjacent counties. From this tract, two townships, six miles square, were reserved for the support of a university, section 16 in each township wlas devoted to the maintenance of schools, and section 29 was "to be appropri- ated for the purjxjses of religion." Three sections in each towiiship were reserved for the future disposal by Congress. Many insinuations against Rev. Manas- seh Cutler ha\-e been made because he consent- ed to the proposed ordinance for the purchase of nearly /).ooo,ooo acres when the organiza- tion of the Ohio Company provided for the investment of but $r, 000.000 in land. The most that can be charged against him from the evidence is a case of "log-rolling." which has not yet been i>roved a criminal act in it- self. He found it impossible to secure the consent of Congress to the purchase about the Muskingum unless his company would nomi- nally assume the purchase of a much larger tract, the greater part of wihich was reallv to be bought by another organization, afterward called the Scioto Company, in which he savs in his diary "many of the principal characters in .\merica are concerned." At that time when the Ohio Company was making the pur- chase of a million and a half acres about the Muskingum, it seemed good policy for them to encourage another settlement near their own. It also seemed equally advanta- geous to the poverty-stricken general govern- ment to take this ready way of paying off a part of its debt by the sale of a larger tract of waste land. The subsequent disasters which befell the Scioto Company cast a reproach upon all its tran.sactions, but its early history gives no proof of intent to defraud the gov- ernment. The records of the Ohii) Company show that the general plan of a city to be located at the mouth of the Muskingum had been adont- ed before the pioneers left Massachusetts. But the direction and position of the streets 54 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. and squares were ex'identlv moditied liy the discovery that another city lay Ijuried l)eneath the dense forest. Rectangular and circular mounds, long lines of earthworks, proved that a race well advanced in civilization and nu- merous enough to co-operate in ^'ast undertak- ings had once lived about the Muskingum. With something of awe, the hardy surv^eyors looked at these relics of a people whose very name had been forgotten and when they laid out the new city, they so arranged the streets as to leave the largest mounds untouched. Three of these yet remain in lots reserved for the public; the circular mound gives its name to the cemetery in which General Putnam, Commodore Whipple and many other heroes now rest ; the two platform mounds have been reserved as parks. About a mile from the Ohio, there were two parallel lines of earth- work, apparently constructed to protect the passage from the fortified town to the Mus- kingum. This has been called in modern times the Sacra J la. but it has not been held sacred enough to save the old walls of earth from the shovel of the vandal. LANDING AT THE MOUTH OF THE MUSKIN- GUM. In tlie fall of 1787, Gen. Rufus Putnam was selected to lead the first party from Mas- sachusetts to Muskingum, as the new country was then called. The task was no easy one. First, he must collect a hardy band who could be builders, boatmen, surveyors, woodmen, hunters, farmers, or soldiers, as occasion de- manded. These must gn by land to the head- waters of the Ohio, there Iniild their own boats and then ])roceed down the river to their destination. ( Xote C. ) Xo wonder, then, that the trip and the luiilding took the entire winter and that the nioncers did not reach their new home until the 7th of April, 17S8. (Note D. ) This dav is celebrated year by year at r^Tarictta. and the very spot where the first partv of 48 men landed has been marked by a neat monument, the patriotic work of the New Century Historical Society. Xo women' or children came until July, 1788. The list of the first party has been pre- served in the handwriting of Gen. Rufus Put- nam and the names have been carved on the monument erected whei;e thev landed. Gen- eral Putnam has also left the record of the men who came within the first year — 89 in all — a few of whom brought their families. The ne.xt year the whole number of men who came to settle was 153 and in 1790 there were 165 men and 31 families. (Notes E and F.) For the next four or five vears there was little increase in the number of permanent settlers. The total population, scatetred for 30 miles along the Muskingum and Ohio, from Water- ford tn Belpre, probably did not, at the end of seven years, e.xceed 1,000. It was a hard task to transplant New England to what was then the far West Of these settlers General Washington said, "Xo C'llony in America was ever f(iunded un- der such fa\-orable auspices as that which has just commenced at the Muskingum. Inform- ation. ])roperty and strength will be its char- acteristics. I know manv of the settlers per- sonally, and there ne\er were men better cal- culated to pnnnote the welfare of such a com- nnniity." At least 50 of these pioneers had been sol- diers in the Revolution. First among them was Rufus Putnam, one of the junior officers, who by faithful service from Bunker Hill to the close of the war had risen from the rank of lieutenant-colonel to that of brigadier-gen- eral. For nearly 40 years he was the most prominent figure in local history. Hither came also a son and grandsons of Maj.-Gen. Israel Putnam, whose descendants haxe liorne an honorable part in the history of our State and country. Xe.xt among the leaders was Commodore \\'hipple. the first naval commander of the Revolution and the first to sail a ship downthe Ohio and [Mississippi. Rev. Manasseh Cut- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 55 ler also sent a sun to tliis \\'estern colon\', among' whose descendants are manv who ha\e honorahly served the State and tlie nation. INDUSTRY AN'D COURAGE OF TH K PIOXEERS. As the leaders of tliis jiarty were soldiers, some of them well accmainlecl with the treach- erous character of the Indians, it was natural that they would seek a suitahle sjxit and fortify it. Such a place they found where the hig-h ground approaches the Muskingum Ri\'er at what is now the corner of W'aslhngton and Second streets in Marietta. Here they erect- ed the Campus Martins, a stockade or parallel- ogram of vertical logs set so deep in the earth that some of the pieces ha\'e heen dug up in recent years and preserved as relics. Veter- ans have seen such defenses arouufl Knoxville, Tennessee, and in Alexandria, Virginia. The position chosen could not have heen defended against artillery from the towering hill on the other side of the ^luskingum but the pioneers knew what kind of an enemy they had to meet ; so they selected a position close to the river, their only highway. Within this stock- ade they built cabins and offices. Here Rev. Manasseh Cutler in August and September of that year conducted divine services ; here the first court was opened September 2. 1788: here also the first school was taught by Maj. Anselm Tupper and the first Sunday-school, by IMrs. Mary B. Lake, whose grave at Rain- bow was covered a few years ago Ijy a mound of flowers placed there by the Sunday-school Association of Ohio. A monument, the gift of the Sunday-schools of this State, now marks her grave and commemorates her work. A task of e(|ual importance with that of preparing for defense, was the providing of the means of subsistence. With three uten- sils the pioneers could provide for their wants in the wilderness : with the rifle they could find game; with the axe they could construct their houses, fortifications, and boats, with it they could also girdle the larg-e forest trees, and with the hoe thev could dig out the smaller bushes and prepare the soil for planting corn. Iheir diligence in this work was often men- tioned by the officers and soldiers at Fort Harniar. Before many weeks a hundred acres had been cleared and planted in what was then known as the "big cornfield" and which lay in the bottom land between the Campus Martins and the Ohio. A triangular piece of land on the east side of the ]\Iuskin- gum at its mouth was also protected by a log fence or st(jckade and thus the New Athens had its Xew Piraeus but there were no long walls to connect them — nothing m fact but the Muskingum River and a rough path along its bank. For mure than six years there was no mail route and n of Ephraini 'Cutler," by his granddaughter. Miss Julia Perkins Cutler. Symmes. He landed at North Bend. The names Symmes was proposed for the town about to be built there but it has ever since been known as North Bend. In June, 1789, a detachi-nent of soldiers under the same Ma- jor Doughty who had built Fort Harmar came to the "land oi)posite the mouth of the Lick- ing" and built Fort Washington. .V.round this fort grew up the town which soon bore the name of Cincinnati in honor of that order of "embattled farmers" founded by the officers of the Revolutionary Army. It has been as- serted that the name was suggested by Gov- ernor St. Clair. For nine years the two towns Marietta and Cincinnati were the only county- seats in wdiat is now Ohio, and the only coun- ties were ^^'ashington and Hamilton. In the Northwest Territory there were two others: Knox, now the State of Indiana, with seat of justice at Vincennes: and St. Clair or Illinois, with Kaskaskia for its county town. Almost from the beginning of the settle- ment betwieen the Miamis, the settlers were harrassed iby Indians. \\'ithin the first year the savages niade three attacks, killed four men. wounded others, captured one prisoner and carried off much plunder. The next settlement was made at Gallipo- lis. a name suggested in France before the col- onists started from their fair borne. The misfortunes of these colonists, enticed into the wilderness by the roseate pictures of the wily promoter Joel Barlow, demand for their vivid portrayal the genius of another Longfellow. To understand the history of Gallipolis we must go back to the Scioto Companv. This companv had in 1788 sent Barlow to Paris to sell 3,000.000 acres of land and induce French settlers to come over. In Februarv, 1790. a1)out 600 emigrants sailed from Havre for Alexandria, Virginia. Thence their route lay through Winchester, Virginia, and Brownsville, Pennsylvania. When their ves- sels arrivcfl at .Alexandria, they learnefl a lit- tle of tlic perils -which confronted then-i and that even the title to the lands thev had i)ur- chased was not good. HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND U'ASHIXGTOX COUNTY In despair some gave up the journey and settled in the East. About 400 crossed the mountains and found quarters at Gallipolis in the cabins, prepared under the direction of Maj. John Burnham, who had been sent thither by General Putnam. The centennial anni- versary of that event was fittingly celebrated at Gallipolis, October 19, iiSgo. Among the French settlers were many workmen whose skill excited the wonder of the hardy frontiers- man. There were goldsmiths and watchmak- ers, sculptors and glassblowers. Some of their work went down the river to Xew Or- leans and other choice pieces were brought up the Ohio. The beautiful gardens and vine- yards were greatly admired by General Put- nam and John Heckewelder. who visited Galli- polis in 1792. But there was an accumula- tion of disasters to blight the fair prospects of the settlement. First, the Indian war dis- turbed it as had also happened on the Miami and the ]\Iuskingum. Then the French Revo- lution, the greatest of all political and social revolutions, had destroyed tlie property of some who had promoted the French emigra- tion, and their losses hastened the financial failure of the Scioto Company. Many of the settlers at Gallipolis moved away. A few came to Marietta where their descendants still live. So many French settlers had deserted Gallipolis before 1795, .that when General Putnam was called to divide and allot the 24.- 000 acres of land of the "French Grant," — a tract on the Ohio above the mouth of the Sci- oto, — only 93 persons over 18 years of age reported to draw their share. A very inter- esting history of the Gallipolis settlement has recently ])een published by Hon. William G. Sibley. A little later. General Putnam was directed to survey and locate another settlement — one which had been begun in 1773 but which had been destroyed in 1782, and remained utterly destroyed for about 16 years. At a time when some cold-blooded and weak-headed people are so ready to sneer at the laliors of the missionary, it is worth while to recall the heroism of the Moravians who came to the upper waters of the Muskingum long before the settlement was begipi at Marietta. As early as 1762 John Heckewelder com- menced his missionary career about the heads of the Tuscarawas. In the spring of 1773 he came down the Ohio with a party of Christian Indians, who in 22 canoes were seeking a peaceful home ibeyond the reach of the savage frontiersman. They went up the ^Muskingum beyond the present site of Coshocton and founded Gnadenhutten (The Tents of Grace). Unfortunately they were between the British and Americans in time of a Iiitter war — a war in which many Indians were taking part on one side or the other. Hence the poor Christian Indians were persecuted by all parties, and at last in 1782, at the very time when a British officer was sending orders for them to leave their pleasant corn-fields, the crowning atroc- ity of the war was consummated J:)y a party of Americans from Mingo who murdered 93 un- resisting prisoners. In 179S the self-sacrificing missionary Zeisberger returned with a little band of Christian Indians to the banks of the Tusca- rawas, where Congress had granted them 12,000 acres of land. About the same time Heckewelder and many Moravians from Penn- sylvania returned and made new homes at Gnadenhutten, where i)n the 12th of August, 1900. tlie ^Moravian Church of that place cel- elirated its looth anniversary. Tuscarawas is a good Indian name; vet when we recall the noble heroism of missionaries and martyrs, we regret that the legislature did not adopt for that country the name first proposed, Mo- ravia. (Note J.) NOTES. Note A.— SURVEYING IN OHIO IN 1 786-S7. (Extracts fi'niii tlu journal of John Matlwics. The viaiiuscript is in the frizutc ioih\tioi'. of R. M. Stiiii- son. of Marietta. Ohi,:) General Rufus Putnam, was sent In- his uncle The writer of this journal, a nephew of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 59 in the summer of 1786 to assist in the survey of the lands lying west and north of the Ohio Ri\cr. }vlr. Alathews was to receive for his services two shilling's — about 25 cents — a day and rations. Evidently he was not there for the w^ages alone. He had a keen eye for good farming land and he noted very carefully where it could be found as he tramped across the territory that now forms Carroll, Colum- biana, Harrison, Jefferson and Belmont coun- ties. Sauirdny, (July) 2yth. .Arrived at P:Ust)urg about 3 o'clock P. M., found the surveyor had genu down the Ohio to Little Beve Creek. Received directions from Gen'l Tupper by Col. Shairman to go down the river, Col. Shairman being to set out immediately for Beaver Creek. We cross the Monongehala and road about a mile and yi and put up for the night. Sunday, 30th. Proceeded down S. E. side of the Ohio river for Beaver Creek, put up at within 4 miles of camp. Monday, .ilst. .\rrived at camp on the E bank of the Ohio this morning where the surveyors are waiting for the troops from ^lingo wdio are (to) assist them on their survey. .August isth. Crossed the river this day with Capt. Hoops to begin the 2nd raing of townships. Camp'd •■; miles from the river — on the E and W line. On coming the line I found the land hilly and uneven e.xcept near the Ohio and of an excellent quality many of the side hills most fit for grazing and the tops of the ridges level and excellent for 'wheat. On the 25th of August their line leads them across the "X fork of Yellow Creek." Sept. 1st. 1786. Major PIoops having been for some time in a bad state of health and growing more unwell, concluded this morning to leave the line and return to camp at Little Beaver. Accordingly de- camped at 9 a. m. and .got as far as the 5lh mile post on the N boundary of the 2 raing. Saturday. Sept. 2nd. Arrived at Little Beaver at .3 o'clock P. M. Found the surveyors had all left camp except Gen'l. Tupper, Capt. Morris and Mr. DufTcy. On the 6th he started westward with Gen- eral Tupper and passed north of the present site of Carrollton. Monday, nth. The second mile is through a large swamp coming from the S. E. and running north- westwardly. The soil deep and mirey in many places but when cleared it will make excellent low medow. Mr. .Xnselni (Tupper?) came to us about 10 o'clock and he and my^rlf carry the chain. I4th. 3 o'clock ,A. M. Mr, Tupper and myself w-ith a hunter left Major Sargent's camp in order to fall in with Gen'l. Tupper on the geographers' line who we found encamped near the end of the 6th raing. 15th. Moved to the westward about 5 miles where we found the geographers' camp on Sandy creek, a- large branch of the "I'uskarawas. ifith. The north bounds of the "th raing not be- ing completed, Gen'l. Tupper could not enter upon business this day. Si.mday. 17th I went to a camp of Indians who were returning from Fort Mcintosh to their town. They were encamped 80 rods above us on the creek. Tliey were about eighteen in n'.miber, men and women. They had rum with them and had a drunken frolic the night before, but appeared decent and friendly. Monday. iSth. 10 o'clock Genl. Tupper began his raing and our camp moved to west about 3 mile* to another large branch of the Tuskarawas, called Nimeshilling, After we had run y^ ai s. mile an ex- press arrived from Major Hamtramck's camp at Little Beaver and brouglit information that the Indian.^ were assembling at the Shawanees towns and intended mak- ing a general attack on the surveyors. Capt. Hutchens and Gen'!. Tupper thought it unsafe to proceed any further. Information 'was inmiediately sent to Capt. Morris who had got about one mile and a half on the west boundary of the 7th raing. igth. Decamped and marche-d for Little Beaver. Our whole party consisted of about fifty men about .^6 of which was trcops. On the 25th and 26111 Mr. ^Mathews was go- ing down the Ohio to see his friend. \Vm. Greathouse, who seems to have lived on the Virginia side, not far from Mingo. 27th. .\rrived at Mr. Greathouse^ about one o'clock P. M. He has a good farm and lives de- cently. The ccmitry through which I came is hilly except on the river and creek bottoins but in general rich and capable of producing Indian corn, hemp, flax, ■wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc.. likewise large quantities of excellent good mowing. It is considerably settled and though the inhabitants do not yet live in afflu- ence they have p great plenty of the immediate neces- sities of life. Ocf. 3rd. 1786. This day I had an offer of teaching :i school the ensuing winter and considering the im- probability of the surveyors going to business again this year I though best to accept it. 5th. r went to Esqr. McMachans (which is about six miles below Mr. Greathouses) and found that the surveyors were principally collected there and were determined to continue part of the rainges and was to be escorted by the whole of Maj. Hamtramck's de- tachment. Having an inclination to take another tour in the w-oods and a school house not being ready, I engaged to go with Major Sargent to the 5th raing. iilh, to o'clock .\. M., crossed the Ohio one mile 6o HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, below the old iMingo town and took tl;e route of Crofford"s trail which leaves the river at the upper end of the Mingo bottom. Encamped at night about 2 miles from Mingo town. Our party consisted of the kiTveyor and his assistants and a captain and 24 men as escort. The Mingo bottom contains some thousands of acres and is very fine land. Indian Cross Creeiv runs through it. After ascending the point of the ridge from the bottom the land is exceedingly rich, and forms gentle inequalities and most beautiful sit- uations for farms. I2th. Proceeded still by the route of Crofford's trail in nearly a N. W. direction. For the next two weeks they were stir\ey- ing on the branches of the Stillwater and slowly "working southward. ,?oth. About noon our packborsemen returned from looking after their horses and informed that they were not to be found and that the Indians had stolen them (except one poor horse) which was evident from se\ - eral corroborating circumstances. The Indians who stole our horses were alxjut si.x in number. They lay par: of the night within about 80 rods of camp and we sup- pose took our horses about eleven o'clock in the evening. They likewise stole a buckskin out of a brook within one hundred yards of camp. It was evident they had been lurking round us for several days. On information of our horses being stolen, Capt. Heart im- mediately began building a l)lockhouse on the most advantageous ground in the vicinity of our camp. 3IS.L We dispatched a man thi.s morning for Major Hanuramck on Indian Weeling rivulet informing of our situation and requesting more horses so that we might proceed on our raiiig. Nov. .3d. The man who was sent to Major Ham- tramck's camp arriv-ed with only three horses, which will not be sufficient to move our baggage without go- ing twice. Major Sargent proposes proceeding on the south boundary of the township on the morrow. 4th. Major Sargent this morning concludes to leave the wood as ."oon as he has run the south boundary of the ~ih township. Tlie land we run this day is level and excellent wheat land, principally timbered wirh white loak. The waters are the branches of Mc- Machan's rivulet which empties into the Ohio be- low Weeling. Nov. 7th. After dinner I left Weeling in company with Capt. Hutchens to go to Esqr. McMachans whicli is about 10 miles above Weeiing. 8th. -\l suiidown we arrived at the nmuth of Buffalo one mile from Esqr. McMachan's. Ca])!. Hutchens camped at the river and I went to Esqr. McMachan's where I tarried all night. nth. I went to Mr. tlarmon Greathcuses. father of my good friend Mr. Wm. Greathouse, where I found a number of the neighbors seated in social glee round a heap of corn. The inspiring juice of rye had en- livened their imaginations and had given their tongues such an exact balance that 'they moved with the greatest alacrity, while relating scenes of boxing, wrestling, hunting, etc. At dusk of evening the corn was finished and the company retired to the house where ma_iiy of them took such hearty draughts of the generous liquor as quite deprived them of the use of their limbs. Some quarreled, some sung, and others laughed, and the whole displayed a, scene more divert- ing than edifying. At 11 o'clock all that could walk went home and left three or four round the fire hugging the wdiiskey bottle and arguing very obstinately on religion, at which i left them and went to bed. Nov. 22nd. This day Gen. Tuppcr left this pla;e for Massachusetts, by whom I had the pleasure of send- ing a number of letters to my friends. On February 4th, 1787. Mr. Mathews went to Fort Steuben, to act as commissary, He had to issue supplies to about 100 men and this duty seems to have left him little time to keep a journal, but there are brief entries, chiefly aliout the weather, until April 21st, when the record closes abruptly. In April, 1788, he was one of the pioneers to begin the settlement at the inouth of the Muskingum and in 1796 he removed to what is now Mus- kingum countv. Note 5.— "Oh the 23th day of January, 1786, ap- pearetl in the ]>ublic prints a piece styled "In- formation," with signatures of the Generals Putnam and Tupper, of the late American army, in substance, as follows: INFORMATION. 1 he subscribers take this method to infoirm all officers and soldiers who have served in the late war, and who are by an ordinance of the Honorable Congress to receive certain tracts of land in the Ohio CDuntry, and also all othei good citizens who wish to become ad- venturers in that delightful region; that from per- sonal inspection, together with other incontestable evi- dences, they, are fully satisfied that the lands in that quarter are of much better quality than any other known to New England people. That the climate, seasons, produce, etc., are, in fact, equal to the most flattering accounts which have ever been published of them. That being determined to become purchasers, and to prosecute a settlement in this country; and de- sirous of forming a general association with those who entertain the .same ideas, they have to propose the following plan, viz.: That an association by the name of the Oliio Company be formed of all such as wish to become purchasers, etc.. in that country (wdio re- side in the commonwealth of Massachusetts only, or to extend to the inhabitants of other States, as shall be agreed on ) . Th^I in o'-der to bring such a company into e.^ist- enoe, the subscribers propose, that all persons who wish to promote the scheme should meet 'within their respective counties (except in two instances herein- after mentiored), at ten o'clock A. M. on Wednesday AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 6i the I5lh of February next ; and that each comity or meeting, there assembled, choose a delegate, or dele- gates, to meet at the Bunch of Grapes tavern in Boston, Essex. At Captain Webb's, in Salem, Middlesex ; at Bradish's, in Cambridge, Hampshire; at FV.meroy's, in North Hampton, Plymouth; at Bartlttfs, in Plymoutii, Barnstable, Dukes and Nantucket counties; at How- land's, in Barn.stable, Bristol ; At Crocker's, in Taun- ton, '^'ork ; at VVoodbridge's in N. York, Worcester : at Patch's, in Worcester. Cmnberland and Lincoln; at Shattuck's, in Falmouth. Berk^ihire; at Diljble's. m Lenox. Rl'FUS P;iT,\AM, Benja.min Tri'i'ER, RuTL.\.\D. January lo, 17S6. "Ill consequence of the foregoing, on tlie 1st day of Marcli. 1786. convened at the Bunch of Grapes tavern, in Boston, as delegates from several of the counties of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, to consider of the expedien- cy of forming an association or company to purchase lands and make a settlement in the western country, the gentlemen whose names are underwiritten : County of Suffolk— WnUhrop Sargent, John Mills. County of Kssex — Manasseh Cutler. County of Middlesex — John Brooks, T!:omas Cnsh- County of Hampshire — Benjamin Tupper. County of Plymouth — Crocker Sampson. County of Worcester — Rufus Putnam. County of Berkshire — John Patterson. Jahlalicl Woodbridge, County of 15arnstable — .\braham Williams. "Elected General Rufus Putnam, cliairman of the convention, and Major Wintlimp .Sar- gent, clerk. "From the very pleasing descri])ti(in nf the western country given hy Generals I'utnam and Tupper and others, it a])pearing expe- dient to form a settlement there, a motion was made for choosing a committee to ])repare the draught or plan of an association into a com- pany to the said purpose, for the inspection and approhation of this convention. Resolved in the afifirmative. "Also, resolved, That this committee shall consist of five. General Putnam, Mr. Cut- ler, Colonel Brooks, Majf>r Sargent, ;nid Cap- tain Gushing were elected. "On Friday, the 3d of March, the conven- tion met, and the committee reported as fol- lows : .\riicles of agreenient entered into l)y the sub- scribers for constituting an association by the name of the Ohio Company. The design of this association is to raise a fund in C;intinental certificates, for the sole purpose, and to be appropriated to the entire use of purchasing lands m the Western Territory (belonging to the United States), for the benefit of the company, and to pro- mote a settlement in that country. .■\rti'cle isf. — That the fund shall not exceed one million of dollars, in Continental specie certificates, exclusive of one year's interest due thereon (except as hereafter provided V and that such share or sub- scription shall consist of one thousand dollars, as afore- said, and -il.--o ten dollars in gold or silver, to be paid into the hands of such agents as the subscribers may Article 2d. — That the whole fund of certificates raised by this association, except one year's interest due there- on, mentioned under the first article, shall be applied to the purchase of lands in some one of the proposed States, northwesterly of th» river Ohio, as soon as those lands are surveyed, and exposed for sale by the commissioners of Congress, according to the ordinance of that honorable body, passed the 20th of ?v[ay, 1785; or on any other plan that may be adopted by Congress, not less advr.ntageous to the company. The one year'i; interest shall be applied to the purpose of making a settlement in the country, and assisting tho-e who may be otherwise unable to remove themselves thither. The gold ar.d silver is for defraying the expenses of those persons employed as agents in purchasing the lands, and oiher contingent charges that may arise in the prosecution of the business. Thf surplus, if any. to be appropriated as the one year's interest on the cer- tificates. Article .v\. — That there shall be five directors, a treasurer ami secretary appointed, in maimer and for the purposes hereafter provided. .Article 4lh.— That the prosecution of the company's designs mav be the least expensive, and at the same tmie, the subscribers and agents as secure as possible, the proprietors of twenty shares shall constitute one trrani division of the company, appoint their agent, and m case of vacancy by death, resignation, or otherwise, shall fill i' up as immediately as can be. .Article .sth. — That the agent shsll make himself ac- countable to each subscriber for certificates and moneys leceivc'd bv duplicate receipts (one of which shall be lodged with the secretary) ; that the whole shall be appropriated according to those articles of associa- tion, and that the subscriber shall .receive he's just divided according to quality and quantity of lands purchased, as near as possibly may be, by lot drawn in person or through proxy; and that deeds of conveyance shall be executed to indieidual subscribers, by the asrents, .■imilar to those he shall receive from the directors. Article 6th. — That no person shall be permitted to hold more than five shares in the company's funds, and no subscription for less than a fiill share wilt 62 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY be arlnutt'.'d ; br.t 'thi'^ is not meant to prevent those who can not, or choose not. to adventure a full share from associating among themselves, and by one of their number subscribing the sum required. Article /th. — Tiiat the directors shall have the sole disposal of tlie company's fund, for the purposes be- fore mentioned ; that they shall, by themselves, or such person or persons as they may think proper to entrust with the business, purchase lands for the benefit of the company, where, and in such way, cither at -public or private sale, as they shall judge will be most advan- tageous to the company. They shall also direct the application of the one year's interest, and gold and silver mentioned in the tir.st article, to the purposes mentioned under the second article, in such way and manner as they shall think proper. For these pur- poses, the directors shall draw on the treasurer from time 10 time, making themselves accountable for the a,pplication of the moneys, agreeably to this association. Article Sth.— That the agents, being accountable to the subscribers for their respective divisions, shall ap- point the directors, treasurer and secretary, and fill up all the vacancies which mriy happen in these offices respectively. .\rticle qth. — Tliat the agents s'hall pay all the cer- tificates and moneys received from subscribers into the ipMids of the treasurer, who shall give bonds to the agents, jointly and severally, for the faithful discharge of his trust; and also, on his receiving certificates or money? from any particular agent, shall make himself accountable therefor, according to the condition of his bonds. Article loth — That the directors shall give Ijonds. jointly and severally, to each of the agents, conditioned that tlie certificates and moneys they shall draw out of the treasury shall be applied to the purposes 'stipu- l.ited in these articles: and that the lands purchased for the company shall be divided among them within three months, from the completion of the purchase, by lot. in such manner as the agents or a majority of them shall agree: and that, on such divisions being made, the directors shall execute deeds to* the agents, respec- tively, for the proportions which fall to their divisions, correspondent to those itbe directors may receive from the comn)issioners of Congress. Article nth. — Provided, that v>diereas a sufficient number of subscribers may not appear to raise the fund, to the sums proposed in the first aiticle. and thereby the number of divisions may not be completed, it is therefore agreed that th-; agertts of divisions of twenty shares each shall, after the 17th day of October next, proceed in the same manner as if the whole fund pro- posed had been raised. Article 12th. — Provided, also, that whereas it will be for the common interest of the company, to obtain an ordinance of incorporation from the Honorable Congres:,, or an act of incorporation from some one of the States of the Union (for which the directors shall make application), it is therefore agreed, that in case such incorporation is obtained, the fund of the company (and. consequently, the shares and ciivisions thereof) may be extended to any sum, for wdiich pro- vision shall be made in said ordinance or act of incor- poration, any thing in this association to the contrary notw-ithstanding. .Article 13th. --That all votes under this association may be given in person, or by pro.xy, and in numbers justly proportionate to the stock holden, or interest represented. . After adopting the articles of association, which constituted the Ohio Company, a com- mittee of three was appointed, "to transact the necessary husiness of the company until the directors are chosen." Note C— At a meeting of the agents and directors of the Ohio Company, held at "Cromwell's Head" tavern, in Boston, the 21st day of No- vember, 1787. it was resolved, among other things, "That the house lots shall consist of ninety feet front and one hundred and eighty feet in depth," and "that the centre street cross- ing the citv he tme luindretl and fifty feet wide." At this meeting it was (irtlered "That no more subscriptions for shares be received after the first of January ; and that they ad- journ tn the first Wednesday in March next, to meet at Prox'idence, Rhode Lsland, for the purpose lit drawing the eight-acre lots, which are directed to he surveyed by that time." At a meeting of the directors of the Ohio Company, at Bracket's tavern in Boston, No- vember 2^. 1787, it was ordered, "that four surveyors be employed, under the direction of the superititendent, hereinafter named ; tiiat twenty-two men shall attend the surveyors ; that there be added to this number twenty men, including six boat builders, four house carpenters, one blacksmith, and nine common workmen, in all forty-eight men. That the boat builders shall proceed, on Monday next, and the surveyors rendezvous at Hartford, the 1st (lav of Januarv next, on their way to the ^Muskingum: that the boat builders and men, with the surveyors, be proprietors in the company ; that their tools, one axe and one hoe to each man, and thirty pounds weight of baggage, shall lie carried in the company's wagons, and that the subsistence of the men on their journey be furnished by the company; that upon their arrival at the place of destina- tion, and entering upon the business of tlieir I employment, the men shall be subsisted by the AXD REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 63 company, aufl allowed wages at the rate of four dollars (eachj per month, until discharged : that they be held in the com])any's service un- til the 1st day of July next, unless sooner dis- charged ; and if any of the persons employed shall leave the service, or wilfully injure the same, or disobey the orders of the superinten- dent, or others acting under him, the person so oflfending shall forfeit all claim to wages ; that their wages shall be paid the next autumn in cash, or lands, upon the same terms as the company purchased them ; that each man fur- nish himself with a good small arm. l)ayii- net, six flints, a powder horn and pouch, prim- ing wire and brush, half a pound of powder, one pound of balls, and one pound of buck- shot. The men so engaged shall be subject to the orders of the superintendent, and those he may appoint as aforesaid, in any kinds of busi- ness they shall be employed in, as well fnr bnat building and surveying, as for building houses, erecting defenses, clearing land, aiid planting or otherwise, for promoting the settlemem. And as there is a possibility of interruption from enemies, they shall also be subject to or- ders as aforesaid in military command, dur- ing the time of their employment. That the surveyors shall be allowed twenty-seven dol- lars per month and subsistence, while in act- ual service, to commence upon their arrival at the Muskingum; that Colonel Ebenezer Sproat, from Rhode Island, Mr. Anselm Tupper. and Mr. John Mathews, from Massachusetts, and Colonel R. J. Meigs from Connecticut, be the surveyors; that General Rufus Putnam be the superintendent of all the business aforesaid, and he is to be obeyed and respected accord- ingly; that he be allowed for his services forty dollars per month and his expenses, to com- mence from the time of his leaving home." To enable General Putnam to execute the business of the company, the directors furn- ished him with a commission, embracing full power to do and transact all matters necessary for the ])rogress of the settlement. A meet- ing of the directors and agents was held on the 5th day of March, 1788. at Rice"s tavern, in Providence. Rhode Island. The agents then present represented 1.000 shares and they proceeded to draw for the eight-acre lots which had been surveyed in the vicinity of the new) city, at the mouth of the Muskingum Ri\er. .At this meeting it was resolved, that a committee, composed of Rev. Mr. Cutler, General Varnum and Colonel May, "consider and report upon the expedi- ency of employing some suitable person as a public teacher, at the settlement now making by the Ohio Company." They reported — "That the directors he requested to pay as early attention as possible to the education of youth, and the promotion of public worship, among the first settlers ; and that for these im- portant purposes, they employ, if practicable, an instructor eminent for literary accomplish- ments, and the virtue of his character, who shall also superintend the first scholastic in- stitutions, and direct the manner of instruc- tion, and to enable the directors to carry into execution the intentions expressed in this res- olution, the proprietors, and others of benevo- lent and liberal minds, are earnestly requested to contribute by voluntary donation to the forming a fund to be solely appropriated there- to." Under this resolution the are industrious, and quite a dii^erent set of people from these frontier men. I waited with great impatience for the arrival of General Putnam, and it would have afforded nic peculiar pleasure to have been personally present with him. but Major Doughty, who commands during my absence, will (agreeably to your letter of instructions') give them every necessary as SI stance. V ***** * I have the honor, etc.. ■ Jos. H.\RM.\R. General Piitiiaii: to A'ci'. Maiuissch Cutler. .\r)Ei.i'Hi, May i6. 1788. Your favor of the 20th of February came to hand a few days since, and I find by its contents that Mr. Plumer has alarmed the people with respect to the Indians very much, and perhaps he is not to blame, for had i given Jieed to the opinion, at least pretended opinion, ^f people at Pittsburgh and its vicinity. I certainly should noi have come down without an army for my protection. Plawever, we made no delay on that account: that the Indians are dissatisfied on account of Congress or the Commissioners of Congress at the several treaties which have been held conlsidering these lands as the property of the United States in consequence of the part the Indians took in the war and the treaty of peace with Great Britain is true ; t'hcy have told Congress so in a spirited, manly letter addressed to that honorable body by Joseph Brant, ill which he assures them that unless the wrongs are redressed and the lands fairly purchased, the Indians will certainly go to war (and I believe they will be as good as their word). In consequence of this application of Brant"s, Con- gress has promised them a treaty which was to have i)een holden about this time, but I am tcid that the Indians have informed Governor St. Clair that they are to hold a great council among themselves about the middle of June near St. Dusky. From these circum- stances it is probable Governor St. Clair will not be able to see them till July, when I have no doubt every- thing will be settled to general satisfaction. At present we ilo not think ourselves perfectly se- cure from them on account of a few lawlcjss banditti made up of Mingoes, Shav/nees and Cherokees who reside at present on the waters of the Scioto. .They are a set of thieves and murdering rascals, but from any ether quarter we are under no apprenhension at pesent. The Delawares aiwl Wiyandots visit us al- most very day and appear very friendly ; relying on it. as I believe, that Governor St. Clair at the treaty will liave power and inclination to do them coinplete justice. You wish to be informed if it will be prudent for families to move on in the spring and summer. I answer, by all means; (or let the treaty end how it may. the sooner they get in the way of cultivating their land and raising provisions the better. The eonstart coming in of new settlers and the troops which will be kept in the country by Congress will ^ivc us a good market for many years. The little scouting parties of Indians, if they are never won to be our friends, can never do any con.siderable in- )ury; on the other hand, should there be a general Indian war this will be a place of general rendez- vous for an army. So that in all human probabil- ity the settlement can never fail of the protection of government. It will give you pain and me no pleasure to de- tail our march over the mountains or our delays afterward on account of the bad weather or other misfortunes. I shall only observe that 1 arrived at Major White's on the Youghiogheny River the 14th of February, no boats built, no boards or plank in read- iness, no per.son capable of building a house, much less a boat, among the party, mill froze up and no boards to be had. He had, however, three canoes, -such as they were, on the stocks and live of his men sick with the smallpox, which they took by inoculation. C^n the first day of April in the afternoon we left the Youghiofflieny. and arrived at Fort Harmar the 7th. being obliged to f ] at Harmar and Buf- falo Creek on oi'r way to take in provisions, etc. Our ■Ahole fleet consisted of the Union Galley of 45 tons iiunthen designed to pass and repass fiom between this and Buffalo or Cross Creek to bring down letters, the Adelphi ferry boat, burthen 3 tons, for the use of the settlers at the port, and three log canoes of different sizes. On our arrival here the surveys commenced im- mediately, bi'.t a series of rainy weather and being obliged to survey so much more than we expected in order to obtain lands suitable to cue purpose, pre- vented our completing our plans till yesterday. The city lots will be ready to draw by the first Wednesday of July, as proposed, but the others will not. It was Gen'l. Knox's advice and I shall not presume to sur- vey any more till after the treaty. The men have most of them been employed these odd days in clearing land for themselves, which they will plant next week. The rest have been doing the same for the company. The whole quantity of corn planted I expect will be about 100 acres. ,As soon as this work is over we shall turn our attention to build- ing houses, and boats suitable to prosecute the survey with. As to the mode of conveying letters, I have hit on none yet to convey from this to Philadelphia or from thence to this place that could be depended on. Perhaps we may find out some in the course of the summer. The exi)ense has rose much beyond our calcula- tion and if the treaty concludes favorably the sur- vey must no doubt be pushed till late in the fall. Of oonsenuence more money will be wanted, but I ex- pect Generals Parsons and Varnum will be on soon: will therefore not propose anything on the subject. The men are generally in good heal'h and, I be- lieve, much pleased with the country: tliat I am so myself you may rest assured. The winter in this quarter was severe, indeed, the most so known for many years. But I can only add the situation of the city plat is the most delightful of any I ever saw. and those traces of ancient walls, /^pL-yyU'^ ^^Trui/T^ AU^m - — - e^L rtj/'&i- *_/^.-Hf sed name of the town at the mouth of the Muskingum. In some printed copies of this letter as well as in some local histories the name is spelled AdclpJiia. and this is said to be the form which had been suggested by Manasseh Cutler, but General Putnam writes it very distinctly in a number of places "Adelphi." For a long time the set- tlements in what is now Washington County were known by the general name of Muskin- gum. This name often appears on tlie dates and superscriptions of old letters and was oc- casionally used by writers in the East, well on into the present century. Note E.— A LIST OF THE EMIGRANTS OF 1/88. T "89, .VNO 1790. ( The list docs not iuclmic the iiieinbeis of tlie first pioneer party lelio arrived .Ipril ytli. -lehieh appear on the eiiaraviiig of the autograph list of Gen. Kiifus Put- nam, herewith presented.) 1788. Bryant. Bazaleel. Battelle. Ebenezer, family. Gushing. Xataniel. family. Converse. James, Crary, Fredrick. Cheever, Lot, Coburn. .\sa, family. Dana. Luther, Denney, Samuel. Dunham. Daniel, family ( I/Sq) Dorrenie. .Samuel. Eldridge. Sylvanus, , Fuller. Oliver. Greene, Richard, Greene. Charles, family. Goodaie, Maj. Nathan, familv. Gridley. William, family. (1789) Kart, Selah, Ifoiland, . Kimble. F.phraim. Knight. Theophilus. Lasa, John. Lunt. William 1".. Lord. Thomas. Mmot. James. Mitchell. John. Matthewsoii, Jeffrey, McGuflFcy, Neil. Owen. James, family. Pierce. Stephen, fanuly (1789) Oliver. Robert, family. Oliver. Launcclot, PuUiam, Israel. Rice. Oliver. Stratton. John, Skinner. John,- Stanley. Klias. Stacy. Col. William, family (1789) Tupper. Gen. Benjamin, family. Tyler, Dean. Tupper. Edward W.. V'arnum, James, (died January. 1789) Woodward, Levi, Whittemore, Ebenezer, Backus. James. Brajmian. James. Converse. Benjamin, family. Crary. Archibald. Cheever. Joshua. Chouchip. Jeffrey, Coburn. Asa. Jr.. family. Dana, William, family. Dana. Edmund. Dicks, Nathan. Oelano. Cornelius. Elliott. Richard. Fearing. Paul. Greene. Grihhi. family. Greene. Philip, Gilbert, Jonathan, Cjoodale. Tiniotliy. Hurlburt. Benoni. fatnily. Hutchinson. Thomas, Ingersoll, George. Knowle*;. Charles, Kerr, Ham.ilton. Lunt. Ezra. ■ Leach. James. Laugluon. Dick, (half Indian) Miller, John, (half Indian) Mitchell. .Samuel. Mathews, .^bel. Moody. Nathaniel, family. Nye, Ichabod. family. Parsons. Samuel H.. Pierce, Israel, family. Oliver, Alexander, familv. Oliver. William. Putnam. Waldo A , Sargent. Winthrop. Stratton, Samuel. Stone. Jonathan, family (1789) Stebbins. Samuel, Shipman. Joshua, familv. ( 1789) True. Jabcz, 1 upper. Judah (died in war) Tupper. Benjamin. Jr.. Wright, Simeon Webster. Andrew, family. t/v all Kg .•.■!-;■. mabing. teilh the first parly of 48, a total of 137 arrivals during the year.) 68 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, King, Zebnlon. (killed I78g) i-Sq. Leavens. Joseph, family. Lathbe. John, Ayres. Klienezer. family. Lucas, Isaac, , Brown David, family. Leavens, John, Babcoci<, Abijah, Lord, Elisha, Baker, Thadcleus, May, John, Bull. Howell. JiJcClure, Andrew, Breck. William, Mitchell, Robert, Biieli. Joseph, family (1790) Mixer, L'^aac, Bradford, Robert, family. Mills, William, Bullard, A?a, Aliller, Edward, Baldwin. Abel, Meigs, R. J.. Jr.. family, (1791) Bull. Aaron, Munscll, Levi, family. Bent, Silas, family. Miles, Ben.iamin, family. Bent. .Silas, Jr., Mayo. Daniel. Beadle, Benjamin, Maxon, Richard, family. . Barker, Joseph, family. Mervin, Picket, Baldwin, Davis. (Galiipolis) Mitchell, John, Barker. Isaac, family. Mills, Charles, Blake, David, family. Miles, John, Blake, Simeon, Morse, Moses, Burnham, William, Newton, Sylvanus, family. Baldwin, David, Newell, Samuel, family. Baker, Benia-miu, Newell, William, Bullard, F.leazer, Oaks, Joel, Bagley, Henry, Fatten, James, Cummins. Joseph, Putnam, Ezra, Jr,, Cald, Arnold, Putnam, David, Casey. Wanton, Pierce, Phineas, Cady. Scp-iire. Parson, Enoch, Cushing. F.liiah. Patterson, James, family. Cogsw^ell. Daniel, family. Clark, Arnold, Patterson. Nathaniel, Porter, Ebenezer, family. Clough, .Aaron, Porter, Thomas, family. Corey, Thomas, Prime, Joseph, family. Clark Joseph, Parker, William, family. Dodge John, family. I'latt, Smith, Delano, Cornelius. Plummer, Jonathan, Devol. Gilbert, iisquire, family. Phillips, Ezra, Devol, Wanton, family. Russell, John, Devol. Gideon, Rouse, Michael, Devol. Jonathan, Rouse, John, family. Drown. Solomon, Rowel, Daniel. Davis, William. Smith. James, family. Dodge. John T., Sprague. Joshua, family. Davis. Samuel Story. Daniel. Dunham. Daniel, Jr., Story. Josepli. Flagg, Gershom, family. Foster, Paul, Strong. Joseph, Shepherd, Enoch, family. Farley, Thomas. Shepherd. Enoch. Jr., Fairchild. Major, Shiner. William, F'earing, N'nh, Story, William, Greene, John, S' ^cumb. Benjamin, family. Greene, Abraham, o,a..y. William, Jr., Gibson, Thomas, Stacy, Joseph, family. Gilman. Joseph, family. Stacy, John, Gilnian. Benjamin, family, (1790) Stacy, P'hilip, Giiffin, Caleb, Smith, John, FTamilton, Nathaniel, Story, .Andrew, family. Haskell, Jonathan, Sawyer, Nathaniel, family. Kelley, James, family, (killed, 1791) Sprague, William, family. Knight. Thcophilus, Stone. Isreal, family (1790) Kinney, Nathan, Sprague, Jonathan, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 69 Stanley, Thomas, family. * Bebee, Frederick, Springer. Peltg, Beau, Daniel, Smith, Jonathan, Call, David, Stacy. Rufus, Cat son, David, Smith, Stephen. Cushman. Nathaniel, Smith. Benjamin, Choplv. .Aiitoine, (French) Sh:i\v. Thonfas, family (i/Qo) Comas, Lansnett (French) Thompson. Joseph, Choate, Francis, Tilas, Eliphalct. Choate, Isaac, Tilas. Alexander, Choate, Joshua, , Daniel, Chopman, Joseph, Tuttle, Joel, family. Carroll, Michael, (Gallipolis) Tuttle, Linus, Caldwell, Janies, White. John, Camp, John (killed at Big Bottom) Woiidhury, Nathan, Comas, John, \\'i)o(Jhriclge. Dudley, family. Caller, (French) WVlister, Luke, Calnn. (French) Walker, James, Chevektt, (French) Whiting, Eli.^hf,, Christophe. (F'rench) \\'arren, Elijah, Crage. William (French) Winsor. Christopher, family, Dudley, Asa. WePls, David, family. Davenport, Gould, Wilson, George, family. Dorsey, Janies, Wilson, Williatn, family. Day, John Wilson, Jereiniah, family. Drawi;, -John, Whipple, Abraham, family. David, (French) Whipple. John H., Dcnnit, ( French ) Weils, Thomas, Delatre, (French) (Tiic total nuuibcr of nun zvho arrived during 1^89 i^'is 153, and tlic number of families, 5I-) Devol, Christopher, Dodge, Abraham, (Gallipolis) Demsey, Isaac, (Gallipolis) Diinlay, William, 1790. Finley, John, Farmer. Jacob, Allen, Justus, Ford, William, family. Allison, Robert, family. Ford, William, Jr., Andre, (French) Frothingham, Peter, Arvin, (French) Frye. Joseph, Applegate. Joseph, F'ustlay, (French) Athone, (Fr,;nch) Fulham. John, Anthony, (French) Farewell, Jonathan, Andrews, John, (Gallipolis) FTeming, Aride, (Gallipolis) Eack-us, Elijah, Fleming. Andrew, (Gallipolis) Baker, Timothy. Gilbraith. Thomas, (Gallipolis) Bethel, Edward, Gollsmith, Zaccheus, (Gallipolis) Bailey, Caleb, Griffin. Asahel. Buck, John, Guthrie, Ste])hen, Baldwin, Jonathan (Gallipolis) Guthrie, Elias, Blackburn, Andrew, Guthrie, Truman, Bliss, Am.os, family. Guthrie, Joseph, family. Bureau, Peter, ^ French) Greene, Casey, Begnear, (French) Goodenough. Daniel, "P.adwell, Elijah. (Gallipolis) Henderson. Edward, Barber. Ezekicl, family. Hart. William. Bent, Rufus. Hackney. Joseph, Browning, Williaiu, '^1 • Harris. Edward, family, Barnes. Samuel, " ■ "" Hawkins, Christopher, Burlin.game. Christopher, family. Hinckley, Nathaniel, Bridge. William, Harris. John, Bridge, Samuel, Hamnton, Zoath, family. Brown. David. Jr., (Gallipolis) Harte. John (Gallipolis) Brown, Aaron. (Gallipolis) James. John, family. Brow. Nathaniel, James, John. Jr., Eatchftider. Gideon, (Gallipolis) Janies, William, Butler, David, Jennings, Joshua, yo HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHIXGTON COUNTY, Isliam, Russell, Slih, Thomas, (Gallipolis) Jordan and Son, (French) Sergent, Roger, (Gallipolis) Jowrdom (French) Sheldon, Jonathan, (Gallipolis) Kerr, Matthew, (killed in 1791) Safford, Robert. (Gallipolis) Lewis, Samuel, (Galhpolis) Sholes. Richard, ((iallipolis) Loring. Daniel, family, Snow, David, (Gallipolis) Loring. Isreal, Smith. Joseph, (Gallipolis) Lake, Thomas, family. Semans, Samuel, Lake, Archibald, family, Smith, William. Lewis, (French) Simonds, Joseph, (wounded 1792.) Lake, Andrew, Stephens, Jacob. Lake, William, family, Sparhawk. Noah. Little, Nathaniel, family. Spragne. Nchemiah, Little, Nathaniel, Jr., family, Smith, John. Lygnum, Joseph, Shepherd, John, Lynot, William, Simkins. David. Luxumburgh (French) Slioemann, fanniy, (French) l.alorccy, (French) Scott, Alexander, Lcggett. Alexander, Tenner, George, family. Llyod, David, Thomas, Samuel, family. Labello, Francis, (French) Thierry, Francis, family (French) Label, (French) T-Uitroff, Antoine, (I-'rcnch) Maynard, Daniel. (Gallipolis) Troop, Zebulon. (killed at Big Bottom) Moor. John. (Gallipolis) McElwce. John. ('iter, Joseph, family, Mills. Benjamin, l-'ttcr. .Samuel, McCulloch, William, L'lter, Reuben, 'McNemarre, John, Vaiimctre, William, Mc Lei and. Samuel McTntosh, Nathan, Merrill, Simeon, Venard, Pierre. (French) Miller. Joseph. Waterman. John, Mark. (French) Waterman, Sherman, (killed in 1794.) Meacham. (French) Worth, John. Meron, (F'rench) Weight. Jonathan. Ncaly, Thomas, Waldovv, Zachariah, Nye, Ebenezer, family, Wiser, Jacob. iN'eiswanger, John, family Wood. Joseph, Olney. Coggswell. family. Worth, George, O'Brien. Ichabo'i. Wangh. Joseph. Ovrey, (French) W iss.iii. William. (Gallipolis) Putnam. Ezra, fanuly, W.irlh. Robert, (kdled in 1791) Porter, Samuel. Patter.son. Benjamin, family. {'I'll,- Infill iiiiiiihii- ,if arnvaU (men) in lygo ^vas -'Oj?- -cnVj/.s-rv nf i!ir /■rcnrli. i6fi — niinihrr nf luniilus Potts, James, Potts, Robert, Potter, Rouse. 31. Of III,- '.i'li..h- nuiiibi-r of frcncli /'Co/'/i-. J.V nun Petal, Joseph, (French) and two finnilicx ronniiicj some tiinr at Mniicttti.) Pamey, Jean. (French) Plana. (French) Xolc F.— Pierre, Jean, (French) Potter, William. (Gallipolis) P.-ige. Nathan. (Gallipobs) I^ROM l-iUTL.\NM), M.ASSACHUSETTS, TO MARIET- Proctor, Jacob, (Gallipolis) T.\, OHIO. Potter, Benjamin. (Gallipolis) Palmer. Frederick, (tiallipolis) (From .■lulohio^i^raf'liv of Hcnjamin r. Stone. Randall. Ebenezer. (Galhpolis) j/^j-iS/s.) Richardson, Phineas, ((Gallipolis) Rue, I. Uaac, Putnam's the evening- l)efore. This was in September, 1790. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 71 It seemed, even to tlie old folks, a vast en- terprise to go Soo miles into a savage coun- try, as it was then called. There were three o.x-wagons with twn yoke of o.xen to each, and General Putnam's twohorsc carriage and one saddle horse. We were eight weeks on the journey. I was then eight },-ears old — too young to re- memher much about the journey. I think we did not travel on the Sabbath, for I dis- tinctly rememl)er that we tarried at Bethle- hem. Pennsylvania, and attended public wor- ship. This was a settlement of penple of the Moravian Church. Xear Simrell's Ferry, on the Youghioghe- ny River, we waited a few days till the boats were finished, which General Putnam had en- gaged the summer previous when he was re- turning from Ohio to New England. It was slow tedious work on the river — often getting aground, when all the men from both boats had to unite to shove the boat over the shoal place. At length we arriveil at Marietta aljout nine o'clock in the morning — T cannot tell the dav. The first resident of Marietta that I knew was Colonel Bent. He came into the boat to welcome us. His house was on I'ront street, though the streets were not distinguished from other parts of the great cornfield which cov- ered most of the town. Large girdled trees were standing all along from the Point to the Campus 3\Iartius. Note G.— The records of the Dliio Company show when and where the official name Marietta was given in honor of Queen Marie Antoin- ette. "At a meeting of the Directors of the Ohio Company on the 2n(l day of July, 1/88, and continued by adjournment to the 14th day of August, on the banks of the Muskingum and near the confluence of that river with the Ohio," among many other resolutions passed Avas the following: Resolved. That the citv near the connivence of the Ohio anil Muskingnm be called Marietta. That the Directors write to Hi.< E.xcellency. Compte Moiistiers, informing him of their motives in naming the city, and requesting his opinion whether it will be advis- able to present Her Majesty of France a public square. Kolc H.— On the 9th day of July, Governor St. Clair arrived at h'ort Harmar, escorted by a detachment of troops under Major Doughty, wh() had gone up to Pittsburg some days before for that ])urpose. He was received with military honors, and a salute of 14 guns. The 15th of July, as appears from the journal of Paul Fearing, was agreed upon for his first appearance before the citizens of the territory. At five o'clock, P. M., he came over from Fort Harmar in the government barge, escorted l>y the officers of the garrison, and the secTetary, W'inthrop Sargent, Esq. He was received in the bowery by General Put- nam, the judges of the Territory, and the prin- cipal inhabitants of the new colony. The sec- retary read the ordinance of Congress form- ing the Northwest Territory, the governor's commission, the judges', and his own. He was then congratulated on his welcome ar- rival at the seat of government by General Putnam, and three cheers closed the ceremon- ies of the tices for the County of Washmg- lon in the Western Territory^ — and after hearing the parties with their evidence, do adjudge that the said White and Webster pay sixty-ninetieths of a dollar each as a fir.e to be laid out in work on the highways, and Cost of Court Taxed at three dollars and thirty- >;ix ninetieths to be paid equally between them and to stand committed until costs is paid. Why ninetieths of a dollar? Evidently the worthy justices mentally placed the fine at fi\"e shillings Peimsvlvania currencv, in which 7 shillings 6 pence, or 90 pence, are equal to one dollar. This is no conjecture. On the back of a bill for hauling goods in AND REPRESENTATirE CITIZENS. 75 1/95, at the rate of i6 shillings a hundred, the "full solution," as the examiners say, still ap- pears. The shillings are multiplied by 12, the result divided by 90 and the quotent is given as dollars. In February, 17S9, Hezekiah Flint pre- sents a mill for "Two hundred and fifty-seven feet of boards at One Dollar and thirty-five ninetieths per hundred feet." In a- letter written by Gen. Rufus Putnam to his nephew, John Mathews, Malrch 10, 1796, he says the agents of the Ohio Company had resolved, "That the balance due from John Mathews, 'being one hundred and twenty-one dollars and eighteen ninetietlis, be remitted as some compensation for losses liy the Indians while surveying for tlie Ohio Company." Even when the tran^^lation was made, our grandfatliers found the decimal system jniz- zline and vexatious. Hence, in an inventory of January, 1789, the items are thus recorded: E. D. d. c. m. Casli 5 I .■\ Ealtl Eagle or opt'u'r of Cincinnati.... 2 5 A purse .1 3 3 .•?6p lbs of Beef at 4 d per 11) 14 7 6 Thus bv rlow steps the grown-u]) bo_\-s of the last century learned to use our decimal currency. We need not wonder at this when we see how easy and simple metric sys- tem' is neglected by the English-speaking na- tions, who will not give up the antiquated meth- ods of weighing and measuring inherited from the dark ages. Even now the English suprem- acy in trade is threatened in some places on account (if this ultra conservatism. Note /.— Among the papers left by (icneral I'utnam is a "Plan of a Tract containing 4,155 acres, viz. : 4,000 acres being a Grant to^ the Societj' of United Brethren for jjropagating the Gos- pel among the heathen, and 155 acres being the waters of the river Muskingum, within which tract is included the old antl the new towns of Schoenlirun with the cornfield and so forth. formerly inhabited and occupied by Christian Indians." The field notes of the survey arc in the handwriting of General Putnam and i)rove that he laid out the land in person. Sec'cliiry Tiiiiolliy I'ickciing to Gen. Rufus Putnam. l'inL,\DELPHi.-\, March 17, 1797. Df.,\k Sik: Bisliop Eltvvein, President of the in- corporated Society of Brethren in the United States, as-iociated for propagatnig the Gospel among the Heathen, has written nie on the nth instant, that the Directors of the Society, being very desirous to have surveyed the lands granted to the Society on the Mus- kingum, comprehending the Christian Indian towns of Salem, Gnadenhutten and Schoenbrun, that those In- dians may resume their .settlements there without delay, have appointed Messrs. John Heckevvelder (whom you know I and William Henry, Esq. (a member of the Society and a veiy worthy man), their deputies to attend the survey of those lands and the subdivision thereof to accommodate the settlers. About the same time P>ishop Ettwein wrote to General Putnam : "The said Society ha\-ing some material concerns in the locating of the lands on the M'uskingum, I beg lea\'e to- inform \-ou of some few facts respecting the same. In the year 1788 the Honorable Congress then assembled gave to the United Brethren, by their ordinance, in trust for the Christian Indian Congregations, the tlu^ee desolated Indian towns, viz. : Schoenlxun, Gnadenhutten and Salem, with a certain quantity of land to each of them, as by the said ordinance, of which you will rccci\e a copy per Mr. Heckewelder, will appear. .\t the same time the proper offi- cers of Congress infornTed me and some otiier gentlemen then with me, that, in behalf of the said Christian Indian Congregations, we had not only a prior right, but indeed a positive right by former possession to locate the lands so allotted by Congress to Kich of the said towns, as we thought ])roper, provided it wa.** run in straight lines." Ji)h:i Hcckcwcldcr to Ccn. Rufus /'utiunn. BETHI.EHENr, Oct. 26th, I796. De.\r Sir: I accidentally met this moment a Mr. Wilson on his way home to Muskingum, with wdiom I wish to inform you that our society here are desirous of commencing a settlement on their lands on said river as speedily as possible. .X few weeks ago I men- 76 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY tioncd tliii to the Sec'y of State Col. Pickering request- ing him to advise us unto whom we were to apply to get these lands surveyed. His answer (yet ccnfidentially) was, that a Commission of General Surveyor of the T/estern and military lands was now on the way to Gen. Putnam at Marietta. Now. as we ore all in hopes that you have accepted the appointment, we wish you 'to let us know at what time and place I and such as are to attend the sui-vey may set out and meet you. I do not expect that we need leave home during the w-inter, neither could my constitution admit me to endure winter fatigues. But at any time in the spring I should be ready. My nearest way would be from Wheeling, where I would need but encatup one night in the woods between that and Gnadenhutten, it being no more than 50 miles. The Ordinance of Congress of 1788 directs the three Moravian towns to be first surveyed before the military grants, .■'nd the intention of that Congress was (and so they directed it to be done) that we should have the lands surveyed so as it suited us best for set- tlement, even in Parallelograms, with the river running through each tract, but the lines were all to be north, east, south, and west. It was also under.stood by Con- gress last session that the river was to run through each tract, and we \\\-?h. upon the whole to have it sur- veyed to best advantage. From John Hecke-i'cldcr to Ccn. Ritfiis Putnam, [Extrsct.] Bethlehem, Jan. 7, 1797. I entertain some hopes ithat Gnadenhutten and Salem may be joined together. I fear we shall not get one good mill site on the three tracts; those streams falling within the tracts being small and nearly dry half the summer. Sugar Creek above the upper town is an excellent mill stream. White Water, though a large stream, is too deep and dead. I shall await your further orders respecting setting out and meeting you. My. Heckc'Li\'ldcr to ■ . Bethlehem, Feb. i6th, 1797. PTaving understood of Mr. Carey from Marietta, who passed through this place yesterday, that it was possible Gen. Putnam would be m Philadelphia soon, and having a great desire to meet the (General in Philadelphia in order to consult him with respect to some matters respecting our Muskingum grants, I would take it as a kmdness if you would inform him of this and request him to send me a line by post from Philadelphia on his arrival; as also the place he lodges at. Our people are anxious to commence a set- tlement on the Lands on Muskingum, and I hope the dissatisfaction prevailing at present among the Indians on account of the bad goods they received (as related to me by Mr. Carey) will soon be done away. CHAPTER. IV. WAR WITH THE INDIANS. St. Clair's Defeat — Massacre at Big Bottom — Belpre and Beverly — Forts at Ma- rietta AND Harmar — Farmers" Castle and Fort Frve — Ohio Company Affairs AT Low Ebb — Joseph Kelly — General Wayne's Successful Campaign — Dawn- ing of a Brighter Era for Ohio Colonists — CAP;f"URE and Escape — Reminis- cences of War Times and of Later Years — The Indians in Ohio — Letters of General Putnam — List of the Pioneers at the Forts During the Indian Troubles — Pioneers Killed by the Indians. ST. CL.MR S defeat. The second year of the ^Muskingum settle- ment was one of extreme want; the third wa?i the beginning of a long and bloody war. In the fall of 1790 General Harmar led an expe-. dition against the Indians at the head of the Wabash River. He destroyed their towns and cornfields but accomplished little. Tlie next year General St. Clair advanced with an ill- disciplined crowd that hardly deserved the name of army, although it contained many true soldiers. In what is now Alercer County the Indians attacked him and won the greatest vic- tory ever achieved by them. On the i8th of November, Capt. George Ingersoll wrote to General Putnam and gave some account of the battle. He wrote of the ill health of the aged commander. General St. Clair, who was evi- dently physically unfit to command an anny or to perform active sen-ice. We quote from the manuscript of Captain Ingersoll's letter, which we have not seen in print : "Colonel Darke, who was in Braddock's de" feat, and has been in many other actions, de- clares on his honor they are but faint in de- scription compared tO' what may be (said) of this campaign, if justice be done." The Colonel (or General) Darke here men- tioned is the one in whose honor Darke County was named. St. Clair's army had some good ofhcers, but the men had been hastily gathered tog'ether, were poorly equipped and without discipline. massacre at big BOTTOM. Meanwhile the settleniient on the JM^us- kingum had suffered. The little band at Big Bottom, 40 miles alx>ve Marietta, was attacked on the 2nd of January', 1 791, and 12 of them were killed. There was great alarm at Mari- etta, but no general attack was made by the Indians, who lurked about the forts, killed one man, and drove away the cattle. At this time there were only 20 soldiers at Fort Hamiar and in all the settlements near it there were but 287 settlers capable of bearing arms. Many of these were ver}- poorly equipped for service. From the letters written by the pioneers in 7S HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, that year, it is evident tliat they felt themselves neglected by the general g'overnnient : but in truth that government was too weak to give much help. BELPRE AND BEVERLY. The majority of the pioneers who came to Marietta were farmers and good judges of land. Hence, we observe that they selected for their first settlements the wide bottoms. In making their assignment tO' individual settlers, the section lines oi the original survey were disregarded and the land was laid out in long strips, giving each settler a frontage on the river, which was thai the highway, and, what was still more important giving tO' each a fair share of hill and bottom land. Hence, it hap- pened that the settlers at Marietta were soon attracted by the advantages of the "Beautiful Meadow,"' lying opposite the mouth of the Little Kanawha. Aboiit 40 of the pioneers made a settlement on this land in the winter of 1788-S9, drawing lots for their portion. This settlement was distributed along the Ohio River in three. ]>arts, known as the Upper Set- tlement, the Middle Settlement and Newberry. On account of the beauty of the land it was called Belle Prairie — Belleprie — and at last Blelpre or "Beautiful M'eadow." Tliev' suffered severely from the famine, caused b}- the early frost of October, 17S9, which almost destroyed their com crop and that winter they also shared in the kindness of Lsaac Williams, from whom Williamstown de- rives its name. Nearly all the men wlio set- tled at Belpre had been soldiers in the Revo- lutionary Army and the majority had been offi- cers, but all were shrewd, intelligent fanners. In the winter of 1789 a second association of 39 members moved 20 miles up the Mus- kingum and occupied the wide plain in the vicinity of the present site of Beverly, but a few went to the west side of the river to bnild a mill on ^\'olf Creek, a description of which is found elsewhere. This settlement was first called Painfield, afterward Waterford^ a name still borne by the township, and later the town received the name of Beverly. This set- tlement was more fortunate than the one at Belpre in that it had a fair crop of corn in the fall of 1789. In the winter of 1 790, 36 men went tO' Big Bottom and began a block-house on the east side of the Muskingum, about a mile below the present site of the Stockport bridge. The re- mains of the block-honse have been discovered in recent years and the site marked by a stone. The block-house was never finished, for here the first attack upon the pioneers was made by the Indians and 12 men were killed, as men- tioned in another place. The settlement at this place was then abandoned until the close of the war. FORTS .\T M.\RIETT.\ .\ND H.A.RMAR. St. Clair's defeat and the attack im the ad- vance post at Big Bottom warned the settlers that they must for the time concentrate their forces and prqiare for defense. At Marietta there was the Campus Martins, already liegun and now hastily strengthened, and the "Stock- ade," at what was known as the "Upper Point," that is the territory bounded by the Ohio' River, the lower part of Front Street, a line running to the M'uskingum, about half way between Butler and Green streets, and the ^Muskingum River. This was protected by a stockade of logs and b}' the cabin walls. On the opposite side of the Muskingum River was Fort Har- niar, still garrisoned with a few soldiers, but at times during the war almost deserted. FARMER.S" CASTLE AND FORT FRYE. The old soldiers in the Belpre settlement concentrated at a point on the Ohio below the bluff, nearly opposite the middle of what is now called Blennerhassett's Island, and there built a fort which was known as "Farmers' Castle." The settlers at Painfield built a stock- ade near the Muskingum River, a short dis- tance below the point where the Beverly bridge now stands. They also built a small block- house on the west side to protect farni further exertions to defend a settlement from which they are at any time liable to be driven, that if the tomahawk and scalping knife do not prevent an escape, they will im- mediatelv retreat to some place of greater se- curitv." In 1792 the Indians on the \Val>ash were detached from the other tribes by the labors of General Putnam who made a treaty with them, after a great deal of ceremony and the judi- cious distributian of trinkets. The letters re- ceived by him while on this mission give pa- thetic glimj)ses of the darker scenes in pioneer life. i\. wife seeks a husband and a son cap- tured in what is now Jefferson County. A husband seeks a wife who iiad been carried off from the mouth of Harding Creek. Many par- ents seek their lost children, and one poor Ken- tuckian asks for the return of three slaves. JOSEPH KELLY. Thirty years ago there lixed in Marietta an old man, Joseph Kelly, who. when about six years of age, was captured by the Indians, tied on the back of a stolen cow. and thus con- veyed to their village on the Maumee. Here he was kept for five years, long enough to forget his mother tongue and to become thr/roughly accustomed to the savage life. After Wayne's treaty, he was rescued through the exertions of Colonel Meigs and brought back to Mari- etta. But the widowed mother could not again see the face of her boy. The awful .spectacle of a husl>and murdered and a child snatched aw ay by savages had actually blinded her eyes. \\'hen Mr. Kelly grew to manhood some of his Indian playmates visited him. They remembered that he was a fieet runner. So they picked one of their own numlier and call- ing Mr. Kelly by his Indian name said. "Lala run." H'e did run a race and beat their cham- pi<>n. He always defended the Indians and saicl thev were more sinned against than sin- ning. GENERAL WAVXe's SUCCESSFL'L CAMPAIGN. As soon as possible President \\'ashington sent the hero of Stony Point. General Wayne, to repair the disaster and restore confidence in the settlements. He had the task of creating an anny and transporting it through a wider- ness. Hence his mr^vements seem verv slow. 8o HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, but he protected the settlements as he advanced, and made no mistakes. In the sunmier of 1792 he cohected his army near Pittsburg; in the spring of 1793 he moved to Fort Waslnngton ; thence he proceeded northxrard and in Decem- ber of that year lie built Fort Greenville in A\-hat is now Darke County. The next year (1794) he built Fort Recovery and here in June, 1795, he was attacked by the Indians under Little Turtle. The red men were de- feated and in August of the same year Wayne himself ad\'anced to the attack and chased the Indians to the shadow of the fort of tlieir Brit- ish allies. \A'ayne then rested at Greenville, where in 1795 the representatives of 13 tribes, or the "thirteen fires." as they were called, made a treaty which had a great influence upon the subsequent history of Ohio. If we re- turn to a county map of this State we nray ob- serve that the northern boundaries of Tuscar- awas and Knox counties do not extend in a line due east and west but that a part of their boundary falls on a line extending from near Loramie in Shelby County. Tuscarawas and Knox counties have thus preserved in their northern boundaries a part of the treaty line agreed upon in 1795 between General Wayne and the Indians, all land south of this line be- ing ceded to the whites. DAWNING OF A BRIGHTER ERA FOR OHIO COL- ONISTS. This treaty marks the beginning of a new era in the settlement of the Northwest. The settlers no longer remained clustered atout a few militaiy posts, but pushed forward to se- lect the best tracts of land wherever they could be found. Hence, the year 1796 marks the be- ginning of permanent settlements in many places. Tw;o deserve special mention. , When Connecticut pretended to surrender her ficti- tious claim to \\'estem lands — a claim already disallowed by parliamentary action in Eng- land and by judicial decisions both in England and America — she retained what was for a time known as New Connecticut and is now called the Western Reser\e. In this tract, now rescued a second time from the British, Moses Cleaveland settled in 1796, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga. The State of Virginia had also reserved the tract between the Scioto and Little Miami. To this region Col. Nathaniel Massie led a large party in 1796 and in the fertile plain on the Scioto founded the town O'f Chillicothe. The settlements grew rapidly and from them' came the men who were destined in a great measure to manage the affairs of the new State for the first half century of its existence. Thus, with courage and fidelity the group of pioneers at the mouth of the IMuskingum had laid a foundation cemented by religion and morality. It remained for another group of soldiers and statesmen, those on the Scioto and Miami, to erect the superstructure; but in every line from floor to pinnacle of the fair edifice we can see evidence of the wisdom and strength of the first builders. CAPTURE AND ESCAPE. (Extract from the auti be very anxious about getting the honey, but he had high hopes tliat the time of his escape was drawing near. He thought that the Indian would have tO' climb up to hand the tin pail to the other to- put the honey in. In that case he thought he could easily shoot both, and have a loaded gun left with which he could kill the other as he should return with the water. But as soon as the In- dian on the tree wanted the bucket, he took AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 8i from his poucli a long string and, liolding one end, let the other down to be fastetied to the pail. So all Hewitt's hopes were crossed. Continuing their march, the party met some Indians and stopped and talked awhile. Hewitt la\' down and pretended to be asleep. Drawing one hand over his face he could hear some words and see their gestures, as Ihey pointed to him. He was convinced they meant to bum him when they should arrive at their towns. TItcv left him at their camp, safely tied, as they thought. As soon as they were out of sight he commenced struggling to get his hands loose. After several hours he succeeded. They had left a small piece of jerked meat in the camp. He took that and started, shaping his course as well as he could for the left branch of the M'uskingum. He traveled all that day and night and till dark ne.Kt night. He then lay down, fell asleep and when he awoke the sun was an hour high. \\'hen he had reached the left branch of the Muskingum, he made a little raft of dry sticks on which he hastened down stream till within sight of Fort Frye at Waterford. He went ashore, and carefully advanced till he was wiithin speaking distance of the sentry. He was supplied with clothing and food and as soon as he was sufificiently recruited he re- turned to his friends at Little Kanawha. I re- member seeing him soon after at our garrison (in Btelpre) and hearing him relate the whole story. REMIXISCEXCES OF WAR TIMES AXD OF LATER YEARS. By Col. Josc/'l'. Barker, a jwthr of Xnc Market, New Ilaint^shi'V. In Jamiary, I7()0, a new arrangement was made in the militia. A company of artillery was formed, commanded by Capt. \\'illiam IMills, of Marietta, Lieut. George Ingersoll, of Belpre, and the late Gen. Joseph Buck, orderly sergeant. The infantry company was com- manded by Alaj. Nathan Goodale, of Belpre, and Lieut. Anselm Tupper, of Marietta. Early in the spring 1 was transferred from the artillery and made orderly sergeant of the company of infantry, and it became my duty to keep a roll of every person amenable to mili- tary service; to attend at the place of public I worship with my roll; call every man's name; examine his arms and ammunition, and see 1 that he was equipped according to law. I had also to note down and report all delinquencies. 1 The territorial militia law made it the duty I of the troops to assemble on Sunday morning at lo o'clock for inspection. Those who at- ! tended public worship, and there were few who ) did not, after inspection marched from the pa- rade ground to the room where sen-iice was held, preceded b}- the clergyman and Colonel I Sproat, the commandant at the Point garrison, I with his Re\-olutionary sword drawn, and by j General Putnam and General Tupper at the Campus Martins. The citizens generaliy fell j into the ranks, and the procession mo\ed in militaiy array, to wait on divine serx'ice; the fife and drum supplying the place of the churclr- going bell in the Eastern States. In case of an alarm on the Sabbath that por- I tion of the congregation who were armed ! rushed out of the meeting to face the danger, or pursue the Indians, which several times I happened. I Before the arrival of Rev. Daniel Story, who was the stated pastor, Thomas Lord, Esq., of Connecticut, who had been educated at Y'ale College, and studied theology preparatory to the ministry, officiated as clergyman for the settlement, but Dr. Story arrived in 1789 and was the regular clergyman after that time. Col. Ebenezer Battelle ofliciated and held read- ing meetings at Belpre and at ^\'aterford. Previous to the commencement of hostili- ties, 1)}' this weekly inspection (when most of the citizens were at home on Sunday, who were awa}- during the week) the coinmandruit was informed what proportion were armed and equipped to defend the settlement; emigrants frequently arrived without arms, so that the number of guns fell short of the number of men and the deficiency could not be mfeide up in the settlement, and those persons only, who 82 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, were known to have arms, were proceeded against as delinquents. A short time previous to the war, Colonel Sproat had been authorized by the Secretary of \Var to enlist a company of men into the United States service, out of the settlers, to be entjiloyed in guarding and de- fending the settlements, and to superintend and distribute them to those points, which most needed their assistance, and to appoint a com- mittee to furnish subsistence for these troops. \\"illiam Fearing was appointed such a commit- tee. Colonel Sproat was considered comman- der-in-chief of the military and his aid was solicited to procure arms for the citizens, who were deficient ; he sent immediately to Pitts- burg to the commander of the old United States fort, whO' sent down about 30 old sol- dier's muskets, wliich had been thrown by as unfit for use, and very rusty and more or less damaged. The blacksmith was set to repair them, W'hich were then distributed where the service most recjuired ; jxjwder and lead wfere furnished and cartridges fixed to suit each caliber, and deposited in the block-house, ready to be distributed in the first emergency. It was not until June, 1792. that Colonel Sproat recei\ed two' boxes, containing 25 stand each, of United States muskets, with bayonets, new from the factory, w'hich were dealt out to the soldiers and inhabitants, on their sign- ing a receipt to return them, when called for, to Colonel Sproat. These arms were never called for aiid are now extant in the county. The county was now considered well armed, many rifles were procured and brought into the cmnt}-. Most of the Northern men previ- ous to coming here were unacquainted with the ritles and the woods ; but by practicing upon the example of those who had been educated among the woods and the Indians, they soon l)ecame good hunters and expert woodmen ; those wbo were well armed anil were good marksmen were commonly selected as sentinels for the working parties, and were always ready to start upon any discovery or pursue an Indian trail. Thus by being familiar with danger and inured to the hazard of a re-encounter with their enemy, thev had gained that confidence in themselves which promised, in case of meeting an Indian, the odds of battle in their own favor. Many followed hunting continually, others were out with the spies, or in small parties, so tliat it was difficult for an Indian to make a track within five miles of a garrison without being detected. Now a large portion of the inhabitants beconne fearless of danger from the Indians, and preferred some employment or some aiterprise outside of to being confined in and about the g^arrisons. \\'hich is evident from the fact that nearly the whole of the 100,- 000 acres of donation land had been surveyed and deeded away, and improvements made — cal>ins, girdling and clearings — previous to Wayne's treaty, and of those whose lands bor- dered on large streams, many had moved and mail}' more had lieen ready to move on to their farms ere the news of peace. Esquire Putnam had built a block-house opposite me. the fall be- fore the treaty, and kept hands at work there. I cleared and fenced two and a half acres of land and set out 50 apple trees. Six months previous tO' the peace, a block-house was built at Cat's Creek, and another at the south branch of Wolf Creek, where Sherman Waterman Was killed. The word that land was to be given for settlemjent on the M'uskingum had spread through the upper country and had induced many persons to come into the settlement, and to gain a residence, which would entitle them to a loo-acre lot. After old residents were sup- plied, those who had families, and those who could furnish some evidence of becoming- per- manent settlers, had the first choice, then a month's residence would entitle one to a lot. Finally, an}-one who would pay $5, the price O'f sur\-eying, got a deed for 100 acres. Any ac- tual settler by paying the expense, could obtain any lot not given away, by getting an_\' person wlio had not taken a lot in his own name, to take a lot and convey it to the settler. .-VJl the lots along the Ohio Ri\-er below the Mus- kingum belonged to the Ohio Company's pur- chase. It is an axiom with militaiy men, that spies are the eyes of an army. It proved true with respect to our settlements. The measure AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. of employing spies was adopted jireviolis to the commencement of hostilities. Spies were sta- tioned at Marietta and Waterford, three months before the massacre at Big Bottom. The necessary number of spies for the different settlements were taken into the serv- ice and paid by the United States — $i per day; and as not only the safety of the property, but the lives of the inhabitants, depended on the faithfulness and vigilance of the spies, none were selected whose characters were not filled out with these qualifications ; Hamilton Kerr, afterward Major Kerr of Meigs County, was a:bout 25 years of age, a native of Pennsylvania. His person a little above the average size (his physical and men- tal powers far above his contour), was strong, athletic and beautiful, and his countenance, the index of candor, penetration and manly dig- nity. His faithfulness and vigilance in guard- ing the settlements couMiianded the esteem and confidence of all who knew him. Edward Henderson, a native of Rutland, Massachusetts, about 30. years of age, almost six feet in height, strong, athletic and brave. He also- was a \-igilant and faithful spy. Capt. Joseph Rogers, a native of Pennsyl- vania, age about fifty, above the middle size. He was a gentlemanly, brave and humane old soldier. He was an officer in General Mor- gan'e rifie company, at the taking of Bur- goyne, ha\ing served honorably through the Revolution. He resided some time with his friends, but having cast his liread upon the \\1aters of the Revolution, he with many an old soldier marched toward the. setting sun in' hopes to find it in the West. Temperate and brave, his heart was the fountain of human kindness. I Neil MicGuffey, a nati\'e of New Hamp- shire. alx>ut 50 years old, large and robust. He had been a subaltern in the Revolution, an ar- dent and reputable soldier, and left the land of granite for the alluvial plains of the West to find a home, better suited' to the wants of a growing family. .\ faithful and vigilant spy. Peter Xeiswanger, a strong athlete, six feet tall. A Pennsvlvania Dutchman, formid- able not only to his enemies but sometimes to his friends, but ;i i)retty good spy. Capt. William. McCulloch, of Wheeling, was for some time a spy at Marietta, but left tlie service l^efore the conclusion of the war. A most excellent spy and an amia1>le man. Andrew McClure, from Rhode Island, 25 years of age. A fine, straight, six-foot, enter- prising, faithful, persevering spy — at Water- ford. The spies were not alw ays stationary. They were frequently shifted from one garrison to another by their own request. Sometimes, one retired and another was employed. KVillianr Halbert, . from Pennsyh-ania, landed with his family, who afterward removed to Belpre, and was killed by the Indians at the miouth of the Little Hocking, early in the set- j tlement. He was an elderly nfan and em- ployed as a spy, when killed, i Two men, , Benjamin Patterson and John Shepherd, from the State of New York, were employed as spies, three of the first years in Belpre and then mi>\'ed down the river. At the time of the ctintro\-ersy between Pennsyh'ania and Connecticut, relati\'e to then- conflicting land -claims, on the Susquehanna, the State of Pennsylvania appointed Timothy Pickering, .at Salem, Massachusetts, the old honest Federalist, to go u])on the ground and meet others and try to adjust the difference. While there, this same Ben Patterson was (jne of two or three who took Pickering from his bed in the night, and conveyed him three miles into the woods and bound him fast to a white oak sapling and left him there to starve to death. But after two or three days, Patterson relented and went and unlxnnid him and set him at liberty, from which place he fled to the State of New York, and from there to Marietta. It was not infrequent that similar characters called upon ovu^ settlements, iiut finding neither plunder nor speculation, and finding their vic- tims pursuing, they floated down the river. Likewise Cornelius Delano, Joel Oaks were early employed as spies at Belpre and continued to do service durin.g the war. Tlie\- were in- dustrious and faithful ^ ankees and gave se- 86 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, curitv and satisfaction to tlie settlements. Their route was from the mo^uth of the Little Kana- wha to the Little Hocking. ^\'hen the Ohio Company first canre out, e\-erv person found in this region \\-as a woods- man, a hunter of game and Indians, knew their customs and habits of warfare, and was always ready and proud of imparting his information to whoever would listen to his teaching. The Yankees placed in the school for hunting and fighting Lidians were apt scholars and soon be- came able to practice, with skill acquired, iipon the precqjts and examples, and compete with their monitors, and before the close of the war we had rarely any other rangers or hunters for the surveying parties but Yankees. To the plan early adopted of employing rangers, may be attributed the general safety and success of the first settlement of this co'Un- ty. It was' first adopted by General Putnam and the Ohio Company and afterward pursued by the United States. The Indians finding themselves so closely watched by men whO' were iheir compeers in their own arts of war- fare, and mjire vigilant and untiring soldiers, become indifferent to enterprises where they ■were likely to meet with more kicks than cop- pers, and which probably might result in dis- asters far exceeding any benefits likely tO' be obtained. The hope of reward is the great spring of human action. Men who are not paid and fed and clothed may make good citizens for a short emergency, but never make .good soldiers. Their patriotism soon cools and their "courage oozes out of the ends O'f their fingers." The hope of plunder is the main stimulus with the Indians, therefore they crossed the Ohio' below and above and passed by us, and went a hun- dred miles onto the waters of the Monongahela, where there was moire plunder and less watch- fidness. Re\-enge is sweet, but must not be sought too dear ; small parties of from 50 to 100 braves, who came in to attack us, seldom hung about more than a week. And the large parties of a thousand or more, such as defeated General St. Clair and attacked Fort Recovery, could not keep together but four or five days. Tlie Turks could not repulse the Russians, nor the Arabs the French, because they had no financial system to provide for the family of the soldier while he fights the battles of his country. It is estimated that in seven years previ- ous to our war in 179 1, the Indians on the frontier south of the Ohio River killed and took prisoners 1,500 persons, stole 2,000 horses and other property to the amount of $50,000. This was the declared object of the party that killed Colonel Carpenter and, subsecpiently, the family of Annstrong. The first physician who came to settle in Marietta was Dr. Thomas Farley, a son of General Farley, of old Ipswich, IMassachu- setts. He had been educated for a physician and studied \\-ith old Dr. Holyoke, and walked with him (as his friends said) three years in the streets of Saleml He was a modest, ami- aJble young man, always leady to obey the calls of humanity and had the good will and confi- dence of all who- knew him. But as there were few people, and those young and healthy (ex- cept the disease of an empty purse), his prac- tice must have been very. limited, and he was not prepared for any other business ; his me- dium exhausted, he tarried until the fall of 1790, when he returned home and did not re- turn. I have been particular because he was from old Ipswich, where I had some acquaint- ances, and being acquainted with the Manning family, of which my mother was one, born in Needham, 15 miles from Boston. Dr. True was here in 1789 and Dr. Mcin- tosh in 1 79 1. They were both appointed as- sistant surgeons in the spring of 1791 ; Dr. True at Marietta, Dr. Mcintosh at Waterford, at $22 per month, for three months, as ne^v appointments took place every three months. These appointments were made in contempla- tion that an attack might be made upon some of the garrisons and to provide timely aid for such an event. To get the appointmerit of a subaltern and surgeon's mate at $22 per month were berths tO' be sought after in those dry times for cash, when Ohio Company paper was worth AXD REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 87 about a titlie as much as shin plasters, and the precious metal as scarce as sn(nv in harvest. Even a sergeant at S8 and a soldier at $2 per month were sought tor and in fact, as they created credit to that amount, constituted for the greater part the floating capital in the set- tlement. Dr. Sumner, from Connecticut, and Dr. Scott, from Pennsylvania, who were surgeons with General Harmar, were said to be men of ability in their profession; and were amiable, kind and diligent men. Tliey were always ready and cheerftil to render their aid and pro fessional services tO' any of the citizens, who required their assistance, without pay, saying they felt it their duty to be always ready to al- leviate and relieve all those cases of sickness and distress incident to a new country, isolated as we were. I have known them to jump into a cancje and go to Belpre to administer to sick persons they had not known before. Dr. Sanniel Barnes, of Massachusetts, came in 1792 and was employed as a surgeon at Belpre and -Marietta several times. He was surgeon for the United States troops in the winter of 1792. In 1793 he married Cynthia Goodale, daughter of Major Goodale, and re- sided in Marietta until the close of the war. In the winter of 1792-93, a general inoculation took place in consequence of th.e smallpox be- ing brought into some of the settlements, but the infection did not take in any instance. A second inoculation succeeded : but many per- sons continued a severe dieting for two weeks, reduced the system too far. and had the disease very severely; while others who made little al- teration in their diet had it light and nwjderate. After the war Dr. Barnes moved to Athens, where he died leaving a wife and three daugh- ters. The family moved to Franklinton. ^Irs. Barnes later miarried Col. James Kilbom-n. One daughter is the wife of \\"illiam Joel But- ler, and one the wife of M,r. Demus Adonis. of Columbus — all rqiutable and wealthy. In January, 1790. a boat on the wav to Kentucky put on shore a ver\- sick man and his family b}- the name of Welch. He was taken to the house of James Owen, called the "Bos- ton House."' It was built by some half dozen yotnig men from B(>st(.)n. Scnne were gaitle- men and some artisans; but as there were no arts absolutely necessary, but the art of han- dling an arrow, a.x, and no emiployment but clearing land, the contrast was too great be- tween those emp!o\-ments which are necessary and lucrative in the commercial and manufac- turing city of Boston, and the wild, wilderness city of i\larietta. The purse got empty, and they returned and left their house, which was a long, narrow cabin, and stood on that comer where the bank now stands (I then lived on the opposite corner of Market Square, where the Post Office now stands) ; it was occupied by a family brought on b}- General Harmar (and I think where he died) l>y the name of Owen. Mr. Welch's disorder proved to be the smallpox. As the smallpox had not been in Marietta, a town meeting was called ; a small house w:as built not far from', where Marietta College now stands, to which he was removed with necessary attendants, but he lived only a few days. A town nieeting was called, and lield in the northwest block-house at the Campus Mar- tins, at which it was decided that all persons wiliO' had not had the smallpox should accom- ntfxlate themselves with houses back on the plain and there be inoculated. Dr. Farlev pro- cured matter and inoculated and tended the whole. One house at the upper end of the big cornfield had 23 cases. Other houses were strung along down the plain. Colonel Stacy had a house near the creek below M'r. Printers, cKCupied by his two sons and son-in-law and families — nearly 20 person.s. Old MIrs. Stacy, aged alxwt 70, and an elderly lady, Mrs. W'in- sor from the Campus ^lartius, were the only two lost by inoculation. A numl>er of families bad not left Marietta, wlio soon after moved out to Belpre and Wat- er ford. The intermittent, (jr the fever ague, was the fashionable disorder among all classes along the streams the first, second or third year after their arrival. It commenced about the first of August and continued with variations until the HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, sap run in the spring. ^Nlaple sugar in the first :settlement formed a \-alual>le constituent in man\- famiUes, where solid foxl was scarce and dear, and in fact not to he iiad (in particu- lar where there was no money), and sugar was a substitute for many things. It \vas used freeh- and sometimes profusely, and when the humid su]tr\- season arrived the sugar was gone; and the fever and ague set in. Remitting fevers were occasional but by nrj means pre- valent: they were not prevalent until a long time after the war. Until the close of the war, the emagrants who came into the settlements were mostlv young or middle aged. Industry and temperance were the precaution of most disorders, and a remedy for many more. Dr. Jewett. who resided at Belpre about the Ijeginning of the 19th century, became fa- mous for curing the fever and ague. He first cleansefl the stomach, and succeeded this with a diet nf light food: <>n die approach O'f the chill, he gave large doses of laudanum: when the fe\er wore off he gave the most stimulating and nourishing fi:iod the stomach would bear, and so repeated until the fits subsided, wdiich commonly occurred in about four or five days. General Putnam was in the habit of relat- ing an anecdote of his own experience in the fever and ague. After concluding a treaty of peace with the Wabash and Illinois Indians in September, 170-. he was attacked with the fever and ague, in his superb barge, rowed by United States, soldiers. He had a surgeon on hoard, who undertook to pirescribe for his dis- ■c>rder. The latter debarred the General from all kinds o,f stimulating food and drink. When thev got this side of Gallipolis, they landed at night-fall at a camp of hunters on the banks of the Ohio. They had a profusion of bear meat, venison and turkey, and feasted them- sehes and made every person welcome, but General Putnam was interdicted from the camp kettle ( the many fum'es of which were a feast) by his physician, but he lay down as peaceablv as the craxdng of hunger would admit and when the party were all asleej) he crept to the camp kettle and feasted his ap]:)etite on the fat bear meat and venison as long as he dared indulge and after that he experienced nothing of the fever and ague. Our settlements so far as I recollect were considered health}-, and nothing like an epi- demic prevailed (the fever and ague excepted ) until that of 1807, of wdiich you are accjuainted. Thcreasons : It is the opinion of most peo- ple with whom I have conversed on the sub- ject, that our winters, generally, were more moist and mild before the land was cleared than they have been since, and our summers more humid and sultry. 'I never knew the ground to freeze in the bottoms in winter, where it was covered with leaves. All the allu- vial lands were covered with a dense forest which kept off the wind and sun. Tlie moisture was retained much longer than in cleared land. An exhalation was generally seen rising from those forests in winter, when not prevented by hard frosts or snow. These vapors, when it was not too cold, seemed to ameliorate the air, and render it more mild. The banks of the streams being lined with a h.eavy forest of trees prevented the wind from sweeping over the bottom's and carrying oft' the warm \-apors. There were, uniformly, m^jre or less back of the bottoms, strips of wet land called slashes or swamps, which were kept open the greater part of the winter, and which retained the warmth of the earth or gave it out moderately and prevented those sudden and violent changes such as we have experienced within a m(inth past. We had very cold weather and deep snows, but they were steadier and lasted longer. In the fore part of January, 1796. we had a se\ere cold turn, the ice froze nine inches, and immediately the snow fell two feet dee]). We had a good solid road o^•er the Muskingum. o\er which wc hauled walnut logs to General Putnam's mill for two or three weeks (as we could make a teaut) and. as there were no roads without crossing the river at every bend, the snow path was improved from Waterford' to Miarietta for nearly a month, and in 1799 we had a .similar winter. Tbe cold set in and the snow fell early in January, and we had good sledding across the waters until the 23rd of Febiuarv. On the 22nd. the late Governor AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 89 ]\Ieigs delivered an oration on the death of Washington (who died the Decemher before), and ne;u"ly all of the people along the river, from: W'aterford down, passed down and up, across the river, on sleds and sleighs. But we had an early spring. In the winter of 1801-02. Captain Devol finished the ship "IVIuskingum." On the ist of November the snow fell three inches, and there was a very hard frost ; after that the winter was so ojjen, that a frost hard enough tO' bear a man was rarely seen through the winter and spring. When the earth is cloaked with a forest, the sun and wind are measurably shut out from the surface and prevented from carrying off the warmj vapors that arise, which diminish the tendency to sudden antl violent changes. While the constant exhalation from the \alley fur- nishes material for snow and rain, the snow falls more copious and lays longer upon the ground, and keeps the temperature steadier, milder, and free from so many vicissitudes. This has been the case in New England : they ha\-e but but about half as much good sled- ding now as they had 50 years ago. It is said that it was so in Italy, when the Romans first re- deemed that country from the barbarians, and before the earth was scoured of its forests, that thw had deep snows and steady winters : now they have little snow and much changea])le weather. They arc a little mirtli r,\ us. I ha\'e attributed our former warm and sultry weather in summer to the great humid- ity of the atmosphere, which was occasioned by the moisture retained by the trees, shrubs and high weeds in the night and given out in the daytime, along the ];uttoms. Not s^ on the hills, there being little or no underbrush, the air had a free passage, but so soon as the field got up in the range, the dews were heavy and retained until alxnit 10 < /clock. My theory may be very erroneous, but it jirobalil}' will be very harmless, except giving you the trouble to read the reasons. The first flood after I came was in March, 1790. It was about six feet deq) in my house, \\ihere the Post Office now stands. There was no otlier high fiocnl for several vears. It was not until 1804 ^'i^t the water came over my lK)ttonx land. Our ri\-ers \vere plentifully stored with fish, while the kuiks were co\-ered with trees, and perishing vegetables, and insects, and were easily caught by a proper mode, the sin- gle ixKik and trot-lin.e in deep water, or the spear in clear shoal water. Judge Gill>ert De- vol, of W'aterford, late in the fall, when the water had got very cold and clear, found a deep hole in the river, in which he judged there must be fish. He made some very long gig poles, and went to the place and by strik- ing down promiscuously, soon loaded his ca- noe. This was practiced with some success in after }ears. The black cat and the pike were the larg- est, fish, the yellow cat next, the salmon, the Iniffalo, the perch and sturgeon, next, the su'cker. last. I saw a black cat, caught by James Patterson, in 1790, which weighed 96 pounds. He fished for a living. He anchored his canoe out in the river, in the evening, threw out his hooks, and wra])])ed his blanket and laid down and slept. This fish got fast to his line, and had power to drag his light anchor down into deep water, and then floated down to near the island, where he found him- self when he awoke. The yellow cat attains the size of 50 pounds, but a 20-pounder is the Ijcst size for eating. They were very fat, and if a little corned and smoked were almost e(|ual to salmon and would keep drv a long time. The sturgeon, which were plenty, if cured a little were esteemed a good fish. But the pike is the king of fish in our wat- ers. Judge Gilbert Devol took a pike from the INIuskingum \\hich weighed 96 pounds, on the 2nd of July, 1790. He was a tall man, and when he had the pike on his gig pole ancl the pole on his shoulder, the pike dragged on the ground. This fish was cooked for the Fourth of July dinner (1790), which was celebrated with an oration by Judge Varnum and attended by all the inhabitants and Gen- eral Harmar and many of his garrison. This large fish was taken with a gig, or spear. Tlie Ohio Company's boat "Mayflower" was lying^ 90 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, in the nioutli uf the Aluskingum, and was used as a sort of st(jre boat, and particularly for keeping lish. The offal being thrown over alongside, the fish were seai to come and feed on the offal of the small fish — shy at first, but becoming more taniie and accustomed to seemg and hearing people about the boat. Judge Devol and his son Gilbert prepared theniselves with a proper canoe and gigs and, when informed, started the pike up the Mus- kingum and pursued him by his wake (mean- ing to tire him down) above the Campus Mar- tius ; they then got above him and drove him back, as the fish are very short-winded and soon tire when pursued. They were able to press himi and, before he could reach deep water in the Ohio, he flagged and the}- came up and got him. This practice is followed by all our lads who understand gigging fish. In New Jersey they ride the fish down in shoal water and gig them. Most of our fisln were caught upon the trot-line. I ha\e known half a barrel tO' be caught of a nig-ht. They baited with all kinds of w^orms, fresh meat, crawfish, minnows and small fish kept in a gourd in which they had asafetida, tobacco or any strongly scented sub- stance, which would be carried down with the stream and intluce the fish to^ follow up to the bait. The Indians had a mode of catching large pike, which is now practiced by our sportsman along the banks on both sides oif the Ohio. They catch small fish, say of one or two pounds ; then they fasten with a stick a strong hook — with a line that can not easily be bitten off — into the mouth and through the body and out near the tail. They go to the miouth of a creek, where tlie pike are waiting for small fish to come out, and throw this 'bait as far as possible OiUt into the river, and haul it in sud- denly SO' as kee]i the bait jumping on top of the water, as if in the act of nmning from an en- emy. If there is a j)ike near, he will dart out and swallow- the small fish and is sure to be hooked. Previous to the landing of the Ohio Com- jianv, wild game had been very plenty in the neighborhood of iMarietta : deer and turkeys, and occasionally elk and buffalo. In the winter of 1792, ]\Ir. Kerr and ]Mir. Neiswanger killed six or seven buft'aloes on Duck Creek about Cedar Narrows. They were fat and a fine quality of beef. Judge Ciilnian said, better than any beef he ever ate. It is admitted by beef-eaters that beef fat- ted on the range is higher fia\-ored and jucier than if fatted in a pasture, and beef fatted on our pastures is much better than that raised upon the prairies of the \\'est. The Indians wdio were in at the treaty concluded on the 9th of January, 1789, had destroyed, wasted and drove back the deer so that they were very scarce for a year or tw-o. But in the fall of 1790, the beech and other mast were plenty on the bottoine, which brought in turke_\-s in abundance, so many that people w-ere obhged tO' secure their com be- fore it was ripe, and, if there were any shocks (_)f oats or wheat, they were obliged tO' cover them thick w-ith brtish, to prevent their being destroyed. The turkeys were killed in all w-ays. One man killed 40 with a rifle one day. They were trapped, killed with clubs and dogs until a^ turkey would not sell for a fip, because the people were cloyed and they tould not be used. In the winter of 1792-93 Messrs. Kerr, Hen- derson and Neiswanger started from Marietta, went to the White Oak settlement, and killed 45 deer and hung them up ; they came home next morning and got some horses they kqjt in garrison, and brought all the deer in. In a few years the deer got back to our neighborhood and I presume we ha\-e been better supplied with venison in the hills than in the more level country. That the turkeys should beat in in search of beech mast, is not surprising; but that the scpiirrels by millions should. simultaneo'Usly. become itinerant, taking their course, sw-im- ming large waters, without apparently seeking for food, but, like the locust in Africa, stopping- long enough to destroy ex-erything they could eat. which fell in tb.eir way. and perhaps be- fore cold weather would turn and con-ie back is not so eas\- for me to accotmt for. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 91 They would get in, and before people were aware the side of the cornfields west of the woods would be destroyed, and the field must be immediately gathered. When 1 was at Bel- pre. _Captain Dana had got about two^ bushels of uncleaned hemp seed and wheat a few r(jds from the house ; when we came back from din- ner it was so completely covered with squirrels that nothing could be seen of the hemp seed. N'o one who had not seen them cou-ld have any correct idea of the numbers. There were bears and panthers through the hills, but not so plenty, daring, or impudent as the wohes and wild cats. They all liked hogs and pigs, but the bears and panthers were more shy and did not repeat their visits like the wolves. A panther killed a hog belonging to Isaac Barker, at the Upper Settlement, Belpre. and carried him 60 rods through a snow nine inches deep, leaving the trail of the hog. and buried him by the side of a log. The panther was fol- lowed in the morning about two i>r three iniles' found on a hill and killed. The woh-es were very troublesome, where tlie\- becamfe well acquainted. Tp preser\'e 3-our hogs a fence must be built, so high they could not get o\-er, or you must cover your pen with logs, so large as not tO' be thrown ofif. Large lots of hogs could defend them- selves. There were some few beaver, after the In- ' dian left their waters : Isaac Williams used to go trapping for them up the ]\Ih.iskingum and Duck Creek. There were a few small families, after we came up the ^luskingum, one at Ca])- tain Devol's Island, and some at the ntnuth of the Rainbow, opposite me. THE INDIANS IN OHIO. From the letters and reports of the soldiers and pioneers, it appears there were two sources of trouble with the Indians — the lawless char- acter of many of the hunters on the frontier, and the constant ij^lotting of 'British agents from Detroit. In 1787 John Matliews. the commissary at Fort Steuben (Steubenville), wrote to his brother-in-law, Ca])tain Stone, of Mas.sachu- setts : "I anv as much enamoured with this coun- try as e\-er. 1 have watched vegetation with considerable attention and have observed everything flourish with the greatest luxuri- ance. I still entertain some h(7[)e of seeing you agreeahl)- settled in this country. Should a number of families fonn a compact settle- ment, I do not apprehend any danger from the Indians. '"The Indians lia\e latel}- nnu'dered two families in this quarter, one family alxnit 20 miles below this, the other, 40. From the best accounts I can get this action was the result of ]5ersonal resentment. "The present inhabitants of this country and the Indians will e\-er be at variance. The truth is, they are both savages. Though there are man\- good people. )et the number of worth- less fellows that flock to the frontiers, and who live by hunting, will ever keep them in a broil. These will kill an Indian if they can get the ad\-antage. will steal his horses and plun- der his camp. The Indians will always retali- ate without discrimination and an inntxent family fall victims to their revenge. "The troops at this garrison are mo.stly gone to the mouth of the Muskingum, and the remainder are to go soon. It is su])]josed they are going further down, but their destination is not known." The Delawares who lived on the ujiper ]jart of the Muskingum were at first regarded as friends by the pioneers. General Flarmar had ciuite a high opinif>n of their chief, Captain Pipe. Some other officers seem to have formed a \evy dift'erent o]«nion about this noble sav- age, even before he took part in the war of 1791. The following letter, written by Gen. Rufus Putnam to Fisher Ames, who was the first member of Congress from the Boston dis- trict of Massachusetts, after the adoption of the Constitution, gives a vivid picture of the bloHh' beginning of that war: 92 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Marietta, Jan. 6th, 1791. Dear Sir: Our prospects are much changed. Instead of peace and friendsliip with our Indian meighbars, a horrid savage war stares us in the face. The Indiansi, instead of being humbled by the destruction of the Shawnee towns and brought to beg for p€ace, appear determined on a general war in which our settlements are already involved. On the evening of the 2nd inst. they fell on a new settlement about 40 miles up the Muskingum, surprised a block-house, killed 12 persons and carried of? three others. The persons killed are John and Pliilip Stacy, sons of Col. Wm. Stacy, from New Salem. Ezra Putnam, son of Major Ezra Putnam, from Middletown. in 'Massachu.sctts, John Camp from the same place, Jonathan Farewell from N. Hampshire, Zebulon Troop from Berne. William James from Con- necticut, Joseph Clark from Rhode Island, a man by the name of Meeks with bis wife and 2 children from Virginia; these were all killed in and at the block- house. What number of Indians were concerned in this mischief or from what tribes we know not, but from those Indians who till lately used to visit our settle- ments every day withdrawing themselves entirely from our sight ever since ;he expedition against the Shaw- nees. there is little reason to doubt but the Delawares and Wyandots as well as others have had a hand in the business. It is impossible for me to give you a just idea of the di.stress into which the. evenit has thrown the in- habitants, especial! those of the settlements. For my own part I have for some time been of the opinion that the spring would open with a general at- tack on the frontier, in which event I did not expect we shooild escape unless government should timely send troops for our protection. We purchased our lands under an idea that they had been fairly obtained from the natives, for gov- ernment tol-i us so by their public acts. This, how- ever, the Indians on our own arrival in the country told us was not true, and if the treaties with them prior to our coming are consulted, I believe it will ap- pear the Indians are right, and that the lands were rather wrested than fairly purchased from them — at least the Indians considered it in this light. The treaty made by Governor St. Clair at Ft. Harmar wears a different form and by it the business seems pretty well patched up and I had hope that we should have had little or no trouble with them on that account, notwith- standing that some of their chiefs discovered that they were not very well satisfied and that several chiefs among the tribes who treated with Governor St. Clair were not present and never consented to what was done. It \va.s afterward learned that Philip Stacy had been captured bv the Indians, and not killed. Letter to General Putiuiut from Fisher Ames. Philadelphia, Feb. 22, 1791. Dear Sir: It was impossible to read your letter giving an account of the attack of the savages on the .settlement at Big Bottom without feeling a strong sympathy with you under the peculiar distress of your situation. However your fears may have interpreted the seii.se of the country towards you. I am happy to preceive that they are not indisposed to giving you effectual protection, though it will cost money. That circumstance too often throws cold water on the nat- ural emotions of the public towards tlieir distressed brethren. You know that iny opinion of the proper policy of Congress is, to manifest a fixed resolution to protect the n^ost remote parts of the Union, to nurse the weak and to console the suffering remote settlements with a degree of tender solicitude proportioned to their defenseless condition. Congress has little oc- casion to make itself known to them except by acts of protection. The most successful way to banish the ruinous idea of th.e future independence of the Western coun- try is by doing good to the settlers, to gain their hearts. Our sun will set whenever the Union shall be divided. But it is not necessar>- to notice the idea further. The measures of the present session of Con- gress, I think, will satisfy you that because you are remote you are not forgotten, and will not be abandoned «o tlie savages. I enclose a letter to my old school- fellow and townsman. Mr. Battelle. Will you please to convey it to him ? Please to accept my sincere wishes for your health and prosperity. Sanniel H. Parsons, in December. 1785, wrote from "Fort Finney." at the mouth of the Miami, to Capt. Jonathan Hart, in which he made this report about Indian affairs : "The Miami is a large fine river on which the Shawnees and other nations live. "Since we have been here every means has been taken to bring in the Indians. Tlie Wy- andots and Delawares are here; the other na- tions were coming. "The British agents, our own traders, and the inhabitants of Kentucky, I am convinced, are all opposed to a treaty and are using every means to pre\-ent it. Strange as this may seem, I have very convincing proof of its reality. "Parties of Cherokees are now out to war. These Cherokees are but a name for all rascals of every trilie. We are informed by the Shawanese that they have driven these peo- ple from among them and tliey have settled on AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 93 Paint Creek up tu the Scioto and are alxxit one iiundred in number." At a later date General Putnam expressed the same opinion as Judge Parsons of the In- dians on the Scioto, and urged the government to huild a fi>rt and station a small garrison near the mouth of that river. In these letters there is abunilant evitlcnce of the conscious w eakness of the general gov- ernment. The admlinistration was beset wid: dangers not only from the Indians and the almost open iiostility of British and Spaniards, but also from the indiscreet zeal of the set- tlers south of the Ohio. In 1787 General Har- mar made this report to the Secretary of \\ ar: "It is a mortifying circumstance that, w hile under the sanction of the Federal authority, negotiations and treaties are holding with the Indians, there should be such presumption in the people of Kentuck)- as to Ije forming ex- l^editions against them." Even after the adoption o^f the Constitution and the inauguration of Washington, there was doubt and perple.xit\- in dealing with the In- dians. In 1792 (jeneral Putnam was sent to Vincennes on a mission which is explained in his private notes of a letter written to General Knox from Fort Washington, July 22nd : [It is] "highly probable; that the principal chiefs from nearly all the western tribes with a great number of warriors and others may be collected at Vincennes. * * By a proper management they may be detached from the tribes which liave originated the war." A few days later he wrote from; the same place: "I am in some hopes of being ad- mitted to speak with their high mightinesses, the Shawanese and other hostile tribes." With the Western triljes he concluded a treaty, but the Indians within the present limits of Ohio were l^ent on war. On his return from \'in- cennes to Marietta he made this report to General Wayne : "On the 7th of Octoljer I sent a speech to the Dellawares and other hostile triljes inviting them to send some of their wise men to this place to speak with me on the subject of peace, but I hear nothing from them vet nor have I ever had much expectatian that they would hearken to the invitation. I shall however wait to the loth or 15th of January [1793] and then set out for Philadelphia and endeavor to convince, as far as my opinion and influence extends, all the advocates for treaties that noth- ing but a severe whipping will bring these proud savages to a sense of their interest." From these letters it is e\ident that the officers of the general government were con- scious of their wealaiess. The States, no less thai: liostile British, Spaniards or Indians, re- sented any display of Federal power. Hence it was impossible to act with vigor in repress- mg the Indiana in Ohio. Even after the attack on the settlement at Big Bottom, January 2, 1 79 1, General Putnam complains that they had received no assistance from the United States forces "until the middle of July." Even when the troops were sent, the poverty of the gov- ernment so restricted their numbers that tiie w'ar dragged on for many years. If we bear in mind the [x>sition of Washington and his cal)inet we can more easily understand the fol- lowing letter of the Secretary of War, General Knox to General Putnam : War Dep.vrt.ment. Feb. 11, 1793. Sir : — I beg leave to request to be infonred by jou in what sense the Fourth Article of the Treaty made by you with the Wabash Indians, on the 27th day of September, 1792, was understood by you and by them at the time of forming tlie same. — That is, whether it w'as understood that any other power than the United States Iiad the right of purchasing when the Indians should be disposed to sell their lands? The same question arose with reference tc treaties made with the Cherokees. Can we conceive it iwis^ible that a Secretary of War within the Ia«t 40 years would seriously ask whether the Sioux or Dakotas, for example, liad reserved any right to sell their lands to the British government, or whether the Utes could sell to }.fcxico? Indeed our general gov- ernment, through the personal influence of 'Washington and the genius fif Hamilton, grew from such small beginnings that it is hard for us to realize how weak and almost helpless it was in those early years. 94 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, To tlie aliove letter General Putnam sent the following answer : Philadelphia, Feliruary nth, 1793, Sir : — Tn answer to your question of this day. I reply that it was never contemplated by me nor the Indians who met me in council at Vincennes that the United States conceded to them the right to sell their lands to any other power than the Government of the Union, under whose protection they then freely ac- knowledged t'hemseives to be. E-\'en after many defeats the executive was eager to lessen the military force and thus reduce expenses, as is shown by an extract of a letter writt'en bv Secretary Pickering tO' Gov- ernor St. Clair ; War Office, March 26th, 1795. ***** Upon the whole, considering the change of disposition in the Indian triljes aiKl that in consequence of our negotiations with Great Britain, they will no longer be stimulated by British Agents to continue their hostilities, I am inclined to think the services of your militia may be dispensed with. LETTERS OF GEXERAL PUTNAM. <7c'». Rill IIS Piitiuiiii to General Knox. Marif.tT'S, March ij|jth, 1791. Sir: My last letter w'as of the 5th instant. On the nth early in the morning, the Indians fired on two lads near Lieut. Gray's post (20 miles up the Muskin- gum), one of which is badly wounded. Twenty-five of the enemy appeared in view and in insulting manner invited thf people to come out and ifight them — they killed eleven cattle and drove 'off as many more — the same morning two men were fired on near the post at Belleprie but they made their escape unhurt. (Yesterday evening as Capt. Rogers and Mr. Hen- derson (two persons employed as spies for this town) were returning from a tour in the woods, about one mile from Campus Martius, they were fired on by the In- dians. Rogers was killed and a ball went through Henderson's .s'hirt and grazed his groin. Two other Indians fired on him as he ran off, and on his way in he met four others, but he happily made his escape from them all. We are taking every means in our power for a vigorous defense but I fear our cattle will be all killed or driven off, for we are too weak to detach parties to oppose them out of our works, .especially as we can never ascertain their numbers ; have all the reason in the world 10 fear a decoy and ambush, and the loss of a small party from any of our posts would expose the p'ace to almost certain destruction. You ■will readily perceive that our situation with respect to carrying on our farming business is little better than if wc were closely besieged: nor can it be better till the government shall release us, which we flatter our- selves will be sooil. by detachments pushed forward for Gi'r immediate protection till such times as the general operations of our army shall take place. Gen. Riifiis Putnam to General Knox. Makietta, -A-Ug. 22nd, 1791. Dear Sue I embrace the present opportunity to thank you for your letters of the 24tli of March and 7th of April last and [ also thank you that notwithstanding we have no assistance but our own people till the middle of July, and the Indians in small parties continually harassing of us. yet since the death of Capt. Rogers we have lost but one man killed and one taken prisoner and we have lost a number of horses and upward of fifty head of cattle. On our part we have killed one Indian, whose body we recovered, and have reason to believe some others were killed or wounded. We have collected most of our English grain with- out loss and we have a prospect of a sufficient crop of corn for the support of the inhabitants of the coming year. Gen. Rufns Piifiiaai to Geii'l Knox. (Exiraet.) Fort Washixuton, July 26th, 1702. Sir: I herewith enclose a duplicate of my letter of the 22nd instant, with the copy of some speeches, wdiich is connected with the business mentioned in that let- ter. Dispatches to Major Hamtramck on the subject went oft' yesterday by e.xpre.ss. I have requested him to forward the speech to the Wabash chiefs and sim- ilar ones to as many other tribes as he shall think proper. I have considerable expectation from this business. Mr. Wells, the interpreter, tells me that the chief to whom my speech is directed on the Eel River is a very sensible man. . That the British account him the best speaker among all the Indian nation, that he is the grea)test chief and has more influence than all the chiefs in the Wabash country, tbat when he (Mr. Wells) left Eel River in June last, this chief was gone to the council on the Omee, but Mr. Wells thinks he is disposed to peace and as he has two sisters who are prisoners here and some other relations, Mr. Wells has no doubt but on my message he will come to the treaty, ahhongh he declined last winter on Major Hamtramck's invitation. Through the inlluence of this man, I am yet in some hopes of being admitted to speak with their high mighline.S'.es the Shawanese and other hostile chiefs. Gen. Rufiis I'utiiain to General Knox. (Extracts.) Fort Washington, July 22, 1792. I ihink there is the highest reason to believe that Freeman, Truman and Harden are all murdered and all the people who went with them except one wdiom they considered as a servant or person of no consequence and for that reason spared his life. ****** It is highly probable that the principal chiefs from nearly all the w-estern tribes with a great number of warriors and o'hers may be collected at Vincennes. ****** By a proper management they may l)e detached from the tribes which have organized the war. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 95 Gen. Riifii.'! Pnfv.am to General H'ayne. (Extraets.) Pittsburgh, January 21, 1793. Mr. William Wells, who I senetween 1798 and 1803, the pei>ple in this countiy knew \'ery little about politics. Gen. Rufus Put- nam tells one of his eastern friends long before this time that some of the Kentucky settlers had the "maggot in their heads"' of separation from the Eastern States, but he thought it had not troubled the people on the Muskingum. The New England traditions had been transplanted to the new colony, and the old social order : first in rank were those who brought with them the military and naval titles they had won in the Revolutioii. Theii there were a few professional men and the sons of the officers: These were reported in the Court of Quarter Sessions with ''Esq." or "Gentle- man" after their names, a distinction which some of them wore with honor. For e.\ample. Ephraim Cutler, a son of Manasseh Cutler, would come four times a year all the way from what is now Ames townslii]) of Athens Cnd about the same time to "keep a good tavern"' and offers as security Daniel Converse, a xoung- man who was then canning the mail on horseback between Alsarietta and Zanesville. Mr. Converse was already well known in the settlements on account of his capture bv the Indians and his subse(|uent escape through Canada. For the first 10 years of our history, the chcjfice of leaders did not vex the minds oi the settlers. Tliey were too busy in building up homes. In 1798, at the first election for rep- resentatives from Washingto4i Countv in the Territorial Assembly, Paul Fearing was elected by almost unanimous vote, and his colleague was Return Jonathan Aleigs, Jr., who a little later belonged to a different party. With tlie meeting of this Legislature at Cincinnati, in HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, 1/99, the disciples of Hamilton and tlie lullow- -ers of Jefferson came into conflict. The Legislative Council, consisting of live members appointed by President Adams, was of course in harmony with Governor St. Clair. Its duties ^^■ere similar to those of our State Senate. In this Council sat Col. Robert Oliver until 1803. But in the House there were the representatives of a new order — men who were destined to be leaders of the new State. In the Ross County delegation were Nathaniel Massie, Edward Tiffin and Thomas AVorthing- ton. Tliey were the champions of a "New Revolutiou." I'llie friends of Jefferson looked to France rather than to Old or New England for their political models. For its second ses- sion this Legislature met at Chillicothe by the direction of Congress, which had then erected the Territor)' of Indiana. Before the second Assembly of the Terri- tory was called together, Paul Fearing had gone to Washington as delegate and Return Jonathan Aleigs, Jr., had been appointed judge of the Supreme Court of the Territory. Will- iam Rufus Putnam, a son of Gen. Rufus Put- nam, and Ephraim Cutler, whom we have al- ready mentioned, were elected to fill the vacan- cies. The writings of Mr. Cutler, which have been preser\-ed in a very interesting book writ- ten by his grand-daughter, Miss Julia P. Cut- ler, give a pretty full account of the proceed- ings of this last session of the Territorial Leg- islature. Evidently Washington County had able representatives at this time. If we look closely at a township map of Ohio we shall find two systems met at the Sci- oto. On the eastern side, the land is laid out in squares and rectangles with mathematical precision — an emblem of the Federalist love of order. On the western side the township and farm lines are zig-zag and crooked, suggesting the Republican love of freedom for the individ- ual. Throughout Washington County the ideas of Hamilton prevailed; in Ross and Adams the Virginia settlers had brought with them Jefferson's ideas of personal liberty — at least for the white man. In Hamilton County the Federalists rallied about Governor St. Clair, but they were fighting a defensive battle and soon the Federalists of Washington Coun- ty were left with none to help them but the rep- resentatives from Jefferson and Trumbull coun- ties, in the north and east, and those from the district about Detroit, which was then known as Wayne County. The Jeffersonians wished to get rid of the Wayne County delegation by assigning all its inhabited territory to Indiana. The counter movement of the Federalists was not exactly a secession, but the formation of a new State east of the Scioto, which would include about the original area of Washington County. Al- though this would have made a State larger than those once proposed by Jefferson for the Northwest Territorj^, we may now rejoice that the Buckeye State was not created with such restricted boundaries. 1 CHILLICOTHE VS. M.\RIETT.\. The proposal was especially distasteful to Chillicothe, which applied to become the per- manent capital. The toast of William R. Put- nam expressing the wish that "the Scioto may have the borders of two great and flourishing States'' was especially displeasing, for it was apparent that neither of these prospective States w^ould choose a town on the border for a capital. This proposal for a division of what is now Ohio seemed to meet the approval of all the leading citizens of ]\Iarietta, even of Judge Meigs and others who were afterwards consid- ered Repuiblicans. In Chillicothe the feeling was so bitter against the movement and also against Governor St. Clair and his friends that there were attempts to incite a riot. We will let some of the witnesses of these events describe in their own language the acts and feelings of those days. It was a period when parties were forming and political disputes were separating old friends. Mr. Cutler says : "A mob collected and attacked Gregg's house, where the Governor, Judges Burnet and AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. Sibley. Colonel 01i\-er. General Schenk, and the Detroit and Washington County members boarded. An entrance was forced into Gregg's house, in the hall of which a citizen of Chilli- cothe (^Michael Baldwin) met and struck Mr. Schieft'elin, who immediately drew his dirk, and would assuredly have wounded the man, had not his arm been caught by some friends who were near." Deak Sik; Robert Oliver to CrifUn Greene. Chillicotul, 29th Dec. 1801. Wc have passed a law declaring the assent of the Territory to an aheration of the original houndary lines for States which I dare say you have had a par- ticular account of. This has offended the counties of ■i^oss, Adams aiii part of Fairtield and we had like 10 have hrought an old hou^ie over our heads. Tlie grand jurors of ithe county of Adams have presented the Gov. and Council as nuisances in the Territory (a copy of which I am informed b\- Cutler he forwarded to you) ; however, that is not all, for on Christmas Eve, Mr. Baldwin was purposing to burn a barrel of tar before the house of Capt. Greggs where the Governor and a large number of the members of both Houses who gave their voice in favor of the above bill lodged, and to burn the Govr. in effigy and if any opposition was made to wliip those that made it. However, by Col. Worthington and some others (they) were pre- vented, but on Saturday night (which you may recol- lect was the night after) a number of men being half drunk were, as we believe, determined to abuse sonic nf the members down at their quarters, but three of them a little dri.mker than was necessary came down licfore the others (as we believe) were ready. i\[r. Schieffelin, a member from 'Wayne, being some irri- tated from what had been heard, gave them some warm words so that one collared him but Schieffelin drew his dirk and. I have reason to believe, if it had not been for Capt. Gregg, he would have put it into hiin up to the hilt. Tliey w'ere immediately separated but all tho arms in the hou-e v.'tre soon loaded and wc were determined to defend tlie house. It being a brick house we think we should have made a good de- fense. Hov,'ever. nothing further happened, but we hear they heave out now and then threats, but I think there is no danger except at tlie close of the session, \vhen we are .separated, the devil and whiskey may en- ter into them, but we shall keep a good lookout. I know not what will be the end of these things but am persuaded that the Assembly will never sit at this place again. The members from the county of Wash- ington (William Rufits Putnam and Epliraim Cut- ler) have done themselves honor this session. When thc>- speak (they) are always listened to. Vou wdio put them into office need not be ashamed of your vhoice. Expect tile session will close in about two weeks, therefore will not trouble you with any more of this matter, But am with respect and esteem, your friend. R. Oliver. Junes Burnet to Paul Fearing. Chii.i.icothe, Jany lejtli. iSoj. Di;.\u Sir : Saturday next is proposed as the day for closing the most turbulent session of the Legislature that we have yet had. It appears to me that popularity is the governing motive of many of the members of the House and that they calculate that the most effectual way of gaining their point is to make as much noise as possible, and to condemn everything that is at- tempted. I rejoice that the hot;r is at hand, when I am to retire front this scene of confusion to the serene pleasure of my own family. Your friends here who have written you often are apprehensive that tlieir letters have been suppressed, as they have not heard of your receiving them. On account of this insult to its members, the Legislature resohed to hold the second session in Cincinnati. Although this session was never held, since a State Legislature took its place, the remembrance of the riot probably had much to do with the choice of another place for the seat of government. Even while waiting for permanent quarters at Columbus, the inajority of the Legislature chose to meet for a time at Zanesville rather than in Chilli- cotlie. The following extract from a letter of Gen. Rufus Putnam to "Paul Fearing, Es- quire, Member of Congress, City of Wash- ington," casts some light on the subject : "One thing I will \'enture to suggest — Lancaster ought to be the place a])pointed for the meeting of the convention not only from its central position but because of the aversion which a great portion of the inhabitants have to Chillicothe on accf)unt of the treatment the Legislature met with there the last session. If we are to form a Constitution, let every ob- stacle to union and harmony l^e removed as far as possible. I think it not impossiJjle to bring Col. W^orthington into this meaure — - he owns the falls of the Hockhocking and is largely interested at Lancaster — he must be convinced that Chillicothe will not be agreed HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, to l>y the great body of the people — that fix- ing upon Chillicothe \x\\\ appear to be an act of power and revenge without any regard to justice." This "aversion" to Chilhcotlie and to the group of leaders who favored it had an in- fluence upon the politics of Washington Coun- ty for many years. As late as October, 1811, the Western Spectator, a Federalist paper of Marietta, dis- cussed the question of a State capital and very strongly favored Zanesville. The editor said, — "Let it remain at Zanesville until the pro- gress of population and so forth shall render us able to judge more accurately on the subject. \\'e think no place at present has better claims — nor do we think these claims will appear diminished after a lapse of several years." In January, 1812, it has these significant words "to sav' about its p€t enemies, the Chillicothe clique: "The Senate (of Ohio) have notified the House that they are ready to receive pro- posals retspecting the seat of government — in other words to "sell it to the highest bidder." The accession of Thomas Jefferson to the Presidency gave the Republicans a new point from which to attack Governor St. Clair. They would secure his removal and if they could not succeed in this they would form a State and thus get rid of "Arthur the First," as they called him. The Federalists retaliated by dubbing Col- onel Worthington "Sir Thomas" and tried to postpone the change from Territory to State. The letters passing to and from \\'ashington tell of plots and counterplots. Jaiiirs Burnet to "Honhlc. Paid Fearing, in Congress Jl'asliinglon City." Chillicothe, Jan. 12, 1802. I am r.ot surprise] ihcit the Presidecome a free State, as they presume. If Governor St. Clair, the old aristocratic sinner, was once out of the way, we should all be honest and w'ise enough to make good Republicans. Nothing has presented since I came to this city whereby I could serve you, sir, but in rec- ommendir,g you to the Postmaster-general as a proper person to til! the office of postmaster at Marietta. In this I succeeded and Jndge Meigs infornis me you have received' the appointment. I wish it may be of use to you. Mr. Granger asked of me ziilictlicr your l-olitics lucre federal or Republican. I answered that I could not define your politics, but even suppos- ing that you might have been Federal in times past, yet I had such an opinion of your honor and integrity that I would pledge myself to him for the faithful performance of every duty required from a post- master. Governor St. Clair to Paul Feaiing. "CiiiLLicoTHEY," 15th Jan., 1802. Sir : ♦ s: .* * * * Whether any of those letters have got to j'our hands is not known, and whether they ever will, or any that may be sent to you thro' this postoffice is very uncer- tain. Many of us have long- thought that many im- proper practices prevailed in it during the last session ut the Legislature, for the communications between the rielegiites ond me came to the hands of each very ir- regularly, as well as those of Mr. Burnet with them, ind some of them were even suppressed. Mr. Worthington and Mr. Baldwin must have been lit Washingiton for some time. Mr. Miller will not set out to meet them till the 25th; and it seems to be uncertain whether Mr. Tod will go or not. I have good reason to think that new efforts will be n.aae by the agents from this place to secure my re- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 103 movnl. and from their conduct on tlie way to Wash- ington (for I have heard of them from several places on their way) no falsehood or calumny that malice C(in invent will be spared. 1 trust in the integrity of my conduct, and to the good ofKccs of those few who know me. to counteract them : and yours. 1 trust, will not be refused. Vour obedient ervar.t. St. Ci..\ir. In the letter he gives an account of the mob at ChilHcothe which does not cHffer ma- terially from that found in the letter of Colo- nel Oliver. The Governor also gives credit to Colonel W'orthington for earnest efforts to repress all violence. Bcnjami:< Ives Gibnaii /<> Paul Faring. M.\RIETT.\, Janv. 14th. 1802. «■ * * * *■ * I jhould not be the least surprised if the person vou mentioned should be appointed Governor. He will be at Washington before this reaches you. ready to pay adulation at the Shrine of the Democratic Idol. Yon know that I was ever moderate in politics and wisht 1 to see Mr. Jefferson unite all candid Republicans and Federalists throughout the United States. His in- augural fpeech promised it but since that lime what a sad falling off. Seme of the late measures of the present administration have destroyed all my confidence and hopes. Of the late alteration of postmaster at this place, I v.-ill only say. that it is the most pitiful, dirty measure that ever was undertaken and reflects dis- grace on all concerned in the removal. You w;ll doubtless receive from ChilHcothe ample details of the proceedings of our Legislature. In to-day's paper you will find two angry notes of Gov. St. Clair to Col. Findlcy. I fear the Govr. has shown too much temper. I am very anxious to have an office for the clear- ance of vessels at this place by the middle of March. A petition will be forI a very severe winter. We have not yet heard anvthing respecting the proposals made b}- our conveniion to Congress. The Wyllys Silliman here mentirmed had been associated since iSoi with Eliiah Back- io6 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY us ill pul)lishing the Oltio Gazette and the Tcv- ritorial and Virginia Hcvald. When Mr. Sil- liman withdrew from the jjartnership, lie re- moved to Zanesville and President Jefferson ■appointed him register of the land office. In 1824 he was a candidate for United States Senator, and for this position he received hearty recommendations from Colonel Con- verse' and John 2^Iathews. Mr. Mathews had married Miss Sally Woodbridge and removed to Springfield, opposite Zanesville. afterward named Putnam in lii)n(jr of Gen. Rufus Put- nam and now a part of Zanesville. He after- ward reijresented Muskingnni County in the House in 1807 to 1808 and his district in the State Senate in 18 jo. That he had not deserted his old political faith is e\ident from the following letter which he wrote in 1824 to Ephraini Cutler: — "I take the liberty, as an old Federalist Avriting to an old Federalist, to electioneer a little for a renegade Federalist, W'yllys Silli- man, who will be a candidate for the Senate of the Cnited States. "I lia\-e long ago furgi\en him and feel some zeal in adding my mite to promote his election. Silliman has never l)een a sneaking Demo- crat, Horn-blower, nr anything of the kind; in point of talents, I think (he) will not be be- hind any other candidate." William Henry Harrison was elected and in the whirligig of politics, he soon afterward became the successful leader of the very party that had formerly opposed him. Thomas Dwight ( a member of Congress ) wrote in this dolorous fashion t/// HARMAN BLENNERHASSETT. FkOM a MiNlATl-KE PRESENTED BV HIM TO DlDLEV WoODBRIDGE.) AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 109 build up a uew empire. In the last half cen- tury Oliio has been repaying that debt with a generous interest. H.^RMAX BLEXXERH.\SSETT. This romantic episode in the history of pioneer times ga\-e brightness and Ijeauty to those years of toil, but the tragic end which awakened the interest and sympathy of the wiiole country was the direct result of political strife. It is not strange that the story of this trag- edy on the Ohio has been treasured with so much interest. When the white settlers came to the valley of the Ohio, there were scarcely anv red men along its banks ; the home of the tribes was far tcj the North or away on the waters of the Tennessee. The story of that other race who once inhabited this region was buried in their mounds and ramparts and the scenes of their busy life covered again with a dense forest. Hence, the new race found no stories associated with the beautiful sites which they had chosen. Tbe Ohio had along its bank works as old, perhaps, as the Roman towers on the Rhine, but there had been no continuity of race to preserve and build up its traditions. Xo wonder, then, that the sad story of the Blennerhassetts has touched the hearts of all who live in this region. Many of Mississippi. Nothing remains of his buildings, which were destroyed by fire in 181 1 : e\'en the foundations were dug up long ago, and part of the site is now covered by a bowling alley and dancing hall erected for picnic parties. In the eight years of his residence on the Ohio it was natural that a man of Blenner- hassett's culture and intelligence would have intimate social and business relations with his neighbijrs at Alarietta. In ])rivate collections and in the library of Marietta College are pre- serxerl many of his letters and numerous relics HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, of his island home. Among his intimate friends were Dudley Woodbridge, a prominent merchant of those times, with whom he formed a business partnership for the sale of imported (Enghsh) goods, Paul Fearing, a representative in Congress, Griffin Greene, a cousin of the American gaieral, and David Putnam, the first preceptor in Muskingum Academy. When Blennerhassett first came to Marietta, he brought the following letter of intro- of the United States, within this State. And you are further authorized and requirea to tak« possession ot and detain the Batteaux aforesaid, to- o-ether with all their Tackle, Apparel, and furniture and the ssme secu.rely to keep according to the pro- visions of the fourth section of the alxive recited Act. Given under my Hand and Seal at .Marietta, in the State of Ohio, this Tenth day of December. Anno Domini One Thrjusand Eight Hundred and Six^ Reti-kn Jon.\th.\n Meigs, Jr.. .-\gent commissioned by the Governor of the State of Ohio. Mariett.v, i6th December, i8o6. Captain Timothy Buell, Greeting Vou are herebv authorized and empowered to raise by voluntary enlistment two sergeants, one corporal, o'ne drummer, one fifer and * * * privates for the service of the United States to be stationed in the Countv of Washington. They will receive such pay and rations as the iroops of the standing amiy. By authority. Joseph Buell, Mir. Genl. 3d Div Militia, State of Ohio. The num'ber of privates was given in the commission but the figures are no longer leg- ible. In the roll of the company, which has been preserved, there are 35 names. Dr. S. P. Hildreth states that they were posted near the mouth of the Muskingum during the win- ter of 1806-07, and that many amusing scenes occurred during this period. The following letter addressed to Mr. Fearing gives us a little hint of Henry Clay's opinion concerning the relations of Burr and Blennerhassett : Lexington, Aug. 2nd, 1807. Dear Sir, On inquiry ! tind it will be in your favor to attach the Debt due by. Gen. llcaucl [ Buell | on the Virginia side as ti;e property of Burr. Clay is of the opinion it will do. You will therefore by some means get him over and have a writ served on him. If any difficulty should arise co.ioerniiig bail you will please apply to- Mr. McXeill, who, I presume, will oblige me therein. In the meantime I suppose the other attachment need not be altered or relinquished. Clay thinks that as the whole expedition was fitted out for Burr, although Brht. was the person who paid for these boats and' cargoes, yet it is probable that he can be consiidered in no other light than as the friend or agent of Burr. Perhaps \-ou can obtain some information from Barker respecting the person who required them built and gave directions as to their form, number, &c. You may find sufficient evidence to prove that Blennerhassett said they were for Burr. I will expect to hear from vou shortly. Y'r Obt Servt Robert Miller. The attempt to attach under \'irginia pro- cess the boats and cargoes seized by General Buell under orders from the Governor of Ohio was not successful. The property which had not been lost or destroyed was sold at public auction in Marietta. One can hardly read these old letters without being c(>n\-incefl that in equity Ohio and Virginia owed a large debt to Blennerhassett for property wasted or reck- lessly destroyed. In the light of subsequent events there is something pathetic in the fol- lowing appeal to Dudley Woodbridge: N.VTCHEZ. Feby 23. 1807 De,\R DlDI.EV. Amidst the various conjectures that may have arisen in your mind out of the friendship I long thought yon had for mc. respecting the situation of my family and the destiny that awaits me. it will not be indifferent to you to hear that we have sought an aslyum here Crom the persecution that has pursued us. where we shall remain in expectation of collecting so much of the wreck of our property as we can receive, thro' you and others. Your letters therefore will be anxiously looked for and t'lie earliest statement and remittances you can for- ward of the property or its proceeds which I paid for before I came away. I need not advi.se you of the dilapidated static' of my affairs or suggest the narrowness of my means to resettle my family. Your punctuality and industry will save both ; and the temper of the times however big with terror and alarm will not cover in your mind with the 'garb of treason or conspiracy the operations of Inly- ing or selling provisions here or at Marietta. I allude to the pork, biscuit and whiskey — which if not ■:old at HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. Marietta I will bona fide sell at this place. — unless some new law shall previously conipel me to engage by what months they shall be eaten or drunk. I am very desirous to receive my ace. with you together with your order in my favor on Capt. Ellis and Shaw. You will all use e\ery intelligence you can collect to inform me how far mv family may hope for indemnity from the govt, of CHiio and Virginia for any part of my prop- erty Ictained or destroyed. For myself. 1 ain satisfied to abide any chance of consideration for actions I never comimitted in which il will always be ready to e.Kculpate you from any participation ot/ierwise than as a mcrcliant having no interest or concern in any views that ha\e been attributed to Col. Burr injurious to the U. S. I write to Col. Cushing and Mr. Jas. Wilson to re- tiuest their special exertion to collect and forward to me here for the use of my family every article of my properly that will be worth transportation. Col. C. will inform you of the situation in which I am placed here under charge of being an as-^ociate of Col. Burr, who has substracted himself from the treach- ery of his friends and the persecution of his enemies. It would astonish you to witness the prosperity of this country arising out of the cotton business. If you could visit this place you would not hesitate to take your stand amongst merchant; selling from 200 to 200,000 dollars worth of goods with an average profit of 50 per cent. For further particulars I will refer you to Col. dishing and the Ijetter information I shall hereafter collect and with our best wishes for vour-elf and familv I r.T.ia Dear Dudlev cere friend, H,\R. Ble.\.\eeii.\ssett. P. S. S. The want of our negroes and horses con- stitutes our greatest embarrassment. If you can suc- ceed by any means to get them all down on Mr. Jones' \esscl or any olher the earliest opportLUiity yon will confer a si.gna' obligati'iri upon nic. H. P>. Mr. \\'ij(i(ll>ri(lge was unalile to carry "Ut lilenncrliassett's wishes cimcerniiig- credits and other personal property, for everything which Burr"s creditors could seize was tied up In' le- gal processes in the Virginia and Ohio courts. Although property amounting to many thous- ands of dollars was wasted or destroyed, IMennerhassett seems to lia\-e met every legal obligation in an hondrahle \vav, rmd after a delay (if six }ears ^Ir. \\ ciiulhridge was per- mitted t(^ pa\' him the lialance, $330.20, due him on goods. In a letter to David Putnam, dated "St. Catharines near Natchez, July 15, 1S08," Blennerhassett gives many directions about the sale of his property and especiallly of the island which he offers "for 30 prime hands. allowing two boys or girls not under 13 to go for a hand." Of his (_)wn work he rejiorts, "With a force of but 8 or 9 hands in the field and with an overseer on a farm I rent for $300 my cotton crop will fetch me $2200. A negip bought here will clear himself in two years.'" From a long list of articles bought at pub- lic sale for Robert Miller, one of Burr's cred- itors, we select the following items: 6 Mahogany chairs $11 00 2 Ci-'ucave gla.s.ses 2 00 I Barometer 3 00 I M icrosope 10 00 I Telescope 5" 00 I Quadrant 10 00 I Case of instruments ... 6 00 7 Vols. Repertory of arts 4 00 I Luciad • 2 75 I Decameron 00 I Doz. wine glas.ses 75 1 Decanter i 00 2 Goblets I 00 IMr. Miller had previously given directions from his home in Kentucky to bid on such articles as could conveniently be brought down the ri\er hut not to offer more than half the real \-alue. In Bleiuierhassett's letters, written after the tragedy that robbed him of his beauti- ful home, there is no trace of bitterness. E\-en the scoundrel w ho had betrayed him and then "subtracted himself," is dismissed with a single line. iHow careftilly, too, he pro- tected the reputation of his Marietta friends, who for years had known him as a neighbor yet had no knowledge of any scheiue for seiz- ing Spanish territory ! That Blennerhassett had formed no polit- cal plot with the citizens of Marietta to pro- mote disunion is evident from the fact that among- his most intimate friends and business associates were many ardent Jefifersonian Re- publicans. It is true that, as he himself ad- mitted, he (lid publish in the Ohio Gazette, a Marietta newspaper, "a series of short es- says calling the attention of the people of the Western Country to a subject that might en- gage their interest * * * * setting forth motives of right and e.xpediencv which should AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 113 induce the countr_v west of tlie mountains to seek a separation from the Atlantic States in a peaceable and conslitntiond manner." These articles were answered by "Regulus," who de- nounced the thought of separation and defend- ed the administration of Jefferson. "Regulus" was the Jared Mansfield already mentioned as the successor of General Putnam in the office of surveyor general. Neither Federalists nor Republicans of Marietta had at any time the least sympathy with disunion. That Burr was at one time engaged in plots illegal, if not treasonable, is probable. One can easily believe such charges when preferred against the first great Tammany boss and the murderer of Hamilton. Yet even he was not proved' guilty in the United States court. Against his victim. Harman Blennerhassett, not one word of the charges uttered under the authority of an administration noted for its sonorous proclamations, has been substantiat- ed. All that can be truthfully said is that he risked his fortune in a wild speculation and in the \-enture lost. LOC.\L QUESTIONS CE.^SE TO B.E THE POINT OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POLITICAL PARTIES. The point of division lietween jiolitical ])ar- tics in this county for the period between 1803 and 1 8 12 turned from local to international questions. The Napoleonic wars awakened the interest of all .Xmericans and men were di\-i(led into two ])arties, one of which admired Na- poleon while the other feared and hated him. The \eterans who had spent the best years of their youth in resisting the aggressions of the Tories of England and the prime of their manhood in erecting a bulwark against English armies in the West, resented the imputation of being Tories, but they were filled with hor- ror at the atrocities conilmitted liy a Corsican sa\-age who had ruined France in his ruthless efforts to reduce all Europe to his despotic sway. It is not strange that the patriots who hafl fought to establish a free countrv would symjpathize with the power that had struggled to liberate Portugal, Spain and Germany, rath- er than uilh the tyrant who had crushed out liberty in Ibvlland and Switzerland and de- luged Europe in blood, yet they recognizeil that both France and England had in their strug- gle committed many outrages upon our neu- tral Commerce. Both ha(' \i()latc(l international law ir; many ways with an arrogance which no self- respecting power would now tolerate. We had abundant cause for war with France and Eng- land at any time between 1804 and 1S12, but the Federalists and ]^e]nib]icans could not agree which score should be settled first. We could not very well fight them both at the same timie. The Federalists said. "France is nur w-orst enen-^y :" the Re]jublicans said, "Eng- land is doing us the greatest mi.schief," and the fact that England had so recently been holding a part of our State and inciting the savages to hostility made the people of Ohio believe that the Republicans were right. The Western Spectator, a Federalist paper, in its "Carriers' New Year's Address" has this to sa}- of Napoleon : The Gallic despot rules alone, .And nation.s crouch heneath his throne, \o more hlithe commerce plies her oar, .\nd independence quits her shore. Poles, Germans, Prussians, kiss the rod. E'en Austria dreads the tyrant's nod. Italia fawns henealh his throne, Turl»s. Russians, tremble at his frown — Where freedom wilh the Switzer trode And mid«t his clilTs found sure abi.)dc, The blood-stained Gallic eagles rise. .\nd liberty and virtue dies! \\'hen war with England was threatened in 18 1 2 the 11 'est em Speetalar finds fault with the administration for not sooner arming against France, Init it finds no excuse for the aggressions and outrages cotnmitted by Eng- land, and as early as Mtiy of that year gives the following news : "The corps of volunteers, which assem- bled at Zanesville imder the command of Col- onel Cass, arrived at this place on Saturday last and were saluted by the discharge of cannon. Thev were joined bv Colonel Sliari) with the 114 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, volunteers from this county, and tlie whole, amounting to about 250. tciok their departure the next morning." On the Fourth of July, 1812, the Spectator issued this "manifesto:" "As war is declared, we must necessarily wish success to the army of our own country; of that countr\' in whose welfare is embarked the \\elfare of all we hold dear in the world. But a state of war is the last situation in which we will be induced to be silent on the acts of an administration which we deem unfit tO' manage the concerns of our country." In another column appears the following: Caution. Federal managers are desired to be cautious, while residing in Marietta, of speaking disrespectfully of Poor Madison and his Cabinet, as it is reported that the Governor of the State of Ohio, on the evening of the reioicing for the war. gave out as his opinion that a coat of Tar and Feathers ought to be given to all lho?e who sport an opinion derogatory to volunteering or who shall venture to repeat Jno. Randolph's asser- tion in Congress, that the present war was an evi- dence of French inHuence. No doubt the Governor's understrappers will profit by the hint, and we under- stand the price of Tar and live geese feathers is ad- vancing, in consequence of the prospect of a great con- sumption. Again the editor says, "We detest the wrongs of Britain, but fear above all things an alliance with France." A few weeks later the editor said : "A great number of groundless reports against the Federalists are circulated in this county. Ev- ery good man should repel them." In August these lines were quoted with ev- ident approval : Tom Jefferson next (a known servant of France) As .\merican's Ruler did proudly advance ; With ambition and treachery seated the throne Where his base disposition was presently known. Your Navy was sold. Embargoes were laid. Your money by millions to Napoleon conveyed: No commerce allowed, your produce must rot. You must obey Bojiaparte, let it suit you or not. I \\"e give below some other extracts from the same paper showing the popular feeling at different dates : July .'5, iSi3— On Monday last the militia of the regiment in this county were assembled in Marietta, by request of Brigadier-General Tupper, for tThe purpose of obtaining volunteers to supply our quota of the 5,000 militia to be detached from this State. There is no doubt that a sufficient number were disposed to offer their services, but were prevented by the influence of certain (not Federalists, by the bye). It was industriously circu- lated that as more Democrats than others would go, it would be improper to encourage volunteering ; proba- bly on account of the October elections. In this man- ner, for sheer party purposes, has the patriotism of our citizens, particularly of Grandview, Ibeen repressed, and the draft, which may call into the field those upon whom their families depend for daily subsistence, must be 'substituted in place of volunteering, by which more than a sufficient number could have been raised of persons whose circumstances do not render the leaving of their homes inconvenient. Times are changing. We have been told that the Governor, wdien attempting to raise volunteers in "April, declared those who dis- couraged the good work to be no better than the Tories of the Revolution. Scf'fcitihcr fi. 1S12. Members of the Ohio Volunteers have passed this place on their way home. They are all inclined to stig- matize General Hull as a traitor. We will wait for his defense, if he has any. ScfcnJu-r S. i.fw. At a meeting of the citizens of Marietta and its vicinity spontaneously assembled at the Court House on Monday the 2nd of September. 1812. by reason of the recent arrival of intelligence that the Northwest- ern Anny had surrendered — and for the purpose of considering of the course proper to be pursued in re- lation to that event. Gen. Joseph Wilcox was chosen chairman and Levi Barber, clerk. A committee consisting of William Woodbridge, Robert Williamson, Samuel P. Hildredth, Caleb Anderson. Alexander Hill and Levi Barber, reported that in their opinion there was little danger that the enemy would invade the interior of our State. Vet urged the formation of volunteer companies, evcti of those beyond the military age. They also deplored the lack of firearms and recommend a thorough iiT- spection of all that were to be found. They reported that there were not in or about Marietta one-half the number of niuskets or other firearms requisite for the equipment of those citizens capable of using them. In Septemher, 1812, the candidates for the October election were thus reported : Pf..\ce TicKf.T. W.\R Ticket. Represent.^.tives. Williani R. Putnam Sardine Stone Moses Hewitt Jehiel Gregory Sheriff. Joseph Bark-, r Timothy Buell Coraner. Nathaniel Dodge Alexander Hill AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. IIS In A'pril, 1813, the JVestcrn Spectator was discontinued and in its place appeared the American Friend, an earnest advocate for a vigorous prosecution of the war against Eng- land. The Jirst editor, David Everett, who had alread}- won some reputation as an editor in Boston, intended to write a "History of the Present \\'ar," but before the end of that war death had closed his earthly labors. The political historj- for the next few years can best be given in the form of extracts from the American Friend. In May, 1813, there appears a poem signed by C • on "The Times."' The editor ex- plains that the lines on slaveiy have been omitted from this poem because "The Ameri- can Friend has subscribers in two neighboring States."' A "Back Woods Man" vents his spite on the people of Boston on account of their oppo- sition to the war with England. He is es- pecially bitter against the clergy. His article begins with what he calls a "Russian" adage, but it makes plain English to one who reads it backwards: "Snoiton ollufera; sklofn O Tsob!"' At a meeting of "Republican delegates from the different townships"' held at Marietta September 20. 181 3, it was resolved that "at the present crisis, when our country is beset by the savages of the forest and by the civil- ized savages of Great Britain, it becomes the imperious duty of e\ery good citizen to exert himself." William Woodbridge was nomin- ated for State Senator; Sardine Stone and Elijah Hatch for Represaitatives. John Sharp was president of the convention and S. P. Hildreth, secretary. The candidates nom- inated were all elected. February 24, iSis — Gener.\l Postoffige. Febru,Try 14, 1815. .\ treaty of peace was signed at Ghent on the 2.4th of December. Signed by the Prince Regent on the 30th and arrived here this day. In haste, R. J. :Meigs. In 1S15 the "Repulilican citizens of Mari- etta"' were invitenjken up. NEW QUESTIONS. On the fifth of July (since the fourth came on Sunday), 1819, resolutions were passed expressing the hope that party might soon die and lie forgotten, that domestic manufactures might be encouraged, and that there might be no more Slave ,States. New questions were coming fast. In 1819, when there was some discussion about holding a convention to make a new Con- stitution, some people in this county were afraid such a convention would adopt slav- ery. One who was opposed to calling a con- vention said: "If the Constitution should be AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. :i7 changed, tliere will be a strenuous effort to prevent a prohibition of slavery. Those \\'ho lia\e lixed near the Slave States must be both deaf and blind, if they have not heard and seen, that this is conhdently expected. We know that our legislative body is composed of at least one-fourth X'irginians. It would be next to madness to believe, at such a time, there is no danger of trusting the Constitution out of our own hands." In the ensuing election 26 votes in this county were cast in favor of a constitutional convention, and 880 against it. Although there \\-ere many objections to the proposed re\-ision of the State Constitution. -the fear that slav- ery might be permitted in Ohio caused the vote in this county to be almost unanimous against the calling of a constitutional conven- tion. From this time the discussion against slavery is bold and aggressive, especially on the part of those who had formerly been Fed- eralists. In 1820. when threats of disunion had been made liy a few men in the South, a writer in the Aincricaii Friend giz'cs them this warning : "If vou intend to beguile the good people of Ohio, and tlie other Western States, to join in your unhallowed attempt to dissohe the Union, and establish slavery on a still broader basis, you will be woefully mistaken ! For rest assured that the Western States un- derstand the value of liberty to ser\e a rancorous and persecuting spirit ex'inced in the Eastern prints against our State for ha\ing presumed to carry into effect the law of the last Legislature, levying a tax on the branches of the United States Bank at Chillicothe and Cincinnati. Ohio presumes she knows her rights. An aristocracy has been in- troduced among her Republican institutions — she has recpiired a tribute from it — and the Eastern editors have raised the hue and ciy against her, I'ecause she has resisted the rapid strides and destructi\-e effects of this mam- moth institution. The people are the proper and only tribunal to decide whether an insti- tution leading to oppression and tyranny is agreeable tO' our Constitution or not." At the Fourth of July celebration held in Marietta in 1821. among the toasts were the following: Domestic Manufactures. — Instead of talking about patriotism, let us praolicc it, by consuming our own, 2nd by discouraging tiie consuipptiou of foreign fabrics. Roads and Canals.— The cement of the Union. — May Congress and the undivided States persevere in the promotion of improJements so desirable. About this time the word "Dough Face" appears as a nickname of those Xorthern men who were supposed to be subservient to the slaveholders. .\t the liancjuet on the Fourth of Jidy 182 1, "only domestic productions" were oft'eretl the guests, and among the toasts were these: Foreign I>iif>orlations. — The great cau^c of present distress. We have seen our folly, may our future steps be guided by wisdom. 77i.? State of Ohio. — Good markets for her raw materials will be found in her manufactories, lehen es- \ tablishcd. iiS HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, On the same day, at the liouse of S. D. Buell, in .Ajdams township, more than a hun- dred guests were served at tables "loaded with a magnificent profusion and extensive variety of articles of domestic origin." After an ad- dress bv Cyrus Spooner many toasts were drunk, one of which was prophetic : Shivery. — It? origin is in barbarism. In its effecti on the United States, pernicious as "the pestilence that vvalketh at noonday." Let the lovers ot "equal and exact justice" to all men be active in abolishing the degrading practice. Sentiments of similar imtport, but milder in form, were also expressed on that day at a celebration held in District No. 5 of Fearing township where Joel Tuttle was the orator. In January, 1822, Representative Buell and eight others voted for an examination into the practicability of connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio, but there were 59 votes in the Ohio House of Representatives against the motion. These extracts show that the memories of a war that had ended ten years before both in America and Europe could no longer serve as a dividing line for parties. Those who hated Napoleon and those who worshipped might heartily agree on questions oi currency, tariff, internal improvements and slaver^-. From 1824 onw^ard the political thought of Washing- ton County blended with the stream' of national interests. Only a few incidents more demand special mention on account of local interests and they will be discussed in the following chapter. CHAPTER. VI. POLITICS FROM 1820 TO 1860. Democrats and Whigs — Slavery — Underground Railroad — Campaign of 1840 — News- paper Extracts Pertaining to the Politics of the Period— Celebration in Marietta — Rotation in Office — Contests of 1836 and 1840 — Campaign Songs OF 1840 — Washington County Colonization Society — Anti-Abolition and Anti- Slavery Meetings — Public Sentiment in 1837 — The Ohio Kidnaping Case — Later Views of the Ohio Kidnaping Case. democrats and WHIGS. ' As we have said in the last chapter on poH- tics, in the period of whicli 1820 may well be considered the central pularly known as the "Underground Rail- road" — a railway which future historians can never accurately trace, for its tracks were as devious and numerous as the by-roads of Washington County. The means of transixir- tation were as x-aried as the routes, but they were all used with the same end in view — the rescuing and concealment of the fugitives, the circumventing and discomfiture of the pursuers. Men yet live in our county who in their boy- li(X)d took part in those exciting scenes, and they tell man_\- amusing stories of their expe- riences. Sometimes the fugitives ])assed from David Putnam's house in Harmar to Mr. Ridgway's at Rainbow, and thence through Salem to the Palmers; but more frequently they crossed the river to Belpre township and thence north- ward through the western townships, where friends of the fugitives were very numerous. It is now impossible to name a tithe of those who were ready to receive the wanderers. In conveying the fugitives northward, no' uniform method was followed. Son^etimes it was found expedient to keep the fugitives in concealment for many days or even weeks near one place, while the pursuers were wasting their time and energy in going farther northward. B. B. Stone relates that at one time some fugitives were concealed for a time on the \^ir- ginia side, opposite Belpre, and that one of his sisters, since the crossing by one of the men might create suspicion, had crossed the river to Virginia and taken a supply of food to the fugitives. Sometimes the one who had received and concealed the fugitives would himself convey them to the next "station," but a safer way, and one probably more fre- quently followed, was to conceal the fugiti\'es in some convenient place and then to send word to some friends 10 or 15 miles away, to come and get them by night. Mr. Stone says that he has l)een sent on such an errand in his boy- hood to tell Bert Hil)bert that some fugitives were concealed in a certain field belonging to Mr. McKay. Maj. Jewett Palmer tells how he had been sent when a toy to feed a fugitive, concealed in the woods near his father's house and that this was his first sight of a negro. The greater mass of the people regarded these escapades as something amusing with which they had little or no concern, but there were a few people in the county who fancied it was their duty to help the pursuers, and it was the great delight of the managers of the Un- dergmund Railroad to bring these spies, as they regarded them, to grief and mortification. A story is told of some boys in Salem town- ship, whose names can nf>t be recalled at this late date, but Moses Blake and Thomas Porter are said to have been among them, who pre- HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, pared a ]>lan for the especial Ijenefit of one of their neighl>ors, who had made himself ob- noxious by aiding the pursuers. Some of the boys went to this Southern sympathizer and told him that a re^vard had been offered for the apprehension of three negroes who had recently escaped from Virginia: that these slaves were concealed in the township and that if he wDuld take his team they would help him to catch them and take them to jNIarietta and share with ]iim the reward. He readily assented and went A\'ith the boys who soon found the supposed fugitives, who happened to be three of their own companions with faces blackened for the occasion, and easily caught them, put them in the wagon and started to ^Marietta. Pretty soon one of the fugitives leaped from the wag- on and disappeared in the woods, then another followed his example. In his desperation the slave catcher called to his supposed helpers. "Hold on to the little one, he'll pay expaises." But even the little one with, his captors soon disappeared in the woods and the slave hun- ter was obliged to go home without his ex- pected reward. For a long time the saying, "Hold on to the little one, he'll pay expenses." was heard among the boys of Salem township. At one time a Mr. Brown who lived not far from Amesville had some fugitives con- cealed on his farm. The pursuers came in the evening and were kindly received by M'r. Brown, and dieir horses well cared for in his conmiodious stable. Before the guests retired for the night, they were warned by Mr. Btown not to go out of the house at night without calling him, as a savage dog might attack them. Late at night the boys of the family took the horses of the pursuers out of the stable and used them to convey the fugitives 15 miles from the place. Before daylight they returned and left the horses in the stable. At anotlier time, when one who had concealed a fugitive near his house learned that a spy was observing his movements, he took the fugitive in daylight from his place of concealment and took him to a tnbacco b.ouse. The spy observed this and soon his horse could be heard galloping away to bear the news to the pursuers. At once the negro was taken from his hiding place in the tobacco house and conveyed to another station. Sndsman being a man from Ohio, and so the case ne\er came up for final settlement. The details of the story are told in the extracts from the news- papers of the time, ajjpearing at the end of this chapter. CAMP.MGN OF 184O. The contest between the Whig and Demo- cratic parties on the questions of tariff and cur- renc\- reached a picturesque climax in the great campaign o-f 1840 — a campaign which elderly men still recall as one of the great ev.ents in their lives. It is said that on the 22nd of Feb- ruary, 1840, 20,000 people assembled at Co- lumbns, at the \\'h.ig Convention, when Harri- son and Tyler were accepted as the standard bearers of the Presidential ticket, and Thomas Corwin nominated as candidate for Go\ernor. A delegation of more than 50 went to Colum- bus from' Washington County. The whole summer and fall was busy with the excitement of the political campaign. There were great meetings, with speeches and singing, and free dinners at Marietta, at Beverly, on the Little Muskingum, at Newport, and probably at other places. Thomas Corwin. the "Wagoner Boy," as he was called, was the star orator of the Whigs, and John Brough, or "Jack." as he was familiarly styled, formerly of }ilarietta. was the leader on the Democratic side. A can\-as ball 13 feet in diameter, carried on a four-horse wagon, came through Mari- etta from Dresden, where it had been built, and was sent on its journey to Xashville, Tennes- see, in charge of Capt. Horatio Booth, Cjeorge ^I. Woodbridge and Joseph Hunter, who were appointed a committee on the part of the Wash- ington County Whigs to take the ball to Cin- cinnati by ri\er. The water l^ing very Icnv. 124 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, they mounted tlie l)all on the "Ferry Flat" and starting at daylight succeeded in reaching Par- kersburg by noon. Here they found the side wheel steamboat "Boston," which being una- ble to get farther up the river because of the low water was about returning down the river. The captain, being an ardent Whig, begged the privilege of tow ing them to Cincinnati. His proposition they gladly accepted- and they were treated royally by the captain and crew. Every- thing was free to tb.em that the boat could furnish. On their arri\al at Cincinnati, they were met bv what seemed tn lie the whole popula- tion of the citv. The levee was black with peo- ple. A committee was on liand to receive the ball and also one to meet and entertain then! They were taken to the Broadway Hotel, then the chief hostelry of the city, and were enter- tained there free of charge during their stay. Thev were taken to General Harrison's rooms and introduced to him. He seemed very cor- dial but seemed weak and almost sick from the worr_\- and work of the campaign. A crowd of enthusiastic Whigs embarked on a steamboat to attend a meeting at Chester in ;Meigs County, it is said that the boat stuck nn a bar, but the passengers leaped out mti) the shalldw w.ater and helped the boat over the obstruction. The campaign resulted as we know in a vic- tory for the \Vhigs, but a barren victory it proved, since Cienera! Harrison died a few weeks after his inauguration and Vice-Presi- dent Tyler succeeded to his place. In a county historv it is unnecessary to pursue further the history of the struggle Ijetween these two great parties. About the middle of the decade before the Ci\il War, Washington County in common with all other parts of the country had her grotesque ex])erience with the "Native Americans," or, as thev were more commonly called. "Kncjw Xuthings," or the "Dark Lan- tern" part}". Its sh(irt-li\ed existence, which for a little while seemed tn threaten us with a renewal i.f the old-time crmtlicts between churches and ra.ces. fortunately lasted for so short a time, that its whole history partakes more of the grotesque and comic than of the tragic. The writer distinctly remembers an inci- dent which shows how easy it is to be fright- ened about nothing. At a little Catholic cem- etery, the Irish laborers had recently Ixiried one of their comrades : somehow, the story was whispered about that the burial was a humbug and that the real errand of the supposed mourn- ers was to convey a lot of arms and conceal them at the chapel. It required the interference of some O'f the cooler heads to prevent the ex- cited neighbors from making a raid to dis- cover the concealed arsenal. On the other side, the excitement was equally as great and quite as unreasonable. A quiet, industrious German farmer, a Catholic from Bavaria, was so fright- ened by the reports of the Know Nothings that he procured from a blacksmith huge bars of iron to barricade his doors and protect him- self and his family from the midnight attacks of the Know Nothing lodge. The unreasoning- hates and fears of those times \cry quickly passed away and German and American Cath- olics and Protestant boys of Washington Coun- tv were found enlisted under the same banner in defe«ise of a coml-non country. Fnim that tm-je onward, the political history of Washing- ton County has little in it that is peculiar or local. It is Ijlended w-ith the great stream of national life. XEWSr.\PER EXTR.\CTS PERT.\INING TO THE POLITICS OF THE PERIOD. (Chic'Hv from the .-! 'lu'ricn Fricinl. Marietta Gaacttc and Marietta Intelligeiieer.) CIRCULAK. August 7. i8_'o. At a meeting nf the eitizens of the count.v, friendly to Internal Improvements and Domestic Industry, at ibe Court House in Marietta, on the 4th of Aitgust instant, the undensigned were appointed a committee to correspond with the several townships in the county on the subject ot the approaching election, and to re- quest thofe citizens who are friendly to Internal Im- provenients, &c.. to convene at an early period, and appoint two delegates to meet in convention at the Court House in Marietta, on the 28th day of August, at one o'clock. P. M.. to nominate suitable persons for candidates at the next October election. The officers to be selected are one governor, one representative in AND REPRESEXTATIVE CITIZENS. 125 Congress, one representative in the State Legislature, one sherii¥. one commissioner, and one coroner. RovAL Prentiss, S. P. HiLDKETH, Levi Barber. I'. S. — The committee would suggest to the several townships that Saturday, preceding the meeting of the convention, will be a suitable lime for the choice of delegates. APMI.VISTRATIOX MEETING. November 23, 1827. — At a meeting of the citizens of Washington county, Ohio, friendly to the present Administration, held at the Court House in Marietta, agreeably to present no- tice, on Thursday the 22d. instant,- for the purpose of electing delegates to a convention to be held at Co- lumbus, for the formation of an electoral ticket for the State, &c, David Putnam, Esq., was appointed chair- man, and A. T. Nye, stcrttary. Whereupon William R. Putnam, Arius Nye, Samuel P. Hildreth, David Putnam, John Cotton and Joseph Barker, Jr.. were appointed delegates to represent the friends of the administration in th.is county, in the proposed convention. By order of the meeting. A. T. NvE, Secretary. CELEBRATION OF THE VICTORY OF NEW ORLEANS, IN M \RIETTA. 1828.— The Jacksonian Committee of Arrangements give this general invitation to all persons in Washington and the adjoining counties, who are friendly to General Jackson, and the 'victory gained by him over the British at New Orleans, and who may please to assem- ble at the New Court House, on the 8th day of Jan- uary next, at 10 o'clock .\. M. for the purpose of cele- brating said day. An address will be delivered on the occasion by Doct. Morris German, and a Dinner pro- vided.- with the necessary seasoning, vS:c. — Fres of Ex- pense. Silas Cook. Lewis Anderson, A. V. D. Joline, Notley Drown, Sampson Cole. Moses McFarfand, Timothy Buell. Committee cf Arraiigemetits. FOURTH OF JULY CELEBK.XTIO.V IN MARIETT.\. 182S.— "Tlie anniversary of onr Xational Inde- pendence was yesterday celelirated in this town in a spirited and patriotic manner. The day was ushered in by the discharge of cannon, ringing of the bell, etc. At half past 1 1, a pro- cession was formed near the Court House, un- der the direction of Capt. B'illy Todd, and moved to the First Society's :\Ieeting House. Tflie religious exercises were performed by the Re\-. ;Mr. Sweet. The Declaration of Independ- ence was read by William P. Skinner, and an excellent oration was delivered In- David Bar- ber. Songs and odes were sung by a choir of singers. After the exercises were o\-cr, the procession was again formed as before, and proceeded to a bower where a large number ijartook of a dinner prepared for the occasion. During the day the spirit of "party seemed to be forgotten, and our citizens, among whom were a few survivors of the Revolution, ap- peared to enjoy themselves with a full sense of the great and glorious achievements that the day is calculated to recall to mind. •'After the cloth was removed the following toasts were drank : 1. The (lav we celebrate :— May it acquire addi- tional liHtre with every revolving year. 2. The Constitution of the United States:— The ark of our political safety:— May it endure forever. 3. The memory of Washington (Drank standing). .]. The President of the United States. 5. Our Fathers of tlie Revolution :—^L^v they never be forgotten. 6. The heads 01 Department. 7. The Governor of the State of Ohio. 8. Domestic Manufactures and Internal Improve- ments :— The guaranty of national wealth, prosperity and independence. 9. The Great and Good Lafayette. 10. The Baltimore and Ohio R'ail Road :— Mav the wisdom of its Directors so lay down this national' belt, as to clasp the mouth of the Muskingum. 11. The Navy : — The boast and pride «f our country, and the admiration of the world. 12. The Army:— Efficient but not headless. 13. The .American Fair:— "Our hearts' joy, wihat'er our sorrows be, They cease and vanish on beholding thee" 14. l'oIunleers:~By Dr. S. P. Hildreth :— The memory of Hon. R. J. Meigs :-Amongst the first in changing the wilderness into a fruitful iield. so was he also the first to defend it from its enemies :— Ohio will long remember him, as one who has reflected lustre on her name, and added not a little to her character and dignity as a State. I J. By Arius Nye, Esq. — .A government of law^: — .\s we enjoy these, may we know how to preserve them. 16. By George Dana. Esq. — Honest diflferences in political opinions: — May they never, in this happy coun- try, bo thought incompatible with private friendship. 17. By Mai. Alexander Hill— Henry Clay. Secretary of State: — .\ patriot and statesman :— His elevated 126 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, mind scorns bribery, disdains liattery, and spurns the invective threats of his enemies : — He is entitled to the confidence of the American people. i8. By Royal Prentiss — Education: — The surest pledge of national virtue and independence. 19. By Nahum Ward, Esq.— The Presidential con- test — South, "The air's too hot; It steams, it scaldK, we can not bear this furnace! Stand otf, and let the Northern wind have way." 20. By Col. Ichabod Nye— The rising generation:— May they protect what the patriots of the Revoltition have wou. 21. By John Brown— Henry Clay :— The firm pa- triot and generous Republican— though misrepresented, slandered, persecuted, posterity, at least, will do him justice, and place his nauie on the brightest page in the iist of the immortal worthies of this great Republic. 22. By William Hall— Health to the President, pros- perity to the people, and may our Congress direct their endeavors to the public good rather than indulge in party distinctions. 23. By Maj. Jesse Hikicbrand — General Washing- ton •— He who changed the name of General Corn- walis to that of Cob-Wallace by shelling the corn off him. "Several other volunteer toasts were drank which have n^jt heen handed in fur puhlication. "On the evening previous to the 4th, the cannon, which was intended to he used at the celebration, was spiked by a ruffian under the hope that it would be rendered useless for the Jay — during the night, however, the hole was drilled out — again in the fore part of the day the same villian again spiked the cannon, which wias after much labor again drilled out — and due precaution used to prevent another at- tempt. • "The name of the person who has com- mitted this outrage will hereafter be presented to the public, that he may receive the reward such conduct merits." ROT.VTION IN OFFICE. 1829.- 'In our paper to-da)' ^\■ill be seen a long list of appointments and removals by the Pres- ident; antong them is one in our own town — David C. Skinner, Receiver of PuibHc Monies, in the place of John P, Mayberry, removed. This, under the Jackson definition of the term is "reform,' but we conceive, in this instance, that it is simply a change, as a, reward for a friend, and a punishment for exercising the republican freedom od' opinion and speech. We know both gentlemen — they are both respected^ rich and men of integrity — both could do very- well without the office, and both, of course, could do well with it — but the vast difference between them is, that Mr, Skinner advocated the election of Jackson, and ]\Ir. Mayberry op- posed it. There is no other ground of com- plaint. The doctrine of 'rotation in office' will not sound consistently here — for there is also in this place a Register of the Land Office who has held that office for fifteen years or up- \Vards, and he has been re-appointed by Jack- son. "\\'e notice these things to show the con- sistency of the Jackson hue-and-cry of 'reform,' 'rotation in otlice,' etc. The gentlemen who formerly held these offices have done well — one has been removed, the other retained, with- out any cause of complaint against the one^ — or any extraordinary meritorious acts in the others, save and except that of 'being a favorite of Jackson. Saturday, November 21, 1828. "More Reform! Dr. ]\Iorris German, a 'whole hog' Jacksonian, a resident of Point Harmar, Marietta, has been appointed Post Master at Point Harmar, in the place of Col. Levi Barber, punished. "The cause of this removal is the same as that of other removals that have taken place since the reign of terror commenced. Colonel Barber was a friend to the former administra- tion, on republican principles — of course op- posed to the elevation of the General ; he was a substantial and consistent Jeffersonian Republi- can, and therefore did not change his princi- ples. The oftice which he filled, it is true, was of little consequence to him, but he was faith- ful in the performance of his duties — no< fault had befen found by those of his neighbors, in his vicinity, or at a distance — all were satis- fied. But he did not throw up his hat and 'huzza for Jackson,' nor did he deliver an ora- tion on the 8th of January — and this is cause sufficient why he should be punished. "Since the reign of terror commenced, there have been three removals within tiiis small AXD REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 127 town, and we believe that these are all, except- ing the Register of the Land Office, that comes within the power of the General Government, viz. : "John P. Mayherry. Receiver of Public ^Monies, to make room for David C. Skinner. "Daniel H. Buell. Post Master, Marietta, to make room for Aaron V. D. Joline, editor of the Pilot. "Ahd Levi Barber, Post ]\Iaster, Point Harmar, to make room for Morris German. "The Register of the Land Office, in the Marietta Land District, for reasons that were undoubtedly satisfactory to the General, was re-appointed — and this is the only instance in which the people here were satisfied with the exercise of power under the new order of gov- ernment. Although he came out a Jacksonian, it would ha\e been regretted had he been re- moved. "All the gentlemen removed from the .offices atove named, were old Jeffersonian Re- publicans — honest and capable — but their firm and undeviating course was not to be passed over lightly — they were markerl. and when their turns canie, they were punished." PREPAR.\TI0NS FOR THE COXTEST OF 1836. "At a meeting of the citizens of Washing- ton County, opposed to Martin \'an Buren and Richard M. Johnson, held pursuant to public notice, at the Court House in Marietta, on Saturday, the 30th ult.. at 2 o'clock, P. M., Geo. Dana, Esq., of Belpre. was appointed chairman, and Levi H. Goddard, of Marietta, secretary. "On motion of .\rius Xye, Esq., seconded by Joseph Barker, Jr., Esq., it was Resolved, Tliat this meeting will appoint five dele- gates to the Whig State Convention, to be holden at Columbus on the 22d of February next. "The meeting then proceeded to consider the following resolution submitted by Joseph Barker, Jr., Esq., and after remarks there- upon, from various gentlemen present, passed the same bv a unanimous vote. Resolved, That in the opinion of this meeting Dan- iel Webster of Massachusetts is a statesman pre-emin- ently qualified to fill the Presidential chair, and that we would hail his election to that station as an event well calculated Ig restore the government of the United States to its primitive purity, — and that the delegates from this comity be requested to use their utmost ef- forts to procure his nomination; — but that in case o£ failure, they may e.xercise a discretionary power." About this lime a convention at IMcCon- nelsville, declared in favor of Gen. William Henry Harrison. WHU; XO.\IIX.\TIOXS. August, 1836. — "At a countv convention held at the Court House, in Marietta, on Saturday, August 6, 1836, for the purpose of nominating officers for the next October election, agreeable to the "notice heretofore gi\en. "George Dana. F.sq., of Belpre. was ap- pointed chairman, and Douglas Putnam, sec- retary. "The conventiijn proceeded to nominate candidates for the several offices at the next October election, and the following ticket was unanimously chosen : For RepresentTtive, Joseph Barker. Jr. Sheriff. Benianiin M. Brown. Commissioner. Daniel II. Buell. Coroner. Francis Dcvol. "The following named persons were ap- pointed to act as town.ship committees in the several townships : Fearing— Thomas h. Stanley. Jewetl Palmer, and J. W. L. Brown. Belpre— George Dana, John Stone. J. M. .\mes, and F.rr.stus Guthrie. Marietta— .-\ugustus Stone. William Holden. and John Milier. Union— Levi Bartlett, S. N. Merriam, Thomas Ridg- way, Francis Devol. Barlow— Henry E. Vincent, John Houghland, arw! Jesse I-awton. Roxbun' — H. Dunsmoor. James Rogers. Joseph Leo- nard, and G. P. Frisby. Weslej — Edward H. Goddard. Philo Mathews. Peter B. Lake, and Jacob Myers. Watcrford — Rotheus Hayward. Boylston Shaw, and Benjamin Soule. Xewport — Jacob Middleswart, Oliver Woodard. Jr.. and Ehenezer Battelle. 128 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, W'atcrtown — David Deniing. John D. Chamberlain, Jabesli F. Pahner, Charles G. Culver. ^\'arren^— O. Newton, P. Cone, and R. D. Hollister. Ludlow — Peter Flint. Salem — Daniel Gould, Daniel Stanley, and Rufus; Payne. Aurelius — lohn S. Corp, William Mcintosh, and Mr. St. John. Lawrence — Thomas Dye, Elisha Rose, and Daniel tiardncr. Adams — Richard H. Dodge. E. Short, E. Rector, and Jonas Mason. Grandview — Bemont Hubbard. Esau f)ai!v, and Charles Talbot. I'csolvcd. That the Central Committee be author- ized to fill any vacancies which may occur in the electoral ticket, and in the several committees appointed by the convention. DINNER TO MR. EWIXG. Angurt 2.1, 1837. — -•^ dinner will be given at Marietta on Saturday the 2rl of September next, to our late Senator, the Hon. Thomas Ewing, of Lancaster, Ohio, from whom an address may be expected. The citizens of VVasbiiigton and other counties are respectfully invited to attend. Henry Fearing, Levi P.arber. Wm. Holden, K. Johnson. A. L. Guitteau, W. R. Putnam. Jr., David Putnam, Jr., T. \V. Evart. J. H, Greene, ^. S. Nve, Jes^e Hill, E. \V. T. Clark, N. L. Wilson. Coiinnittcc of Arrangciiiciits. DEI EG .\T ION' TO THE WHIG STATE CONVENTION. 1838.- Aurelius- William W. Mcintosh. Adams— E. Short, R. H. Dodge. Belpre — William Pitt Putnam. O. R. Loring. George N. Gilbert. Barlow — John Brown. Levi Heald. Decatur — Hiram Fairchild, Sylvester Haynes. Fearing— John Collins. Silas Hobby, John Young. Grandview— Charles Talbot, E. Proctor. Lawrence— Thomas Dye. Samuel H. Dye, 2nd., William Chambers. Liberty — Andrew Cline. Marietta— .\bii ah Brooks. Harlow Chapin. George M. Woodbridge. Levi Barber, H. Fearing, E. W.. T. Clark, N." L. Wilson. William Holden, Robert Johnson. Colonel West. Newport— Ebeiiezer Battell-f. Jr., Charles Dana, Edwin West Roxbury — Hiram Gard, John Breckenridge, Henry Corns. Salem— Ephraim Gould, S. N. Merrian, W. P. Allen. L'nion — F. Devol, Thomas Ridgway. Warren — William P. Cutler. Charles Bailey. Wesley— Dr. Meyers. William Pitt Goddard, Watertown — Julius C. Deming, John D. Chamberlain. Watcrford — J. W. Dana. James Bowen, John Dodge, Bovlston Shaw. WASHINGTON COUNTY DEMOCRATIC MEETING. 1839.- "Agreealjle to puljlications, a large and re- spectable meeting- of the Democratic citizens of Washington Connty, was convened, on the 2 1 St inst., at the Court House in Marietta, when Silas Cook was called to the chair, and A., Larzelere appointed secretary. On mo- tion Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed to draft and report resolutions for the consideration of this meeting. "A. V. D. Joline, Hugh Hill, C. B. Flood, and Stephen Hildreth, were appointed said committee. On motion, F':esok'cd, Tb.at a delegate from each township be appointed to represent this county in the convention to be held at Columbus on the 8th of January, 1840, for the purpose of settling upon a candidate for the ne.xt Governor, and an electoral ticket for the next Presi- dential election. "The following persons from their respect- ive townships were appointed : Adams — An- drew i\llison: Aurelius, — William S. Royley; Belpre, — A. G. Hollister; Barlow, — Benjamin Palmer; Decatur, — Philip Schroder; Fearing, — John Darling; Grandview, — E. H. Collins; Lawrence, — John Hill ; Liberty, — Matthew Gray; Ludlow, — Horace Hallun; Marietta, — A. Humphrevs, William Whittlessey, A. V. D. Joline, C. B. 'Flood J. P. Wightman, E. Gates, A. Larzelere; Newport, — G. W. Gale; Rox- bury, — L A. Palmer; Salein, — James Enis; Union, — George W. Barker; Warren, — J. J. Hollister; Waterford, — Robert Leget; Wes- ley, — Hapgood Goddard ; Watertown, — T. C. M'cClanathan. "The committee on resolutions reported the following: Resolved, That our confidence lin the administra- tion of Martin Van Burtn remains undiminished, and that in his messages and public acts we see that same devotion to Democracy which led him into the Senate of New York, to defend the administration of James Madison, and the last war, as well as to defend the in- tegrity of Daniel T. Thompkins when assailed by his Federal adversaries. Resolved, That in Col. R. M. Johnson, of Ken- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 129 tucky, we see the well tried soldier and statesman, and friend of the people, and that as presiding officer of the United States Senate, he has. by his kind and coii- ciliatorv manners, gained the esteem of all.— IIis re- election to that station is demanded by the best mter- est^ of the Democratic party. Resokcd, That we hail with feelings of pride and pleasure the late message of Governor Shannon— be- lieving that it contains the true doctrine of the Demo- cratic party, and although our adversaries affect to be pleased with his reconiinendatioiis in regard to bank reform, yet their acts prove this to be mere affecta- tion, for they have, as a party, systematically opposed every message recommended by the Governor. A NLW SONG TO AX OI.D TfN'E. {By J. Grciner.) 1840. — Come ai! ye Whigs of Washington. And bring your friends along. And to a good old tune I'll sing To you another song. To you another song, my boys, A word 1 have to say. Oh. never split your tickets, boys. Upon election day. Our candidate for Governor. 'Tis everywhere allowed. That of her gifted "w-agon boy." The Buckeye State is proud. The Buckeye State is proud, my boys. Let Shannon keep away. Oh. never split your tickets, boys. Upon election day. The I 0C05 know for Congressman. The Whigs they can't withstand, The friil foundation of their House, I built up.>n the sand. It built upon the sand, my boys, Which Morris sweeps away. Oh. never split your tickets, boys. Upon election day. Wr want a Representative On whom v,-e can rely: And vt we should lend our feeble aid in puting down those incendiaries who are now using all their efforts in arraying a portion of this Union against the West, and in disturbing the peace and quiet of the once happy community. And whereas, believing that the .A.nti-Slavery So- ciety, in agitating the question of slavery, and in filling the minds of the black population of our country with notions of liberty and equality with the whites, w'hich can never conic to pass, are doing the negroes an es- sential iniury. Therefore 1st. Resolved, That we deprecate any intermed- dling, on the part of our citizens, with the slave; and slave- holder^ of the South as unjust, unwise and im- politic: as dangerous in its tendency, and incendiary in its character. 2d. Resolved, That the citizens of a Free State have no right to interfere with the proi>erty of the slave-holders, and much as we depreciate 'the evils of slavery, wc yet dislike the doctrine of speedy and un- conditional abolition more, and that of the two evils we will choose the least. 3d. Resolved, That 'we view with indignation the efTorts of those fanatics calling themselves Abolition- ists, whose doctrine, if carried into effect, would have a direct tendency to dissolve the Union. 4th. Resolved, That the great mass of the people are, and we trust, ever iwill be, opposed to the fanati.;al doctrines of the .Abolitionists. 5th. Resolved, That the professors and trustees of the Marietta College be requested to discountenance the students from imbibing the doctrines of the .Anti- Slavery Society, by expelling the refractory, or other- wise, as to them may seem most proper. 6;h. Resolved, That the members of this meeting pledge themselves, individually and collectively, to op- pose all -Mxilitionisls. in promulgating their doctrines. by every means which to them may seem lawful and iust. 7th. Resolved, That neither Congress, nor the non- slave holding States have a right to interfere, directly or indirectly, with the slaves and slave-holders of the South ; and that any such interference would be at variance with the spirit of our Constitution, and ought not to be tolerated. .Sth. Resrlt-ed. That the efforts of the .Abolition- ists, in this State, 'will have a direct tendency to en- courage the migration and settlement here, of swarms of free blacks and runaway slaves, from other States, thus evading the laws of Ohio, pa.ssed for the sole pur- pose of preventing their emigration and settlement in this State. - gth. Resolved, 'I'hat it has become the duty of the Northern and Western States to let their senti- ments on this all absorbing subject be known, and that we recommend to the citizens of other counties in Ohio, to hold meetings, so as to give a firm an.l decided ex- pression of public opinion against the doctrine of im- mediate and unconditional emancipation of all the slaves. loth. Resolved. That the proceedings of this meet- ing be signed by the chairman and secretary, and be published in the Demoaat and Gazette. Marietta; and that the editors of the Enquirer and Whig, Richmond, the fSnniirr, Charleston, the Globe and Telegraph. Wash- ington City, and Refiiblieait. Parkersburg. and other papers in 'N'irainia. l)e requested to copy the same. In 1836. the following year, a meeting of the citizens of Washington County was held at the Court House of Marietta, on October 15th, Hugh Trevor presiding, and William Alcock, F. Buell and C. B. Flood were ajipointed a committee to open a correspondence with the president or the officers of the Washington County Anti-Slavery Society for the purpose of dissuading them from holding a meeting on the following IMonday. October 17th. The meeting adjourned to the following Monday, when the committee made the following re- port : "That they had, in performing the duties assigned, met together and agreed upon the following letter, which was dispatched at as earlv an hour as possible, and from the in- sulting manner in which their note had been received, it was jiresumed that there would be no answer." Fullowing is the letter: To Mr. DeJI'itt. Presidr^©Wi335 As^rffi) ^mrnn ^s ■MFA) ©sn®, swoSjW nits' as'^^c. charges so often made against them, of setting the opin- ions of niankind at defiance, can have no foundation in truth. We cannot see any good that can result from the society meeting, at the time specified in their adver- tisements: for it will ere long, have a direct tendency further to exasperate the people against them, and experience hath shown the dangers oi such excitements. As men professing good will to all mankind, ave would ask you, if it would not be better for your societj' to desist from their purpose than to proceed, and again convulse the community ; and again create discord among those (who would otherwise be friends. We would not wish to intimidate you, for an attempt would be chddish in the extreme: but we would entreat, we tect yuu m your meeting together, and =0 far your meet- ing Vtould be a lawful one, yet, lawful as it is, we would ask you if it would not be better for you to ad- journ your meeting to some place where the people have not so deep rooted an antipathy to your doctrines, than to persist, and brave, as it were, the popular will, deliberately expressed. We are among those who be- lieA-e that many of your society are actuated by pure and patriotic motives, and we confess to liberate the enslaved Africans wou'd be the first wish of our hearts, and the hearts of those we represent. Yet when we re- flect that in so doing, we break through that solemn compact entered into by our Revolutionary forefa- thers, wdto acknowledged the right of holding this species of property, and when we rc.fiect that the laws AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 13; A our common country guarantees to the slave-hold- ers its protection in thus holding men in bondage, and ivhen we know that to wre^t this property from them would rouse our happy Union — cemented as it is, by the blood of '76 — to crumble to pieces, we turn with horror from the contemplation of such a state of things. The Slave States would not remain in the Union one moment longer than they formed the laws adequate to their protcct'on. If the Union is dissolved, anarchy will reisjn supreme, aiid libertj- will be sifted in. the fall of this great and growing republic. We have thus, sirs, given you our opinions, and thus have we fulfilled the duty imposed upon us. But ere iwe report our proceedings, to those who appointed us as their organ, we would enjoin you by eveo' feel- ing of philanthropy, to yield to the wishes of the ma- jority. In doing so there is.no dishonor. It will have a most beneficial effect on society, for good fellowship will again be restored,, and all those feelings which now agitate and distract the public mind will of themselves die away and be succeeded by feelings of a more Chris- tian character. As we.- have to report our proceedings at nine o'clock to-day, your immediate answer, before that hour, through the Post Office, is hereby requested. With a fervent wish that you will accede to our requ>-,:, We remain. Respectfully yours, Wm. .A.lcock, F. BfELL, C. B. Flood. After adopting tlie committee's report, tlie Anti-Abolition meeting then adopted among others tlie followino" resohitions : Resolved, That we do not recognize the majority of tho members of the Washington County .\nti- Slavery, or .Abolition Society, as citizens, but as inter- lopers, alike destitute of conmion sense and of a knowl- edge ot what conduces to the peace and good order of society, as they are of a knowledge of the true interest of the slaves. Kcsoh'cd. That the members of the ,\nti-Slavery Socittv. from their standing in the community, and from their general character as men of information, are beneath the rotice of the good citizens of Marielt.i, and our remonstrance, dissuading them from their course, would be like "turning a fool from his folly." Rcxolved, That in justice to ourselves, we are bound to treat these deluded youngsters with silent contempt. Absolved, That the citizens of Marietta consider the abolition of slavery altogether out of our sphere of action, living as we do, in a free State, and we do ap- prove of the trite saying, "every man mind his own business,"' and we will leave the white negroes of the Xorth and the black negroes of the South, to manage their own concerns. Resolved. That the laws of Ohio, relative to the introduction of, and residence among us, of free blacks. ^hould l>e enforced, and every one, who fails to give the security required by law, should be dealt with as the law directs. Rrsok'cd, That if the .Miolition Society continue to hold meetings in this town, it will be in insolent de- fiance of this meeting, and of public opinion. ANTI-SLAVERY MEETIXGS. The Wa>hington C(.)unty Anti-Slavery Society held its meeting cm the 17th of Octo- ber, 1836, in the Baptist :Meeting House in Marietta. A committee that had been ap- pointed to prepare a petition to Congress, re- specting slavery in the District of Columbia, made its report. A committee was then ap- pointed to circulate the petition in the county, being constituted as follows : ^Marietta,- — T. Post, J. C, McCoy, L. Temple: Fearing, — J. M. Amlin ; Salem, — D. G. Stanley; Lawrence, — William Hill; Ludlow, — John Newton; Wesley, — Philo Mathews: Adams, Garrard ; Aurelius, — H. Jackson ; Barlow, — James Lawton ; Union. — T. Ridgway ; Deca- tur, — ^J. Haynes ; Watertown. — Joseph N. Ford; Waterford, — Thomas H. Corey; Bel- pre, — John Stone; Warren, — ^J. J. Hollister; Grand View, — Charles Talbot; Newport, — William Green; Roxbury, — Nathan Proctor, Among the resolutions adopted at this meet- ing were the following: Rc.tolz-ed, Tliat the past success and the present prospects of the .-\nti-Slavery cause should inspire us with renew'etl confidence in its principles and measures. Rcsok ed. That the Society disclaim and intention to treat disrespectfully any person or any communica- tion addressed to them as a Society ; and therefore recommend to the officers of this society to pursue a concili?tory course. Resolved, That a committee be appointed to draft a memorial to Congress for the grant of a tract of land for the free people of color. Resolved, That the deepest gratitude and highest praise is dtie to our worthy Mayor, Anselm T. Rye, for the noble and patriotic stand taken by himself on this occasion in protecting us from the lawless violence while in the exercise of our dearest rights, guaranteed to us by the Constitution and laws of our land, inas- much as his example is among the foremost of such a redeeming spirit in our country, from the all devouring vorte.'C of pro-sla\€ry proscription. The second annual meeting of the Wash- ington County Anti-Slavery Society was held in Fearing in 1837. Rev. Luke De Witt pre- •34 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, siding. Tlie cijnstitution was amended, so that "The Soi^iety shall hold an annual meet- ing on the third 'Wednesday of October, at which time the officers of the Society for the ensuing years shall be chosen, and a quarterly meeting on the third Wednesday of January, April and July." The committee appointed at the last meet- ing of the Society, to draft a petition to Con- gress for the grant of a piece of land for the people of color, reported, which report was accepted, but not adopted. Among the resolu- tions adopted at this meeting were the fDllow- Rcsoh'rd, That every member of this Society, and every friend of the Anti-Slavery cause ought to make .strenuous exertions to make known the evils of slavery in the Northern States, as they exist in the South. h'rsolvcd, That the alarming extent to which mobo- cratic violence has spread calls loudly upon the friends of gL'od government to take a decided stand in the favor of the laws. Kcsok'cd. That the right to discuss every measure of the government is essential to its w'ell being, and that ;iny system 'vhich requires the suppression of discus- sions is dangerous and ought to be abolished. J\'.'solz\'d, That the daring attempts which have" been made to prohibit .'Xnti-Slavery discussions, by law- less violence, only strengthen our previous conviction of the incompatibility of slavery with our free insti- tutions, and the necessary of its immediate abolition. The officers elected for the ensuing year were as follows : J. C. McCoy, President. b. G. Stanley, Vice-President. L.. Temple. Secretary. Thomas Wickham, Treasurer. Col. Harry Hill, Salem; J. M. Anilin, Fearing: Rev. B. Roberts. "Watertown ; Tames Lawton. Barlow ; John Stone, Belpre; Thomas Ridgw^ay, Union; Seth Hart. Harmar ; Rev. A. Dana, Newport ; T. Post, Rev. L, DeWitt, Marietta. Directors, PUBLIC SEXTIMEXT IX 1837. "The way it works. Whatever may have been the errors of all or any of those who late- ly have been engaged in canvassing 'Southern Institutions," we are satisfied the cause of emancipation is progressing more rapidly than at any former period within the last half cen- tufv. There are strange illusions abroad on this subject. Some in the South suppose that the main portion of the North are Anti-Abo- litionists, and some that the Anti-Slavery feeling is the common one in the non-slave- holding States. The last opinion is the true one. Put out of the question the men, whose opinions or pretensions in favor of Southern institutions are influenced by interesting ties of trade and politics, and the champions of those institutions would be ^•ery scarce. "On the other hand, it seems generally supposed in the Free States, that great unan- imity of feeling and ojjinion exists in the South in regard to those cherished institutions. This, we are assured, is an utter mistake. The number of those who follow 'Mv. Jefferson, in this regard, is \-ery great. Mr. Clay saj's decidedly and emjihaticallv that slavery is a most enormous e\'il. And so would say mul- titudes of the best men of the South, if they were compelled to utter their sentiments. The following extract of a letter, dated May 5, 1837. and published in an Eastern paper, con- tains, we believe correct views on the sub- ject. The writer in giving an account of some conversations with a venerable and dis- tinguished minister of the Baptist denomina- tioji, in North Carolina, says : — C!i course I had a conversation with Fatlier C. on the subject of slavery. He says he believes the North- ern Abolitionists are, many of them, honest, though misguided, men; and also that he knows of no man ni North Carolina, who, like Messrs. McDuffie, and Cal- houn of .South Carolina, regards slavery as good. He considers it as an evil, and wishes the land was delivered of it. His views of the subject are like those of thou- sands in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina. Tennessee •imd Kentucky. I hope to see these five States added to the number of Free States. The discussions of the last five years hsvc awiakened the consciences of thou- sands, and the issue will be favorable to the slave and to the cause of freedom. "It seems to us that the Abolitionists are exceedingly indiscreet in the harsh and indis- criminate censure they pour forth upon all salve-holders and upon the entire South. If their rebuke and their agitations, in their opinion, are necessary, still intemperance, not to say injustice, does not subserve any good cause. But let none suppose th.at the rebukes ni the North are unheard. A citizen of one of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. »35 the Free States, not many months ago, ob- served to a distinguished Soiitherner, tliat the operations of the Al)()litionists were impeding the cause of emancipation — or to that effect; — 'Sir,' said the Southerner, 'you are mistaken. Depend \\\k)\\ it, these agitations lia\e put the slave-holders to a very serious thinking.' '" THE OHIO KID.\.\P1XG C.\SE. (From the Mmirtta Iutflli«cnccy.) July 24, 1845.— "On the night of the 9th inst., Creighton J. Loraine. Peter M. Garner, and ^lordecai E. Thomas, all citizens of Decatur township, in this county, were seized on the Ohio shore by a body of men from Virginia taken by force, and without process of law, to Parkersburg, where they were committed to jail. On the iSth inst.. they were examined before a called County Court, and committed for trial before the Supreme Court to be held in September next — bail for their appearance having been refused. The facts that led to the abduction of these men are these : "On the evening of the 9th. six negroes. claimed as the slaves of John H. Harwood, living 12 miles below Parkersburg, made their escajje into Ohio. Mr. Harwood having knowledge of their purpose, secured the ser- vices of some of his neighbors, who came over in advance of the negroes, and concealed them- selves near the bank. Soon after midnight the negroes came over, and were met on the bank by Loraine, Garner, Thomas, and four others, who were aiding them in the removal of their baggage from the canoe when the tlnxe above-named were seized, as above stat- ed, and taken to Virginia, together with five of the negroes. "With the defense of these captured men, or of those who may aid slaves when escaping we have nothing to do. If the offenses are committed against the laws of \''irginia, with- in her jurisdiction, let the ofTenders lie legally demanded of the Governor of Ohio, the crim- inals reinoved by legal process, and the penalty of the violated law inflicted. "The claim that Virginia sets up is, that citizens of Ohio, and who have never set foot on Vjrginian soil, are amenable to her laws ! That is bad enough — too bad — so bad that a Kentucky jury upon their oaths would not, and we trust a Virginia jury will not, sanc- tion. But in this case, Ohio citizens are seized upon their own soil, and without pro- cess of law removed by people of another State from our territory by violence, under a pre- tense that they have committed a crime — where? not in Virginia, but in their own State, to whose laws alone they are amenable, and where alone they can have a constitutional trial — viz.: by a jury in the county where tiie act was done. "And will the citizens of Ohio, will the authorities of the State, quietly submit to such indignities? The\' will merit the scorn of all men if they do. If our laws will permit a foreign mob to seize free men, citizens of Ohio, and violently carry them as felons into a for- eign jurisdiction, let not henceforth be said that they are made for our protection. " 'Ah, but these were fanatics, meddling with what was none of their business — incen- diaries, negro stealers!' Tell us not that; for if they were, and we care not what beside, the right to kidnap them confers the right to kid- nap the best citizens in the State, and whoever would himself be safe must repel the principle as unjust, unholy, and full of wrong." INVASION (IF OHII). "Capture of Ohio Citizens in Ohio by Virginians — Transportation across the Ohio River — Incarceration and detention by \'ir- ginia Judicial Authority in Parkersburg Jail — Bail refused. "(Our readers will recollect that in gi\'ing an account last week, of the outrage by Vir- ginians, we gave the absence of the editor as a reason of its not being noticed in our previ- ous number. The first part of the following communication was written fo-r our last, but not seasonably received. W'e note this lest any who should read this without having seen our last, might infer that we had not noticed the affair ]>re\'iousIy to this time. — Ed.) 136 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, "On the yth of July, 1845, 'i" aniied force crossed over from Wood County, Va., and placed itself in an ambush above the mouth of the Little Hocking. They say they came in the employ of John H. Harwood, to prevent the expected escape of his slaves. They saw several men pass down the road. Some time after midnight they heard the paddles of a ca- noe coming from Virginia. They heard voices from it, and, as they supposed, responses from the Ohio shore. The waylayers hurried from their ambush among the pawpaws, passed down the road on the bank and descended, but found they were too low ; re-ascended, till they were opposite the canoe — saw it was filled anil floating" away — saw a crowd mi shore which they met at some distance from the wa- ter, seized three white men, two of whom were carrying baggage — took five negroes — one woman, three children and an old man. One negro man was suffered to escape, but the three white men, Loraine. Ganrer, and Thomas, were forcibly taken across the Ohio River to Park- ersburg — committed to jail by Gardner and another magistrate — refused intercourse with their Ohio friends excepting one with a Vir- ginina attorney ; which attorney, for himself and junior colleague, demanded $450 for de- fending them, and finally obtained from citi- zens of Ohio $50 for appearing before the Call Court on Friday, July 18, 1845. "Three attorneys of Marietta were em- ployed by citizens of Ohio to appear at that court in the defense. They were told by the younger of the Virginia counsel that the pris- oners did not wish any attorney from Ohio to interfere in their case. One of the counsel from Ohio requested permission to appear in vindication of the rights and jurisdiction of Ohio. This was refused. After the promise of $50 was obtained from a citizen of Ohio, by the elder Virginia counsel, he invited Mr. Whittlesey of ^Marietta to assist — retaining the examination of witnesses in his own hand. "There was undoubtedly a plot laid in Vir- ginia to entrap men in Ohio. Harwood, with a professed knowledge that his slaves would escape across the Ohio on a certain night, em- ploys men — not to retain the slaves in Virgin- ia, but, professedly to stop them on the Ohio side. Harwood swears that the negroes took with them his property to the amount of $100 to $150. Harwood knew they were going and suffered them to take this property (prob- ably their own clothing principally), including a saddle and a martingale. "The Supreme Court of the United States decided, about a quarter of a century ago, that low-water mark was the boundary of the States northwest of the Ohio. That court is the only tribunal which could settle that boun- dary — and yet it is claimed by Virginia — at least in Parkersburg — that some dictum of a Virginia Judge Smith coutervails that deci- sion. "Nothing was done by the prisoners with- . out the jurisdiction of Ohio. But it was ex- pressed, claimed and insisted upon, by the prosecution before the Call Court, that the captors had a right to take those prisoners in Ohio and have them tried in Virginia. The prisoners were detained by the examining court for trial in the Superior Court of Vir- ginia ; and furthermore, the examining court refused to admit them to bail, though the counsel for the prosecution allowed they had the power tO' do so. . "We think it is time for Ohio to vindicate her right. Funds should be raised to employ counsel, obtain the best legal advice, and pros- ecute legal measures for the release of our captured citizens, the assertion of our rights, and the maintenance of our peace and dignity. "Our call is not confined to the citizens of Washington County, Init it is addressed to all citizens of Ohi(^ who unite with us in opinion on this subject." Many a Buckeye. WHAT THFY PAY IK l'ARKEKSnc;RC. (Fro-.n the Parkersburg Ga::ette of July I7< 1S45.) — Arrest of Abolitionists. — For several years past slaves have been escaping from tbeir masters, and al- tliough in every instance pursuit has been made, yet in very few instances has it been of any avail. This is owing to the fact that there is in Ohio an organized band, who have provided hiding places and a line of covered wagons in which the runaway slaves are trans- ported by night and sometime'; by day to the Canada AND REPRESEXTATIJ-E CITIZENS. 137 line. The laws of Ohio have winked at these proceed- ings, if indeed the late- legislation of that State on the subject has not operated to favor the plans of the Abolitionists. The consequence is that three citizens of Ohio are now confined in the jail at this place on a charge of .carrying away or aiding the escape of slaves from this county and Commonwealth. The facts, as we are informed, are as follows: Information w'as recently received that the slaves of John H. Harwood. Esq.. living at Washington, this county, about 12 miles below this place, would attempt an escape on the night of Wednesday last. Si.x gentlemen of that neighborhood crossed the river after dark and concealed themselves on the Ohio side. About two o'clock on the morning of Thursday, six of Mr. Harwood's negroes came across and were received by a party of whites at least seven in number ; and while the latter were engaged in assisting the former and their baggage from the canoe, the concealed Virginians made a descent upon them, and after a severe struggle .succeeded in capturing and securing five of the blacks and three of the whites. The latter were brought to this place, and after an examination before William S. Gardner and John Stephenson. Esquires, were fully committed. .\s the offense of which these men are accused is a felonv under our laws, an examining court has been sunrmoned for Friday next (i8th inst. ). W'e forbear comment at least until the result is known. .'Mthough our citizens have been greatly exasperated by the events of the last few years, of which the one which gave rise to these remarks is the last, every disposition is manifested to give the accused a fair trial and. if found guilty, to leave them in the hands of the law. "The emphasizing is ours. There was no evidence before the Call Court that the prison- ers assisted 'the negroes and tlieir baggage from the canoe.' 'Tt is evident frotn this Parkersburg article tiiat the Virginia gentlemen invaded Ohio to make tlie capture here. That they have knowingly and intentionally captured 'three citizens of Ohio' — transported them to Park- ersburg Jail to be punished in order to intim- idate the people of Ohio. 'If found guilty,' these prisoners are magnanimously to be 'left in the hands of the law' ! — if not, we hear, — and this article rather 'gives color tO' the idea' — that they are to be assigned to the tender mercies nf Jtulge Lynch." THE 1 Ai.i. <:oi;rt. (Frnin the Parkcrsbwg Gazette, of July 34. 1^45-) — The trial of Garner, Thomas and Eoraine. con- fined in jail here, under the charge of aiding the es- cape of slaves of the county and Crnin"inwcalth. oc- curred on last Friday, in the presence of a considerable assemblage of person^: from the country on thi- and 8 the other side of the Ohio River. Messrs. Stringer and Spencer of this place appeared for the prisoners, and of two gentlemen of the bar of Marietta, w'ho attended for the purpose of assi.sting in the defense, the prison- ers accepted one (Mr. Whittlesey), constituting to- gether a very able and faithful defense, as was ad- mitted on all sides at the .close of the trial. In the absence of Gen. J. J. Jackson, the attorney for the Commonwealth in the county, the prosecution was conducted with a high degree of fairness and ability, by P. J. Van Winkle. Esq., of this place. The result was the remanding of the prisoners for further trial at the Circuit Superior Court on the first of Sq)tember. We may have a word to say about this matter on its merits, at some future time, but not now ; because our citizens intend that the final trial shall be, as it is on all sides admitted that the trial before the examining court has been, a fair one. .^nd they intend firmly to abide by its issue, be it wdiat it may. So that we purposely refrain from going into the ques- tion at this tune, and until after the final trial. The Court expressed themselves desirous to admit ihe prisoners to bail, but regretted that it did not consist with their duties to do so. "The "high degree of fairness and ability' evinced by the prosecution, liowever, it may he accepted by some Virginians — we would iiope not verv many — would have ]>een held quite otherwise, had the like occurred in Oliio. "The prisoners had been denied free and unrestrained intercourse with friends and kin- dred from Ohio — were excessively intimidated — and were cajoled into the Ijelief that they could not safely admit the counsel — tliree, not 'two' — sent by their friends in Ohio to aid in their defense. P. G. Van Winkle, Esq.. ob- jected to counsel appearing in behalf of the violated rights of Ohio, unless formally au- tiiiorized by the Governor of Ohio.. He dwelt much oil the limited power of the Court, and advanced the most ultra sophistical and offen- sive pretensions of the rights and dominion of Virginia 'Northwest of the River Ohio.' We cannot well suppose that Virginia will concur in these assumptions. "We hope the newspaper press of Ohio wiill pay that attention to the subject which its unspeakable imjiortance demands. It is evi- tlent that Virginians are quite prone to view the ])eople of Ohio as too spiritless to vindicate their rights. Let them now be vindicated, le- gally, peaceably, but firmly, and infinite mis- chief mav be prevented from occurring here- after. 138 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, "We give extracts from the Ciiicinnati Gazette — .1/i())_r a Buckeye. OIIIOANS CAPTUREJ ! GREAT EXCITEMENT! On the evening of the oth. three men from Ohio. Mr. C. Loraine. Mr. Garner, and Mr. Thomas, all of Washington County, Ohio, were seized on the Ohio shore, by a body of men from Virginia, and lodged in jail at Parkersbur,g, upon the charge that they had aided the escape of slaves. We have nothing to say in defense of any man, or yet of men, who will entice slaves away. If caught, let the law have its course.' But we have something to say against our citizens being seized on their own soil, and without process of law, by people of another State, Jo be tried before the tribunals of that State. ' They may be wrong everv way ; bad at hear: and bad in conduct; but they should not be troubled if Ohio has the means or the power to protect them. The law of a State is limited to the territory of the State. Beyond, it is a dead letter, and if for slavery, or for anything ■else, this principle is violated, our State governments are in effect annihilated. If this were allowed. Ohioans may =eize Virginians for oeing slave-holders, and punish them, just as Virginians may seize Ohioans for aiding the escape of slaves. Such a state of things woul;l result in anarchy — and if general would des- troy the government. We wish OUT friends in Ohio to lie firm, but cool, Mahan was seized on the same grounds, and in the same way nearly: but a Kentucky court and jury ac- quitted him without a moment's hesitation. The ap- peal in tliis case is to the law. Let it be fairly met. and we do not believe the result doubtful. No jury ■upon their oath? — no judge — no law — would sanction a principle so fatal in all its consequences, as that neces- sary to convict and punish these Ohioans, \iz. : that the laws of Virginia extend into Ohio. See that the best counsel is obtained in Virginia, and to that add the ablest men of our State, Indeed, in all such cases we would, if practicable, have the State speak and act through her highest officers, so that her citizens may feel everywhere that they are protected in all their lioine riglits," "Tlie abduction of Oliio citizens is such an aggravated offense upon the rights of men, and against the sovereignty of the State, as to excite, as it ought, great and general indigna- tiiin. \\"e have spokai freely upon the sub- ject, and the press of the State, and of other States, almost universally re-iterates our lan- guage or speaks, in still stronger terms. We cannot copy manv evidences of the spirit of the press, but here is an extract we find, with re- marks ( if approval, in the National IntelUgcn- I'cr. copied from the Cincinnati Gazette, which shows a State pride as well as personal indig- nation : — These Ohioans have been kidnapped on our and their soil, and w'hile violating no law of home, by peo- ple n-om a foreign State, and are now held as felons in a foreign jail. It will never do to tolerate the idea that the people of any State may invade our territory by force, and by force capture and imprison our citi- zens. We shall be despised, and ought to be despised, as poltroon in s^pirit, and coward at heart, if we sluggishly fold our arms and say nothing and do nothing to meet wrongs of so outrageous a character. No man need to talk to us of the character of the men seized in this particular case. None need speak of what they attempted to do, or did. The right to seize the poorest and meanest citizen of Ohio by force, confers, if not resisted, the right to seize the best citizen of the State. Let us see whether there be vir- tue in the writ of habeas corpus, or the law, and let us know, too, speedily whether the citizens of Vir- ginia, or any other State, may invade our soil, bear away our people, and doom them as felons, against justice, right, and law, without any remedy on our part, except the last remedy which God and Nature liave put into our hands. The editor of the Parkersburg Gazette has made a bitter personal attack upon the writer of an article in our paper of the .31st ult., to which the gentleman has replied ; but as we do not wish to O'CCupy our space with the two column article of the Gasette — which he wished to appear in connection with his reply — prin- cipally because we thought public attention ought not to be diverted from the original offense to a consider- ation of comparatively personal matters, — he has pub- lished it in the Buckeye. We annex some extracts from liii Cfjnmentary on the Gii:ctte's article: NOT TRUE 'Tt is not true that the citizens of Virginia, who made the capture, crossed the river for that purpose, or Willi tliat expectation. They went for the sole pur- pose of intercepting the slaves, as they had a perfect right to do ; and until they had actually seized the whites supposed the whole were negroes." — Parkers- burg Gazette. A "mighty" likely story that — isn't it now? They expected the negroes were about to leave their homes in Virginia — but they couid not think of stopping them there ! No : they had a perfect right to invade Ohio, and they would do it — Ohio being their lawful hunting ground. The Parkersburg Gazette remembers to for- get a few items. These night hunters placed- them- selves in Ohio — where they could watch, not the river, but the road from Decatur. They saw men pass in the night, but wouldn't suspect they were going to help the negroes ! They heard the negroes answered from the Ohio shore — but thought 'twas negro answering negro! The Parkersburg Gazette says there was evidence (by these gentlemen) that the prisoners assisted the negroes and their bagga.ge from the canoe — but when they "seized the whites'' they supposed them all negroes. Now don't this make un a mighty likely story? AMD REPRESENTATIVE CITTIENS. «39 MOST SCRPRISINCLV SURPRISIN'C. "We have seen with much surprise in the Marietta Intelligencer, a communication entitled 'Invasion of Ohio.' * * * We are surprised that the editor of that paper should have admitted such an article to his columns. * * * W'c must again express our .surprise that any respectable journal should give it publicity."- — I'arkcrsbiirg Gaccttc. The Farkcrshurg Gacctte seems to disremember that Ohio is a Free State. There is so much freedom in Ohio that we dare to be fair and publish what the Gazeiie says against us — the like whereof we suppose the Parkcrshitrg Gazette dares not do. We have be- come so far free in Ohio that even abolition lectures are now seldom molested. Pro-slavery lecturers have scarce ever been interrupted. The intimation of the Riclmi-jiiH Enquirer, that West Virginia was becoming free, is e.Kcecdingly grievous and surprising to the /-'. Gazette. A FIXE CH.\N(JE. "If a fair trial can be had. tlie priMniers will have it. and, as heretofore, every indulgence will be extended to them which circumstances permit. We have heard no desire expressed that they should be convicted un- less the law, as applied to the facts, fully warrants it." —P. Gazette. Well, what by Virginia construction, is the law? Vv hy according to Mr. Van Winkle, "That Vir- ginia, or ?ny other State has a right to pass a law de- claring the punishment of an offense committed against her citizens or their property although com- mitted out of her limits, and may punish the offender if brought before her tribunals, and that the law under which these men -are prosecuted is such a law !" We want to add a word : If this is a sound doctrine, why may not Ohio pass a law' against slave-holding and under it arrest any Virginians who may be guilty of what she pronounces a crime? The Virginians ought to see that this may prove liad doctrine for them. PLTLIC MEETING. A meeting of the citi'zeiis of Washington County was held at the Court House in Mar- ietta, by adjournment, August i6, 1845, to take into consideration further measures for the hberation of Ohio citizens then in the Parkersburg Jail, and for tlie vindication of the rights of Ohio. Xahum Ward, James Lawton, A, T. Nye, Judge Loring, and William West were ap- pointed a committee to report resolutions for the action of the meeting; the committee sub- mitted the following resolutions which were unanimously adopted : — Resolved That the forcible abduction and detention in the Parkersburg Jail of our citizens, Creighton J. Loraine, Peter M. Garner, and Mordecai E. Thomas, by Virginians, constitutes a most alarming trespass on the rights of Ohio. Re.iolved, That in the opinion of this meeting, peaceable and legal measures should be adopted and pursued, with untiring enrg)-, not merely for the lil)era- tion of the prisoners, but also security from similar assaults hereafter on the peace and dignity of Ohio. Kesohcd, That application should be made in proper form to t^he Governor of Ohio, for his active in- terference in this case, to the litmost of his power and authority vested in him for the promotion of the wel- fare and vindication of the rights of Ohio. Resolved, Tliat it is highly expedient and essential to the peace of the States bordering on the Ohio River, that Ohio should as-crt and strenuously maintain her rights of State Jurisdiction to low-water mark, as established in 1820 in the case of Handley's I.essee vs. .Anthony, et al., by the Supreme Court of the United States. Resolved, That it is highly expedient and essential that laws should he passed by the National Legislature securing to persons seized, carried away, and detained from their own territory, the privileges of the writ of Habeas Cor|)us. and the protectifm of the Federal Judiciary. Resolved, That the following named citizens of Washington County be and they are hereby appointcl a committee to carry the foregoing resolutions into effect, seven of whom shall be a quorum, and the citi- zens of this meeting shall sustain them in so doing: Nahum Ward, Caleb Emerson, Walter Curtis. G, W. Barker. Hiram Gard, Job S. King. Dr. G. N. Gilbert, James M. Amlin. R. K. Ewart, John Collins, William R. Putnam, Jr., A. T. Nye, J. D. Chamberlain, Daniel Davis, Ira Hill, Elisha Allen, Joseph Barker. William P. Cutler, Simeon Deming, Jr., and William R. Brown- ing. THE TRIAL .^T P.VRKERSIiURt;. September, 1845 — B. Gates, Esr|.— On Monday, the 1st inst.. the Cir- cuit Superior Court of Virginia commenced its fall session in Wood County. A large number of the citi- zens of Washington County repaired hither to attend the '.rial of the three Ohio citizens confined in the Parkersburg Jail on the charge of aiding the escape of pri.soners. As an eye-witness I proceed to give a sketch of the proceedings of the Court. On Monday, the grand jury, having been em- panneled and sworn, retired to their chambers, and after a few hours deliberation, returned with an indict- ment jointly found against the prisoners. Peter Vt. Garner, Creighton J. Loraine and Mordecai E. Thom- as, charging them with enticing and assisting, in the county of Wood, six negroes, the property of Mr. Harwoo'd. to escape into Ohio from servitude. The indictment contained four or five counts, each vary- ing the charge to suit the various sections of the statute At nine o'clock on Tuesday morning, the prisoners were brought within the bar of Court, and the indictment immediately read to them, to which each answered severally not guiltv. Counsel for the pri-oners— Mesrs. Vinton, and C. H. Brough, of Ohio, I40 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, and Vv'. A. Harrison and J. G. Stringer, of Virginia. Mr. Jackson, the attorney for the Commonwealth, here stated to ihe Court that in consequence of an attack of the erysipelas he should be compelled, in following the advice of his physician, to decline the prosecution cf the case — not without hope, however, that other members of the bar could be induced to fill his place ; but in case other attorneys should not be employed. he should be compelled to move the Court for a con- tinuance of the cause until the next term. The Court thereupon appointed Messrs, Fisher and Van Winkle, but the fonner of these gentlemen declined. The lat- ter consented to engage only on the condition that Mr. Fisher would lead the prosecution — this, however. Air. Fisher peremptorily declined. The question then recurred upon the contmuance of the case. Mr. Vinton arose in opposition. He appeared (he said) in the cause, not strictly as counsel for the prisonrrs, but at the request of the Executive of Ohio in defense of the rights of the State. It was of the highest importance that no right, however great or small, should be violated between the sister States of Virginia and Ohio. Thus far two sovereignties had continued to flourish, one at the side of the other, and not an incident had transpired to war against the mutual amity and friend-hip which had ever existed between them. And feeling a conviction that if this cause should come to a speedy termination the intense cx,:!tcmcnt now existing in either State w'ould at once, and quietly, subside, he could not but argue upon the Court the propriety of an immediate trial. Delay, he thought, would only heighten the unhappy excitement. Should the trial proceed, and the result be an ac- quittal of the prisoners, the pec^ple of Ohio would at once "rub out' all harsh and unfriendly feeling; but should the result be otherwise and a continuance be had, he was sure that an indictment would be found at the next term of the Court of Washington County against the Virginia citizens who had seized and brought here the prisoners, and that a requisition upon the Virginia Executive would follow, and if a sur- render was made of these citizens, they would prob- ably be sentenced to the Ohio Penitentiary under the statute of the State to prevent kidnaping. It was im- possilile to determine the extent of the dififictdties that would eventually spring up under such a state of cir- cumstances. All interference by the people of Ohio with the property or rights of the citizens of Vir- ginia was to be deprecated and condemned as unwar- ranted and in violation of the good faith which should ever exist, under our admirable constitution, between the two sovereignties. Laws had been enacted in Ohio against anv such interference, but it being shown that Congress alone had the power of enacting laws rela- tive to fugitives from labor, the Ohio acts wei'e re- pealed. He furtb.er alluded to the operation of the Constitution and laws of the ITnited States, and also of the laws of Ohio and Virginia and urged the citi- zens of both States to a strict and faithful observance of them. He appeared, he repeated, in behalf of the State of Ohio : but should it be ascertained that the prisoners had, at any time when in the commission of the crime charged, been within the jurisdiction of Virginia, he would immediately abandon the defense and leave them to rely upon other counsel. Mr. Harrison thought that were the Court to take a recess, counsel for the prosecution might be obtained. Mr. Stringer made some remarks in a low tone which were not distinctly heard. Mr. Jackson, further in support of the motion, said that the Commonwealth could not under the circum- stances be fairly rejiresented in the cause, as other counsel than those assigned would act without prep- aration. The question of boundary he thought a high- ly important one and required an elaborate investi- gation in order to settle it fairly and firmly. It should not be settled in haste. He hoped the prisoners would have the fairest possible trial, and he should not ask their conviction unless they were proven clearly within the territory of Virginia at the time of the commis- sion of the acts charged, 'Twas true that much ex- citement existed on both sides of the river, but none but citizens of Virginia knew how to feel for the in- juries which their rights were daily sustaining. The prisoners he thought were guilty, and as they now had them in their pow'er he hoped they would be pun- ished in an exemplary manner. The people of V'ir- ginia had rights which should be sustained if possible. The Court after the close of the arguments granted the motion and fi.xcd upon the 17th of November next for a special session to try the issue. The prisoners were admitted to bail in $500 each, or were to stand committed until trial, in case no bail could be had. They will, however, probably be able to secure the necessary bail withm a few days. It is much to be re.gretted that circumstances are such as to prevent the attendance of Mr. Vinton at the tinte fixed upon for the Special Court. Good feeling and harmony prevailed throughout. It is worthy of remark, per- haps, that the Court repeatedly expressed a deter- mination to afford the prisoners a fair and impartial trial. Th.'; only exceptional feature of the proceedings T observed was the' degrading treatment shown the prisoners when taken to and from the jail. No one had a remote idea that any effort would be made to release them — yet each prisoner was collared by two self-important sub-ofticers and dragged along among a crowd of two or three hundred, as if they w^ere the blackest criminals in Christendom. Yours, etc. .//; nitioan. "It is certainly a hard matter for the pris- oners to he dealt with thus. They were, ready for trial. The prosecuting attorney has been out of health for some time, and it was under- stood weeks ago that he might not be able to conduct the case. In these circumstances no counsel, it appears, was secured to aid him. The prisoners must remain in jail more than two months longer, or give ibail. Suppose Mr. Jackson is then sick, and there is the same neglect about assistance, or difficulty about procuring it, must thes^ men be again sent to jail ? "There is one sigular fact in this case, — AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 141 The ablest counsel in Virginia are willing to ajjpear in lielialf (if the prisoners, hut nobody but Mr. Jackson is desirous of appearing against them. 1 f the State had a good case, there would i)rol)al)l_\' he no difficulty of this kind. — Editor." The Ohio Slate Journal, in an issue of September. 1845, after copying the account of the trial at Parkersburg as contained in the Mariclla Intelligencer, comments as follows: * * * * "We are convinced that there is no probability of the conviction of the prison- ers, and that this is understood by those in the prosecution. But, as we intimated several weeks since, the final discussion of the question on its merits, is put of¥, in order to punish the prisoners before they are tried. They have alreadv been retained in prison for some time, and unless they should get the bail will be re- tained for a longer period. Even if they get bail, the rod will be held over their heads, and thus, it is supposed, others will be deterred from following the example set by them, in the matter with which they stand charged. If we are correct in this supposition there is cer- tainly just room for complaint against the course of proceedings. * * * * "We learn from gentlemen at Parkersburg that the very serious illness of Mr. Jackson, the prosecuting attorney for Virginia, did not prevent his attending to other business the whole week. It is not so much a matter of surprise that the grand jury should have found a bill as that they should have found it upon such additional testimony as was presented. It has been stated that the grand jury would not have found a bill but for new and impor- tant facts that came to their knowledge, in ad- dition to what were presented at the called court. And \vhat were they? Wiiy, a wit- ness testified that when the kidnaped Ohioans reached Virginia, it was found that they had water in their shoes, and as the boat in which they were taken over was dry. it was conclud- ed that they might have got their feet wet in Virginia water — probably when helping the negroes out of their boat when it reached this shore! Well. su])pose thev did "get their feet wet' there, thev were not within the jurisdic- tion of Virginia. They had not been within five rods of low-water mark, and did not get there until carried by an armed force. "A word about the bail: Bail was re- quired in Virginia. A number of citizens of Ohio, men of wealth and high character, of- fered to become responsible to any citizen of Virginia who would bail the prisoners. The indemnifying bond was signed by a large num- ber of our wealthy citizens, and besides this one of the signers offered to give his individ- ual note for the whole amount of the bail to a citizen of Virginia if he would enter into re- cognizance for their appearance. Two gentle- men of Virginia consented to give bonds if a third man cotild be obtained to engage jointly with them. A young gentleman of undoubted pecuniary responsibility voluntarily offered to do so, but as he was not a freeholder (his property being, at least a portion of it, in bank stock), he was refused. The sum total of the matter is, that after the most importunate en- treaties and althou_gh undoubted and abundant security was offered, bail in the sum of $1,500 could not he olvtained in Virginia : and our citizens, kidnaped by lawless ruffians, must re- main in jail till the middle of Xovemljer before they can be 'tried — for acts done in this State! Whether they will be tried even then, will probably depend on the health or disposition of the prosecuting attorney." ADMITTEU TO E.ML. January, 1846. — "Judge McComas passed down the Ohio on Monday, on board the steamboat 'Colum- bia." A special term of the Court was held in Parkersburg yesterday, and Garner, Loraine and Thomas were admitted to bail in the sum of $100 each. Asa Harris of Harmar entered into recognizance for them all. "We have now only space to mlake this an- nouncement, but may, at our leisure, have 'a word or two to say' about the amount of bail required at the term of the Court held in Sep- tember last — the impossibility of obtaining the 142 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, kind of bail then required — the comparatively easy terms now offered, and sundry other mat- ters connected with the history of the affair. HURRAH roK GENERAL JACKSON. "Not the General of New Orleans mem- ory, but Gen. John J. Jackson, the commander of the guard what shot the Parkersburg Town Bull — mistaking it for a posse of Ohioans ! Just read this and tremble, all 'Ohio Aboli- tionists !' "The IV inchest cr (Va.) Republican says, 'That Gen. John J. Jackson, of Parkersburg, has applied to the Governor of Virginia for 300 stand of arms and authority to- eimbody troojis to repel and invasion the 'Ohio Aboli- tionists' may attempt !' "Now then, 'I^ib-a-dul)^ — rub^a-dub-dul), — ■ who'll enlist in the Parkersburg town guard?' It will be a bloodless one unless the town has bought another bull ! "Seriously, though, an attack upon Park- ersburg is already planned, and we advise the valorous gentlemen of 'the guard' to prepare themselves with three days' rations of bull- beef, scour up their guns, and be prepared 'to repel the invasion' — for we hear that an 'In- dependent Comipany' of nearly 20 Ohio' boys has been formed, and they have unanimously resolved to fill their pockets with buckeyes and hickory nuts, storm Parkersburg^ pelt General Jackson to death, and drive the town guard out oif Wood County !" LATER VIEWS OF THE OHK.) KIDNAITXO CASE. (From the Ohio RcKtslcr. 1893.) — "On the night of the 9th day of July, 1845, tlitee 'citizens of Ohio — 'Oreighton J. Loraine, Peter M. Garner, and Mordecai E. Tjhomtis — wtre seized on the no^rth bank of the Ohio River, just above the mouth of the Little Hocking, and forcibly carried across the river, and imprisoned in the jail of Wood County, Virginia, at Parkersburg, their cap- tors being citizens of Virginia and their of- fense, 'carrying away' the slaves si.K in numll:)er, of John H. Harwbod, a resident of Washing- ton Bottom, nearly opposite the scene of cap- ture. Half a century hath wrought many changes, and few that witnessed the exciting scenes and incidents of that eventful period are left to relate to the younger generation the story of what transpu'ed on the border of Ma- son and Dixon's Line in those early days. "On the night named, certain citizens of Decatur township residing some four or five miles up the Little Hocking, met the slaves of Harwood at the river, and were assisting them in getting their scanty luggage out of the ca- noe and up the bank, when the three men above named were pounced upon by concealed Vir- ginians, who, in their eagerness to capture their Abolition foes, permitted the slaves to escape, and on the following day the six chat- tels were con\-eyed across the country in the \icinity of Plymouth in open wagons, with the stars and stripes proudly waving i)\-er the suddenly freed and happy people. "The exasperated Virginians now had S(jmething tangible on which to wreak their vengeance, and the three prisoners were made to feel the wrath of an outraged and indignant people. They were denied all the ordinary comforts and conveniences of prison life in the Old Dominion. They were confined with the fugitive slaves, but denied even the meagre fare accorded to these, and when bail was prof- fered, they were indignantly denied their lib- erty on any terms. "As may he supposed, excitement ran high on both sides of the river, and when the Go\'ern(,r of Virginia called out her State militia to defend her border and i)re\ent the rescue of the prisoners, the people of Ohio were just as ready to march to the rescue at once, and Governor Bartley was appealed to in thunder tones to call out the militia or ac- cept volunteers and resent the insult, and re- dress the wrong, even if rivers of blood ran as a result. But wiser counsels prevailed, and the authorities determined to appeal to the courts, and to this end the Govelrnor appointed Hon. Samuel F. Vinton, the ablest legal talent of the State, to present the claims of Ohio, while very able and eminent counsel appeared on behalf of the Commonwealth of Virginia. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 143 "The case finally reached the State court of last resort at Richmond, Virginia, at the December session, 1845, ^"*1 '^^''^^ so ably pre- sented and fairly discussed that the prisoners were discharged, and thus ended a most exict- ing and deeply interesting period in the State's history and to a person now looking back to the eventful time, it scarcely seems possible that bloodshed was averted and quiet restored. The question in the case, relied upon by Mr. Vinton, was whether these prisoners committed any offense against the laws of Virginia, as the canoe was some 50 feet within the shore from low-water mark, and hence within the borders of Ohio, and beyond the jurisdiction of Virginia courts. "The State militia was vigilant and alert, and no human being, black or white, could evade the sentry's stern command to 'halt,' or enter the exicted village without a pass en- dorsed by men good and true to the iiitcresis of slavery. Even the town bull was reported to have lost his life by his persistent and buH- headed refusal to obey the command on a dark Xovember night, when the unerring aim of a chivalrous guard laid him low in death. Th'i militia were prone to add insult to injury, and soon after their occupation of the village, they ran out a brass field-piece to the river bank, with its Ixisiness end threateningly pointed across the border toward Belpre, where many pesky Abolitionists were supposed to dwell." Mr. Editor: The irticle in the Register of Aug. .Wth on the Garner case is in error in stating that the prisoners were dischprgec'. by the Virginia Court, if it means tliat the Court decideJ the case. The fol- lowin-? letter written hy Rorden Stanton to William P. Cutler gives the facts. It is dated Little Hocking, April 22, 1846: "l"he prisoners Loraine, Garner and Thomas are bailed in a bond of $100 each. Asa Harris was taken for the thr;.-c. No Virginia bail was asked; it is my opinion that Virginia never intends to decide the case. Judge McComas lold a citizen of Ohio whom he thought tri!stvvorthy that he did not~ suppose that pris- oners ever would come back and if they did not their bond never would be sued: if they appeared at the March term and renewed their cognizance there, in that case the Court at Richmond in June would de- cide that the act was done in Virginia, and if they again appeared in September, sentence would be passed upon them, and a petition immediately got up for a reprieve, signed first by Judge McComas and then by all the influential men in Wood County and then to be .sent to Ohio for signatures, and have them re- prieved before anything further can be done, and there they suppose the matter will rest. The men are ready to do anything that is thought best and wish your ad- vice whether to appear in March or not." This appears to have been the end of the case which never reached a final decision. Mr. Vinton, in his argument in behalf of Garner, Thomas and Loraine, gave due prominence to the fact that they were taken on the Ohio shore, ''fifty feet within the shore from low-water mark." but that was not the point he re- lied on. He denied absolutely that Virginia had any jurisdiction beyond the middle of the Ohio River. He maintained this proposition in an argument which seeiTis conclusive. E. C. Da'fes. "In the issue of Tuesday, the writer stated that the three prisoners, Loraine, Garner, and Thomas, confined in the Parkersburg Jail were discharged but failed tO' give details as to how they were discharged ; not deeming it of interest to the general reader. "The facts were, that the Court of last re- sort at Richmond, not desiring to commit it- self on the question raised in the case, de- sired that the prisoners be discharged, on mere nominal bond, which was done and the Court never did decide the case, because the prisoners were never again called to appear. "For soiiie reason the State and Federal courts have nearly always found it convenient to dodge the question of the Southern bound- ary of the Northwest Territory between Ohio and Virginia, which boundary is fixed, under the grant of the State of Virginia, to all the territory 'northwest of the River Ohio.' The question which has vexed the courts is what is meant by the 'river Ohio?' Is it the center of the navigable stream, the north side at low- water mark, or does it extend to high-water mark? If to the latter mark, then these men were in Virginia, and amenable to her laws ; but the Court shrank from giving this much desired construction (desired Ijy Virginians) and had it so decided, the able counsel for de- faidant ould have carriekl the case to the Supreme Court of the United States, where a settlement of the question would no doubt have released the prisoners, and then rendered the commonwealth and its officers liable for false imprisonment, a coinplication 144 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, and probability tbe \'irginia courts were glad to avoid by withholding' their decision. "In later years, we have had some deci- sions in interior courts of the States which would scarcely pass muster as sound doctrine. "In one instance, a Common Pleas judge in Ohio held that a burglary committed by breaking into, a wharf-boat moored to- the O'hio shore was not within the State of Ohio, be- cause the breaking was on the outer side of the boat, next to the channel of the river; and a West Virginia case from Jackson County was even more absu.rcl than this: in that case the sale of liquor on board a slianty-lx)at. moored to the Ohio shore at high-water line opposite Ravenswood, West Virginia, was held to be a violation of the laws of West Vir- ginia, but these cases scarcely rise to. the dig- ity of strong precedence. "So much for the legal aspect of the case. Now, as to the unfortunate victims of the il- legal imprisonment, and what became of them. Mordecai E. Thomas soon became blind after being released, and still lives at Quaker City, Ohio. Peter M. Garner died at Columbus. Ohio, many years ago, and Creighton J. Lo- raine died at Franklin County, Nebraska, last winter. They all left the filthy and damp prion much impaired in health, and never fully regained their i'ormer strength. "Had they, for the time being, forgotten their Quaker extraction, on the memorable night, and vigorously used the weapon Nature ga\'e them, as did some of their comrades, the Virginians would have gone home with both e}'es n mourning and empty-handed. "Other parties were present 'on that occa- sion : just how many we know not, 'but we think Titus Shotwell, Borden Staunton, Ham- ilton Cottle, Jonathan Plumley, and others, most of whom are now dead, could give some facts if living." CHAPTER. VII. EDUCATION. Early Teachers and Schools — The First School Houses — Improvement in School Houses — Agitation for Better Educational Facilities — The First Schools — Examiners of Common Schools — Educational Notices — School Directors — Teachers' Institutes — Washington County School Association Minutes — Will- iam Slocomb — Township High Schools — Other Means of Education — Washing- ton County Bible Society — The Marietta Library Association — The Marietta Lyceum — First Mechanics' Lyceum — A Hint on Home-Training Sabbath-Schools — Society for the Promotion of Temperance — Marietta Female Seminary — Art Schemes for the Betterment of Mankind — Edward Postlethwayt Page — Wash- ington County Children's Home — History of Children's Homes. If education be, as some have defined it, the conscious influence of one generation upon the next to produce conformity to an ideal, then education, intellectual, moral and relig- ious, began as soon as Xew England families had settled in the Northwest Territory. Among these settlers were many who had been well educated for the day. even enjo\ing a liberal education. early teachers .\xd schools. John Mathews, one of the pioneers, had at one time been engaged to teach in the Virginia settlement near Wheeling: but oth- er duties called him away before he had be- gun his school. In the colony the division of labor soon began, and one was employed to teach the children, while the rest continued the farming and the building. From the best attainable evidence, it ap- pears that the first school in the new settlement was taught in the northwest block-house by Maj. Anselm Tupper, in the winter of 1788- 89. Dr. Jabez True also taught in the block- house and Jonathan Baldwin, who afterward settled at Waterford. Bathsheba Roush, of Belpre, was the first recruit in the great army of earnest women who have labored for the education of the youth of our country. She taught at Belpre in the summer of 1789. Dan- iel Mill, a graduate of Cambridge University, taught for some years at Farmers' Castle. Jonathan Baldwin, who has already 'been men- tioned, also taught in the same place before he removed to Waterford. The schools of that day and those that were kept u\) for many years later were sup- ported almost exclusix'ely bv the subscrip- tion of the patrons. For a long time there were no houses built exclusively for school purposes. At an early day Mr. Curtis taught a school at Marietta in a cooper shop. The first school near the present site of Amesville 146 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, was taught in a room in tlie house of Ephraim Cutler in iSoi. William Slocumb and Benja- min F. Stone were among the very early teach- ers at Marietta. There was a little revenue for school pur- poses arising from the rent of Section 16 and perhaps the earliest corporatioii( created by legislative enactment was one to take charge of the revenue arising from these lands. For a long time school laws in Ohio were simply permissive; the township might create dis- tricts, and the districts might build school houses but there was no obligation to do this unless the people of the township took thein- itiati\-e. The people, not only of Washing- ton County, but also of the whole State, owe a debt of gratitude to Ephraim Cutler and Dr. S. P. Hildreth for their untiring efforts to se- cure means for popular education in every dis- trict. M'r. Cutler especially labored to secure better school laws while he was a member of the General Assembly, and Dr. Hildreth was a member of a committee to prepare a report on education for the consideration of the Assem- bly. THE FIRST SCHOOL HOUSES. The first school houses built were rude log structures, very similar to those in which the majority of the settlers were then living. One end of the school house was almost entire- ly occupied by the huge chimney, where great roaring wood fires were kept in the winter time. The best of these had a single hori- zontal row of panes of g-lass to ser\'e for a window. Against the wall beneath this win- dow, a long board supported by wooden pegs drivem into the wall served as a desk for the older pupils who were learnig^ to write. This long desk was not exactly reversible, but the pupils were, for by clambering over the bench on which they sat they ccmld reseat them- selves and have the edge of the board as a support for their backs. Houses substantial- ly of this form continued to be used in some parts of this county within the memory of men still livins:. In the other means for public instruction, designed not simply for the youth but for the whole community, the pioneers were ever alert. In February, the agents and the proprie- tors passed the following resolution : Resolved, That the 7th day of April be forever con- sidered as a day of public festival in the territory of the Ohio Company, as their settlements in this country commenced on that day; and that the direc- tors request some gentleman to prepare an oration to be delivered on the next anniversary. From the first year, the Fom-th of July was celebrated with due ceremony and usually an oration was delivered to perpetuate in the hearts of the young the sentiments of patriot- ism, which had inspired so many of the found- ers and ner\'ed them to offer their lives in de- fense of independence. It was also provided that the memorials of another race should be carefully preserved for the instruction of fu- tiu'e generations. The elevated squares, the mounds, the Sacra J'ia were to be preserved for public use. Early attempts were made to secure libraries, and it is worthy of mention that the books selected for these libraries, or owned in families, were of a serious nature — historical and theological works. Life with the pioneers was a serious matter and they had no time or taste for lighter literature. Even the poetical works read by them were of a se- rious and contemplative character. IMPROVEMENT IN SCHOOL HOUSES. The second grade of school Iniildings. such as were standing in this county about the mid- dle of the 19th century, were a little better than the first; both in size and in furnishings. A typical example of the school house of 1850 is recalled by one of the boys, who learned in it his first lessons in reading and writing. It stood by the roadside near a spring. It was Iniilt of hewed logs and contained three win- dows, each having eight small panes of glass. Instead of the huge fireplace, a coal stove stood in the middle Of the room. The board for a desk still decorated three sides of the wall and between these desks and the stove AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 147 were three lon^ low benches on which the smaller scholars sat and very often roasted, especially if the weather was very cold. The chinks between the lo^s were filled with mud, from the road, which had been thoroughly kneaded by the horses and vehicles, and one of the tasks which tlie boys especially enjoyed was that of patching up the walls and filling the crevices, on some mild winter day, when the road had been thawed. The only ventilation afforded in this room was caused by the accidental breaking of a window pane, and as the school house was a long way from town it usually happened that two or three such apertures were to be seen. In extremely cold weather, these were sometimes stopped up with a hat or a piece of paper. Another picture of a school house of that time is given by Miss Harriet Warren: TH'' 01 n .SCHODI. HOUSE. O'er sh;i(!n\ved by tlie lofty trees, Where happy birds are singing ever, .And wild flowers scent the summer breeze Beside a gently flowing river — .An ancient cabin stands alone, Its roof with moss and grass o'ergrown. For three scorf years that time-worn pile Has firmly braved the wintry l)Iast, And three score springs with merry smiles, -And sunny days too bright to last — Have showered their sweetest offering there In wild profusion rich and rare. When the first rustic latch I rai>ed. And then the door I opened quite : So many eyes upon n'le ga/;ed, I wondered at the curious sight, Then took my seat with bashful look, .Ana studied in my spelling book. With school-mates there so dearly loved I .-pent full many happy hours. At noontimes through the woods we roved, .And hunted for our favorite flowers, With merry laugh and joyful song, While swiftly flow the hours along. That little band is scattered now Upon the world's oft changing stage, Some wear fame's laurel on their brow, The poet, statesman, and the sage, .And some have found a peaceful grave Where bending willows sadly wave. Fond memory often brings to mind The image of my teacher dear. With smiling face and actions kind In heart and word alike sincere. But I will check the rising sigh, A rich reward she reaps on high. The old school house — I love it well. 'Twas there' in early days 1 met With one who words of love did tell, .\nd one who truly loves ine yet. The dear companion of my way. Through life's prolonged and weary day. Deserted now, its tottering walls Into decay arc falling fast, .\nil oft when twilight's shadows fall, I haste me there, and on the past I muse, until it all doth -ccm A beautiful, l;ut fleeting dream. .XGIT.ATKJX FOR BETTER EDUC.\TI()X.\L F.VCILI- TIES. In i8j2, G()\erfiiir Trimble appoiiUed Ca- leb Atwater, Lloyd Talljot, Dr. S. P. Hildreth, J. Barber. N. Guilford, James Hoge and John Collins as commissioners "to collect, digest, and to report to the next Genera! Assembly a sys- tem of education for common schools." This committee made a report to the State Legislature of 1822-23 in which they speak of the "]M'ejudice wiiicli narrow-minded and ava- ricious men will endeavor to excite against any system of education whicli will compel the rich man to pay more towards defraying the e.x- penses of erecting sch(3ol houses. &c,, than the man who is not worth a dollar." but they ex- l)ress the hojie that familiarity with the plan proposed "will Ije the great means of removitig all hostility to its adoption.'" 'i'hey call atten- tion to the fact that the ])opulation of Oliio rep- resents almost every part of the world and that many of our fellow citizens are unacquainted with any system of pul)lic education. A few months later "Philodemas" in tlie American Friend discusses the subject and de- plores the fact that while Ohio has within 30 years risen from nothitig to be the fourtli State in the Union, "the progress of literature has not kept pace with her other acquirements." He complains that the frequent change of teachers prevents any continuity of work and HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, thinks that "witli proper instructors and proper books it is possible for the scholars to learn grammar, geography, geometry and algebra, in the same time which they now waste to ac- quire a smattering of reading, writing and arithmetic." He commends the educational labors of Noah Webster but thinks that "Web- j ster's Spelling Book." now in general use in the county, "is not at all adapted to the use of beginners." At a meeting of the Ohio Annual Confer- ence of the Methodist Episcopal Church, held in Marietta in September, 1822, three repre- sentatives of the Wyandot Indians — John Hicks, Monoque, and Between-the-Logs — were present and made short speeches. They thanked the conference for the school estab- lished among their people and for the unselfish labors of Rev. James B. Fruley. This mission originated in the pious efforts of a colored Methodist named Stewart, who had gone from Marietta to the Indians in 181 7. About the same time Cyrus Kingsbury writes to his friends in the Marietta Congregational Church (who had helped to support his work), telling of his schools among the Choctaws, of the hearty support he was receiving from the chiefs, and of the sneering way in which some members of Congress spoke of the missionary work as a farce. Perhaps some of us in 1902 have heard a little of the same kind of talk. Those who steal from the Indians do not wish to have mis- sionaries or teachers on the reservations. THE FIRST SCHOOLS. It is difficult to state with absolute certainty when the first school was established in each township, for the reason that, the organization being so simple, no records have been kept. When two or three families of settlers had te- gun work in the wilderness, they soon fotind it convenient to have one of their comlmunity, perhaps, an older son or daughter, make a be- ginning at a school. A room was found some- where or somehow and this school was begun. The teacher received perhaps not more than one dollar or two dollars a week for sen-ices. The first school reported in Adams township was taught by Enoch Wing in his own cabin in 1797. In Aurelius township Nancy Button was teaching in 1809 and 1810. The first school house, a log one of course, was Vnult near where Dexter now stands, in 181 5. The first school house was built in Barlow township in 1808 and the first teacher was John T. Dem- ing. Oliver Root was one of the pioneer teach- ers in Dacatur township, bu tthe date of his first school is not known. In Dunham toiwnship. a .school was built on the Goddard farm in 1814 — Ethelinda Clark taught here in 1816. In Fairfield township, a school house was built in 1 819. in which Oliver Miller was teacher. Charles Shipman taught a school in Fearing township about 1804. As early as 1810 a small circulating library had been purchased, which served a very useful purpose for a few years; finally the lx)oks were distributed among the share owners. One of the earliest school houses in Grandview township was at the mouth of Mill Creek, taught by ]\Ir. Edington, and about the same time or a little later Mr. Flack taught at Grandview. The first school house in Independence township was built in 1835. '^"'^ William Gathers had taup-ht a sui> scription school in that community about 1823. The first school house in Lawrence townshij). near the mouth of Cow Run on the Little M'us- kinguni. in iSio. had for its teacher. Mi". Dunkin. Miiss Doffet taught a subscription school in Liberty township, but the first log school house was not built until 1838. In Lud- low township Miss Daily taught a school in 1S16. In Muskingum township. Miss Levings first taught in a log school house at an early date, but the exact time is not known. Caleb Greene taught a school at his own home in 1801, in Newport township. In another part of that township, in what was then known as the "hill neighborhood." Miss Annie Plumer was the first teacher. In 1805 and 1806 in a cabin Ijuilt for a dwelling but not occupied, Russel Darrow taught the first school in what is now I Palmer township. John True taught a school j in Salem in 1807. In 1809 John Brown taught 1 a school in a room of Judge Cutler's house. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 149 The next year a log scliool house was built in that (Warren) township. In W'atertown township, which was then known as W'ooster, Nathaniel Gates taught a private school as early as 1799. The first log school house in IWesley township was built in 1819 — ]Miss Hewitt was the first teacher. The law of 181 7 permitted the forming of districts in the townships and the building of school houses. Some of our townships speedily availed themselves of this permission ; in others a beginning was not made for more than a quarter of a century. As in all other counties, the supporting of the schools was gradually assumed by the public. .Alt first the patrons furnished the school house, such as it was, with all its equip- ments, that were necessarily very meager, and l)aid the wages of the teacher. If any parents were too^ poor to pay the expenses of tuition, it was provided for by private benevolence and at a very early date we find that in son-«e town- ships a committee was appninted tu collect do- nations to meet such cases. Jainiary rg. 1827. — The Meeting of the Citizens of Marietta, for the purpose of forming a Society to aic! in educating in- digent children stands adjourned to Friday evening next (2d Feb.) 6 o'clock, at the School house in the 1st District. ;;t which time .-\rticles of Association will be reported, .^s it is contemplated to extend the ben- efits of the Society throughout the Township, it is hoped a general attendance will be given. James M. Booth. Clerk. A little later the funds from the rent of Section 16, and still later the money collected hy special local taxation, were applied toward jjaying a part of the teachers' wages. The re- mainder was made up by the pa}'ment of the patrons in proportion to the minrber of days school received, and one of the tasks of the teacher between 1830 and 1850 was the com- putation of the amount due from each of these patrons, and the collection of the same. Some- times the public money was expended in paying the teacher for a \ery shlied with the law in this respect, the propriety of causing the same to be done as soon as practicable. It is essential to the in- terests of the rising generation that the requi- sites of this law be strictly attended to." — Ohio Stoti' Journal. 1831-— At a meeting of the Examiners of Com- mon Schools in Washington County, held at the 'court House in Marietta on the first day of Novemfl^er, 1831, there were present, Will- iam Slocomb, William: Pitt Butnam, John Brown, John D. Chamberlain, Caleb' Emer- son of Douglas Putnam. William Slocomb was appointed chairman and Douglas Putnam, clerk. The following regulations for the go\ern- ment of the Examiners were adopted: 1. The Board of Examiners will hold an Annu.il Meeting at Marietta, on the second day of the Fall Temi of the Conrt of Common Pleas in each year. 2. The Examiners for the several Townships shall meet for the examination of Teachers on t!ie fir-;t Saturday in April. June and October, 3. Each E.vaminer shall keep a record of all per- sons to whom he shall grant certificates and of the several branches in which they aie authorized to teach: and shall return a Report of the same to the Clerk of the Annual Meeting. 4. Every person applj;^ing for examination, who is not personally known to the Examiners, shall produce satisfactory evidence of good moral character, 5. Every person shall apply to the E.xaminer or Examiners in the Township where he or she may re- side, or where he or she proposes to teach school ; and in case there is no Examiner in sucli Township, then application shall be made to the Examiners in one ol the Townships adjoining. 6. No Examiner shall grant a certificate to a per- son from a Township where any other E.xaminer re- sides, unless said 'certificate shall be first signed by the Examiner in such Town; or unless sufficient cause is shown to rerder such examination necessary. 7. The Examiners shall require from all Teachers the following qualifications, viz.., a knowledge of Reading, Writing ?.nd .■Irithmetick, at least so far as to comprise the Rule of Three. 8. The Examiners shall visit the Schools in their respective Townships from time to time as they shall deem expedient : and ia ordinary cases, at least as often as once in each quarter. 9. These regulations may be altered or amended at any .Annual Meeting of the Exatniners by a vote of a majority of the Examiners present. It was decided that for the current year, the Examiners of the several townships should meet on Saturday, the 19th of No- vember, for the examination of teachers. It was ruled that teachers might be examined either at the Annual Meeting, or at the quar- terly meetings Oif the Examiners in the several townships. NOTICE. 1834-— In pursuance of the provisions of "An act to pro- vide for the support and better regulation of Com- mon Schools," the Board of School Examiners, for the County of Washington, at their meeting held at the Court Elouse. in Marietta, August 5th, 1834, pro- ceeded to appoint the following persons to be exam- iners of Female School Teachers, in the several town- ships of Washington County, viz. : Belpre — Jesse M. Ames. Barlow — John Brown. Adams — Enoch Rectjr. .•\urelius — John Smithson. Decatur — Sylvester tiaynes. Fearing — Joel Tutde. Grand view — XA'illiam Proctor. Lawrence — Joseph S. Ruggles. Ludlow — Porter Flint. Newport — Cornelius Battelle. Marietta — Anselm T-. Nye. Ro.xbury — Hiram Card. L'nion — George W. Barker. Warren — Isaac Humphreys. Wesley' — .Abner C. Dunsmore. Watertown — John D. Chamberlain. Waterford — Jacob Lindley. John T. Wheat, Chairman. L. H. Goddard, Secretary. COMMON SCHOOLS. .•\t the last session of the Court of Common Pleas for Washington County, Jonas Moore, Win. Slocomb and Douglas Putnam, were appointed Examiners for Teachers O'f Common Schools, Being vested by the late school law, with author- ity to appoint Examiners in distant townships, the Board have appointed Doct. G. N. Gilbert, of Belpre, Doct. George Bowcn. of Waterford, and Mr. Ebe- nezer Baltelle. Jr., of Newport, Examiners for the term of one year. The regular quarterly meetings of the Board will be held at the Library Hall in Marietta, on the first Wednesdays in September, December, March and June, at 10 o'clock A. M. By order of the Board. Wm. Slocomb, Clerk, Marietta, Aug. 7, 1838. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 151 COMMON SCHOOLS OF VVASHINCrON COUNTY. Seplember, 1841. — The undersigned, having been appointed Examiners of Common School Teachers for Washington County, deem it proper to state the general principles by which they will be governed. 1st. In regard to certificates of good moral char- acter. We shall in ail ca.ses require that such certifi- cates be from persons of known probity, and as far as practicable, from magistrates or other public func- tionaries. This rule is necessary to prevent imposi- tions, which have sometimes been practiced. 2d. In regard to literary qualifications. The law requires that the teacher should be qualified to teach reading, writing and arithmetic. We can not regard any person as qualified to teach reading, who is not well acquainted with the elementary principles, as the sound of words, modulations of the voice, pauses, etc. — or who can not give evidence of his knowledge of these principles by his own manner of reading. The following gentlemen are appointed Exannners of Female Teachers — and are authorized to grant the certificates: Doctor G. N. Gilliert. of Eelpre; Doctor Campbell, of Waterford ; and Rev. Allen Darrow, of Newport. The Board recomtnended the following books for the Wf of all the Schools in the county: Eclectic and Webster's Elementary Spelling books. ■do. Readers — and Porter's Rhetorical Reader. SIo- conib's and Adams' Arithmetic, and Colburn's First Lessons, Smith's, Pond's and Murray's Grammars, Mitciiell's and Smith's Geographys, and we earnestly recommend that a lesson be read from the Bible in all schools at least once a day. The quarterly meetings of the Exannners will be held on the first Wednesdays of October, January, April and July, at the counting room of Slocomb and Buck, in Marietta, at 2 o'clock P. M. Wm. Slocomb, Hiram Gear. E. B. Perkins. EDUCATION.\L NOTICES. MUSKINGUM AC.\DEMY. The Trustees give notice that Mr. Levi Keyes has this day opened a school in the Muskingum .Academy in which will be taught the following branches, viz. : Latin. Greek. Matheniaticks. Rhetoric. Logic. Chemistry, Natural and Moral Philosphy, Astronomy. Grammar, Geography, Reading, Writing and .'Vrithmetick. The price of tuition depends on the branches taught. Application for admission may be made to Mr. JCeyes at the Academy. David Putnam, S. P. Hildrcth, Nahum Ward, D. Wcodbridge. Trustees. Marietta, 8th March, 1827. The annual meeting of the Education Society of Marietta will be held at the Brick School House in the 1st District on Monday the 3d day of September next, at half past 6 o'clock P. M., when a report will be made of the proceedings of the Society. A gen- eral attendance of the members, and all others friendly to the Society is requested. By order of the Managers, J. Shipman. See'y. Marietta. August 28th. 1827. EUUC.NTION. The Subscriber proposes to teach a small class of "/oung Ladies at his own house, commencing about the 1st of May next. Besides the common English branch- es, he will teach Projecting maps. Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, etc. He has the various optica! glasses and other apparatus, necessary to exemplify the philosophy of vision, colors and several other sub- jects connected with the above studies. Wm. Slocomb. April T,i\. 18,30. A c.\Rn. The Suliscriber gives notice that his School is now open for the reception of pupils of both sexes. The course of instr'tction includes all the branches usually taught in Common Schools: and (if desired) Natural Philo.sophy. Bellesletters. Latin language, &c, &c. The school room is pleasantly situated — is spacious and v.'ell arranged for the accommodation of pupils. No e.vertion on the part of the instructor will be spared to render the school worthy of patronage. Jno. PeaTce. References. Dr. Cotton. Mr. Joseph Holden, Dr. Hildreth. .Xrius Nye, Esq. Marietta. 14th May. i8,w. vouNc; L-\L)it;s v.riting school. ff'/iy lavish nil our gifts on busy men? Come, li-.'ing art. and guide the Ladies' Feu. Thic undersigned having taught several classes of Males, with success, sufficient fas he hopes) to estab- lish his qualification as a teacher of Penmanship, now pri~|K)ses to instruct a class of Young Ladies. The Ladies are too often deficient in this indispen- sable branch of Education, in wliich they might so easily and so eminently e.ut soon find that they have the co-operation of no one. If faithful or unfaithful, no one is likely to know nijucli about it. They soon become discouraged, and the temptation is strong to get through the ((uarter as easily as possible, and call it a l)ad iob well over. Whereas, could they have had the co-operation of the Directors, the whole state of things woulil have worn a dift'erent aspect. "The following school books are recom- mended for use in the schools in this county, viz : Kclectic Speller and Readers. Smith's Geography and Grammar. Colburn's First Lessons. Sloconili's Ai ithinctic. "I!y order of the Bnard of Examiners for Washington County. "W'm. Slocomb, Clerk. 1839.— "Ihe school law makes it the duty of this ofiicer, before the spring election of township officers, to ascertain what sum of monev is re- quired to keep a free school in the township the ensuing year for at least six months. He is then to satisfy himself what amount of public funds will be furnished from the State Treas- urer, from taxes and from lands, and, if from all these sources there is not money Enough to support the schools free at least six months in each year, he, the township clerk, is bound by law and by his oath (because he is sworn to execute the law) to give public notice before the spring election of the amount of deficiency of school funds, and cause a vote to be taken by the people on the question whether the addi- tional funds shall be raised by a tax on the property in the township or not. "So far as information has reached me, a great majority of the townships where the vote was taken. ha\-e agreed to raise the money, and I hope that next spring every townshi]j clerk in the State will present the question as re- quired by law to the people, s(j that they can vindicate tlieniselves from the cliarge of being hostile to universal education." — .lincricar. I-riciul. TEACHEKS' IXSTITUTES Under some name have been held in this county since 1837, as the following minutes will show : COU.VTY CONVENTIOX OK THE FJ^IEXIJS OF COMMON SCHOOLS. Marietta, Xovcmber 7, 1837. .Agreeably to previous notice, a large and respectable aiidieiice assembled in Convention at the Baptist Meet- ing House, at half past si.\ o'clock P. M. Tli<; object of the meeting briefly explained by Caleb »54 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Eincr=on, Esq., Mr. Win. Slocomb was chosen Cliair- niaii. and Royal Prentiss, Secretary. The exercises were opened by prayer by the Rev. Hiram Gear. Prof. Jewetl offered a resolution for the appointment of committees to report on the fol- lowing subjects: — on which the chair named the gentle- men below : 1. On the expediency of forming an association for promoting the interests of Common School Edu- ■cation ; and, if thoug'ht expedient, to present a con- ■Stitution for the same. — Prof. Jewett and Dr. S. Fnller. 2. On the best method of teaching the elements of Tieading. — Mr. L. Tenney. 3. On the best method of teaching Grammar. — Mr. 'Theodore Scott. 4. On the introduction of Vocal Music into Com- mon Schools. — Rev. Mr. Haensel. =;. On the Construction of School Houses. — Mr. T. Scott. The Chairman then delivered an address on the idefects of Common Schools. A discussion then ensued on the following ques- tion: — Ought our Common Schools to be wholly sup- ported by ptiblic funds ? In which Messrs. Emerson, Gear, Haensel, and Jewett took part, deciding in the negative. The convention adjourned, to meet to-morrow at half past nine o'clock. November 8, 1837. — The convention met agreeably ■to adjournment, was opened by Professor Allen. The Keport of the "Construction of School Houses" was read and accepted. The following question was then presented for dis- cussion, Chight the Legislature now to raise the stand- ard of qualifications for Teachers? After a debate, in which Messrs. Allen. Emerson, Douglas Putnam, and Maxwell participated, it was voted that the further discussion of the question be postponed. Rev. Mr. Gear addressed the Convention on the importance of the co-operation of parents with the teachers of their schools. Adjourned; two o'clock Nov. 8, .'\fter prayer by the Rev. Mr. Haensel. the report on "the best method of teaching the elements of Read- ing." was presented and accepted. The report on "the introduction of Vocal Music into Common Schools" was presented and accepted. The Committee aopointed above, reported in favor of the expediency of forming an association for pro- moting the interests of Cohimon School Education, and presented a ^constitution for the same. The consti- tution was read and adopted. On motion the convention proceeded to organize the ■association, which was done by the election of the fol- lowing officers : — President. William Slocomb. Vice-president. Theodore Scott. Se-cre'ary, Thotpas W. Ewart. M. P. Jewett. Shnbcl Fuller. Charles Emerson. L. Tenney. .Airgalus Pixley. Marietta: E. Marsh. Water- ford : Wm. P. Putnam. Belpre : Wm. 'R. Browning, Belpre : Joseph Barber, Newport ; Wm. Dana. New- port : R. Scott, Ludlow: Isaac Proctor. Grandview: Geo. Templeton, Lawrence: Thomas F. Stanley, Fear- ing: John True, Salem: Wm. W. Mcintosh. Aurebus: Matthew Gray. Liberty: P. B. Buell, Adams: Joseph Barker, Union; S. Deming, Jr.. Watertown ; Hiram Gard. Roxbury ; Vincent Smith. Wesley : Jesse Lawton, Barlow: Judson J. Hollister. Warren; Eli Gilbert, De- catur : Directors. Tlie convention then adjourned till half .past 6 o'clock. At half past 6 o'clock the convention met. Prayer by Rev. Mr. Gear. The report on "the best method of teaching Gram- mar" was read and approved. Rev. Dr. Linsley delivered an address on "the re- latioi! of College to Common Scliools." The following resolutions were presented by Pro- fessor ,\nen and adopted. Resolved, That this convention recommend to the several townships within this county to form associa- tions within their respective limits, auxiliary to the "Washington County School Association." Resolved, That the co-operation of parents, with the teachers of their schools, is essential to successful ef- forts tor the benefif of the scholars. Resolved, That in the opinion of this convention the introduction of Vocal Music into our Common Schools would b-:; highly conducive to the intellectual advance- ments, the moral elevation, and the individual and so- cial happiness of the pupils. Resolved, That the teachers of common schools throughout the county be especially invited to become members of this association. Voted, That the thanks of this convention be pre- 'ented to the Baptist Society for the use of their Meeting House during its sitting. I'oled, Tiiat the proceedings of this convention be published in all the newspapers printed in tliis county. Adjourned sine die. Wm. Slocomb. Chairman. Roynl Prentiss. Seerctary. \V.-\SHINGTON COUNTY SCHOOL ASSOCIATION MINUTES. Tlie first semi-annual meeting of the ^Vashing"ton County School Association was held at the Baptist Churcii in Marietta, he- ginning" Tuesday evening. May i, 1838. The president having briefly explained the objects of the A.^sociation, Hou. Ephraim Cutler made a report on the application of the public school fund bv the districts, which report was accepted. The following resolutions, offered by Professor Jewett, were adopted : Resolved . That no speaker shall occupy the floor more than 15 minutes at a time. Resolved, That no speaker shall have the door a second time while any gentleman who has not spoken may desire to do so. Resolved, That no vote shall be taken on the ques- tions debated before the .Association, bm the discus- g 3 ij i O a O », O w X rted in the State Commissioner's Report since 1888; Supts. J. L. Jordon and D. A. Leake. The same year, Macksburg appears in the state report with F. P. Wheeler as superinten- dent. W. E. Ellison and C. C. White have been his successors. Barlow township has two graded schools. Barlow village, reported since 1896, has had four superintendents, A. ]\I. Farlow, John Lawton, T- R. Franklin, and G. W. Perkins. Vincent, a separate district, has had two principals,- — F. B. Shaner and A. M. Farlow. In Belpre township what was probably the first circulating library in the Northwest Ter- ritory was established. The books were prob- ably brought by Col. Israel Putnam in 1795. For many years this library of formidable books was a very improved educational factor in that township. At last they were distributed among the shaje-owners and it is said that some of them are preserved to this day. Bel- pre school as a separate district was first re- ported in 1872; the following names appear in the list of superintendents, in the order here given,- — E. S. Cox, L. D. Brown, W. N. Spen- cer, C. K. Wells, J. G. Schofield, C. E. Keyes, Frank P. Ames, J. C. Barnes, E. D. Albright, C. E. Githeus, E. K. Barnes, M. L. Fearnow, and S. E. Weaver. * In Fearing township, Stanleyville, near the center, is a separate district and contains a school partially graded. In Grandview sep- arate district, first reported to the State Com- missioner in 1884, P. L. Topie, R. K. Walton, and J. F. Hannun, have successively served as superintendents. Newport separate dis- trict appears in the State Report after 1885 and its superintendents have been : G. W. Welty, J. W. McDaniel, L. E. Booher, F. J.' Bailey, H. C. IMcKinney, and W. E. Seabock. Their first union school building was de- stroyed by fire, but they now have a new and commodious structu-re amply sufficient for the growth of the town. New Matamoras has the following list of superintendents, beginning in 1889: John H. Martin, A. D. Hoffer, D.>. Grier, C. C. Mid- dleswart, S. A. Wiggins. C. W. True, and C. E. Caldwell. Tliey have a large and commodi- ous building and a school attendance next to Marietta. Harmar, as a separate district from 1866 to 1890. reported the following superinten- dents,- — J. F. Lukens, M. R. Andrews, John T. Duff, N. ]\I. McLaughlin, Jefferson Hes- ton, J. D. Phillips, H. A. Meyers, and J. L. Jordan. Since that time it has been a part of the Marietta Citv district. AND REPRESEXTATIJ-E CITIZENS. 165 Beverly began as a separate district in 1854 with John Tarbell as teaclier of tlie upper grades. It liegan the formation of a district Hbrary witlr the State donation in 1885. Its superintendents have been : Z. G. Budee, Jefferson Heston, T. C. Ryan and the present incumbent, J. F. Wagner, who has been in service in that position since i88g and is there- fore in years of service the ranking superin- tendent in the county. \\'atertown separate district has lieen re- ported since 1895. L. E. Booher and G. W. Perkins have been superintendents. The plan of union schools adopted by Ak- ron in 1847 was quickly followed by other townships in the State. In May, 1849, the schools of ^Marietta were organized on the un- ion plan. The very name is suggestive of a change which those of the present generation can hardly understand. Why union schools? Simply because at that time there were five separate districts in Marietta, each with its own ungraded school, having no more connec- tion one with the other than do the sub-districts in a township. In fact, not nearly so much as the sub-districts now have under the present law. These five separate districts were united, that is, formed into a union of schools, which rendered graded schools possible. The first Board of Education consisted of Dr. I. W. Andrews, T. W. Ewart. R. E. Harte. Lucius Brigham, E. H. Allen, and Robert Crawford. Theodore Scott, who for many years taught a private school in Marietta, was the first teacher of the grammar schools. As a natural result of a system of graded schools, a high school was found nec- essary and organized in 1850 with E. D. Kingsley as principal of the school and su- perintendent of all the schools. In 1855 Hon. M. D. Follett took charge of the schools, teach- ing in the high school until 1857, when he re- signed to begin the practice of law. For many years Marietta had no general superintendent of schools but the principal of each school building had general charge over the group of schools in his building, while the ])rincipal of the high sc1k)i)1 examined pu- pils for promotion to that grade. This sys- tem would hardly have been possible had not such members of the School Board as Dr. I. W. Andrews, Dr. John Boyd and others, per- formed many of the duties in the general man- agement which nijw devolves upon a superin- tendent. In 1873 Sui)t. E. A. Jones, of Massillon, was called to take chaj-ge of the ^larietta schools but after two years of very successful service he returned to his former home where he is still superintendent of schools. From 1879 ""'^il 1891 C. K. Wells was superinten- dent. He was succeeded by W. W. Boyd and he in turn by H. G. Williams in i8y8. In 1902 Mr. Williams resigned his position to accept that of dean of the new Normal School connected with (_)hio Universitv and J. \'. [McMillan was elected in his place. OTHER -MEANS OF EDUCATION. W^\SHINGTON COUNTY BIBLE SOCIETY. The Ohio Bible Society was organ- ized at IMarietta. October 22, 1812, with Gen. Rufus Putnam, president; Rev. Lyman Potter (of Steubenville) vice-president; Da- vid Putnam, treasurer; and Samuel P. Rob- bins, secretary. We give extracts from some of their reports to show what this society did for education in this county: "Report of the directors of the Washing- ton County Bil)le Society, presented at the an- nual meeting, on Fridav evening, Tanuarv 4, 1828.— "The directors of the Washington County Bible Society, in presenting their sixth annual report, would express their grateful acknowl- edgements to the Father of all our mercies that they have been spared to meet the members of the Society at this anniversary. In review- ing the operations of the [)ast year, the Direc- tors deeply regret that they have effected so lit- tle in the great cause in which they are en- gaged. Our labors have been far dispropor- tioned to the wants of the destitute. While we 1 66 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. believe that the operation of the Society has not been without its lienefits, we must at the same time confess that the exertions, which have been made for tlie circulation of the Scrip- tures within the County, have been far less than what our ability and our duty requires of us. We have looked forward with pleasure to this annual meeting, as a new era in the history of tRir (jperatif>ns, or those of our successors, and we believe that tmr expectations will not be disappointed. "At the time of our last annual report, the Society had funds to the amount of $18.45, and a small supply of Bibles and Testaments. Since then we have purchased of the Ohio Bible Society 71 Bibles and 96 Testaments, at a cost of $88.98. There have been issued from the depository during the past year, 60 Bibles and 102 Testaments, making tlie whole num- ber since the commencement of the institution 316 Bibles and 465 Testaments. Some prob- ably yet remain in the hands of agents, but the exact number we cannot state. Twenty-five Bibles and 19 Testaments have been distribut- ed gratuito'usly since the last annual report. The receipts into the treasury during the past year have amounted to $106.12 1-2 of which $39.50 were received on subscription, and $66.62j/2 for sales of Bibles and Testaments, and from the estate of the late treasurer. We have at present on hand 17 Bibles and ^(^ Test- aments, and funds to the amount of $35.59." The following is taken from the seventh annual report of the directors of the Washing- ton County Bilile Society, made in Januarv, 1829.— "At the meeting of the directors last Feb- ruary they made the necessary arrangements for the purchase of Bibles, and appointed two of their number as the general agents of the Society, one on the east, and the other on the west side of the Muskingum, to whom was entrusted, imder the direction of the Board, the power and duty of appointing subordinate agents in such parts of the county as they might think fit, and supplying them with Bi- bles for distribution. In the execution of this business, your Directors and general agents have met with many difficulties, but none such as materially to retard the work. Tliey have great reason to be thankful to God, that the difiiculties have not been greater, but that the work has been accomplished to the extent that we have previously mentioned. In our last annual report (we eistimated the number of families in the county, destitute of the Bible, at 300; a number then thought by many, to have been far too great; but so far from hav- ing been so, it falls far short of what has been found to be true. The number of Bibles dis- tributed by our agents in several townships, by donation, sale for cash, and on credit, is as follows : A (lam 5. 23 Aureliiis. 14 Barlow, 9 Belpre. 18 Decatur, 7 Fearing, 18 Lawrence, 3;} Grandview. 35 Ludlow, 25 Marietta. 79 Newport, 18 Roxbury, 35 Salem, 23 Union, 10 Warren, 19 Waterford, 46 \Vatertown, "^2 Wesley, 18 "In addition to the above, a considerable number have been sold and distributed direct- ly by the general agents. The number of Bi- bles donated is about 120; of the balance, a large proportion have been sold on credit, and for many of which the Society will never re- ceive the payment. We have not the means of stating the exact number of families, who were found to be destitute, as in some cases the agent sold Bibles to those who were previous- ly in possession of one, but we feel safe in sa}-ing that the number exceeds 450. In the township of Grandview, the number of desti- tute families was estimated by our agent there at 10. It will be seen above that 35 have been distributed there, nearly, if not quite, all of which were among the destitute. "The manner in which these Bibles have been received, tliough in some cases such as to cause Christians to mourn, have, in others, been attended with pleasing circumstances. One of our agents states that in many instances the Bible was received with evident tokens of gratitude, and thankfulness to the Society; AND REPRESENT ATH'E CITIZENS. 167 while in otliers, but few cases, with the most marked oppositiun." I'UIXTC NOTICE Is hereby givei! that a meeting of the friends of moral- ity and religion will be held on Thursday c\ening, the 22nd inst., at 6 o'clock, in the Methodist Meeting House, for the purpose of organizing a Union to pro- mote the observance of the Christian Sabbath. The attendance of all the fiicnds of the Sabbath is re- spectfully invited. Also, uotice is given that the same evening a Com- mittee will make report upon the necessity and ex- pediency of forming a Sncety for the promotion of ti-mperanc'-'. THE M.XRIETTA LII!K.VRV A.SSOCI.\TION. 1833-— "Is one which hears no Hght testinmny tn the standard of literature in this tuwn. The Association is composed generally of mem- bers resident in town, who are stockholders. They possess an excellent library, containing none but choice and valuable works, compre- hending histor}-, biograi)h_\-, travels, belle lettres, natural and moral philosophy, stand- ard works on the arts and sciences, the most authentic aiul genuine authors on law, medi- cine, and theology; as also files of the ablest reviews, and journals of the present day, while at the same time 'light reading." in general, is reiected. Here may be found a rich repast for all who love a mental feast. And much credit does it reflect on ^Marietta, that to the \'aluable collections now in use. new and im- portant additions are constantly being made. A very neat and commodious building con- taining three ronms ; two offices which are rented, and the Lilirarv Hall, the de].iository of the library: the up])er story forming one large arched room, which is occupied by the Marietta Lyceum, as also by two of the reli- gious societies of the town. Long niay this institution flourish, and continue to pro\-e of interst and improvement to all. "Another instance of the taste for litera- ture, whicli ^Larietta possesses, may be noticed in the fact that the L'niversalist Societv devotes tlie projierty which annually accrues to its treasury, to the acquisition of an extensive and valuable library. The collections of books is large, and the selection of them has Ijeen able and well judged. THE M.XKIETTA LYCEUM "Is an institution well calculated for the extensive diffusion of useful knowledge. It was founded nearly three years ago, and has at present on its register the names of 85 mem- bers. Regular meetings are held, at which are occasionally delivered lectures on chemis- try, and other subjects connected with natural philosophy and history, with the improve- ments constantly making in the arts, and dis- coveries in the sciences, and on many other subjects of interest and importance. Discus- sions are regularly held for the improvement and pleasure of the members. The Lyceum has in its possession a handsome electrical ap- paratus ; and measures ha\-e been taken to de- sign a map of iNIarietta and vicinity, which will probably Ije jiublished at a futin-e period by this institution. "We might refer to other societies of less note, which, like small rills, tend in their con- sequence, to help pour fortli their tribute of knowledge and learning in the common cause of education, and point out the 'Phila-Mathe- sian Society,' and the 'Society of Intpiiry," — both formed and sustained by the young gen- tlemen ])ursuing their collegiate studies at the Institute, but we hesitate to intrude fiirtlier on our readers" attention at this time.'" 1"IRST JIECHANICS' LYCEUM. March. i8.?8.— To Incorporate the First Mechanics' Lyceum of Mar- ietta, in the County of Washington. Sec. I. Be it enacted by the General .Isseiul^ty of the Stale of Ohio. That John Grainer. Robert John- son. Marcellus J. Morse, Hugh Hill, Roliort Smith, George Lee, Lewis S. Greuzard. Francis H. Johnson and their associates, and those who may be associated with them hereafter, be, and they are hereby. creat':;cl a body corporate and politic, by the name and style of the ■■'First Mechanics' Lyceum o: Marietta;" and bv such name shall have perpetual succession, be capa- i hie of suing and being sued, pleading and being im- pleaded, in any court of law or efpiity: they ma\- h;ive HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, a conimon seal, and they may break or alter the same at pleasure. MR. EDITOR : — Attracted by curiosity, I have several times attended the discussion of various subjects, by the members of this so- ciety (Mechanics' Lyceum), and I can assure you that I have spent but few evenings more pleasantly. As its name indicates, it is com- posed exclusively of mechanics, mostly of young men, who in their debates evinced a de- gree of skill and eloquence worthy of praise. The frecjuent reference to historical authors shows that the art of public speaking is not the only good to be derived from a society of this kind. To furnish arguments for debate re- quires much study, and the amount of useful information thereby obtained can never be lost. It is indeed a cheering sight to see our young men, instead of partaking of the sinful pleas- ures of the card table, or the chequer board, instead of wasting their time at the grocery or the tavern, thus wisely devote their leisure hours to the pursuit of knowledge. To the originators of this society too much praise can- not be awarded, and under difficulties, which to many appeared insurmountable, they pre- served and complete success has crowned their efforts. The society, I understand, numbers about j^ members, who for intelligence and polemic skill are unequalled by any lyceum which it has been my fortune to \isit. These few remarks, thus loosely thrown together, may serve to call the attention of our citizens to this society, which has sprang into existence as if by magic, and which is capable, and I doubt not will produce beneficial resuhs. So- cieties of this kind should be encouraged by every means in our power, and I am confident will lie bv the citizens of Marietta." There will be a public debate at the Masonic Hall, on the evening of the- 7th day of April, commencing at 6 o'clock, when the following question will be dis- cussed, viz. : "Have the Catholics been more perse- -cuted than all other denominations combined (the Jews excepted) .''" Ladies and gentlemen are invited to attend. By order of the Mechanics' Lyceum. Matthi.\s Moot, Secretary. Marietta, .^pril t,. iSjS. March ,30, 1839. — A Concert of Instrumental and Vocal Music will be given by the Marietta Town Band, under the direc- tion of their instructor and leader, at the Presbyterian Qiurch on Monday evening, .A.pril 8th, commencing at 7 o'clock. The assistance of a first rate Pianist is engaged for the occasion. An address on the subject of Music, will be de- livered by Mr. Beman Gates. Further particulars of the performance will be made known by a bill. Tickets at twenty-five cents each may be had of the Treasurer at the store of Messrs. Edgerton & Wood- bridge. .\ HINT ON HOME TR.VINING. March 7, 18J9. — ■ "Air. Prentiss — You will oblige a friend of the youth of our town and county by publish- ing the following — which is for the particular notice of parents, guardians and instructors, and is well worthy of their consideration. "We believe that the slight regard in which strict truth is held among mankind is princi- pally owing to the li^s which are told tO' chil- dren by their parents during the first few years of their lives. Then is the time that permanent impressions may be as well made a,s at any later period. It is then, probable, that wfliat is called the natural propensity of a child is unfolded. Many persons who have a great abhorrence of lying, and whip their children if they detect them in it, yet make no scruple of tellitig and acting tO' them the , most atrocious falsehoods. There are but a few parents wflio dO' this in a greater or less degree. though doubtless without dream- ing they are guilty of criminal deception. With many the whole business of managing their children is a piece of niere artifice and trick. The}' are cheated in their amusements, cheated in their food, cheated in their dress. Lies are told them to do anything that is dis- agreeable. If a child is to take physic, the AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 171 mother tells him that she has something good for him to drink;, if reluctant, she says she will send for the doctor to cut off his ears, or l)ull his teeth, or that she will go away and leave him, and a thousand things of the same kind, each of which may deceive once and an- swer the present purpose. Parents are too apt to endeavor to pacify their children hy making promises of a ride, or a walk, or some- thing else which will please them, but without any intention of gratifying them. Tliis is lying, downright lying. People think nothing of breaking their promises to children, if the ])erformance be not perfectly convenient. But they are the last persons to whom promises should be broken, because they can not com- prehend the reason, if there be one. why they are not kq)t. Such promises should be scru- pulously redeemed, though at a great incon- venience, and even when inadvertently made. For the child's moral habit is of inrtnitelv more consequence than any such inconvenience can be to the parent." CAKLEY. FURDY & WRTGHt's MENAGERIE. September 11. 1830. — This extensive -collection of foreign animals may be seen in ^larietta, near Mr, Cole's Hotel, on Satur- day, i8th of September. Tt consists of the Asiatic 'Lion and Lioness. African Camels, male and female, Hunting Leopard of Asia, N. American Panther and Pantheress. Brazilian Tiger, Peruvian Llamas, male and female. Hyena of Etihopia. African Lion. Kangaroo, of New Holland, Zebra from the Cape of Good Hope, Prairie Wolf, and a large \ariety of small Animals. At 11 o'clock A. M. and 4 P. M. the keeper of the Asiatic Lion and Lioness will enter their respective cages! Immediately preceding -which the Camels, Ponies, Jlonkies and Llamas, will be e.xercised in the ring. At 5 P. M the Lions will be fed in the presence of the audience. The whole wili be exhibited under a Pavilion — Scats will be prepared for the Ladies — good order en- forced, and every exertion used by the Proprietors to .imuse and accommodate all visitors. 'Hours of e.K'hibition from 10 A. M. until 6 P. M. Admittance 25 cents, Children under 12. half price. GERSrAX I.A.\"CL'.\GE. May 16, 1839.— Jfr. Meyer, respectfully informs the Ladies and Gentlemen of JIarietta, that he designs, if sufficient encouragement be given, to estalili^li liinisclf in this town, as a teacher in German. All persons wdio are desirous of embracing this opportunity of obtainijig a knowledge of the German Language, will please meet at the Library Hall, on Monday evening at seven o'clock. 'l'cr)ns: — $6, in advance per quarter, embracing fifty lessons. /•^lYr'V/U'Cf .'--Prtsideul Linsley. Prof. Smith. .S.\BI!.\TH-SfH0OLS. The Sinted a committee to establish and superintend two or more Slmday-schools iii the town. On the nth of May, 1817, three schools were organ- ized and opened in Marietta ; one, at Buell's school room, under the superintendence oi \\' illiam Slocomb ; one at the Muskingum Academy, under the care of E. Huntington : and one at Point Harmar, under the charge of Dr. Cotton. To each of these schools several young gentlemen and ladies were engaged and attached as assistant teachers. "The learners were employed in reading the Scriptures, committing portions to mem- ory, and in such other lessons as are usually taught in such institutions. Several com- menced with the alphabet and made good pro- ficiency. The schools were continued 20 Sab- baths, to the last in Se])temher, when the sea- son rendered it incomeiiient for the children to asseniiile. (.ni account of the distance some of theml had to go. "In 1818 only two schrM>ls were opened: one at the Muskingum Academy, under the care of Mr. Slocomb, and the other at Point Harmar under the superintendence of Mr. Judson. To the school in the Muskingum .Academy 130 were admitted and to the one at Point Harmar, 78. "The sch(x>ls this season, as they were the last. ha\'e been composed of adults and chil- dren, msile and female, white and black. ''Simniiary: The whole number of schol- ars in the two schools. 208 : the whole num- ber of \-erses learned in bnth schools, 45,784; HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND ll'ASHINGTON COUNTY, highest number committed to memory by one scliolar, 3.517." The report is signed by David Putnam. S. P. Hikh'eth, and John Cotton. They also make note of the fact that ^Mrs. Hannah Mathews had through the summer of 1 8 19 maiintained a Sunday-school on the JMuskingum, six miles above Alarietta, and that Mliss Sophia Barker had done the same not far away on the other side of the river. Proceedings of the Board of Commission- ers for Schools in the county o^f Washington at their annual meeting held October 4, 1820, and Exhibition O'f the Sabbath-schools : "The members of the Board and of the Sab- bath-school Committee convened at the Con- gregational JNIeeting House in ^Marietta where the following report was read and accepted, viz. : Report of tile Sabbatli School Committee. [t ii deemed unnecessar}' by your committee in making tlieir repoit, to address any arguments to prove the utility of Sabbath-schools. This would be en- deavoring to produce a point which has repeatedly been established, and may we not add, of which you have had ocular demonstration. Vour committee made the necessary arrangements for opening the school in the town early in the season, which commenced on the third Sabbath in October. William Holyokc has had the charge of the school at the Muskingum Academy, William Slocomb, on Point Harniar, and Wyllys ?!all and Miss Sally Emerson at the upper point. The number of scholars who have regularly attended through the season is about 175. Owing to the propensity which has existed in the schools generally to commit more to memory than would be done in a proper manner, your committee were induced to recommend that 25 verses be con- sidered a day's lesson "A ci.mrmunication was received from Rev. William; Boies. >A A\'aterford. stating that during the summer months four. Sabbath- schools had been kept at Waterford. and three at 'VA'ooster. "It was further stated that much satisfac- tion was felt at the flattering success that had attended the first attempt to establish Sab- bath-schoo^ls in that vicinity, and that strong desires had Lieen expressed that they should commence earlier in the opening of another spring." SUNDAY-SCHOOL NOTICE. 1S29.— The friends of Sunday-schools in the County of Waghnigtcn are imfornied that a County Sunday- school Union, has been formed auxiliary to the Amer- ican Sunday-School Union, for the purpose of aiding m the establishment of Sunday-schools in the several townships within the County, and furnishing suitable Books for Libraries. Any Township, or District Union, on becoming auxiliary to tne County Union, and paying o\K dollar into its treasury, will be furnished with Books at re- duced prices, and also be entitled to a loan from the Library of Books, to half the amount of those pur- chased. ' It i- hoped that all who are interested in the in- struction of the rising generation in useful knowledge, will avail themselves of the facilities now offered for accomplishing that benevolent object. Applications for Books should be made to Mr. Satnuel Shipman, Agent of the Union. S.VBBATH SCHOOL CELEDRATION, FOVRTH OF JlLYj 18.38. July 29, 1838.— The Sabbath Schools connected with the various denominations iu (Marietta and the surrounding* coun- try are invited to unite in celebrating the anniversary of our National Independence, on the 4th of July next. The Schools are rcqu.^sled to meet at the Court House in Marietta, at 10 o'clock A. M. precisely, where a procession will be formed immediately, and accom- panied by a Band of Music will proceed to the First Con.gregational Church, where the Declaration of Inde- pendence will be read, and addresses appropriate to the occasion wmII be delivered; after which the pro- cession will be agairt formed, and repair to the grove on Second street, where suitable refreshments wdl be provided. Douglas Putnam, JuNLA Jennings, d. p. bosworth, Thos. W. Ewart, Chas. Humphrev.s, WvLLVs Hall. Committee of Ayrangcments. SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTIOX OF TEMPER.AXCE. COXSTTIUTION OF THE MARIETTA SOCIETY FOR THE PRO- JIOTION of TEMPERANCE. June 7, 1*20. — Preamble. — Believing that the use of intoxicating li(|Uors for persons in health, is not only unnecessary, but hurtful — being iniurious to health and vigor of body, the property, reputation and happiness of indi- viduals ancl families, as well as to the moral character of sojiety in general; therefore, resolved, that both for our own good and the benefit of the community in which we live, we the subscribers form ourselves into a .'ociety and adopt the following Constitution: Article I. The Society shall be known by the name AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 173 of the Marietta Society for tlie Prcniotion of Tetn- perancc. Article 2. The Society jhall consist of all tho^e persons of sixteen years old and upwards, who will sign this Preanible. Constitution and Pledge. Article 3. The officers oi the Society shall be a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and Treas- urer, an Executive Committee of four members, who together shall form a Board to devise such means and prosecute such measures as they may deem ex- pedient to promote the general objects of the Society as expressed in this Constitution, with power to fill all vacancies in their own body. Article 4. It shall be the duty of the President, and in hi.s absence, a Vice-President, to preside at all meetings of the Society, and of the Board, and to call special meetings when requested by the Board or any five members of the Society. Article 5. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to keep a copy o*' the Constitution in a book for that purpose, record the names of the oflficers and members, record also fhe transactions of the Society, and con- duct its correspondence. .\rticle 6. The Society shall meet annually on the second Monday in .\pril when the Officers shall be chosen by ballot. Article 7. Nine members of tshe Society shall con- stitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Article 8. We, the subscribers, pledge ourselves to abstain entirely from drinking ardent spirit.s, except as a medicine, and that, in all suitable ways, we will lend our influence for the promotion of temperance. Article 9. This Constitution may be altered or amended by the concurrence of two-thirds of the mem- bers oresent at anv annual meeting. "The Society of Marietta fnr the Promo- tion of Temperance was ofganized .\ipril 13, 1829. Tiie foregoing constitution had been adopted as the constitution of the Society at a very large and respectable meeting of the cit- izens of tliis place previously held. The num- lD€r of members at present is about 125, with the prospect that many more will \et be added. The success of the Society thus far has tran- scended our most sanguine expectations. A great change has been wrought and is still taking place in relation to the subject of tem- perance and the high importance of using ev- ery means to promote it among ourselves and in the community in general. And we are nut alone. A general e.xcitem'ent prevails upon this subject throughout our land. The nation l)egins to awake to the evils which threaten its as a ])eople. Encjuiry is aroused — public opinion is undergoing a rapid change ind tlie press has become a most powerful auxiliary to the good cause. Societies have been formed in almost every part O'f the Union for the promotion of temperance, with a view of checking the evils of intemperance which have come in upon us like a flood and which have threatened to sweep away the bulwarks of our free institutions. The only safety of our republic is in her public \irtuc. Without this our government must fall. With out this our belox'ed land will become (nie wide waste of moral and political desolation. The appeal of the temperance cause is to the very heart of every patriot and every lover O'f his coun- try and of her free institutions, because its sole object is to din^inish the causes that threaten to undermine and ci irrupt the virtue of the community. "We understand that three uther temper- ance societies are already formed in this coun- ty. W'e hope other places will follow imme- diately the example, until one is formed in every townsh.ip in the county. Other counties in this State are moving forward nobly to this work : and surely Washington — the old- est county ill the State — should not be the last in a cause which commends itself to the a])pro- Ijation of every thinking man. "Let but the community in general awake to the importance of this whole subject to the vital interest of the ])resent airtl future genera- tions, and the five hundred societies which al- ready exist would sonii be increased tt) five thousand — and five times five thousand. "The Board of Directors of the Marietta Temperance Society ha\'e taken measures to procure some of the alilest productions on the subject of temperance whicli have been lately puljlished, and probably will be able to fur- nish individuals or societies with a few cop- ies, aside from those which they hope to cir- culate anioiii;- their own fellow citizens." Jidy to. i8.p. — .■\ special meeting of the Marietta Society for the Promotion of Temperance, will be held at the Method- ist Meeting House on Wednesday. July 14. 18,50, at five o'clock, P. M. .\n address will be delivered. Members are requested and citizens invited to attend. E. Emerson, President. 174 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, July 31, 1830.— "It was found upon thorough and minute investigation, that, during the year which preceded the formatioin oif this Society, ac- cording to the most accurate estimate that could he made, not less than 790 barrels of ar- dent spirit were sold by wholesale and retail to the inhalntants of this town and county, ■and were 'consumed within these limits. The -ivholesale cost of this amount of ardent spirit •vs'as estimated at not less than $5,600. ^'In this estimate no account was made «)f the ardent spirit sold at retail in the gro- ceries and taverns of the town. If this had been reckoned there is no doubt the quantity cost of the whole would have been very irkucl'.. increased. We have reasons to doubt that the estmiated amount of sales was much below tlie truth as it was then reported. "Within a few days last past the Board have taken measures to have a minute and very exact investigation of the amount of sale> Avit'hin the last year to the town and county, from all stores^ taverns and groceries in Mari- etta who deal in the article; and from the most accurate estimate, that can be made, the}' find that the whole nun-iber of barrels sold to the ti>\vn and county within the last year is 310. The cost of the whole, reckoning it an average wholesale price, nameh". 20 cents a gallon, the same price at which the former es- timate was made, is $2,170, showing a reduc- tion in the sales of $3,430. And they have reason to believe that this whole sum has been actually saved to this town and county within the past year." MARIETT.\ FEMALE SEMIN.XRV. December 18, 1841. — "We know not when we have passed a miore agreeable hour than on the morning O'f Tuesday last, at the school room of our friends, Mir. Lionel Tenney and his accomplished ladv, the distinguished principals of the Fe- imie Seminarv of this city. We had availed ourselves of the courtesv of an invitation to be present at the Examinati(rtT with no slight anticipation of pleasure ; for we had heard many things to the credit of the institution; but \ve must confess we were by no mieans prepared for much that we listened to and wit- nessed. Did our limits permit, it would afford us pleasure to detail in order all the exercises of the Examination. As is the case, 'how- ever, we have space to^ refer only to the "Scrap Book," in wliich were recorded some of the literary productions of the young ladies of the Seminary, -both in verse and in prose; and we niust be permitted to observe, that some of the articles to which we listened would orna- ment the columns of any periodical in the land. The subjoined, which we are suffered to lay before our readers, and for which we are sure of their thanks, is a perfect gem, in its way. It is hardly inferior to the celebrated lines of Caroline Bowles on a subject similar. It is from the pen of a young lady of J:his city who, if she choose, may wrtunitics — or rather want of opportuni- ties. SCHEMES FOR THE BETTERMENT OF M.\XKIXD. From time to time the public have been enlightened about various schemes for the bet- terment of mankind. On the 14th of June, 1825, Robert Owen, an enthusiastic philan- thropist and a friend of the poor and toiler, arrivefl in ^Vlarietta. By request he delivered a discourse at the Court House, which was very interesting. He explained, as much as possible in the limited time, his new system of society which he was about to introduce into this country. Mr. Owen at that time was about to found a new societv • at Harmonv where all mjght have equal advantages. The design was worthy of the generous founder, but human nature with its sloth and selfish- ness proved stronger than his benevolent theo- ries. EDWARD rOSTLETHW'.WT P.\GE. In the intellectual development of a com- munity, the eccentric genius who is usually considered a "crank"' may sometimes perform a useful service. He may at least awaken curiosity. The following is a fair sample of notices which were published by Mr. Page in 1822; and occasionallv for man_\- years there- after : KF.VJOX .VO THE.\SOX. I have consecrated a free churcli in Marietta by bow ing seven times to the intellectual Sun. I invite a general attendance of enrolled members at the Court House every Sunday and Wednesday evening at early candle light. Controversy is inadmissible: but cacli member in rotation may (unless he declines it) sing, preach, or read from any book he pleases, and in union with any religious opinions, he may entertain, during his fifteen minutes. The church government is a pure democratic level. Much and various music is expected. Given under my hand and seal of charity at .Aurora's Temple of Knowledge opposite the Elevated Square (of Truth). Edward Postlf.thw avt Page. another new theory. August 16. 1826. — There is at present a person in this city, calling himself by the name of Edward Postlethwayt Page, who wears a long and ample black gown, an unshaven beard, and subsists after the manner of tlie priests of Brahma, upon cold vegetables and water. He professes the sciences of .Astrology, Magis and Geometry, and is confident he can remove the thick veil of ignorance which has been iheld l>efore the eyes of the world for centuries. He lays great stress upon his discoveries of the numerical exposition of the Chaldee Astrologer's ."Mphabet, in his opinion the most grand and invaluable anystery of the famous Zodiac of Dendera. We have been favored with several of his essays, which however we have declined pii.blishing. l.-ecausc we are not willing to lend currency to that which is beyond tihe limits of our comprehens'on. He terms himself. "High Priest of Nature." and holds a regular or irregular doctrine termed "The Eleucinian Code." .\U the truths which the ancient Egyptians knew, he professes to untlcrstand. He has latdy been traveling over the U. States, last at the new settlement of the Valley Forge, making converts, and intends journeying on in his work with patience and industry. He is about to publish several works, to which several learned and scientific profes- sors of \ew York and Philadelphia have subscribed; 176 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND JVASHINGTON COUNTY, amongst others, we observe one with the following title — "The Jew's Harp of Nature — opening the Sibil — our Bible's terrible Books — announcing the death of Chrrstendom in seven years." Mr. P. himself informed us, the results of his sciences are so terrible in their nature, that we desire to learn nothing more of them. The world has now something else besides Capt. Symnics to t:ilk of. — Pliilaiirlhliin Fricinan's Jtturnal. March 12. 182S.— Mr. Prentiss:— In 1824 ;i little prior to Rober. Owen's first arrival in .America. I went to Washington, distributed my printed memorial -to each member of that Congress, for a grant of a million acres of land in East Florida ''n behalf of my "Scientific Common- wealth." When read in the Senate, it expired for need of breath. I then embarked for St. Domingo, intend- din.g to petition Boyer ; but was wrecked by a gale and lost $650, With the remainder of my damaged cargo, I visited South .America, and found it a paradise for comn;unit'es. But those superstitious people could not estimate how unity gives knowledge; knowledge, we^.lth ; wealth, power and felicity. The "Scientific Commonwealth," over which I pre- side (and Sol. like the 'bead o>f anybody, must guide the rest of the planet-), has commenced at Emblem Town, seven ni'les from Marietta, between Duck Creek and Muskingum River ; and several families are now in t'uil co-operation, one for all : — all for one ! — My school begins this week. We receive scholars to board. &c.. on moderate terms: mutual in.struclion our method, with its monitorial discipline. — But we inculcate no other religion than that of nature, and reverence to the Great Spirit of the Universe; by wdiich wc learn to love each other, and do all the good we can. -Do me the favor to publish this communication. Not that we seek members. Too many, alas ! will seek us. The Community I was three .months associated with at Valley Forge, near PhiladelpJiia. was over- whelmed by a rush of importunate applicants, and there was not fortitude enough to refuse them. All that liave failtd have been surcharged in the commencement. Einv.SKi) P. P.\(;e. IN BEH.ALF Of THE FI.EUC1.N"E.\.V COM MON WE.\LTH. August .?o. 1828 — By my refraining from all hot and animal food; and from milk, butter, chee.se. eggs, inebriating bever- ages, foreign tea, coffee, and all tobacco, I prove, that this diet is best for the stud'ious (if their wdieat bread, like mine, lie coarse or brown) : I ordain the reviival of Prmce Triptolemtis's Eleucmean Mysteries as explana- tory of Symbol Divinity.- — Our College is forming, not amid the noxious fogs of Ohio's water-courses; — but on my healthy and level hill farm, called Emblem Place, by the new road, five miles from Marietta, ex- actly. I shall apply lor a charter. I grant to this Col- lege near 500 acres of land in Fearitig Township, (150 imder fence) during my natural life, rent ifree. Each member works half the day and studies the other half. I invite from among all nations the youths of either sex, who by thi ; diet are eligilile. El)W.\RU POSTLETHW.WT P.NCE. (Life President nf this E: C:) August, 1828. T'. S. Surely all newspaper editors wdl obbge me by giving this publicity. E. P. P. May, 1820. — As introductory to the establi.--hment of Halls of Science tlnroughout Ohio, similar to Miss Frances Wright's at New York. I shall deliver her Oration, adapted to all such occasions, at the Court House (if those in charge of the same permit), on Monday next, at sun down. Edw.vrd p. P.\ge. .\ C.VRD. 1830.— E P. Page to the Public— Greeting,— With the will of God ( who-e Church our priests and priestesses of Theism are about to establish) — on each future Sunday, during the hours of the divine service, I shall appear at the School-house nearest our Town Point ; then and there to officiate as high priest of the Theists. — The Bible will be read in due order, a Latin verse first, and then its English verse. (The great John Locke said, that a mother might teach herself and children Latin by such a method.) The prayers, psalms, and hymns, and sermons will be cautiously selected from other Churches, that no trumpery trasJi may be imposed upon the audience. Music when practicable. Astrology and iVlagis are purely t'he science of analogy, applied tp the Emblems, or picture language of nature. But the tre- mendous depth of this science forbids that the vulgar should be taught it until they can understand it. On these riccasions I shall exclude these twin si.sters. They appertain to our initiated memliers. To the Fenilly ,./ Maiietlci College. Gentlemen: — My regard for good manners, arising .nore. I think, from a native benevolence, than from adventitious circumstances, has checked my movements toward you, at least until your college became, as now, an established instituiion of learning. Lukewarm I permit you no longer to be towards my discovery. Either declare it true or false in a pub- lic and official manner. Justice to S-.^'ence — justice to the public, to your scholars, and to me, demands that ere I leave Marietta to impart my system, I obtain of you some credential as a testimonial that my s-cience of sciences is genuine, and is a part of the ancient oracles, that was lost and is found. In the name of Truth, I e.xhort you to investigate my Oracle of the Millenium, now in the Press; and if by remissness and a cold indifference, you indirectly omit to perform that sacred duty to your God. your country, and to mc. — Then I pled.ge myself to declare wair against your college, ?s unworthy the station it has assumed. As individuals 1 esteem yon: — liut as a collective body, 1 only respect you when conservators of science. I have been patient long enough. Is my astronomical discoveries true or false? .Answer that. If you say false, prove it, — If you say true, then I demand a letter to that purport from you collectively, addressed to the Faculty of every other college. There is no alternative. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 177 With due respect and high consideration. I have the honor to he yonr obedient humble servant. Enw.xKu P. P.\Gi;. Mariett;i, March -'^rd. 1S40. Our tjenial aiul public spirited friends. Dr. H. B. Sliipman. \\lio has recently been called away from us. has left the following sketch of Mr. Page: "There died in Marietta ]\lay 17, 1857. a man of fine presence, robust, sturdy and purely English in physique, of liigh culture and fitted bv education to adorn any society, hut hope- lesslv insane on figures. "Edward Postlethwayt Page, High Priest of Xature and Emperor of the Sun and Moon, was a remarkable man. A gentleman in e\'- ery respect, affable, courteous, exceedingly kind and polite, an intelligent talker on almost all subjects, until suddenly he \\r)ulf Xatiu'e." quite a long one in six cantos and in which ;ire some really fine things, though occasionally drop- ping into his eccentric language and figures. It was impossible for him to cfmtinue a sus- tained. sensil)le thought. "His i>ortly figure, fine presence and genial manners, courtly ever, made him a distinguish- ed person u]5on our streets for manv vears. "He was born in England. July 13. 1782. WASHINGTON COUNTY CHILDREN'S HOME. The citizens of Washington County have for many years taken a just ])ride in the beau- tiful Children's Home on the Muskingum, a mile above tlie city. lUit not all of them are aware that as a county home, it is the pioneer of all similar institutions in the State. Its in- ception is due to the unselfish labors of one whose life is briefiy sketched by Seymonr J. Math.awav in the fcillowing : Memorial Address. Catharine Fav Ewing. familiarlv known 178 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, as "Aunt Katie Fay," was born at Westboro, Massacbusetts, in the year 1822; she was mar- ried to A. S. D. Ewing in 1862; died April 4, 1897. If there was nothing more to say of Mrs. Ewing than to give these dates and state that she hved a noble, religious life, or that she was a woman of a benevolent turn and determined purpose in life, if this was all, there would be no reason for my standing here today to speak of her career. No, my friends, what we want to know is not the sim- ple annals of a well spent life. We want to know what this woman has done to advance the condition of humanit}-, or what addition she lias made to the tijtal sum of human pro- gress. TUKXING POINT IN HER LIFE. Her ancestors hailed from Plymouth R^ck. Her family came to Ohio when she was a child. At the age of 20, she became a missionary among the Choctaw Indians, where she la- Ijored for 10 years. While engaged in this work, a tragic incident occurred, causing the death of a homeless child, which aroused all the sympathies of her nature, and she resolved to do what she could to rescue dependent chil- dren from suffering and degradation. She left the mission field and went to Ken- tucky to teach school. Aftefr teaching two years, she came back to Ohio with what money she had earned, determined to begin her work as soon as -possible. Alx)ut this time an uncle and an aunt left her two small legacies. With the money thus accumulated she bought 15 acres of land near Marietta and built what she was pleased to call, her "Chil- dren's Home." and she so named it, to indi- cate its character and what she proposed it shfjuld be — a homt for homeless children. ORIGr.\ OF THE TERM — CHILnRFK'.S HOME. This was the first time the term was used to designate a child-saving institution. Prior to that "Orphan Asylum" had been the accept- ed designation, but since that never "Oi'phan Asylum" but always "Cliiildren's Home." Even the reformatories for children are now called "Industrial Homes." However, it makes little difference whether this was the first time the term was used or not. It was left for Aunt Katie Fay to illustrate what such an institution should be and thereby induce a great State to adopt her systeiu. Mark right here the tone, the fine tone, if I may be allowed the expression, of her char- acter, her utter unselfishness, the splendid abandon of her purpose ! What would most people have done under the circumstances? Devote legades, long in expectancy, together with lliard earnings, to save other people's chil- dren ? No, money that comes in such a way is carefully laid by, to tide over possible dis- asters in life. Not so, however, did Catharine Fay. She devoted her money and her life to absolutely their noblest uses, and left every other contingencv to take care of itself. HILUKEN" IX : rV IXFIKMARIES Soon after her arrival in Marietta, she vis- ited the Washington County Infirmary. What doi you suppose she found there? Well. I'll tell you. She found what could have been found, in the year 1857, in every poorhouse in the land. Dependent children of all ages as- sociated with and creeping on .the floor, among the old, decrepit and vicious inmates. To ful- ly realize what that means, you should visit a count}- infirmary and became somewhat fa- miliar with the surroundings, see the righteous poor and the vicioiis poor, the driveling idiots, the trifling meanness of human nature as shown in underlings and half-wits of a com- munity, gathered together and mingling in- discriminately, all at the end of life's ambi- tions, no hope, no expectation, nothing beyond but death and the pauper's grave. Truly you might write over the portal of such a place as this : "Let him abandon hope who enters here," and yet up to the day that Catharine Fay visited that infirmary, throughout all the States and Territories of the land, such a place as that was deemed good enough for children who by the accidents of birth, but through no fault of their own, had been left destitute and could find 11(3 other refuse. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 179 She found 26 children in the Washington County Infirmary, and she registered a vow in Heaven that if her hfe was spared, such a state of diings sliouid not long exist. If the plight of these innocent children did not touch the hearts of any others, she would take up their cause single-handed and dedicate her life and property to their rescue. And what has been the result? Through all the fair State of Ohio it is now against the law to keep children in the county infirmary. OTHEK GRE.\T REFORMERS. How singular was Catharine Fay's motive and disposition to tiiat of Florence Nightin- gale, who visited the hospitals and saw the miserable condition of the inmates. It touched her heart and she resolved to do something to reform the methods of conducting hospitals. She devoted her life and means to the work, and what has been tlie result? The reform has progressed u'.itil now we have the most perfect appliances that man can devise for the alleviation of suffering and the cure of dis- ease. So with John Howard. He visited the prisons, and the woeful condition moved him so deejjly that he determined to devote his life and fortune to the work of reforming prisons, and now what has been the result ? \Ve have the most humane and enlightened prison meth- ods prevailing the world over. So with Clara Barton, the great philan- thropist. She hears of a fearful calamity, such as lately overtook the Amienians, and it appeals so strongly to her and arouses her so thoroughly that she goes half around the world to dispense the relief that a Christian civilization gives in money and supplies for the hungry and destitute in that distant land. The work of such self-sacrificing benefactors of hu- manity does not die with them. Xor will the work of Catharine Fay Ew- ing die with her. The time is coming when there will not be a State in the Union where it will not be against the law to keep a depen- dent child in a countv infirmarv, and when every State will provide by law for the saving of homeless children. coxniTioN.s IN 1S57. In the year 1857, ''s at present, most peo- ple were too busy with their own affairs to give much attention to the rescue of dependent children. They had children of their own. They, no doubt, said to themselves, when they gave the subject any attention at all, somewhat as follows : "The poorhouse children may not have a veiy good time, but that was better than nothing, and the taxes collected from all alike paid for their support, and it was not the taxpayers' fault that tb.e children were in the poorhouse. Let those who are paid for keeping the infirmary care for them and don't bother honest, hard-working people with the woes of these little paupers. \Ve liave children of our own to support." Such heard-headed and you might say cruel logic held sway in the year of our Lord, 1857. To better understand the subject, let us in- quire what were the conditions in regard to child saving that year. I refer to the year Catharine Fay began her work. Xot a single State in the Union had acknowledged the re- sponsibility of the State for the saving of home- less children. Xo general law stood on the statute book of any State, providing for the establishment of child-saving institutions, the dependent children of these great common- wealths were relegated to the tender mercies of the poorhouses. If there were such laws I have failed to find thenr. At all e\'ents they were of such half-hearted kind that their rep- utation ne\er got very far from home, and not until the year 1866, the date of the passage of the Ohio Children's Home Act, did any such law, worthy the name, appear on the statute lxx)k of any State. THE FIRST HO.ME. After buying the land, putting up the buildings, and getting the children from the County Infirmary, Miss Fay's work began. Twentv-six children to be cared for, fed and i8o HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, clothed, not for one month only, but for 12 months in the year, and she continued right along for 10 years. She found homes for her children in private families as fast as she could and followed them up year by year. Her ca- reer in this resiject shows how a determined spirit makes way for itself. When people saw she was making a success of the move- ment, they came to her aitl, and the county au- thorities helped her. l)F,VEI.O"i;ii INTO .\ bPATE I.XSTITCTKIN. Now witness how events developed this first Children's Home into a State institution. The directors' of the County Infirmary, hav- ing no power outside O'f what the law gave them, had for a number of years been paying Miss Fay money from the public funds to help support the children taken from the Infirmary, and they had no law authorizing them to do it. Then toward the close of the War of the Rebellion, slie had 35 soldiers' orphans in the Home, and she thought it was a shame that these children should not have better support than she could give them. So she conceived of the idea of asking the Legislature to make her Home a regular county institution, sep- arating the children entirely from poorhouse contrfjl. The county authorities approved of the plan because it would legalize what they had before been doing illegally. The patriot- ic citizens of the community approved of it because of the humiliating situation of the sol- diers' orphans, who, although committed to the care of Miss Fay, were \-irtually inmates of the Infirmary. Mrs. Ewing resolved to make the effort to induce the State of Ohio to adopt her system and pass a general law authorizing any county in Ohio to establish a Children's Home. Here was the supreme effort of her life crowned with success. This was the turning point in the history of the great movement, which made it permanent and handed her name down to fame. For her Cbildren's Hbme, and the benign purposes it involved, if left to itself, in the ordinary course of events might have died with her ; but when her Children's Home was adopted by the great State of Ohio, that established it forever. It also estab- lished the idea that the State is responsible for the homeless child — a great victory for civili- zation. The Ohio law of 1866 was the first of its kind, and the example of Ohio has been followed li\- other States until now it is the e.Kception to iind a State that still allows de- pendent children ti> lie kept in the poorhouse, and nearly e\ery State has now a general law proA'iding in one way or another for the sa\- ing of homeless children. HISTORY OF children's HOMES. (By ■■Aunt Katif F^iy' Ewiuii.—Rcad hrfurc the Chil- dren's Heme CiinvLntiun. ) In the fall of 1853 I was laboring as a missionary among the Cboctaw Indians, when one day a physician called to see me to visit a poor fam'ily just across the line, where the mother had died, leaving a family of five sni^ill children. These little ones she had commit- ted to his care, and he ,was trying to find homes for them, llie mother was a New Eingland woman, and for the first years of her married life everything went well ; but the husband became a drunkard ; and poverty fol- lowed as the sure result. They removed from one place to another, until these last days of trouble overtook them on the frontiers of Arkansas. A few days before, the husband had taken the only axe they had, and leaving the family without any wootl, or any way of getting any, had deserted them. h\ this sit- uation our good doctor had found them, and he soothed the last hours of the woman with the promise that he would provide for the chil- dren. He had now found homes for all but a little one, two years old, as lovely a child as the sun ever shone on. My heart was drawn to her at once, and I longed to take her and give her a home. For days I prayed over it, and tried to devise mean,s to accomplish it; but I found it was impossible, for I was but a poor teacher and hundreds of miles from my own home. The child was finallv taken by a man and AND REPRESEXTATIJ-E CITIZENS. i«3 his wife, who soon after began to sell whis- key to the Indians. One day as they were drinldng, they ended in a fight, and tlie dar- ling child was thrown upon the steps of the house and killed. The distress of mind 1 suf- fered o\-er this sad afifair so affected my health, that I was obliged to leave my work among the Indians, and return home; but the desire and purpose had arisen in my heart to have a home where I might care for such or- phaned and homeless children. After this every effort was dijected toward that object, every dollar was laid up with miserly care. For two years I taught in Kentucky and with the means thus obtained purchased 15 acres of land, and on this began to Ijuild my home. Tdie Lord, knowing mv needs, sent me two legacies : one from my uncle and one f romniy aunt. My aim at first was to have a home where I could take children and support them myself; but one day ] went to our Infirmary where I found 26 children of every condition amid older people of the vilest and most pro- fane characters. To see these children, made in God's image, polluted Iiy such contact, was more than I could bear. I went at once to the trustees of the Infirmary, and got their con- sent to give me the children at $1 a week. They were to find them one pair of shoes and two suits of clothes : they were to pay one-half the doctor's bills, and all funeral expenses, and I was to do the rest. I had begun in the fall of 1857 to build a house upon my place; but there was a small frame house of two rooms on the farm when I bought it. In this I es- tablished myself, and on the first day of April, 1858, I recei\ed there nine children sent to me fromi the Infirmary. They were all under 10 years of age, four of them mere bahies. These children, with my hired girl, and the men who were building my house, made a family of 19. The Lord wonderfully pro\-ided for us. One barrel of flour, given to me by Jasper Sprague. lasted our large family three months, when I had nothing to get more with, and we had enough, too. Our neighbors, many of them, were nut friendly, and had strange ideas concerning mv work. They thought there could be no good moti\-e in taking children to keep as I was do- ing, and that 1 must be making money out of it, and out of them, too, as the\- helped pay the taxes. So they tried every way they could to injure me. Our gates would be opened at night, and hogs and cattle let in upon our garden and fields. Our chickens were often killed. Once when I went away to take one of the children to a home, 1 found when I came back that all but eight of our 60 chick- ens were dead. In my agreement with tl\e trustees, I was to send the children \.o school. Nothing was specified, how or where, but my plan was to have them taught at home during the winter, and send them to a district school in sunimer. When the term began. 1 took all the children of the proper age, fi\'e in number, and went with them to the school house. I found however, that the trustees of the school had left word that none of them could remain, as they were paupers, and could not be in the same school with their children, so I took them home. But I did not intend to l)e scared out of this thing. So, taking two of the children by the hand, I led them all into the school house, gave the teacher the children's books, and left them there. As I went out one of the trus- tees met me at the door, went with me through the men and then left me to go home alone ; thanking (iod that he had ])rotected me from harm. As soon as possible I went into town; and, by the advice of friends was made guardian of all the children large enough to go to school. The next Monday I took them to the school house, and there I found the trustees. I showed them the jjroof of my guardianship and told them to reject the children if they could. They had not thought of all this and did not know what to say. So 1 left the chil- dren there. .About ten o'clock they came home crying, and said they had been sent home and asked me if I was okl "Goody-poor-house"' for that was what they called me at the school. The next week the trustees summoned me to court, where 1 was kept four davs awav HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, from my home, where there was sickness, and no one there but hired help. One of the chil- dren died the third day after I got back. The case was decided in my favor, and I was al- lowed to send the children tO' school. So passed away with many trials the first and second years, and after that things began to brighten. In August, 1858, my house was finished and we moi\ed into it, much rejoiced to have at last room enough for the family. In June of i860, my family was attacked with diphtheria, and we were not free from sickness from that time till November. 1 was taken sick among the first, and before I was able to be up, both of my hired girls left me. The day the last one went away I crawled down stairs, and found things in a dreadful condition. The children gathered around me so pleased to have me with them again, and with the help of the two oldest, a girl of 12, and a boy of 13, I went to work to get things in order ; but soon the sick up-stairs needed my attentinn. 1 was too' weak tn walk. I had to creep ui) on my hands and knees. There lay six dear children very sick, one of whom died the next day. Thus it went on for three weeks. No help could be hired, for all were afraid of contagion. All the help I had in car- ing for these 23 children, eight of them sick, was the aid the children themselves could give me, though Mrs. Clogston, a neighbor, came and did the washing and ironing for me as a favcir. Many days I had no one to speak to but the children. The hardest time came one evening when I knew that one of the little ones could not live through the night. I dreaded to be alone, and just at night I sent one of the boys to ask a neighbor to come and stay at least a part of the night with me. — She told the boy to go back and tell "old Kate she was paid for taking care of the children, and now she might do it." When the boy told me this, I broke down and cried until one of the chil- dren came ftnd put his arms around my neck, and said: "(iod can take care of us." "So he can," said I, "I will trust in Him." Nor did I trust in vain, for before dark Dr. Beck- with came, bringing his wife with him. When I told them what had happened, we all three cried together, and after the doctor had prayed with us, his wife offered to stay till he came again. I shall never forget that night, or the kindness of Mrs. Beckwith in staying with me. Four of the children died during this season of sickness. There were many ex- tra expenses, too, during this time, and then came the laying in of winter stores and pro- viding winter clothing, so I was very grate- ful to the trustees of the poor when they sent me a present of $50. During the winter 12 of the children had scarlet fever, but by God's blessing onlv one died. Hardly were we through with that, when the measles ap- peared and 2t were sick with that at once, one of them m\ main dependence for help. But the Loi'd helped me through with it all, and gave me strength according to m}- day. Many kind friends He raised up for me, who by gifts of money, donations of clothing and provisions helped me to supply our wants. About this time, however, the war broke out, and people's thoughts and sympathies were so enlisted for the soldiers that we did not receive so many donations, while prices were so high, that one dollar only went as far as fifty cents had ■ befare. The number of children, too, increased, as so many of the sol- diers' families were left destitute. I felt com- pelled to ask from the commissioners, 25 cents more a week, and in August, 1864, this was granted. The farm supplied us with many things for our food, and in one of these hard years of the war, our crops were nearly double what they usually were, while all about us were \ery poor. We had cows to supply us with nnlk. and a few sheep given to us helped to furnish the warm stockings needed for the little ones in the winter. The health during these later years was better, though often those who came into the family were in poor physical condition, and some times did not live long after they came under my care. No child, however, as late as 1866 had died who had been at the home over a year. In 1863 the comfort of the family was much increased by sinking a well, making a AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 185 cistern, and building a school house, where during the winter months the children were taught. To meet the expense of these things, I had, at first, ^t,/ given to me by friends for the well ; but a debt remained hanging over me for some time, causing me much anxiet)', but $150 given me by friends in Harmar, and $250 raised by an entertainment in Marietta, furnished the means that cleared me of debt, so that on my birthday in 1865, I could say, "I owe no man anything." Among the pleasant things that the kind- ness of friends brought to me was a visit to some oi the benevolent institutions oif our State at Lancaster antl Columbus, the comlmissioners paving my expenses, and the ladies of Mari- etta supplying my outfit. As the number of children increased dur- ing these years, and the expenses were so much greater, it became more and more ap- parent that the means of support at my com- mand were inadequate t(3 the necessities of the case. The connection it held with the poor- house, too, was undesirable. It put the chil- dren under a kind of stigma that w,as hurtful, as well as unpleasant to them. So many of them;, too, were soldiers' children ( at one time two-thirds of the whole number. 35 being of this class), and these I felt deserved something better of their coimtry than had yet l)een pro- vided. I became greatly desirous, therefore, that we might be made entirely separate in name and fact from the poor house, and have a dis- tinct fund appropriated to our use. So early as 1864 I conferred with the commissioners about the expediency of applying to the legis- lature to bring about this change. A bill to this effect was therefore presented to the Legis- lature by William F. Curtis, but owing to some misunderstanding in the State institutions, it was laid aside. The next year it was presented again, but rejected. In the year 1866 the mat- ter was again brought forward by S. S. Knowles, who in March of that year wrote to me to announce that his bill providing for the Children's Home had passed the House by a vote of 72 to 10, and was now a law. So the plan which I had thought of only as a relief for our own Children's Home, became in God's good providence the means by which such in- stitutions have been multiplied all over our State. The home where I started in was about 10 miles from Marietta. This was thought to be too far away, after it became a county institu- tion, and a place was bought for it two miles and a half from town. Thither on the 3rd of April, 1867, the children were removed, but as my health was poor, I resigned m}- post, and re- mained at the old place. CHAPTER VIII. HIGHER. EDUCATION. Eakly Academies — The Marietta Infant School — Institute of Education — Manual Labor Association — The Marietta Collegiate Institute — Marietta Female Seminary — Marietta College — Historical Sketch of Marietta College —Teach- ers AND Educators — Artists. early academies. The private school and the academy liave performed a very important service for educa- tion in Washington County, as they have in all the earlier settlements in this State. First among these was Muskingum Academy, found- ed in 1797, from which Marietta College is directly descended. In 1844, Harmar Academy was l)uilt on the corner of Franklin and Maple streets. Stu- dents to the number of 166 were in attendance in this academy in 1847. R^^'- Henry Bates for a long time was principal. John Crawford, Henry Fearing, Douglas Putnam, Harlow Chapin and Silas T. Jewel were the trustees. When the system of union schools was adopted the Academy building was used for the high school department, and when the high school was discontinued on the west side of the river, it was still used as a public school building until 1 891, when it was destroyed by fire, and the Fort School was erected on the site of Fort Harmar. The Western Liberal Institute was organ- ized by the Universalists of Marietta and char- tered in 1850. The first trustees were G. W. Barker, Owen Franks and James M. Booth. Paul Kendal was first principal. It afforded, for about 10 years, instruction in the higher branches to many students of this and adjoin- ing counties. The building occupied by the Institute was on the southwest corner of Sec- ond and Butler streets. Of Beverly College or Academy, for in its time it has been called by both names, we Irave an interesting description in the sketch of the Dodge family, found in Chapter XII. It was formally opened in November, 1842, with J. P. Whitten as president ; Charles B. Barclay, professor of rhetoric : Rev. Milton Bird, pro- fessor of moral science; and J. Loitland, pro- fessor of languages. \\'hile the institution was under the charge of Prof. E. S. Cox, who has since won a wide reputation as a city super- intendent and a specialist in English, Beverly Academy sent to colleges and universities a large number of very well prepared students. The writer can recall two valedictorians of their respective classes who received their train- ing under the care of Professor Cox. A few years later, when under the charge of Principal R. J. Smith, the Academy won an enviable rep- utation for the large number of well prepared teachers that went from its class rooms to the county examinations. Bartlett Academy was organized in Wesley township in 1856. Joseph Penrose, Joseph K. Bucy, Isaac Emmons and James King were the first Board of Trustees, and Jefferson M. Hes- ton was the first principal. For many years a large number of students were gathered here, AND REPRESEXTATirE CITIZEXS. 187 many of whom afterward became teachers. Z. G. Bumly was for a long time instructor in Bartlett Academy, also WilHam Eldridge. For a few years Prof. Samuel Maxwell taught an academy where the Children's Home now stands. Of Mr. Tenney's academy a description is found in contemporary extracts from the American Friend, appearing in this and the preceding chapter. All these institutions served a useful pur- pose in their day ; in fact, they were indispensa- ble to the intellectual development of the com- munity in which they stood, and it is no re- proach upon their public-spirited founders and teachers that they have given place to a wider system of public education, which is free to all. Without this preliminary work of the private school, the seminaries and the academy, the public high school of today would never have existed. Muskingum Academy had a history which is unique. At first it was an academy and house of worship, the only one in the commun- ity ; then it was rented at a nominal rate to some person or persons who would teach there- in a private school of higher grade. About 1830 the teachers who had used this building, finding their quarters straitened, began to seek other accommodations and we hear of an "In- stitute of Education." with primary and higher departments, anil with some hints of Pestaloz- zian theory and practice. We hear of globes and apparatus, of nature study, in fact, al- though they did not them call it by that name. There was a manual labor department, too, and for a long time great expectations were built upon this new plan of education. The subse- quent changes from the ^Marietta Collegiate Institute to the Marietta College of 1835 are told in the extracts taken from papers of that day and from the history of Marietta College which follows. THE M.\RIETT.\ INF.WT SCHOOL. April 10. 1830. — "Mr. Prentiss, "Dear Sir: — It is nothing strange, after an acquaintance with vou of more than four years, that I have discovered that you are always interested in those institutions which promise to be a public benefit. On this account I feel the more at liberty to address you on the sub- ject which stands at the head of this hasty no- tice. For the want of time I must confine my- self to a mere passing notice. I hope to be able to take up the subject of the analytical method of instruction, which is introduced into this school, in some of its practical details in the succeeding numbers of _\-our paper. "At present I can only say that the Infant School in this place is in successful operation, with abdut se\'enty-five pupils. tJie present number. "It is now open for the reception of schol- ars both from the town and from the country, if any parents abroad should feel a sui^icient interest to send their children. Some have already applied for the admission of their chil- dren, who live themselves out of the township. "The terms are two dollars and fifty cents per quarter. Scholars will be received of any age. between three and twelve years. Some even older than this will lie received, if their previous education dues not unfit them for l>eing benefited here. Also some have been and will continue to be received younger than three years, if the health and maturity tif the pupil seem to justify it. "The branches which are taught will be more particularly defined hereafter. It is sufii- cient now to say that at least all the branches of education, taught in our best common schools, will be taught here, but on a principle which imparts knowledge far more rapidly to the mind of the learner, and suited to make a much more deep and abiding impression. It is a primary object in this section to endeavor to impart distinct and vivid impressions to the mind by the means of sensible objects. For this purpose an extensive apparatus is provided^ suited to the several kinds of instruction given — spelling, reading, defining and the elements of Natural History, Geography, Arithmetic and Grammar. To this I also e.xpect a very considerable addition in the present month. ''Every Wednesday, in the forenoon, the school will lie open for the reccj)tion of \-isitors. 1 88 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY All persons are invited on these occasions to attend, who feel any interest in this exceed- ingly important and interesting subject. "The school is under the superintendence and instruction of Miss Phebe Battelle, of Newport, and Miss Eliza Buck, of this place; assisted by Archibald Cowan, a lad eight years old, a pupil of Mr. Bacon. It is hoped that Mr. Bacon himself will spend a few days in the school, the latter part of this month. "I am happy to say that the Infant School meets with the very general approbation of our citizens, and has already secured the confidence of the community in general. If any have doubts, I am fully persuaded that they will van- ish with one hour's personal observation of the operations of the school. "The mode of instruction is entirely new ; but not more new than the plan of government which is adopted, and which is found to be more efficient than an_\ other. All corporal punishments are excluded. "It is my intention, if ever the school more than pays the expenses already incurred and the salaries of the teachers to whom I am per- sonally responsible, to expend any surplus funds in adding continually to .the apparatus for the benefit of the school. "The above remarks I have been obliged to make in the greatest haste, and hope to be able to satisfy the minds of inquirers on any points of interest at another time. "Yours with much respect and esteem, \ "L. G. Bingham. "P. S. — The founder of the Infant School system in the United States gives it as his ■opinion that the most desirable number of pu- \)\\s for a school is one hundred and fifty. None need therefore hesitate about sending their chil- dren on account of the present number." A TliAVKLER i ]\Iarietta, June 12, 1830. — "Having this day attended the examina- tion of the Infant School in this place, I deem it doing an act of public utility to report its conditions and prospects. Of the many schools which I have visited in other States, none have I found conducted in a manner better suited to impart knowledge, to strengthen the mind by exercising its various powers, and to correct an}' wayward disposition. This school has been in operation one quarter only. It com- mends itself. To become satisfied of this, it is needful only to become fully acquainted with the manner in which it is conducted. In this short time the school has attended to reading, spelling, defining, arithmetic, grammar and geography. The examination in these branch- es was highly creditable. In addition to these, they had attended to several others which are not usually taught, and which are suited to exercise and improve the understanding and the judgment, as well as the memory. Among these were the classification of Natural objects, Chronology and Astronomy. The school read- ily answered questions on the first, respecting some articles which they had not before seen, and told the origin of the several parts, whether it was animal, vegetable or mineral. _ In Chronu'logy they ga\'e the general divisions of time, the periods, principal events and dates. In Astronomy, they gave the names of the primary and secondary planets, their distance from the sun, magnitude, and times of revolv- ing, &c. These things were explained to them by means of a simple orrery. It was truly gratifying to see these children, in their ready answers, manifest so much knowledge on these subjects. But it was in Geometry that their answers most struck me with surprise. They defined the terms, and applied them in trian- gles, circles, arcs, chords, cubes, cones, pyra- mids, &:c., with astonishing readiness. On the review of the whole, I am confident that these children had acquired a greater amount of knowledge in one quarter than is usually ac- quired in common schools in twice or thrice the time. Do any ask how this can be done? Let them come and see the means and they will cease tO' wonder. Besides the teacher. of writ- ing, they \\\\\ find three teachers in constant attendance. They will find an extensive and beautiful apparatus by which the teachers ex- plain many things which could not be explained without it. They will find that children here learn things and not names merelv, as is too AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 189 common in other schools, however good. They will find also a system of government suited to produce the happiest results. It is strictly parental and free from all corporal pun- ishments. Good order is maintained, not by severe appeals to the bodily senses, but by bringing the motives to right conduct to bear on the child's sense of what is proper and right- Thus the foundation is laid, by leading the school to act in view of rectitude, for the most happy results to its members and to society. This is done by the peculiar tendency of this system to cherish the most kindly affections toward each other, toward their teachers and the human family." A Travch-r. THE MAKIEIIA INKANT SCHOOL. June. 1830. — The next quarter or term of tbis Sclviul will com- mence on Thursday, the 24th of the presetjt month.' The public examination of the School will be held the day previous, at which all who are intere.^ted are re- spectfully invited to attend. The price of tuition for the next cjuarter will be two dollars, for each scholar. A system of writing and drawing simple objects, will be introduced into the School next quarter, and an additional charge of fifty cents will be made on those. The next term wili be eleven weeks, and the School will be held on Wednesday afternoon, which will make the time employed in instruction same as twelve weeks upon the present plan. INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION' Comfirisinq Four Ucfurtuiciits. Sqitenil>er, 1830. — "i. The Infant School.- — In this department scholars will be received from two years old and upwards, who will attend to spelling, de- fining, reading, first principles of Geography, Arithmetic. &c. An extensive apparatus has been provided for the use of this department. Parents are at no cost for the means of instruc- tion, such as books, maps, charts, spelling cards. Natural History, prints and other means of illustration. These are purchased for the School. Charges $2.50 a term. "2. The Primary School. — Promotions will be made from the Infant School into the Primary School, and others will be admitted, whose advancement in elementary knowledge has l>een such as qualifies them to attend x>> higlier studies by the use of Ixioks. The same general methods of -teaching and illustration will be employed here as in the Infant School by the aid of suitable apparatus. The pupils will attend to spelling, reading, Grammar, Geog- raphy, Xatin-al History, &c. Parents will pro- vide such books, slates, stationery, &c., as shall be prescribed in the course of study. Charge $3.00 a term. "3. The Hl;ih School. — Promotions will be made from the Primary School into the High School and others will be received, who are qualified to enter. It is intended that this school shall be equal to the best Academies and High Schools of the East. For this purpose an extensive apparatus has been purchased for this department, at an expense of about $200, comprising: One set of Chemical .\pparatus. One set of Geometrical .\pp;iratus. One set of Astronomical .Apparatus, One set of Philosophical Apparatus, including The .'Vir Pump. One set of Large and Elegant Maps. the most recent and complete that ha\-e been offered to the public, and exhibiting the entire surface of the Earth. The map of the United States is the most \-alual)le that has ever been published, and exhibits all the recent surveys, railroads, canals and internal improvements, together with views of seven of our largest cities and maps of their environs and many items of information. Other articles of appa- ratus have been procured which need not be added to this list. In the High Schools all tliose branches of Education will be taught which are common to schools of this kind; such as Geograph}-, by the use of maps. Globes and the Blackboard; Arithmetic, English Grammar, Elements of Geometry, Astronomy, Rhetoric, Logic, Natural Philosophy, Chemis- try, Composition, the Latin and Greek Lan- guages. &c. -A. Classical Teacher will be always in employ for this department. Pupils will be I90 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, at their uwn cost iox such books as shall be prescribed for the class to which they belong. Charge in English Studies, $4.00; in the Languages, $5.00. "4. TJic Young Ladies' School. — Promo- tions will be made from the female members of the High School into the Ladies' School, and others will be admitted of suitable qualifica- tions. The studies of the High School will be pursued and perfected here, and others intro- duced which are peculiarly suitable and impor- tant in Female Education. No pains will be spared to make this department worthy of the patronage of the public. The apparatus of the High School will be also for the use of the Ladies" School. All experiments will be per- formed before the two schools combined, but in all other respects the institutions will be en- tirely distinct, and they will occupy apartments which have no necessary connection with each other. Pupils will furnish such books as shall be prescribed for the studies which they pur- sue. Charge $5.00 a term. Added to these "A Writing School will be taught in a room fitted up for the purpose as a distinct branch of instruction. The system which has been intro- duced and taught with so much success the past quarter will be continued, and a well quali- fied teacher of Penmanship will be constantly employed in this department. Pupils will fur- nish their own stationery. The charge to members of the Schools, fifty cents for this quarter, wliether they continue a week or a term — to others, $2.00 for thirty lessons. When the advantages of this department are known, the charge to members of the Schools will be considered a mere pittance. The pro- ceeds of this department at these prices have not half paid the expense of its support. Rci^iilaiioiis. 1. Nc Scholar will be received into any department for less than a half quarter. 2. In .ordinary cases, no Scholar will be admitted into the Writing School under ten years of age. 3. No deduction will lie made for lost time, except in case of illness of more than a week's duration. 4. It is desirable, when cnnvenient that payments be made in advance. 5. Visitors will be admitted into the Schools on the first Wednesday ot every month, between the hours ot g and 12. "The next term will cimimence the 23d of September and continue eleven weeks. A spacious and commodious building will be fitted up for the Schools. The pupils will be divided into classes, and four rooms will be occupied for study, three for recitation, and one for writing. Six teachers will be em- ployed. Some will be engaged in the rooms for study; others in the rooms for recitation. A graduate of Ohio University of competent qualifications will conduct the recitations of the High School and the illustrations. "N. B.— It may appear at first that these charges are too high. But when the expense and the advantages of this school are known, it will be seen that they are very moderate. The system not only contemplates but effects a real saving of time and money to its patrons. To myself, it promises nothing, for the present at least ; but the opportunity of doing some- thing for the much neglected cause of e*luca- tion — as may appear from the fact that the avails of the Lifant School hitherto have fallen short of meeting the expenditures by more than one hundred dollars. It will be obvious that in pursuing the present plan the expendi- tures will be very much increased. "L. G. BlNGH.-XM." ]\Iarietta, Feb. 28, 1S31. — (hor the Gazctti'.) "Dear Sir : — I have recently received a po- lite invitation to attend the examination of the vari(jus departments of instruction in the "Insti- tute of Education' in this town — and really the exercises were conducted in such a manner that the highest honor and credit are due both to the enterprising and indefatiga]>le instruc- tors, and also to the interesting pupils commit- ted to- their charge. "Aly first visit was to the Infant and Pri- mary School. The children (some apparently not more than four years old) answered ques- tions that have puzzled many an aged mind. Theyi drew maps, read, sung, and in short per- formed the whole of their duty with surpris- ing accuracv and facilitv." AND REPRESENTATIVE CITTLENS. 191 MANUAL LABOR ASS0CL\TION. CONSTITUTION' OF THE MANUAL LABOR ASSOCIATION OF THE YOUNG IIEN'S HIGH SCHOOL. July, I S3 1.— 1. This Association shall be called the Manual Labor Association of the Young Men's High School at Marietta. Ohio. 2. The object of the Association shall be the pro- motion of health and vigor, both of body and mind, by a regular system of manual exercise. 3. The officers shall be a President. Vice-Presi- dent. Secretary. Prudential Committee. Monitors and a Committee of Appeal, all of whom shall be chosen the last Saturday of every term. 4. The President, and in his absence the Vice- President, shall preside in all meetings, and call special meetings whenever it shall be necessary. 5. The Secretary shall record the proceedings of the .-Association. 6. The Prudential Committee shall consist of three: the Pretidcnt. Vice-President, and Secretary, whose dutv shall be to provide stock and materials for the shop, make contracts, set the daily valuation upon the labor nf each member, manage all the business and finances of the Association, and make a report of their proceedings at each stated meeting. 7. The number of Monitors shall depend upon the livisions. vvh'ch the Association may make from time to time for the convenience of labor. 8. It shall be the duty of the Monitors to collect a fine of i2;/2 cents for every absence and 654 cents for every tardiness ; unless the delinquent shall assign one of the following excuses, viz. : Sickness, absence from town, or comnany from out of town: the Moni- tors shall pay the fine thus collected to the Prudential Committee. Their duties shall be confined to their respective divisions. 9. The Committee of Appeal shall consist of three, whose duty it shall be to remit fines, when the e.\cuse of the delinquent is satisfactory to them, though it may have been rejected by the Monitor. They shall also have power to judge of the reasonableness of any other excuses than those named in the preceding ar- ticle. They shall audit the accounts of the Prudential Committee. 10. Any individual who may be proposed to the Association by the President, may become a member by vote of the majority of the members, by signing the constitutfon. 11. Any individual, not in debt to the Association bv fines or otherwise, may be dismissed by vote of the majority of the members, and all shall cease to be mem- b'?rs of the .Association, when they ^oease to be mcin- bers of the Institute of Education. 12. If any individual through carelessness or in- attention, or inditiference to his work, shall be con- sidered by the Prudential Committee unprofitable to the .Association, such member, on motion of the Pru- dential Committee, may be dismissed, by vote of two- thirds of ihe members, from the .Association. 13. \'o member, durnig the appointed hour of ex- ercise, shall perform any other labor, than that assigned them, by the Chairman of the Prudential Committee, or some one employed by them as Superintendent, nor at any other time except by special permission from this Committee. 1 hey may also assign and take an amount of labor out of the shop, according to their discretion. 14. Every member shall labor for the Association tw'o hours of every day, when study is prosecuted in the Institute, at such hours as may be fixed by resolu- tions and by-laws. 15. A_ delay, of five minutes, beyond the time for commencing labor, shall be accounted tardiness, and fifteen minutes, absence. 16. No tools shall be carried out of the shop, or removed from the benches to which they belong, ex- cept by direction of the Prudential Committee or one chosen by them to act as superintendent, whom they may appoint at their discretion. 17. No individual, not a member of the Associa- tion, shall be permitted at any time to use the tools, for labor in the shop, or enter the shop during the hours of labor. 18. A valuation or estimate shall be made of the labor of each member at the close of the hour^ for exercise, every day. ,'by the Prudential Committee, which shall be entered m a book kept for that purpose to their credit. iq. .At the close of each quarter a dividend shall be made of the monies received, to each member, ac- cording to the credit he has received for labor by the Prudential Committee, whose duty it shall be to make this apportionment. Before the apportionment is made, the Prudential Committee shall pay off the expenses of the Association. 20. By-laws and Resolves, not inconsistent with this Constitution, may be adopted by a vote of a ma- jority of the members. 21. No alteration or addition shall be made to this constitution, without a vote of three-fourths of the members of the Association, nor uinil such alteration has been proposed one week. 22. Every member shall feel it his duty to do all in his power to promote the interests of the Associa- tion, and chcerully submit unto its rules. No conversa- tions shall be allowed in the shop, except such as re- lates necessarily to the work, and that in a very low tone of voice. Each member shall I)e intent upon his work in the hours of labor, and not interfere or con- cern himself w-ith the work of others. 2.^. Every member of the Young Men's High School in the Institute of Education shall be eligible to be elected members of the Manual Labor .Association, without distinction of age. UY-t,AWS Of THE MANUAL LAIiOR .\SS0CIATION. 1. The hours of labor shall be from five to seven in the afternoon. 2. Every member shall be governed and directed in his labor by the Superintendent of the Prudential Committee. 3. The Prudential Committee shall make an esti- mate of the labor of every member, immediately after the close of the last hour of each day. at which time every other member shall retire. 192 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, 4. Every tool slmll have its particular place, and each member shall replace ever)- tool which he has used, at the close of labor. 5. If any member shall fail to observe the above by-law, he shall forfeit three cents for each failure, to be deducted out of the estimate of his day's labor. 6. Every member shall report to the Prudential Committee, at the close of each week the amount, he has carried out of the shop, a record of which shall be made by the Secretary. 7. Any member may work in the shop out of the ordinary hoi'rs of labor, by permission. 8. No member may take any of the stock for any private purpose. Q. It slisll be the dutv of the Prudential Commit- tee or .Superintendent to lay out the work of each member. 10.. The Prudential Commitltee shall make all contracts and sales of articles made by the Association. It. No member shall grind a tool without permis- sion from the Prudential Committee or Superintendent. Prudcniial Committee, Charles Deterly, President, Wiilliam H. Bay, Vice-president, Alonzo Bingham. Secretary. Committee of Appeal, O. A. .Miller, Nathaniel P. Chariot and William Allen. RUI.E.« OF THE IXSTIfUTE OF EDUCATIOX. 1832.- 1. Every scholar on entering the school room, in the morning and at noon, shall innnediately commence his or her studies vvithout making any communica- tions whatever with others. 2. 'Nc scholar may be absent from his or her boarding house on any evening after the ringing of tlie study-bell, wiithout permission from a Teacher, or a requisition from a parent. ,S. Every scholar is expected to attend the ordin- ary exercises of some place of religious worship on the SabU-ith. 4. No scholar may be absent at any time from the ordinary exercises of the school. 5. No profane or indecent language may be used by any scholar. 6. Every scholar must honestly report daily two and a half hours study out of school. 7. No scholar may say aught against the official character of the Monitors except to tlie Teachers. 8. It shall be the duty of every scholar who knows anything detrimental to the interests of the school — or of a schokir disobeying any rule vvithout acknowledging it — toniake known the facts to some one of the Teach- ers, if re<|uired. Q. If a scholar fails of complying with any one of these rules, an excuse must be rendered in writing on the first entrance of the scholar nito the school room. "The object of the above rules is not to abridge the privileges of scholars, but to se- cure to them the objects their friends had in view in sending them to the Institute, "W'e wish it to be distinctly understood by those who resort here for the purpose of study, that a strict adherence to all the rules of school is indispensable. "It may be expected that some one of the teachers will always be present at the social visits of the students. M.\NU.\L L.\B0R. "Hitherto many of the young men, by laboring a short time everi. day in the Manual Labor Shops connected with the Institute, have been able -to defray in some instances all, and in others nearly all, the expenses of board. All are encouraged to labor for their health. We have received a considerable amount of dona- tion to furnish the students with tools and the means of defraying their expenses. "\'oung ]\Ien in the \\est, who are destitute of the means of obtaining sufficient education to transact the common business of life, or to become teachers of Common Schools, iTiay re- sort here with the assurance that by industry and application, they may defray nearly all their expenses while attending to their stud- ies."' INSTITUTE OF EDCC.VTION. "At a meeting held at the Institute of Edu- cation in ^larietta, in pursuance of a notice previously gixen bv the Proprietors, on Thurs- day evening, March 15, 1832, Dr. S. P. Hil- dreth was appointed Chairman, and Douglas Putnam, Secretary. "Mr. M. French read to the meeting a paper, submitting to their consideration cer- tain propositions in regard to the Institute of Education. "Rev. L. G. Bingham, at the request of the Chairman, made an interesting statement in relation to the general interests of the institu- tion and the cause of education. "The meeting was addressed by C. Emer- son, Esq., A. Nye. Esq., and Dr. Cotton. "On motion, it was Resolved that the com- munication of Mr. French, and the matters contained therein, be referred to a committee of seven members. AND REPRESENTATIl'E CITIZENS. 193 "The following members were chosen as this committee : Calelj Emerson, Arius Xye, T. Cotton, D. Protsman. \\'. Thomas, Robert "Crawford and James Whitney. "Rcsoli'cd. Tliat when this meetino- dues adjourn, it adjourn until Friilay e\"ening of next week. "ISieeting adjourned. Friday Et'cniiig, March 2j;. ' "Meeting held at the Institute of Educa- tion, agreeably to adjournment. "The Committee appointed at the last meet- ing presented this report, which was read : The Committee, appointed by a meeting of the citizens of Marietta, held in pursuance of request and notice published by the proprietors of Marietta Insti- tute of Education, beg leave to submit the following report : Wr are fully impressed with the importance of im- proved establishments for education. The political in- stitutions of our country, and the spirit of the age. can only be well sustained by an enlightened popula- tion. While it is admitted that the people of our country are comparatively enlightened, it must also be conceded that the average standard of intelligence among us is far below what it ought to be. Every citizen of our country should be so taught and educated as to put him within reach of any station to which his native talerlts and the want of the com- munity might call him; and beyond the reach of quack- ery, whether political, religious or professional. To the attainment of the most important end, it is highly requisite that a class of men. hardly to be found at present, should be raised up and qualified — we mean, teachers by profession — persons who are taug'ht to teach — who will devote their time and their energies to the business of instruction. When due improvement shall have been made in the number and qualifications of teachers, and in the modes of instruction, a large portion of the time spent by children in school, and especially in more advanced periods of youth, when their. labor is profitable, will be saved. To these general and particular objects, it is under- stood, the Marietta Institute is' to be particularly de- voted. That Marietta is a favorable situation for an e.\- tensive establishment for editcation. will be doubted by no one, who is acquainted with its pleasant and healthful location, and who sees that it is the center of an important region, in Virginia and Ohio, to which the channels of communication, by land and water, so favorably converge. On the immense advantage of such an establish- ment, not only to the vicinity, but to the surrounding region, we need not enlarge. The success of the pro- prietors in founding and sustaining a well arranged and well conducted Institute, capable of embracing present and prospective improvements and on a scale oommcnsurate with the wants of the surrounding coun- try, would most eminently conduce to the best inter- ests of tlint community. h is highly satisfactoi-y to learn tliat the Marietta Institute, during the short period of exisence. has been successful beyond the anticipation of its friends, has acquired a reputation abroad, highly conducive 10 its future prosperity ; and tliat the number of applications for admission, to the higher departments especially, is likely far to exceed the present accommodations. In order to make room for the number of students, which may be expected to apply for admission, the erection of a building, beyond the present means of the proprie- tors, seems abs,_^lutely requisite. While in submitting this matter to the consideration of their fellow citizens, the proprietors are not understood to expect any defin- ite pledge of support, they are desirous of ascertaining the actual bearing" of public sentiment in this neighbor- hood, in relation to the enterprise — it being understood that the present and probable means of the proprietors are deemed adequate, or nearly so. to the construction of the walls and outer finishing of the building, say in dimensions seventy-five by forty feet,' three stories in height — we should a))preheiid the undertaking to be one of favorable aspect, and likely to attract attention and aid from a munificent and enlightened community. It is well known that the attention of our Eastern fellow citizens, at this time is keenly directed to the progress and prospects of the mighty West. — There are man}' men — and men of substance too — who are de- sirous of removing hither; not for their own sakes, but for the benefit of their children. Enlightened statcs- ineii and philanthropists, there, can not but see clearly that the pov.'er of the Union is fast concentrating in the great valley of the Mississippi. In the older States of the East, with all the advantages of increased ca- pacity for population, conferred by the existence of large manufactories, the people find their limits far too strait for them — and turn their eyes to the West, as the grand receptacle of their surplus population — as the home of their posterity. In vifw of these considerations, it is not v.'onder- f'll to find, that our Eastern brethren feel an intense interest in the prosperity of the VV'est ; and that they contribute with a munificent hand to the furtherance of any and every enterprise, calculated to advance the light cf knowledge, and the moral and intellectual ele- vation of its inliabitants ; nor should we deem it chi- merical to hope that a well-directed Institute of Ed- ucation, at Marietta, would be generously cherished by Eastern liberalily. Independently of all pt'Sitive dona- tions, much nii.ght be expected from the Eastern pa- tronage, to such an establishment, in the enlargement i of its number of students. There arc. it is believed, many Eastern parents, who are desirous that their sons should be located in the West; and with this in view, would gladly embrace the opportunity of placing them here to prosecute their studies, and, at the same time, to learn the manners, customs, and prospects, and become inured to the climate of the West. When the misapprehensions regarding the health of Marietta shall have been dissipated and the exist- ence and success f>' the Institute are eminently condu- cive to this result: — when the reputation of this place. 194 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, abroa-l shall, in this respect, equal its imputed eleva- tion, in intellectual and moral points of view; — which it shall be generally known (.contrary to recent reports), that Marietta has abundance of pleasant building ground, far above the reach of all modern floods — there is reason to believe it will have very considerable accessions of valuable population ; provided, more es- pecially, that the Institute shall grow and prosper in any degree commensurate with the present prospects. Kamilies may be expected to locate themselves here, for the express purpose of enjoying the advantages of the Institute for the education of their children. It may also become a favorite resort for the Summer resi- dence of families from the lower regions of the Miss- issippi. It seems a prevailing opinion of the present time, that establishments, like the one in question, are best managed, in their practical details, by individuals di- rectly interested in their immediate and prospective suc- cess. Nevertheless to become extensively useful, they must partake of a publi.c character — more especially when aided by publtc benefactions, or donations for public benefit. In this view.it is highly proper that the proprietors should pledge themselves and their succes- sors to a correct, liberal and expansive plan of opera- tions, divested of all partisan influence and aiming to advance the general interests of society. In case, also, that donations, of considerable amount shall liberally be made to aid in the erection of the proposed building, it is proper that measures should be taken to secure the building and appendant lands and fixtures, for the objects intended by the donors — or such an interest at least, as would be proportionate to the donations. The objects last named may both be attained,' it is believed, through the instrumentality of the board of trust of which we are about to speak. We beg leave, here, to notice a su.ggestion of the propiietcrs of the Marietta Institute, namely, that when desired by the donors, the said proprietors, for every ten dollars donation, would stipulate the gratuitous instruction of one scholar for one quarter in the High School or Youn.g Ladies' Seminary, as calculated to be viewed in a very acceptable light by men of liberal minds — inasmuch as they may thereby be enabled to promote the education of .children, less favored in re- gard to property, and at the same time to advance and sustain an establishment highly conducive to the public utilitv. In the expectations of receiving donations in aid of the erection of the contemplated building, and other objects connected with the Marietta Institute, the pro- prietors have S'Ug.gested the expediency of having a dis- interested Board of Trust, constituted for the purpose overseeing and reporting the application of all such funds. In this the Committee concur, and recommend the approval, bv this meeting of seven persons, nomi- nated by the proprietors, to constitute such Board ; who shall be competent to fill vacancies in their own body. And to secure siuch pledge for a corrfct, liberal, and expansive plan of operations divested of partisan in- fluence, and aiming to advance the general interests of socic'iy. .IS already stated, we recommend, that the as- sent of said proprietors to such stipulations or general rules, in relation to this subject, as may be agreed upon between said proprietors and said contemplated Board, be digested and made public. All which is respectfully submitted. On motion it was Rcsolz^L'd, That the proprietors of the Institute, be requested to sign the report, and express their concurrence in the views suggested by the committee. As proprietors of the Institute of Education in Marietta, we express our full concurrence in the views and measures recommended in the above report. L. G. Bingham. Mansfield French. "The proprietors then nominated the fol- lowing persons to act in accordance with the report of the committee, as a Board of Trust of the Institute of Education in Marietta — who were approved by the meeting — viz : Caleb Emerson, James Whitney, S. P. Hildreth, John Cottor.. Arius Nye. W. Thomas. Douglas Putnam. "On motion, Rcsolz'cd, That a certified copy of the proceedings of this meeting be de- posited with the chairman of the Board of Trust, and that a copy be furnished to the pro- prietors of the Institute. "Rcsoh'cd. That the proceedings of this meeting be pultlished in the newspapers of this town. "S. P. Hildreth, Chairman. "Douglas Putnam, Secretary." THE MARIETTA COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE. September, 1832.— "It will be seen by an examination of the Catalogue of the Marietta Collegiate Institute, just published, that the number of pupils for the past year was 230. Of this number 117 are inserted as being from abroad. Eight different States have been represented in the Institute, viz : Massachusetts, Vermont, New York, Pennsyh-ania, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio and Kentucky. In the High School ^^ have been in the Languages. "A very considerable number of those who have been pupils of the Institute are now en- gaged as Teachers in Common and Select Schools in different parts of the county. It has an object, which is steadily kept in view. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 195 to raise up qualitied Teachers who may go abroad to do good wherever the)- may find a field to be occupied. The demand for Teach- ers of a high order is increasing very much throughout the West. We hail this as a iiappy and auspicious omen of good to the land. A great change for the better has taken place within the last five years. "The Institute is designed to afli'ord the means to both males and females of qualifying themselves for the various walks of usefulness in life. It is understood that the next term will open under far more favorable auspices than ever, as it regards the number and qualifi- cations of the Teachers in the Institute. On this account it is expected that the advantages will be greater than they ha\'e been at an_\' form- er period. It will be evident to any one who will refiect a moment, that the expense of car- ing forward the operations of such an institu- tion, employing so many teachers, must be very great. It is hoped that an enlightened and liberal public will appreciate the advan- tages of this institution, to the town and all the surrounding country, and will bestow upon it a liberal patronage. "It is the entention of all concerned to take early measures to make the Marietta Collegi- ate Institute an entirely public institution, so as to perpetuate its advantages on a permanent basis. This, it will require some time to ac- complish, and thus carry out the original de- sign and wishes of the founder. But this, de- sirable as it is, cannot be done until the Insti- tute has taken a strong hold upon the public mind, and the importance of possessing and cherishing such an institution is deeply felt. Its influaice has been already seen' in this town. It has given new life to business. It has enhanced the value of property and waked up in some measure the spirit of improvement. It has brought into the town and put in circu- lation a considerable amount of money. But there are influences, which belong to the mind and lieart, of a far greater value, and advan- tages, the worth of which is not to be estimated in dollars and cents."' MA.VU.'.I LAr.OR DEr-.\RTME.NT. August. 1883. "It is a fundamental principle of this insti- tution, that each male student be required to laljor three hours of fi\-e days of the week ; and in order to secure uniformity in this Depart- ment, the parents and guardians of those classes will be required to secure from those, under their care, the same amount of labor at home, as if they boarded in the Institute. The avails or profits of labor will be credited to each student according to the estimate rs. Editors : — I am one of lliose who are sensible to the great beauty of ^Tarietta, and of the kindness and politeness of its citizens. I have become acqtiainted. too. with much refinement of taste displayed here: — ^and per- ceiving this, have been induced to believe that a few remarks addressed to you would be acceptable. The obiect of them would be merely to call your attention to the improvement which may yet be made in the culti- vation of "la belle science" Music, There is much musical talent latent fif so I may speak of it), much, that if called forth into action, would prove to be of a high order. Why cannot this be effected? All that is wanting is a concert of opinion 196 HISTORV OF MARIETTA AND IJ'ASHLXCTOX COUXTV. and action. In ordpr to bring this about, why may we not form an T-Iarnionic Club? Let all the musical talent be collected, and SMrely the re.mlt must be productive of iTiclody. Thui;, suppose ten or twelve only should meet ; — two or three might pcrfor-.n well on the flute, others on the violin, or piano, or violoncello, or flageolet, or clarionet. Now can we not. by a union of all these in- struments, with the exercise of a little patience and perseverance, form an Orchestra, which may be pro- ductive of pleasure and usefulness. 1 believe, Messrs. Editors, that you arc musical men. Will you not then aid me in attempting to effect tile imiirMVfuient of music here. My ideas on this sub- ject. I will readily admit, are crude; but such as they are. I re-pect fully -iibiuii them, hoping that they may be matuied ;ind carried into effect. Am.\teur. "Ill answer to mir correspondent Wnia- teiir.' we ackiiuwleilge oureslevs to Ije admir- ers of what lie terms 'la belle science," and should be happy to see tlie young gentlemen of this town join hand in hand in order to efTect this object. We .shall hold ourselves in read- iness to take our part in the promotion of this object : and shall be glad indeed to Avitness the performance of the 'Orchestra,' if ever one can be formed. We think with 'Amateur," that an Harmonic Society would be a source of pleasure and usefulness tij all its members."' PfBLIC MEETING. The citi.^ens of Marietta and its vicinity are re- !;pectful!y informed that a public meeting in behalf of the 'Marietta Institute will be held at the Hall of the Marietta Librarv. on Wednesday, the 6th, of Februarv, at 6 o'clock, P. M. It may not be generally known that this Institution ■which has hitherto been under the exclusive control of Messrs. Bingham and French, has been recently in- corporated by the name of the "Marietta Collegiate Institute, and Western Teacher's Seminary," and placed under the direction of a Board of Trustees, appointed by the Legislature, with a view of rendering it a Pub- lic Institution, and thus enlarging the sphere of its operat'ons. and e.v tending its usefulness. In pursuance of this design, the Trustees have thought it expedient to call a public meeting of the citi- zens, m order to lay before them the plans of the Board for their consideration. As it is believed that the growth of this infant institution is intimately associated with the advancement of useful knowledge in the Western Country, and especially with the prosperity of this placf, a ceneral attendance is earnestly solicited. J'. Cotton, L. G. BiNGH.'.M, Jonas Moore, DoUGL.iiS PuTNAJt. Coiuiiiiltrc of Board of Tnislrcs. Marietta, January 24th. 18,^3. INSTITUTION OF EDUCATION. 1883.- "Below will be seen an acc(junt of the pro- ceedings of a meeting of the citizens of Mari- etta and vicinity, on Wednesday evening last, on the subject of the Institute of Education, together with the plan, furnished by the Board of Trustees, of its general arrangement. The Institute of Education, heretofore, has been a private institution, in the hands of individuals, and although conducted with much propriety and usefulness, and highly beneficial to the public, it has been found to be entirely too much cramped for the requirements of the ^\"est, especially as the Alanual Labor Plan is one of the great advantages of its establish- ment. In order to extend its usefulness, and open a door for the youth of our country, who are unable to educate themselves by pecuniary means, the institution has been made public, and a charter obtained from the Legislature of Ohio now in session : and other steps are tak- ing, as fast as time and circumstances will per- mit, to make it permanent, and a highly useful institution. To the consideration of the en- lightened and benevolent citizens of our coun- try, the proceedings of the citizens and plan of the Board of Trustees is submitted, under the impression, as it has already met with the hearty support and encouragement of all who have been made acquainted with its general principles and arrangements, that it will find many more friends in 'the far \\'est.' "The following are the proceedings of Wednesday evening : — "A large and respectable meeting of the cit- izens of Marietta and vicinity, in behalf of the Institute, was held agreeably to notice, in the Library Hall, on Wednesday evening. After a short address from the chairman, stating the objiects for which the meeting was convened, eloquent addresses were made by Rev. Mr. Spaulding. and Rev. Mr. McAboy, on the prac- ticability and importance of elevating the stan- dard of education in the West, as connected with the great and interesting objects proposed by the B(jar(l of Trustees. Rev. Mr. Smith, at present a Teacher in the High School, then AND REPRESEXTATIVE CITIZENS. 197 addressed the assembly in an eloquent and ap- propriate manner on that peculiar and impor- tant feature of the proposed plan, the educa- tion of Teachers for Common Schools in the Valley of the ilississippi, especially as con- nected with manual labor. He was followed by Rev. Mr. Vail of Lane Seminary, near Cin- nati, who exhibited in a peculiarly striking and lucid manner the advantages of the ^lanual Labor Plan, and illustrated and enforced the whole subject by a great variety of facts, cal- culated to show the practicability of the plan, and the certainty of its ultimate adoption. by all the literary institutions in our land. Mr. Vail then presented a plan for the present institute as adopted by the Board, the entire completion of which will require the sum of $20,000 — and stated his conviction that if eight or ten thous- and dollars could be raised in the Town and vicinity, the remaining balance might be pro- cured in the Eastern Cities. "The following resolution was then pre- posed and unanimously adopted : That with a view to carry into effect the plan proposed by the Board, a special effort be made, to raise the sum of $20,000 in the East and West with- in twelve months. "A second resolution was then proposed and adopted : That an effort be made to raise the sum of eight or ten thousand dollars, in the Town and vicinity within three months. "It was then proposed that a book for sub- scriptions be presented to the assembly, and in a few minutes between six and reven thousand dollars were subscribed by individuals pres- ent. "It is believed a deep interest was felt in the proposed object by all present — an object which manifestl}- has an important hearing on the highest interests of this Town and vicinity, and on the intellectual and moral condition of the Western Country. "The plan proposed by the Trustees is as follows : — "i. An English Department, in which young men can obtain a thorough English ed- ucation, to prepare them, in the most perfect manner, for the avocations of life; and espe- cially, to train Teachers for Common Schools in the Western Country. "This Department is believed to be of the highest importance. "2. A Classical or Collegiate Department, combining all the advantages to be found in the l)est Colleges in the W'estern Country. "3. An iVcadcmic Department, to ])re- pare young nien for either of the two higher departments and for other purposes. "The Female Department, it is designed to render as extensi\-e and useful as practica- ble. "A peculiar and highly important feature in the plan of the Institute i'S that of manual labor. It is expected that e\-ery male student will engage in manual labor three hours per day, and all the avails of such labor will he placed to his credit. Experience has shown the immense value of this feature in a literary institution. "i. It tends to preser\e the body and mind of the student in a sound and vigorous state, and enables him to prosecute a long and laborious course of study without, in the small- est degree, impairing tlie vigor of his consti- tution. "2. It prepares young men in an eminent degree for the active duties of life, and ren- ders them much more efficient and useful mem- bers of society than they would otherwise be- come. '\^. As it enables young men to defray, for the most part, the expenses of an educa- tion, it opens a wide door for all who are de- sirous of acquiring useful knowledge. "There are hundreds of thousands of youth in our lantl, shut out from our Colleges and Academics, from want of the requisite pecun- iary means, who by the adoption of this plan will be enabled to educate themselves, and be- come qualified for eminent usefulness in the church and world. "This is a' liricf and imperfect sketch of the general plan for the Institute, which the Trustees propose to adopt as soon as it shall be found practicable : a plan replete with many and great advantages, and which presents a HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND jrASHINGTON COUNTY., reasonable and just claim to the patronage and support of an enlightened and Christian pub- lic." AN OLD ADVERTISEMENT.* April 27. 1833.— Bedsteads, Of good quality. Constantly manufactured and for sale by stu- dents, At the High School MARIETTA FEMALE SEMINARY. 1836.— "At nine in the mtjrning, the school is opened with reading the Scriptures, and pray- er, succeeded by a Bible lesson. Here, some historical part of the Bible is taken ; simple Cjuestions are asked ; interesting points freely discussed, and such incjuiries answered, as the ladies propose. After a recess of ten minutes, the whole school is divided into three sections, for mathematical recitations. One in Play- fair's Euclid, one in Adams' Arithmetic, and one in Colburn's Mathematical Arithmetic. "After another recess, twenty minutes are allctttecl to calisthenics, a course of exercise, promotive of physical health, and easy and graceful manners. The remaining time till noon is occupied by composition and spelling. "At the commencement of school in the af- ternoon, twenty minutes are spent in repeat- ing items of intelligence from periodicals, and in attention to such general things as require attention. ".Ml are then engaged in a grammatical exercise, which is followed liv a recess. "A part then study, while a larger part form a class in writing. After another re- cess, the school is again formed into three sec- tions, for recitations in Smith's Anatomy, Watts on the Mind, and \^'oodbridge's Geog- raphy. The daily accounts are then taken, such as communications in school, tardiness, hours of study, out of school, &c. (Note — This advertisement evidently referred to the Manual Labor Department of the Marietta Collegiate In!:titirte. In th-it day the In^titl1te was sometiimes called the High .Sch:.ol. "The school is closed ^^■ith passag'es of Scripture, being repeated by the young ladies, singing and prayer. "The plans of the school are such as com- mend themsel\-es to the good sense of the pu- pils, and usually secr.re their hearty co-opera- tion." MARIETTA COLLEGE. 1838.— "1 he annual Commencement of this insti- tution was held on Wednesday last. The de- gree of A. j\I. was conferred on the following young gentlemen : Abram Blakely of Wilks- ville, O., John T. Cotton of Marietta, O., Sam- uel Hall of Nbrwich, Mass., and Hubliard Lawrence, of Stanstead, Lower Canada. "The exercises, which occupied the whole day, were very interesting to the. numerous and attenti\e audience, and were conducted in a way that ga\'e, we presume, general satisfac- tion to all concerned. The graduates acquit- ted themselves not only with much honor, but in a manner which reflects the highest credit on the Institution and the abilities of the Fac- ulty, as well as their own indefatigable exer- tions in the acquirement of a liberal educa- tion ; as did also the other young gentlemen who participated in the exercises on this occa- sion. "The inauguration of the President of the Institution, Rev. Joel H. Lindslev, D. D., took place in the afternoon, pre\'ious to the confer- ring of degrees. "As a place for acquiring a good education the advantages of location, salubrity of cli- mate, picturesque scenery, pleasantness and healthfulness of the place, and the moral and religious tones of its society. Marietta is cer- tainly secontl to no town west of the moun- tains. "For the purjiose of illustrating the truth of the assertion, that the location of this town is much more advantageous than many other places where public institutions are located, we remark that although we mav reiterate that (Note — One of the graduates here named — Dr. John T. Cotton — is still living. In 1900 he was present at the Commencement.) A!\D REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 199 which has been before stated, still it is a mat- ter of no inconsiderable importance and is worth a repetition — that INIarietta is accessible by water in three directions, besides stage ac- commodations. We are induced further to remark, as a proof of our assertion of the pre- ferable facilities of this place, over many oth- ers, for the conveyance of young ladies and gentlemen, and their baggage, to and from our Seminaries of learning located here, that on the morning after the close of the session, iif- ty-four or five young ladies and gentlemen ( ])rincipally young gentlemen) emljarked on board the steamer 'Roanoak,' downward bound." »IARtETT.\ COLLEGE. July 20, 1839.— "The annual Commencement of this Insti- tution occurs on the last Wednesday (the 31st inst.) of the present month. "On the evening of Tuesday preceding, there will be exercises in declamation, by mem- bers of the Junior, Sophomore, and Freshman Classes, in the manner of prize speaking as practiced in several of the older Colleges of the country. It is believed that these e.xercises will e.xcite no inconsiderable interest ; and should they secure public favor here, as they have done elsewhere, they may probably be per- petuated, and prizes be annually awarded to the best speakers. "In addition to the usual e.xercises of the graduating class, a Baccalaureate address will be delivered to the class, by the President. "An Inaugural address will also be deliv- ered by Prof. I. \V. Andrews, recently elected to the chair of oMathematics & Xatural Philos- ophy. "In the evening, an address before the So- ciety of Inquiry is expected from Pres. ]\Ic- Gnffey. of Cincinnati College." inST0RIC.\L SKETCH OF M.\RIETT.\ COLLEGE. The Xew England people who settled Mar- ietta were strong believers in higher educa- tion. The presence in the town of a high-grade Christian College is no accident, but the di- rect outgrowth of the efforts and sacrifices made by the settlers almost from the lieginning to secure for their children the advantages uf a classical training. -MrSKIXGL-M .■\C.\DEM\. Two years after the close of the long In- dian war. which for four years had absorbed the resources and energies of the pioneers, measures were taken to establish a school of higher education. On April 29. 1797, a meet- ing of interested citizens decided upon the erec- tion of a building, and the same year the old Muskingum Academy was built, which stood on Front street, just north of the Congrega- tional Church. There, for more than a quar- ter of a century, the classics and other high school branches were taught. The first pre- ceptor of the Academy was David Putnam, a grandson of Gen. Israel Putnam and a grad- uate of Yale College in 1793. Out of this Academy, as a lineal descendant, came, after a time. ^larietta College, which is proud to acknowletlge these deep-laid roots. Muskin- gum Academy was in continuous use under va- rious preceptors until 1832, when the building was sold and used as a dwelling until 1887. COLLEGL\TE IXSTITl'TE. In the \-ear 1830 there was established by Rev. Luther G. Bingham the "Institute of Education." It embraced four departments ; the two higher htmg known as the High School and the Ladies' Seminary. In April, 1831, Mansfield French became associated with Mr. Bingham as proprietor. In the spring of 1832, after the High School had been in op- eration about a ^-ear and half, at the instance of RIessrs. Bingham and French an advisory board of trust was apjiointed, consisting of Ca- leb Emer.son, James Whitney, Dr. S. P. Hil- dreth, Dr. John Cotton, Arius Xye, ^^'cston Thomas and Douglas Putnam. On November 22. 1832. a meeting was held at which steps were taken fur the incor- HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND JVASHINGTOX COUNTY, poration of tlie institution under the name of the "Marietta Collegiate Institute and West- ern Teacliers' Seminary," and the charter was obtained December 17th. The Board, of Trustees consisted of nine men ; Dr. Ji ihn Cotton, Douglas Putnam, John IMills, Luther G. Bingham. Caleb Emerson, Arius Xye, Jo- nas ^loore, Anselm T. Xye, and John Craw- ford. On the 1 6th of January the organization took place by the choice of John Cotton. M. D., president : Douglas Putnam, secretary : and John JMills, treasurer. At the same meeting a resolution was adopted asking ^lessrs. Bing- ham and French to state the terms on which they would transfer their Institute property to the Trustees. A few days later these terms Were accqjted, and the property was duly trans- ferred, though the former proprietors were re- guested to continue in charge until the close of the school year. Before the institution was opened in the fall of 1833, fo^ii' young men had been ap- pointed to the work of instruction., all mem- bers of the Theological Seminary at Andover. Two of these, Henry Smith and D. Howe Al- len, had been teachers in the High School at Marietta. The first of these was made profes- sor of languages; ]\Ir. Allen, professor of mathematics ; Alilo P. Jewett, professor in the Teachers' Department ; and Samuel Maxwell principal of the Preparatory Department. Air. Smith was a graduate of Middlebury College; Messrs. Allen and Jewett, of Dartmouth ; and Mr. Maxwell, of Amherst. When the Insti- tute was opened, October i6th. Messrs. Smith and Maxwell entered upon their" work of in- struction, while the other two remained in New England, presenting the claims of education and religion in that region. The beginning of a iiew educational year was a change in two respects. Before, the place of instruction was the Library Hall on Front street ; now it was a large new building on the College Campus. Then it was one of a group of educational en- terprises under the direction of private own- ers ; now it was a public institution, under the control of a chartered corporation. THE NEW CHARTER. The charter obtained in December. 1832, was defective in giving no power to confer de- grees, and in having a clause allowing the Leg- islature to repeal it. In February, 1835, a new charter was granted by the State, giving the necessary power to confer degrees, and without the objectionable clause authorizing a repeal. The name was also changed from the ^Marietta Collegiate Institute and Western Teachers' Seminary to Marietta College. In the spring of the same year. Rev. Joel H. Linsley, then pastor of the Park Street Church, Boston, Massachusetts, was elected to the presidency. Thus when the fall session of the institution was opened as Marietta Col- lege in 1835. the faculty consisted of five mem- bers : a president, who had charge of the de- partment of moral and intellectual philosophy ; a professor of the Greek and Latin languages ; a professor of mathematics and natural philos- ophy ; a professor of rhetoric and political economy ; and a principal of the Preparatory Department. .\ CHRISTI.-\X COLLEGE. The College was' founded in the interests of religion as well as of education. From the first it was intended to be a Christian college. The trustees, in their first published statement, August, 1833, say: "The Board wish it to be distinctly understood that the essential doc- trines and duties of the Christian religion will be assiduously inculcated, but nO' sectarian pe- culiarities of belief will be taught." In their annual report, issued September, 1835, they say : "The honor of originating Marietta College is not claimed by the Board of Trust ; its existence cannot properly be ascribed to them or to any combination of individuals, but to the leadings of Divine Providence." The trustees seem to have been influenced liy con- siderations of duty from the beginning, and their earnest, unceasing and self-denying la- bors, with the remarkable generosity shown in their oft-repeated gifts, prove that they re- garded themselves as ens'ao'ed in a work laid / .^ AND REPRESEXTATIVE CITIZENS. 203 upon tlieni by the Great Head of the Church. This broad Cliristian attitude has been maintained ever since. The College is dis- tinctly non-sectarian ; four different denomin- ations are represented in its Board of Trus- tees and four in its present faculty. On the other hand, the Christian ideal is held most hrmly and endeavor is made to influence posi- tively young people \vho study here. THE BLILriNCS. The present Dormitory building was begun by Messrs. Binghajn and French in 1832 and was completed by the trustees of the College Institute in 1833. Until 1850 it served all the purposes of the institution, and it has been in continuous service up to the present day. The original campus consisted of a strip 150 feet wide, running from Fourth to Fifth streets, a little south of the center of the square. There were then three dwelling houses on the Fourth street side of the square, besides a brick mill on Putnam street. In the winter of 1834-35 the house of Billy Todd, near the corner of Putnam and Fourth, was purchased. It was used until 1870 as the president's house, and for students' rooms until 1874, when it was taken down. The lots south of the original college yard, with a brick dwelling house built in 1817, were purchased in 1836. The house was used by the Preparatory Department from 1870 until the erection of Andrews Hall, in 1 89 1. Before that, this department had oc- cupied the brick mill building on Putnam street, which was taken down in 1869. Er- win Science Hall, begun in 1845. '^^'^^ fi^'^t oc- cupied by the College in 1850. The Library or Alumni [Memorial building was erected in 1870, and Andrews Hall, in 1891, All of these buildings were built almost excltisively with home funds. The first money raised at IMarietta was to purchase the Institute prop- erty. \Miat was obtained abroad was used for the support of the professors and other kindred purposes. The college property was further enlarged by the purchase of the athletic field in 1890, and of the Observatory and adjoining lots on Fifth street in 1892, _ _ In the spring of 1882. William Chamber- lain Gurley, having given up business and re- turned to ^Marietta on account of ill-health, in- terested a number of gentlen:en in the study of astronomy. A company was formed, and an observatory built the same year. This passed into the possession of the College in 1890, and was afterward removed to its present site. Mr. Gurley became the director in 1891, holding the position until his death, in 1898. THE COLLEGE LliiKARV Dates from the beginning of the College it- self. The first catalogue issued in 1838 states that the Library "contains about 3,000 vol- umes embracing an extensive and choice se- lection of Philological works, procured by the Professor of Languages on his recent visit to Europe.'' That the trustees so early should devote so large a sum, $1,000, to the purchase of classical books is an indication at once of their broad conception of what the College should be and of their generous spirit. The money used for this first large purchase of books came from the estate of Samuel Stone. The growth of the Library has been steady since that time; in i860 there were 17,000 vol- umes; in 1885, 33,000; today there are over 60,000, including some 7,000 in the two socie- ty libraries, making it the largest institutional library in Ohio, and excelled by only five west of the Alleghanies. The books have come from many sources — College purchases, gifts by many individuals, donatious from the Unit- ed States government, this library being one of its designated dqjositories. Three collec- tions are worthy of special remark. In 1850. Dr. Samuel P. Hildreth, a prom- inent physician of the city, in connection with his donation of fine museum collections gave several hundred scientific books to the Library, to which he and his son, Dr. George O. Hil- dreth, afterward made considerable additions, including a number of manuscript volumes of correspondence with scientific men in this conn" try and abroad, as well as letters pertaining to the early history of Ohio. A secontl collection, the gift of a living 204 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, donor, who is still adding to it, consists of i.- 400 volumes in the realm chiefly of philosophy, psychology, science and literature, carefully se- lected and of great value. A third collection is the magnificent gift reci\'ed in June, 1900, from Hon. Rodney Met- calf Stimson, who was librarian of the Col- lege from 1 88 1 to 1892 and treasurer from 1 88 1 to 1900. ^ This collection of 19,000 vol- umes is especially rich in the history of the Northwest Territory, and in this field is ex- celled by only one collection in America. Other "lines are represented in die collection, partic- ularly curiosa. From the library of Dr. Asa D. Lord, for many years prominently connected with educa- tional work in the State, his widow gave to the College 1,000 volumes and 500 pamphlets, mostly of an educational character, including many rare journals and reports. The manuscript materials of the Library are numerous and of great value. They in- clude the records of the Ohio Company and many journals and letters, belonging to the pio- neer days. The most of these came from the estate of William R. Putnam, lineal descen- dant of Gen. Rufus Putnam. During these years of progress, the Library has more than' once outgrown its cjuarters ; and now again it is difficult to find a place for a new hook, so crowded are the shelves. The Museum has been the result of slow accretions from many sources, the most nota- ble single contributions being those of Dr. Samiuel P. Hildreth and Dr. and Mrs. B. Frank Hart. It is now of great interest and \'alue, although lacking' sufficient space for proper display. FI.N.VXCI.i.I. HISTORY. The College was founded liy men \\ho be- i-'f>ved it was needed and who were ready to yf, their faith by their works. The first ef- fort to raise funds was made in 1833, when $8,000 was given in Marietta, half of the sum coming from the trustees, who assessed each other, Messrs. Mills, Moore and Bingham giv- ing $1,000 each. From tliat tiiue onward, friends in Marietta have gi\-en more than half of the total sums raised for the support of the College and for the erection of buildings. The College has been the pride of the city and has never been allowed to utterly fail in spite of many trying experiences. It would be impossi- ble to name even a majority of the host of giv- ers ; a few are conspicuous by reason of the size of their gifts : Samuel Train of Medford, Massachusetts ; Thomas W. Williams of New London, Connecticut; Truman Hillyer of Co- lumbus ; Cornelius B. Irwin of New Britain, Connecticut : Daniel B. Fayerweather of New York, together with Douglas Putnam, Col. W. R. Putnam and Col. John IMills of ]\Iarietta. Special mention should be made of the gift of Dr. Daniel K. Pearsons of Chicago, which, though not very large in itself, $25,000, was the incentive for raising nearly $125,000.00 for the College in iSc/j, putting the College out of debt and adding a most sulistantial sum to the endowment. In this connection mention should lie made of those who have, as trustees and officers, given time and thought, as well as money to the College, who in dark days and bright have held to high purposes and have carried the in- stitution to success. The service of Douglas Putnam, as secretary of the corporation from 1833 to 1894, is perhaps without a parallel in America. The College was ne\-er in so good condi- tion financially as at present, although needing much more to provide adequately for its main- tenance and growth. THE I'RESIPENTS Dr. Linsley guided the affairs of the young College for 1 1 years. Much of his time was given to securing the funds for the endowment of the institution, but he made a lasting im- press upon College and community through his great power as a preacher. His successor Rev. Henry Smith, was one of the first pro- fessors, and was connected with the College for 22 years, ser\-ing as president from 1846 to 1855. after \\hich he was fijr many years pro" AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 205 fessor in Lane Seminar}-. He was a man of the finest scliolarship and of most commanding eloquence, with an unusual fidelity to obliga- tions and loyalty to convictions. The high ideals cherished by the founders is shown by their liberal policy in giving Professor Smith, after he had been here two years, a leave of absence for a year from July i, 1835, for study abroad. The evait has proved this act wise, for one of the fruits of that year was the issti- ing some years later by Professor Smith of an edition of "Curtius' Greek Lexicon." And the publication of that lexicon was the means of bringing to Marietta as a student Rodney ISL Stimson, who has proved one of the most devoted officers and generous donors the Col- lege has had in all its history. The third president was Rev. Israel Ward Andrews who. like President Smith, had been connected with the College from the begin- ning. He came to jMarietta in 1838, and for a full half century gave his life and thought, his work and his sympathy, to the College. He served as president for 30 years, from 1855 to 1885. He was most careful and exact as a scholar, with high ideals to which he clung tenaciously. To him and to President Smith chiefly, although their colleagues share in it, is due the credit of holding the College un- flinchingly to high standards of scholarship in times when many another lowered its recjuire- ments in weak concession ot a popular clamor. Dr. Andrews, being a man of strong personal- ity, left a deep impression upon the character of many generations of Marietta students. His historical address at the semi-centennial of the College is the basis for much of the present article. President John Eaton came to the College from the post of United States Commissioner of Education, and served from 1885 to 1891. Pie was followed after a year by Rev. John \V. Simpson, who led the College for four years, to 1896. Prof. Joseph H. Chamberlin, as dean, acceptably performed the duties of pres- ident until the election of Rev. Alfred T. Per- ry, in June, 1900, as the sixth president of the College. THE PKOrESSORS. It would be impossible to speak of all the worthy men who have in these 66 years com- posed the teaching force. Many of them have won national reputations through their work here and elsewhere, which brought honorary degrees from the best colleges in the country, and many more have won the love and respect of their students for both character and schol- arship. Notable for length of service, as well as the quality of their work, are Professor Kendrick, with his t^T) years, from 1840, as active, and 16 years longer as emeritus pro- fessor, to his death in 1889; Professor Rosset- er, with his 13 years, from 1869, is still re- membered with affection ; Professor Beach served 11 years, from 1869. To these must be added, of the living. Prof. John L. Mills, 16 years, from 1865; and from the present faculty. Professor Biscoe, who has served now 2^ years ; Professor Andrews with his 22 years ; Professor Chamberlin with 20 years ; and Professor Phillips with 17 years. These long professorships, which tie together the generations and preserve the continuity of col- lege ideals, are of inestimable value to any in- stitution. Others who have served a shorter time have been not less worthy of honor and have done their share in advancing the interests of the College by labor and sacrifices. The salaries paid have always been so meager as to make sacrifice, though gladly made, a matter of real necessitv. THE STUDENTS When the new charter was given the Col- lege in 1835, there were two classes organ- ized for work. One of these graduated in 1838, and since that time there has been an un- broken succession of classes. No year has failed to send out its new alumni at Com- mencement time. The total number of grp '•■" uates in the 64 classes, from 1838 to 190 '■ '■« 824, an average of about 13. The first class numbered four, and is the smallest class. There have been eight classes over 20. The class of 1898 numbered 28. 206 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, The graduates of a College make its rep- utation, and Marietta has reason to be proud oi the record of her sons. Although there have been no Presidents of the United States among her alumni, there are two governors, William Irwin. Governor of California, iS^^S to 1879, and A. B. White, '78, now Governor of West Virginia. Four have been members of Congress, and 10 members of State legisla- tures. Goshorn, '54, Director-General of the Centennial Exposition; Loomis, '83, Minister to Venezuela ; Dawes, '84, Comptroller of the Currency, are illustrations of high political advancement in other lines. While in later years an increasing propor- tion of graduates here, as elsewliere, have gone into business, many of -them to win distin- guished success, still the professions have claimed by far the larger part. Two hundred and seven have become ministers, 117 lawyers, 68 physicians, 104 teachers. We note among them 36 college professors, eight college pres- idents, among whom are Dr. Joseph H. Tut- tle, '41, president of Wabash for 30 years, 1862-1892, and William G. Ballantine, '68, president of Oberlin, 1891-96: George H. Howison, '52, professor of philosophy. Uni- versity of California; E. B. Andrews, '42, Da- vid E. Beach, '59, professors in Marietta. Seven of our lawyers have reached the bench. Wilson, '46, in Oregon, and Follett, 'i,^, in Ohio being judges of the State Supreme Court. Through her graduates the influence of Mar- ietta has gone out to the ends of the earth, more than 20 of them having been foreign missionaries,- — John F. Pogue, '42, 2i?> years in the Hawaiian Islands ; Dr. John H. Shedd, '56, 33 years in Persia; and Dr. Charles A. Stanley, '58, 39 years in China, having served the longest. \Y\i\\ these should be mentioned Dr. John P. ^^'illiamson, who served as mis- sionary to the Indians in the \\'est for 41 years. M.\RIETTA IK THE WAR. Located so near the border, it was inevft- able that the issues of the war should be warm- Iv discussed in the halls of Marietta and that enthusiasm should run high. Of the 42 grad- uates in the four classes, 1860-64, 3^ entered the Union Army, to say nothing of those who left the college before their course was com- pleted for the same purpose. Marietta was represented in the Union Army by 87 alunmi, 39 of whom won commissions. Warner, '45, became major-general; Fearing, '56, Dawes, '60, and Newport, '60, brigadier-generals. Our roll of honor includes Captains Waldo. '53, Greenwoodj '59, and Whittlesey, "61 ; Lieu- tenants Condit, "60, and Turner, "02, who were killed in battle. Ninety-four non-gradu- ates served in the Union Army in addition to the above. What college can equal this rec- ord ? Six Marietta alumni served in the Con- federate Army, Col. Henry Fitzhugh, '47, be- ing a Commissioner of the Confederate States to England. Considering the total number of graduates, the figures cjuoted here and in the section above are indicative of the real power of the College in the past to give an adecjuate train- ing and a high purpose to its students. THE LITERARY SOCIETIES. In the first years of the College there exist- ed a society under the supervision of the fac- ulty, known as the Philomathean Society, which, however, was divided into two divi- sions. Dissensions in these led to the disrup- tion of the society and the formation of the two present societies Alpha Ka]ipa and Psi Gamma, in 1839. From that day these have furnished the opportunity for literary and or- atorical training of the greatest value to: the students. They have engaged in joint debates and contests in friendly rivalry, and have co- operated in the editing of the Olio and other similar enterprises. THE VOCNG WO.MEN. In 1890, Rev. John L. IMills, fur many years a professor in the College, established Elizalieth College for Women. It was always in close aftiliation with the College, and in AXD REPRESEXTATirE CITIZEXS. 207 1893 passed into the control of tlie College as the ^larietta College for Women. On ac- count of the expense involved in the mainten- ance of two independent institutions under one management, a consolidation was effected in 1897, the young women being admitted to the College, which then became co-educational in the strict sense. THE .\C.\DF.MV. From the beginning it has been necessary to ha\e a Preparatory Department connected with the College, because the schools of the region do not give adequate preparation for a college of this high grade. This has shared the fortunes of the College, being always con- sidered an integral part of the institution. Connected with it there has been at times a Commercial Department, or an English course or a Xormal course, not fitting for college, but for the most part, it has limited its work to courses leading up to the College doors. At tiie beg"inning a department of Manual Labor was instituted, which, however, proved quite unpopular with the students, and after a few years was given up. THE C0LI.E(;E !>PIRIT. When an institution has been described in its buildings, its professors, its students, after its external history has been traced in its every detail, there still remains a something — the atmosphere, the spirit, the real soul of the in- stitution — which has not been m'entioned. It is difficult to describe this, and Vet this is a most important part of a college. Its source and its growth cannot be specifically identified. It can be said, however, that this intangible character which belongs to ilarietta College is recognized as sweet and wholesome and in- spiring. Its traditions are good, its customs sober and cultivated, and those who study here receive a corresponding uplift. THE COLLEGE OF TOD.W. It is the purpose of those who control the atifairs of the College to maintain its high scholarship, its thorough training, its Chris- tian atmosphere, its non-sectarian spirit. Al- though there have been many changes in the 06 years, they have not been departures from these essential principles. Students now do not attend chapel by candle-light at 5 a. m., which, however profitable to the spirit, was certainly irksome to the flesh; but the Christian service is a daily exercise still. Alanual labor is not exacted of each student as at the beginning; but self-help is a recognized feature of to-day, and the student who works his way loses noth- ing in college society because of that fact. The course of study has been broadened, the elec- tive system has been introduced, but the es- sential ideal of the College has been main- tained of a training for right livitig. The classes are somewhat larger than at 'times in the past, yet not so large as to destroy that personal contact between professor and stu- dent which is the glory of the small college. The College, which has been so closely identified with the life of the community in all these years, is bound to it now by close ties. The College has received a generous support, far tiie largest part of its buildings and endow- ment having come from Marietta people. It has returned to them a service not measured in dollars — the educational o])portunity, the holding up of high ideals, the elevating influ- ence of culture. May the ties binding the two together grow stronger with the years, and may the service each renders to the other be more full of blessing! RO.\RD OF TRUSTEES. Rev. Alfred Tyler Perrv. M. A.. D. D,, President. *Hon. Alfred T. Goshoru, LL. D. Cinciiinati Col. Doiislas Putnam, .\shland. Ky. John Means, Esq., Ashland, Ky. Hon. Martin D. Foilett. Marietta Rev 'Corneiius E. Dickinson. D. D. Cincinnati VVillia-n VV. Mil's. Es^v, Marietta Rev. Georse R. Gear, D. D., Marietta Tohn A. Gallaher. Esq.. Marietta Rev, Edwin Knox Mitchell, D, D,, Hartford. Conn. Hon. Edward S. Wilson, Ironton Hon. Rodnev M, Stinison. Marietta Rev. Wiilliani E. Roe, D. D,, Marietta •Died. February 19, 1S02. 20S HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, BOARD OF TRUSTEES. — CONTINUED. Hon. Charles G. Dawes, Rev. John R. Nichols. U. D., Thomas H. Kellev. Esq., Rev. Henry Riimer. D. D., Charles Penrose. Esq.. Charles Hall Turner, Esq., Evanston, 111. Marietta Cincinnati Parkersburg, W. Va. Marietta Marietta OFFICERS OF THE BOARD William W. Mills, Charles H. A'ewton, Secretary and Treasurer Auditor ADVISORY BOARD The iollowing ladies have been appointed to exer- cise general oversight of matters relating exclusively to the young women : Mrs. W. W. Mills. Chairman ; Mrs. Lydia Putnam. Mrs. Helen G. Curtis. ^Irs. Sarah E. Norton, Mrs. John A. Gallahcr, Mrs. Alfred T. Perrv. and Mrs. Charles JI. Turner, of Marietta: Mrs. C. C. Clark, of Ironlon, and Miss Susan M. Sturgis, of Mansfield. FACULTY Alfred Tyler Perry, AT. .\.. D. D., President. Professor of i'liristian Evidence and Soeiology Tho.u.\s Dwigi^t BrscoE. LL. D. Professor of Biology. Jo.sErH H.\NSON Ch.^mberlin, Litt. D. Hillycr Professor of English Lileialure uiid of Lathi; Dean of the College. Edward Emerson Phillip.';, Ph. D. Henderson Professor of Philosoplty. (Endowed by. etc.) Thomas Emery McKinney, M. A. Professor of Mathematics, and Lee Lecturer on .4slronoiny. Wilson Forsyth Monfort, M. A. Erun'n Professor of Chemistry and Geology. Martin Register Andrews, M. A. Douglas Putnam Professor of Political Scier,ec and .History; Registrar of the Faculty. Joseph Manley, M. A. Professor of the Greek Lar.guage and Liter- ature. Charles Goi^rlay Goodrich. B. Ph. Acting Professor of Modern Languages. John Lewis Barbol-r, Capt. U. S. A. L'rofessor of Military Science and Tactics. Eliz.vbeth Anderson, M. A, Instructor in Rlietoric and English Literature. George T. Hamilton, Instructor in Public Sf^eaking. Rodney .Metcalf Sti.mson. M. A. Librarian Emeritus. Minnie M. Orr, Librarian.. Elmer Ellsworth Wolfe. M. A.. Ph. D. Prnripal of the .-[cadcmy and Instructor in Latin and Physics. R.ALPH V. D. McGoffin, M. a. Physical Director and Instructor in Greek. Robert S. Poxd^ Instructor in Mathematics and Science. Mrs. Carrie S. Wolfe, Instructor in English Language and Literature. Rebecca Schwesinger, Instructor in German and History. Rerth.a Dicki.vson .Metcalf, Instructor in Organ and Paino Playing. Ja.mes Bird. Instructor in Vocal Music. Katharine Parr Nye, Instructor in Draiving and Painting. JIrs. Janette Robson, Matron of Ladies' Home. TE.\CHERS AND EDUCATORS. We liave already mentioned some of the pioneer teachers in district or neighborhood schools. The first teacher in a school of higher grade was David Putnam, a graduate of Yale College, and grandson of Maj.-Gen. Is- rael Putnam. He became preceptor of Mus- kingum Academy in 1797, wiinm less than 10 years after the beginning of the settlement and only two years after the close of the long and harrassing Indian war. From this school, Ma- rietta College has been the natural development and we might almost say that the same is true of Ohio University at Athens; since the men who were most active in the founding of Mus- kingum Academy also took a prominent part in the founding- of both of these institutions for higher education. David Putnam's son, Douglas, was for more than 60 years the secretary of Marietta Collegiate Institute, or, as it was afterward named, Marietta College. Until 1894 every diploma issued by that institution bore his sig- nature and was presented from his hand. Of his munificent benevolence to Marietta College a benevolence which inspired him not only to give many thousands of dollars in money but, what w(as better, his \\'ise counsel and guid- ance, and the warm affection of his heart, every former student and every instructor has grateful recollection. In the early period after school houses had been built in sijme places by public funds, but AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 209 before adetjuate provision had been made for the supiKiri of teachers, it was the custom of the directcjrs to engage a teaciier for a speci- fied term, giving the teacher tlie privilege of charging each pupil a specified rate of tuition. Pupils from other districts might be ah letters from so manv of the leading- men in the first half century of our national existence, can hardly be overestimated. Every cha])ter in this book, except those exclusively devoted to more recent affairs, is indelited to tlie wise forethought of Dr. S. P. Hildreth and to the filial piety of his son. Dr. George O. Hil" dreth, who in his 90th year still manifests a lively interest in the subject to which his atten- tion from childhood has been directed. For some time Dr. George O. Hildreth has been thinking of preparing a new edition of his fa- ther's publications, but we fear that this pur- pose cannot be carried out on account of his feeble health. Among the principals of the Marietta High School, George Rosseter, afterward professor of mathematics in Marietta College, is remem- bered by his grateful pupils for his enthusias- tic, sympathetic spirit. Judge M. D. Follett and Rev. George R. Gear are remembered as principals of the High School, as active mem- bers of the Board of Education, and as trus- tees of Marietta College. The pioneers brought with them their New England habits and traditions. Books and papers were to them among the necessities of life. Hence the early founding of libraries. In 1823 Mr. Wilcox kept open a reading room which was supplied with many eastern papers and also with the Edinburgli and North American Rez'ieziis — an important step in pop- ular educatio^i. Terms of subscription. — To citizens gener- ally, $5 per annum. To clerks and students, $3, and to apprentices, $2. I'.VTKONS OF THE RE.\nlNr, ROOM IN 1824. B. P. Putnam, R. J. Meigs. Dr. M. German, W. B. Barnes, J. M. Booth, R. Crawford, John Mills, I). C. Skinner, Royal Prentiss, A. V. D. Joline, Silas Cook, A. Fisher. Capt. D. Greene, J. English, Rev. J. McAbov, Rev. E. Maltbv. H. P. Wilcox, Dr. S. P Hildreth, T. K. Cooke. Nahtmi Ward, J. Wood, W. A. Whittlesey, Dr. J. Cotton. Caleb Emerson, Dudley Woodbridge, William Knox. S. H. Gates, N. Holden, L. T. Reno. Josenh P. Wightman. E. Cockburn, Rev. D. Limerick. This reading room was a kind of a literarv AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. club room ; for it was announced that, "Gentle- men visting Marietta will always find a wel- come reception in the Reading Room — espe- cially when invited and introduced by a sub- scriber."' This attempt at co-operation among the readers and students was continued by the Marietta iMagazine Club which, organized in 1842, has continued to the present day. One honorable name, that of John Mills, descend- ing from father to son, has been connected with this educational enterprise nearly 80 years. In the Magazine Club, the magazines are passed from member to member around a definitely appointed circle. The fee for many years has been $3 per annum. The example of this pioneer magazine club has led to the formation of the Lotos Club and of others, not only in Marietta, but in other towns and even in distant places. The character of the reading matter which was found in ^Marietta in the first half century of its historv mav be inferred from the follow- LIST OF !;OOKS FOR SALE .-M THE STORE OF D. WOODBRIDr.E. Encyclopaedia. 2^ volunie>. Briti>h Essayist!;. 45 volumes. Watson's Tracts. 6 volumes. Hunter's Sacred Biography. 3 volinncs. Village Sermons. 4 volumes, Mosheim's Church History. 6 volumes. .Sterne's Work. 6 volumes. Locke's Works. 4 volumes. Blair's Lectures, ^ volumes, Good's Study of Medicine, 5 volumes. If Mr. Woodbridge had anv light litera- ture, he does not mention it although he does offer flour. New Orleans sugar, and whiskey. Tlie education of a community is not com- plete unless there be added to the moral and intellectual training some cultivation of the aesthetic side of humanity. Early in our his- tory, traveling portrait painters paid us visits, but very few of their works remain to the present da\-. .\s early as 1830, Charles Sulli- van of Marietta was an amateur landscape painter and one of his paintings, now hanging in a room of the First National Bank of Mar- ietta, has been photographed for this volume. It is chieflv valuable for the history which it tells. Miss A. M. Martin, who taught herself the use of pencil and brush and whose first effort^ at portrait painting with charcoal on the kitch- en wall were the delight of her actjuaintances, gave promise of wonderful success, but her best friends must confess that she made the great mistake of her life when she refused to take lesso-ns from the 'best masters. She went to New York many years ago and there won some reputation as a portrait painter but not that wide renown of which Iter earlier productions gave so fair a promise. The earliest portrait painter who lived among us was Sala Bosworth, the father of Mrs. (Major) E. C. Dawes of this city, and C. H. Bosworth, president of the Chicago, Pe- oria & St. Louis Railroad. In many a fam- ily in this city and in other counties, the por- traits painted by him in his early manhood are the most highly prized heirlooms. Born in Halifa.x, Massachusetts, September 15, 1805, he came to this county with his family in 1816. He studied painting at the Art Academy in Philadel])hia in 1826 and was the artist to whom the public are indebted for the portraits of Gen. Rufus Putnam, Judge Ephraim Cut- ler. Ciil. Joseph Barker, and many nf the jjio- neers. 'Hie pictures of the "Cam,])us Mar- tins," "I'^irniers' Castle at Belj^re."' "Wolf Creek ]\lills," "The Blennerhassett Mansion." and "Marietta at the Point in 1792," — orgin- ally printed in "Hildreth's Pioneer History" and in numerous other works, were all copies from his drawings, made from data supplied to him'from the pioneers. He held various of- fices, as county auditor, and postmaster at IMarietta under Lincoln. He died Decemlier 22. i8yo, in his 86th year. He was gentle, unselfish and much beloved. The artistic talent seems to remain in the Bosworth family. \\'illiam Bosworth, a Mar- ietta boy, a grandnephew of Sala, was the su- HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY pervising a!rchitect tO' Avliom the people are greatly indebted for that vision of beauty re- vealed' in the Pan American Exposition, and who is now busily engaged in devising plans for the exposition at St. Louis. In the art of music, although Washington County can boast of no great genius who has won a national reputation, yet we may be thankful that there has been such a wide dif- fusion of musical culture as has added much more to the refinement and happiness of the whole community than could have been con- tributed by even the greatest isolated genius. We may even hope, with good reason for our expectations, that one native of Marietta, Mas- ter Francis McMillan, who received his first in- spirations and lessons in music from his gifted mother, an amateur of no mean ability, will soon win that world-wide renown of which his youthful performances give fair promise. The reports of the Washington County School Association, from \\-hose manuscript records we have made long cpiotations, show that a very large number of farmers and other intelligent business men took a very active part in educational affairs. Not only Ephraim Cut- ler and Dr. Hildreth, but business men from ever_\- part of the county were as much interest- ed in education and progress as the few profes- sional teachers. It was a farmer of Belpre whO' founded what was perhaps the first library in the great Northwest Territory, and he was soon followed by the settlers about Amesville. TJie schools were placed upon a broad and solid foundation because all the intelligent citi- zens took an active interest in the work. The perpetuation of the educational institutions, and their atjaption to the changing needs of successive generations will ever demand the ac- tive co-operation of the patriotic citizens as well as of the professional teachers. CHAPTER. IX. ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL PROGRESS. 1788 1830. Mills— Clothing— Salt— Boat-Building — Marietta in 1809— Imports from the East — Steam Mill-;-Indians — Trade Stimulated by the War of 18 12 — Withdrawal OF Specie to the East — Hard Times — Search for Silver — The Scotch Immi- gration — Change of Method in Taxing Land— Improvements — Temperance Movement — A Change in the Population of the County — Humane Society — Agricultural Society— Grand Circus Hunt — Wool and Wolves — Phenomena — General La Fayette — Steamboat Building — The First Steamboat up the Mus- kingum — Navigation of the Muskingum — Navigation of the Ohio — The Town in 1826 — Marketing— Ministerial Lands— Washington County Agricultural Society— Marietta Fair — Railroad to Ohio — Baltimore and Ohio Railroad — Health of Marietta— Silk Culture — The German Immigration. The isolated position of the pioneers soon taught them to depend upon their own labors for almost every form of food, shelter and clothing. For meat they depended principally upon the game to be found in the forest, the supply often proving very scant. The streams were more plentifully stocked with fish. The only grain they could raise in considerable quantities before 1796 was Indian corn. Tlie grinding of corn in a hand mill was so laborious that the citizens of Belpre began to look for a site for a water-mill. They found one, which appeared suitable, on the Little Hocking a mile and a half from the Ohio and here Griffin Greene and Robert Bradford em- ployed the millwrights Baldwin and Applegate to construct a dam and a mill. The work was interrupted by the Indian war, but in 1791 Capt. Jonathan Devol, with the advice and as- sistance of Griffin Greene, erected a floating mill which consisted of two boats fastened near each other, side by side, with a water- wheel l)etween them which was turned by the current of the river. Thus power was secured for putting in motion the mill which stood in the larger of the two boats. It is said that from one to two bushels of corn could be ground every hour after the boats had l^een an- chored in the channel between Farmers" Castle and what is now called Blennerhassett's Island. A mill of similar construction was built for the use of the settlers at the Campus Martins in the time of the Indian war but the current of the Muskingum was hardly sufficient even when the boats were taken to a riffle above the fort. For a time they depended on hand mills, when they could not spare a large party to take the corn to the Wolf Creek Mills. As for wheat, no consideralile amount was raised before 1796. In 1790 Robert Potts began a dam and 214 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, grist mill at Mill Creek, twomiles up the ^Ilis- kingum, hut the work was interrupted by the war of 1791-95. While the settlers at Plainfield (afterward Waterford, now Beverly) were planting and building, Col. Robert Oliver, i\Iaj. Haffield White, and Capt. John Dodge, began to erect a water mill on Wolf Creek about a mile from its mouth, thus with wise forethought provid- ing a ver_\- important utility for the second as- sociation wliich had moved out from the main colony. Tbis mill was so necessary to the set- tlers that even in the time of the Indian war armed parties would go to the mill, and while one party would grind the corn the others would stand guard against the enemy. CLOTHIXG. For clothing, they early learned to make use of deerskins, which, when well dressed, proved comfortable and durable. Flax was raised almost from the first and this the house- wives of that day knew how to spin and weave. Even a little cotton was raised for clothing but the summers proved too short for its success- ful cultivation. Soon the few sheep that had been brought over the mountains increased into little flocks. The wool was carded, spun, and woven at the homes for a number of years un- til woolen mills could be built at the streams. In the second decade of the last century these had sprung up at different places in the county as will be seen by those who look over the list of advertisements found in the succeeding chapter. As early as ijc;] a tannery was erected by -Col. Ichabod Xye, on the Plain some distance northward from the Campus Martins. For many years hemp was raised in consid- erable quantities, and rope-makers were busy in supplying the ships that were built at this place. S..\LT. In 1794 the scarcity of salt prompted Grif- fin Greene, Robert Bradford and Joel Oaks to start out from Farmers" Castle under the guid- ance of Peter Anderson, John Coleman, and Joshua Dewey, in quest of a salt spring which was said to be on the waters of the Scioto. They found such a spring about 25 miles from where Chillicothe now stands, and saw abund- ant evidence that it had often been visited by the Indians. A rumor about the existence of this spring had caused the Ohio Company to pass the following resolution to prevent the formation of a salt trust : ^Vlle^cas, It is believed that the great "salt springs" nf the Scioto lie within the present purchase of the Ohio Companj"; therefore, Resolved, That this sixth division of land to the proprietors is made upon the express condition and re- serve, that every salt spring now known, or what shall hereafter be found, within the lands that shall fall to the lot of any proprietor, they be and are hereby re- served to the use of the oompany. with such quantity of land about them as the agents and proprietors shall think proper ti) assume for general purposes, not ex- ceeding three thousand acres ; the person on whose land they are found, to receive other lands of equal value. Later sur\'eys proved that this spring was not within the Ohio Company Purchase, but the settlers found another supply not far from Duncan's Falls, as noted in another chapter. B0.\T-BUILDING. One industry, boat-building in one form or another, begun with .the settlement, has con- tinued until the present time, and although there have been seasons of depression, is now a prosperous business. The progress of this industry is descrilied Ijy Maj. Jervis Cutler, one of the 48 pioneers, in a book published in Bos- ton in 1812, but proba])ly written by him in 1809 or 1810. MARIETTA IN 1809. (As described hx Maj. Jems Cutler.) Passing down the Ohio from Wheeling to Muskingum, there are only scattering settle- ments on the rich lands near the river. The town of Marietta, situated at the con- fluence of the Muskingum with the Ohio, has greatly increased in population and wealth. Before the settlement commenced, the ground on the eastern side of the Muskingum was laid out in the form of a city, containing one thous- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 215 and lots of 90 feet front and 180 feet rear. The squares were oblong, separated by spacious streets, whicli intersect at riglrt angles. A large square was reserved for a market, and several others, in different parts of the city, for public uses, or pleasure ground. There are now, on the city ground, more than one hundred houses, and about one si.xth part are built with brick and stone. Many of the houses are large and built in a handsome style. The form in which the town is built adds much to its elegance, and the gentle rising of the city ground back from the Ohio affords an extend- ed and delightful prospect of the rivers and dis- tant hills, which is greatly heightened and en- livened by the shipping and various kinds of water craft floating on the streams. A part of the town is built on the op^xisite side of the ^Muskingum, and the houses not inferior in elegance to those on the city ground. Marietta is the seat of justice for the coun- ty of Washington, and has a Court House and Jail. There are two religious societies ; the largest is Congregational, who have erected a handsome meeting house. It has an academy, which is also improved as a house for public worship. Within the area of the gr(jund laid out for a city, at the northeast part of it, are a num- ber of the ancient works so frequently found in the Western Country. They consist princi- pally of two large oblong squares and an ele- vated mound, in the form of a cone. The larg- est scpiare contains forty acres, and the small- est, twenty. They are enclosed by walls or ramparts of earth, without any ditches, from six to ten feet in height, and about thirty feet in breadth at the 1)ase. with twelve openings, or gateways, at regular distances from each other. From one of the angles of the largest square nearest the Muskingum, is the appear- ance of the walls of a covert way, leading to- wards the river. The highest part of the re- mains of these walls is twentv-one feet, and fortv feet in breadth at the base. The mound of earth, in form of a sugar-loaf, is thirty feet in hei'ght, and the base 115 feet in diameter. It is situated at a little distance from the small- est square. These works are included in pub- lic squares and have been carefully preserved; but a small opening has been made in the conic mound and found to contain human bones. Although these ancient works fill the beholder with astonishment, others have been discov- ered of far greater magnitude. On a branch of the Muskingum, about ninety miles from Mar- ietta, there are these ancient works extending al)out two miles in length, and the ramparts and nmunds of a much greater height than those found here. Vestiges of ancient works of different forms and sizes, and at small dis- tances, are to lie found over the whole State, and in nian\ other parts of the Western ("oun- try. Marietta is favorablv situated for com- merce and manufactories. The depth and gentle motion of the water, in the mouth of the Aluskingum, and the cheapness of excellent ship timber render this one of the best places for ship-building on the Ohio river. A number of large ships and brigs were l)uilt in a short time, and the employment was rapidly pro- gressing until a stop was put to it by the em- bargo. Three rope-walks, of nearly a thous- and feet in length, were erected, and the num- erous mechanic branches, connected with the highly important employment of ship-building, were established. The Muskingum ( which means, in the Indian language, "Elk's Eye") is of immense importance to this town. The current is moderate, rarely overflowing its banks, and may be navigated with keel-boats and other craft, during the summer as far as Zanesville. sixty miles from M'arietta. There are falls, Ixit happily formed for erecting water works of every description. Above the falls the river is again navigable, not only in the main stream, l)ut in many of the numerous branches which meander through a rich and level country in their way to the river. The largest branch is the Tuskarawa, which, with onlv a portage of seven miles and a half, com- municates with the Cuyahoga River, emptying into Lake Eric. TJ.ie immense cpiantity of Ijroduce which this fertile tract of country is capable of yielding for the market, and the easy 2[6 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, transportation, cannot fail of rendering Mari- etta a convenient place of sale or deposit, from whence, by ships bnilt here, it may be sent abroad. Materials for many different man- ufactories may be procured here with so much facility, and from the well known spirit of in- dustry and enterprise prevailing among the people, there can be no doubt of their estab- lishment in process of time. A liank was es- tablished here in 1807, with a deposit of 100,000 dollars, from which essential benefits have been derived. There is a post office, two printing offices, and two weekly papers. Ascending the Muskingum from Marietta at the distance of fi\-e miles, is Captain DevoFs shipyard, where a number of large \essels have been built, and one nf them of uKire than twn hundred tons. The workmanship and timl)er of these vessels are said not to be inferior to any that have been built in the United States. Their frames were black walnut, which is said to be as durable as the live oak and is much lighter. The plank of these vessels are said to be (if an unusual length and firmness. The forests here abound with the l>est timber, such as white oak, black walnut and locust, and the prodigious height and size of the trees admit of the selection of any dimensions which can be wanted. Excellent masts of yellow pine are easily procured. Iron ore is found, in places, in almost every part of the State and a sufficiency of liar iron can be obtained with- out difficulty. But the want of a greater num- ber of furnaces and forges keeps up the price higher than it otherwise would be. As much tar as can be wanted is brought down the Alle- gheny River. The people can with ease, raise as much hemp and flax as would be sufficient to sujjply the whole of the United States. The lands on the Muskingum above Mari- etta are rich, thickly settled and well cultivat- ed. At a distance of twelve miles is the town of Adams, and twenty-three miles, bv water, is the town of Waterford, within the purchase of the Ohio Company. At a small distance above this purchase, the bottom lands are narrow, and the hills are many of them steep, tufted with pine, for about thirty miles. They then begin to recede from the river, and bottoms in- crease in w idth to Zanes\'ille: at the distance of a few miles west of the ri\er the face of the country is swelling hills, with a rich soil, and the growth principally beech and oak. The hills on this river abound with coal, and nuich of it of an excellent quality. It is said a vein oi coal has been found crossing the bed of the river, remarkable for its purity. The pieces of the coal have the appearance of varnish, somewhat resembling japan, and when laid on the fire, a kind of fusion is pro- duced, which cnntinues until it is consumed by evapdration, with out disagreeable smell, and deposits scarcely an}' cinder or ashes. Coal has been sold at Marietta at about three cents the bushel, and is much used by the inhabi- tajUs for fuel, in preference to wood, when wood can be purchased at one dollar per cord. Descending the Ohio, at the distance of ten miles below Marietta, is Zelpre. This l^eautiful village is several miles in length, ex- tending to the Little Hockhocking River. The people are principally farmers. The good management and excellent culture of their farms have lieeni much admired. An early attention is paid to raising different kinds of fruit trees. Orchards of apple trees af large extent have been planted, which are now be- coming extremely productive. The fruit is of \ arious kinds and of the best flavour. Prodi- gious quantities of cider are made, and when the fruit is properly collected and carefully made, the liquor is of the first quality. They have likewise large peach orchards for mak- ing peach brandy. In this part of the State apple trees and all garden fruit trees thrive surprisingly, and the flavour and size of the fruit are considered superior to that of the Atlantic States. The gardens yield all the culinary plants in high perfection. The vari- ous sorts of melons are delicious and grow to a large size. Opposite to Belpre is the beautiful island owned by Mr. Blennerhassett. The name of this unfortunate man, whom Colonel Burr by his artifices seduced to engage in his nefarious schemes, is well known. This mav render AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. '.17. some description of this beautiful seat tiie more interesting. The foHowing was written by a gentleman, on a tour from I'hikulelphia, and published in the Ohio Navigator. — "Blennerhassett's Island. — On ascending the bank from the landing (a quarter of a mile below the eastern end), we entered at a hand- some double gate, with hewn stone scjuare pilasters, a gravel walk, which led us about one hundred and fifty paces to the house, with a meadow on the left, and a shrubbery on the right, separated by a low hedge of privy-sally, through which innumerable columbines and various other hardy flowers were displaying themselves to the sun. The house is built of wood, and occupies a scpiare of about fifty-four feet each side, is two stories high, and in just proportion ; it is connected with two wings, by a semi-circular portico, or corridor, running from each front corner. The shrubbery well stocked with flowering shrubs, and all the vari- ety of evergreens natural to the climate, as well as se\-eral exotics, surround the gar- den, and has gravel walks, labyrinth fashion, winding through it. The garden is not large, but seems to have had every delicacy of fruit, vegetable and flower, which this fine climate and luxurious soil produces. In short, Blen- nerhassett's Island is a most charming retreat for any man of fortune fond of retirement, and it is a situation j)erha])s not exceeded for beauty in the world. It wants, however, the variety of mountain, precipice, cataract, dis- tant prospect, and so forth, which constitute the grand and sublime." From Belpre to the Great IIockliDcking the country is uneven, and some high hills near the Ohio, but the soil is generally good and the growth is large. Excellent farms are made back from the Ohio on both the Hockhock- ings, and on their branches where there are large lyottonis, and rich swelling hills. On the Great Hockhocking. thirty miles from the Ohio, are the two college t(iwnshii)s granted by Congress to the Ohio Comjiany for the endowment of a university. Athens, one of these townships, is beautifully situated on a bend of the ri\er, commandin"- an extensixe prospect. The settlements commenced in ^797- i'lic town is laid out in regular form; the never-failing springs of excellent water are numerous; and the soil extremely rich and fer- tile. The number of families in the town is supposed to be about one hundred. An act incorporating the university was granted in 1801. A builiHng has been erected for the instruction of ynuth, who are at present under the care oi a percejjtor. The bottom lands on this ri\er arc more extensive and of a better (|ualit\- than those on the Muskingum. IMl'ORT.S FROM TIIE E.\ST. After all these efforts to make this little community a self-supporting economic unit, there yet remained numerous articles of prime necessity to a community such as that about the Muskingum, utterly unattainable except by importation from the East. Books were indispensable to a colony from New England; glass, iron and steel in various forms were also necessar}- ; all these must be brought in wagons over the mountains from Philadelphia to Pittsburg and down the Ohio in keel-boats, or from Baltimore by the way of Winchester in Virginia. A little later the most important thoroughfare was the National Roatl from Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling. In payment for these commodities the pio- neers could send to the East furs and ginseng from the forest, and to New Orleans or the West Indies corn, pork, potatoes, lumber and flour. The traces of this Southern trade were seen in the Spanish coins which were abundant in this country un.til 1859-601. These coins stamped with two pillars, supposed to be the origin of our conventional dollar mark ($), included not only halves and cpiarters, but also eighths and even sixteenths of a dollar. These last two coins, called respectively the "levy" and the "fip," were often used as the measure of prices. Hence in the old-time price lists such rates as 6>4 cents, 12^, 18^, 3134; etc., were very connnon. Congress at last got rid of these coins in the \ears just before the Civil War bv "demonetizing" them, or rather, bv 2l8 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, making them a legal tender for less than their bullion value. For example, the quarter, which frusiness, but the demand for labor in other occupations was so^ great that it did not prtwe remunerative. Silk culture failed because la- lx>rers could not be hired here at 10 cents a day. Some attention before this time hail been paid to the improvement in cultivation of sweet potatoes but as yet no experiments had been made in storing them in large quantities, hence the trade was temporary and not very large. By 1830 bears had disappeared from the north side of the Ohio River, at least in this part of the State. A few wolves still roamed over parts of Washington and Morgan coun- ties and committed depredations upon the in- creasing flocks of sheq). Ixit tlie nun:?)er of these plunderers was small and the flock mas- ters looked forward hopefully to the time when the few vagrant robbers could be exterminated. To hasten this end, public-spirited farmers 224 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, had contributed from their private means to raise a fund, which was deposited in the coun- ty treasury, for the purpose of giving a boun- ty of $io to everyone who should be so for- tunate as to secure the scalp of a wolf. By this time the depressing effects of the "sickly seasons" (1822-23) ^''^'J almost disap- peared : a succession of years when general health had prevailed had encouraged settlers to come intO' the county and filled the older in- habitants with a more lnjpeful spirit fur the fu- ture. A new era was about to begin — an era of improA-emfent in labor-saving machinery, of better means of communication and exchange. Tllre canal and railroad were about to take the place of the Itridle path through the wilder- ness. Further notices from the American Friend and other contemporary papers will give us a vivid picture of the times; A writer, in December 20, 1816, complains that under the existing system of taxation, poor unimproved land in this county was made to pay a tax of from four to 10 per cent, of its market value. At a meeting of landholders held in Green- leaf's Hall, December 28, 18 16, vigorous reso- lutions were passed condemaiing the method of taxing by acres rather than by valuation. Na- hum \yard said he paid out $100 in bringing the resolutions before the Legislature but no relief was obtained until 1825. On February 14. 181 7, the ice on the Ohio near Marietta was 19 inches thick. The fol- lowing notice appeared under date of March 2ist : "No mail has arrived at this place from the East since our last." A few days later was printed the following : "The Bank of Marietta commenced the payment of specie on Thursday morning, March 27th."' In 1817 there was organized the "Emigrant Society of the County of Washington, Ohio," for the express purpose of "administering re- lief to sick and distressed emigrants, of giving employment to their poor, and of counseling and giving inf(jrmritiiin to those who mav not have obtained an adequate knowledge of the situation of the various parts of this State." A letter from New Orleans gives an inter- esting view of the increasing commerce of the Western Country concentrated at a point at New Orleans. In no previous year has the produce been brought in such quantity to this market." The total expenditures of the county for the year ending June, 18 17, were not quite two thousand dollars ; to be exact, they were $i,989.23>4. May 2, 1817. — General St. Clair has for some years past received from the State of Pennsylvania $400 per annum. The Legislature of that Common- wealth, at its last sitting, added $350 a year to his pension. N. Y. Coliinibiaii, 181 7. — A merchant from Marietta, Ohio, has just left this city with several tons of goods (it be- ing his second trip), who takes them from Al- bany by way of Geneva and Hamilton on the .Mleghenv River, to his place in the State of Ohio. In a newspaper of 1817, "Fair Play" stated that it was known that certain individuals had purchased all the salt which could be made at the Kanawha works and then had raised the price to $2 a bushel. He asked the General Assembly to interfere and protect the public against these "pests of society." Relief came from another quarter, within a few months, as the following extract from the ZancsviUc Express will show : NEW S.-\LT WORKS. We are pleased to learn the success of t'he under- taking of Jacob Ayres, Esq. He has with great labor obtained a stream of salt water which yields more than one barrel per minute, and in quality inferior to none hitherto discovered. We are assured that he will man- ufacture tram two to three hundred bushels daily, and that Ihe business will be in operation in the present week. Those citizens oppressed by the present price of this I'.sefiil commodity will be gratilied to hear that they can soon be supplied from his works at a price not higher than $1.50 per bushel. 'AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 225 HUMANE SOCIETY. June 5, 1818.— Mk. Printer, Please to give the following a place in your paper and oblige an old subscriber: We are about to establish a society in our good township of Warren, which we intend styling the "Hu- inant Society," the principles of which will differ ma- terially from those established in some ot our sister towns'-for whereas, their avowed principles are to take in strangers : the most prominent of ours will be to turn them out. for where any of our waste cabins are cleared of a family of troublesome paupers, we make it a rule instantly to put a fire to it, which has not only a very salutary effect, but is attended with other very admirable consequences, as it rids us at once of the following, viz., squatters, vagrants, sometimes scoundrels and gener- ally fleas. Zeno. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. In the spring of 1819 a meeting, of which Capt. Jonathan Devol was chairman and An- sehii T. Nye, secretary, was held in ilarietta to form a "Society for Promoting Agriculture and Manufactures." To formulate plans, the following com- mittee was chosen : William R. Putnam, Marietta. Benjamin Dana. Waterford. -Mai. A. W. Putnam, Belpre. Alexander Henderson. Col. Simeon Iteming, Wooster. Ephraim Cutler, Warren. Capt. Ebenezer Battelle, Newport. Col. Joseph Barker, Union. Christian Schultz, Virginia. Dr. David Creel. Virginia. Dr. Joseph Spencer. Virginia. John Griffith. Virginia. George Neal, Virginia. Isaac Morris, Virginia. American Friend, November 27, 1818. — "The example of the suspension of specie payments, by the banks of Cincinnati, has been followed by the Franklin Bank of Columbus,' Farmers', Mechanics' & Manufacturers' Bank of Chillicothe, and the ]\Iuskingum Bank." The mails were so irregular at this time that seven consecutive numbers of a weekly paper from Washington came at one time. Mr. Wilcox, the postmaster, explained that the mails were brought as far as Winchester by coach ; that between that place and the Poto- mac more mail would some times accumulate than a single horse could carry. February 2t„ 1821. — '"Since the year 1810, the territorial extent of this county has, in the laying off of new counties, been reduced almost one half. "We have no disposition to lower the esti- mation in which other parts of the State are held. We would only say that this quarter in our opinion is too much underrated — and when our agricultural practice shall become more improved — when our farmers shall have learned the most rational and profitable appli- cation of their industry — when the advan- tages of raising sheep shall be duly estimated, our county will no longer be spoken of as a tract mostly barren and unfit for cultivation." GRAND CIRCUS HUNT. Notice is hereby given, that there :is (to be a ci>cus hunt on the head waters of the Big and Little west branches of the little Hockhocking on Thursday the 8th day of February. 1821. It is hoped that all those who feel able to perform a march of four or five miles, both men and bovs. will appear on the ground on Wednesday, the 7th of February, prepared to camp out for the night. The inhabitants of Warren. Belpre and De- catur will assemble at or near Mr. Hall's on the Water- ford road;— those of Wesley Barlow, etc. will form the north line from John Smith's west to the road leading from the Ohio to Federal Creek, so as to intersect said road about six miles from the Ohio. Those of New- berry will form on said Federal Creek road. It is ex- pected that all who have horns or conch-shells will bring them. No dogs to be brought on the ground. As it is the express object of this hunt to kill wolves and panthers, it is hoped that those who can not re- frain from shooting deer will leave their gun.s at home. Walter Curtis. Newberry, William Johnson. Decatur, Thaddeus B. Pond, Barlow, .■\mos Dunham. Warren, Miller Clark. Belpre, O. R. Loring. Belpre, W. P. Putnam, Belpre. John Stone. Belpre. Committee of .■Irrangcmrnts. A later report says that on account of want of system the hunt was not successful although wolves, bears, and panthers were seen in differ- ent places. A rhyming satirist describes this hunt and at the same time pays his respects to the Ohio 226 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Legislature for removing the bounty on wolf scalps : COWENTION OF WOLVES. It was of late upon Hockhocking The wolves in droves together flocking, Resolved with laudable intention To form a national convention And gather all their sage directors Lawyers, scribes, and quacks, and doctors, That they might send our Legislature A sort of complimentary letter. Adih-css. Last spring a might host beset us. And. through the woods did chase and sweat us, With guns, horns, pitchforks, spears and flails They followed, pell-mell, at our tails Then trembling, pale with panic fear Heart-struck we fled, like driven deer ; But (not a single grinner slain) All. all our fears (thank God) proved vain, The rout went home, alltursed gruff. For their day's work, and tired enough. But noble sirs, what you hae done , We all approve it as our own : Your gen'rous souls omitted scalping Your brithers, through the forest yelping. And. frae our lues took off the bounty Throughout the State in every county Wc blesK and praise your matchless kindness Tho' some sour knaves hae called it blindness. We pray, guid sirs, that, while in session, Ye frae this act, make no digression, May this guid year, be as the last. That we for tiiutton, may nae fast. We'll leave the wool to make you hose That you your feet and legs may swaddle While to the Capital you paddle. There, warm all winter, may you sit ' And every day three dollars get Though people growl at your high wages And call ycn.\ fools instead of sages ; Thougih vexed at heart, they fall to fretting Because we praise their sheep 'by eating. Yet never mind, while so it follows We get the sheep, and you the dollars. This poetic ( ?) scalping seems to have had its influence. At any rate, a few weeks later a bounty of $3 was offered by law for each scalp of a full-grown wolf. From the following contemporary report there seeni to have been plenty of squirrels in Barlow in 1822 : "At a Squirrel Hunt in Barlow, a few days since, at which alutut t\\ent\- men were en- gaged on a side, under the command of Cap- tain Woodruiif and Pond, an indiscriminate slaughter took place and four thousand tzi'O Iiiunlrcd and sixteen squirrels were slain. They appear to have been on the line of march from the West toward the East, and like all other armies, when necessity required, would quarter on the inhabitants of the country through \\-hich they were passing. Corn-fields are suffering much from their ravages. The Muskingum and Ohio Rivers do not stop their course. ^If ferries and bridges do not afford them free passage, they do not hesitate to plunge in and swim across. Although many of them ha\e passed near (lur office, some climher every grown Wolf, tea tic liars. For every sucking Whelp, one dollar, If weaned and under six months, two dollars, But if the shit is taken at the same time, one dollar more in addition for eaoh whelij. "Signed by "\Mlliam R. Putnam, P. P. Putnam, Francis De\iil. Juseph Barker, Benjamin Dana, Joseph Barker, Jr., William Dana, Enoch Rectiir." December 18, 1830.- — "David DeLong received $10 of the money deposited with the county treasurer (raised by subscription, for the purpose of giving a bounty on wolf scalps ,) for killing an old slut wolf in Salem township on the 13th instant." November lO, 182 1. — "Within the last six months, 600 heavy road wagons arrived at Wheeling, loaded with merchandise from the eastward." In 1822 it is said that wool had been trans- ported from New Jersey to Steubenville to be manufactured into cloth, and that the cloth had been re-transported to the East. November 9, 1821. — "Our farmers will perceive from an article under the New "i'ork date that there is a pros- pect of a demand from Europe for their flour. This news will be joyfully received — and if the demand should continue, as there is everv reas- on to believe it will, the community will soon be relieved from the pecuniar}- distress which they have so long labored under. "Flour is quoted in New York at $8 a bar- rel." December 6, 1828. — "For three months past flour and wheat 128 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AXD JVASHLYGTON COUNTY, have commanded higher prices in the United States than for many years. It has been sold in Baltimore as high as $9.50 per barrel, the price, ho\ve\'er, is fluctuating; the latest ac- cciunt we ha\e seen says it was selling at $7.25. The cause of the rise in flour is said to be the shortness of crops in England and other countries in Europe, and the opening of their ports for the admission of bread stuffs. We are heartily glad that our farmers can real- ize a price for their wheat something like an equivalent for its real value — but whether the present price will continue is doubtful ; we fear it will not. Flour is selling at Zanesville and Marietta at $5 per barrel.'' 1823.— "Number of sheep killed within the past year by wolves : Belpre Tp 24 Newport Tp 24 Wooster Tp 18 "Capt. Daniel Green left ^Marietta. iNIarch 21, 1823, with two flat boats loaded with flour and arrived at New Orleans April 12. The voyage is mentioned as one of great dis- patch." " October, 1824. — "Steam Coach. — ^Ir. S. T. Conn of Vir- ginia announces that he has made an improve- ment in the application of steam, which, from its small dimensions and the concentration of power in the generator, gives a certain assur- ance of enabling him to propel carriages on any turnpike or other road which has no uncom- mon obstruction." PHENOMENA. July 15, 1824. — "Earthquake. — At 17 minutes past 11 o'clock, this day, while we were engaged in working off our papers, we experienced a shock of an earthquake, for a few seconds, at- tended with a noise something like distant thunder, which appeared to come from the east, and proceeded to the west, and could be dis- tinctly heard some time after the shock ceased. The shock was violent while it lasted. The oscillation appeared to be two or three inches." Clarksburg Intelligencer, October 7, 1824.— "Something Curie ms. — Within 200 yards from the road leading from Clarksburg up Elk Creek to Booth's ferry, and within five miles from the latter place, on the premises of David Hall, a company has been engaged for some time at intervals in boring for salt. At the depth of about 180 feet they opened a strong vein of wind, which instantly found vent at the top of the well in a tremendous roaring and spouting of water, throwing up perpendicular columns of that element to the distance of 50 feet. For some distance round this perpendicular shoot of water, plays an imperceptible gas or vapor so very inflammable as instantly to take fire whenever that element comes in contact with it."' 1829. — • *"Locusts. — This section of our country is swarming with locusts. In our immediate vi- cinity the trees are full of them, especially the apple and peach orchards, which have been very much injured by their perforating the small limbs and twigs to deposit their eggs. In each hole are deposited a large number — as many as 40 or 50. On the peach trees many small limbs have been broken by the weight of the young peaches, at the holes made by theni. It is, as we believe, 17 years since the locusts made their ai^pearance in such abundance as the present season." GENERAL LA FAYETTE. Marietta, Friday, May 27, 1825. — "On Monday last, about nine o'clock, A. M., the Steam Boat 'Herald,' hove in sight of town, between twO' and three miles distant, and fired a gun, which was supposed to be a signal that General La Fayette was on board ; as she Note. — Locusts have been especially abundant in this vicinity in 1846. 186.^, 1880 and in 1897. They certainly have appeared in those years in far greater numbers than at anv other time. AXD REPRESEXTATIJ-E CITIZENS. 229 approached the name of 'General La Fayette' appeared in large letters and placed all doubts aside. Xo preparation had been previously made for his reception, in consequence of its being generally believed that he would travel through the interior of the State. The Gen- eral, however, landed and was escorted to the beautiful mansion of Xahum Ward, Esq. (with whom he had become acquainted in Paris), where he continued about an hour, and received all those who chose tO' call on him. The news of his arrival was announced by the discharge of cannon, and the citizens began to flock around him, all eager to seize his hand and welcome him to the soil he so nobly defended — among them a few patriots of the Revolution paid him their respects, whose hands, when once he grasped them, he seemed unwilling to relin- (piish, and whose interviews were very feeling in themselves, and rendered the scene very in- teresting to younger classes. After being in- troduced generally to the citizens — and to the ladies who flocked to the ip\d.ce to 'see and welcome a veteran," — he informed them that he was sorry to part with them so soon, and was again escorted by a large concourse of people to the beach, from whence he emlmrked on board the 'Herald,' and took his departure fi)r \Mieeling amidst the acclamations and cheers of the people and the roaring of can- non." STE.\MBOAT BUILDIXG. March 22, 1822. — "It is with pleasure we announce that ^Ir. John Green has commenced building a Steam Boat in this place. The enterprise of this gen- tleman, in his individual undertaking, deserves the applause and encouragement of the pub- lic. \Ve understand the Steam Boat is to car- ry about 100 tons." This boat was launched in May, 1822, and at that time its name "Rufus Putnam"' was announced. In July she made the trip from Marietta to Wheeling in 165^ hours, surpass- ing all predecessors by nearly two hours. In 1822 first appears a weekly notice of the steam- boats passing Marietta. 1823.— "The Steam Boat '.Mechanic" belonging to the Marietta Steam Boat Company, Imilt on the Little ^luskingum River, was safelv launched into her destined element on the morning of Saturday last (March 22. 1823) about one o"clock. The boat is built of excellent mater- ials, well put t(.)gether and of a \-ery handsome model, 100 feet keel, and is designed to be fin- ished in a hantlsomc and coiuenient manner for the accommodation of i)asscngers. She will probably be read)' to stem the torrent by the 1st of June."" This boat went fmm Marietta to Wheeling in 13 running hours. June 10, 1824. — "Un the 7th inst., nt nine o'clock .\. M., was launched from the shipyard of James Whitney. Esq., on Point Harmar in this Town, the beautiful Steam Boat 'Red River." She was built by Mr. Whitney on contract for Capt. John R. Kimbal of Orleans. "The 'Red Ri\'er' is 130 tons, 113 feet long. 20 feet beam. Timliers, locust and ce- dar."" January, 1826. — "On the 14th inst., was launched from the ship yard of James Whitney, Esq.. in this town tlie two beautiful Steam Boats, the "Coosa" and 'Warrioj'." They were launched sideways and reached the water without the least ma- terial injur}'. The 'Coosa" measures 180 tons, the "Warrior," 113. They were built on con- tract by Mr. Whitney and Stone, in Mr. Whit- ney"s usual style and very much to the satisfac- tion of the contractors ( Capt. J. W. Bryne and Capt. Benj. Horner). They are destined to run, the 'Cooso' on the Alabama, the 'Warrior' on the Tombigbee and will be in readiness to depart in a few days. "We are pleased to learn that Messrs. Phil- lips and Carroll, of Steuben\'ille, have decided on establishing a foundry in this Town, to go into operation early in the ensuing year. "From the acknowledged mechanical tal- ents of these "entlemen for Steam Pxiat build- 230 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, ing and the local advantages this ToAvn pos- sesses over Towns higher up the river, for Shipbuilding and particularly for Steam Boat building we trust, contractors will find it for their interest in future tu build at this place." August 30, 1 82(1. — "There are now on the docks, and in the state of forwardness, in this town and vicinity, four steamboats, which for workmanship and materials will compare with any Ijuilding on the \\'estern waters. "Two of the above mentioned Imats are building by James Whitnc)-, Esq., at his yard on the bank i>f the ^Muskingum — "One on the bank of the Ohii), just below town. ]iy Messrs. Drown, Olnev, Tarker and Thompson, all of whom are mechanics of the first order in their prijfessiijii. She is about 180 tons Ijurthen. of a fine model, and the ma- terials of which she is built are of the most durable kind; she is built in so convenient a situation that she can be launched at the lowest stage of the river. We learn that the above company intend to continue the business of steamboat building at this advantageous site. "One on the bank of the Little ^Muskingum River fiy Mr. John JMitchell. We are informed she is a large boat and designed for the lower trade, built of excellent materials and well put together. All of which are in a state of for- wardness and can be matle ready to launch on a short notice. We wish them success cor- responding with their enterprise and exer- tions." Marietta, January 7. 1830. — "The Steamboat "Atlantic." — This splendid steamboat, from the shipyard of our worthy and enterprising citizen, James Whitney, Escp, under whose immediate and attentive eye she was built, had her keel laid in June — her tim- bers, moulded out of the finest seasoned yel- low locust, set up, planked and fully prepared for her native element by the 20th of Novem- ber — when she went off her stocks in a style of beauty and splendor equal to anv of her sister- hood on the seaboard, amid the shouts and huzzas of an admiring multitude ; and when the waves had ceased their salutation she was as beautiful as a swan, resting less than three feet in the water. Since that period she has been finished with materials of the best kind, and in a manner which does no small credit to our industrious mechanics, for neatness and taste of finish. Her cabins, staterooms, and prom- enades are spacious and noble; worthy of her commander, Captain Ryan, who gave un- wearied attention to her. She has a run of 170 feet on deck, 28 feet beam, 9J4 feet hold, with guards 10 feet wide — and is 430 tons. Her engine is of superior order — mighty in power — ha\'ing eight 22-foot boilers. She was Ijuilt for ]Mr. Beech. Jeffersonville, Indi- ana, and took her departure from this place, descending, on the 5th ; and is, unquestionably, one of the best boats ever built in America — and as such we have the honor to commend her to the notice of our brethren in the valley of the Ohio and Mississippi." THE FIRST STE.\MBO.\T UP THE MUSKINGUM. Marietta Ga.ccttc. January 15, 1824. — "On Friday morning (January 9, 1825), the steamboat "Rufus Putnam' left this place upon a stage of \vater favorable to the inten- tion of the conmiander with freight and a large number of passengers and ascended the Muskingum River as far as Zanesville. The current of the ri\er is much stronger than that of the Ohio, but she was able to stem it with ease. "'She returned to this place on Tuesday e\'ening last, withoiit accident, exincing the practicability of navigating this river, a portion of the year, by steamboats of 100 tons. After discharging her freight and passengers, she left here for Cincinnati yesterday morning. ""Thus a steamboat has performed a trip up the JMuskingum, hitherto thouglit impracti- cable by those unacquainted with the power of steam engines," NAVIG.\TI0N OF THE MUSKINGUM, November 26, 1819. — "A petition is about to be presented to the AND REPRESEXTATirE CITIZENS. next Legislature of Ohio (says the Zanesville Exfyrcss) praying for tlie passage of a law au- thorizing the removal of all obstructions in the Muskingum River from this place to its mouth. Some day, not far distant, it may enable us to see the triumphant genius of Fulton receiving its tribute upon the waters of the ]^Iuskingum." The value of the produce sent down the ]\Iuskingum from Zanesville in boats at the time of the spring freshet in 1820 was esti- mated at $62,070. This includes 4,884 barrels of hour, 1,055 barrels uf purk and 169 barrels of whiskey. April 29, 1825. — "The Muskingum from its mouth to that point (where the proposed canal is to cross) i5 already navigable for loaded keel-boats nearly the whole year^and by a few dams and locks between ^^larietta and Zanesville, at a compar- atively trifling expense, may be made to answer all the purposes o-f a canal, during the whole year. This being practicable, it is evident that this section of country and this town es- pecially, will be immediately benefited. It is hoped the attention of our citizens will be turned to this subject, as one in which they are all concerned."' July 8, 1825.— "There is no doubt but the ^Muskingum may be made navigable at all seasons at com- paratively moderate expense. Thus would a connection be formed between the Chesapeake and Oiiio, and the Erie and Ohio Canals — making a complete chain to the lakes. The navigation of the Ohio is impeded by low wa- ter between ^Marietta and Pittsburgh much more than it is below."' July 25, 1S25.— "Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. — The citi- zens of the County of Washington are request- ed to meet at the Court House in ^larietta on Monday the ist day of August next, at 4 o'clock P. M. to consult on measures for ob- taining a surv^ey, to ascertain the practicability of bringing the proposed canal for connecting the waters of the Potomac with those of the Ohio, to unite with the latter river near the mouth of the ^Muskingum."' i;-:j6.— .\\ a meeting o: a luimbcr of the Citizens ot the Comity of Washington, convened at the Court House in Marietta on tlie ist day of August, in pursuance of pubhc notice given in the Marietta Gazette, "To consult upon measures for obtaining a survey to ascertain the practicabiUty of bringing the proposed Canal for con- necting the waters of the Potomac, with those of tlie Ohio, to unite with the latter river near the motitli of the Muskingum." Ichabod Xye, was chosen chairman, and Tames ^I. Booth, secretary. Resolved unanimously, '•that John P. Mayboriy, Dudley Woodbridge and Joseph Barker, Esqrs. be a committee of correspondence to co-operate with the p<5o- ple of Harrison County, ^'irginia, and fathers for the purpose of obtaining a survey to ascertain the practi- cability of extending the proposed Chesapeake and Ohio Canat to the Ohio River by way of the waters of the Little Kenhawa or Middle Island. .\nd to take such measures to obtain that object as they sliall deem ex- pedient." Resok'cd, "That the proceedings of this Meeting be published in the Amenean Friend & Marietta Gazette." The meeting then adjourned sine die. IcH.\B0D NvE, Cliainnan, Attest. J.vMEs M. Booth, See'y. Marietta, Oct Tiber 2.^. 1S27. — A petition will be presented to the next General Assembly of Ohio, for the passage of an act to incorpor- ate a company with authority to raise by subscription the necessary funds to improve the navigation of the Muskingum river, liy dams and locks for the passage of steamboats from Marietta (at the mouth of the Muskingum) to the point where the Ohio Canal con- nects with the Muskingum Rivtr near the town of Dresden. M.\XY CITIZENS. NAVIGATION OF THE OHIO, 1826,— "During the last month a fund was raised by the citizens of this town for the purpose of improving the navigation of the river north- west of the island above this place, which has become so ol)structed by logs and sand bars tliat it was impracticable, in low water, for Iioats to pass. It is with pleasure we state for the information of those concerned in boating, that the attemnt of clearing the river of tliese obstructions lias succeeded, equal to the wishes of those who generously made do- 232 HISTORV OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, nations for tiiat purpose — and that, since the logs from the head to the fiH.it of the islantl have been removed, tiie channel has greatly improved, and a passage for l:)oats is rendered safe and easy." THE Towx IX 1826. ]\Iarch 23. 1S26.— "To many our anticipations of the future growth of Marietta may appear absurd and visionary. Yet the importance and natural advantages of its situation are generally al- lowed. ]5ut the want of rich lands, such as those within the reach of business in Cincin- nati, will prevent, as some suppose, any ex- tensi\e growth of this town. It is allowed that the Miami country possesses generally better lands than those in this and the neigh- boring counties. But the difference is far less than the general estimate. It is supposed that with the exception of our bottom lands, we have not much that is worth cultivating. But a minute survey of this county would present many excellent and prorttalile farms among the hills! The hill lands have been held in unreasona- bly low estimation among ourselves. It is true we have a considerable portion of rough lands and of poor land, so called. . - Rough lands, however, suffice well for pasture— and there are few tracts of sufficient size for a farm, which do not afford a tolerable p.ropor- tion so level as to admit of comfortable till- age. But it has been said our hills are poor. Comparatively they may be — but not so poor but that they will bear good crops of wheat — nay ui Indian corn — with judicious cultiva- tion. The truth is, that — although not many, perhaps, have emigrated to this county in the hope of finding fat pigs, ready roasted, &c., and that ready-made clothes, well washed and ironed, were to be found on the bushes, all gratis — yet too many ha\'e come with notions too nearly allied to the foregoing; and were awfully disappointed to find that here, as else- \vhere, man must earn his bread by the sweat of his brow — in short, that the country was so far from being the counterpart of the Gar- den of Eden, that much toil must be endured in order to subject it to the use of man. Even our rich bottom lands are but illy calculated to satisfy the wild expectations of many emi- grants. Experience has proved that our hill lands are susceptible of profitable cultivation. One difficulty experienced in this part of the country has been — that the owners of the Ohio Company lands, living in different and distant places, or entertaining an extravagant opinion of tlTe \-alue of their lands, were not in a situ- ation, or not disposed, to sell. There are many tracts which would have been settled long ago, if they could have been purchased. This difficulty is now, in a great measure, sur- mounted. If the cultivation of tobacco should become extensive, most of our cultivated lands will be lirought into profitable use — the rais- ing of sheep will succeed, and the growth of the town will lie correspondent with that of the country. "The Grand Ohio Canal will contribute es- sentially to the prosperity of Marietta. The improvement of the Muskingum River, by slack water navigation or otherwise, will un- tloulitedly be effected. It will be strange in- deed if interesting -results do not accrue to this place . "There is no place on the western waters more fax'orable for building steam boats than ^Marietta. \\'hen the proposed foundry shall have been established, we doubt whether any other place shall enjo^- equal advantages. "Formerly the county of Washington sup- plied many articles to her neighbors ; now we are sorry to say it — we buy a great portion of our flour from abroad. A steam mill is to be erectetl by Greene & Dodge, which we trust will stimulate our farmers to raise wheat enough, not only to supply our own wants, Init to send abroad. "A woolen factory, and many other manu- factories, we trust, will follow in due time." MARKETING. 1826.— "To ascertain the prosperity of a country. AND REPRESEXTATU'E CITIZEXS. 233 in the vicinity of a town and of the town itself, one good rule for a stranger to pursue is to go to the ^Market Houses, on a market morning, and view the variety and quality (ti the produc- tions of the country, exposed for sale by the farmer, and the avidity with which these pro- ductions are purchased by the citizens of the town for home consumption. "In places of any magnitude, one. among the first and must important regulations of a Corporation, is that of marketing, which, if governed by wholesome rules, carried rigor- ously into effect, produces a source of greatest convenience to the town and profit to the coun- try ; it gives every citizen an opportunity of furnishing his family, for a given time, with provisions, and prevents monopoly, on one side — and, the seller, a time and place, to vend his articles with ease and advantage, on the other. "In Marietta, although there is at present no regular marketing observed, no laws on that subject enforced, we believe that there are a sufticient number of inhabitants within the town to encourage an attempt. If the 'law regulating the IMarket" is once put into oper- ation, the convenience to the town and profit to the country will be sufficient alone to guar- anty its continuance. By putting the market law into rigorous execution, making it general" ly known, and holding out a little encourage- ment, few will be found possessing even a dis- position to transgress, and our market will abound with all the necessary articles for fami- ly consumption, and will, with the aid nif the Agricultural Society, excite an emulation to excel in the cpiality of pro\isions— and ^oon put an end to the practice of running from door to door to beg the sale of the most ordinary productions of the country. "Much might be said on this subject, but believing the citizens of the town capable of judging on the propriety of it for themselves, we shall be satisfied for the present , with mere- ly giving the above hints and requesting the attention of the Town Ciiuncil to the subject." MIXISTERI.VL LANDS. Some of the colonies had an established church even after the Revolution. Hence it did not seem strange to our fathers that in the deed made to the Ohio Company of Asso- ciates by the Board of Treasury for the United States. Section 29 in. each township was re- served "to be apjjropriated for the purposes of religion." \\'e fear this pious forethought now causes much more profanity than preach- ing in the tracts thus reserved. It happens that m.any city lots of ^larietta lie within what is popularly known as the "ministerial section." The "owners" of the lots hold their land under a lease, the total ground-rent of which amounts to aliout $800 a year. This sum is annually distributed among the churches of the town- ship in proportion to the adult membership. In one township the ministerial section was sold many years ago at 25 cents an acre and the proceeds were placed on interest. Hence the churches of that township receive state sup- port to the extent of $9.60. but. as the distribu- j tion is troublesome, it is not attempted oftener than once in three years. ' Some townships ha\-e fortunately neglected to husband their funds and the rent "for the purposes of reli- gion" is no longer collected. It would be in the interest of "religion and morality" if the other townships could be guilty of the same wise neglect, and thus suffer to relapse, under the statute of limitations, a claim which no longer serves any useful purpose. As early as 1826 an effort was made to throw off this burden horn the land in Mari- etta but the only result has been the permis- s'ion given tn obtain release by paying to the "Ministerial Trustees" a sum of monev whose interest at six per cent, wnuld equal the minis- terial rent. September A. 1S26. — "It is hoped that the meeting notified for this evening, on tlie subject of 'Ministerial Lands.' will be du]\' attended. It is consid- 234 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, ered that existence of this kind of tenure, cov- ering a great portion of the Town Plat, is very injurious to the interests and growth of the town. [Many persons from abroad, it is be- lie\ed, have been deterred from purchasing and making vahiable improvements, because they could not obtain the right of soil. It is un- pleasant to be called on yearly to pay a never- ending rent. It is not less unpleasant to ap- prehend that, after all, the present arrangement is liable to be broken up and a worse one sub- stituted. Congress reserved Section 29, in each township of the purchase, to be given for religious purposes — we will thank anyone to show when, where, and to whom they have given it. The power of the Ohio Legislature to exercise any jurisdiction over it is doubtful. It is therefore desirable that Congress may be induced to authorize our Legislature, in an ecjuitable manner, to sell the ministerial lands as they have already done the school lands. The proceeds can then be funded by the State, the interest paid and divided yearly, and the yearly costs of collection and management be saved. \\'e believe it is a general sentiment that the original donation creates more harm than good in relation to the object it was in- tended to promote. We suppose, however, it cannot be lawfully diverted to any other pub- lic object. We do not expect it will. But the course proposed, we are satisfied, would essen- tially promote the interest of the fund as well as of the town and all concerned."' WASHIXGTON COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1826.— The undersigned — having been appoined a 'commit^ tee to make arrangements for the annual exhibition of the Wa?hing1o:i County Agricultural Society, of the Third Wednesday of October next — now gives notice, that Pens will be provided for all the animals on which premiums have been offered, also, provision for the same free of expense. — There will be, on that day, an address, and a dinner suited to the occasion. The order of the day will be published after the 20th of September: in the meantime, and previous to the l,f roads and canals. It has heretofore been presumed that to connect the Ohio River with Baltimore by Rail Rioad, was sufficient: Imt if the contin- uation to the interior of our State, west to the Wabash, or Mississippi, should be attended with proportionate advantage, we, at present, have no reason to doubt the propriety of ex- tending it. It is true, that it is a stupendous work, to come even as far as the Ohio River ; but the money, for the purpose, has already been raised, and materials and workmen will be easily commanded. Should the point of tennination be at the confluence of the Mus- kingum with the Ohio, the attention of the State, or a company, would consequently be attracted by the necessity of the improvement of the navigation of the Muskingum River — and ultimately, to a continuation of the Rail Road west." May 16, 1827. — "In our paper today will be found the pro- ceedings of the Morgan Countv meeting on the subject of the Rail Road from Baltimore to the Ohio River. The sentiments therein ex- pressed are consonant with the feelings of the mass of citizens in this section of country. Every person who feels an anxiety for the prosperity of his country, cannot feel other- wise than highly pleased at the prospect of In- ternal Improvement and the encouragement of Domestic ^Manufactures — one is a guarantee of the perpetuity of the union of the States, and the rither of their independence : — the as- pect of the political horizon, however, is por- tentous of a coming storm, and all depends on the information and good judgment of the people to avert its consequences — we mean the approaching contest for the Presidency. The outs are determined to be in, at all hazards — and one of their principal hobby-horses is, that the present Administration is in favor of In- ternal Improvement, and that it is unconstitu- tional. This question, we thought, had, some time since, been decided by the proper author- ities, and was joyfully acquiesced in by the people, who, conscious of its tendency to mel- iorate their situation — facilitate the commun- ication between the extremes of our extensive country — provide a market for their surplus productions, even at their own door — and, serving to unite the interests of the different sections of our country, which, otherwise, must necessarily be brought into collision, and per- haps to ruin, — had sat down under the assur- ance of the accomplishment of an object so near their hearts. Now, that the outs (who are opposed to a measure of such vital impor- tance, because, they say, it is unconstitutional) may get in, they bring it forward as a princi- pal objection to the present Administration — and are endeavoring to persuade the people to come over to their interest, under the pretext of being more capable of construing the Con- stitution than those who are now so fortunate- ly at the helm of our political affairs." Wednesday. May 30, 1827. — - "Enquiries having been made of us, by cit- izens in remote parts of the country, respecting the recent proceedings of the Rail Road Com- AXD REPRESEXTATirE CITIZEXS. 239 pany, and the prospect of the road terminating at this place — induces us to notice the interest wliicli is generally expressed on the subject, and the high hopes entertained, by the best in- formed, that our wishes will be gratitied. As to information on the subject through the me- dium of the papers, we have not recently re- ceived any more than we have published. We are informed, however, that the corresponding committee of this county have in their hands a letter recently received from Baltimore on the subject, which extends as much encourage- ment as from the present stage of tiie business could be reasonably expected. All the infor- mation we receive, which we deem interesting to our readers, shall be promptly laid before them." September 10, 1827. — "Mr. Prentiss: — Sir. \\"e understand, from good authority, that the examinations which have been made, under the directions of the committee of the county, conducted by Col. Jos- eph Barker, from the Ohio River, opposite this ])lace, to Clarksburg, ha\'e pro\-ed highly satis- factory. Lieutenants Trimble and Barney, Engineers, are now on the waters of the Little Kanawha, from whence they will return to this place for the purpose of going upon the exami- nation of the route from Cow Creek, by the north fork of Hughes River, to Arnold's Creeks which puts into Middle-Island River, from thence up the same to the waters of Ten-]\Iile Creek to the head of Turkey-Foot Fork, thence over upon Limestone Creek down to Elk, at Clarksburg. They will also examine ]\Iiddle« Island River, from its junction with the Ohio, until they intersect the route from Cow Creek to Clarksburg. "We speak with confidence and advisedly, and say, the route from Tyger Valley River west, up from Grape Run to the head of Simp- son's Creek, down to Bridgeport, thence to Elk Creek, down the same to West Fork to the mouth of Limestone Creek, up the same, thence down Ten-AIile Creek to the Forks, up Salem Fork to the dividing ridge at Aloore's, down Middle-Island waters to the mouth of Arnold's Creek, up the same t(.) the Fork of Long Run. up the same over to the waters of Hughes River, by the State House ( ?vlartin's ). down the same to the mouth of Bear Run, up the same and over upon the waters of Cow Creek, thence down the same to the Ohio River, ten miles above the mouth of the Muskingum River, the grand artery of the State of Ohio; we say this is one of the best possible routes for the Rail Road, the distance is almut one- third of the way from ^larietta to Baltimore, is capable of receiving a more level road, and at less expense than the same distance from Baltimore west. "Gentlemen in Clarksburg have endeavored to gO' about 12 miles south ijf that place with the road for Parkersburg. but failing, as we belie\'e in finding as advantageous ground as was anticipated, have cast an eye from Tyger Valley River to [Marietta, by Clarksburg — and this is called the new route." The following letter from the President of the Board at Baltimore, to a gentleman in Clarksburg, is interesting : — Ottice of the Ohio and Baltimore Rail Road Company, Aug. 2^, 1827. Your favor of the l.3th instant is received. I am highly gratitied at the zealous interest you continue to manifest in the Rail Road, and have, on behalf of tlie Company, to thank you very sincerely, for the aid you and other citizens of your country have afforded to T.ient. Trimble m his examinations. TO TI^E ELECTORS JK W.VSHINT.roX iroUNTV. September 26. 1827. "On you, gentlemen, will soon devolve the duty to elect a man of ability and integrity to discharge the arduous duties of Senator in the Legislature of the State. At no previous per- iod have subjects of as great local importance and deep interest been submitted to your con- sideration ; they are such as to aftect the feel- ings and hopes of every man among you. Tiie formation of a Rail Road from Baltimore to the river Ohio will form a new era in our commercial relations and pecuniary concerns; it will furnish a rapid and safe conveyance of the goods of the merchant, and the ponderous productions of our soil — the mode will lie safe, 240 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, the trip short, — the market and returns cer- tain; the effects will be to relieve ns from pe-. cuniary embarrassment, individually ; give ac- tivity to a great dormant capital, and raise the value of a real property, of every description, in an eminent degree. "Preparatory to the attainment of those great objects, a sacrifice must be made of some prejudices which arose from a difference of opinion on some political subjects ; such, how- ever, as might be expected to arise between men of strong intellectual powers and indepen- dent minds, on C]uestions of difiicult solution. "Addressing those who have ' a perfect knowledge of the facts and considerations in- volved in this subject, it will not, at present, be necessary to enter into detail ; it might be deemed a trespass or anticipation of gentlemen whose special appointment may render it their peculiar duty, and who will, no doubt, in due time perform it; but a brief recapitulation of some facts, of general notoriety and observa- tion, may not be improper on the present occa- sion. "Marietta occupies a site of inestimate val- ue, when a fair estimate is formed of her lo- cal fidvantages. The Ohio River does not furnish inducements and advantages, to the Baltimore Rail Road Company, equal, in any other spot, to that opposite the mouth of the Great Muskingum : there the contemplated Rail Road will ultimately terminate, shoukl wie act with proper energy in developing the re- sources of the State, and furnish an unfailing communication with it by water. An immense quicksand bar, in the Ohio near the mouth of the Muskingum, renders the river Ohio almost impassable at that spot, at low water ; below that bar there are no obstructions to the navi- gation by keel-boats, but such as can certainly and easily be obviated. Nature prescribes the spot, and the interests of the Rail Road Com- pany will induce them to follow her dictates. The route through Virginia passing through or near Clarksburg is equal, perhaps superior, to any other which can l)e selected for the pur- pose. The contemplated improvement of the Muskingum, bv mieans of dams and locks ( un- til it will communicate with the canal, which terminates at Cleveland, on Lake Erie), will furnish a vast number of mill seats, with a wa- ter power ec^ual to any object, or any purpose; on which factories, flour-mills, iron works, fulling mills, oil and sawmills will be erected on an extensive scale, and can command an ad- equate supply of requisite materials. Iron, coal and salt, nature has bestowed to us \vitli munificent prodigality ; we raise immense quantities of \vool ; the Mississippi will con- \*fey, in peace or war, inexhaustible supplies of cotton, at reduced prices, to the Muskingum factories ; and there is no risk in asserting that the great Muskingum, in conjunction with the contemplated Rail Road, w ill become the emporium of this State, for wcal'.li, manufac- tures, and commerce. The (^hio Canal will convey, on its bosom, into llic Muski'.igun'i, all the richest and most portable productions oi' the interi(ir of our State. The passage from Cleveland to Detroit is short, and with a little enterprise a great part of the fur trade woul' find its way to the Baltimore market through her channel. During the last session of our Legislature an endeavor was made, by Mr. \\'illiam R. Putnam, to obtain an appropriation to discharge the expenses of a regular topo- graphical survey of the Aluskingum Valley, as a measure preparatory to obtain and to render it navigable ; in which, after arduous efforts, he was partially successful. After the survey is completed, the report cannot fail of proving conclusively favorable ; but to attain those ob- jects, requires ability and knowledge, not only of this subject, but everv other connected with it. and persevering exertion. The ability of Mr. Putnam is well known, his devotion to the ac- complishment of this great object ascertained, his interest, the interest of his family and his friends are completely identified with yours. Superadded to those considerations, one more and that of no common weight, presents itself: There is, at the present day, no other man on whom the public voice will unite, in our county, to give a certainty of being elected. By elect- ing Mr. Putnam, we shall have two members from this county to represent our interests, a AiJD REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 241 Senator and Representative; otherwise we shall have but one. And, gL'ntlemen, consider that on this great and important measure, con- flicting interests will interpose; the opposition may be powerful, and if not met adequately, we may lose the great advantages which the God of nature designed for this section of the State. Union is necessary to success, and therefore we ought at this time to unite in favor of Mr. ^^'illiam Rufus Putnam as our Senator." All Old Republican. OUK OvVN PRflSI'ECTS. July 26, 1828.— "There is plenty of room yet left for Mari- etta to become 'an important city.' We have in view the 'improvement of the navigation of the Muskingum.' which when completed will be equal if not superior to any canal ; an act for which was passed at the last session of the Legislature, and no doubt is entertained, if the money market will permit, that the stock would be immediately taken up, when the books are open for subscription. "We have in view the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road, the termination of which, the com- manding situation of this point, induces us to believe will influence its location in our vicinty ; and we have as handsome situation for a town as any in the West. When these great works are completed, and the time is not far distant — this place will vie with almost any other, in importance — bustle of business — and com- manding attitude." HE.XLTH OF M.\RIETTA. Saturday, August 22, 1829. — "We have not in any season known it more healthy then the present. No case of fever, that had originated in town, exists within our knowledge, and but few are down with any disease. An erroneous opinion has gone forth in the world that 'Marietta is a sickly place" — this ought to be contradicted, and the distant public correctly informed. Our residence here has been of sufficient length to confirm us in the knowledge of its general health, and we declare it. In the course of thirty years we have been visited by three sickly seasons, and that is all — 1807^22 and 23 — and then we were not more afflicted than the Western Country generally. Our citizens think them- selves highly favored in their location as to health, antl are not willing to e.xchange it for any other on that account." June 29, 1829. — "The public are hereby informed that a New Road is now opened and ready for trav- eling from Zanesville to jMarietta, by way of ^IcConnelsville. "This route is on much the best ground, and differs in distance but a few rods from the Old Road. "Directions. — Persons traveling from Mar- ietta on this road will proceed direct to Wa- terford Landing; thence up the river and cross Olive. Green and ]\Ieigs Creeks at or near their mouths, one fourth of a mile above the last- named creek, take the right hand road up the hill ; then follow the ridge to McConnelsville. Those traveling from Zanesville will keep down the river about 13 miles, then the road rises upon the ridge (be careful to keqj the road that is most on top the ridge) ; then the plainest road to McConnelsville. "N. B. The Mail stage is expected to travel this route by the loth or 15th of July." SILK CULTURE. October, 1830. — "We have had deposited with us, as a sam- ple, a couple of skeins of sewing silk, raised and manufactured last summer by Mr. J. Dex- ter of this place. From the appearance of this silk, as far as our knowledge extends, we do not hesitate to announce it of a superior quality to that of imjiorted silk, and would recommend to those who are desirous of introducing the manufacture of the article, to call and exam- ine it. "Mr. Dexter, we are informed, is acquaint- 242 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, ed witli the manner <>\ raising the worm and keeping them in a liealthy state, and is mak- ing preparaticins, by raising mulberry trees, &c., to carry the business on more extensively. It is ascertained, satisfactorily, that our climate , is suited to the nature of the silk worm, and white mulberry, — the latter is a native > >f imr soil and grows vigorously. It is hoped that more of the citizens of our county will take the subject into consideration. We believe the time is not far distant when it will become a so'urse of great profit to those who embark in it. and a vast saving to the public, by retain- ing the monev in the country that would be sent to foreign countries to purchase the ar- ticle." Saturday. June iS, 1S31. — "Since we "published our last sheet, we have called upon Mr. Dexter whom, as we have be- fore informed the public, intends going into the silk raising business as fast as the growth of the white mullierry tree \\\\\ permit. We found him engaged in feeding about 70.000 worms, which were all he could conveniently obtain leaves for the present season. He has. however, made arrangements, and has a great number of mulberry trees set out, for the pur- pose of increasing the number of worms an- other season to 150 or 200,000. The experi- ence had already confirms us in the opinion that our soil and climate are congenial to the growth and health of the silk worm, and we be- lieve the time is not far distant when silk will be a principal article of export from this sec- tion of country. We are much gratified to be informed that a few^ other persons in our vicinity have taken the subject into considera- tion, and are trying the silk worms the present season — for the purpose of acquiring a knowl- edge of the nature of them, and the mode of treatnuent and care that will l:e reriuired to rear them profitably in large numliers. An opportunity is now presented, through the ex- perience of Mr. Dexter, for our citizens to ac- quire the information, to whom he is ready and willing to give anv assistance, gratuitous- Iv, thev mav require: and it is hoped they will not lie backwarcl in calling upon him while his multitude are at work f say two weeks) and inform themsehes by seeing as well as hear- ing. "As a filature is about being estalilished at Baltimore for the purpose of manufacturing silk — there will always be a ready market, in cash, for all the cocoons that can be produced; — we hope this will be an inducement, for those who are in any wise skeptical on the sub- ject, to take hold of the business at once, and, within our borders, create a source of revenue that will he profitable and easily attained." ill-dressed and shatibily armed militia of Ohio THE GERM.\X IM MIGR.\TI0N. A r.-n Pi, litre by Bcnaird Peters.^ After ha\ing arrixed at BufYalo, we em- barked on the lake, passed on to Cleveland, and thence on the canal, on which the beloved Garfield subsequently gained the sobriquet of "Tow^ Boy," we continued our journey to Zanesville, Ofaio. We reached Zanesville on an old-fashioned training day. Those of you who rememlier what an old-style training day was. especiallv in the new and undeveloped condition of society and of government in the West, will at once understand what that meant, and the striking contrast such an exhib- ition presented to the eyes of those who had li\'ed on the borders of France, a region that had been dominated at that time for nearly half a century by the military spirit and discipline , which the First Napoleon had evoked, and which at that period was still dominant all over Europe. I remember well the amusement which the array of soldiers, dressed in every conceivable variety of uniform, afiforded. armed with cornstalks and broom handles, and other ecpially dangerous weapons of war. who went through the evolutions of drilling, directed by the gallant captains of that ]ieriod of frontier life!' This article was written in iS88. AXD REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 243 In those peaceful times my father might well laugh — when he contra: ted these uncouth, ill-dressed and shabbily armed militia of Ohio with the French and German soldiers of the regular army, whom he had seen at an earlier day in the Fatherland! But had he lived to our times, he would have been taught the elo- quent and patriotic lesson which doubtless some of these very cornstalk and broomstick he- roes, or their immediate descendants, taught the world in that great contest evoked by our Civil War through which we have lived, and which gave to the world the names of such men — once doubtless crude and youthful American pioneers — as Farragut. Garfield, Hayes. Sherman, Grant and some in our very presence here tonight, who might not inappn >- priately be named, men who now fill as impor- tant a place in the history of the world, as Napoleon, and Wellington and Nelson, and the aiile world-famed generals, whom' tJicy commanded during the great ciintinental upheaval that smote the nations of Europe at the close of the last and during the l)eginning of the present century ! From Zanesville we made our way down the quiet, yet beautiful ]\Iuskingum-^to Wash- ington County and finally to IMarietta, our point of destination, in a flatboat. the only method of navigation then possible on this river, which as yet had been untouched by State aid, by the constructions of dams, and the slack-water system which in a few vears thereafter was secured in its behalf, and which has made it since then a somewhat more im- portant waterwav of the State. Isaac Humph- reys, of Point Harmar. a Democrat of the olden school, was elected to the State Legislature in 1833. served in the House for two terms, and in the Senate for two terms more, secured the appropriation by which this imiinivcment was made, and the means of slackwater navi- gation were secured lor this stream. The im- provement. 1 well reniemlier. was in progress in i83(S. and it is ;i fact worth mentioning here that during tliis year, and perhaps for a year or more thereafter. John Sherman, as a, young civil engineer, spent much of his time in Washington Count}', while engaged in that capacity upon this improvement. In recalling these early days, I am reminded of the wonderful transformation that these fifty or more years ha\'e wrought upon the nat- ural scenery — how the tide of immigration that came in and possessed the land, has since then shorn the hills of their forest trees, how the climate, as well as the atmospheric condi- tions, have been transformed thereby. How much more frequent inundations have since then become, and how great floods often sweep over Western valleys, and not infre- quently carry death and destruction on an ex- tensive scale before them. How the denuda- tion of the forests is hastening the time when much of our country will be stricken with pov- erty for building material and fuel, as the older countries in Euro])e have been stricken for centuries. In driving a few vears ago. from Marietta to Watertown. a distance of some twelve or thirteen miles, to visit a relative, over a road I had traversed again and again forty odd years before, and with which I had be- come perfectly familiar. I lost my way. because the forest trees had e\-erywhere been cut down, and I had to make inquiries in order to put myself on the right road to reach my point of destination. This suggested to me the won- derful change which the settlement of the country had made and was making, and the hard exactions which civilization seems to de- mand. « CHAPTER X. FORTY YEARS OF ADVERTISEMENTS. FIRST DECADE 180I-181I. Only a few newspapers of those published in Marietta before 1811 — the Ohio Gazette and Virginia^ Herald, the Commentator and the Western Spectator, — have been preserved. We give a summary of the advertisements as published in the Centennial number of the Mar- ietta Register. From the Ohio Gazette and Virginia Her- ald. October 24, 1803. — The first page is taken up exclusively with advertisements, set mostly in very large type, so that there were only seven in all ; the list of letters remaining uncalled for in the Post Of- fice at Marietta^ October i, 1803. occupying a column and a half of the four columns of the page. Griffin Greene was postmaster. Post- offices w^ere not very frequent at that day, for we find letters advertised for persons living at "Belleprie, Little Kenhawa, Kenhaway, Galli- polis, Guiandot and Big Sandy." John Cline and Enos Atwater give notice that they intend to apply at the next fall term of court "for a right of establishing a ferry from a point at Fort Harmar across the Ohio River to Mr. Porter's, in Wood County. Virginia." Notice is given that the "inhabitants of the townships of Newport and Tuskarawa, in the county of Washington," intend to petition the General Assembly for a new county, with "a perma- nent seat of justice at, or near, the mouth of Licking Creek on the' Muskingum." Jobn Buell gives notice that "a horse and a colt broke into the enclosure of the subscriber," and re- quests the owner to prove the property and take them away. N. Gates, secretary, gives notice of an adjourned meeting of mechanics to consider "the propriety of forming a Me- chanical Society" in Washington County. Edward Tupper says he has "just received from Philadelphia, and offers for sale at his store in Marietta, a large and general assort- ment of Dry Goods, Groceries, Hardware, Saddlery, etc." From the Oliio Gazette, May 21, 1804. — The third page is half filled with the "Laws of Ohio." four short miscellaneous articles, and four advertisements, — one I'from ;Clarksburg, Virginia. John Greene advertises that he has "opened a Public House in the towm of New Port, on the road of Marietta to Wheeling, fif- teen miles from Marietta." James Riggs, of Grandview, says, "an iron gray mare came to my plantation and broke into my enclosure," and requests the owner to prove property, etc. Richard Greene offers for sale "a very valu- able farm in the town of Marietta, about a half a mile from the city, containing 39 acres." SECOxn DEc.vDE — i8ii-i8ji. A summary of those found in the Jl'estern Spectator and its successor, the American Friend, contains items of interest to the stu- AXD REPRESEXTATIVE CITIZEXS. 245 dent of local history. Among the names are many that still hold an honorable place in this county. We must, however, bear in mind that the list is by no means a complete one since the newspapers of those days contained very few advertisements, and of these few more than half were official notices. It was not then customary for lawyers and physicians to have a business card in the papers. As for dentists and insurance agents, they had not yet appeared. In the decade here represented there were a few important economic changes, briefly and modestly announced, yet destined to have great influence upon the future developmnt of the county. The steamboat had appeared on the Ohio, taking the place of the keel-boat, and a steam mill had been erected at Marietta. Mills for carding the wool into rolls to be spun on the old-fashioned wheel appeared at differ- ent places where water power was to be found, and. a little later, fulling mills were advertised. In this decade the bear and the otter had not entirely disappeared from the woods, and even after 1820 the skins and furs of these animals had not entirely ceased to be important articles of merchandise. It was the period of begin- ning for other industries. A tinner living on Wolf Creek could liardly accommodate the people of Marietta in 1902 by a monthly visit. While many places have seemed to come nearer to us through the improvement in the means of transportation, other places have grown away from us. or perhaps have been left on one side of our lines of communica- tion. For example, a man in the Shenandoah Valley would hardly have anv reason to adver- tise in a Marietta paper of 1902. nor is it very likely that any citizen of Tennessee would do so. That it was a period of the rapid growth of a very unsatisfactory kind of "banking" is shown from these advertisements, as well as from the extracts which appear in another part of the book. Our financial condition could hardlv be worse than it was in 1820 after our numerous experiments in manufacturing pa- per "money." The decade is associated with the intro- duction of Merino sheep and with a great im- provement in quality, as well as increase in the quantity, of wool produced. The farmers of the county were still compelled to guard their flocks against the ravages of wolves and panthers. 181 1. — Joel and Demas .\dams. ^Machine for shearing cloth. 1815. — Rufus W. Adams wishes to pur- chase 100 dozen goosequills at 6 cents a dozen. ( 1816) Wants his pay for instructing youth — -is going out of the business. 181 1. — American Union Lodge (Masonic) invited to a banquet at the house of John Brough. December 27; A u g u St u s Stone. Secretary. (1814) Called to meet at Union Hall. December 27. Thence to proceed to the "Xew Meeting House" * * * "where an ora- tion will be pronounced by Broth- er Baker." (1816) "Will con- vene June 24. at their hall on Point Harmar." thence proceed to the "Meeting House of the First Religious Society, where a Ma- sonic discourse will be delivered bv Rev. Brother Linsley." thence in procession to Brother Green- leaf's for dinner. — Officers will be installed at Union Hall on Point Harmar. December 27. After- wards officers of American Union Chapter will be publicly installed at the Court House. 1816. — Cyrus Ames. J. P.. Belpre. 1S15. — Lewis Anderson, Tailor. 181S.— David B. .\nderson. Watch Re- pairer. 1818. — Battelle and Kimball. Xewport. Partnership dissoh-ed. 246 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND JVASHIXGTON COUNTY 1817.— Alfred R. Beebe & Co. Saddling. 1816.— J.hn Bell, Dcerrteld. Lrts for sale in "Malta a new town about 26 miles below Zanesville." 18 1 6. — Montgomery Bell, Cumberland Fur- nace. Tennessee, offers $300 re- ward for the return of the negro man Carev. and $50 for the boy Bob. 1816. — Tames Bowen, W'aterford. wishes to employ a man acquainted with the clothier's liusiness. 1812. — TJKjmas Baker, Agent for impene- trable stucco. 1812. — Bank of Marietta. David Putnam, Cashier. (iSiO) Proposed to in- crease capital, A. Henderson. Cashier. 181 5. — Bank of 3iluskingum, David J. ]Mar- ple. Cashier. 181 7. — Bank of Steubenville, \V. R. Dick- inson. Cashier. 1814. — Levi Barber. 1820. — Joseph Barker, Jr.. Newport, is about to erect a mill to extract flax seed oil. 1815. — Robert C. Barton, Town Clerk of Marietta. Notice to remove nui- sances. 1815. — Capt. Rijl:iert C. Barton asks militia to return aru'js. (181 7) Offers to sell iron ore at Letart. 181 1. — James Brice, of Athens, oft'ers for sale the library of Rev. John Brice, deceased. 1812. — John Brough, as agent, offers land for sale ( 1813) House for sale. (1818) Seeks information about a stray horse. 1818. — James Brown, Nashville, Tennessee, warns people not to barber 22 "German servants who indentured themselves to go to Alabama Ter- ritory — and absconded at ^lari- etta." In a later number Caleb Emerson defends the German emi- grants, who were willing to repay (S19,— 1811.— 1812.— 1S12.— 181^.— 181S.— 1817.- 1815.— 1813.- 1811.— 1814.— 1813 1817 1817 1814 1817 1820.- 1817. Brown for monev advanced but were not willing to go to Alal:)ama and be slaves for three years and five months. Anthou}- Buckner. Parkersljurg, of- fers S20 reward for the arrest of his "black man Joseph." Joseph Buell asks for the return of "Rollin's Ancient 'History'' and other borrowed books. Timothy Buell and Daniel H. Buell, .Atlministrators of the er^tate of Gen. Joseph Buell. Daniel H. Buell, collecting for Jason R. Curtis. Tiniiitln- Buell. Collector of Taxes. Buell and Patrick. Partnership dissolved. Jolm and James Bugh. Sickles and hats. D. J. Burr. Point Harmar. Merino sheep at public sale. Cat's Creek Mills. f\Mieelock, Ful- ler and Sadler.) David S. Chambers & Co. (1812') Announce August 8th that they have sold out their stock. David Chambers, Zanesville, an- nounces that the "Young Gentle- men & Ladies Explanatory ]Mon- itor," Rufus W. Adams, author, is so(in going to press. Joseph Chapman, J, P.. Salem. Seth Child (Athens) wishes to em- emplov a j(iurneyman clothier. John Clark. Butcher. Eli Cogswell. Adm'r. on estate of Eli G. Cogswell. H. Cole, Tailor. Sampson Cole, Adm'r. on estate of Matthew Cole, of A\'arren. (1818) Wishes to purchase beef cattle. C. Conant, President of Muskingum Mining Company, asks for a pay- ment on stock. Leicester G. Converse. Adm'r. on AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 247 estate of Richard Miner, of Wat- er ford. 181 5. — Porter Converse, "has L)l)lained a h- cense to practice law." 1812. — W'm. Corner, Achn'r. cm e-late of Henry Maxon. 1819. — Abner Corwin makes wheels and chairs. 1815. — Dr. John Cotton, Point Harmar. (1819) Has removed to the east- erl}- side of the river. 1819. — George Courtauld offers to sell 2,000 acres of land in .\tliens County, to bepaid for in lal.ior of clearing other land. 1817. — Jni). Cram will recei\'e wheat, rye. oats, anil white beans in payment for debts due the hrm of Oliver Dodge & Co.. now dissolved. 1819. — .\ndrew Cunningham. Tailor. 1819. — John Cunningham, Tailor. 1814. — Benajah Curtis. 181J. — Jasivi R. Curtis. Hatter, wishes t pretends to he a j 18 lA, missionary. 181 1. — Edwin Pntnam, Agt. bn- MassacJiu- 1 i8ii. setts Spy. 1815. — (Jnlv 10) Rufus Putnam, advertises a final dividend of the Ohio Com- pany — $3.75 a share. 181J. — \\'illiam R. Pntnam, Clerk of 1817.- Trustees of School Lands. (181 5) \V. R. Putnam, .\dm"r. on estate of Elizabeth ?kIaxon. (1817) Wm. R. Putnam. Clerk nf the Trustees for the School Lanrt, disputes validity of a note. 1815. — W. Thomas dissolves partnership with Philip Cubbage. 1819. — W. Thomas. Tickets in the Jeffer- sonville Ohio Canal Lottery for sale at the store of Skinner, Cham- bers & Co. 1816. — J\Iaj. John Thornily summons the 1817.- 1815. 1812.— 1816.— 1815.— 1819.— 1814.— 1816.— 1812.— • 1811.— 1816.— 1813. 1811. 1S13, 1st Batatlion of militia to meet in front of the Xew Meeting House. Edward W. Tupper, Lots for sale in the town of Burlington. Town Council^James Sharp, Rob- ert Williamson, and John Law- rence Lewis — call public meeting at the Court House for the 2nd IMonday in April to settle ac- counts. Josiah True offers to sell land on Sunday Creek. George Turner offers to sell 20.000 acres of land in the Ohio Com- pany's Purchase. The "Universal Christian Religious Society" calls for a meeting at the Court House on the first Tues- day in September. The "L^niversal Society" summoned by its clerk, R. Williamson, to to meet at the Court House and choose a librarian. Vaccine Matter. James Smith Baltimore. U. S. Agent. ^^'illiam Vincent. Wool carding. James Walker, Adm'r. on estate of David- Walker of Salem. Nahnm Ward offers land for sale. (181 5) Offers to sell large tracts of land in Washington, Athens, and Gallia counties. (1816) Oft'ers Ohio bottom land 30 miles belo- Gallipolis at $15 an acre. — Li his absence Col. Augustus Stone was his agent. War DepaTtmeint 'notifies old sol- diers to forward their discharges and certificates of disabilitv to the Secretary of War. Robert Wells, Jun., Cabinetmaker. Western Spectator, remo^■ed to the house lately occupied by Col. Ab- ner Lord, offers books for sale. Whiskey received for books. James White. Flour mill on Duck Creek. (1815) Grist and saw mill. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 253 1815.- 181;.- 1812.— 1813.— i8iv— 1817.- 1820.— 1818.— 1817.— 1811.— 1812.— 1817.— 1812.— 181.3.— 1811.— Thomas White, J. P., Roxbury. Haffield White and Simeon Deming in Wooster, trustees for creditors of WilHam Oliver. Tames Whitney, Adm'r. on estate of Gilbert Dev'ol. James Whitney & Co.. Harmar. (181 5) Cash for black fox, bear and other skins. James Whitney, Adm'r. on estate of Gilbert Devol, offers at public auc- tion Pew No. 34 in the Congrega- tional Meeting- House. (1816) Inspector of Pork or Beef de- signed for export (under Ohio law). (1817) General merchan- dise on Point Harmar. Abraham W'hipple, Fearing, offers to sell a farm two miles from Marietta. (1819) On June 4th there is a notice of his death. The only relative near him at that time was a daughter. 'Joseph \\"ilmott. Fearing, claims right to construct a dam at the Ox-P)inv on Duck Creek. William Wilson, W'ooster, has taken up a stray horse. Adolphus Wing. Attorney, Point Harmar. Joseph H. Wilcox offers for sale a flock of Merino sheep from Con- necticut. Gen. Joseph Wilcox, Surveyor of the Port of Marietta and Inspec- tor of the Revenue. (1813) Pas- ture near jMarietta. Henry P. Wilco.x. Adm'r. on estate of Joseph Wilcox. Ansel Wood. Tavern on Point Harmar. Jose])h Wood, Register of Land Office. D. Woodbridge & Co. — Partnership with Benjamin Ives Gilman dis- solved. 181 1.— Woodbridge & Pierce. (181 5) Part- nership dissolved. 1813.— D. Woodbridge, Jr. (1815), Part- ship with H. W. Noble dissolved. (1816) Offers highest premium for treasury notes, specie and New York or Philadelphia notes. Part- nership with John Mills dissolved in 1820. 1818. — Isaac Worthington, Tinner, Woos- ter, will come to Marietta to mend tinware on the first Thursday of each month. 18 1 8. — Gov. Thomas \\'orthington appoints December 10 as Thanksgiving Day. iSii. — ;\Ir. Younkin. Tailor. 1816. — Zanesville Glass Works now in op- eration. THIRD DECADE, 182I-3I. As in the previous list, the date given marks the first appearance for this decade. 1822. — Tiffany Adams, Adm'r. on estate of James Adams, of Warren. 1822. — Lucy Adams, Adm'rx. on estate of Tiffany Adams, of W'arren. 1825. — Agricultural Society called to meet at Old Court House. December i. 1822. — Thomas Alcock and others ask to build a toll-bridge across the mouth of the Little Muskingum. 1824. — Andrew Allison, Adm'r. on estate of Hugh Allison, of Adams. ,824. — Cyrus Ames, Ex'r. on estate of Jon- athan Haskell, of Belpre. [828. — D. B. Anderson. Clock and watch repairing. 1823. — Lewis Anderson, Adm'r. on estate of ^^'illiam Fulton. 1830. — Thaddeus \Y. P. H. Backus weaves double and single coverlets, and Venetian carpets at his home on ]\Iarket street 1821. — Bank of Marietta. A. Henderson, Cashier. (1828) Axius Nye, Cashier. 254 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY 1825.- Levi Barber. P. AI., Harmar. of Maj. Oliver Owen, of Water- 1830.— David Barber, Attorney. ford. 1822.— Joseph Barker, Jr., wishes 2,000 1826 — J. & C. Bowen, New clothing works bushels of flaxseed at Newport. at Featherston's Mill two miles (1824) Will pay $1 a bushel for below Waterford. castor-oil 'beans. (1826) An- 1823 — A. Brooks, Adm'r. on estate of Sam- nounces a county fair near the uel Brooks, of Union. (1828.) Court House on the 3rd Wednes- Dry goods and groceries at \\'a- day of October. tertown. 1823.- L. D. Barker. Adm'r. on estate of 1826 — John Brophy. Ijacon and flour. Jacob Churchill, of Newport. 1822 — John Brough, Adm'r. (.)n estate of 1824.— ^^'m. B. Barnes will attend to busi- Bridget Brough ( near Duck ness for Benjamin P. Putnam. Creek Bridge). (1830) Will 1823.— Isaac Barstow. Adm'r. on estates publish the Western Rcj^ubUcan Caleb Barstow\ of Marietta and and Marietta Atti-crtiscr. Jonathan Thomas, of Warren. 1828 — Col. Notley Brown, (orders election 1824— Samuel Beach. Adm'r. on estate of of a major for the ist Regiment. Gilbert Devol of Waterford. 1 82 1 — Wm. T. Brown. Adm'r. on estate of I82I.— Charles Beehe, Adm'r. on estate of Wm. Fry. Doctor William Beebe. of Belpre. 1823 — Jacob Browning calls for payment. 1825.— John C. Bennett licensed to practice Will accept corn, oats, flour, whis- physic and surgery. key, pork, and potatoes at market 1826.— Bids reciuested for filling Putnam prices. street, in front of Mr. Ward's 1823 — Frederick Buck, Adm'r. on estate of house. Titus Buck. 1824.- Nathaniel Bishop. Wool-carding. 1822 — S. Butler wishes to emplov seven or 1826.— Board of Health, J. Cotton and eight ship carpenters at Gallipolis. Weston Thomas, will continue 1827 — Daniel H. Buell. Fire Insurance. their round of inspection. (Hartford.) 1823,- C. D. Bonney is about to close the 1823 — Timothy Buell. Adm'r. on estate of blacksmith business. Elizur Carver. 1824.- James M. Booth. Adm'r. on estate 1827 — J. D. Chamberlain wants a black- of Dudley Woodbridge. (1826) smith at Wolf Creek Mills. Offers cotton factory for sale. 1824 — Anna Chappell. Adm'rx. on estate of (1830) Chairs from W'heeling. Julius Chappell, of Warren. 1828,— Charles Bosworth sells Wheeling 1824 — Asa Cheadle. Adm'r. on estate of chairs at Point Harmar. John Cheadle, of Windsor. 1826.— Marcus Bosworth. Adm'r. on estate 1823 — John Clark. Adm'r. on estates of of Samuel S. Wilkinson. Nathaniel I\IcIntosh and Anna 1823.- George Bowen. Adm'r. on estate of Shepard. Rev. William Boies of Waterford. 182; — - W. S. Clark. Chairmaker. 1824.- Geo. Bowen and Anslem T. Nye. 182; — J. Clements. Saddler, on Ohio street- Adm'rs. on estate of Anthony M. 1822 — Levi Cole. Wheeling ]\Iail Stage Candlish. leaves Marietta Sunday at 5 A. 1825.— George Bowen, Adm'r. on estate of M. and arrives at Wheeling Mon- Sylvander Root, of Waterford. day at 5 P. M. (1823.) .Vdm'r. 1825.- Ebenezer Bowen, Adm'r. on estate on estate of Robert G. Duncan. AXD REFRESEXTArirE CITriEXS. 1821.— 1823.- 182^.— 1823.- 1826.— 1821.-^ 182 1.— 1823.— 1822.— 1824.— 1823.— 182;.— 1823.- 1822.— 1822. — 182 1.— 1824. 1825. 1 82 1. 1824. Tlie Commissioners of Police, Au- gustus Stone and William Slo- comb, will meet at the IMuskin- gum Academy each Friday dur- ing September and October to hear complaints about nuisances. Clarissa Cook. Adm'rx. on estate of Joseph Cook. Jr.. of Belpre. I'aVdr.n Cook, P. M. al l^elpre. George Corner, Ex"r. on estate of Geo. Howe. John Corns, Adm'r. on estate of Henrv Corns, of Wesley. Court House. Plans desired for a building 48 feet square. Sally Cram, Adm'rx. on estate of Jonathan Cram. Joiin Crawford. .\dm'r. on estate of Joseph Babcock. R." Crawford takes charge of the store lately owned by Oliver Dodge and Sally Cram. Robert Crawford & Co. wish to Iniy hemp. New goods to give away. (1825.) Xew goods, candies, whiskey, &c. Lucius Cross. Adm'r. on estate of Abigail Deming. Tliomas 'Gumming. Surxeyor. Cieorge Cumpton, Adm'r. on estate of ]\Iarv ]\Iartin. of Ludlow. Andrew Cunningham, Captain of 1st Company. Order for drill. John Cunningham, Adm'r. on estate of Philip Cunningham. William Cunningham has laid out the town of Williamsburgh, Va., on the Hughes Ri\-er, and offers lots for sale. Cunningham & \\'estgate, Tailnrs. Curtis & Dunn have dissnlved part- nership. Edmund B. Dana, land certificate lost. (1827.) Will serve dinner July 4th, under his locust and cherry grove. George Dana, Ex'r. on estates of Col. Daniel Fisher and Levi Bene- dict, both of Belpre. 1822.— Joseph Dana. Professor at Athens, transfers his land Inisiness to Benj. P. Putnam. 1825. — Frederick Davis. .\dm'r. on estate of Dudley Davis, of Salem. 1823. — Ezekiel Deming. Adm'r. (m estate of Ezra Crane. 1822. — Thomas Devin. Adm'r. on estate of ^Michael De\ins. 1 82 1. — Jonathan Devol oft'ers to sell at auc- tion farm and mills. 1828. — Daniel Devol, Adm'r. on estate of Peter Schwab, of Waterford. 1 82 1. — Francis Devol, Clothiers' works. (1826) Cloth dressed, London brnwn and snuff colors at 31 >i cents per \-ard. 1829. — Doffins and Elfresh. Xew foundry on west side of the Muskingum, near the Steam IMill. 1821. — John Dodge and James Bowen, ^^'a- terford. Clothing works in or- der. Black cloth dressed at 3 1 '4 cents per yard. Cloth will be fulled, sheared and pressed at 10 cents per yard. (1823) Wool carding done at the same place. 1822. — Nathaniel Dodge offers reward for apprehension of the thief who broke into the store near the ]\Iar- ket House. 1822. — Oliver Dodge & Co. wish to collect accounts if R. Crawford & Co. 1824. — Richard H. Dodge, Adm'r. on estate of Nancy Greene, of Adams. 1825. — Sidnev Dodge. Wool carding at 6 '4 cents a pound, payable in country produce. 1822. — Amos Dunham. .\dm'r. on estate of Benedict E. Rathbun, of Belpre. (1823) Adm'r. on estate of Jon- athan Dunham, of W'arren. 1822. — R. G. Duncan wishes to purchase young horses for the market. 1822. — Duncan & Cole. New store on Ohio street. 256 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, 1 82 1. — George Dunlevy. Postmaster at Point Harmar, has stock for sale. Sale of stock at McDougall's Ta- vern on Point Harmar. 1S27. — James Dunn, Hatter. Partnership with J. R. Curtis dissolved. 1824. — Horace Dunsmore, Adm'r. on estate of Phinehas Dunsmore, of Wes- ley. 1824. — Ely's Sacred Music. 100 copies for sale at the office of the American Friend. 1823. — Caleb Emerson. Adm'r. on estates of Ward Cross, John Brough and ^Davidson Murray. (1825) Agent for Luminary and Star (Baptist). ( 1826) Ofifers for sale Elisha Pratt's title to one-half of pew in the Congregational meeting house- (1826) Warns trespassers not to take timber from his land be- tween White's Road and Duck Creek. 1825. — Ephraim Emerson. Tracts of the Baptist General Tract Society, at one mill per page. 1824. — Exhibition! A large and learned elephant at Cole's Tavern. Ad- mittance 123^ cents. Children half price. 1823. — David Fairchild. Adm'r. on estate of Amos Fairchild, of Decatur. 1823. — Henry Fearing and John P. ]May- berry, Ex'rs. on estate of Paul Fearing. 1 82 1. — Andrew Fisher. Land certificate lost. 1824. — Archibald Fisher. Bookbinding on Point Harmar. 1826. — William Fleming, Adm'r. on estate of James Fullerton, of Warren. 1825. — Zephon P. Flower, Tailor at Water- ford. 1823. — Judah Ford, Ex'r. on estate of Wm. Ford, Sen., of Wooster. 1823. — Joseph X. Ford, Ex'r. on estate of \\'m. Ford, Jun., oi Wooster. 1830. — James Forgason offers cash for hides. 1823. — .-\aron Fuller is about to close busi- ness. 1824. — Gallia Free Press aljout to publish its first weekly edition in Galli- polis. 1821. — IMichael Gard, Adm'r. on estate of Nathan Gard, of Barlow. 1823. — Samuel H. Gates, Adm'r. on estate of John Gates. 1825. — Samuel Geren, Jr., Bricklayer. 1822. — Doctor Morris German from the State of New York. 1826. — Dennis Gibbs, Wool-carding in Olive. Prices for cash 5 cents a pound ; trade, 6yl cents, 1822. — David Gilbert, Boot and Shoe-ma- ker. Greene street. 1823. — Glasgow Ohio Company, George Richardson antl William jMcKay, Agents. 1822. — Joseph Glines appointed superinten- dent of the Burying Ground Square. 1822. — John Goldsmith, Adm'r. on estate of Benoni Goldsmith, of Fearing. 1824. — Daniel Greene. New goods at the old store. 1821. — Griffin Greene offers for sale a cot- ton factory, with 144 spindles, on Sixth street. Meeting of the Farm" er's Duck Creek Bridge Co. is called. ( 1822) Asks for the re- turn of the missing catalogue of the Universalian Library. (1824) Calls together the stockholders of the Marietta Trading Co. 1823. — John Greene, Ex'r. on the estate of ^lary Greene, of Newport. 1826. — John Greene and Oliver Dodge have formed a partnership in steam mill in Point Harmar and in store AND REPRESENTATIVE CITTIENS. 257 on Ohio street. Will pay 375^ cents a bushel for wheat, half in cash, half in goods. 182S 18.29. — John Greene, Point Harnar. Goods at cost. 1824. — Philip Greene offers to sell 200 acres 1S26 of land eight miles above Mari- etta on the Ohio. 1823. — Sarah Guitteau. Adm'rx. on estate of Adoniram J. Guitteau. nf Fear- ing. 1827. — Chas. F. Guysi, Tinner on Ohio street. i?-3-- 1825.— W. & J. E. Hall sell Zanesville flour, 1824.- Granger's brand. (1830) Wish an apprentice to the baking business. 1828. — Augustus Xanson. Tailor at the i 1825.- brick building at the point of the Plain, corner of Fifth and Put- ] nam. Great coat made for $3.50. 1823. — Solomon Harnes, Bull Creek, Vir- | 1822.- ginia, offers $50 for the return of a negro man, "Tom." ; 1825.- 1826. — • Dr. Seth Hart, of Watertown, pre- sented a license from the 17th Medical Society. Admitted to the I2th. 1825 182 1. — Giles Hempstead, Ex'r. on estate of John L. Saltonstall. 1823 1826. — G. S. B. Hemstead, Adm'r. on es- tate of Giles Hempstead. 182^ 1825. — Jesse Hilderbrand, Drum Major, 1823 calls the musicians of the ist Reg- iment to meet at the house of : 1828 Francis Devol. in Union. I 1823. — Stephen Hildreth, Adm'r. on estate I 1830 of John Phelps. 1823. — Alexander Hill, Adm'r. on estate of Ephraim Foster. 1823. — Harry Hill, Adm'r. on estate of Or- 1821.- gilons Doan, of Salem. 1825. — Lieut.-Col. Harry Hill calls for elec- : 1830.- tion to fill vacancy caused by res- ignation of Col. John Mills. 1825. — Col. Harn- Hill orders election of i 1822. lieutenant-colonel for the ist Reg- iment. 1822. 1822. — Joseph Holden wishes proposals for 600 bushels of unslacked lime for the Xew Court House. Joseph Holden. Supervisor of the 1st Ward, wishes 3,000 feet of timber, 40 ft. long, 8 in. square. . — X. Holden & Co. Fresh Goods. Will receive in payment : wheat, cheese, white beans, dried apples, dried peaches, tallow, whiskey, feathers, rags, beeswax, flax, flax- seed, apple brandy, peach brandy, ginseng, and snakeroot. Grey Hudson & Co., Tailors, Isaac Humphreys. Adm'r. on estate of John and Tiffany Adams, of Warren. Jolui D. Hundley, of Jefferson County, Kentucky, oft'ers $500 for return of a "X^egro man named Ben." Ebenezer Hutchinson asks for settle- ment of accounts. (April 8th) The "Friends of An- drew Jackson" announce that he is a candidate at the next Presiden- tial election. ' D. Jarvis, Attorney. Home in Ath- ens. Junia Jennings, Adm'r. on estate of Robert iMcCabe. Doctor Peter Jett. P. B. Johnson, Adm'r. on estate of Ruth Johnson. Robert Johnson lias removed his saddler's shop to Ohio street. William Johnston, f>f Grcenlrrier County, Virginia, offers $50 for apprehension of a black man, Cy- rus. Henry Jolly. Adm'r. on estate of Thomas Simms. Thomas Jones and William B. Ty- son will pay 50 cents per jiound for prime wool. Elizabeth Judson, Adm'r. on estate of William Judson. Jdtham Keyes seeks owner of stray cows. 2S8 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, 1823. — Kentucky Asylum tor the Deaf and ' 1825. — Dumb, Danville. Children re- 1829. — • ceived at $140 per year. 1825. — Knox & McKee. Fire and Inland j 1S22. — Navigation Insurance. 1829. — Reuben Knowles. Farm in Belpre for sale. 1821. — • 1823. — Ami Lawrence. Adm'r. on estate of 1823. — Alexander McCoy, of Waterford. 182 1. — James Leget, Adm'r. on estate of 1823. — John Leget. 1825. — Lewis & Robinson, Tailors on Water I 1825. — • street. ' 1827. — 1828. — J. Lewis makes ladies' habits in the latest fashion. 1823. — D. Loring and Asa Alorey announce ! 1823. — that the First Universalist Socie- , ty of Belpre is organized. I 1826. — X828. — O. B. Loring, Adm'r. on estate of ■ Charles J^Iedberry, of Belpre. I 1823. — 1829. — Larken McElfresh will conduct the | Air-Fotmdry at Point Harmar, | 1821. — without Alfred Dobbins as part- ner. 1822. — Masonic notice that Lodge and Chapter will hereafter meet on the^ 1825. easterlv side of the Muskingum* River. (1823) Address December \ 1822.- 27th at the Congregational Meet- ing House by Rev. Brother Mc- | 1829.- Aboy. 1824. — Marietta Minerva died in this town 1825.- December 3d, aged one year and 1823.- six months. (A paper that sup- ported Henrv Clav, for Presi- 1827. dent.) 1824. — Marietta Reading Room, with a 1823. good selection of papers. Sub- scription, five dollars a year. Da- 1821. vid Morris, Proprietor. 1823. — ]\Iarietta Steam Boat Company. Meeting of stockholders at !Majnr Hill's Tavern. 1821. — Marietta Steam '\\\\\ Cn. will card wool. 182 1. — Cah'in Marion has found a pocket- book in Grand\iew. Samuel ]McClellan, Saddler. John C. !McCoy. Tailoring busi- ness. Nathan Mcintosh offers for sale his pamphlet entitled "The Scriptures as Allegory." Robert ^NlcCabe, Collector of Taxes. Robert McKee, Ex'r. on estate of Silas Thurlow, of Olive. Donald McKeral, Adm'r. on estate of Andrew Webster. James McKibben makes chairs. Moses McLellan. Saw and grist mill for sale, on Little Hockhock- ing, one mile from its mouth. Samuel McVay, Ex'r. on estate of John McVay of Grandview. Allen V. Medberry, licensed to prac- tice physic and surgery. Jonathan Mees, Adm'r. on estate of Charles Nelson ^lees. Josiah Meigs, Commissioner of the General Land Otfice warns against the destruction of timber on the public land. Sophia ]\Ieigs, Adm'r. on estate of Return Jonathan Meigs. Selden N. Merriam, Adm'r. on es- tate of Reuben ]\Ierriam. John Merrill, ,\dm"r. on estate of Aaron Smith. I\Ictliodisf Recorder, Trenton, N. J. Henrv P. Miner, Adm'r. on estate of Matthew Miner. John Mitchell has steamboat for sale at mouth of ^luskingum. John Miller. Ex'r. on estate of Will- iam Taylor. John Mills & Co. wish to purchase 200 hogs neatly dressed and han- dled. (1824) Partnership with Dudley Woodbridge, Jr., dissolved - — New store on Ohio street. — Ex'r. on estate of Dr. Jabez True. (1825) An ample supply of to- bacco seed. — ^^'ill receive in pay- ment : pork, cheese, feathers, tal- AND REPRESEXTATirE CITIZENS. 259 low, white beans, dried apples, i 182; flax, flaxseed, country linen and j flannel, deer skins, ginseng, snake- i8ji. root, rags, etc. (1828) Partner ship with Luther Edgerton. 1823. — Lieut.-Col. John Mills calls for elec- ' 1828. — tion of a colonel of militia to take the place of Colonel Stone, re- 1830. — signed. 1824. — Col. John Mills orders regimental 182 1. — drill August 26 and 27 in Wesley. 1829. — Lewis Mixer, Tinner, corner of Ohio and Third streets. 182 1. — 1824. — Asa Morey, Adm'r. on estate of Cor- nelius Delano, of Belpre. 1829. — Morgan & Co. have a general assort- 1824.- ment of goods in the brick store formerly occupied by D. Wood- bridge. , 1824.- 1822. — Margaret Morse, Adm'rx. on estate I of Justus Morse. 1824. — Eu.sebius Morse, Adm'r. on estate of ' 1823. Margaret Morse. 1824. — Joseph Morris, Adm'r. on estate of j 1822.- Samuel Andrews, of Waterford. | 1822. — Davidson Murray, Adm'r. on estate ■ of Joseph Brough. 1821. — Muskingum Mining Co., C. Conant. 1829.- President. (1822) Meeting of ! stockholders at Victor's Tavern ! 1828.- in Putnam, Francis Fowler, Presi- dent. (1823) A. Nye, President, j 1821.- 1823. — William Nixon, Adm'r. on estate of John Chambers, of Lawrence. 1821.- 1825. — Polly Nott. Adm'rx. on estate of Simeon Nott, of Roxbury. 1825. — Arius Nye, Attorney. 1823.- 1830. — A. T. Nye has recently purchased the Marietta Foundry, and it is 1829.- now in operation. 1823. — Daniel Oaks, Adm'r. on estate of ' Joel Oaks, of Belpre. 1823. — Prospectus of the Oliio Patriot, to be published in Marietta every 1821. — Friday by A. V. D. Joline. In politics, "purely Republican." 1823. — Ohio ITniversity. President, James Irvine to be inaugurated Aug. 20. Ohio State Journal and Colunibns Ga-zcttc. $3 a year. E. P. Page calls a meeting at the Court House to organize a free debating society. Jabesh F. Palmer, .\(Im'r. on estate of John Curtis, of Barlow. Parker, Thompson & Co. sell fine I)oards and shingles. Pctitimi for formation of a new county, west of Meigs and south of Athens. Petition for change of road from Duck Creek Salt \\'orks to Sen- eca Salt Works. Petition to change tiie name of Wooster township about to be presented to the Legislature. Petition for a new charter for Mar- ietta will be presented to next Gen- eral Assembly. Thom^as L. Pierce, Ex'r. on estate of Stephen Pierce. Johnson Pbaris, Pendleton County, \'irgini;i, (liters $50 for the re- turn of a "Negro man named Bartley." Argalus Pixlcy has for sale Dewey's Patent Steam Washer. ]\lilti)n Pixlev ni.nnu fact u res screws for cider presses. W. Plumer ofl:'ers farm for sale. Three miles from Marietta. Prize Poem. A gold medal offered by the Philomatic Society of Cin- cinnati College. Simon Porter, Ex'r. on estate of Joel Tuttle, Sen., of Fearing. G. Prentiss lias taken the carding machine formerly carried on by Sidney Dodge. Rate 5 cents a pound in cash or 6 '4 cents in pro- duce. Royal Prentiss, Clerk, asks proposals for brick and stone for a court house. (1822) As Town Clerk, calls for an election of three trus- tees to manage funds arising from HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, rent of Section i6 (School lands.) (1822) Captain of 9th Company. Order for drill. (1824) Seeks re- 18.; lease for an insolvent debtor con- iined in the County Jail. 182 1. 1822. — Abel Prescott. Adni'r. on estate of Jonas Liverniore. 1822. — HU'ace Prestun, W'atertord. disputes 1825.- validity of a note. 1821. — Benjamin P. I'utnam will attend to ■ 1826.- the land agency of the firm of Putnam and Turner. (1822) Wishes tenants (7 to 10 years) 1824.- for 1,600 acres of good upland, j 182 1. (1823) Business left in care of Joseph B. Humphreys. Has land to sell in every township in the 1822.- county. Cashier of Bank of Mar- ietta. — Has for sale a carriage with sfcii springs. (1824) For 1830.- sale a set of plated harness. — Wishes to buy 30 gallons of bear 1821.- oil. (1825) Died Januarv 2d, aged 24. ■ Eldest son 'of David Put- 1829.- nam. j 1822. — Da\-id Putnam. Adm'r. on estate of | 1824.- Sally Thorniley. (1825) Ex'r. on estate of Benjamin P. Putnam. 1823.- 182 1. — Israel Putnam. Land in Lawrence County for sale. 1823.- 1824. — Elizabeth Putnam. Ex'rx. on es- tate of Israel Putnam, of Union, 1826.- (a grandson of Gen. Israel Put- nam). I 1824.- 1830. — W'ni. Pitt Putnam wishes to sell a grist mill in Belpre. 1828.- 1823. — ^^'m. R. Putnam, Adm'r. on estate of Edward and Judson Guitteau 1821.- and of Rev. Samuel P. Robbins. 1824. — Wm. R. Putnam and D. Putnam, 1826.- Ex'rs. on estate of Gen. Rufus Putnam. 1825.- 1824.— Ephraim Ranger, Warren, wdshes an apprentice for a millwright. 1821. 1S24. — Truman Ransom. Ex'r. on estates 1823. of Theophilus Ransom of Adams, and Nathaniel Patterson, of Adams. James Rayner, Adm'r. on estate of John Sharp, of Lawrence. Content Regnier, Adm'r. on estate of Dr. John B. Regnier, of Aure- lius. Felix Regnier granted license to practice physic and surgery. Regnier's Saw- Mill, 20 miles from Marietta, on Duck Creek, is for sale. I L. T. Reno, Tavern. S. P. Robbins, Corresponding Sec- retary of Ohio Bible Society. An- nual meeting September 5. Charity O. Robbins, Adm'rx. on es- tate of Reuben Robbins, of Bel- pre. E. R. Robinson. Farm for sale in Fearing. Elisha Rose. Clothing works on the Little Muskingum. Hiram Russell, Adm'r. on estate of John Russell, of Union. Ephraim Rvan, Adm'r. on estate of Hugh MeCollough. Obadiah Scott, Adm'r. on estate of Samuel C'Ushing, of Waterford. Mary Seevers, Adm'rx. on estate of Abraham Seevers, of Fearing. L. C. Shaw. Boots, shoes and har- ness. Anthony Sheets, Adm'r. on estate of John Sheets, of Grandview. Olive Sheldon, Adm'rx. on estate O'f Jeremiah Sheldon, of Warren. Silas M. Shepard, Adm'r. on estate of Enoch Shepard. F. Sherman and J. English. Law office at the New Court House. Joel Sherman, accidentally shot in a wolf hunt in Windsor township. Joshua Sliipm'an. Wool carding. William H. Shipman, AdnVr. on es- tate of Joshua Shipman. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 1829. 1825.- 1825.. 1821.— 1822.— 1S21. 1823.. 1823.. 1826.- 1825. 1823. 1823. 1822. 1830 Shipman and W'oodbridge. next 1821. — above Mr. McFarland's. Peter Schoenberger manufactures iron in Pittsburgh. D. C. Skinner has again commenced business at his old stand on Point Harmar. ( 1826) Will receive in payment for goods, — cheese, beans, tallow, flax, linen, flaxseed, flannel, feathers, rags, dried ap- ' pies and dried peaches. (1828.) Will buy deer's h2.23 ])r. hi. ( 1827) Tee for sale. 1829. — Jonathan Sprague has invented an inclined plane wheel. 182 1 Thos. F. Stanley, Adm'r. oh estate of Benjamin Blake, of Fearing. 1822 Elizabeth Starlin, Adm'rx. on estate of Simon Starlin. oi Wooster. 1828 Stenographic Academy at Philadel- phia. Augustus Stone will receive in pay- ment for del)ts, — clover seed, geese feathers, beeswax, dried ap- ples and ginseng. (1822) Sunir mons the ofiicers of the ist Regi- ment ti> meet at Geo. Smith's in Wesley. ( 1824) .\dm'r. o!i estate of Bethniel Tilson, of Union. — Agent for Muskingum IMniing Company ; gives notice to delin- quent stockholders.- — Wood's Pa- tent Plows fur sale. — Will receive in payment for goods, — deer skins, deer horns, ginseng, country linen, beeswax, and feathers. ( 1825) A small stock cf the new loljacco seed for sale. ( 1827) Cast plows for sale. — Wants eight or 10 boys to work in tobacco. (1828) Offers to sell goods at wholesale. Tickets in Ohio State Lottery for sale for relief of Elisha Barrett to help him re- build the woolen factory- that was burned. Benjamin F. Stone. Adm'r. on estate of Jonathan Devol. (1824) Of- fers for sale one and a half pews in the Waterford Meeting House. Dan Stone has a lirick house for sale. John Stone. .\dm'r. on estate of Benjamin F. Stone, of Belpre. 1825) Adm'r. on estate of Jo- seph Cook, of Belpre. Col. John Stone orders election of Lieutenant-Colonel for ist Reg- iment. Michael Story. .Vdm'r. on estate of Andrew Story, of Waterford. Henry Stull, Adm'r. on estate of Mickham Stull, of Waterford. William Talbot has dissolved part- nership with Bayliss Phillips. Jasher Taylor. Clothing works on the banks of the Ohio. Theatre at Mr. ?i[cFarl;md's Hall, Februarv 6. Comedv of Paul Prv. HISTORY OF MARIETTA AXD JVASHLXGTOX COUXTY, 1826.— Francis Thiery. House for sale. ! 1823. — i8_'i. — W. Thomas. Adm'r. on estate of \\ ill- [ iam H. Buell. 1822. — W. Thomas & CV). Partnership | 1S29. — dissolved. 1823. — Weston Thomas & Co. Final set- tlement desired. ! 1825. — 1S25. — W. Thomas has discontinued his | store and desires settlement. i 1822. — 1S22. — William Thorniley. Adm'r. on estate of Elijah Cooper. 1824.— W. B. 'ihrall, r. T. F. Chaml)ers. C)culist and Dentist. IvMnms with J. L. Reck- ard. ciirner uf Third anil Greene streets. 1837. — H. Chapin & Co. Xew store and new goods at Point Harmar one door south of Stone & Co. 1835. — M. A Chappell. Tailor u\\ Water street. 1836. — Eagle Circus at Marietta, Septem- ber 26. 1838. — E. M. Clifford will remain a short time at AJrs, Rii'!;hins' to jiaint portraits. 1838. — John T. Clogston. President of Ale- chanics' Lyceum. 1835. — Sampson Cole. ^larietta Hi^tel on Ohio street. 1837. — Dr. J. D. Cope in Barlow township at" Mr. L. Heald's. 1833. — Dr Cotton. Drugs and medicines, j 1832. — J. Crawford, President of the Mari- ^ 1838, etta Temperance Society. 1834. — Partnership of John Crawford and 1839. Nathaniel Dodge is dissolved. 1834- — J'>hn Crawford. New tanyard on Point Harmar. 183 1. — R. Crawford. Dry Goods and gro- 1836. — ceries. 1838.- 1838.- I8.-.8.- 1832.. 1838. 1834-- 1838.- 1838.— 1832.— iS34-— 1833-— 1834.- I835-- 1836.. 1836.- Robert Crawford willl sell or rent his steam sawmill. ' Airs. E. Creel, Ag't for sale of pi- anos fortes. Brig.-Gen. Cromwell D. Culver, of Waterford, calls together the of- ficers of the 1st Regiment. John Cunningham. Tailoring. .Dr. A. Curtis 1 botanic s}-stenl) will • lecture at the Court House. H. Curtis, Little Hocking. Curtis & Pearson will fill orders for mulherrv trees ( for silk cultiva- l(,rs). S. Daniels has window sash for sale. Stephen Daniels and A. Hubbard, partners in building Duck Creek ami Littl.e Muskingum bridges, ha\e dissolved partnership. Edward S. Davis wishes to sell house and store on Ohio bank be- low Gilman street. James M. Daxds, Scientific Tailoring. John Da\'is. House and sign paint- ing. John Delafield. Jr. "Chapman's Sermons" for sale. (1834) Asks for the return of a fire bucket be- longing Xo Engine Company No^ i.^ Tiipographical Description of Wash- ington County. Price ^ijV-^- John De La Vergne wants 20 men for grubbing. Gilbert Devol wants 200 hands to work on Hocking Valley Canal. John Dixon has a farm on Cat's Creek for sale, five miles from the ^Muskingum. John Dodge has lots for sale in Bev- — J W. D(idge. an artist from New York City, will remain in Har- mar a short time to execute miina- ture likenesses. Nathaniel Dodge and Justus Morse liave dissolvetl partnership. AND REPRESEXTATIVE CITIZENS. 265 1832. — Dodge and Brooks. New goods at 1833 Waterford Landing. (1833) Bus- 1833 iness hereafter conducted by Sam- uel Brooks. 183 1 1837. — Geo. \V. Doughty offers to sell build- ing lots in Waterford — the Penin- 1839 sula farm. 1834. — Amos Dunham, Jas. M. Booth and 1B34 S. H. Gates, Township Trustees, ask bids for stone culvert across 1835 Front street, in front of the Geo. Dunlevy house. 1837. — L. Edgerton has opened a new store at the corner of Maiket and Ohio 1836. streets. ^^oZ- 1838. — Luther Edgerton and Geo. INT. 183 1. Woodbridge begin mercantile bus- iness under the name of Edgerton 1838. & Woodbridge. 1836. — Caleb Emerson, Editor of the Mar- , 1839, ictta Gazette, has for sale 300 acres of land on the hill hetv een White's Road and Duck Creek. 1832. — Ephraim Emerson, President of the 1839. Marietta Temperance Society. 1836. — T. W. Ewart, Secretary of Washing- ton Countv Agricultural Society. i83'').- 1837. — Thos. W. Ewart, Secretary of the Marietta Total Abstinence Socie- 1839.- ty. Also Secretary of Washing- ton County School Association. 1837.- 1835. — Dr. D. W. Farrell sells drugs and paints. 1838. — J. Freeman. Botanic drug store. 1839.- 1836.— Dr. S. Fuller. Office on Water 1839. street. 1831. — M. French. Institute of Education. 1836. — James L. Gage. .Attorney at McCon- 1832.- nelsville. 1833. — Miss ^farion Gage. Point Hannar, 1832.- Milliner and Dress Maker. 1839. — Ben-'an Gates. Secretary of the 1834.- Washington County School Asso- ciation, gives notice of a meeting at 1 '('^^2. the upper .settlement of Newport in the M. E. Church. 1839. — Wm. Gle-sner manufactures ch.airs. , Levi FL Goddard, Attorney. Chas. B. (joddard and Levi H. God- dard. Attorneys. Granxille Literary and Theological Institution. \\ ni. J. Gray, of Fearing, wishes a partner in a saw and grist mill. Dr. K. H. Gray at the office of Da- \id Barber, Point Harmar. D. Greene & Sons (R. S. & J. H.). New firm on the corner near the Market House. (1836) Partner- ship dissolved. D. Greene & Son. Daniel Greene. Groceries. — John Greene wishes ship carpenters to go to Porthmouth. — John Greiner. House and sign painting. — J. Greiner, Lil>rarian, gives notice that papers and magazines have been removed from the Reading Rfjom to Lyceum Hall. Grenier & Widgen do sign and car- riage painting at Xo. 5 Greene street. Louis S. Greuzard. Barber and Sign- Tainter. At the Mansion House. Wm. Griggs wishes to sell house on Church street. A. L. Guitteau & Co. Xew store on Front street one door north of Mills, Wilson & Co. I\I. Hall & Son, Grocers. Wyllys and Joseph Hall dissolve partnersliip. Commission Inisi- ness. Continued by J. E. Hall. \^'. Hall. Secretary of the Board of Health. W. &. J. E. Hall sell Zanesville flour. (1835) Cranberries for sale. James Hannan and James D. Wil- son have dissolved partnership. 'W'm. Hardy. From Miarietta to Zanesville by stage in 13 hours. Fare moderate and speed unsur- passed. 266 JUSTORV 01' MAKILI'IA AND H'ASIILXCTON COUXTV, 183J. — ][. 1 lartw i,L;-, lllacksmilh on "Sec- 1S35. Mill" or "IMarkct" street below iH34.' ihe C'diirl I liuisc. 1837. — .K'ssc llailsliH'k. llarlier simp on Ohio street. Ladies' puffs and i>\^9- curls renoN'aled. i<'^3-- 183S. — Asa Harris \' Co. niainil'aclure c ino- stoves at J iarui.ai'. 1839. — Sealed proposals asked lor luiildiug | I'^V"^- — a .M.irket house in 1 larniar. 1838. — .1 larniar and Walerford Tunipike ! i'^35- C'or])orators, to nieei at Kialdiaf- er's 'ra\ern, W'aterford Landing. 183^. — J. llawknis. at 1 ). I'.. Aiidersim's on j ^^37- — Ohio street, reno\ate> and cleans ' '>^3,v — clothing. 1834. — Pr. jaincs Al. llahard at his resi- dence on the Stockade. I iJ^o'^- — 1837.— High School for Yc ung Ladies. Co- j J'\V'>-— lunihns. Ohio. 1838. — Jesse 1 lildehraiid. Stage Proprietor, is coniniended hy many citizens of ' ''^3'^' the county. 1839. — S. r. 1 lildreth. Secretary of the .\la- ''"^oo-— lielta .\nti-Sla\ery Societw calls ,1 inei'iing at the College ('liapel. 183J. — Xew linn .i|' |Mve]ili llolden and his son William. 118^41 Tartnersliip i'^3''- dissMJved. 1830.— W. J. \- J. llolden. 1831). — lloadley i\; Wheeler mamil'actnre ''^3.v carriages. Will grind corn for oot aiul shoe ! 1833. — store. ( 1837) Removed to [ Greene street between Second and 1831. — Third streets. i ^^^\7- — 1835. — ji'.seph l\ell\'. (.'hairman of the I Iciiise of I'arpenters and jniners 1 1838. — of Marietta. 183(1. — Orinda 11. King. Milliner ;md Man- tua Ahiker. 18??. — James Kirh\ . new tailor shop. IP. Lapham ]iirlilishes the Marietta (id-rcllr. (1833) Xew hat store and gi'ocery. Leesiiurg Lottery. J. Lewis, Tailoring business on Ohio street. (183(1) Pi'n'Pfielor of the .Mansion House. 1.. Lewis wishes to sell lots in Lew - i^fnrg in lielpre township. John S. ].igget. of Zanesville, Den- tist, w ill \isit -Mariett.a every three months. Laddington & Co.'s Menagerie. Lienjamin Lundy, City of Washing- ton, ])nblishes the li'ciiiiis of Uni- I'crsa! Eiiniiicif'atioii. lolin Lytic has ;i new water wheel. Thompson Mackentosh h;is a "l!ar- ber's Emporium" al the Mansion House. !•:. .v. .Manning. Dentist, al the .Ma.nsioii I buise. Marietta (.1 lUegiate Institute, Henry Smith. Professor o'f Languages. I )ir, John (^'ottou. l^resident of l')oard of Trustees. Mariett.a Lem.ale .'~>eminary. Teach- ers. .\lis^^es (.'. .and 1), Webster, .Miss (ioodwiii. .and .Miss Little. Moiirllti (uiu-tU-. Delalield & Xye. Xo. June JQ. Marietta Lyceum meets at A'oung Ladies" .School Room. Lecture 'ill :istronom\'. .Maiielt.i Museum at Major Jlill's ( lU Cirecnc sti eel. Marietta Sleam Saw and (irisl Mill. R. (."r.-'.w lord and 1 >. Protsman. Maryland Stale Lottery. Ah Ills. C. M. Martin will tcacli ImthcIi. John Alc(."oy, 'I'ailor. J. (,". McL'oy, Secretary of Washiug- lou Coun.i)- \nti-.Sla\ cry Society. |<.hn Mc(.'une and John Dodge wish ]iroposals for making and laying 500,000 Inicks at lleverly. Drs. Meaclumi & Pegelow will re- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 267 main a lew weeks in Marietta to perform dental operations, li^,?'-— J"lin -Mills & Co. Xew goods. ( 1S3J) I'artnersiiip with Luther lidgerton dissolved. — Xew linn, John Mlills, Samuel .Shipman. \oah Wilson. (1X34) Woooks and salt for sale. 1833. — :\Iorgan & Woodbridge. ( 1834J Partnership dissolved. 1838.— ^L J. Morse and W. P.' Morse have formed a partnersiiip in the tan- ning business. 1834. — Marcellus J. IMorse. Tannery. 1835. — Harrison Aluncv. Xew Parber shop. 1839.— Dr. O. Xellis, at Watertown. 1839- — Oliver X'elson, Wagon-maker. 1836. — S. Xewton. Xew .store in the build- ing formerly occupied by D. C. Skinnci" on Point Harmar. 1838. — I). W. Xoble. Pooks at auction. 1839.— Xorfolk Lottery. 1836. — Valuable collection of books for sale at the office of Arius Xye. 1836. — A. S. Xye, Secretary of the Marietta Fire Companv XV.. 1. ^^i?,- — A. 'J". XVe. Secretary of the Mari- etta Library. 1836. — A. T. Xye anri Co. have a new pat- tern of side-hill jjlow. 1835. — Icliabod Xye wi.shes to sell (.r rent his tannerv. 1835. — Edward 1). Otter. Plastering. ^^33- — •-''I- J'-phraim Palmer orders dtilkers' muster of I'irst Regiment. 1835-— Partnership of I'arker & Thompson is dissolved. 1839- — I'etersbm-g Lottery. 1832. — Petition to have Legislature declare Duck Creek navigable. 1831. — Polish meeting called October 4. to assist the Poles. j 1839.— Lorenzo Potter has house for sale t on Fourth street. [ 1837.— Dr. Pratt locates at Barlow. 1838.— The Rt. Rev. Dr. Purcell, Bishop of Cincinnati, is expected to address the citizens at the Xew Court House at 3 (/clock, Sundav, May 6. '^39- — Bisliop Purcell will dedicate the new- Catholic Church Xovember 10. '837. — David Putnam, President of the Washington County Mutual h'ire Insurance Company. ^^33- — Douglas Putnam. Secretary of the Washington County Bible Soci- ety. (1834) .\gent of Prelec- tion liism-ance Comi)any. ( 1835J I' ire and marine insurance. (1836) Secretary of Marietta College. (1838) Asks propos- als for making a graded landing at the foot of Franklin street in Harmar. 1835. — Win. i'itt I'ulnam advertises Wash- ington .Vssociation of Univer.sal- ists to meet at Belpre. 1834. — Raymond & Ogden's Menagerie. 1 83 1. — E. Rector & Co. Xewi goods. ('1833) Enoch Rhetor retires. Business continued bv Waterman Palmer and Elijah Short. ''^39- — J- D. & A. B. Regnier have a new grrcery and ])roducc store on Greene street. 1839- — D''- F. Regnier, at his office on Point Harmar. ^^3-- — J- L. Riddell prqiares 1x>tanical s|)ecimens for sale. '^39- — C. Robbins will give instruction on 268 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, flute-playing at ]\Irs. Robl>iiis" on Second street. 1834. — Lewis RutYner, of Kanawha Salines, offers $100 for recovery of "Negro man named Howard, verv black." 1839. — C. J. Sliephard has a supply of piano music. 1 83 1. — Shipman & Wpodbridge. Fresh as- sortment of goods. (1832) Partnership dissolved. 1836. — S. Shipman. New store. 1837. — Charles and Samuel Shipman. New goods and new firm. 1832. — David C. Skinner. New goods, at store on Point Harmar. 1831. — W. & S. Slocomb. New store on Ohio street, also a bookbindery. 1835. — Wm. Slocomb has his bookbindery in front of the College. 1838. — Slocomib & Buck. Boots and shoes, also' a bookbindery. 1837. — Silas Slocomb wishes an apprentice for house painting nad glazing. 1835. — L. Soyez wants 500 cords of steam- boat wood. — Forwarding and comlmission merchant. (1837) Wholesale and retail grocery. — - 2,500 pounds of Lippet cheese ( The Lippets probably lived then near the present site of Bell Val- ley station.) (1838) Fresh oys- ters. — I. V. Smith, of Harmar, will cement 1839 1837-- 1839.— 1834.- 1838.- 1831.- 1832.- V. Smith, cisterns. \\'asliin,gt(Hi Bos\\-orth Smith has purchased & Putnam's stock of goods in Harmar. Stafford. McCune & Slevin. Whole- sale and retail grocers, on Ohio street. Amzi Stanlev. Tailoring. Stewart & Co. o-f Harmar. Part- nership dissolved. Augustus Stone pays cash for wool. Stone, Bosworth & Co. will receive in payment for goods, flaxseed, heiup. tar, deer skins and horns, flannel, linen, ginseng, snakeroot. etc. (1835) \\'ill receive in pay- ment, flaxseed, deer skins, hams, and horns, Kentucky jeans, &c. 1835. — Stone & Co. have just received 300 pieces of wall paper. (1836) Fc_>ur good New Orleans lx)ats for sale. (1838) Eclectic series of school books for sale. — Will cl(.)se their store at Roxbury. 1839. — Secretary of Waterford Turn- pike Company gives notice that the books are open for subscrip- tion to the stock. 1832. — Swearingen & Sloconfb have dry goods, hardware and groceries. Will take in payment for goods, deer skins, flax, flannel, venison, hams, &c. 1832. — ■ Jasher Taylor. Cloth dressing on Third street, near the Ohio. 1837. — Anti-Slavery publications for sale by L. Temple. 1S32. — ■ John Teft. Pump nraker. 1833. — Weston Thomas and David C. Skin- ner. New firm and new goods. 1831. — Billy Todd has a woolen factory in the old cotton factory building. Carding 6^4 cents a pound. 1834. — Dr. Trevor, at his office on Greene street. 1839- — ■ Partnership lietween Clark Tunis and Franklin Middles wart is dis- sol\-ed. 1835. — • T. & A. \'inton manufacture sole leather. (1836) Cash for deer skins. 1838. — Virginia State Lottery for the bene- fit of the town of Wheeling. 1S31. — Nahum Ward oft'ers cash for mater- ial for Duck Creek Bridge. (1835) Wishes to sell Wolf Creek jN-HU. ( 1836) Wishes proposals for building sawmill and dam o« Mbnday Creek, four miles from Nelsonvi'lle. (1839) \\"\\\ sell lots in town of Bonn. 183S. — Dr. Walter Ward, Office in base- ment of Nahuiu Ward's Land Of- fice. AND REPRESEXTATIVE CITIZENS. 269 183 1.— Wm. Ward, Cwper. | j83 make the trip after slack-water improvement was made was the "Tuscarawas," September 18, 1841. These improvements were first successful- ly agitated at the Court House at [Marietta, January 3. 1835. [Marietta, January 10, 1835. — "Muskingum River. — Public attention is becoming attracted every day to the vast im- portance of this river. Few are so blind as not to perceive that before many years shall pass awav, this natural channel will become the A\'D REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS . 271 great thoroug-hfare for tlie exports and imports of the interior of Oliio. There is but one thing- wanting to perfect it — that is a disposition on the part of the General .Assembly of Ohio to do equal and exact justice to every portion of the State. An appropriation for the improve- ment of this ri\er will only be meting out to the people of this section of the State that which is justly due to them. The country through which the ]\Iuskingum fir>\vs has ever steadily supported the policy of the State with regard to internal improvements — freel\' paid her proportion of taxes, w'hich have become onerous, \\ithout a murnnu" — under a full con- viction that the time would soon ccime when its claims would be heard and attentled to. That time has anived — and the people will never cease to petition the Legislature till justice be done them. Tlieir united voice \\ill be heard in the Legislative halls — and the voice of the freeman is seldom heard in \ain. Recipmcal justice is all that we ask. "The meeting held last Saturday on this subject passed resolutions requesting our Sen- ator and Representatix'e to use their influence to effect the passage of a bill making the pro- posed improvement, and to renew the memor- ial sent to them last sessit)n." The citizens of Roxbury township activelv interested themselves in the matter, as is shown by the following re])ort of their meeting, and the resolutions there adopted : "At a meeting of a number of citizens of Roxbury township, Washington County, friendly to internal improvements, pursuant to public notice, convened at H. Gard's store on Saturday. November j8. 1833, for the purpose of taking into consideration the expediency of memorializing the Legislature of Ohio in re- gard to the improvement of the navigation of the Muskingum River. The meeting was or- ganized b}" appointing G. P. Frisby, ■ Esq., chairman, Hiel Dunsmoor, secretary; after which the following resolutions were adopted : Rcxohcd, That a committee of three persons be appointed to draft a resohuion expressive of the views of this meeting. "Whereupon. Hiram Gard, Elias Puther and Hiel Dunsmoor were appointed said com- mittee, who submitted the following, which were adopted : Rcsok'Cd, That the citixens of tlie Muskingum valley would lie nvgiec'ful of Uieir own interests, and also the interens of the State, should th'-y not con- tinue to press their just claim upnn the legislature to improve as soon as possible the navigation of one of the best rivers of Ohio, in such manner as to conduce mo'^t to the public weal. Resolved, That the improvement of the Musgingum River, in such manner as to produce slack-water navi- gation from Zanesville to its contlux with the Ohio River, at Marietta, would be an ohect of inestimable value, not only to the citizens of the valley, but to the State generally. Resolved. That u-c believe it to be only necessary for our wise Legislature to fairly f.nder-tand and con- sider the subject, to indu.:e them to make said im- provement, at the expense of the State. Resolved. That we deem it expedient to memorial- ize the Legislatrire of Ohio relative to the aforesaid improvement : wherefore, Resolved, That James Rogers, G P. Frisby. Evan Jenkins. Hiel Dunsmoor. Hiram Gard. Elias Puther, and John Malsler. he a committee to prepare and present said memorirl to the citizens of the township, for signa- tures. Resolved, That Hiram Gard be refpiested to for- ward the memorial to our Representative, requesting him and our Senator to use all proper means for the attainment of the object of said memorial. Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be signed by the chairman and secretary, and presented to the editors of both papers jirinted at :\Iarictta for pub- lication. "And then adjourned. Geo. p. Frisby, Chairman. "Hiel Duxsmoor, Secretary." A memorial was prepared for the Legisla- ture and a bill was introduced the following winter by Hon. Isaac Humphreys, representa- tive from Washington County, ordering the work and appropriating $400,000 for the pur- pose. The bill passed the House February 5th, and the Senate March 4th, Thanks were expressed to the author of the bill in the fol- lowing testimonial : Marietta, February 15. i8,?6. To Laac Hmnphreys. Esq. Represeiiiative in the Assembly of Ohio. Sir: — At a meet'ng of the citizens of the county this evening, at the Mansion House Hotel, the under- signed were appointed a Connnittee to express to you as their Representative, the grateful acknowledg- 272 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, ments of tlie citizens of the County for the energy, promptitude and untiring industry you have displayed ni procuring the passage of the bill through the House of Representatives for the improvement of the Mus- kingum River bj' slack-water navigation : a measure which the citizens of the County have long been anxious for, as one of the most important branches of internal improvement, for the honor and interests of the State, and the valley of the Muskingum. And further to re- quest you w;ll accept of a public dinner from your con- stitutents shortly after your return, — and that you ap- point some day when it may suit y^our convenience to give us that high satisfaction and pleasure. \\'ith cordia' salutations, we are, most respectfully, your obedient servants, Nahum Ward, William Skinner, Joseph Barker. Augustus Stone, Sam'l P. Hildreth, Sam'l H. Gates, Silas Cook, -V. V. D, Joline. Wm. A. Wliittlesoy, In compliance with the act of the Legisla- ture, tinder the direction of William Wall as acting commissioner, and David Bates as chief engineer, the work for the improvement of the ]\Iuskingum River was advertised to be let in the fall of 1836. The following is the adver- tisement that appeared in the newspapers, call- ing for bids on the 2\Iuskingum River improve- ment : IMPROVEMENT OF THE MU.SKTNCUM KIVKR BY SL.\CK- WATER N-\VIGATI0X. Proposals will be received on the 20th day of Oc- tober ne.Kt, at the Court House in McConnelsville, for improving the Muskingum River, Oay Slack Water Nav- igation from Zanesville to Marietta, g or 10 dams across the Muskingum River, \2 or 13 locks. The excavation of a number of short canals, and the building of sev- eral Canal Bridges, are included in the work. Bidders will be expected to accompany their pro- posals with a recommendation of a substantial and un- questionable character. Plan; and specifications of the work may be seen at the Court Hous<; in M^cConnelsville. or at the Com- missioner's Office, at Adams' Tavern, at any time after the 4th day of October. William Wall, .U-tinz Cowm'r of Board of Public IJ'orks. Laxcastep., Ohio, .Kugust 6, 1S.36. The successful bidders were G. W. Many- penny, who secured the contract for building the dam at Zanesville; Josiah Spaulding. the lock at the same place; Hosmer, Chapin & Sharp, the dam at Taylorsville ; Lyon. Buck & Wolf, the lock at the same place; Arthur Tag- gert, the lock and dam at Bald Eagle ; Hosmer, Chapin & Sharp, the lock and dam at McCon- nelsville; Arthur Taggert, the lock and dam at Windsor; Lyon, Buck & Wolf, the lock and dam at Luke Chute; John McCune, the dam and canal at Beverly ; Arthur Taggert, the lock at the same place ; Lyon, Buck & Wolf, the lock at Lowell ; Arthur Taggert, the lock and dam at Devois; Hosmer, Chapin & Sharp, the lock and dam at Marietta. The work was com- menced in the spring of 1837 and completed in the fall of 1841. The size of the locks was changed from the original plan — which pro- vided that they should be only 120 feet long- by 20 feet in width — to 185 feet in length and 36 feet in width. Even this size admits only the smaller class of boats that navigate the Ohio. The supervisor and chief engineer, at the commencement and during the first two years' progress of the work, was Samuel R. Curtis, a graduate of West Point — a most ex- cellent man, but said to be in a measure de- ficient in practical knowledge and experience. The members of the several firms were dis- tributed as follows : Mr. Taggert supervised all four of his contracts, Mr. Wolf at Taylors- ville lock. Jiihn Buck at Luke Chute, Truton Lyon the lock at Lowell.'Colonel Sharp at Tay- lorsville dam, Stephen R. Hosmer the lock and dam at McConnelsville, Harlow Chapin the Marietta lock and dam. . It was considered at the time of the assigning of the different con- tracts that the dam and lock at Marietta was the most difficult to construct — and justly, too • — on account of the liability of back water from the Ohio River, and the other members of the firm insisted that Chapin, in consideration of having had the most experience, should per- form the work, which was accordinglv done. The total cost of the Marietta or Harmar improvements was $120,000. There was some dissatisfaction with the manner in which the dams were constructed, as is shown by the following extract from a newspaper: November 16, 1839. — "On Thursday night the water broke under AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 2/3 the dam at this place, and. washed out the grav- el beneath the foundation, at a point near the end, on the }ilarietta side, so mucli that the dam had settled, at the lowest point yesterday afternoon, six or perhaps seven feet from the top line. The dam. being completed, was nearly or quite full of water, and of course the pressure was verv great — the water still run- ning through at a furious rate. The loss to the State will be very considerable: and should this breach be immediately repaired, there is no certainty that the dam will stand, it being equally as liable to be undermined in other places. "We are of the opinion that the dam at this or any other point, on the ^luskingum, cannot stand, unless the foundation is made of. or se- cured by pilings, where the bed of the river is composed of gravel and quicksands. This oc- currence has confirmed us in the belief of this; and if it lie true, the State would be greatly the gainer, if the whole wooden superstructure were entirely removed from its present loca- tion. The dam at this place, we believe, was not considered difficult in its construction, but unfortunately it was built on a sandy founda- tion." Lock Xo. I was built on the Harmar side, which from a commercial and navigable stand- point was a mistake. The dam was washed out in 1892 and the government changed the lock to its present location, where it was com- pleted some four years later. The lock here is 56 by 330 feet, 24 feet above the mitre sill. The lift is from six to 12 feet, according to the stage of the water. Tlie keeper's house, a fine modern brick structure, was built in 1899. at a cost of $3,500. the lot. 45 by 250 feet, worth $12,000, having been donated by the city. RAILROAD HISTORY. Undoubtedly the most remarkable instance of early business enterprise, not onlv in Wash- ington County but in the entire West, is out- lined in a letter now in the possession of E. M. Booth, Esq.. dated July 19, 1827 — two years before a successful locomotive had ever been constructed — which reads as follows: Col. J. Mills—Sir, the railroad committee, at a meeting held this day, made choice of yourself, Col. .V Stone and Jos. Holden, as agents, for the purpose of collecting funds by subscription, to defray the expense of surveying a route for the railroad between Marietta and Clarksburg. S. P. Ilildreth, Sec. Attached to this is the suhscrijitinn list of 95 citizens and receipt of James M. Booth as treasurer for $192. The survey was made, but for reasons political and pro-slavery the western termini were made at Wheeling and Parkersburg within the bounds of the old State of Virginia. In 1837 a committee appointed at a county lueeting commissioned Judge Cutler to go to Baltimore to confer with Louis McLane. the president of the Baltimore & Ohio Company, with regard to the route of that road which had been built about 80 miles. Judge Cutler was again requested l)v a meeting of citizens, held November 30, 1S39, to repair imiuediately to Baltimore and obtain interviews with the Board of Directors, and seek to imjiress on the minds of its meiubers the great importance of terminating the road in this section of the Ohio Valley. The efforts of the citizens of Marietta and Washington counties, however, in calling the attention of Baltimore railroad managers to the advantages of a location of their great wlork upon a line most direct to Cincinnati and St. Louis as well as most accessible to tiie fer- tile interior of Ohio, was so far successful that earnest efforts were niiade to secure legislation from the State of Virginia in accordance with that policy. The ojiening for public use of the Cumberland turnpike road to Wheeling had directed the attention of Baltimore merchants to that point on the Ohio river as the only one that would meet their views and interests. The city city of Wheeling availed herself of this ]irefercnce and exerted such an infiueiice with the \'irginia Legislature that years of contro- versy were spent in an effort on the part of the more intelligent and far seeing friends of the Baltimore road to reach the Ohio upon a direct 274 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, route tlvat would have given to ^Marietta the full advantage of her position. Middle Island was the preferred route of those who had listened to representations urged by the agents from Marietta. Then- as a next choice was Fishing Creek and at one time Fish Creek was accepted by the Baltimore managers as a compromise. But ^A'heeling■ influence prevailed and the Baltimore & Ohio Company were obliged to accept Grave Creek. 12 miles below Wheeling, as their point of entrance to the Ohio Valley or continue a struggle that promised indefinite dela\'. Marietta & Ciiiciiiiniti Railrnad. — A spe- cial charter was granted tn the Beljjfc & Cin- cinnati (afterward known as the Marietta & Cincinnati) Railroad Compan}- in 1845 tn build a road to Cincinnati, with terminus on the Ohio River, either at Belpre or Harmar. The company was organized at Chillicothe and Washington County interests were repre- sented in the Board of Directors by N. L. Wil- son and William P. Cutler. As the terminus of the Baltimore & Ohio was then undecided, they o])tained from the Legislature — with the consent and approbation of the Belpre & Cincinnati directors — the right to extend from Harmar up the Ohio Valley to any point so as to connect with any railroad or other improvement that should be built to the Ohio River on the easterly side thereof. This legislative grant of a right to extend from Harmar up the Ohio Valley was pro- cured in accordance with advice received from the manager of the Baltimore & Ohio Com- pany, and with their known wishes on that sub- ject. The followdng extract from a letter to Hon. William P. Cutler from Louis McLane, then president of the company, sufficientlv indicates their views and fully justifies the efforts made to bring the road to Harmar : Baltimore. January 14. 1848. I'lilcss i! s.hoiild be indispensably necessary to pre- .scribe some limit to the extension of your road, it would apipear to me most advisable that the right should be obtained to extend it to any point on the Ohio at which the company should determine to connect with our road, or if a limitation be unavoidable, to obtain the rig'ht to extend it to any point on the Ohio River not higher up than the month of Fish Creek, That would enable you certainly to iconnet with the pro- iected improvement either from that point of Fishing Creek, and I have very little doubt that before we finish our road to Wheeling our intersecting road will be authorized from, the mouth of Fishing Creek. The Belpre & Cincinnati charter, with Har- mar as an ax'ailable terminus, and with subse- quent right of extension up the Ohio Valley, so as to meet the views expressed in President McLane"s letter as above cjuoted, made a co- operation of all the above-named interests pos- sible. The first cfl:'ort to build was liv placing 24 miles lietween Chillicothe and Greenfield, and 1 1 miles east of Chillicothe under contract. This was soon followed hv a second contract, extending to Byres station on the east and Blanchester on the west. At the date of these contracts the control of the company was in the hands of directors from Athens, Ross, and Highlaiid Counties. A\'ashington County had but two representatives on the board, ]Messrs. Wils<-in and Cutler. Finall}-, after \-arious ^•icissitudes, the track iif the Marietta & Cincinnati road (the name having been changed because of alteration in the proposed route) was laid through to Har- mar in 1857. Li 1868 the road passed into the hands of the Baltimore & Ohio Companv and soon, to save 10 miles in distance, 30 miles of road were built along" the Hocking Valley to Belpre and the old road-bed of the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad was abandonerl. In 1884 a portion of the abandoned road-bed was re- clain^'ed 1;v tlie organization nf the Tuledn & Ohio Central Extension Railroad by T. D. Dale, Esq. Its western terminus was at Stew- art, and its northern at Patos, where it con- nects with the Ohio Central lines. In Novem- ber, 1893, it went into the hands of a receiver and in August of the following year ^Ir. Dale was appointed receiver. Clci'claud & Marietta Railroad. — The his- tory of the enterprise, which resulted in the building of this road, is one of numerous fail- ures. The company as originally organized was known as the Marietta & Pittsburgh Rail- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 2/5 road Company, and it was Ijrought into being for the purpose of constructing a road from Marietta to Dennison, Tuscarawas County, passing through the counties of \\'ashington, Noble, Guernsey, Harrison, and Tuscarawas. The certificate of organization was filed Sep- tember 29, 1868, and the first meeting of the stockholders, pursuant to a call of the corpor- ators, was held Decenv'ier 8. i8f)S. at the First National Bank of Marietta. The original cor- porators were: William H. Frazier of Cald- well, William Glidden of Xoble county. Will- iam C. Okey, William P. Cutler, and Rufus R. Dawes. The stockholders elected the follow- ing gentelmen as the first directors of the com- pany, viz : W'illjam P. Cutler. A. J. Warner, and Rufus R. Dawes, of Washington County; \\'illiam Frazier, of Noble; Isaac Morton. Thomas Greene and ^^'i!liam Lawrence of Guernsey. At a meeting of the directors, held upon the same day William P. Cutler was chosen president, and Rufus R. Dawes, sec- retary. At the second meeting, held Febru- ary 18, 1869, A. J. Warner resigned his place as director of the company and became, with James McArthur, party to a contract to con- struct the road from JIarietta to Caldwell, a distance of 33 miles, the original purpose being to purchase the nearest good coal fields. They agreed to build the road for about $17,000 per mile, taking their pay in the stock subscrip- tions and bonds of the road. The contract was made and submitted February 18. 1869. and the directors were ordered to place a mortgage upon the road and issue bonds to the amount of $15,000 per mile. Construction was com- menced in the summer of 1869. On June 30th the company was authorized to issue a mort- ' gage of $1,500,000, it having been arranged to extend the construction from Caldwell to Dennison or some other point to connect with the "Pan Handle" or Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. Of these bonds $500,000 were to be used in payment for build- ing that part of the road between ^ifarietta and Caldwell already under contract. This action bv the Board of Directors was ratified bv the -Stockholders July i. 1870. At the annual meet- ing of the stockholders December 14. 1870, it appears from the president's report that six miles of track had been laid. The grading was completed to Caldwell, and cross ties furn'ished for nearly the whole of the line. It was shown j that the sum of $115,879 had been expended ! by the company, which by this time was largely j in debt to the contractors. At this meeting a new Board of Directors ! was elected, viz: William P. Cutler, Rufus R. Dawes. Samuel Shijinian. James Dutton. of I Washington County: William H. Frazier and David ^IcKee of Noble. This Board organ- ized by the election of ]\Ir. Cutler as president, Mr. Frazier as vice-president. Samuel Ship- man as treasurer, and J. A. Kingsburv as sec- retary. Up to this time no effort had been made to carry out the company's plan of extending the line north of Caldwell. At a meeting of the directors, Alay i, 1871, the following resolu- tion was adopted : Rcsok'cri, That we deem it advi?able to take the necessary steps at once toward extencing our line north- ward from Caldwell, and that W. Richardut we cannot find that the appropriation was made until 1798, and the buikhng was erected the next year. The upper sto'ry was used for courts and the lower for jailor's resi- dence, witli a strong log jail attached. A new Court House was finished in 1823, 48 by 48, two stories. The north addition was erected in 1854 and the front 24 Jiy 48 was put up in 1876. A petition signed liy \g citizens asked that the old part be located near the center of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. the lot: the commissioners granted the petition which IS still preserved with the original sio-' natures. The present jail was built in 1848 * The movement for the erection of the hand- some Court House, a vievv- of which appears as the frontispiece of this Mork, was led bv the Marietta Board of Trade in' 1898 and 'i vigorous canvass brought a majoritv of the votes to favor the retirement of the old Court House and the County Commissioners beo-an to provide tor the expense. The contract lor the new structure Was awarded. August 1000 to W. H. Hlis and H. C. Kennech-. doin'g bus^ mess as W. H. Ellis & ConipanV. Cincinnati Contractors, who have had large experience in the erection of public buildings and are a thor oughly reliable firm. Their bid was for $147 - 000; allowances for extras doubtless brouoh't tlie cost to exceed $150,000. Washington County now has the most superb structure in Southeastern Ohio. The architects are Sam- uel Hannaford & Sons, of Cincinnati, and the wiork is under stipendsioii of \\". L Hadle\' Henry Strecker and D. R. Shaw, CountN- Com-' missioners. The building is faced all around Mfith Bedtord stone and required over two mil- ) hons of bricks in its ^^■alls. It has a frontacre of 114 feet on Putnam and 141 feet along Sec- ! ond street. The comb of the roof is 68 feet I high, top of the tower i :;8 feet abo\-e the ' ground and the building makes an elegant home for the courts and countv offices. It will be made fireproof and the third flo.n- will be a sub- stantial steel jail. OLD ESTABLISHED BUSIXESS HOUSES. Some of the more important commercial activities which have done their part toward making Marietta known in the ]>usiness life of the west should not be omitted in the ixxnvd ot this halt century of the citv's life. Promin- ent among these stable indu.stries is the .\, T. I^ye & Son Company. Anselin Tujipcr \'vc was bom Xovember 9. 1797. i„ the Campus iMaitius, and spent most of his life in further- ing interests connected with this citv \ foundry- was started near the old Fort Har- mar site about 1829 and its projectors sold out to A. 1. .\yc, Sr., in 1830. who associated with himself his brotlier, Ichabod H \Ae and a nqjhew, Rotheus Mavnard as \ T'\ve& Company. 1„ 1854. the junior partners retired and A. I. Aye. Jr.. bnrn December 17 i8r' became associated with his father, the firm name changing to A. T. Xye & Son, the latter being the active partner from thence until his death, January 9, 1899. For manv vears he was president of the Citizens National Bank and trtherwise largely interested in the city's progress. Succeeding the death of A. T Xye Jr., the A. T. Xye & Son Qjinpanv was incor- Ijorated by his sons, G. L. Xve becoming presi- dy and their successors in office. The contract was awarded to \V. W. McCoy, he being the lowest bidder, unon Sep- tember isth. and iircnarritions were imjnedi- ately begun fur the work. It had been the in- tention of the Council to build upon the com- mons, now commonly called the Park, at the comer of Front and I'utnam streets, but there was objection made to this location. An appeal to the court resulted in an injunction restrain- ing the Council from, building on the common, and thereupon the present site of the City Hall \\ias purchased of M. P. Wells, Esq. Work had been begun here when the City Council, findin.g that there was much interest manifest- ed in the matter, and a very general desire that the building should l>e much larger than had been contemplated, called a special election far th.c purpose of securing an accurate e.xpres- sion of public opinion. The ballots were [jre- pared so as to read, "City Hall, yes.'" and "City Hall, no." The vote was \'ery nearly unani- mlous for buildin.g a City Hah, and it being understood that the majority were in favor of a building which would answer all possible re- quiremlents and be an ornament to the town, the plans and specifications were changed, and a new contract made with Mr. McCoy. The b/uilding committee consisted of Michael H. Xeedham. George S. Jones, and Ddidley S. Xye. The}' e.xamined se\-eral city halls in neighborin,g towns ;uid reported plans which were adopted October 3. 187 1. \\'ork was im- mi^dialely liegun and the building was finished and ready for occupancy by the first of February, 1873. The building cost about $70,000. nearly all oi which amount was ex- pended in Marietta. The Hall was fonnally opened February 4th. with a ])rcscntation by amateurs (all Mariettians) of B'ulwer's drama, "The Ladv of Lyons." A congratulatory ad- dress to the people ujxju the completion of the l)uilding was deli\-ered by Gen. Rufus R. Dawes before the curtain was raised. Two other entertainments were given upon the even- ings of February 6th and 7th. The proceeds of the tliree, which amounted to about .S i .000, was in\ested in scenery, which was presented to the city. In 1894 the building was re- modeled at a cost of $17,000, making a com- modious and complete opera house, which seats an audience of 1.500 and l)rings a steady re\e- nne to the municipality. HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARIETTA TOWNSHIP IN 1833. (From the American Friend.) Tlie tO'wnship of Marietta is eight miles long on the Ohio River, and froiiv two to six miles in breadth. It returns about 1 1,720 acres for taxation, and contains about 2,000 inhabi- tants. The town, as has been before stated, is situated at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio, and extends along each bank. Hav- ing hertofore alluded at large to its general features, we proceed more intn detail, and state, as far as is in our piiwer. the statistics of Marietta. The public buildings are the Court House. Jail, Market House, Bank Building, Library Hall, Female Academy, Collegiate Institute, and four houses of public worship. The Court House is a large and handscime building, square in front, two stories high, capped Ijv a handscmie cupola. The upper story contains a spacious and convenient court room, with two jury rooms, the ascent to which is by a neat flight of stone steps. Below, two transverse halls divide off four firqjroof of- fices, used by the auditor, recorder, clerk, and sheriff. The Jail is in the building fornicrly c>ccu- pied as a I'^urt House. Its occupants are never numerous. The Market House is a small but neat building in "Second." on '"Ohio" street. It is in general fully supplied with every \-ariety which the season affords. The Bank of ]\Iarietta is a large building, two stories in heiglit, with an ornamental front, which is copied from the United States Branch bank in the city of NeAv York. The banking room directors" room, guard room, and vault occupy the ma- jor part of the basement, while the remainder, with the whole upper story, is finished off neatly as a dwelling house. The banking institution is one O'f the best in the State, aft'ording to farmers great accommoda- tion and its stockholdei's a liberal di\4dend. Its discounts for the year 1832 amounted in the aggregate to the sum of $325,489. There are three houses of public worship in Marietta. The Congregational, which is the largest, is perhaps one of the first built in Ohio. It was planned by and erected under the super- vision of Gen. Rufus Putnam. It is two stories high and furnished with a wide gallei-y ex- tending around the sides and front. The front of the building presents a large gable flanked by two towers, which contain the staircases to the galleries, and a large clear-sounding bell, a present from; the old Alasonic Society in this place. The officiating clergyman is Rew Air. Bingham. The Methodist Church is a neat one-story building on Second street, perfectly jilain in its appearance, and embowered in a cluster ot beautiful trees. It accommodates a very large congregation and is usually filled to^ overflow- ing. The present otificiating clergraien are Rev. Air. Poe and Dr. Roe. The New Methodist Church is a handsome edifice, erected on Point Harmar. within a few- months past. Its size is 50 hy 30 feet. The front is ornannented by lancet-pointed win- dows, and presents an exceedingly neat ap- pearance. The Episcopal Church is now being built on a commanding situation, in Scammel street, corner of Fourth street, on the rise of ground ascending to "the plain." It is to be finished in the Grecian Doric order — the front being a \-estibule of 10 feet projection, adorned by four massi\e fluted columns supporting a rich and iieavy pedinient. The size of it is 60 feet by 40. The building is oif brick, which is to be stuccoed in imitation of marble, and the ascent to it will be a handsome flight of steps the whole width of the building. The clergyman oificiating is Rev. Mr. Wheat. This much for our ])ublic buildings. They are indeed ornamental to the town. The rural beaut}' of Marietta has often induced the ob- servation that "but little business is done here ; the houses are too^ clean." In answer we sub- mit facts, prenfising them hy one remark, that Alarietta is extended o\-er a large space (tliere lieing no less than 1,075 'ots in the town) and the coal smoke which arises from our fur- MARIETTA FROM HARMAR HILL. MARIETTA IN 1830. (Fkom a Paintini; iiv Ciiahlks Sullivan; ropiKn nv Pkrmissiojj ok President W. W. Mills. OF THE FiKST National Bank of Marietta.) AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 285 naces and mills, instead of overhanging the town in one dense black cloud, is driven off by the gentle Ijreezes induced by the current of the rivers. -Again, the business of Miarietta is ~noit done, as in other towns, by a continued rolling of carts, wagons and carriages alone. Our thoroughfares are the swift ]\luskingurn and the broad Ohio, and wliere, in other towns, is only heard the incessant rumbling of wheels, in Marietta these sounds are responsive tO' the echo of the boatman's horn, or the steamboat bell. But tO' particulars. During the past months of the present year, no less than 40 tlatboats have left town filled with produce, and manufactures. Keel-boats constantly ar- rive and depart laden ; while steamboats contri- bute in by no means the least degree to the farther exports and imports of Marietta. The more extensive branches of business pursued here we name as follows : The steamboat }-ard, owned by JNIessrs. Whitnev and Stone, at which an extensi\-e business is done in the construction of boats. \\'e insert the namies and tonnage of the beats built here, with pleasure, and if, perchance, it meets a traveler's eye, he ma}- recollect their speed, their strength and beauty. Stcai'iboat "Riif'.is Putn,iin," 70 tons, built for J. Greene; built by C. iBarstow. 1822. Steamboat "Mechanic," So tons, for a company ; built 1S23. Steamboat "'Red River," 150 ton.;, for Captain Kim- ble, of New Orleans; by Whitney & Stone. 1824. Steamboat "Marietta," 150 tons, \Vhilney & Stone, owners ; built 1824. Steamboat "Coosa," 180 tons. foF J. Hagan. New Orleans: by Whitney & Stone. 1825. Steamboat "Warrior," 120 tons, for B. Harncr ; by Whitney & Stone, 1825. Steamboat "Muskingum," 160 tons, for J. Rice ; by J. Hatch. 1823. Steamboat "Oregon." 225 tons, for Whitney & Stone ; by Whitney & Stone. 1826. Steamboat "Cherokee," 182 tons, for J. Jones ; by W. & S., 1826. Steamboat "Erie," 10 tons, for Edgely : by N. Drown, 1826. Steamboat "Isabella.' 180 tuns, for D. Greene; bv W. & S., i827. Steamboat ".■\tlantic." 420 tons. W. Beach : I>v W. & S.. 1829. Steamboat "Herald," 80 tons, for J. Clark: by W. & S..^ 1820. Steamboat "Java," 80 tons. Fearing & Company, in J 8.50. Steamboat "Chesapeake." 180 tows. H. Dobbin; built, 1831. Steamboat ■Whale," 320 tons, Z. Foster & Co., New Orleans: by VV. & S., 1831. Steamboats "Orion" and "Eclipse." 70 tons each; by W. & S., 1832. The miarietta Foundry is in full tide of successful operation. Castings of every kind are made here, and in the best manner. None, perhaps, can be produced superior to them. Fronii 100 to 120 tons of pig iron are moulded in this foundr)- ever}* year. The [Marietta Steam Mill is a large build- ing vi freestone, three stories high, containing three run of stones, and manufactures from fifty to sixty thousand Ini.shels of floiu" per annum. There are besides these two steam saw- mills (one of which also' produces flour), two carding machines ( one worked by steam), and four tanneries. One of these tanneries is very extensive. It has just lieen erected and put in operation liy the Messrs. Vintons, formerly of Philadelphia. .\ steam engine performs the duties which in other instances are done b\- the strength of hand, saving consequently a \ast amount of manual lalior. w.\.sinxc.Tox couxTY IX 1834. (By J. DchAcId, Jr.) • \\'ild Animals. — In early da}'s the forests I if Washington County re-echoed to the bel- li iwings and hca^ y tramp of the buffalo, the panther and the bear, and the howl of the wolf ; the fleet deer bounded, with timid feet, from the approach of the hunter; the lofty flight of llie wild fowl was no protection against the inerring aim of tiie arrow, winch, whiz.dng Ib.rcugh the air, brcu'ght back its fluttering r.iark: the lifted h.'^ad of the rattlesnake rcrired iisclf in the path of the traveler; and the red torchlight Oif the Indian fishing canoe glared intensely on the light ripplings of the water. I!ut those days are now no more; the "stam]> ing grounds" show where once the bufifalo re- sorted : and the panther lives only in the tra- ditions of old hunters. The arrow has given awav to the rifle ball ; the rattlesnake retires 286 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY to unfrequented rocks and sands, while the fishing canoe no more glides along, managed by the dusky form of the red man, but is guided by the dexterous boatman's pole. The wild animals at present, found in the county are chiefly those of the most harmless character, and which contribute to the suste- nance of man. Tihere is perhaps in the most uninhabited parts an occasional bear, or, per- chance, at night a wolf may be heard to howl in some remote glens on the borders ; but I may safely affirm that but few inhabitants of the county, at the present day, meet with either the one or the other. The deer still bounds with noiseless tread before the hunter's path, and the corn is sonietimes molested by the se- cret attacks of the raccoon, opossum, or squir- rel. The wild turkey stalks along the woods in large flocks; the streams are lined with the brilliant plumage of the wild, duck ; and high in the air may be noticed the buzzard, wheel- ing in wide circles until his keen eye and scent attract him to the ground. The wild igray goose may be seen winging its \-ernal and au- tumnal flight through the air ; and in the au- tumn may be heard from almost every branch the twittering" of wild pigeons. Clouds o-n clouds come in thicker and thicker, until mill- ions are assembled in one grand "roost." "In the township of Decatur is a tract three or four miles square, occupied by the wild pigeons as a roost, in the year 1832. The tim- ber over this tract is entirely destroyed. Mill- ions of beautiful birds made this their domi- cile for several months and afforded much sport to the huntsmen, and much food for the foxes." (Manuscript notes of W. C. by S. P. Hil- dreth.). Petrolemu ("spring-oil" or "Seneca oil") has been known to the hunters and earh" in- habitants ol the county since its first settle- ment. It is generally supposed to be the product of coal at a great distance below the surface of the earth. It is, as is well known, an oleaginous sul>stance, rather thicker than comnTOn tar, possessing a strong, disagreeable odor. This oil. by filtering it thro^ugh char- coal, is almost deprived of its empyreumatic .smell, and can be used in lamps, as it affords a l>rilliant light. It is \ery useful, ami there- fore niucli employed in curing the diseases of and injuries done to horses. It is a preventive against the attacks of the "blowing fly." and is perhaps the best substance known for the prevention of friction in machinery. There are to gases, "sulphuretted hydro- gen," and "carburetted hydrogen," which rise copiously in some places from the earth, par- ticularly on the banks of the Little Muskingum. The last named gas is considered sO' strong a mark of salt that many wells are sunk on this evidence alone. When a light is applied the gas inflames and burns for davs. until ex- tinguished by rain, or a sudden gust of wind. There are some pools of water through which gases rise, and which consequently have ac- quired the name of "burning springs." While on this subject it will be expected that I should name the market at which pro- duce is sold and the best means of conveyance thereto. It has been remarked that the numer- ous streams gave surprising facilities to the inhabitants of even the inland townships, of conveying their goods and produce tO' market. Xow there are so many markets Oif easy access that it is left tO' the final decision of the agri- culturist, whether to convey his load to ]\Iari- etta and there sell it, or to take it to Cincin- nati, Louisville, Natchez, or New Orleans. It is a general practice for the farmer to select a large, tall and straight poplar (Liriodcitdrun tnVif'ifcra) from which he whip-saws twO' large boat gunwales. By properly framing and fast- ening to these, cross pieces, studding and joists, boarding the whole up carefully, and caulking the bottom, to render it water-tight, he obtains a light draught flatboat, to which he appends a long sweep to steer with, and two others for rowing. Into this l>oat he conveys all his surplus produce, and perhaps that of his neighbors also-, and with the assistance of one or two hands launches out into the current of the ri\-er, \\-hich bears his boat along to the market below. Generally the boat and cargo are sold at Cincinnati, although sometimes it is found mtore profitable to let the boat float on to New Orleans, and disposing of the cargo and boat there, at advanced prices, to return AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. % 287 home by one of the countless steamboats, whicli adorn the Western waters. These flat- boats usually hold from six to eight hundred barrels tonnage. Frequently the owners of the freight bring back in return a cjuantity of groceries, such as sugar, molasses, coffee, rice, &c., on which they make a second profit when they arrive at home. The convenience of ac- cess to Washington Count}- affords its inhabi- tants other facilities. It is generally, as we have said, better suited tO' grazing than to^ arable farms. Where then is the market for cattle, for horses, for pork, for wool, and other pro- .duce of such farms? My answer is, you may ha\"e it at your own door. Annually drovers perambulate the county to Ijuy up all the cattle they can obtain. The Eastern markets are supplied with our beeves. Cur horses are be- fore the carriages of the Eastern cities droves being sent thither annually. Our pork and cheese supply the mart of New O'rleans, sent hence by our merchants ; while our wool is ex- ported (by tons) ever_\- year to the Eastern manufactories, after having been purchased at the farmer's own fireside liy the merchant from the seaboard on his annual visit. Such are the markets of Washington Coun- ty. To the enterprising farmer, who will ad- venture a little for large profits, the mart of New Orleans is the point of attraction. The distance is great, but the cost and trouble of transportation is very small. Others proceed only to Cincinnati, or Louisville, and there dispose of their boats or rafts; and still more, preferring to- devote the whole of their time to the cultivation of their farms, await the an- nual call of the beef or horse drover, or of the pork dealer, or wool merchant, and dispose of their surplus produce at home. WOLVES. February 24. 1834. — NOTICE TO WOLF KILLERS. The unflersigned, who was born and raised in a new rountry. now tlie State of Vermont, wliere wolves were extremely annoying, causing the death of vast num- bers of Sheep, but which were soon destroyed when a bounty of $20 per head was given, — having resided in Waterford, in this county, since the year 1795, and ever since, more or less, a cultivator of Sheep; from ex- perience, firmly believe it is money well expended when we pay a heavy bounty on wolves' scalps: and 1 believe also "in the doctrine of self-defense, even should it do my neighbors" good. Some >ea.rs ago an association of Wool growers in this county, was formed for the destruction of wolves, which failed to be complied with, and the hun- ters not well paid; — but yet I h(^p< and believe they will be remunerated for what has been done. We then petitioned the Legislature to give the Conmiissioners of this county the power to tax sheep for the destruc- tion of W'olves; under this act tlie popular nerve was unstrung — the Commissioners quailed — the wolves re- joiced, an.i 'multiplied to tlie great damage of the country. That the wolves shall be destroyed. I now stand forth alone, speculation or no speculation, to offer, and will pay ten dollars for each and every full grown wolf, killed on the east of the iMusUingum River, in the counties of Washington and Moigan. on the certificate of the Clerl: of the Court, in which it must be certified that they were killed east of the Muskingum River ; and this bounty which, with the State and county will make $19, I hope and trust will be a strong inducement for the hunters to move forthwith against the enemy, and which I w'ill pay until si.\ months' notice is given in ihc public papers to the contrary. The woif hunters I hope to see earlj' and often for this bounty, until there is not a grown wrlf within the counties I have named. Wool is one of the main staples of our country, and will be so, and happy will it be for its inhabitants. The time will shortly arrive, as I trust, and well will it be for this region of country, when our town, county, and State authorities will give especial patronage to Sheep. Benj.vmin Da.m.v, Waterford, Washington County. Newport, Ohio, April u, 1834. — "The Wolf! — We call the attention of hiinters to the following notice. It will be seen that by the lil>erality of individuals, the bounty wlill be increased to' a simi rendering it of profit tO' the hunter to .spend considerable time and excrtinn in the destruction of this animal: Wolves.- -.\ few of the fanners of Newport town- ship, stimulated by the example and laudable exertions of an elder brother of the occupation, who has ever 1)een liberal and vigilant in the measures adopted in this section of the State, for the destruction of our coiri- mon enemy, the wolf, have authorized the undersigned to offer a bounty of ten dollars for each and every full grown wolf that may hereafter de destroyed within the County of Washington, on the east side of the great Muskingmn River. 'The money will be paid by the subscriber, on the presentation of the .certificate of the clerk of the county, taken in the form prescribed by law. to entitle the person killing the wolf to the State and county bounty. Joseph B.vrkek, Jr. 2SS HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, EMIGRANT ASSOCIATION. Saturday, INIay 3, 1S34. — "A meeting of several citizens of ^Marietta \^■as convened at the Bank of Marietta, on Monday evening last, for the purpose of con- sulting upon the expediency of forniiing an Emigrant Association. John jNIills, Esc^., in the Chair, and J. Delafield, Jr., Secretary. On motion of Arius Xye. Esq., it was Resolved, that it is expedient to form an Emigrant As- sociation in and for the County of Washing- ton; the principal purpose of -which shall be to collect and furnish correct information to emigtants to this county, or who may be dis- posed to emigrate hither : and for the further- ance of this object, to 0])en a communication v.-ith persons in the Eastern cities, particularh- New York, through whom correct informa- tion of the character and advantages offered in this county and to\wi may be given to emi- grants. "The association was then organized l>y the electiori of the following gentlemen as officers : President, Arius Nye. Vijce-oresident, John Mills. Secretary, John Delafield, Jr. Directors. Douglas Putnam, E. B. Swearingen, James M. Booth, Joseph E. Hall. "S. P. Hildreth, M. D., "Gentlemen who ha\-e farms in this criunty, for sale or lease, or who have mills, for sale or lease, mill-seats which are unoccupied, &c., &c., are informed that by leaving a correct written description of their property (and if possible a plat of the same) with the Secretary, at Marietta, it will be open to. the inspection of any emigrants who may arrive. Citizens in each township are respectfully recpiested to convey to the Secretary^ such information in relation to their respective townships as will prove of advantage and interest to emigrants who mav come hither." PUBLIC SPIRIT. Marietta, April 19, 1836. — TE.\ PL.^NT. The subscriber has for ten years past cultivated successfully the genuine tea plant of China, and believes confidently that, after making various experiments in- volving considerable expense, he has at length discov- ered the art of drying and manufacturing the leaves, so as to produce the article of tea in quality equal to the Young Hyson imported. He has in his possession samples which he will exhibit to any one desirous or curious to ascertain the fact. He will also give, gratis, to any gentleman de- sirous of cultivating it. or willing to make the experi- ment, fresh seed, of last year's crop, and will, more- over, give instruciion for planting and rearing it. Ha is certain it may be raised and cured in this country with good profit. John Piatt. N. B. — It is not any selfish motive that has induced him to give this notice, but a sincere desire that it may prove a benefit to this countr.v, in which he has passed the better part of eight years of his life. Inquire for me at M"-. ChristO|ier Carpenter's. Green street. R0.\DS AND TURNPIKES. 1836.— "There is one obstruction to the gi'owth of this place, which its inhabitants ought to set themselves earnestly about removing. It is the want of good roads and bridges in the ^•icinity. That a traveler should be compelled to pay heavy ferriages over little streams — and to head run? for want of bridges, in the neigh- borhood of such a tO'wn as Marietta, is a cir- cumstance not at all tO' its credit — and (|iiite as little to its proht. A good bridge over 1 )uck Creek, on the road by Dr. Moore's farm, would save its cost to the town in one year in the articles of fuel and building materials. W'e wish to see these evils speedily rem;edied." ".\t a meeting of the Corporators of the Marietta and Newport Turnpike Road and Bridge Company, Alarch 21, 1838, Joseph Barker, Jr., was appointed Chairman, and \\'in. A. Whittlesey, Secretary. "The following resolution, offered by Will- iam West, towit. Resolved, that it is ex- pedient that lx)oks of subscri])tion be forthwith opened to obtain stock in the Marietta and Newport Turnpike Road and Bridge Com- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. pany. under the directiiui of the tirst ten named Corporators, as pointed out in the Second Sec- tion of the Act incorporating said Company, passed March 5, 1838, and seconded by Eljen- e^er Battelle, was adopted by the following vote : "Yeas — Joseph Darker, Jr.. E. Battelle, John Mills, "Wm. W est, Jas. 'M. Booth, J. De La Vergne, Noah L. Wilson, \Vm. Dana. Dud- ley Woodbridge, \\'m. A. Whittlesey, Weston Thomias, Robert T. 3ililler, D. Greene. Jonas I\Ioore, Xahum Ward. "Nays — None. "The meeting of Corporators then ad- journed. Joseph Barker. Jr.. "Clniiriiiait. "Attest. "\^'M. A. \\"hittlesev. Sccrctar\." 1839- EOAPS ! RO.\DS ; XO. 2. To the Citizens of the Muskingum J 'alley. "'Sow's the day, and iiow'^i the hour." The law for the encouragement of Turnpike Com- panies has l:hn Scott, Solomon Sharpe, John B. ivegnier, Joseph Cox and Gerirge Fleck, trus- tees. William Bartlett was elected first mar- shal hy the Board of Trustees. Among the early settlers were : Nicholas and .\sa Coburn. sons of Maj. .Asa Coburn, with wlitjm the_\- came to Marietta from Mass- achusetts in the latter part of 1788. Major Coburn harl won his title in the Massachusetts line of the Revolutionary Armv. Many of his descendants live in Morgan County. Roibert .Allison ^came from Pennsylvania in 1788. Moved to Cat's Creek in 1795. His daughter. Mrs. Frost, born in Fayette Coun- ty, Penn.syl\ania. October 12, 1784. was for a long time before her death the onlv survi\-or of the pioneer life during the Indian war. She had a clear recollection of events that occurred at the Canr])us Martins, and especially of the Sunday-school tau.ght Iw Mrs. Lake. Mrs. Frost died at the home of her grandson. .Mr. O. A. Stacy, near Lowell, in 1891. James Owen, from Rhode Island, came to 292 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Ohio in 1788. His son Daniel came into the Adams colony. Col. William Mason, a soldier of the Revo- lution audi one of the first party of pioneers, settled in Adams about 1797. William' Mason, of Pennsylvania, came to this settlenrent about the same time. INIIaj. Joshua Sprague, an officer in the Revolution, came to Marietta in 1788, with his two sous, Jonathan and \Mlliam. They went to Waterford but afterward Major Sprague and his son William rauoved to Adams. Stephen Frost, Michael Cyphers, Joseph Si- mons, Amos Wilson, Geo. M. Cox. .\lfred Hall, Morgan Wood, James H. Rose ( oif Vir- ginia). Among the German settlers are Philip Mattern (a son of Heniy Mattern. who lived in Salem ). Jacob Sclmeider, Jacob' IJecker, and Jacob Reitz. Joseph Frye came from Maine to Water- ford, where he taught school, before he mo'X'ed ■down to his farm. William and Daniel Davis, sons of Capt. Daniel Davis, a soldier in the Re\'olution. and one of the 48 pioneers. Tlie descendants of Captain Davis bore an ihono-ratble part in our second wiar for liberty, that of 1 861 -05. Oliver Dodge, one of the 48 pioneers, came from Hampton Falls, New Hampshire. His son, Richard, a lover of fine horses and of a good joke, was long a familiar figure in Mc- Connellsville, Richard left no children. Nathan King, a native of Niova Scotia. Two of his daughters were married to sons •of Robert Allison. Churches. — The Baptist Ciuuxh dates from 1797; its reorgamization fnnn 1832. The Christian Church was organized in 1831. The German citizens oi Lowell and vicinity organ- ized the Protestant E'\-angelical Church in 1857. The Congregational Church built a house of worship in Lowell in i860. Imt serv- ices are no- longer lield in it. A few of the memijers now meet in Rainliow. .\I).\MS TOWNnIUP and LOWELL (•0R''ORAT[0N. Drvclopuicnt. — During the last decade Lowell has developed and improved to a con- siderali'Ie extent. ^lany beautiful residences have been built, the streets ha\e been improved and cleaned, (.)ld building's have been removed and additions ha\-e been made tO' the size of the corporatifjn. The plat oif Sprague's addition to the cot- po-ration was approved by the Council a few years agO'; PfafT's sub-division, comlprising 14 acres of ground, was annexed in 1901 ; and the plat of Saner's addition was approved June 6, 1902. Numerous biuildings are being erected on all oif these additions and the town is ex- periencing a nice growth. Industrial. — Lowell is proud of the volume oi business that is transacted within its limits. It has a goodly number of industries that have been bnilt up gradually and are upon a safe footing and in a flourishing condition. Great pride is taken by the people of Lowell and Adants township in the First National Bank. The capital stock of the bank is owned prin- cipally by local parties and the conservative manner in which the business has been man- aged has m'ade it a valuable investment. The deposits are heavy and a nice surplus is being accumulated. Lowell can boast that there is more Ijusi- ness transacted within its- borders than in any other town of its size and many larger ones ;dong the Mtiskingum River. 'I he oil developments in Adams to\\nship have resulted in \-er)- valuable productions. The first large pools were found in the Reed field on Cat's Creek, and the Minch field, which lies to the northwest of the town. The Minch field w'ls sold at one time by A. J. Brown, A. 1. \aughn and others toi tlie Boston & Marietta Oil Company for $1 30,000'. Considerable oil is being found on Bear Creek, near the east- ern township line ;ind the developments there are making the fields verv valuable. The S(jutli- W:estern section of the township also is pro- ducing some oil. Educational. — The Adams Township School District is comjiosed of 11 sub-districts, rang-ing in numbers from one to 12, inclusi\e. No, 6 being consolidated with No. 11, The enumerations of the yotith of school age in the j! township during the last five years have flue- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 293 tuated between 370 and 400. The percentage of attendance upon the enumeration is quite large, and the Board of Education has been fortunate in securing the services of gcx>d teacliers. Tliere are several new school houses which are commodious and well adapted to the purpose, Ixit most of the others are old and in bad condition. Owing to the unusually and unavoidably bad state of the finances of the Board, nothing can be done at present with the houses, but as soon as there is a cash bal- ance on hand the matter will probably be taken up and some changes in the districts may be made that will secure a better divisif>n of the towtnship. J. A. Schwinden;an is president of the Board at this time. The Llowell Independent Sclmnl District •embraces the entire town and a strip of the surrounding territory. It has graded schools which have more than a local reputation. Prof. J. L. Jordan and Proi. D. A. Leake, who ha\c been principals of the schools during the last 18 j^ears, deserve great credit for the manner in which they iiave built them up. There are four teachers. Political. — Xormally. Adams Tin\-ns]iip is Danocratic m political complexion by from 40 to 50 majority. The oil operations during late years Iiave brought many new people to the township, which h?s altered the matter somewhat in se\-eral instances, but on an av- erage it stands ahout the same. The present officers of the township are : Trustees, John Decker, John Huck and Daniel Marsch; clerk, John D. Hollinger; treasurer, A. C. Beach; as- sessor. Ed Schwindeman ; justices of the peace, Daniel Marsch and J. M. Newton : constables. W. F. Burdine and Elias Dobbin. In Lowell corporation the Democrats are also usually vic- torious. The officers of the corporation are: Mayor, A. D. Bell ; clerk. John D'. Hollinger ; treasurer. C. G. Schneider ; councilmen, S. Turkenton. F. A. Boyle, J. W. Landsittle. J. F. LLoilinger. Fred Fauss. and .\. H. Henniger; irjarshal, Philip Rothley. Questions looking toward the issuing of bonds for the pur]x>se of building a new public hall and the erection of water works have met with defeat when submitted to the voters of the corporation. Fraternal. — The folK)wing fraternal or- ders are represented by subordinate lodges and branches in Lowell, viz : Knights of Pythias, Masons, Odd Fellows, Daughters of Reljekah, and Grand Army of the Republic. Buell Lodge, No^. 395, Knights of PVthias, has 97 members and owns real estate valued at $2,500. Conx'entions are held every Monday evening. Lowell Lodge, No. 438, I. O. O. F., has 91 members enrolled upon its roster and the real estate owned is \-alued at $3,000. Meetings are held es'ery Tuesday evening. Sunbeam Lodge. No. 51, Daughters of Re- bekali, has a goodly numher of memliers. Meetings are held every Thursday evening. The roster of Lowell Lodge, No. 436, F. & A. M.. shows a membership of 34. ^Meetings are held monthly. Dick Mlason' Po.st, No. 304, G. A. R., has 16 memibers. .\11 of the lodges are in a flourishing con- dition. — John D. Hollinger. .■\L-RELIUS TOWNSHIP. Aurelius township was originally a part of Monroe County, being admitted into Wash- ington County, December 15, 1818. In that year John S. Corp and Judah M. Chamberlain headed a petition to the commissioners of W'ashigton County, praying the establishment of this addition as a township. On the connnissioners' journal, dated De- cember 15, 1818, appears this record: On petition of John S. Corp, Jiulah M. Cliamlicr- lain, and others, praying tor the cstaii'.ishmenl of a new 'own in the county of Washington, therefore Rc.^oh'ed, by the Hoard of Commissioners. That that township, nnml)crod tive in the eighth range, ex- cepting sections No. 2^. 26 and 27, and fractional sec- tions No. ,•54, 35 and 36 be and the same is hereby declared and established into an incorporated town, to be here- after known and distinguished by the name and denomi- nation of .4urdius, and tlie inhabitants residing in said district are hereby declared entitled to all the privileges and immunities of incorporated towns in the Slate, The electors in said town will meet at the house of Mr. Judah 2y4 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUK M. Chamberlain on the second Monday of January, 1819. at 10 o'clock A, M., to elect their township officers agr'_-cai)ly to law. At this meeting Gilead Doane and Jiidah M. Chamberlain were elected justices of the peace hut nothing else is known of the meeting. it will be noticed that the establishing act (lid not give Aurelius sections 2"/ and 34. The date of this accession, as ascertained from the commissioners' journal, was that of their June session. 1842. For they licxdhcd, that section twenty-seven and fractional section thirty-four, in township hve. ran.ge eight, here- tofor<" belongnig to township Salem, is heieby annexed to Aurelius. Aurelius was redu.ced to its jnesent small diniens«o..s i.y t'.ie act it the Legislature torm- ing i\oi...le County. It was passed March 11, 1 85 1 . Anting the earliest seltlers in Aurelius weie the Dains. Buttons. Bousers and Hutch- ins. Dr. jiihn B. Regnier, who came about j8iy, has well been considered "the father of the township," being a leader in the formation and development of it. He was appointed first postmaster- in 1819, built the first grist mill about the same time, and secured the building of the first road from the niuuth of Cat's Cieek to Macksburg. William W. Mackintosh opened the first store about 1827. Free Will Baptist Church was organized between 1810-12: a "regular" or "hard-shelled" Baptist Church was organ- ized soon after. In 181 8 the Methodist Epis- copal Church was organized. A public school was started as early as 1809 with Xancy Button as teacher. The two villages of the township are Macksburg and Elba, which ha\-e owed their prosperity to the oil development wdiich has been very profitable here, there being now 75 producing leases in the township. This is equaled by only one other township in the countv as shown bv the table of leases in the chapter on "The Oil Industry.'' B.\RL0W TOWNSHIP. Barlow tnwnship was organized in 1818 at a meeting held in July. The first trustees were Cornelius Houghland,- S. N. Cooke and Caleb Green; Buty Green was treasurer. The first settlers in the township were the Lawtons, Vincents, Greens, Proctors, Houghlands,, Mc- Guires. The main road in the early days was the "State Road" fmuK }\Iarietta to Athens, wdfich passed near the Law ton cabin ; aiiother from Belpre to Watertown ran a little west of this cabin. The Methodist Episcopal Church was the fit St to enter the township, the first church be- ing a log meeting house built in 1808. The First Presbyterian Church was erected in 1838. In 1839 this church split, the "Xew School" faction leaving the parent church. They unit- ed again in 1870. The L'nited Presbyterian Church was organized in 1849 ^"^ ^he Lnion Church at Vincent in which several denom- inations worshiped was built in 1867. The Christian Church was organized in 1846. The first school house was built in 1808-09 and was known as the "Old Hickory'' school house. A vivid glimpse into that early school house is affortled us in the papers left by Henry Earle Vincent : ""The house in which the pioneer children of Barlow township first learned their A, B, C's, and to repeat 'In Adam's fall we sinned all,' was built entirel\' nf rough hickory lo^s. with chimney of 'cat and clay,' and a broad fire-place wide enough to receive logs the length of a common fence-rail, which not only furnished fuel for fire but seats for the young urchins while warming themselves. The floor, benches and writing table were all made of rough-hewn puncheons — that is, logs split into slabs and some of the roughness 'scutched' off with a Ijroad-axe. Small cavities were left in the back wall in which the ink-stands, contain- ing the iiiu/^lc ink. were kept tu protect it from the frost. "The window s w ere made bv cutting out a liiece of a log si.x or eight feet in length and placing small sticks perpendictilarly across the space at interwils, thus making a sash over which the paper was ]iastcil. The paper used was geiierailv the well-scribliled leaves of old AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 295 copy books, as there were no newspapers in those days and blank paper was too scarce and too vahiable to be used for such purposes. This paper was made transparent by being first gen- erally coated with coon"s grease or possum fat, and a fire-brand held to it until well-melted. "The old schoolmaster was so deaf that the scholars would 'talk right out loud,' and often he would go to sleep and then the way the young rogues in 'home-spun and linsey' would 'cut-up' was nobody's business but the teacher's and he did not know it. When dis- missed for noon, the first one on the ice was the best fellow — but the best felloic in this case happened to be a tall, portly girl, who generally led the van in all the sports. The old school- house has long since, with the youthful actors in the scenes about its portals, passed away forever." Barlow village was made in 1840 with John McCuig, Horatio Ford and Lyman Laf- lin as proprietors, and "consisted of eleven lots of fifty-four acres each and located near the Marietta and Belpre roads." Lyman Laflin opened the first store. Fleming, a station on the iild Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, now a prosperous little hamlet on the Marietta, Colunibus & Cleveland Railway, was laid out August 3, 1853, by Hen- ry Earle Vincent, who kept the first postofiice. The first store was opened Ijy Church B. Tut- tle, and Enoch Preston kept the first tavern. D. C. Lasure contributed the following on "Stores and Trade" of Barlow to the Barlow Centennial which is of interest. "The first store of which I can learn, in Barlow township, was on the southeast corner of Barlow X Roads. "H. N. Ford, C. B. Tuttle and C. Shipman started a store in the Ford building, under the firm name of H. N. Ford & Company. H. N. Ford died in a short time, and C. D. Ford took his place. Soon John Ford bought C. D. Ford's interest and the firm was Tohn Ford & Company. Then D. H. Merrill anu T. W. Moore bought this firm out. and Ford, Ship- man and Tuttle retired. This was in 1858 or 1859. Soon after D. H. Merrill bought Moore's interest and carried on the business two ov three years, when J. W. Merrill bought an interest, and the firm became Merrill Broth- ers. This firm did an extensive business for some years. Then C. D. Ford bought a third interest and the firm became Merrill Brothers & Company, and continued so two or three years, when C. D. Ford retired, and the firm became Merrill Brothers and so continued until succeeded by Lazure Brothers. Smith Broth- ers bought out Lazure Brothers, and they sold to A. W. Morris, W. E. Thompson and D. E. Greenlees, as Morris, Thompst)n & Company. Soon Mr. Greenlees retired, and the firm was Morris & Thompson. Mr. Thompson sold his interest to J. H. Fleming, making it Mor- ris & Fleming, who after continuing business a short time, removed their stock of goods to Williamstown, W'est Virginia. The store room, which had Ijeen enlarged at different times by Merrill Brothers, then was vmoccupied for some time, but a year or two ago L. C. Maxwell put in a stock of goods and is now doing business there. "Lyman Laflin was postmaster for a num- ber of years in early times and carried a small stock of goods in connection with the post- office. "Soon after the Civil War, the store room east of Mrs. M. A. Ford's was built by the Barlow Mill Company, composed of C. B. Tut- tle, George B. Turner. Jude Chamberlain and Harry Burchett. They did Inisiness in it for a vear or two, then moved mill and store to Vincent. Somewhere in the 'fifties.' H. G. Lawrence partially built a store room just west of and near to the store so long occupied by IMerrill Brothers. This was occupied as a store room by a Mr. Coyton, later by John Parker, and finally by Scott & Pollard. Each of these continued but a short time. The building became the property of Merrill Broth- ers and when John Haddow's residence was liurnt, Mr. PLaddow bought the old store, and it is now the framework of Mrs. Haddow's house. Ten years or so ago, J. H. Haddow iniilt a store room in the village and occupied it some time, in partnership with Mr. Gracey 296 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, as Gracey «S: Haddow. Soon ]\Ir. Gracey re- tired, and Mr. Haddow afterward sold an in- terest to Perley Dimsmoor, and the firm lie- came Haddow & Dunsmoor. Mr. Haddow re- tired and P. Dunsmoor was the store man. Later P. Dunsmoor & Son, and at present D. L. Dunsmoor. Two or three years ago J. W. Scott and J. F. Foster started a store in the south entl of the village, and after a year or two Mr. Foster retired, and J. W. Scott con- tinues the business. Lawton Sisters have run a store in the Post Office building for the past ten years or more. Sarah J. Lamb ran a store in the east end of the village for two or three years when, having become married to a hor- rid man. she gave up the store business and went west. "The first store in Vincent, called the 'Farmers Exchange," was kept by C. B. Tut- tle on what was known as Card's corner. I believe he was succeeded by Gard &. Son, who later sold to H. M. Amlin and William Mc- Kibben, who did a fair business for a short time as Amlin & McKibben, and H. Gard & Son built a new store on the opposite corner and did business there for a short time. Af- terward John Lynch kept store in the same place. Other stores in Vincent were kept by John Tuttle, Tuttle & Dunn, Mary J. Pres- ton, Preston & Tuttle, and A. B. Vincent in the building formerlv used as the station house on M. & C. R. R. 'S. F. Hayes built a store in the village about 25 years agO' and did busi- ness there until within a few years. "After the T. & O. C. E. R. R. was re- vived, Sandy Shaw and D. R. Shaw built a store near the railroad crossing, and did busi- ness as Shaw Brothers. Later D. R. Shaw retired and Sandy still runs the store. Hayes Brothers built a store on the opposite side of the railroad and ran a hardware business. Jo- seph Smith started a store in a building put up by J. C. Vincent four or five years ago, and ran it a short time. He was succeeded by Berkley & Company, and they by A. C. Fuller. F. W. Vincent built and runs a store on the opposite side of the street. Burris Crewson had a store where Adam Kepler now lives. W. O. Keith has a store on a new street run- ning past the school house. "I have understood that Mrs. McGary car- ries a small stock of groceries. Thomas Breckenridge built a store at Fleming station probably about i860. He was succeeded by a Mr. Martin from Pittsburg and he in turn by Edward Cecil, Mr. Tullis, Strickling Brothers, J. H. Haddow, Haddow & Fleming, Fleming & Turner, Charles Turner, Hart Brothers, C. E. Finch, Fleming & Biedel, Finch & Biedel, Coffman & Miller, S. A. Coffman and C. E. Starr, who now occupies a new store at the old stand. "After C. E. Finch sold out at the station, he started a store near his residence and still runs it. Robert Pryor at one time had a store on Pryor Ridge, where Harvey Martin now lives, and D. G. Martin also- kept store a while just north on the same ridge. "On the establishment of a post office at Ormiston, Alexander Ormiston started a store at his farm in the northeast part of the town- ship, which he has since discontinued. Mrs. McCurdy has had a store on Barnett Ridge for some years, and at one time a Mr. Amos kept a small store on the Hoon place. There may have been other effoTts in the store line, but I have failed to get track of them." Of the later advancements should be men- tioned the Barlow Fair. It was started in a small way, in 1871, by William Thompson, I. B. Lawton, Frank Deming, William Moore, E. H. Palmer, Daniel Canfield, John Ormiston and others, and has grown year by year to its present greatness and importance. There is a tradition, of long standing in this county, that it never rains in the time of the Barlow Fair. BELPRE TOWNSHIP. The names uf the settlers in Belpre and much of the early history of the to^\-nsllip are found in Chapter IV. It was created by resolution of the Court of Quarter Sessions, December 20, itqo, as is shown by the following record : Rrsoli'cd, That townsliips No. i and 2, in tlie tcntli AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 297 range, and No. i, in the ninth range, be, and they hereby are incorporated, and to be included in one townsaip, by the name of Belpre. The first town officers were: Col. E. Bat- telle, to'wn clerk; Winton Casey, overseer of poor; Col. Nathaniel Cushing, constable. The location of the settlements is thus de- scribed by Dr. S. P. Hildreth: "The main body of the new colony tract was divided into two portions, known as the 'Upper' and 'Mid- dle' settlements. The lands on the river were of the richest quality ; rising as they receded from the Ohio on to an elevated plain, 30 or 40 feet higher than the low bottoms, and ex- tending back to the base of the hills. This plain was in some places more than half a mile in width, forming with the bottoms alluvions of nearly a mile in extent. The soil on the plain was in some places fertile, loamy sand; and in others inclined to gravel, but every- where covered with a rich growth of forest trees, and producing fine crops of small grain. About a mile below the Little Kenawha, this plain came into the river, presenting a lofty mural front of eighty or a hundred feet above the surface of the water. This precipitous hank is c(intinued for half a mile, and on its brow, and for some distance back, is clothed with evergreens, being chiefly different varie- ties of the cedar. That portion of the plain is known by the name of 'the Bluff,' and is lo- cated near the head of Blennerhassett's Island, close to the landing and crossing place to the mansion erected a few years after by this cele- brated nian. 'The Bluff' di\ided the 'Upper' settlement from those below. The 'Upper' lay in a beautiful curve of the river, which formed nearly a semi-circle, the periphery of which was about a mile and a half, and rose gradually from the bank of the river on to the second bottom by a natural glacis, the grade and beauty of which no art of man could ex- cel. From the lower end of 'the Bluff,' the plain gradually receded from the river, leaving a strip of rich bottom land, about three miles in length, and from a quarter to a third of a mile in width. This distance, like that portion above, was laid off into farms, about 40 rods wide and extending back to the hills, which rose by a moderate slope to an elevation of an hundred feet above the surface of the plain, and were clothed with oak and hickory, to their tops. This charming location was well named 'Belle-prairie,' (or Ijeautiful meadowj, but is now generally written 'Belpre.' '' THE TOWN or BELPRE IN I9O2. ' liu oifonitcd in 1901.) The Belpre of today reflects creditably the intellectual and cultured characteristics of the stalwart pioneer of the "block-house'' days. There still remains some traces of the old pio- neer blood, and a few of the historic points made famous during the days of the first set- tlers are cherished and protected by the present inhabitants. The geogra]jhical limits of Belpre have been encroached upon, from time to time, until now Belpre — proper — represents an inico^rpo rated village about one mile long and one-half wide, directly opposite Parkersburg, West Virginia. Though the settletnent of Belpre is one of the oldest in the county and hence in the State, and for many years the most popular commun- ity in the county, outside the present Marietta, yet it was not until July 22, 1901, that it was voted to incorporate it. The following Janu- ary (1902) the charter was received, and on the 13th day of the same month, the election of the first ofticers of the corporation was held. The estimated population is 900, — no census has as yet been taken since the incorporation. The valley in which Belpre is located is still one of the most productive along the Ohio Ri\er. being especially adajited to truck-gar- dening, and yet retains the pristine beauty, which gave to it its poetic name. Belpre is essentially a residence village, its commercial and intlustrial interests having l)een greatly damaged by the 1884 Ohio River freshet, from which it has only partially recovered. How- ever, in a retail way, it has a number of in- stitutions which do a thriving business. It depends upon Parkersburg, W'est Virginia, for its banking facilities. A building and loan 298 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, company "w&s incorpoTated January 8. lyo^, with an authorized capital of $500,000. Belpre has ever taken a front rank in its interest in education. Its pubhc schools are noted for their excellence, and have an enroll- ment A)f 300 pupils, with eight teachers. The school building is a well-equipped brick struc- ture of eight rooms, erected in 1876. Con- nected with the schotils is a circulating library of 650. volumes, to which additions are made each year. llhe churches of the \illage are fuur. \-iz. ; The Methodist Episcopal, a direct descendant of the first organization of Methodism in Bel- pre township, effected by Rev. Mr. Morris in 1816. Their present place of worship — Lewis Chapel — was dedicated February 24. 1867. and was remodeled in 1896. The present mem- bership is 200. Tlie Congregational Church — with 120 memljers — tracing its origin to a mission of the First Congregational Church of Marietta, was organized in 1802. at what is now Rock- land. The first service held in the village lim- its was in 1858. The church building, in which they still worship, was erected in 1869. The Catholic Church, for many years an outer mission of the Marietta Church, and later assigned to the Little Hocking Church, always holding its services once a month at the home of some of its members, now worships in a lit- tle church of its own — St. Ambrose Church — donated by P. W. O'Connor of Columbus, Ohio', in 1901, with 3s communicants. The A. M..E. Church with 20 members dates back to 1877. Politically, Belpre has always been Repub- lican. —lU-rtha G. Ballard. DEC.\TUR TOWNSHIP. There are four villages in Decatur town- ship : Fillmore, Decatulrville, Hope and Prosperity. Decatur township was established Novem- ber 30, 1820. The first settler, Joseph Lov- dell, came in 1816, soon followed by the John- sons, Dtifer, Fairchild, Bachelor, Dunn, Gid- dings and Ballard families who formed the "Lower Settlement" now known as Fillmore P. O, on the State road. The "Upper Settle- ment" Decaturville P. O., was made soon af- ter. The Methodist Episcopal Church first entered Decatur township, a log cabin being built in the eastern part of the township about 1840. The United Brethren began a society here lie fore 1850, two classes holding services in the abandoned Methodist Episcopal build- ings at Decaturville and west of Fillmore. The Presbyterian Church was organized in 1 847. a buikling being erected in 1849 ^'^^ relniilt in 1856. A Baptist church (colored) was erected in 1856. The first flouring mill was erected by Hiram Fairchild about 1821, south of Fillmore. In this township lived Pe- ter M. Garner. Creighton J. Loraine and Mor- decai E. Thomas, whose abduction by Virg-inia officers in 1845 almost caused a war lietween the States of Ohio and Virginia,. A histury of this celebrated case is found in Chapter VL DUNHAM TOWNSHIP. Dunham township has four villages : Dun- ham, Veto, Briggs and Constitution. Dunham township was formed June 5, 1855, and changed to its present form on the petition of William P. Cutler, Dean Briggs, and others, October 19th, of the same year. It was first settled by Elihu Clark, Benjamin and Hezekiah Bickford and Lemuel Cooper in the first half decade of the century. . The first tavern was kept by Nathan Cole near the head of Neil's Island in 1805. The first postoftice was estajjlished at Veto with William Chevalier as postmaster in 1850. The Dunham office was opened seven years later with Jasper Need- ham as postmaster. Briggs P. O. was estab- lished in March, 1875. The first religious society to build a church in Dunham was the ]\Iethodist ; a frame building was erected on the Little Hocking in 1830 but was removed be- fore i860. A Universalist Church was organ- ized in 1845 but soon united with the Belpre organization. The United Brethren were given Cutler Chapel by William P. Cutler, op- erator of the principal quarries along the Lit- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 299 tie Hocking^, in 1871. The first school house \vias erected on the Goddard farm in 181 4. A town house was built in 187 1. The fine stone quarries in Dunham were first opened by Messrs. Harris, Scbwan and Newton about 1820. The quarries along the Little Hocking were operated extensiveh" in 1870-71. The stone for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad bridge at Parkersburg came largely from Dunham. Dunham township was named in honor of Jonatiian Dunham who began work on his land in 1804. He was a descendant of Rev. Jona- than Dunham of Martha's Vineyard. Mr. Dunham's daughter was married to Asahel Hollister, an emigrant from Litchfield County, Connecticut, and many of their descendants still live in this county. One of iheir sons, \V. B. Hollister. lived in Harmar about 50 years. Thomas and Amos Delano came from Con- necticut to Belpre about 1804. but in 1808 came to Dunham. Benjamin Elienwood, of Maine, with his three sons, — Benjamin, Daniel, and Samuel, — came from Pennsylvania to Dunham in 181 1. The family is still well represented in the county. Benoni Lewis, an ofiicer in the American army and navy of the Revolution, went from Rhode Island to Virginia in 1802, and in 1807 come to Dunham. Hapgood Goddard, of Xqw Hampshire, was in Dunham as early as 18 14. He after- ward lived in Fairfield. Dunham township was fortunate in receiv- ing a number of good settlers from Scotland, among whom may be named James Harvey, Daniel Shaw, William Fleming, Samuel Drain of Argylshirc, Edward Henderson ( who was employed l)y the pioneers as a scout) and Hugh Mitcliell. F.MRFIELD TOWNSHIP. Fairfield townsliip has six postoffices, namely: Qualey, Cutler, Lawman, r3unl)ar. Virgin and Napier. Fairfield township was organized in Decem- ber, 185 1. ITie first trustees were Peter B. Lake, John Burfield and James Smith; town- sliip clerk, Charles H. Goddard; treasurer, Pe- ter B. Lake; assessor, Torrens Gilmore; con- stable, Augustine Stephens. The first justices of the peace were Torrens Gilmore and Augus- tine Stephens. The earhest settlers in l-'airlield were Da- vid Ewell, Joshua Shuttleworth, William Dun- bar : all these came in from Virginia about 1814. The path afterward followed by the "State Road" was the first passageway into this district. Other settlers were Walter Kidwell, Daniel Dunlrar (a soldier of the Revolution), both from Fairfax County, Virginia ; Carmi Smith of New York, Phineas Dunsmoor of Townsend, Massachusetts, William Moore from Pennsylvania, Moses Campbell from Ire- land, Joseph H. Gage from New Hampshire, William Thompson from Guernsey County, Ohio, and Owen Clark from Ireland. For a picture of early scenes in this township the reader is referred to the "Grand Circus Hunt'' described in Chapter IX. The first school house near the Lake farm, known as Lake's school house, was opened about 1819. The next school, near the Dun- bar farm, was built in 1840. The first church was erected by the Ar,;;th(Klist Epi.scopal society on the site of their present church at Fishtown, about 1824. About 186,^ a new church was built ])}■ general subscription but was burned within a ye;ir. The present Methodist Epis- copal Church was built in 1864, The Centen- ary Methodist Episcopal Church was erected in 1867. In tlie same year the building now owned by the Universalists was erected ; this denomination has a building at Fishtown erected a year later. Cutler on the Marietta. Columbus & Cleve- land Railway was laid out in 1857. being first named Harshaville in honor of Dr. John M. Harsha. whose cabin was the first built at this place. The name was later changed to Cutler in honor of William P. Cutler. The first store was kept by Harvey Smith. In 1837 the first hotel was erected by .-\. .\. Campbell. 300 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Dunbar is on the line of the j\I., C. & C. Ry., and has a postotfice. Wesley P. O. is one of the old offices in the township. James Lake kejit the first siorc in Fish- town (Layman 1'. O.) in 1837, in the store of Carmi Smith. FEARING TOWNSHIP. Fearing township, named in honor of Hon. Paul Fearing, was established March 8, 1808. Li 1809 and 1861 its boundary lines were changed slightly. On the fourth day of April, 1808, the elec- tors met at the house of Henry Maxon and elected the following officers : Henry Maxon, clerk; Thomas Stanley, John Porter and Re- solved Fuller, trustees; Simeon Wright and Joel Tuttle, overseers of the poor; Solomon Goss and John W. White, fence viev/ers ; W'ill- iam Stacy, Jr., and John Miller, appraisers; Didier Gevrez, Isaac Hill, Daniel Dunchew, Henry Maxon, John Porter and Ebenezer Nye, supervisors; Daniel G. Stanley and George Nye, constables ; Solomon Goss,- treasurer. Much of the early history of this township, as is true with all the rest, has been described in the history of the Ohio Company. A public school was in existence as early as 1804. One extraordinary bit of history, which characterizes the early inhabitants of Fearing as exceptionally enterprising and educated, was the formation of a township library as early as 1 81 J. The library was incorporated in 1816. The articles of incorporation limit the property besides books, maps, charts, and the like, to $3,000. As officers until an election could be held : Thomas Stanley, Robert Baird and Elisha Allen were made directors : John Miller, treasurer : and Daniel G. Stanley, li- brarian. In time tlie association dissolved, the books were distributed among the share- holders and many yet remain in private libra- ries of their descendants. Many books are of a religious nature, and all are of the weightier class of reading. The latest date noticed on the title 'page as date of publication is 1813. In the back fly-leaves of many books are the notes of damages and fines written by the li- Ijrarian on the return of the book. The prin- cipal disasters to the works are from grease spots — suggesting the light of other days. A Presbyterian Church was erected in Stanleyville on land given by Thomas Stanley, in 1814. The Fearing Religious Society was incorporated in 1813 and reorganized (for business purposes) in 1853, a dispute over property having arisen. A Congregational Church was organized in 185 1 and a building erected in 1856. A Methodist Church came into existence in 1820 and a building was com- pleted in 1847 '^"cl a parsonage 16 years later. A branch of the Congregational Church at Stanleyville was organized near Cedar Nar- rows and a church was erected in 1873. A sec- ond Methodist Church was built east of Stan- leyville in 1839, and was replaced by the pres- ent church 20 years later. The first Protes- tant Evangelist Church was erected near Whip- ple's Run in 1872 and St. Jacob's Church was erected a mile west of Stanlevville in 1858-59. Among tlie early settlers were : Levi Chapman, from Savbrook, Connecticut; Thom- as Stanley, from Marietta'; Joel and Simeon Tuttle, from Connecticut ; Simeon Blake, from Rhode Island ; John Amlin, a native of Ger- many ; Patrick and Daniel Campbell, Charles Daugherty, John Forthner, Andrew and Dan- iel Galer, Seth Jones, Henry and Richard Maxon, Allen Putnam, Conrad Rightner, Abraham See\-ers, Charles H. Morton, Eph- raim True, John Widger, William Caywood, Robert McKee, Nathaniel Kidd from Pennsyl- vania ; Walter Athey from Virginia ; William Price, Reuben MtVay fromi Pennsylvania; lan^ses Doiwling from New York; Thomas Ward, Jnhn P. Palmer, Dr. Hicks, John Young, and William Brown from Loudoun County, Virginia. Of the German emigrants who after 1830 settled in Fearing and aided in its material de- velopment, we ha\'e the names of the Donakers, the Seylers. Conrad Biszantz, Jacob Ziramer, Theobald Zimmer, Dietrick and Henry Pape, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 301 Theobald Boeshar, Lewis Motter, John Bules, Rev. F. C. Trapp, and Conrad Leonhardt. The following petition from the Hiklreth manuscripts is interesting on account of the names and topography : Tj the Honorable Court of General Quarter Ses- sions of the Peace of the County of JVasliington: Your petitioners request that a road may be laid out from Marietta to the forks of Duck Creek and on to Mr. Tohnan's in Che most eligible situation to be taken past Pott's Mills, so called, or any other place that should be found more convenient hereafter, from thence on to a ridge, keeping the same ridge to the Cedar Narrows, so called, thence following the creek by Mr. Widger's then past Mr. Levi Chapman's, and crossing the creek anrl on to the forks of Duck Creek, from thence to the mouth of Pawpaw and on to Mr. Tolman's. Which you'- petitioners, as in duty bound, request a coniniittee may be appointed for that purpose. Signed. Samuel Nash, John Campbell, Levi Chapman, Joseph Chapman, Dudley Davis, .-Vmos Porter, Levi Dains, Selh Jones, Levi Chapman, Toel Tuttle, Levi Chapman, Jr., Ezra Chapman, Linus Tuttle, Simeon Tuttle, John Widgor, I'^aac Chapman. Tomas Stnnley, Surveyor, Jnne, 1797. GR,\NDVIEW TOWNSHIP. Villages and population of the different places in the township. New Matamoras P< ipii ation, R17 Grandview, 7-> West, Ward, Glas=. Dawes. 30 25 2? The pictiirescpie Ohio and the hills which stand sentinels beside it make Grandview a fit name for a river township. The first election for township officials of Grandview was held the first Monday in April, 1804, the township having been "struck off from Newport in 1803." The election resulted as folows : Sam- uel Williamson, Philip Witten and David Jackson, trustees; Arthur Scott, clerk; Nathan Parr, William Ramsey, and John McBride, su- pervisors ; Alexander Mayers, constable. In the following year the list was increased ; Philander B. Stewart and William Cline, con- stables ; Arthur Scott, lister of property ; James Riggs and John Collins, overseers of the poor; Nathan. Parr and Henry Dickerson, apprais- ers of houses. The first settlers in (jrandview were fami- lies by the name lA Dickerson, Shepherd, Mitchell, Whitton, Riggs, Sheets, Ellis, Bur- ris, Jolly and Collins. The proprietor of Matamoras was Henry Sheets, who made the survey of the first plat on his land lying along the Ohio River. Be- ginning with the big road, which extended along the banks of the river, the original plat extended west three blocks to Third street, and north three blocks from Merchants street, to the first alley above the flour mill now belong- ing to Samuel Shannon. The only houses within the boundary of the original plat were the store and dwelling house, also the flour mill of the proprietor. The streets were, begin- ning at the river. Water street, which has now almost disappeared beneath the encroachments of the river; the next was First, then Second and Third streets, all running north and south; then those extending east and west were Mer- chants and Ferry. The first addition was made by Stinson Burris, and extended from Merchants down to Vine, including two lots beyond; and from Water back to Third, thus extending Water, First, Second and Third streets, and adding two new streets, — Main and Vine. The second addition was made on the north, extending \Vater, First and Second streets three blocks, and adding another street — Togler — and 18 new ])locks, which in 1849 included the full dimensions of the town. Af- terward many other large additions were made on the southwest. Tlie town began slowly to improve and houses, one by one. began to appear along First street of the old plat, then on Main and Sec- ond, until 1861 the incorporation was made, and at the election James McWilHams was elected mayor. Grandview village was surveyed at an ear- ly day but the original plat was annulled by Hannibal Williamson in 1848, who made a new plat of the same grounds. The Presby- terian Church was organized two vears later 302 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, and in 1852 the lionse of worsliip was dedi- cated. The society decHned until a new so- ciety, which erected a church at Matamoras in 1877-78, was formed. Itinerant Metliodists came early to the township but the first perma- nent organization was efifected about the mid- dle of the century, when the present church was erected. The Metliodist Episcopal Church (Bell's Chapel) was first a log- meeting house built in 1835; in 1879 the present church was erected. The German Methodist Episcopal Church was built about i860. The United Brethren worshiped first in a log meeting house erected in 1869. The Fairvew Christian Church originated in revivals in 1819; the church in the western portion of the township was built in 1880. The Baptist Church at Matamoras was the earliest in the field at that point but was not organized until 1859. The first officials were : Andrew Snider, Zacha- riah Cochran, H. G. Hubbard, trustees: Thom- as Reynolds, treasurer: Jasper Bonar, clerk. The first school was built early in the cen- tury at the mouth of Mill Creek. Tlie old school building in Matamoras was erected about 1852. The first mill was known as "Buck's Mill" on Mill Creek about one mile north of Matamoras. The new school house is of modern type, two stories high, built of brick. NEV. MATAMORAS I.N' ICjOJ. New Matamoras is a village of 1,200 in- habitants, situated in the extreme northeastern part of Washington County. It is beautifully located on the right bank nf the Ohio River. The highest recorded watermark, that of the great flood of 1884, did not fiood the to|wn. which adds greatly to its desirable location. The memorable "Long Beach of the Beau- tiful River," together with the two islands which lay in front of the fine stretch of fertile valley, occupied by the town and its beautiful suburbs, not only enhance its desirableness as a place for beautiful homes, but makes the whole seem highly picturesque also. This town has never had any spasmodic .growlh : its de\'elopment has been a necessity to accommodate its environment. It is the , youngest village in this section of Ohio, com- { pared with others of about the same popula- tion; within the last 12 years, or since the rich i discoveries of oil in this locality, it has taken on new life and growth ; many new residences ', have made their appearance, older ones have been remodeled and modernized; a number of new business firms have sprung up, and the I capacity of others greatly enlarged to accom- j modate the increased trade, and a flourishing [ national liank speaks unmistakal)ly of pros- j perity. For years the citizens could justly be proud I of their excellent public schools, and they have I never been in better condition than at the pres- I ent time. Onward has been the record ; the t present fine brick school building certifies to the educational enterprise of an intelligent community. The school has a 12-years' course I of study, with an excellent curriculum which I qualifies its high school graduates to enter our I best colleges. Methodist Episcopal, Baptist, and Presby- terian are the religious denomiiTations repre- sented ; these pulpits are invariably occupied by ministers who are abreast of the times and command the esteem and respect of their par- ishioners and community at large. These dif- ferent organizations are markedly in harmony with each other in Christian unity. The foregoing shows well for New Mata- moras^ l)ut the whole truth could not say less. Few towns, if any, in the State of its size, have so many complete and excellent systems oi wa- ter works and sewerage, and with an abun- dant supply of natural gas now in sight for 20 or more years, and hundreds of acres of gas territory to be developed, give the denizens the assurance of the continued comfort and luxury, at a minimum cost, of the best fuel and the best lighting material in existence, and must be a tempting invitation to the manufac- turer and enterprising stranger to seek such a location. —A. P. Hopper. INDEPENDENCE TOWNSHIP. The act establishing Independence town- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 303 ship is dated June 3, 1840, and reads as fol- lows : "On the petition of sundry inhabitants of the township of Newport, praying to be set off into a new township separately and apart from said Newport, on consideration of said peti- tion, the commissioners do hereby agree to constitute a new township in the county of Washington, to be known and designated as the tow'nship of Independence, and to be con- stituted of the following territory, to-wit : Sections No. 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, JT^. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 3O' 31- 32, 33. 34, 35-^ 3^'- ^"'1 fractional sections No. i, 7 and 13." The sketch of the history of this district will be outlined where it belongs under New- port township. The leading events since the establishment of Independence are noted here. About 1836 the "old settlement" of the township which was soon to be made had given way largely to a German element. The lead- ers of this new element were the Huffmans, Kinsels and Berletts. It was in 1843, as the story goes, that a four-wheeled wagon was first seen in this township. The earliest phy- sicians were Drs. Little, Wilson and Taylor. In 1835 a log-hewn meeting house Wfis erected which saved a Sahbath day's joiu'- ney to Newport. Three denominations, Pres- byterians, Methodists and Baptists. In 1858 the Methodists built a church on Rea's Run and in 1867 the Baptists found another place of worship in a newly-built scliool house. The district known as the Little ]\Iuskingum set- tlement was settled early in the century, the first families being the Flemings, Dickersons, Devols and Meads. Archer's Fork was set- tled early by a Mr. Archer: the Cadys, Bur- rises, Treaclwavs and Parrs were early set- tlers. The wave of German immigration reached .Archer's Ford about 1833. the (nit- berlets, Hoi)])cls and Yosts being the tMrerun- ners of these worthy colonists. The Methodists first erected a log meeting house, on the land of David Cline. in 1847: the United Brethren and Christian L'nion clnirch organizations used the Iniilding. .\bout 1848 the German Lutheran Church was erected on land given l)y Messrs. Yost and Holstein. Mount Hope Church was built by the Disciple Church in 1873 on the ridge at the head of Coal Run on land presented by .Mfred Eddy. The Christian Union society built a church on the site of the log meeting house in 1874. The Little Valley Church was erected by this soci- ety in 1873 on land given by George Tice. In the Scotch settlement, a Baptist Church was organized in 1864 and a building erected in 1871 which has been known as Davis Run and as Deutcher's Chapel. The township has five post offices : Wade, .Archer's Fork, Deucher, Leith and Lawrence. Many years ago T. N. Barnsdall developed a good oil field on Archer's Fork and since that time producing wells have been opened in other [)arts of the township. L.\WKEXCE TOWXSIIIP. .\ petition was laid before the commission- ers at their June session, 1815, signed by Na- thaniel Mitchell, John Mitchell, Elisha Rose, John Sharp and others, "praying that a new township may be laid out and set off from the township of Newport." It was resolved by the board "That the whole of the original sur- veyed township number three, range seven, to- getlier with sections 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, ^2. 34. 35 and 36 in the second township, range seven, be and hercl)v is esta])li^:hed into an incorporated town, to ])e called and denom- inated Laurence, and the inhabitants within said district are entitled to all the immunities and privileges of incorporated towns within the State. The elections in said town will meet at the iiouse of John Mitciiell on the sec- ond Saturday of July, at 10 o'clock A. M., for the ])uri)ose of electing township officers." The Court of Quarter Sessions directed that an election for two justices of the peace should he lield at the same time and place. The elec- tion which was held agreeably to this order resulted in the choice of the following ofticers : Trustees, William Hoff, John Newton and Elisha Rose; clerk, John Sharp: constables, James Hoff and Elijah Wilson; fence viewers, ,304 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Jonathan Dye and James Mitchell; treasurer, John Dye; superivisors, George Nixon and Nathaniel Mitchell; jnstices of the peace, Sam- uel Dye and John IMitchell. The township of- ficers were sworn in bv Samuel Dn'c, Justice of the Peace. On the first of April, 1816, the electors met at the house of Nathaniel Mitchell to elect township officers. John Dye was chosen chair- man, and Elisha Rose and John Newton, judges of the election. John Sharp was clerk. At this second election 18 votes were cast. The following is the list of voters : John Sharp, William Hoff, James Hoff, David McKibben, Isaac Wilson, Nathan Davis, Nathaniel Mitch- ell, Jonathan Dye, John Newton, Elisha Rose, John Dye, Samuel Dye, Henry Chamberlain, John Mitchell, Isaac Hill, Ezekiel I^ye, James Mitchell, and Alderman Johnson. Nearly half of this list of voters resided in that part of the township which has since been set back to Newport. James Hoff was elected first "lister of taxable property," and John Mitchell, appraiser of houses. The first grand jurors from the township were Nathaniel Am- lin and Nathaniel Mitchell. John Dye was the first petit juror. The election of 1820 and subsequent elec- tions for many years were held in a school house on John Dye's farm near the mouth of Cow Run. In 1827, section 32 of township two was reannexed to Newport, and at the June session, 1840, Lawrence was reduced to its present limits. The first school was opened in 18 10 near the mouth of Cow Run. In 1838 when the public school system went into effect. Lawrence was divided into eight districts and a log school house built in each. The first church was a l()g school house covered with clapboards lo- cated on the Little Muskingum and used by all denominatons. The Presbytelrian form of government was instituted in the "forties" and in 1846 the church was reorganized as a Congregational Church and a new building was built in 1846. The present church was dedicated in 1867. The Lawrence Baptist Church was in exist- ence 1840-44. Other churches were organ- ized as follows: German Methodist, 1845; two German Lutheran, one at the mouth of Cow Run in 1853 ^"^1 the other on the ridge in 1863; United Brethren at Mount Zion, about i860 and Union Chapel at the head of Eight Mile Run; Pine Ridge Methodist, head of Bear Run, in 1866; Disciples (or "Camp- bellites") Mount Pisgah Church, at head of Cow Run; a Scotch Presbyterian Church in 1847; Methodist Episcopal Gross Chapel, 1872^ The first Children's Home in Ohio was es- tablished by Miss Catherine A. Fay in Law- rence to\\nship, at the mouth of Morse Run, in April, 1858. The first post office was named "Lawrence township" and was on the farm of Jofin W. Dye, in the central portion of the township. The first post office at Crow Run was opened in 1869 with William P. Guitteau, postmaster. Several literary societies were es- tablished early in Lawrence township, known as "Little Muskingum Lyceum" (1842), "Singed Cat Society' (1845), "Tarnal Crit- ters" (1848). As the two latter names sug- gest, these organizations were very democratic and started for philanthropic purposes. The famous Cow Run oil development be- gan in the "sixties." The first drilling ma- chine was brought into Lawrence township in 1864 by George McFarland. Five years later 500 wells were being operated though the daily output was not as great a number of barrels. Joshua L. Guyton, now living in the vicin- ity of Marietta, says that in the winter of 1845-46 he was a cabinetmaker with his fa- ther, Abraham Guyton, on Cow Run in Law- rence township. Within about 35 feet of their shop was a "burning spring," as it was called. Through a wooden pipe they conducted the natural gas to the shop and used it for illu- mlinating purposes. For a 'burner they used the spout oi a coffee-pot. Since that time an oil- well sunk near the spring has proved a good producer but the surface flow of gas has ceased. Joshua L. Guyton is the father of Bion L. Guy- ton, a well-known attorney in this county. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 305 LIBERTY TOWNSHIP. Liberty township was established March 5, 1832, by tlie following act of tlie County Commissioners. Resolved, That the, tract of country contained in range number seven, in town number four, in the county of Washington be, and the same is hereby es- tablished into an incorporated town, 10 be called and designated Liberty ; and the inhabitants residing within said surveyed township are declared to be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of incorporated towns within this State ; and said inhabitants will meet at the house of Matthew Gray, in said township, on the first day of April next, at 10 o'clock, A. M., to elect town- ship officers agreeably to law. It will thus be seen that, at first, the sur- veyed township and the established township were identical, and thus, accordingly, Liberty began life with her full 36 square miles of ter- ritory. No records of township elections ap- pear until 1838, although the book which con- tains this record was in the possesion of the township for four years previous. ' The memories of the oldest residents of the township, however, retain the facts that Mat- thew Gray was in all probability the first jus- tice of the peace, that at any rate, he was a "squire"' in 1834, at which time William Gray was a constable. It is said that at one tiine thefe were not available men enough to fill the oftices, and that Salem township was asked in a neighborly way to lend them a man for con- stable, but who was the man, thus obligingly furnished, tradition has provokingly forgot- ten. It appears also that these early elections were held in a log school house about where Germantown now stands. The first township ofificers now on record in the township were chosen April 2, 1838, at an election held at the residence of Joseph Barnhart. William Koon. Matthew Gray and Gideon Keeder presided over the election. and James Schofield and Richard Albery were clerks. The election resulted in the choice of Newman Meridith, Marcellus Marsh, and Richard Albery, for trustees : David Hender- shot. clerk: Elijah Gray, constable; Isaac Cline and John Miller, overseers of the poor; Eben Spear, Amlin True, and William Walters, fence viewers; James Martin, Daniel Michael and William Harsha, road supervisors. The omission to elect a treasurer was cor- rected by the appointment in May, 1838, of Matthew Gray to fill that office. This ap- pointment was made by the trustees of the township. Liberty was slightly diminished in extent in 185 1 when two sections were given to Monroe County and four to Noble. Tlie earliest settlers in Liberty township were the Palmers, Campbells, Albe'rys, Grays, Woods, Koons and Bernharts. The first wa- ter mill was erected about 1844 by John Miller on Saltpetre Creek. The first log school house was built a quarter of a mile north of German- town about 1838. The Methodists were the first religious body to enter the township, build- ing a log-hewn church about 1840. In 1848 Abraham Alban gave the ground for a new church which was built. In 1855 ^ church was erected in the southern part of the township. The Scott Ridge Church was built in 1873. A German Church on Fifteen ISIile Creek was built about i860 but was destroyed bv fire. The Pleasant Ridge Christian Church of Dal- zell was erected in 1880, the society being formed in 1867. The Liberty Baptist Church at the forks of Fifteen Mile Creek was built in 1874. A Free Methodist society purchased a school house in 1880 and dedicated it for their services. The oldest village, Germantown, was laitl out in 1852 by David Hendershot, Charles Coleman being ap])ointed first postmaster in In its vicinit}' a \'aluable oil field has been developing within the last two years and the production is still increasing rapidly. Dalzell, named in honor of "Pri\-ate Dalzell" was laid out in 1871, S. D. Spear becoming first post- master in the year following. LfDLOW TOUNSHIP. Ludlow township derives its name indi- rectly from a surveyor of that name, wiio ran the north boundary of the "donation" land, 3o6 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, called the Ludlow line. On July 17, 1819, the county fathers established the township and named it after the line that now bounds it on the north. At that time, however, the town- ship extended two miles north of this line. The establishing act. as found in the commissioners" j(.>urnal, is as follows: July 17. 1819. On the petitinn of Joseph Dickerson, John Davis, and Kin7er D. Jolly and others, inhabitants of the third township in the si.xlh range. The Board of Commissioners of Washington County establish the third township in the sixth range, together with section No. 36 of township two. in said sixth range, into a new and independent township and election district, to he hereafter known and distinguished by the name and denomination of Ludlow. And order that the qualified electors of said district meet at the house 01 Daniel Hearn, in said town, on the fourth Monday of .Augnst next, at 10 o'clock. .A. M., to elect their tawn^h:p (fficers agreealily to law. In 185 1 all above the Ludlow line became a part of Monroe County. In 1840 the estab- lishment of Independence declared the "section No. 36 in township two" a part of that town- ship. These are the only two changes that Ludlow has suffered territorially since its es- tablishment. The valley of the Little Mus- kingum was first settled. Solomon Tice is reported as being the first settler. Other early pilgrims were the Devees, Hearns, Elders and Dicksons. A Methodist Church was holding 5er\-ices as early as 1824. Before 1848 a Methodist Church was built at Bloomfield. A Disciple Church was organized about 1850. In the southeastern part of the township a Catholic Church was built about 10 years later. Schools were in existence in 1816, and perhaps some previous to that date. About 1820 the first wiater miill was built by Richard Taylor on the Little Muskingum at BlooAi field. This vil- lage was laid out about 1840 by Porter Flint. Tlie developed oil territor)- extends across the township and into Monroe County. M.\RIETT.\ TOWNSHIP Was organized Decemlier 20, 1790, as ap- pears from the folhnving record : Rrsolvrd. 'I'hat township- Xo. i. 2. and 3. in the eighth range, and townships No. 2 and 3 in the ninth range, be, and they hereby are incorporated and in- cluded in ore township, by the name of Marietta. The town officers were: Anselm Tupper, tow:n and township of Marietta were the same, William Stacy, overseers of poor; B. 1. Oilman, constable. Mr. Oilman declined acting, and Christo- pher Burlingame was appointed in his place. For the first 12 years oi its history the town and township of Marietta were the same but at a town meeting held September i, 1800, Oen. Rufus Putnam, Paul Fearing, Benjamin Ives Oilman, and William Rufus Putnam, were appo'inted a committee tO' apply for incocpoia- tion. The act creating the town of Marietta was passed No\-eml>er 3d, appro\-ed by the governor December 2nd, to take effect January I, 1801. The first officials were: Gen. Ru- fus Putnam, chairman; David Putnam, clerk; Ichabod Nye, treasurer; Ruifus Putnam, Orif- fin Oreene, and Joseph Oilman, councilmen. The alx)ve plan of town government con- tinued until 1825, when another charter was obtained which changed to election of a mayor and reduced the area tO' about the present size. Harmar was made the Second Ward, and Marietta east-side constituted the First and Third Wards, each being entitled to three councilmen. The nine councilmen were elect- ed by the voters and they in turn elected the of- ficers from their number. On account of local disaffection, the west side secured a separate corporate existence in 1837, but was re-united to Marietta in 1890. Marietta was chartered as a city of the 2nd class, October 29, 1853, and charter airiendments with protective ord- inances have been passed from time to time, which were all codified and published in 1893. The population of Marietta in 1880 was 5,444, and of Harmar 1.571, making a total of 7,015 wdiich in 1890 had ini:reased to 10,050 and the census of 1900 gives the city 13,348. The early history of the village has been outlined in the history of the Ohio Company. It is'our purpose here to give a running sketch of the city's commercial and social develop- ment through the centurv. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 307 The first stnre in Marietta — the first store in the Northwest Territory — was located on tlie comer oi AFuskingum and Ohio streets, anil was owned hy Dudley W'oodbridf^e. Business seems to have followed the river bank both ways from this point. As we shall proceed with this sketch, the location of stores first around "the Point" and then up Muskingum street, will appear. At a later period Ohio street was the line of trade, and it was not un- til comparatively recent times that Front street was improved. Previous to 1830 Front street was almost a common, the grass and weeds scarcely ever being broken by a team or vehicle. It will be seen also that in the olden time Putnam street had a few stores. Business slowly advanced from the river west- ward, coming over the flats and creeks, form- ing an unbroken line of stores on one side to Putnam, which in the unseen future may be- come the center of trade. Greene street and the cross streets connectinig it with Ohio were avenues mainly to smaller shops and dw'elling houses. In Harmar the stores were along the river as in Marietta. Furs and salt were the two most important articles of trade. The second store in Marietta was opened by Charles Greene about 1797. Later he went into the ship-building business. Other early mer- chants were Maj. Robert Lincoln, Col. John Mills. Col. Abner Lord, Benjamin Ives Gil- man in Harmar, also Col. Levi Barber, James Whitney, Abijah Brooks, Joseph Holden, S. B. \\'ilson. Col. Ichabod Xye, Nathaniel Dodge, Seth Washburn. D. B. Anderson, Dr. Regnier, Dr. John Cotton, Weston Thomas, A. L. Gitto, W. and S. Slocum. Wayles and' J. E. Hall, D. P, BoswVMth and A. P. Nye. Ship-building was one of the first indus- tries in Alarietta of more than mere local im- portance, and the little city at the mouth of the Muskingum was made a port of clearance in the first years of the century from which barques and brigs sailed for ports beyond the seas laden with the produce of Southwestern Ohio. The first ship Iniilt was a small one — a brig of 1 10 tons, named the "St. Clair," in honor of the Governor of the Northwest Territory. She was built for Charles Greene & Company by Stephen Devol. The 'St. Clair" took a cargo of flour and iK)vk, and in May, 1800, cleared for Havana, Cuba, under the command of Commodore Whipply. The voyage was a remunerative one for the owners and encour- aged the enterprising men of Marietta so that they continued building ships and sending them down the river to the sea. The "St. Clair," which was the first rigged vessel built upon the Ohio, was sold in Philadelphia, and her commander returned to Marietta by land. The "St. Clair" was built near the foot of Monroe street, where Charles Gicene & Com- pany established their shipyard. Several oth- ers were established about the same time. Benjamin Ives Gilman had one on the Harmar side of the river where the lock works are now located. Edward W. Tupper built ships at the foot of Putnam street on the Marietta side of the Muskingum. Col. Abner Lord had a shipyard near where the Phoenix Mills now stand. Col. Joseph Barker built several ships and boats about six miles up the Muskingum, among the latter the flotilla engaged by Aaron Burr. The following is a list of the ships built at Marietta at an early period, together with the names of owners and conimanders, furnished Colonel Ichabod Nye by James Whitney, Charles Greene & Company's master builder: Brig "St. Clair," no tnn^. Charles (ircene &• Co., built by Stephen Devol. in iSoo, commanded by, Com- modore Wh'pplc. Ship ".Vfusk'nanni," 200 tons. Iniilt by J. Devol for B. I. Gilm.nn. in 1801, Captain Crandon. Bri.s "Eliza Greene." i.^o tons, by J. Devol for Charles Greene in tSoi, Captain PTodgkiss. Brig "Marietta," 150 tons, by J. Whitney for .-Miner Lord, in 1802. Captain O. Williams. Brig "I'Jominic,'' 140 tons, by S. Crispin, for D. Woodbridge, Jr., 1802, Captain Lattimorc. Schooner "Indiana." ik> tons, by J. Barker for E. W. Tupper. in 1802. Captain Merrill. Brig "Mary Avery." 150 tons, by D. Skilinger for G. Avery. 1802, Captain Prentiss. Ship 'Temperance." 2.30 tons, by James Whitney for A. Lord, in 1804, Captain Williams. Brig "Orlando," 160 tons, by J. Barker for W. Tupper. in 180,1, Captain Miner, .Schooner "Whitney," by J. Whitney for A. Lord. 308 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Schooner "McGratli," 70 tons, by J'. Whitney, for A. Lord, in 1803. Captains Williams and Wilson. Brig "Ohio," 170 tons, by J. De\ol, for McFarland & Co.. in 180.1, Captain Rose. Brig "Perseverance," 170 tons, by J. Whitney for B. I. Gilman. in 1805. Captain Wilson. Ship "Rufus King." 300 vons, by J. Whitney for Clark an J B. 1. Gilman. m l8o(). Captain Clark. Two gun-beat.^, by T. Vail for E. W. Tupper. m l8o(). Ship "Tuscarawas," .320 tons, by W. -McGrath.— Marshall S. Jones for :\. Lord, 1806. Ship "T. .Atkinson," 320 tons, by W. McGrath, for A, Lord. 1806. Brig "Hope." 120 tons, by .\. Miller for Charles Greene. 1806. Ship "Francis," copper-fastened, 3,S0 tons, by J. Whitncv for B. L Gilman, Captain Wilson, 1807.. Ship "Robert Hale," 300 tons, by J. Whitney for B, L Gilman, Captain Kolden, 1807. Brig "Golel," 120 tons, by W. McGrath for A. Lord, Captidn Bennett, 1807. Brig "Rufus Putnam," i.;o tons, by W. McGrath, Colonel Lord, Captain . Schooner "Belle," 103 tons, by J. Whitney for Gilinan and Woodbridge, Captain Boyle, 180S. Schooner "Maria," 70 tons, by J. Whitney for B. L Gilman, 1814. The ship-building industry recei\-ed a fa- tal IjIdw in Jefferson's "Embargo Act" passed in 1808. It revived again at the beginning of the era of slack water navigation and many vessels have been built at Marietta and Har- nittr since 1822. The steamboats built at Mar- ietta and Harmar up to the end of 1832 are named in the list in Chapter XI,' under the heading oi "Mtirietta Tbwmship in 1833." .V list of those built since 1832 would include the following : Stianier "Dispatch." built at Harmar by Hook & Knox, for Knox & McKee. 1833. Steamer "Philadelphia." built at Harmar by Hook & Kno.-:. for Captain Dobbin, 18.33. Steamer "Josephine." built at Harmar liy Hook & Knox, for Captain Dobbin. 1833. S-icamer "Tuscunibia." built at Harmai by Hook & Knox, for Captain Dobliin, 1834. Steamer "Hudson," built at Harmar by Hook & Knox, for Captain Dobbin, 1835. Steamer "Baltimore." built at Harmar by Capt. William Knox, for Captain Wcightman, 1836. Steamer "John Mills," built at Marietta by Capt. Williim Knox, for Captain Bosworth, 1836. Steamer "Stephen Girard." built at Hamiar by Capt. William Knox, for James Phillips, 1834. Steamer "Baltic." built at Harmar, 1836-37. Steamer "John Hancock." built at Harmar by Cap- tain J. Whitney, for parties not now remembered. 1837. Steamer "Eclipse." built at Harmar by J. W. Whit- ney for Captain Knowles, 1837. Steamer "Orion," same place, same builder, 1837. Steamer "Isabella." sanie place, same builder. i8.i8. Steamer ".A.nn Calhoun," built at Harmar by Hook & Knox, and owned by Columbus George. 1838. Steamer "Victoria," built at Harmar by William Knox- and owned bv G. Hook, of Mobile, .■Mabaiua, 18.38. Steamer "Southerner," built at Harmar by William Knox for Charles Barney, of Mobile. Alabama, 1839. Steamer "Zanesville." built at Harmar by VVHiitney ■& Sharp, for Mr. Hutchinson and others of Zanesville, 1830. Steamer "Gainesville," same builders, owned by George Parker and others of Gainesville, 1839. Steamer "Elizabeth," built at Harmar by William Kno.x for Captain Miller, 1842. Steamer "Winfield Scott," built at Marietta by William Knox for Captain A. DeVinney, 1847. Steamer "Yallabusha," same place and same builder Ts above, owned by , 1847. Steamer "Empress." built at Harmar by William Knox for Captain Cox. 1848. Steamer "J. E. Thompson," built at Harmar by William Knox for the engineers on the Muskingum, 1849. Stean>er "Little Thunder," same builder, same place, and same owners, 1849. Steamer "Tiber," built at Harmar by William Knox for Washington Kerr, 1850. Steamer "Buckeye Belle," same plaice, same builder, owned by Captain H. StuII, 1850. , Steamer '"William Kno.x," built by William Knox, at flarmar. for Mr. Chapin and others, 1850. Ferry- steamer for McConnelsville, built by William Knox, 185,0. Steamer "Red River." built by William Knox, at Harmar, for Capt. O. Franks, 1851, Steamer "Carrier," .same place and same builder, owned by H. N. Booth. 1851. Steamer "Edward Manning." same place and same Inii'der, owned l)y Capt. E. A. Davis, 1851. Steamer "Ohio No. 2." same place and builder, ow-ned by Captain Blagg, 1855. Steamer "Creole," same place and builder, owned by Captain Hill. Steamer "Skipper." rebuilt by Knox for Capt. J. Cram and others. 18.37. Tow boat "West Columbia," built by Knox at Harmar, 1857. Steamer "Joseph Holden." built by Knox, at Har- mar, for Capt. O. Franks, 18=8. Steamer "Ohio No. 3," .same place and builder, owned by Capl.-iin Blag,g and others 1859. Steamer "Fanny McBurney," same place and build- er, owned by Captain Drown and others, i860. Steamer "Ohio Valley," 1S62. Wharf-boat, same place and builder, owned Ijy Hall & Best, 186.3. Steamer "1. H. Best." same place and builders, owned by J. H'. Best. 1865. ^^ Steamer "Rose Franks" and barge, same place and builder, owned by Captain Brinker. 1866. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 311 Steamer "Latawanee," same place and builder, same owner, 1877. Steamer "Ohio No. 4." same place and builder, owned by Capt^.in Blagg and others, 1868. Steamer "Red Cloud," same place and Ibuilder, owned by Captain Brinker, 1868. Steamer "W. P. Thompson," same place and builder owned by Captain Chancellor and others. 1868. Steamer "Boone," same place. William Knox & Son. builders. Captain McClurg and others, owners. 1877-, Steamer "Oella." same builders as above, owned by Captain Berry. 1877. Steamer "Corner," same builders, owned by the Wheeling & Parkersburgh Company. 1877. Steamer "W. F. Curtis." relniilt by same builders, owned by Captain Brown. 1877. Steamer "Emma Graham." same builders, owned by Captain Williamson, 1877. Steamer "Kitty Nye," same builders, owned by Captain Berry, 1877-80. "Kittie Nye," "Bellaire." "Liz^-ie Cassel." "Addie E." "Mink." "Kaison." "Diurnal." "Ben Hur." "J. H. McConnell." "Capital Citv." "Gen. H. F. Devol." "Liberty." "Sciotia." "Eliza H." "La Belle." "Keystone State." "Sonoma." "Mountaineer," "M. G. Knox," "Carrie Brown," "Oneida." "Congo," "Model," (barge) "Carrollton." "Belmont." (towboat) "Pioneer City." "Y. C. Lucas," ' "Sherley." "G. W. Thompson." "Telegraph." "Success." (towboat) "Vesper." "Olivette." "Iron Queen." "Hattie Bliss." "Annie Laurie." "C. C. Martin." "Jim McConnell." "Prince's," "Ruth." "Valley Belle." "H. D. Mimson," "O. ii. Lovell." "Dick Brown." "Chesapeake," "H'ghland Marj-." "Ingornar." "Edgar Cherry." ■'H. D. Knox." "Lorcna." New Wharfboat. "Hazel Rice." "Bessir Syler." "Valley Gem." "Gen. Dawes." "City of Pittsburg." "T. D. Dale." "Francis J. Torrance." "Lancaster," R. & O. Wharfboat. for Cincinnati. U. S. Engineer boat, "Slackwater." Marietta Township School District, which includes all the territory of the township lying east of Duck Creek, has set tiie pace in edu- cational progress for the town.ships of this county, hy tlie erection of a hcautiful Iii.gh school building at Sand Hill and by the or- ganization and grading of its district schools. A view of this school building is presented on an accompanying page. The reunion of the Thorniley family, held at the home of Willis H. Thorniley, August 7, 1902, is worthy of permanent record. From the day in July, 1795, when Caleb Thorniley and family arrived in Washington County from Cheshire, England, until the present time the family has continued to pros- per. It now numbers more than 1,000 mem- bers and many names of the family are found elsewhere in this history. Following are the names of those who were present : Caleb Thorniley. Brokaw, Ohio. Charles \V. Thorniley, Brokaw, Ohio. •Delbert Thorniley. Brokaw. Ohio. Clarence Thorniley, Brokaw, Ohio. Mrs. Isabel Wilson, Edison, Ohio. Henry Dana, Caledonia, Ohio. Mrs. Jennie Wells and three children. Louisiana. Missouri. Walter S. Thorniley. Bowen. West Virginia. P. O. Thorniley. Crown City. Ohio. Willis A. Thorniley, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Aaron Howe, Jacksonville. Illinois. Mr. and Mrs. Thorniley, Reno. Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Thorniley, Reno. Mr. and Mrs. Willard Thorniley, Reno. Louis Thorniley. Reno. Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Thorniley, Reno. Mrs. Mary J. Thorniley. Reno. Miss Julia Thorniley. Reno. Mrs. J. W. Thorniley, Reno. Mrs. Louisa Thorniley. Reno. Albert Thorniley, Reno. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Thorniley. Reno. Mr. a!Td Mrs. N. N. Thorniley. Reno. Mr. .and Mrs. Frank A. Thorniley. Reno. Mr and Mrs. .Adam Thorniley. Reno. Richard i). Thorniley, Reno. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Thorniley and two children, Reno. Mrs. Charles Harness. Reno. Elmo D. Harness. Reno. Mr. and Mrs. Sannicl King, Reno. Mrs. James C. West, Reno. Mr. and Mrs. Horace Racer, Reno. Theodore Thorniley. Reno. Miss Emily Thorniley. Reno. Miss Jane Thorniley. Reno. Willard Thorniley. Reno. John Thorniley. Reno. Miss Frances P. Thorniley, Reno. Miss Jennie Thorniley. Reno. Miss Eleinor Thorniley. Reno. Mr. Samuel S. Thorniley. Reno. Mr. and Mrs. Charles "niorniley. Reno. Miss Adeline V. Thorniley. Reno. 3(2 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY Samuel D. Thorniley, Reno. Mr. and Mrs. J. W. West and two children, Reno. Miss Elizabeth Bean, Reno. Mr. and Mrs. Gage Buell and child. Reno. Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Thorniley and two children, Reno. Mr. and Mr^. R. R. Thorniley, Marietta. Mr. and Mrs. S. L. Thorniley, Marietta, Joseph B. Thorniley, Marietta. Miss Amy Thorniley, Marietta. Dr. and Mrs. (iriffith, Marietta. Mrs. W. T. Harness. Marietta. Mrs. G. W. Harness, Marietta. Mr. F. F. Th'O'-niley, Raccoon Island. Ohio. Mrs. Roxie Corn, Tronton, Ohio. Miss Mamie Corn, [ronton, Ohio. Mrs. Minerva .A. Gates. Ironton, Ohio. Mrs. Samantha Dorman, Waverly, West Virginia. Mr. and Mrs. R. D. Ward, Waverly, West Vir- ginia. Mi^s Om;i Thorniley. Delta. Colorado. Miss Lelia Thorniley, Laverne, Oklahoma Ter- ritory. Miss •Knnic M. Thorniley, of Boise. Idaho. Miss Frances E. Thorniley. Boise, Idaho. Miss Maude Thorniley, Delta, Colorado. Georg" Harness, Marietta. L. N. Harness, Marietta. C. .\. Harness, Marietta. Mr. and Mrs. J. J. Powell and six children, Ma- rietta. 'Mrs. Henry Best and cliildren. Marietta. Mr, and Mrs. fibon Buell and three children. Marietta. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Reynolds and two children. Marietta. Mrs Bnmia Mellor. M.irietta. Mr. and Mrs. T. O. -Scott, Marietta. Mrs. Annie Dilley and daughter. Marietta. Mr. an.d Mrs, Daniel Reynolds, Gravel Bank. Miss Ester Reynolds, Gravel Bank. Mrs. Fannie Baker and daughter. Gravel Bank. Marietta, Saturday ^lorning, January 9, 1830.— "Our Town. — Alarietta has liad a siiigailar fortune. The okle.st town in Ohio' — settled by an inchistrious and enterprising pe<:>ple — ex- ceedingly pleasant and healthful in situation — advantageously located for water-carriage — and having arouind it a good proi>oTtioii O'f very gcxxl, aiicl la great deal of tolerable quality of land — ^has fallen far b-ehind many other places, in business, buildings and wealth. A \'ariety of causes have contributed t:> this result. — The first business in Marietta which caused any rapid increase of its Ituildings and popiilation, was ship-lniilding. This was prostrated, and with it, for the time being, the general busi- ness of the town, in 1807 and 1808. In 1809 the tO'Wii looked like a deserted village. The number engaged in mechanical and mercantile business was very smEll. A large number of the best dwellings were unoccupied. In this state of apparent decay the place remained for se\'era] years. Tlie few persons aigaged in mercantile business were successful. They had a fine portion O'f the custom within a circuit of 50 miles ronnd — including parts of the val- leys and bottom lands of the Ohio, Mxrskin- guin, Kanawha, &c. In the nieantime the products of this region were disposed of to em- igrants — to the salt makers of the Great Ka- nawha — or taken down the Ohio, or over the moinitains — the merchants being seldom or never the exporters. I'hose engag'ed in mer- cantile business being, therefore, merelv im- porters, did very little to aihance the business of the town. Little was done, or attempted, which had this tendency. The town plot, be- ing duly extended, was many times too large for the demand ; lots were held at very low |)rice;s. There was no encouragement for liuilding, because, as there was no apparent cncoin'agement for the increase O'f business^ there was no' apparent encouragement for emi- grants tO' settle in the town. We have said there was no' apparent encouragement. But it is belie\'ed that, had the real capabilities of the place been fully known, the town woiild long ago have attained far greater than its present growth. But the symptoms of decay, so long apparent — the stillness of the place, owing partly t(i the scattered situation of the build- ings, and partly to the carriage being mainly done b'V water-craft instead of wagons — im- pressed on strangers the idea that Marietta was not, and could not be made, a place of exten- sive business. Possiblv it mav be, hereafter, deemed fortunate that the growth of the place has thus far been retarded. Within a few years Marietta has become a place of Educa- tion. The beauty and healthiness of this loca- tion, and the srreat extent nf jileasant and un- occupied building ground, render it a \-erv eli- gilde situation for those who would locate tliemselves in an advantageous situation for the education of their children. Building lots AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 313 have risen within a few years — but are stiH to he had at a n-nich lower rate than at any other place oi the same importance in the Western Country. The institutions for educa- tion ■ha\-e alread}- had \'ery considerable effect in carrying' forward the improvements of the town, and we tru^t the course of all will l)e on- ward." Alarietta, Saturdav Mornino, Akirch 26, 1830.— "Our Town. — Marietta is the oldest mu- nicipal corporation iiorthwest of the Obio. The first act of incorporation was in Decemlser, 1800, by the Legislature of the Northwest Tterritor}'. The act of incorporation was based on the demlocratic principles of the Eastern townships, or towns, as they are there called. And to some, who have been educated in these democratic communities, it is a matter o'f re- gret that similar institutions were not gaTcrally adopted in Ohio. They are founded on the principle that the people should be left, as far as practicable, to manage their own affairs in their own way. The people met together in town meeting to discuss, and decide on, all matters which concern only the little commun- ity thus assemlljled. Here is a school where young men learn the rudiments of legislation, and gain the confidence to address a public as- sem(l>ly. In these primary assemblies men learn to feel their equal rights. If town meet- ings are sometimes noisy and disorderly, so are other assemblies. Should we reject the institutions of freedom Ijecause freedom is somjetimes carried to excess? On similar prin- ciples we might reject every good thing. But to return. — Tlie original incorporation in- cluded not only the fractional surveyed town- ships, now constituting the township of Mari- etta, biut a great portion Oif several adjacent townships : — part of the territory of the pres- ent townships of Fearing, Unit)n and Warren. The bounds, from time to time, were narrowed down to the two fractional townships. But the old charter remfiined in force for about a quar- ter of a century. It was superseded, in 1823. by the present charter, which confined the town to the town plot, and changed the corporation from a demlocratic tO' a representative charac- ter. Some of our old Yankees regretted the change; but all ndw acknowledge the superior efficiency of a government by representation for borough jntrpose. The concerns of a city, or a village, require more promptness and de- cision than can well belong to a pure dempcra- cy. The latter may do very well for the more rural portions of the country, but the jxMice and public improx-ements necessary- for a town require greater decision and more rapid exe- cution. The advantages of the new fonn oi governmient are well exemplified in the e.xper- iaice of the last 10 years. Previously the ro- niiantic mud stories of the West were in some promising degree realized in Marietta, so that strangers were sometimes disposed to nick- name the place by substituting mud for the first syllable. The imiprox-ements in graveled ways for teams and paved walks for pedes- trians, have added most materially to the com,- fort and advantages oi this place, and exhibit, to those who recollect the days of nuid, a con- trast highly gratifying. The erection of bridges and raised highways has also added greatly to convenience. "It would be of great consequence to the town to repair the banks of the rivers, and add to the facilities of landing, particularly on the Ohio. It is singular that nO' effort has yet been made to open the channel betw'een the island bar and that of the Muskingum. It is thought not to be a difficult undertaking. The steaniboat custom is very important ; hut might be much more so if the facilities of landing were greater, if the channel above mentioned could he i)ermanently deepened, and a few trees renx<>\ed from the bed of the river near the miouth of Huck Creek, the channel next the ti)\\n (luld he far more preferalile in low water. j\s general im])rovements of the (Ihio River are to continue and ])rogress. under the Fed- eral (ioA'ernment, it is hoped these particular iiv^provements may shortlv, in this wav, be ac- coni])lished." TOW.N- Of IlARXfAR. American Friend. J.anuary 13. 1S37. — "We know there \\a- an aitenint ti> set off 314 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY the Second Ward of Marietta — Pt. Harmar — into an independent borough — and we were for it, — Ixit we did not expect the divorce to be so sudden and unceremonious. — The act is passed. Aferietta is disorganized — and w'e have been legislated for without otir consent. We can have no' munici]3al governmfcnt, under the present charter, without the concurrence of three wards. And so we are not only dis- membered but disorganized, w'ithout our being consulted. Our dem|ocracy would have deemed it necessary to submit to the people a matter in which the people are so much concerned. But the nature of the imported democracy may be quite of another cast." MUSKINGUM TOWNSHIP. The territory embraced in Muskingum township was formerly embraced in Adams township as established by the Co*urt of Ouar- ter Sessions convened at Mjarietta in Alarch, 1797. Ever since the formation of old Adams township, it has Ijeen crumbling away to es- tablish the several northern townships and prior to the year 1861 Muskingum township wias included within the limiits of Marietta, Fearing and Union townships. Tlie name "Muskingum" is appropriately derived from the river which runs through the extent of the township. On Atpril 18, 18A1. the Ohio Legislature passed the following hill : TO ERECT THF. TOW N'SHTP OF MUSKINGUM IN WASHI.N'J- TON COUNTY. Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Siiite of Oltic. That the territory now coiMtitut- ing parts of the tnwnshiiis of Marietta, Union, and Fearing, in the county of Washington and bounded as follows, tn-wit: Beginning at a point on the Mu.skingnm River, where the same is intersected by the west line of a seventy-eight acre lot, num- bered sixteen, in Bear Creek allottment of dona- tion lands, running thence south on said line to the southwest corner of said lot numbered sixteen, thence west to the northwest corner of an eighty-five acre lot, numbered twenty-two, in Rainbow Creek allottment of donation lands, thence south on the west line of said lot numbered twenty-two, to the north line of Wise- man's Iwttoni allottment of the donation lands, thence east on said line to the Muskingum River, thence down said river on the west bank thereof until the same is intersected liy the west line of one hundred and sixty r.cre lot. numbered four hundred, thence south on said line and 'Is continuation to the south line of township numbered three, in range numbered eight, thence east on said line to the east bank of the Muskingum River,, ihence down said river to the south line of commons lot numbered twenty-eight, thence northeasterly along the corporation line of the city of Marietta to the south- west corner of commons lot nunrbered seventeen,, thence easterly along the south line of commons lot ' numbered seventeen, to the southwest corner of com- mons lot numbered twelve, thence easterly along the south line of commons lot numbered twelve, to. the southwest corner of commons lot numbered fourteen, thence north on the line of original survey to the south line of Fearing township, thence east on said line to the east line of three acre lot numbered three hundred and two, thence north on the east line of a range of three acre tots numbered three hundred and eighty-nine, thence west to the east line of section numbered twenly- five in township numbered three, of range eight, thence north on the section line to the soi'th line of Salem township, thence west on said township line to Bear Creek, thence down said creek to the Miiskingtun River, thence up said river to a point due north of the place of beginning, thence south across the river to the place of beginning, be and the same is hereby erected and constituted into a new township to be designated as MuskinsTum township, and that the eastern boundary of Union town-hip, the western boundary of Fearing township, and the northern Ixwndary of Marietta township be so changed a^ to conform to the lines of said Aluskingum township. Section II. This act shall t.uke effect and be in force from and after the date of its passage. The boundaries of the newly-established Muskingum township, as thus defined, still exist and the township, then as now, is bound- ed on the north by Adams and Salem, on the east by Fearing and Marietta, on the south by Marietta city and township and Warren, and on the west by Watertown. The elections are now held at Unionville, on the Muskingum River. A petition was presented to the Board of County Commissioners at the June session in 1877, praying for the dissolution of Union township. At the coiumissioners' December session of the same year the following was ordered : The petitioners having made application at the June session of 1877 for the partition of Union township :imong the townships of .\dams. Muskingum, Warren and Watertown, and the board being of the opinion that it is necessary and expedient that the prayer of said petitioners be granted, hereby order that said Union township be divided, and annexed to the adjoining townships — Watertown, Adams and Muskingum. To Muskingum the territory beginning at the AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 315 northeast corner of one hundred and sixty acre lot No. 392. west to the northwest corner of said lot No. 392, thence north to Wiseman's Bottom, thence east to the Muskingum River, tliencc following the course of the Muskingum to the northeast corner of one hundred and sixty acre lot No. 413. thence south to the place of beginning, containing section eight, one hundred and six-y acre lot No. 413. part of Donation line (lot No. 418) and all of Wiseman's Bottom allottment that lies in Union township. Xr.turallv the fertile liottdins of the "dona- tion" land were tlie centers of the first settle- ments, and so we liivl that the first settlements in Muskingum township were made in Rpin- bow and Wiseman's bottoms. These lx)ttoms were namied tor the backwoodsman, \Visem,an, who entered about 400 acres of bottom! land lying along the Muskingum while Virginia still claimed the right to the Northwest Terri- tory. Wiseman disappeared after remaining long enough to give his name to the neigh- borhood. The Ivainljow settlement was be- gun April 29, 1795, by a company of several families from Marietta, who had drawn land located on the western shore of the Muskingum River. On the farm now owned by J. E. and A. R. .Stacy, a block-house was erected. Tliis was centrally located and served as a shelter ansd protecting rof>f until the cabins could be built. The first settlers in Rainbow were Israel Stone and family. He located on the farm now owned l)y the S. S. Stowe heirs. Other early settlers were Stephen Smith, E'l>e:iezer Nye and sons, Simon Wright, Archiljald and ]Mary Lake. Captain and Mrs. Abel Mathews and famil}-, \\'i]liann Stac}- and Joseph Stacy, sons of Col. William Stacy, Preserved Sea- mjon, Cogswell Olney. John Dyar, Sr. The first settlers in Wiseman's Bottom were: Col. Josejih Barker, Israel Putnam, Ca])t. J. Devol and John Russell. Tlie territory farming the eastern bound- ary O'f the township and known as "the ridge," because it divides the waters of Duck Creek from the Muskingum, was not generally set- tled until a com-|)aratively recent date. The first school in Wiseman's Bottom was located on the Muskingim: River, on the land then owned by Israel Putnani). The earliest teacher whose name can l)c ascertained was Miss Esther Levings. Abigail Poole was in all probability the ne.\t. .She was followed Ijy Theophilus Cotton. NdI long after the erection of the school house tni the river it was found that the building was too near the water and li;ible to be surrounded during a heavy rise in the river. On this account it was deemed adviisable to remove the school house farther Ixick 011 higher ground. Ac- cordingly this was done, the building being loca.ted on Israel Putnam's farm, where, in 1816, through Mr. Putnam's instritmentality, a commodious brick school house was erected, which served the d(;ul>le purpose of schiiol house and church. In this buikling the people of the neighborhwid continued tn worship for a number of years. The people were of va- rious denominations, but in those early davs they w()rshi])ed in common. Rev. Joseph Wi'll- ard, an Episcopal clergymtan of talent, is re- mentliered to have b-een the first minister who preached in the school house. When the school house was first moved back from the river the teachers were Colonel Stone. Mr. Brown, of New England, a ]\Ir. Allen, and ])erhaps oth- ers. \\'hipple Spooner wa.s the first teacher in the brick house. In early times Rainbow had. two neighbor- hood school houses, which, in this niiodern day, have been consolidated into one. These were what were known as the "up])er" and "hjwer'' .school houses, the former being located on the M)uskingum. ncrt far from Stephen Smith's place, and the latter being on the site of the present school house (if the neighborhood, im- m,ediately in the bow of the river. Xathaniel Dodge is said to have been the first teacher in the "lower" school. The first teacher in the "upper" school was ]\lr. W'al- bridge. An interesting document testifying to the Christian fidelity of the early pioneers in Mus- kingum townshii) is an old subscription paper drawn up in 1810, which appears to be in the handwriting of Col. Joseph Barker. The ob- ject of the subscription was to establish di- \ine worship in Rainbow and \\'iseman's Bot- tom. None of those whose naines apijpear be- low are now living. It reads thus: 3i6 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Please pay in money or produce to Mr. Thomas Lake, on or before the fifteenth day of December next, for the purpose of introducing the regular preaching of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and for inculcating and introducing habits of good order, morality and piety, by holding up to public view examples worthy the mu- tation and practice of the rising generation. The subscription paper provided ior a cash subscription, but tliere was none made of that kind. Tlven cames a list of suljscribers : Adams, April 2. 1810. Subscribers' Names. Produce. Joseph Barker $5 00 Jasper Stone 3 00 Josepli Stacy 4 '30 Sylvanus Newton (> 00 Sardine Stone z 00 Joseph Sta tinte when a miinister cmild be found. The only churches in the township are the Cierman Church on "the Ridge" and tlie Colored ;\1. J'j. Church on Rainbow Creek. "The Putnam-Rainbow branch" of the First Con,gregatio'nal Church at Marietta holds serv- ices in the Putnam and Rainbow school houses on alternate Sundays. In 1807 Cajjtain Devol erected a very large frame flouring u'.oll near where the present mill now stands. Its large under-shot wheel is said to have been miore than 40 feet in diameter, it lieing the largest mill-wheel ever seen in the West. In 1866 Major Putnami erected the mill at Devol's Dam;, which was considered the best mill on the ri\'er. The community in Wiseman's Bottom was foirtunate in having amjong its members twcj men of such marked mechanical skill as Col. Jo- seph Barker and Capt. Jonathan Devol. Both of them were skilled architects, Captain Devol being a shipwrig-ht by trade, and Colonel Bark- er a house-builder. ^Vbout the year 1800, ship- biuilding- having become an important indus- try at Marietta and on the Muskingum, these men readily took part in the work for which they were so well adapted by previous educa- tion and natural skill. The dense forests on either side of the ri\er fm'nished excellent ma- terial for the work. Giant oaks were felled, and under the skillful hands ol th.ese men were joined together and moulded into sym- metrical shape. Noting first the work of Colonel Barker, we find that his shipyard was on his farm on the east bank of the Muskin- gimi. In 1802 he comstructed two ocean ves- sels. One was a brig, built for Messrs. Blen- n.erhassett and Woodbridge, and named the "Dominic," after the name of M'r. Blenneviias- sett's oldest son. The other was a schooner called the "Indiana." This last-named vessel, together with the "Lo'uisa," built in 1803, were for E. W. Tupper of Marietta. During the fall of 1806 he was employed by Harnian Blcnnerhassett toi construct 15 large bateaux for the use of the expedition O'f Aaron IJuit to Mexico. The fate of these boats and this in- tended expedition is more fully described else- where in this work. Captain Devol's ship-biiilding was cptite ex- tensive. He also worked along the Muskin- ,gun upon his farm. In 1801 he built a sloop of 200 tons for B. I. Oilman, a merchant of Marietta. The vessel was wholly constructed of black walnut, and was named after the riv- er by whf)se side it was built. In 1802 he built two brigs of 200 tons each, the "Eliza Greene" and the "Oliio." In 1804 the schoon- er "Nonpareil" was Iniilt. The passage of the "Emlbargo .Act," in tSoj, suspended all fur- ther operations on this line. TITE W\SniN'GT0N COUNTY CHILDREN'S HOME. Is beautifully situated near the Miu.skingum River in Muskingum township. The Home is situated on the east bank of the Muskingum Ri\'er, alsout one mile north of the corporation AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 317 line of the city of Marietta. Il is the first HoiTHe in the State established under the act of tiie Legislature passed March ^o, 1866, the act itself being a response to petitions from this county. The farm contains about 100 acres favor- ably located, and from the buildings and grounds is presented a beautiful and picturesque view of die JMuskingunii Valley. The object, as carried out, has been to af- ford an lasylunii to- indigent children of the county under the age of 16 years, until suita- ble homes can be pro\ided for them with kind- ly disposed persons, and all reasonable efforts are mSade for their improvement in industrious habits and morals while they remain in the Honie. Qiildren from other counties may also be admitted on terms approved by the trustees. At the June session of j866. following the passage of the act authorizing Children's Homes, the Board of County Con.'m.issioners — Messrs. J. J. Hollister, Dr. James Little and George Benedict — initiated proceedings for the selection of suitable premises for the per- manent location of the Home which resulted in the selection of the present site and a con- tract \\ias made for its purchase. At the sanre session Col. W. R. Putnam, W. S. Ward and F. A. Wheeler, Elsqs., were ai)ix>inted the first Board of Trustees. Prior ti> this time. Miss Catherine A. Fay had about 30 children at her "Hbmie" in Lawrence township under an arrangement made with her by the directors of the County Infirmary, who were ready to be transfeired to the new Home as soon as the buildings could be made ready for occupation, which occurred April i, 1867. The first matron, with man_\- of the respon- sibilities of superintendent, was Mrs. A. G. Brown, wlio discharged her duties successfully one year. Mrs. Blown was succeeded Ijy \\v\. Ira M. Preston and xsife. who resigned at the close of their year, and were followed liy Dr. S. D. Hart and wife, who were continued superin- tendent and ma.tron from April i. 1869. until the lamented death of Mrs. Hart, .\ugust 2"/, 1884. Inimediately afterward Dr. Hart was asked to continue <')s superintendent, and Miss E. A, Nixon, who had lieen teacher since 1870, was promjoted to be matron, a place her long e.xperience in the Home greatly aided her to fill to the entire satisfaction of the trustees. Dr. Hart was succeeded hy S. L. Grosvenor. and he in turn by J. N. Beil. After the death of Mr. Bell, Principal J. L. Jordan of the Har- mar public schools, was elected superintendent and is still in charge. Mrs. Jordan is ma- tron. In the present Board of Trustees are S. J. Hathaway, president: L. W. Ellenw,o<>d, W.. F. Robertson, and W. A. Sniffen. Mr. Hatliaway is the senior member in years of service. About 1889 the system of assigning children to homes was revolutionized. Since that time insteafl of waiting for people to comje and select cbildieii, homes have been sought through the aid of the Cincinnati Childrai's Homje, a pri\ate institution under strong Christian influence. The Cincinnati institution employs an agent and \-isitors to seek homes for children. He followis up the children thus placed, visits them at least once a year until they are 2\. and reports to the trustees of the Home in Washington C'ounty. The result has been, that while the number passing through the Hbme every year has increased, he number of inmates at an\' one time has been much smaller. The County Children's Honie is made a stopping place until another home can l)e found in a good family. The first building used as a Home was a large two story brick, originallv constructed by Prof. Samuel Maxwell as an ad\'anced school for hoys, the cost of the farm and buildings being at the time $18,000. Subsequent addi- tions and buildings have been made so that the \-aluc of the j^remises tiow is estimated at $30,- 000. One large building of three stories has been erected, the first flour being used as a school room, and the second anoys. .\ view of the Home is presented on a preceding )Kige, in connection with a miore extended notice of the origin of the Home. i .\'EWPORT TOWN'SHIP. In 1798 all territorv l\ing east ank of tlie Little Muskingum near Beech Grove Cluncli. In 1816 a log school house was built in Lower Newport with (jeorge Greenwood as first teacher. Itinerant ]\Iethodist clergymen were in Newport before 1800 and witliin 15 years a log church was built at Lower Newport on the bank of the Ohio. The first Methodist Church in Newport was organized in 1825 and in four years a church was completed. In May 1870 a new brick church was dedicated. A Presby- terian Church was organized June 9, 1838. For many years they were supplied by Presi- dent Sn'.iith of Marietta College, who "was ac- customed to remark that his visits tO' the little fli)ck at Newport were the green spots in his life." In 1869 the society was dissolved. The Beech Grove Presbyterian Church was built in 1848. In 1861 when the Presln'terian Church at Marietta died, this church was named the Beech Hill First Presbyterian Church, which name it retains. The nucleus of the Newport Baptist Church was formed previotis to 1822, when meetings were held in various hottses in the "Upper Settlement." The interest grew through the years and the church was organ- ized in January, 1838. The first structure, a brick, was erected and dedicated January i, 1842. There had been paid on the church $951.24, leaving a debt of $336.44. William Dana paid this and took the note of the trus- tees for the amount. At the death of William Dana search for the note was made, but it could not be found. In this quiet way did Mr. Dana pay the debt, having destroyed the note as soon as received. In 1878 the church was thoroughly remodeled at a cost of $2,000 and dedicated Alarch 21, 1880. About 1855 a United Brethren Church was organized and a building erected on land given by William See- vers. It is known as the Kinderhook Church. The Beech Grove Church was organized in a school house in Newell's Run in 1863. In 1870 a little church was built on the site of the abandoned Methodist Church near the mouth of Newell's Run. Soon after the formation of the "Upper Settlement," Luther Barker was appointed postmaster. In 18^5, when Ebenezer Battelle was appointed postmaster, the office \vas re- moved to his residence in Newport. The post- office at Lower Newport was established in 1 84 1, Jacob Middleswart being the first pro- priet(,r. That at Newell's Run, on the Ohio*, was established in 1865 with Thomas J. Con- ner as postmaster and Amos Crum first offi- ciated as ]50stmaster at Hills P. O., which was established in 1869. On the pages of the records of Washing- ton Count}^ is found "a plat of the villages of Newport, comprising forty lots in section twenty-seven, in the original surveyed town- ship, numbered one, in range numbered six of the old seven ranges ; surveyed January 30 and 31, 1839, for Ebenezer Battelle, the proprie- tor, the streets to be ninety-one links and the alleys sixteen links in width." This is wit- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITTIENS. 319 nessed by the county sur\-eyor, Benjamin F. Stone, and by tlie proprietors of the village, Ebenezer and Mary IJattelle. The ground was surveyed anew May 2j, 1839. The following is the record of the vacation of the town plat by the original proprietor; "In the Court of Common Pleas, Septem- ber term, 1839, on application of Ebenezer Bat- telle, he having produced to the court satisfac- tory evidence that notice of his intention to vacate the town plat of Newijort had been given according to law, and a statement in writing filed from the persons, to whom by ver- bal contract said Battelle had given an equit- able claim on lots in said town, of their con- sent to said vacation. It is ordered by the court that said proprietor be permitted to va- cate said town ])lat of Newport." Newport township as at first established covered territory not included in the Ohio Com- pany's purchase. It was very natural that shrewd farmers among the pioneers were at- tracted by the beautiful and fertile plain in the southern part of this tract and the name New- port, as well as the family names of some of the settlers, reminds us of Rhode Island. In the hilly part of old Newport, now in- cluded in Independence. Lawrence. Libe:rtv. Ludlow and Grandview. the hunter and the squatter, usually the same person, had almost exclusive control for many years after pros- perous settlements had been begun on the river bottoms. Tiiere are many traditions of this class of "pioneers," who often made it as un- comfortable for the man who had bought the land, as they had for the former claimants, the Indians. Some of these sfpiatters l^ecame civ- ilized but others preferred to move on to a newer and wilder countrv. As early as 1820, Joseph Barker erected a mill in Newport township for the extraction of flaxseed and castor oil. It was worked for a while but the cultivation of flax and the cas- tor-oil lT€an seems not to have pro\-ed a very profitable business. In recent years Newport town and toAvnship have been greatly enriched bv the petroleum industry, a fuller accoimt of which is to be found in another chapter. P.\LMKK TOWNSHIP. The first pi(jnccr into what has been a part of Waterford, \\'alert(jwn (then W'ooster), Roixlxu-y, Wesley and is now in Palmer town- ship, was Christopher Malster who settled here in 1796. Other early .settlers were the I'alm- ers. Rices, Dauleys, Cards, etc. Prior to the formation of Noble County in 185 1, a man standing on the northeast corner of section six, now in Palmer, could have placed himself by a single step, either north- east, in Watertuwn. southeast in Barlow, southwest in Wesley, or northwest in Roxbury. From this jwint the dividing lines ran toward the four points of the compass in two straight lines through the present township. But. by the formation of Noble, Morgan County lost large areas, and was partially recompensed by the addition of the larger jiart of Rox- bury, taken from \\'ashington County. At a special session of the commissioners. May 19, 185 1, the remaining portions of Roxbury, with parts of other townships just mentioned, were consolidated into a new township, named after the family so much concerned in the set- tlement and growth of its territorv and inter- ests. The entry on the journal reads as fol- lows : A petition was received fniiii citizens of Rox- !)nry and parts of Wesley. Watertown and Barlow for the erection of a new township composed of territory embraced within the following lioiindaries, viz.: Com- mencing a', the northwest corner of one hundred and sixt)' acre lot No. i.07g. range eleven, town eight; thence south to the southwest corner of said lot; thence to the northwest corner of one hundred and sixty aicre lot No. l.oSo: thence south to the southwest corner of section thirteen, range eleven, town eight: thence south to the souihwest corn';r of section No. 17. range eleven, town seven : thence to the southeast corner of section No. .s. range eleven, town seven : thence east to the southeast corner of section No. 35. range ten, town three; thence north to the southwest corner of one hundred and sixty acre lot No. "80: thence east to the southeast corner of one hundred and sixty acre lot Nq. 780 : thence north to the northeast corner of section No. .^o. range ten. town three; thence north to the northeast corner of fractional lot No. 8jiS, range ten, town four : thence north to the southeast corner of one hundred acre lot No. 47. range ten. town four, .south branch allottment : thenct to the northeast corner of one hundred acre lot No. 47 aforesaid: thence west to the northwest corner of one hundred acre No. 14, range 320 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, ten, town four, west lirancli allottment : thence south to the southwest ■:urnjr of one hundred acre lot No. 15, range ten, town four, west branch alhittment; thence westwardly to follow the Line which divides the late township of Roxbury, setting off the said towaiship to Morgan county, to the place of beginning. Schools were started in Palmer township at the very first; as early as 1806 Russell Dar- row was engaged as teacher. James. Xshcmft, Jabesh Palmer, John T. Dumont ami William Brown were early teachers. Free Will Baptist and Methodist meetings were customarily held in private houses throughout the early years. In 1837 a Meth- odist Church was built. The first store was opened about 1825 by Hiram Card. SALEM TOWNSHIP. Salem was originally a part of Adams. But the following petition was handed in to the Court of Quarter Sessions, part of whose biusi- ness it was to estalilish townships : To the Ilonoriiblc Court of General Sessions of the Peaee for tlie County of irashingloii : Gentlemen : Your petitioners, the inhabitants of Duck Creek, beg your honors to take into considera- tion the local situation they are in from other settle- ments, and whereas your honors at your last session in March did at that time term the the white man, and that imt of the rebellious spirit of this chief the last arrow should have gone to its mark in the heart of the settler, Abel Sherman. The immortal Garfield said in the House of Representatives something that has so direct a bearing upon the birth of the town of Bever- ly proper that it is but justice to the man whose conception it was to here give the extract : "There is a force greater than that of State and government. It is the force of private voluntary enterprise, that has built up towns and schools and colleges in these United States, with enthusiasm and wonderful energy." This especial quality was perfectly exem- plified in the character of one of the first of Ohio's colonists, John Dodge, Esq., who founded the t(_i\\ 11 of Beverly. In laying out part of his estate for public sale, and in making donations of a number of valuable properties to improve the advantages naturally at hand, it was the dream of Mr. Dodge to make this point a convenient center of civiliation where its productions and oppor- tunities would afford benefit to the surround- ing jiopulation. The town was not laid out in a spirit of personal aggrandizement, as its founder gave away to its schools, park, church- es, ministers and business ente)rprises more than he kept for himself and his heirs. A clause from a will by Mr. Dodge, relat- ing to the name of Beverly, which, not being embodied in the historical part of this work containing the Dodge biography, is included here, as follows : I, John Dodge, now intending to establish on a spot (before selected by my father, Captain Dodge, "as DR. ISRAEL STONE DODGE. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 325 an exceptional site") a town for tlie furtlier con- venience and advancement ot this region we cliose as our pioneer home, am of tihe firm intention to name the town Beverly, for three reasons — In that I have a reverence for the name as that of my birthphice in the mother State of Massachusetts. Also that many who came to the Northwest Territory with our com- pany wer'; from that pilgrim coast where that Bev- erly stands and would thus feel an affection for the name. Again, that 1 trust in the Providence of God it will be an augur for the protection of the new- village ; as Beverly in Old England escaped the de- stroying army of the Norman because of the sanctity of her great prelate, John of Beverly, so I trust those here may be spared all future disaster through our integrity in the keepmg of God's laws. Mr. Dodge made a plan for Beverly in 183 1, but on account of national conditions he deferred the actual laying out of the place, al- though operating a ferry at this period across the river and being interested in other public enterprises. From 1837 to 1843 '^1''^ uncertain state of the public credit hardly .seemed to touch the most prosperous population in the Muskingum Valley. There were improvements being made by the State upon the river dams and locks were being built, and a navigation was thus acquired that for many decades made the products of these fertile lands available to the world. There came a real need for an incor- porated town, in the protection it would lend to the community. The following letter froin Hon. Thomas Ewing, just made Secretary of the Treasury, to Mr. Dodge, whose wife was a relative of Mr. Ewing's, is of prophetic value: Washington, March 25, 1841. To John Dodge, Esq.. I am much interested in your proposit'on to lay out a town near the home of my family ; it would draw new strength there and help to build up our State on a fffundalion of high character. Posterity owes 3X5u a debt of gratitude for your untirino' efforts for the advancement of the conrmuivity life around you. and likewise for so beautiful a choice of a town site, for I have looked upon that bend of the river in my journeys by stage and horseback as the fairest view on the face of earth. Though endeared to me by association, even the most impartial observer would r^ot fail to be impressed with its great beauties. The notable February (1843) that found President Tyler so deei)lv burdened with the refusal of foreign jrovernments to make even a loan to our agents, and many conditions un- propitious, did not deter the long-cherished plan of Mr. Dodge in the establishment of an incorporated town. There was levied a tax of two mills on the dollar and an officer of the law appointed, with a Town Council. There was a population of se\-eral hundred people, and new-comers arriving on account of the im- proved river traffic, the works having been completed at this place a year before. There were two general stores, also several buyers and shippers of agricultural products. There were three churches, a college and two schools then conducted here. Nni»spapcrs. — The first new^spaper was started about eight years after this by Mr. Baker, who more recently was appointed Unit- ed States Minister to Guatemala. Following this, the Beverly Gazette having expired with the Know Nothing party, Beverly College con- ducted a weekly paper. Then the Beverly Ad- vertiser was inaugurated by Mr. Preston in 1862 and was well conducted. He was suc- ceeded in the press work for the town by W. T. & Howard Atherton, who edited the Times. In the same year the Be-cerly Citizen and Wash- ington Advertiser were started. In 1879 C. E. T. Miller and William Walter started the Dispatch. They sold the same to C. N. Mc- Cormack. In July, 1888, Professor Smith, formerly president of the College, took up edi- torial work on this paper. At his death he was followed in this by Miss Roberta Smith, and later by his son, Robert, who sold the Dis- patch recently to Mr. Goodrich. The present editor has used every effort to call the atten- tion of the world at large to the great but un- developed resources of the vicinity, and de- serves success. Beautiful Situation. — In the beginning of the new century, the old town finds itself the much-sought but still exclusive resort of peo- ple who want the rpiiet of its hills, the fishing, hunting or boating and the indescribable en- chantment of its woods and country drives. Added to these are the historic associations that linger about the site of its two old forts, the Indian traditions and prehistoric mounds. 326 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, and there is a wealth uf chxersion for e\'en sum- mer visitors. The location for health is per- fect, few epidemics or diseases have invaded its comfortable precincts. Several well-known painters and poets have made it the theme of their brushes and songs, and the town and vicinity have produced also some artists of note and a number of authors mentioned later in this article. The location of Beverly from any approach is a delightful surprise. Set in the deepest bow of the whole river, with a broadness of green fields stretching away toward the east and a rolling plain rising from the bottom to the north, the shming water, of which Judge William Fowler has sung so delightfully, run- ning like a band of shimmering silver at the base of the village streets, the rugged hills in their coats of green rising above the whole like steadfast sentinels on guard, make Beverly the gem of gems in the midst of many precious i ■■ roundings. The original pursuits will give place to new occupations, as by the influx of travelers more and more is developed of its hidden beauties and wealth. Oil. — According to^ the philosophy that nothing is lost but something is gained in its place, while some of the early sources of in- come to the town have been absorbed by the larger places nearby, chiefly Marietta and Zanesville, the capital brought to the village for investment in the oil territory lying all about will be of greater benefit eventually ; a recent revival of operations at this point re- newing those begun about 20 years ago. Where once cattle, sheep and horses grazed upon the farm and Agriculture was undisputed Goddess whose reign not the most chimerical would have ever supposed usurped, there even oil has come to be king. The tall derricks rise in many directions and men stake their claims for game after game of chance. The num- ber of companies drilling and the rich returns of some call still others to these fields where the resources unseen are greater than those which the forefathers saw in the earth, sun and air of this fruitful to\\nship. Coal, Liuiibcr ami Clax. — Beverly is also a depot for quantities of fine lumber, splendid (lak for ships being taken out of its surround- ing forests only last year. Coal is also brought here from banks at different points nearby. There is within the corporation limits clay, of excellent use for brick and tile, and lime- stone. The town is lighted by natural gas and a fine electric plant. The general annual ex- penditures amount to only between $3,000 and $4,000. Public Institutions. — By an act of the Gen- eral Assembly of Ohio, a college was estab- lished at Beverly, in February, 1843, for the purpose of co-education. This was the joint gift of John Dodge and Benjamin Dana, Mr. Dodge giving out of his estate adjoining the town of Beverly a tract of land very beauti- fully located and erecting at his personal ex- pense a fine brick building of three stories, well equipped for the day in which it was built, and for the purpose for which the College was de- signed. Benjamin Dana left a tract of land upon which was a coal bank to supply 'fuel for the institution, and also some lots which were to be sold for the benefit of the institution. The learned and foreign languages and the liberal arts and sciences were to be taught here. It was the expectation of the donors that the trustees would make their gift a nucleus for o])taining further donations as time went on, and thus add those advantages, influences and profits to the community that an institution for higher education would bring. Its succes- sive Boards of Trustees, having been at times somewhat scattered and occupied to the exclu- sion of public interests, have not after nearly three-quarters of a century obtained any gifts toward the further revenue required at this pe- riod. It has at earlier times brought a great deal of life to the town of Beverly. A schism in the Presbyterian churches of this place, which finally concluded in a law suit for prop- erty formerly occupied by the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, deprived the College of its full quota of local patronage for some years, but it is now reviving. Both Mr. Dana and Mr. Dodge were orig- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 327 inally of the Puritan faith of their forefathers, but later in hfe they could not subscribe^to all the tenets of the old school profession of faith, and so became members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. For this reason, as be- ing a somewhat more liberal body, the appoint- ment of the Board of Trustees was by them vested in the synod of the Cumberland Presby- terian Church. Cliiiniics and Religious Revivals of the early period were conducted first by Rev. jMr. Story, who held services near the great elm tree close by what is now the Baltimore & Ohio station. A powerful awakening was later held by Rev. Mr. Lindley in the first colonial church on the old stage road in the south part of Bever- ly, then the Presbyterian and afterward the Cumberland 'Presbyterian Church. When this congregation moved to the brick church up town, the old river church was occupied b, , the followers of Alexander Campbell. It was quite an interesting building, with high pews, the fiour rising toward the back of the church, and the high pulpit between the two front en- trance-ways having semi-circular stairs leading up to the desk. Externally, the building was colonial, yellow with white trimnnngs. The Disciples during the latter part of the last cen- tury purchased, and moved to, the very fine audience room formerly built and used by the Baptists on ]\Iain street. After the separation of the Presbyterian element of the town from the Cumberland Pres- byterian Church, a new and quite artistic Pres- byterian Church was erected on Fourth street about 1895, to which various friends contri- buted stained glass windows. Mrs. Mcintosh gave the lot upon which this church was built. Mr. Dodge donated the land for all the other churches in Beverly, regardless of de- nomination, as they each came to be organized. A remarkable series of meetings was con- ducted in Beverly about the midsummer of 1841, by a Universalist minister and editor then residing in Zanesville — Rev. G. T. Flan- ders — which resulted in the organization of a Universalist Church to which many of the most intelligent families of the vicinity united. In 1856 Rev. J. H. Barker came as a mis- sionary to Beverly and started the Baptist Churcli with 1 5 members. The Methodists had services in Waterford township from the first quarter of 1800, but did not have a church in Beverly until 1837. Since then services have been held uninterrupt- edly at the corner of Sixth and Center streets with many able men in the pulpit. Each of the churches named has had its so- cieties for social and charitable purposes. The Episcopalians have had sjjecial ser- vices at homes in the neighborhtwd, and the Romlan Cath<:)lics a lecturer now and tlicn at the Opera House. Fraternal Orders. — Mount Moriah Lodge, No. ^j, Free & Accepted Masons, was estab- lished on the 28th of September, 181 6. The first meeting was held at the residence of John Dodge, Esq., and the officers elected were : Ebenezer Bowen, master; Eli Cogswell, S. W. ; Obadiah Scott, J. W. ; William Riply, sec- retarv; William Rand, treasurer; \Villiam White, S. D.; Elias Woodsorf, J. D. ; John Dodge and Andrew Story, stewards ; Samuel Andrews, tyler. St. John's Day of 181 7 was celebrated with all the rites of the order. The lodge, beside being one of the earliest in Ohio, contained in it the best men of this region, and still maintains its high character. In 1879 ^ fi"^ brick and stone building was erected for the use of Mount Moriah Lodge. The present membership is about 80. Many more have been initiated here, however. The Independent Order of Odd Fellows was founded March, 1847, '^eing Beverly Lodge, Xo. 84. The first officers were : Sam- uel Thompson, noble grand ; Robert Ramsey, vice grand ; C. L. Bowen, secretary ; W. V. N. Wheeler, treasurer. They have for their use today one of the best assembly halls in town. In the building built by them is also an opera house of quite considerable seating co.pacity. The Grangers have a society in Beverly i which had several years ago about 75 mem- bers. Pliysieian.i. — The physicians of the early davs were Drs. Mcintosh. Farlev, Baker and 32S HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Pardee. Of a little later period Dr. Bowen was identified with medical work many years, as was Dr. Israel Stone Dodge, who. however, soon located in Cincinnati and practiced there over 40 years. ■ Drs. Gilbert Campbell, Berkly and Rey- nolds were well known about 1849. Dr. Ram- sey practiced, and died here at the time of a fever epidemic. Dr. James Little was a suc- cessful physician and todk an active part m educational affairs. Dr. P. Kelley has had from 1830 until re- cently a constant patronage in his profession. Dr. Joseph Parker continued in practice here untd he lost his health and died. Later came Dr. Frank Clark, and after liim Dr. Ken- non. .Dr. John Reynolds succeeded his father in 1865, but later moved to Oregon. Dr. Culver resided here and practiced some years, as also did Dr. Chas. jL. Humston. of Kentucky. Dr. John Patterson Dodge was in partnership with him two years, later going to California, — he \\as appointed brigade sur- geon in the Spanish-American War from Ohio. Dr. Adair has practiced several years in Bcverlv, as has also Dr. Funk from; Xnrthern Ohio'. ' Dr. A'rthur Bowen practiced in Waterford tip to 1880, when he moved to Columbus. Dr. Wallace Seely, wIk) was born here, be- came an oculist of reputation in Cincinnati. Dr. A. S. Clark has had a large practice here for years. Dr. Theodore Hayward is now practicing in the \icinity of Beverly and Waterford. Dr. Henry Clark was a well-known den'ist. Dr. Howe, who afterward mo\'ed to Mexico, was likewise a successful dentist. Als(i Dr. Connor of Cumberlaiul. Dr. Hartnell is at present the leading practitioner in this branch. Schools. — The puljhc scbiH;ls of Beverly were inaugurated in 1854, the amount ]iaid all the teachers that year being $380. The first school building cost $3,000. This has l^eeii superseded by a \-ery much iitnre convenient and modern one. built during the last decade at a cost of about Sjo.ooo. A \iew of this school appears on a preceding page of this his- tory. Idle superintendents have been: John Taibell. Z. G. Bundy, Ur. Smith, T> C. Ryan, leflferson Heston. and Frank Wagner. Dr. Little and Dr. Glines. as school directors for some years, took a marked interest in the methoIes near town connected with the Tri-Coimtv Fair Grounds. The Dana farm and others have fine flocks of sheejx Park. — Beverly has a beautiful park of sev- eral acres given to the town by the founder, John Dodge, Es(|., and planted by his grand- daughter; also a small park or open greai that was Mrs. Dodge's gift, near the boat landing or l(5ck. Banking. — W'aterfonl township, particu- larly that i)art around l]e\'erl_v, having long been the wealthiest townshi]) in the country, has made Beverly cpiite a financial center. Aside from having regular houses in business, there was always a large trade in wool, bmi- 1>er, agricultural products and live stock and fromi other products brought to this ])oint. .-\s there was great necessity for a bank, a meeting was held at Union Hall in Septan- ber, 1863, after the "National Banking Act" made the founding of a bank likely to Ijc a success. The directors for the I'irst National Bank c-'f Be\crlv were: George Bowen, Pat- terson O. Dodge, E. S. Mcintosh, H. C. Fish, J. B. Bane, Charles Bowen and C. M. Devol. George Bowen was made president and Will- iam Mcintosh, cashier. The capita! was $150,- 000. The Citizens' Pnnk was organized in 1K75. E. S. Mcintosh wUs president and C. W. Reynolds, casliier. The l>ank is conducted at the corner O'f Fiftli and Ferry streets, in the same building as the .VnSerican House. Tliere wtas a post office establislied in Beverly in 1H38, John Kevhoe being tlie first postmaster. Prouiinciil Persons. — .\mong the persons \Ao lia\e l)een iack. \\'hen Captain Dodge again set out fur the Ohio country with the colonists he was accompanied by his young wife and child, John Dodge, whn afterward became the founder nf Be\'erly, Ohio. While out on this prcliminarv expedition Captain Dodge made camji one night in the Muskingum Valley, beyond Fort Harmar about 25 miles, near the mouth of what was afterward called Wolf Creek, and found a beautiful fall of water that would aft'ord at that time quite a strong power. He thereupon located the place with a \-icw to its future use- fulness. Upon the advent of the Ohio Com- pany at Marietta, Cajitain Dodge sh<->wed this to a relative and a brother officer — Maj. Hat- field White and Col. Robert Oliver. 336 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, The three o*^cers, Alajor White, Colonel Oliver and Captain Dodge then formed a partnership, very notable both because of its enterprise and because of its being the first corporation for doing business in the \'ast territory of the Northwest, since so richly teeming with great industries. They erected at these falls, about one-half mile from the present town of Beverly, Ohin, and Water- ford, grist and saw mills, and Ijuilt nearby a fortification or block-house for the protection from Indian attacks o'f those connected with the mills. These mills, according to Dr. S. P. Hildreth and other historians, furnished the bread stuff for the colonists of Marietta for a year or so before any other mills were erected in the Northwest Territory. The products of these mills were conveved t(j Marietta in piro- gues (a kind of dugout canoe), and attended Ijy an aimed guard. The banks of the ]\lus- kingum River at this time were C(i\-ered with a labyrinth of foliage and \ine> that furnished a safe hiding place for manv an unfriendl}' red man. .\s hostilities increased toward the last outl)reak of the Indian wars of this special pe- riod, it liecame necessary to abandon the mills until the cli>se of the war, when they were again jiut in operation. The millstones used in these mills were of \-ery fine (piality and quarried in the Blue Ridge Mcuntain^. At the time of the Columbian Exposition in Chi- cago the Ohio State Historical Society asked the privilege of exhibiting these in the An- thropological Building, where they were ob- jects of great interest. ' The stones, in a per- fect state of preservation, remain in the pos- session of the Dodge family of Beverly, and are relics of extraordinarv interest, also the .gun which was used here and which Captain Dodge ])rought with him from ]\Iassachusetts when he joined the Ohio Company. An ac- com])anying illustration depicts one of the mill- stones; also the gun referred tn. ane for- ever considered as a day of pulilic festi\;il in tlie territory of the Ohio Company, as their settlements in this country commenced on that day." The day has very generally been re- membered and, especially in later years, conir memorative exercises have been held. Washington County's first historical soci- ety was organized in 1842 as the Marietta Historical Association, Ixit the times were un- favorable and the society amounted to little. In the latter part of 1869, however, a call was issued to the descendants of the 48 pioneers who came to Marietta in 1788 to meet and form a pioneer association. Tlie organiza- tion of the Washington County Pioneer Asso- ciation was completed February 22, 1870, and the following officers were elected : Presi- dent, William R. Putnam; vice-president, E. S. Mcintosh ; treasurer, Samuel Shipman ; re- cording secretary, John M. Woodbridge; cor- responding secretary, A. P. Nye; executive committee, Augustus Stone, Sumner Oakes, George \\'. Barker, Henry Fearing and Will- iam Pitt Putnam. From 1870 to the present time meetings ha\-e been regular]}- held on the 7th of April of each year. In the year 1838, the semi-cen- tennial of the landing of the pioneers had been appropriately celebrated and the centennial cel- ebrations in 1888, of the landing of the pio- neers on April 7th and nf the instituting the Northwest Territory on July 15th, were e\"ents of natinnal importance. The Women's Centennial Association, of the city of Marietta. Washington County, Ohio, was organized August 19, 1880. Its object: "To commemorate in anv way it may deem advisable, the settlement of Mari- etta, and the establishment of Civil Govern- ment, in the Northwest Territor}." The membership at present counts 127 ladies. Meetings are lield Monday afternoons, frrjm October until ^lay, on which occasions a lit- erary or musical program is presented, .v fine "Relic Room" has been established, possess- ing niany interesting and historical articles. The New Century Historical Society was organized December 31, 1888, with 10 charter members. The oI)ject is to commemorate the settlenient cf Marietta and se\'eral mnnun:'ents have been erected at different jilaces about the city for this purpose. The present member- ship i> aljout 60. The societv meets in Lilirar\- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 349 Hall,. No. 306 Front street. In January, 189 1. a granite stone was put up near the foot of Washington street bearing this inscription : "S. W. Corner Campus Martins, 'The Stock- ade,' occupied by the first Governor of the N. W. Territory and by the Pioneers of Ohio during the Indian War 1791-5." Another was placed on April 7, 1892, in the yard of the west side school, reading "Site of Fort Harmar, built 1785, Headquarters, 1786-8, of Gen. Josiah Harmar, of Pa., Gen. in chief U. S. A." On July 15. 1892, a granite monu- ment was erected in Muskingum Park, bear- ing a bronze plate inscribed "Near this spot, July 15th, 1788, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, of the Kevoluntionary Army and President of Con- gress. 1787, was inaugurated first governor of the Territory of the United States North- west of the Ohio' Ri\er. On this ground stood Centennial Hall of the celebration, Julv 15th to 2Cth, 1888." AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. Washington County Agricultiu-al and Me- chanical Association. — At a meeting of a number of citizens of \\'ashington County — and of Wood County, Virginia — held Feln'u- ary 22. 1819, at McFarland's hotel in Mari- etta, was taken the first action looking toward the organization of the first agricultural so- ciety which had an existence in this immed- iate region. Capt. Jonathan Devol was chosen chairman and A. T. X\e. clerk. A committee was chosen to form a constitution for a society and prepare an address to the people. Its members were Ephraim Cutler, Joseph Barker and Ale.xander Henderson. At a meeting held at the old Cotirt House in Marietta. June 24, 1846, with Hon. Joseph Barker in the chair, and Darwin E. Gardner acting as secretary, this organization was or- ganized under an act of the Legislature entit- led "an act for the encouragement of agricul- ture" passed February 27. 1846, as the Wash- ington County Agricultural Society. At this meeting a constitution and by-laws were adopted, which contiiuied in force as amended from time to time, until the adoption of its present constitution and by-laws. The pres- ent constitution was adopted by the Board of Directors August 5. 1S75. and by the Asso- ciation at its annual meeting held September 9, 1875. The present l)y-laws were ailopted by the Board August 5, 1875. At a meeting of the Board held August 7, 1858, the name was changed to the Washing- ton County Agricultural and Mechanical In- stitute. At a meeting of the Board, held June 29, 1867, the name was changed to the Wash- ington County Agricultural and Mechanical As'Sociation, its present name. FR.\TERXAL AND SECRET 0RG.\XIZ.\TI0XS. Freemas(jnry. the liistory of which dates back to the misty past, was working in the provinces when the Revolution with the mother country broke out and Ma j. -Gen. Jo- seph Warren. M. D., in command of the co- lonial forces, who was "Grand ^Master of Ma- sons in Boston," was killed in the battle of Bunker Hill. This aroused the ^Masons who were particularly active in volunteering and July 24, 1775, "St. John's Regimental Lodge"' was chartered by the "ProA'incial Grand Lodge" of Xew York. The next to be formed for army work was among the troops from Roxbury. Masachusetts. They applied to John Rowe. Grand Master of Massachusetts., wiio issued a charter to Aiiwricmi Union Lou are to lay the same before the grand lodge for decision. .\s i often as the grand lodge meets, you are to attend with 35° HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, your two wardens and will be notifiecj of the time a:id place. In order to support the grand lodge, your lodge is *.o pay inio the hands of the grand secretary the sum of twelve shillings each quarterly night, all of which you will pay due regard to. This communica- tion to remain in full force and virtue until recalled by me or my succes.sor in office. Given under my hand and under the hands of the grand wardens (the seal of the grand lodge first affixed) this the fifteenth day of Feb., A. M., !;776, of Salvation 1776. Bv order of John Rowe. Grand'Master; Richard Dudley, D. G. M. ; Will- iam Burbeck, S. G. VV. ; William Hofkins, Grand Sec- retary. The seal cif this lodge,, suggested by Ben- jamin Franklin, was made, of 13 links around the square and compass and connected at the top by clasped hands. American Union moved with the Colonial Army, meeting in New York, August 13, 1776, and in the bat- tle of Long Island two weeks later its master was taken prisoner and several of its members killed. When it convened on its third anni- versary, in Coimecticut, Samuel H. Parsons was elected master and June 24, 1779, at the Robinson House on the Hudson it was visited by General Washington, and again at Morris- town, Xew Jersey, December following. Cap- tain Heart was chosen master in 1780 and af- ter the lodge ceased work in the army he held the charter, still having it with him when he was given charge of the garrison at Fort Har- mar in 1790 and on June 28th at the Campus Martins, with this charter as authority the lodge was reorganized, being the first Masonic lodge in the Northwest Territory : Present, Jonathan Heart, W. M. ; W. Benj. Tupper, S. W. : Rufus Putnam, J, W. ; Thomas Stanley, William Burnham, Griffin Greene, A\'illiam Mills, Robert Oliver, William Stacy. August 2, 1790, it was visited by Major Dougherty, who after erecting Fort Harmar had built Fort Washington at Cincinnati and was now on his way east. Master Heart was killed at St. Clair's defeat, November 4, 1791. The Massachusetts Grand Lodge was in- formed of all proceedings and a letter from Moses M. Hayes, G. M., December 6, 1791, confirmed the warrant as follows : "The brethren of the Grand Lodge, duly impressed with alTectionate and benevolent expressions in voiir address, commend the same, and are pleased with your laudable undertaking. Your warrant is without doubt a perfect and a good one and in full operation until a grand lodge is founded in your territory when it will be- come your duty to surrender it and be re- charteretl." On the night of March 24, 1801, the house used for a lodge burned, and this charter was probably destroyed by fire, with all jewels, etc. The members again applied to Massachusetts for authority to work and were granted a duplicate charter by which all rights were re-affirmed, by the Grand Lodge of Mas- sachusetts ;-i.o Daniel Story, W. M, ; Ebenezer Sproat, S. W. ; Ichabod Nye, J. W.; of said American Union Lodge. This was signed by Isaiah Thomas, G, M, ; Simeon West, D. G. M. For some years 1802-10, meetings were held in the little Ohio Company office. After a Masonic grand lodge had been formed in Ohio, that body asked the Marietta lodge to secure a new charter, but some of the brethren contended that American Union still had the right to work under the Massachusetts cliarter. The Grand Lodge of Ohio thought differently and threatened to proclaim the Mar- iettians as clandestine Masons. The matter was compromised by Amercan Union retain- ing its name and number but accepting a re- charter from Ohio, January 5, 1816. Lack of space forbids our giving its long list of past masters, many of whom have been promi- nent men. George T. Hovey, who was first elected master in 1862, and with four years omission served until 1882, was longest in the chair and conferred the degrees on over 150 candidates. Tliis lodge celebrated its centen- nial June 24, 1876, when 5,000 visitors came to Marietta. Seats were placed on the col- lege grounds for 3,000 and tables in the park to set 1,000 at a time. Charles Woodward, Grand Master of Ohio, was present. Richard' Vaux, Grand Master of Pennsylvania, deliv- ered the oration ;ind many other pniininent Masons were present. The present membership is 134. The lodge owns the hall at the northeast corner of Front and Butler streets, meeting each }iIon- dav that occurs on or before the full moon. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 351 Washington Lodge was also chartered by the Massachusetts Grand Lodge to work in the patriot army, one by North Carohna, and six by the Pennsylvania Grand Lodge, but Amer- ican Union No. i is the only one still in ex- istence that was chartered in the Colonial Army. American Union Chapter, No. i, R. A. M., was organized in Marietta June 6, 1792, and has had practically the same experience as that given for the blue lodge heretofire enum- erated. Its charter was hun^c-d in the same fire and it was re-charlered by the Grand Chapter. January, 1804. Its present charter is dated October 24, 18 16. Its first oiificers were: James T. W'illard, H. P.: David Trow- bridge, K. ; William Skinner, S. : Levi Bar- ber, Augustus and Sardine Stone. Anaximan- der A\'arner, Oliver Dodge, Peter Howe, and Samuel Hoiet. The membership is about 165. It meets the second Friday of each month at Nos. 133 and 135 Putnam street. Mannar Lodge, No. ^90, F. & A. M., held its first meeting June 8, 1867, and was char- tered October i6th, following, with 13 mem- bers. The first officers were Elijah Locker, W. M.: A. S. Curtis, S. W. : S. H. Tidd. J. \\'. ; T. J. Pattin, treasurer: W. H. Smith secretary . Marietta Coniniaiulery. Xo. 50, A'. T.. was chartered September 24, 1891. Its present membership is about 125. ^leetings are held on the first Friday of each month at Nos. 133 and 135 Putnam, street. Marietta. Council, A'O. 7?, R. & S. M., was chartered September 26, 1893, with C. R. Stevens first T. I. M. It meets on the fourth Friday of each month, at Nos. 133 and 135 Putnam street. Eastern Star Chapter, No. 59, was organ- ized in 1896, with about 20 charter members, and now numbers 120. Meetings are held on tlie second and fourth Tuesdays of each month at the Masonic rooms. Marietta Lodge, No;. 6j, I. 0. 0. P.. was instituted .Vugust 29, 1846. by John Brough. later Governor of Ohio, with J. F\ Beach first N. G. : W. N. :\Iarsh, V. G."; \V. F. Curtis. secretary; Owen Franks, treasurer. More than 500 have been initiated into the lodge. The present membership is about 80. Reg- ular meetings are held every Monday night. Harinar Lodge, No. 115, I. O. 6. P., was instituted .August 5, 1848, the petitioners hav- ing been William Mansfield. William H. Wid- ger, William C. Olney, L. E. W. Warner and Joseph Humbold. Ten were initiated the first night and some 400 since. The pres- ent membershij) is 125. About 1862 Harmar Lodge purchased from the Sons of Malta the building now used by No. 2 Fire Department which served as a lodge home until the present fine three-story brick Odd Fellows' Hall was put up in 1894, which with lot cost about $5,- 500. It is located at the corner of Maple street and Gilman avenue. The first floor is used as a store. The lodge meets every Tues- day evening. Elkeye Encampment, No. pp, /. O. O. P., was organized June 11, 1867, with 14 charter members: P. Fmrich was C. P. ; J. Miller, S. \\'. : J. G. Fields, S. It meets in Gutten- burg Hall the first and third Fridays of each month. /. E. McCoy Rebekah Assembly, No. 3^0, I. 0. O. P., was organized about 1885. It meets at No. 115, Odd Fellows' Hall on the second and fourth Fridays of each month. Augusta Rebekaih Lodge, A'O. 272, /. O. O. P.. was instituted July 13, 1889. with 15 members. It meets on the second and fourth Fridays of each month at Guttenburg Hall. Manhattan Tribe, No. j?5. /. O. R. M., was established January 27, 1868, and chartered Julv following. Henry Rohl was the first- sachem. Tlie Tribe meets every Tuesday at the Red Men's Hall in the Hagan Block. Raynald Lodge, No. 82, K. of P., was organized Mav 27. 1875, with 18 charter members ; J. C. Folger, first C. C. Pioneer City Lodge. No. 7?. K. of P. (col- ored), was organized May to, 1898, with 30 charter members. ]\Ieetings :(re held every Monday evening. .Muslcingnm Council. A'o. 70, Ir. O. U. A. .1/. — The Junior Order, a jjatriotic organiza- 352 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, tion, was started aliout the time of the Civil War. Thq r^Iuskinguni Ctftincil was estab- lished in June, 1889, with 18 charter mem- bers. Henry Posey was the first councilor. It meets every Monday niglit. Mound Tent. No\. t,22. K. 0. T. M.. was formed at ^Marietta, in May, 1896, with 12 charter memljers, and at present numbers about joo. It meets every Thursday even- ing. The Ladies of the Maccabees was organ- ized in 1892 at Port Huron, Michigan. On January i, 1900, tlie membership \\as -,(•>.- 267. Tiie Hi\e at Marietta was organized in March, 1897, with 2^ charter members. It meets the second and fourth Tuesdays of each month. Marietta Camp. No. 41 ;S. M. W. of A.. was organized August 21, 1896. with 15 charter members. Tiie object of the order is fraternal insurance. The Camp meets the first and third Fridays of each month. American I/isiiraiice Union was organized at Columbus in 1894. On January i, 1900, it had 6,080 members. The INlarietta Union \yas organized November 17, '99. It meets the last Friday of the month. The Elks Lodge. No. 477, B. P. 0. E., was organized April 27. 1899, and in one year had erected the tine building now standing facing the Park. The Home with lot, fully equipped electric light plant and other fixtures, invoices about $30,000, and is a lasting credit to its enterprising builders. Regular meetings are held at the Home e\'ery ^IiDuday evening. The general objects of the order are charity, justice, brotherly lo\-e and fidelity. The Pathfinders is a modern, fraternal in- surance order, organized at Akron, Ohio, in 1898, and on December 31, 1899, reported 5,- 923 members. The lodge at Marietta was or- ganized September 13, 1899, with 44 mem- bers. It meets the second antl fourth Mon- days of each month. Marietta Council. K. of C. .\'o. 4/S. — The Knights of Columbus, a beneficiary society composed of Catholics, was organized at New Ha\en, Connecticut, in 1882, having a mem- bership, January i, 1900, of 26,330. Mari- etta Council was organized January 28, 1900, and has a good membership. It meets the first and third Wednesdays of each month. Tlie American Order of United Workmen, which \\as organized back in the "seventies," and has 16 members, meets at the call of the master workman. Tlie Royal Arcanum was organized at Boston. Massachusetts, in 1877. On Jan- uary I, 1900, it had it)3,868 members. Mar- ietta Council, Xn. 1544, was instituted Decem- lier II, 1S93. It meets on the second and fourth Thursdavs of each munth at No. 67 Odd Fellows' Hall. Biiell Post, No. 1/8, G. A. R., was organ- ized at Marietta in December, 1881, with 25 charter members. It meets the first and third Thursdavs of each month. C. B. Gates Post No. 468, G. A. R., was organized in 1884, with 20 charter members It meets alternate Saturdays at Fair\-iew Heights. Biiell JJ'onien's Relief Corf^s, No. 70, was organized in 1885. Its object is to aid the G. A. R. and to assist such old soldiers as need help, their widows and orphans. It meets at Buell Post Hall the first and third Tuesdays of each month. C. B. Ga.tes Women's Relief Corps. No. 186. was first organized in 1884, being named after Charles Beman Gates, a young lad killed while in the service of Com. Huggins. Mrs. S. H. Putnam was the first president and served until 1890. The Corps was reorgan- ized in April. 1892, and has been quite pros- perous and done much relief work. It meets the first and third Fridays of each month. Dazi'cs Camp, No. ^OQ, Sons of Veterans, was organized August 23, 1899, '^^''^li ~9 char- ter members. Its object is to perpetuate the honor and memory of what their fathers fought for. It meet? every Monday evening. CIVIC AND IXDUSTRI.VL SOCIETIES. Marietta Council, No. 32, United Coninier- cial Travelers, was- organized in 1893. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITTZEXS. 353 Knights of Labor, Ideal Assembly, No. ^6j, was organized in 188O. It meets' every IMonday. Trades and Labor Council was organized in 1890. It meets the second and foin-th Fri- days of each montii. Brotherhood of Radroad Trainmen, Lodge No. 304, was organized November 4, 1894. It meets the first and third Sundays of each month. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Mus- kingum Ladge, No. 144. was organized in April, 1896. It meets the first and "third Sun- days of each month. Lntcrnational Association of Bricklayers, N'o. 26, was organized in October. 1897. It meetes ever}' Thursday. America)! Flint Glass Jl'orkers' Union. No. 40, was organized October 15. 1898. It meets on the first and third Saturdays of each month.. Retail Clerks Internationa] Protective As- sociation, No. ^p8, was organized ^larch 22, 1899. It meets on the second and fourth Fri- days of eacli montli. Laborers' International Protective Union, No. S^^6, was chartered JNIay 3. 1899. It meets on the second and fourth \\'ednesdays of each montli. I he Marietta Improvement Society was organized in the spring of 1898, its object be- ing to encourage such improvements as tend to promote the health and beauty of the place. I he Marietta Band was organized about 1884. The number of pieces has varied from lime to time and at present it has 21, being the best musical organization in Southeastern Ohio. The history of the Marietta Orchestra is identical with that of the band as most of members belong to both organizations. Marietta G'uards, O. N. (/.. were mustered into the State Guards on April 19. 1900, as Company B of the Seventh Separate Batt;d- ion, with 65 men. Tlie Board of Trade was the leading spirit to advocate manv of the various improvements that have been jjut in operation within the past decade. It has also been the means of locating several manufacturing plants here and of keei)ing some firms that thought of leaving ilarietta. In its membership today are found about 175 names, man}- of whom are an:er. A. D. 18 18, we, Ephraim Emerson, William Chtrrchill, John Thorniley, Bain Po-sey and Mary Case, met in the easterly part of Marietta, and formed ourselves intoi a church by subscribing to the following articles of Faith and Covenant." Then follow articles and covenant, signed with the abcne fi-ec names present at the first AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 355 meeting, togetlier with Simon Afcrwin. Phebe Merwin and Anna Burnham, who became members in Octoljer foIlo\\ing. Then follow the rules of the order, and the next record is on the day follow-ing, September 6 : "On the Lord's Day. SqjtaiAer 6th. i8i8, we received the right hand of fellowship of the. Baptist Church of Christ in Parkersburgh, Va., at which time Elder ALcAboy preached and broke bread to the church." Ephraim Emerson and William Churchill were the first deacons— chosen October 3d, 1818. For a number of years the membership was scattered over a good deal of territory, along the Ohio on both sides, along the Muskingunis, &c., from Newport to Cat's Creek: and, as the church had no house of worship, its meetings were held in the houses of members, "in the school house at the month of the Little Mus- kingumi," "in the school house up the Little Mluskingum;," "in the meeting house below the mouth of the Little ^fuskingum," at Lower and Upper Newport, "in the Dye Settlement," and at Cat's Creek. • In Marietta for some time there were few members ; and, though a center of territory, no mieeting wlas held here for se\-eral }-ears after the constitution of the church. ■ The first record of a church meeting in town is dated May 24, 1823, Caleb Emerson and wife and others having become members. .Aifter that, meetings were quite frequent in town, generally for son.rs for the church with its first origin — preached the first sernww, and administered the first communion. During his connection with the church there were frequent accessions, by letter and by 1>aptisn-j; and the number of niembers was greatly increased. He was the pastor for seven vears.' On the 19th of Xoveniber, 1825. he tendered his resignatiim. which was accq^tcd with expressions of gratitude and affection, through a committee of the church. At the same meeting an inxitation was giv- en to Rev. Jeremiah Dale, wlio had already been laboring successfully within the territory occupied by the church, to assume the pastoral charge. He accepted the call and sustained the relation until his death. He was a man of fervent spirit, devoted indefatigably to his work ; and his labors were greatly blessed in each branch of the church, as well as in other places where he preached, on both sides of the Ohio. During his ministry the church was in an almost continual state of re\-i\-al. He was ])astor for about six years, and died on the 4th of September. 183 1. in Danvers, Massachu- setts, his native place, whither he had gone on account of his v.'aning health. Soon after this sad event, Re\'. .Mfred Dana was chosen pastor. He served for al;out two years, during which period (piite a num- ber were added to the church. The name of Rev. Allen Darrow appears first in the minutes, under date of January. 18, 1834. He took up his residence in Marietta, and commenced preaching here regularly. On the 22d of February, following the last date, it was "Resolved. That it was expedient to hold church meetings here [in ^Marietta] as a branch of the ^Marietta Church, once in every mbnth." Rev. 'Sir. Darrow. having accepted the pas- toral charge. ap]jlied himself to the interest of the church with characteristic energy and activitv. At first the meetings were held "in the old." and "in the new Court House." "in the Lib-trary Hall," &-c. But a building com- mittee was. soon after, appointed, and meas- ures taken to erect a house of worship. And bv the persex'ering efforts of the pastor, the house on Church street was finished, and opened ffM- worship in .Vpril. 1836. That house the church occupied until it was destroyed by fire in 1835. The present edifice on Putnam street, which was already in process of erec- tion when the other was burned, was occupied in the sanie year. Rev. Mr. Darrow resi.gned at the annual meeting. December 30. 1837. when the Xew- 356 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, part Cluirch wtis constituted, and took charge of that church. His faithful labors at ^I'ari- etta, at Xewport. and throughout the wide field, were owned by the Master. Large ac- cessions, especially at Newport, were made to the membership. During the year 1837 letters of dismission to members applying were vur years. Dr. Stone was an able man. As a preacher he was logical and clear to a marked degree. In 1873 '''^ resigned to enter upon the work of "Freedmian Educa- tion" in training ministers. Re\-. J, \\". Riddle became pastor in 1874. In Feljruary of that year he was ordained by a council called by the church. Under his ministry O'f fi\'e vears there were many acces- sions to the church. Rev. George R. Gear, D. D., was ordained by a church council in March. 1879. He be- gan to supply the church in the fall of 1878, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 357 but did not formally enter upon the pastorate until May i, 1B79. His pastorate was over a church in which his whole life had been spent. He continued for upward of 20 years. There were many seasons of notable revivals. There wei^e 235 accessions by baptism during the pastorate. Some $1,800 was spent in church repairs. Dr. Gear closed his pastorate July i, 1899. Rev. L. kirtley, D. D., became pastor m November, 1899, and still occupies that posi- tion. His pastorate has been eminently suc- cessful. The congregations are large, and the membership of the church has increased by bap- tism and by letter, until now it numbers con- siderably over 500. Recently there has been erected a fine chapel in Norwood, at an ex- pense of some $2,500. Out of the five members who constituted the first church have grown six churches, and the original five constituent members have in- creased more than one hundred fold in the Marietta Church alone. The Baptist CliaprI at Xorwucd. On Sunday. July 27, 1902, the new Bap- tist Chapel in Norwood was forma!'-}' dedi- cated under the auspices of the mother church. of which Rev. L. Kirtley is pastor. The com- pletion of the building, which Sunday's serv- ice signalized, is the ouvconTC of the zeal c.i tie Norwood Bible School. The new chape! is located on the corner of Poplar and Oakwood avenues, is brick ve- neered, 35 by 50 feet in size and will seat 350 people. The furnishings are in light wood, and the ceilings of steel, the interior of the building being light and cheerful and exceed- ingly tasteful. It can be divided into^ two rooms, for Sunday-school use, the larger of the two being made 35 feet square, while the smlaller room is to l)e used for the primary de- partment. Like all things else in this life, the Norv.^ood Bible School had a beginning. This begin- ning assumed tangible form November 11. 1900, and has now passeil into history, which if chronicled in detail would read something like this: "On Simday afternoon, Novaifjer II. A. D. 1900, a company of seventy-four persons met in what is known as the Fulton- burg school liouse in the easterly end of the city of ^ilarietta, Ohio, for the pm^pose of or- ganizing a Bible school. Some oif these were earnest Christian men and women fromi the First Baptist Church in the city ; others were rqjresentatives from the homes in the iuTmedi- ate vicinity of the school house. Harry Cogs- well was chosen superintendent ; H. D. Bab- son, assistant superintendent : Miss Emma Wil- son, secretary: \Iiss Elizabeth Johnson, super- intendent of the [jriniary department; Miss Bernice Mason was put in charge of the junior department, anil of the music : and after a few Sundays Enoch Johnson was secured as teach- er of tlie Bible class. Great interest was mani- fested in the school and the attendance in- creased until on Sunday afternoon, December 9, the school numliered 115." SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE MARIETT.A .VSSOCI.XTION FROM ifcS TO 1900. (By George R. Gear, D. D.) There is always a great interest clustering about tlie beginnings of any institution that has been to humjanity a source of blessing. The beginning of our national life: the beginning of our Constitution : the beginning of the set- tlen-sent of the great Northwest — we all know how deep is the interest we feel in such events. As Baptist churches, associates together in what is known as [Marietta Association, we feel a deep interest in the beginning of our associational history. Having come to the 75th year of our age, it is fitting to glance backward and inquire of the past. It was in the delightful month of June, 1825, that delegates from six Ba;)list churches met with the Bristol Church in Morgan Coun- ty to consider the matter of forming a Bai)tist Association. What church was it that prop- osed that meeting? Who were the men and wonten wlio took the initiati\e in the matter? These questions we cannot answer. Miich of interesting history is unwritten. We see clearly effects. InU cannot always discern the causes. That there was an assjciatioii formed 358 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, at Bristol we know, and the names of the seven churches that constituted the union have come down tO' us. They were : Zanesville, Mari- etta, Camli'ridye, Brookfield, Bristol, Salt Creek, and Salem township ( now Adamsville). These churches were young' in years. The old- est was Salt Creek, a child of 13 years. Mari- etta was seven years old : Zanesville. four ; Camhridge, two : Bi'ookheld, one. The se\-en were also \\ieak in num'bers. Their combined membership was only 350. BiUt they were strong in faith, and strong in purpose. They were not confined in their sympathies, and not content to 'l>e shut up in themseh'es. They sought fellowshii) in the work O'f the Lord. Xor were they content to have that fellowship confined ■ merely to associational bounds. \\"hen tlie -\s- sociation was less than rjne }'car did, a- call camie for a State gathering of Baptists at Zanesville, at A\hich the Ohio Baptist Conven- tion was organized. At that first meeting three of the new churches \\-ere present by delegates, and a fourtli, Marietta, had ■ a delegate ap- pointed, who failed tO' be present only because the day of meeting was mistaken. So practic- ally four of these young- churches became con- stituent miembers of the new missionary organ- ization. The horizon of responsibility was no narrow one. A'ttending the Associations was no easy matter in those earlv days. The world had nil knowledge of such a thing as railroads. On the Ohio there were a few steamboats, but no'Ue on the Mluskingum, for it was not then a navig-able stream. Roads were rough, and out of the beaten lines of tra\-el scarcely more than openings throngh the woods. Much of the country Was a wilderness. Delegates usually canle on horseback. Some who \\-ere not fa- vored enough to own a horse, and. too- poor to hire one, walked, sometimes 50 miles, so eager were they to attend the Association. Those were days when m!en were not afraid to make sac- rifices to he present at the annual gathering. A little miore of like interest upon the part of the mi,emlbers oi our churches of to-da\- wxiuld much increase the interest in our associational meetings. The new Association formed at Bristol was called i\Ieigs Creek. This name was given it because Meigs Creek, which rises in the upper part of Morgan County, and empties intO' the Muskingum near Beverly, was nearly a central line between the chu.rches. Bristol Church \\as on Meigs Creek. For 46 years the name con- tinued. Like most names it survived many years after it ceased tO' have any appropriate- ness. In 1 87 1 the name was changed to Ma- rietta, which it has borne ever since. There were five ministers present at the or- ganization of the Association: George Sedg- wick, \\'illiam Sedgwick, ^^'illiam, Spencer, William Rees and Jeremiah Dale. Long since the\- all passed to the General Association alicne. The last one died in 1871. At the 50th anniversary held \vith the New Harmony Church there was but one sur\-i\-or of the con- stituent members — Deacon I)a\id Greer, of Brookfield. The new Association grew rapidly in its earlier years. New churches were added near- ly every year, and the boundaries of the As- sociation were considerably enlarged. Woods- field and Coshocton were among the new churches. In 10 years the original seven churches had become 30, and the membership had increased from 350 'to 1,502. The field so widened that in 1839 a division was nmde and the \\'ills Creek Association — now Camliridge — was formed. The number of churches was then 30. and 19 of them were dismissed to form the new Association. Oth- er divisions came later, and churches w^ere dis- missed to Coshocton ami Zanesville associa- tions. Our Association bounds have so nar- rowed that now we have no churches in Mor- gan or Muskingum counties, where formerly some of the best churches were found. The Association originally met on Satur- da}- and continued o\'er the following- Monday. Sunda}- was the great da}'. Great crowds g-athqretl from e\-ery quarter. There \vas preaching morning, afternoou and evening. Certain evils, h(Twe\"er, grew up in comiection with the Sunda.}- ser\ices, such as led, in 1805, to a change of time. E\er since tlie nteetings iia\'e been near the middle of the week. ' AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 359 The total number of churches that have been connected \\*\i\\ tlie Asst>ciation from its beginning up to the present time is 89. Many of them liave been dismissed to other asso- ciations. Several of the number have ceased to exist. One of these is the Bristol Church, where the organization meeting was held. Soine of the dead clnnxhes have had but a brief life; for e.xample. Belpre reported but one year. We ha\'e ne\-er gained any perma- nent foothold in that part of Washington Coun- ty west of the Muskingum Ri\-er. At one time there wiere churches reporting at Wesley, Watertown and Belpre, but all of them seemed to have a feeble life. We have but one small church in the extreme western part of the coun- ty. Little Hocking, organized a few years ago. VX'ithin the last 25 years Beverly, Bethesda, Corinth, Cow Run and Hockingport have be- come extinct, ^^'e know not all the causes that have brought about this loss. Doubtless in iomtft cases it is due to the decay of the com- munities, or to the shifting of population. In some cases the church was organized unwisely. Be the cause what it may, it is always a sad thing to be compelled to furl our Baptist flag where once it has waved. Expansion, and not contraction, is the true order of church life. It would be impossible in the limits as- signed to this paper to give anything like a his- tory of the individual churches. Some of than, such as Marietta, Zanesville and McCon- nellsville, because larger in numbers and stronger financially, and centers of influence, have occupied more prominent parts in asso- ciaticMial life. Marietta furnished an efficient mcKlerator in the person of Judge T. WL Ewart, wdio held that office for a quarter of a century. McConnellsville for nearly an ecjual periocl gave us a treasurer in the person of Charles H. Barker. Both of these men have rested from their labors. Brother Barker having suir\'ived until January, 1899. Mari- etta is now the only cit\' churcli in the Associ- •ation. It has been a mother of churches, seven others having sprung from it. It is growing in numbers and in influence, and in spiritual power, under its faithful ;>.nd efl'icient pastor. Dr. L. Kirtlev. Th.c ijresent numljer of churches on our associaliunal roll is 28, with a membership of about 1,900. Sunday-schools were early encouraged. In 1827 a circular letter was written by Rev. Will- iam Sedgwick. It contains these words: "The great utility of Sunday-schools very few at the present . day doubt. The sweet showers O'f descending- grace on so' many Sunday- schools proclaim the approbation Oif Heaven. We sincerely hope that all will take great pains in forwarding their introduction into every neighborhood." In 1834 the churches were called upon to report their Sunday-school work. Xext year Marietta reported 10 schools xA\l\\ 400 scholars. Reports, however, were at first imperfect and incomplete, and were not embodied in the table of statistics until 1843. It was felt that some organization was needed to arouse more general interest in the work. In 1857 a Sabbath School Convention was or- ganized at Zanesville. For many years the convention met the day before the Association. In 1874 the plan of making the Bible school wlork a department of the work of the Associ- tion was adopted. That plan has continued e\-er since. There were many efficient Sunday-school workers in those earlv days. A prince among thenii was T. W. Ewart, w^io for 40 years was superintendent of the Marietta Sunday-school. He visited the different churches and neigh- borhoods, and helped in organizing many new schools. He was full of enthusiasm and ener- gy and v.-as a very efficient talker on Sunday- school topics. Sunday-school Institutes have been one way of stirring up interest, and promoting greater efficiency in the work. These Institutes have been conducted by a Sunday-school Board ap- pointed by the Association. They have been in the past very helpful. At many of these In- stitutes very efficient aid w'as given by the State Missionary Secretary. Charles Rh(^a(ls, appointed by the Publication Society. ^larietta .Association has always had an active interest in every form of mission work. I have already alluded to the fact that w'hen the AssociaticMi wtis less than a vear old a ma- 36o HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, jority of the churches forming it had a part in the organization of the Ohio Baptist Con- vention, whose object was to promote missions in the State. In 1827 resohitions were adopted reconiniiending foreign missions, especially the work in Biimtah and anlong the Chinese in Siam. Five years later Rev. Allen Darrow carried tu- the Triennial Missionary Conven- tion, meeting in New York, an offering of $100, of w'hich $50 wlas from Marietta Baptist Association. He traveled in his own carriage, which was then the only way of communica- tion. The journey occupied X\xo weeks. Mr. Darrow handed the money to the president of the Convention. Dr. Herman Lincoln, ni a $100 bill. Dr. Lincoln waved the note before the audience, exclaiming: "Tliis is the iirst sheaf from Ohio." Thank God that first sheaf proved the forerunner of many bountiful har- vests for missions in this Ohio' field. The wider fields of mission labnr — State, national and foreign, have not been cultivated to the neglect of associational needs. At dif- ferent periods there have been special et¥orts to assist and build up the weaker churches. In 1855 Rev. J. H. Barker was appointed Asso- ciational Missionary at a salary of $500, of \\-hich S200 was conitributed by the other churches. In 1880 Rle-v. J. L. \\'}'ly was ap- pointed a missionary in co-operation with the State Cbnvention. Such special missionary work has alternated with the plan of giving assistance to individual churches in the support of a pastor. The latter plan has been the more comarion one. The average yearl_\- amount spent fnr associational missions from 1855 to 1875 was $233, Since 1877 the average amo'unt lias been nearh' $150. The aggregate sum spent in 43 years is .$9,7 17. The question may be asked. "What are the results? What have we to show for this large expenditure?" It may be truthfully said that we cannot know all the results. There is his- tory of this work that is written only in the Lamb's Book of Life. How many souls have been led to Christ? How many brethren have been cheered and encouraged and helped tO' a better life no one can tell. As regards particu- lar churches we may p(jint to A'allev and Cald- well as showing part of the permanent residts. One thing is certain : No earnest work at- temtpted for Christ's sake ever falls fruitless. Results may not meet our anticipations, btit the labor is not in vain. There is no class of men who have so n^Juch to dO' with shaping associational life as do the ministers of the Gospel. If they are in the main broad-minded, intelligent, self-sacri- ficing; wise in planning and active in execu- tion : if they be godly in life and discreet in deportment, and unblemished in character; then will the associational life take on many of the same features. Marietta Association has had in its 75 years of history many such miinisters. In the early life the name of Jere- miah Dale is one that is remembered because of his remarkalaly devoted and efficient pioneer work. The two Sedgwicks were men of prom- nence in early Ohio Baptist history. Allen Darrowj is another namte remembered for his woiks' sake. He wtas a man of much force of character, and of indomitable energy. He was closely associated with my father, Hiram Gear, who died in Marietta in 1843. J- ^- Riley was probably longer in point of service than any other pastor in th-e Association. About 43 years he filled with diiferent pastorates. He was a true servant of Christ and loved to preach His Gospel. Henn- Lyons also^ had a long period of ser\ice. Father Pearce was for many years a prijininent factor in associational nistory. Other names of prominence in days past wa'e Hervev Dale, son of Jeremiah Dale, B. Y. Siegfried, L. G. Leonard, J. D. Leonard, S. G. Dawson, first pa-^tor of the Valley Church, and afterward superintendent of State missions, T. C. Johnson, L. B. Aloore, \\'. N. Wyeth, C. H. Gunter, Nathan Crooks, and many others whom there is not time tO' mention. Of these who long l^a^■e been connected with our Asso- ciation, and who survive tO' the present day are brethren El \\'. Daniels and W'atson Dana. Brother A. K. McCall has also spent much of his ministerial life in this Association. In the semi-centennial year there were 16 ordained ministers in the Association. Of that numlber onlv twO' are members of the Association to- dav, the venerable father William McPeak, and AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 361 Watson Dana. ^Nfore than halt of tlie number are dead. One of tliat 16 was J. S. Covert, who wrote the historical review of the first 50 years. To his carefully prepared paper, printed in the minutes of that year, I am in- debted for many of the facts of our early his- tory. Many laymen have there been who were wise in planning. liberal in gifts, and foreirjost in every good work. There will readily occur such names as Epiiraim Emerson. Caleb Em- erson, Joseph Barker, Deacon Ira Hill, Thomas W. Ewart, Luther D. Barker, Charles Barker, W. P. Sprague, Stephen Dana. George W. Dye, John Pool. J. ]\1. Amos, John Miller, and 1. K. Adkins. This is by no nwans a full list. Others w'ill probably come to the minds of the older ones, who have done good service in years past, as well as many who are still active in every good work. In 1843 '^ young niJm about 18 years of age was present as a delegate from the Zanes- ville Church. His name was William' Ash- more. In i860, 17 years later, he was again present, but not as a delegate. He was just home from China on a \-acation tour. A few months ago some of us had the privilege of hearing this same Dr. Ashmore at the mis- sionarv conference in Parkersburg. Doubtless no one expected in 1843 that the young man who sat with them Vv'ould liec(ime so widely famous in connection with the Lord's work in China. One of the most prominent features of modern church life is the greater activity of the young people in church work. It has doubt- less always been true that the younger members of the church have h.ad some share in church activities. But the proportion of children and young people was not so great in our earlier history as it is now. Early conversions were rather the exception. And yet some of the early pastors leamed to see wisely in this mat- ter. Rev. Ira Corwin, who was pastor of the Marietta Church from 1844 to 1852. received into the church so many young people that he felt the need of some special 'service for their development. He organized a Young People's pra_\er meeting, which has continuetl in the JMarietta Church for about 54 years. The or- ganization of the young people into a Society of Christian Endeavor came much later. So- cieties of young people were organized in oth- er churches of the Association. The thought of an associational Young People's Union soon engaged attention. In 1891, the young people asked the approval of the Association for such a Union. It was cordially and unani- mously given. The Union was organized dur- ing the same session at Lower Salem. 'Die name a.(Vopted Avas "The Y'oung People's Union of the [Marietta Baptist Association." The first officers were : Fred Fisher, presi- dent; Miss Eva Hill, vice-president; J. Ernest Hutchings, secretary and treasurer; Miss Se- lina Pearce, corresponding secretary. In the Association program of that year a place had been given to the toj:)ic "Young People's Soci- eties." which was discussed under three heads : "Their Relation to the Church," by the pastor of the Marietta Church; "What Should Be Their Ainu" by the much lamented E. U. Smith: "What Can They Do for Missions?'' by Fred Fisher. The first statistical report appears in the minutes of 1892. Tliere were six societies with a total membership of 252. That the young people felt some special responsibility in the line of missions is shown in their offer- ings, which amounted to $119. The statistics ot' 1899 gi\'e the present number of societies as nine, with a membership of 356. The mis- sion offerings were $126. So far the Young People's Societies have proved a valuable feature in church work. It would seem as if they had come tO' stay. Con- ducted wisel\-, they are a great help to the pastor. With right church' and pastoral en- couragemient, oversight and direction, they can do much to help in the cause of Ciirist. Organization is the characteristic oi the age. It is a day of many societies of all sorts, and for a great variety of purposes. We have seen the young peo]5le forming a special asso- ciational organization in 1891. It was many vears ea.rlier than this that the women of the Association bet;an In band themselves together 362 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND IVASHIXGTON COUXTY in m]issioii circles. The importance of the work was early recognized. At the senni-centennial meeting in 1875 there was offered by T. \\\ Ewart the following resolution, \\lhich was unanimously adopted: "We hail the Woman's jMissi'onary Society, the object and work of which has been presented to^ the Association to- day, as an important field opened before the \\1onien of this xAissociation for usefulness, and cordially recomhiend the organization, if pos- sible, in each of the churches of this Associa- tion of a Woman's Missionary Circle, auxiliary to the Woman's Society of the West." Mrs. Riddle, M.rs. Ewart and Mrs. Stone were ap- pointed a committee to take the matter in charge. In the minutes of 1879, of the meeting held at Lower Salem, appears the first report of circles. McConnellsville, Marietta, Valley and Good Hope reported organizations. The nlission offerings of these circles was $62.16. Ever since, women's work for mis- sions has has a place in the association- al program and in the statistical tables. The nuir.ber of women's circles in 1899 was 13. The oft'erings for home and foreign work am/ounted to- $230.87. Great good has come out of these organizations. They have tended to inspire and make more active the missionary spirit, and to enlarge the oft'erings. If it be always kept in mlind that each circle is but a department of church work, and that its offer- ings c\o not take the place of the regular church collection. Ijut only ser\-e to swell, it to larger proportions still larger usefulness is in store for the women's circles. It is a matter of no small importance that a church should have a suitable house of wor- ship. The building should be one large enough to accomnHodate the people, neat and attract- ive in its appearance, comfortable in its seat- ing and suited to the localitv. and in e.xpensive- ness to the ability of the people. Several new church edifices have been built within the past 25 years. Among them are the church build- ings at Troy, Little Hocking, Matamoras, Lib- erty and Lawrence. Other churches have been so remodeled and improved as tO' be prac- tically new. There has been decided progress along the line of church edifices. As a whole our church buildings are much in advance of what the}' w'ere 25 years ago. Neat and com- fortable houses of worship have taken the place of some very sliabby structures. I have already spoken of the fact that some churcltes ha\'e beconiie nearly or wholly ex- tinct. Some of these churches had houses of W(>r.--hip. which other churches of the Associa- tion had helped to build. It was felt that it v\-as important to get possession of these aban- doned buildings, and sell them for the 'benefit of the Association. Accordingly steps were taken in 1884 to secure for the Association ar- ticles of incorporation, which would enable it to hold property. The legal steps were an- noimced as complete at the session of 1886, and six trustees were appointed. Under the authority given tO' them, by law three church buildings ha\-e come intOi our possession, and ha\-e Iieen sold for the benefit of the Associ- ation. These buildings were those belonging tO' the churches of Beverly, Bethesda and Hock- ingport. From the money recei\-ed b}- the sale of these, considerable contributions have been made to the edifices at Lawrence. Liberty, Lit- tle Hocking and Matamoras. So it has come to pass that these abandoned edifices ha\e been mbved. as it were, to commjunities where church life still exists. MINISTERS OF MARIETTA ASbOCIATXOX, 1825-I9OO George C. Sedgwick, entered 1825, removed 1859. William Sedgwick, entered 1825. removed 1839. ^\'illiam Spencer, entered 1825. removed. 1839. George Rnssell. entered 1S25. removed 1843. William Rees. entered 1825. removed 1834. Jeremiah Dale, entered 1825, removed 1831. Richard Conner, entered 1826, removed 1S39. J. S Clark, entered 1827. C. Skinner, entered 1827, removed 1839. Hugh Brocm. entered 1827, removed 1839. L. Cnlver, entered 1827, removed 1836. \V. Da\is. entered 1828. removed 1831. Benoni Allen, entered 1S29. removed 1832. James Gabriel, entered 1831. removed 1848. Alfred Dana, entered 1831. removed 1842. J. Richardson, entered 1831. removed 1839. W. R. McGowen, entered 1831. removed 1839. John Pritchard, entered 1832, removed 1836. William N. Smith, entered 1832. removed 1839, Benjamin Blake, entered 1832. removed 1855. Reuben Berkley, entered 1832, removed 1843. Enoch Rector, entered 1832. removed 1843. J. Vanbrunt, entered 1833, removed 1838. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 363 AUen Darrow. entered 1834, removed 1844. H. Headley. entered 1834. removed 1836. R. H. Sedgwick, entered 1834. removed 1837. Owen Owens, entered 1835. removed 1837. Hiram Gear, entered 1836, removed 1843. Sedgwick Rice, entered 1836, removed 1839. William Stone, entered 1836, removed 1839. Michael White, entered 1836, removed 1844. T. M. Erwin. entered 1836. rcinoved 1837. William Mears, entered 1837. removed 1843. William S. Hall, entered 1837, removed 1849. Joseph Sperry, entered 1837. removed 1837. B. V. Siegfried, entered 1838, removed 1839. H. Sayre, entered 1838. removed 1839. M. Davis, entered 1838, removed 1839. D. E Thomas, entered 1838, removed 1855. George I. Miles, entered 1838, removed 1839. Eber Crane, entered 1839, removed 1845. T. Tresize, entered i8,?9. removed 1840. W'illiam Knowlton. entered 1840. removed 1849. Abel Johnson, entered 1841, removed 1851. J. M. Courtney, entered 1842, removed 1849. j. B. Sinclair, entered 1843, removed 1851. B. T. F. Cahe. entered 1843. removed 1844. H. Ward, entered 1844, removed 1850. John Whitney, entered 1844, removed 1850. Henry Billings, entered 1844. removed 1850. H. S. Dale, entered 1844. removed 1857. J. D. Riley, entered 1844. N. B. Henry, entered 1844. James Woods, entered 1844. removed 1848. John D. Young, entered 1844. removed 1849. John W. Miller, entered 1844, removed 1851. William Pearce. entered 1846. W. D. Emerson, entered 1846. removed 1847. Ira Corwin. entered 1845. removed 1853. J. C. Skinner, entered 1846, removed 1853. B. Thomas, entered 1849, removed 1853. T. Shepard, entered 1850, removed 1853. 1. Herbert, entered 1850, removed 1872. M. Maddox. entered 1850, removed 1869. Jefferson Chambers, estered 1847, removed 1864. T. M. Erwin, entered 1851. J. M. Winn, entered 1852, removed 1854. Ed. Jones, entered 1853. removed 18=7. J. P. Agenbroad. entered 1853, removed 1858. Henry Lyon, entered 1853. A. Snyder, entered 1854, removed 1855. John Abies, entered 1854, removed 1870. L. G. Leonard, entered 1855. removed J862. J. B. Convers, entered 1859, removed 1859, J. H. Barker, entered 1859, removed 1869. Washington Glass, entered 1859, removed i860. Lewis Madden, entered 1859, removed i86a. William Mears. entered 1858, removed i860. A. J. Buel. entered 1859, removed 1862. George T. Jones, entered 1859, removed 1868. E. W. Danncls. entered 1859. removed t86i. J. D. ■Leonard, entered 1859. removed 1863. S. G. Dawson, entered 1S59, removed 1862. G. W. Churchill, entered i860, removed 1870. J. P. Stephens, entered l8bo. removed 1868. L. >L Pherson, entered 1861. reinoved 1865. Simon Siegfried, entered 1863, removed 1865. J. W. Warwick, entered 1858, removed 1858. Hough, entered 1858, removed 1859. B. M. Stout, entered 1863, removed 1869. L. L. Rcinhart, entered 1863, removed 1864. E. .■\dkins. entered 1864, removed 1871. L N. Carman, entered 1864, removed 1867. W. A. Blake, entered 1865. removed 1868. William A. McPeak. entered 1865. W. N. Wyeth. entered 1865, removed 1869. J. .S. Covert, entered 1866, removed 1876. D. Sechman, entered 1866. removed 1872. E. Stiilwell, entered 1868, removed 1872. J. D. Griebel. entered l868, removed 1869. Z. C. Rush, entered 1868, removed 1871. Silas Livemiore. entered 1867, reinoved 1868, H. Ward, entered 1868. removed 1870. Watson Dana, entered 1869. F. Stanley, entered 1869. removed 1871. J. Lawrence, entered 1869, removed 1870. >L Stone, D. D., entered 1870. F. J. Gather, entered 1869, removed 1879. T. H. Kerber, entered 1871, removed 1872. M. Squibb, entered 1870, removed 1873. H. L. Gear, entered 1872, removed 1875. R. R. Sutton, entered 1873, removed 1874. J. C. Philips, entered 1872. J. D. Ray, entered 1872. W. I. Dunn, entered 1873. J. W. Riddle, entered 1873, removed 1878. T. M. Erwin, entered 1873. removed 1875. J. C. Richardson, entered 1873. removed 1878 T. C. Johnson, entered 1875. removed 1877. John R. Dye. entered 18.30. removed 1855. J. C. Fernold, entered 1875, removed 1878. C. H. Hunter, entered 1876. removed 1888. C. L. Hanlon. entered 1876. removed 1879. H. M. Prince, entered 1876, removed 1883, L, B. Moore, entered 1879, removed 1884, C. M. Ruje, entered 1879, removed 1881. George R. Gear, entered 1870. IMungo Taylor, 1879. R. W. Malcom, entered 1880, removed 1883. J. L. Wyly, entered 1880. removed 1882. W. E. Powell, entc-cd 1880. retnoved 1881. A. K. McCall. entered 1884. James L. Cunningham, entered 1886. B. L. Neff, entered 1886. removed 1895. Nathan Crooks, entered 1886. removed 1898. D. G. Daly, entered 1888. removed i8go. B. F. Ridenour. entered 1889, removed 1890. J. S. Fisher, entered 1888. removed 1890. H. H. Mayhart. entered 1893. removed 1894. O. F. Jackson, entered 1893, removed 1897. H. Cofer. entered 1894. F. P. Baldwin, entered 1897, removed 1898. C. B. Powell, entered i8g8. removed 1899. W. H. Kellum. entered 1898. removed 1899. W. W. Dixon, entered 1898. The total minibcr (if ordained ministers that have served for a greater or less time in the Association is 149. 364 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, CHURCHES OF MARIETTA ASSOCIATION, 1S25-100U. NAMES. Salt Creek Marietta Salem Township Bristol Zanesville, 1st Cambridge Brookfield Enon Harmony Salem Rich Hill Goshen Mount Zion Unity Concord Blue Rock Windsor , Woodslield McConnelsville Duck Creek White Plains Norwich Brushy Fork Wills Creek Olive Salt Fork Union Adams or Lowell , Center Knoxville Manchester Waterford Sarchett's Run Hopewell Coshocton Windsor Market Street, Zanesvil Tamaka Newport Bristol Little Muskingum Good Hope , Olive Green Hamilton Mill Fork Warren or Barlow Olive Township Dye's Fork Duncan's Falls Liberty Four Mile or N. Castle. Rockville Salt Lick COUNTY. Muskingum. Morgan Muskingum. Guernsey. . . Morgan . . . . Monroe Noble Ciuernsey . . . Muskingum. Guernsey. . . Monroe Washington. Muskingum. Morgan Monroe Morgan Noble Coshocton. . Muskingum. Guernsey. . . Noble Guernsey. . . Washington. Guernsey. . . Coshocton. . Noble Washington. Guernsey. . . Muskingum. Coshocton. . Morgan Muskingum. Coshocton. . Washington. Morgan Washington. Morgan . . . . Monroe Coshocton . , Washington. Morgan Muskingum. Washington. Morgan Muskingum. Perry 1811 1818 1818 1820 1821 1823 182.5 1824 1825 1817 1825 1828 1830 1818 1832 1830 1836 183- 1838 1838 1837 1835 1830 1842 1841 1844 1843 1825 1825 1825 1825 1826 1825 1826 1827 1827 1827 1828 1828 1828 1828 1828 1828 1828 1829 1829 1828 1829 1830 1830 1830 1831 1831 1832 1832 1833 1833 1834 1835 1835 1835 1836 1837 1837 1838 1838 1838 1838 1839 1859 1839 1839 1839 1839 1840 1841 1843 1843 1844 1844 REMARKS. 1839 1839 1837 1859 1839 1871 1839 1842 1839 1864 1837 1839 1832 1861 1829 183i 1839 1839 1839 1839 1839 1851 1839 1846 1839 1834 1837 1839 1839 1839 1872 1839 1839 1868 1873 1833 1846 1839 1849 1840 1841 1859 1872 1860 1851 Dismissed to Wills Creek Association Disbanded. Dismissed to Zanesville Association. " Wills Creek " " Zanesville " Disbanded. Dismissed to Wills Creek .A-Ssociation Ceased to Report. Dismissed. to Wills Creek Association Joined Adams church. Dismissed to Zanesville Association. Disbanded. Dismissed to Zoar Association. Disbanded. Dismissed to Wills Creek .A.ssociation Ceased to Report. Dismissed to Wills Creek .•Association Disbanded. Dismissed to Wills Creek .Association Ceased to Report. Ceased to Report. Dismissed to Wills Creek Association " Zanesville " Wills Creek Disbanded. Disbanded. Ceased to Report. Disbanded. Dismissed to Wills Creek Association Ceased to Report. Disbanded. Dismissed to Zanesville Association. Disbanded. Dismissed to Zanesville Association. Ceased to Report. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 365 CHURCHES OF MARIETTA ASSOCIATION, 1825-1900. NAMES. 4J O -5 g < s <-< >-■£ REMARKS. 64 65 66 57 68 69 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 70 71 72 -.3 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Lawrence j Washington . Brownsville 1 Monroe Roxbury , ' Washington. Enoch Monroe. Harmony Noble.. Washing 1845 1846 Nt Waterford. Wesley ' " ....... ; Belpre i " 2(1 Windsor , Morgan New Harmonv Noble | 18-^6 1867 . ! 1857 I 1867 . 1867 Beverly W'ashington. Roadfork { Noble Matamoras Washington. Valley ! Ark Spring Muskingum . Graysville. Monroe Caldwell Noble. ..^... Bethesda I Monroe Corinth | Washington. Cumberland i Guernsey..., Woodsfield ■ Monroe Muskingum Valley j Washington. Watertown \ '' Indian Valley Monroe Roxburv Washington. Harmony i Monroe Bristol ' Morgan Cow Run ' Washington. Center \'alley i Hocklngport i Athens Torch I " Troy ! " Lower Salem Washington. 5 Tuppers Plains Athens .... / New X'anderhoof i Independence I Washington.. Little Hocking i 1840 1862 1S65 1864 1865 1845 1867 1867 1868 1867 1816 1869 1870 1872 1875 1848 1816 1876 1854 1879 1891 1846 1846 1846 1846 1847 1847 1848 1«49 1862 18.56 1867 18.57 1868 1858 I«8 isr,0 186H 1866 1865 1865 1866 1867 1867 18H8 1868 1868 1869 1870 1872 1875 1876 1876 1876 1878 1879 1891 1862 1867 1861 1856 1860 1850 1863 1890 1861 1880 1884 1871 1873 1895 1893 Disbanded. Dismissed to Salem Association. Disbanded. Ceased to Report. Disbanded. Dismissed to Zanesville Association Disbanded. Dismissed to Cambridge Association. Disbanded. Disbanded. Disbanded. Received from Salem .Association Salem Association. St. Mary's Rowaiii Cutliollc Cliiiri.-li. (By Rcr. F. M. U;>rsiiiaii.i Tlie early liistory of Catholicity in Marietta connects itself with the unselfish zeal of the pioneer ni'issionaries of the church, who trav- eled from place to place, for miles and miles, on horseback, and. wherever they found scat- tered fam'ilies of the faith, brought them to gether and arranged them into .missions or small congregations — which served as the foundation of future well organized congrega- tions and churclies. Ho\\-e\-er, before we come to record the connected incidents of the church in Marietta, it is of interest to note the historic fact that the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass -was the very first instance of Christian n'orship ever offered in what nozc constitutes the oldest city of the NorthcHest Territory. The French govern- ment, which held ix>sscssion of the Northwest Territory, often sent out troops for the pin-posc 366 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, oi inspecting and examining tlieir large do- nilain. In the year 1749 Roland Michel Barin, Marquis de !a Gallissoniere, governor general of Canada, sent out Celeron de Bienville with 300 men, accompanied by Rev. Father Joseph Peter de Bonnecamp, a Jesuit missionary, as chaplain, on a tour of inspection. Coming down the river Oliio from Fort Dliquesne, they pitched their can:'p at the con- fluence of the Ohio and Musking-um rivers, where they also buried a leaden plate, found in 1798. During this jo'urney the chaplain would h)3ld services for the troops and would also preach to the Indians. \\'hen successful it was \\1ont to establish an Indian mission. From the records sent to Rome by Father Bonnecamp, it is evident that here also, on August 16, 1749, he offered, in the presence of the trmips and the Indians, who had assembled fnmi the neighborhood, the Holy Sacrifice of the Mnss. Long after this event nothing is of record as to the growth of the church until we learn that the early missionaries again offered the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass in the little brick house of one Felix McGuire, on the corner of what is now called Hart and Fifth streets, which served as the place (if worship, where the early pioneers gathered. A Fatiier Lee and Russell, as tradition has it, used to come, som,etinies by boat, sometimes on horseback, presum|:ibly from Wheeling, and instructed the little tlock in the faith of their fathers and at- tended their spiritual wants. It is also of rec- ord that in the year 1S30 Father Russell, who came from Wheeling, gave a lecture on "The Church," in the Court House. The lecturer drew a large crowd. In those days and long vears afterward a Catholic priest was looked upnn. liy outsiders, as a very strange kind of animal. They used to flock to the boat land- ing of the Ohio to see him come and gO' very much like the Indians used to view the first ad- vent of Columilj'us and his comipanious, except- ing that the Catholic priest was not considered as belonging to the gods or angelic choirs, but rather was supposed to be horned and tailed. To get a glimpse of these ai>pendages was the incenti\'e to the curinsitv e.xliibited. Alas, for the malice of preachers and the stupidity and ignorance of men! Just prior to 1838, Rt. Rev. John B. Pur- cell, encouraged and assisted by the co-opera- tion of the few zealous Catholic people of Ma- rietta, bought the present church grounds from Mrs. ]vIai-\- Brophy, at a very reasonable price — Mrs. Brophy herself being a Catholic. The house which occupied part of the lots (there were two, 180 by 180 feet) had been erected by Jolm Brough, father oi the war gO'vern- or ( 1863) oif the State of Ohio. He sold it to Mrs. Brophy, and when it fell intO' the hands of the then Bishop of Cincinnati, he placed Patrick Waters in charge of the property. By him the building was used as a grocery store. Being a two-story brick building, one room on the second floor was used, at intervals, as a chapel, where the visiting priest said Mass and preached the Word of God tO' the little Catholic flock of Marietta. Such was the state of affairs prior to June, 1838. In that year Rev. James IVIcCoffery was made the first resident pastor. He converted the store-room oif the building intO' the first church and occupied the second floor as a par- sonage. He remained in charge for 1 1 years, and besides the little flock at hom)e he attended the widely scattered Catholic people along the shores of the Miiskingum River, as far as Mc- Connelsville, and also at Newjiort on the Ohio, at Fleniiing, Vincent and Cutler, going north also as far as Cambridge. In the month of October, 1849, '''^ ^^''^s followed by Rev. Rob- ert I. Lawrence, who remained until .Vpril, 1850. Rev. Peter Perry was appointed pastor and took charge, in the mouth of April, 1850. By this time, in consequence of the M'uskingum RS\er impii)\ement, many additioual Catholic people came to M'arietta, and the necessity of a larger and more commodious church became the problemi that presented itself for solution. Hugh Brennan antl John Burke — the uncle oi D. B. Torpy — interested themselves very much to the end of erecting a new church. Under the leadership of Father Perry, the new churcli was besun. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 367 At that tim«, however, the agitation was coinnieiiced to ciiange the location. The oh- jection then, as now, was that the church would l>e too near the river and and in a district where the floods would inevitably reach it. The contest grew \\arm — many contending that the church should be buik farther up the street — nearer to the cemetery, which had been located at the other and upper end oi Fo'Urth street. Under the leadership of Hugh Brennan, who from, selfish motives wished to retain the present locality, he having a grocery and saloon near by, on Greene street, Rt. Rev. John B. Purcell was prevailed upon tO' decide in favor of the first chosen church location. The fear of a flood accounts for the height of the church floor from the street level. The year 1884, however, the flood rose above the altar table. The church was begun in 1S50, and after three years completed. The greatest amount subscribed by any one individual was $100, and that amount was given by but three per- sons, i. e.. Father Perry, Hugh Brennan and John Burke. \\'hat may "be of interest tO' state is the fact that the clay out of which the bricks for the new building were made, was taken from an old Indian mound — supix>sed to be an old pre- historic fortification, situated about wliere now passes Sacra Via street. Rev. Peter Perry remained in charge for five years. Owing to the poverty of the in- dividual members of his flock, he was unable to meet the total indebtedness incurred and hence, when in September, 1S55, he was suc- ceeded by^ Rev. R. P. O'Xeil, the church debt of some few thousand dollars was one of the heavy burdens with which the new pastor had to contend. The new building, as yet unfur- nished, had cost something like seven or eight thousand dollars — four of wihich iiad been paid. Father O'Neil, however, bravely faced his new duties and it is during his short ad- mdinstration that we find the first attempt made to commence a parochial school. A school so- ciety was established, the members of which paid a monthly fee of 25 cents, winch, placed in the treasurv, was the lieginning of a school fund antl served afterward as a little founda- tion on which a parochial school was built anil n>aintained for a few years. Father O'Neil was succeeded in the pastor- al charge of St. Mary's Church by Rev. R. B. Hardy, April, 1856, and he remained only a year, was succeeded in .March, 18^7, bi\- Rev. O. A. Walker. Father Walker had temporarily sexercd his connection with the Duminicans, owing to the filial duty that devolved solely upon him to support his aged father and mpther. Accom- panied by his parents, he took possession of the old grocery building, which had seu'ed its time as both church and parsonage, and used the second floor as a parsonage. The first floor — the old storeroom — ^the first chapel — he immediately converted into a school room. This, then, is the first attempt, carried out successful!}-, towaril the maintenance of a pa- rochial school. ' The action taken was as commendable as it was necessary. John Sheridan, a brother of Gen. Phil Sheridan, was engaged as teacher and served in that capacity for a \-ery meagre salary — $15 per month — for several years. In the meanwhile the thought of con\-erting part of the church basement into a schfx>l room was ripening. The year 1858 saw the change ef- fected. The basement O'f the church was parti- tioned off and the school was continued under the new arrangement. John Sheridan was fol- lowed as teacher by Miiss Elizabeth Griflin ; she in turn by I\Irs. C. H. Bukey, who' was suc- ceeded by MSss Rose Minor. The school did not give entire satisfaction and during its lease of life of about five years — from 1857 to 1862 — was continually strug- gling for its very existence. The pastor in charge. Father Walker, did his utmost to bring the school up to the necessary standard of ex- cellence, but being continually hampered by a want of proper assistance, on the part of his flock, unable in consecjuence to i)ay a teach- er the proper salary ancl, above all, his care mostly taxed for the purpose of liquidating the church debt, it is not at all to be wondered at that, when the Civil A\'ar distracted the coun- try, the increasing dit'ficulties S(Xin determined 368 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, the fate of the first Ijrax'e effurt in behalf of Christian education. In the meanwhile Father Walker had the old church (parsonage,! school Ijuilding taken down and used, as much as feasible, the old material in the construction of the present par- sonage. He placed the new parsonage in the rear of the lot so as to make the pastor's en- trance to the church direct from the house, in immediate connection with the church l.milding. The church debt was nnw paid, the elegant center altar procured, a schiuil attempted and, against mountainous dilticulties, carried nn for five years, the new parsonage erected and completed — when in June, iSCu. Father Walk- er was succeeded by lve\-. J. D. Ryan. ' During the hitter's administration the church building was condemned as no longer safe for public meetings. The increasing weight oif the shingle roof began to spread the walls outward, and hence, for some time, while the necessary repairs were being matle. church services were held in the Court House. .\t this time the agitation for a new location, mit of reach of higli water, again forced itself to the front. Not understanding the principle that "present sacrifice secures future enjuynient," the majority of the congregation contented themselves with doing only what, at that very moment, was absolutely necessary, and re- paired the church by tying the walls with iron "hog chains," and. by sapporting the roof with two rows of pillars. Father Ryan was the first resident pastor wbo died in the parsonage. The sad event occurred in the month of .\ugust. 1870. The body of the beloved pastor was burieably $JO.ooo deterred the peo- ple from entertaining the project. They had occasion, however, soon to regret their short- sightedness, w5ien, on March 28, 1898, three years after their school building had been com- pleted, the Ohio and Muskingum rivers rushed out of their banks and the water rose to the height of four feet and a half aby the purchase of the "Putnam Hall" property. It is the most central location to be found in Alarietta for a Catholic Church. It is unsurpassed for the beauty of its location and it comprises a tract of land 180 feet square. It is situated on the Northeast corner of Fourth and Wooster streets. The price paid is $15,750, and was bought fro-m Fidelio' S. Henry. This closes the little sketch in these school annals. May God bless his church and shower down his benediction upon this portion of his flock, so that Marietta may indeed worthily bear the name of Marv. the mother of Jesus Christ. Our Lord and Gixl. Note: — There is a large Catholic church at Churchtown, St. John's; Ave ^laria, not far from Lowell ; St. Ambrose at Vincent ; and a chapel at Belpre. The Central Cliristian CJiureh Purchasetl the house of worship on Fourth street, formerly occupied by the Presbyterians. This building was badly damaged by the tor- nado which passed over Marietta in the sum- mer of 1902, and for the present the congre- gation is meeting in the new Presby'terian Church on Sunday afternoon. The pastor of the Central Chrisian Church also ministers to a congregation at Reno. The Cliristian Union Church. Among the smaller church organizations in Marietta, the Christian LTnion Church, located near Mile Run on the west side, contributes in a large degree to the active religious wprk accomiplished in the city. Work w-as begun by this congregation first as a mission, and under the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Risden, a large num- ber of spirited revivals were held, giving great encouragement for the organization of the church. The organization was accomplished in 1895, and work was begun on a church edifice. The present church building is a neat and at- tractive frame structure, and is a great credit to the members, through wdiose unaided efforts the necessary funds were raised. The church society is non-denominational, and is accomplishing a vast amount of good in the locality in which it is situated. Con- nected with the church is a well organized Sab- bath-school which is in a verv flourishing con- dition. C0N'GREG.\TI0X.^L CHURCHES. TJie First Congregational Church of Marietta. (From a sain on bv tlic present pastor, Dr. J. R. Nichols.) The piiineers, w/liose ad\-ance guard floated down the Ohio and landed at the mouth O'f the Muskingum River, April 7, 1788, were men who took a deq> interest in religious and Chris- tian education. Tlie movement which' brought them into the Western Country was not dis- tinctively a religious niovement, as that earlier one had been, which brought our fathers to Plymouth Rock, but many Oif theni were wDrthy descendants oi noble sires, who' had in- herited a strong love for the institutions of religion and education, and not a few were men of marked religious life. Among the prorn|nters of the Ohio' Comti)any was a promi- nent New England clergyman, Riev. M'anasseh Cutler, LL. D., who visited the colony at Marietta during the first summer and preached to the colonists, although he never becamie a resident; in the charter of the company, pro- vision was made for the cause of education and religion by setting aside certain sections of land in every township tO' their support. In coming into this Western world, the pioneers had no AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 371 idea of leaving' behind the institutions whose lienefits they liad enjoyed in the East, and which had contribtited so much to the wortli of the civihzation whicli tliey hoped to trans- plant to the valleys of these beautiful rivers. In July, Rev. Daniel Breck, a Congregational clerg}-man of Topsfield, ^Massachusetts, visited Alarietta, coming either in company with the second deputation, who landed July 13th, or a few days beJTind them, and on the following Sunday, July 20th, he began public \\-orship in the Northwest Territory, preaching in a ■■l;(>.>th" on the banks of the Muskingum, prt)l>ably nearly opposite this church. Said i;oolh had been erected a few da_\-s before for the first Fourth of July celebration. Mr. Breck spent five Sundays in Marietta and it is probable that he conducted religious services on even' Sunday. Immediately on his depart- ure, came Rev. Manasseh Cutler, who con- ducted worship in tlie Northwest Block-house at the Campus Alartius, on the three following Sundays. Being thus well started, services wjere regularly conducted by laymen for several months, and ever afterward in the brief inter- \'als wihen the colony was without an ordained clergyman, until the coming of Daniel Story, on ^iarch ig, 1789. Until 1797, Mr. Sto-iw was in the emiploy of the Ohio Company and looked to than for his salary, although there is evidence that part of his salary was raised by subscription. December 6. 1796, the church was organized with 31 menil^ers, and 16 months later ]\Ir. Story was asked to l>ecome the first pastor, although it is probable that he had acted in the capacity of a religious teacher up to this time, since his name appears among the charter members. In the spring of 1797. Mr. Stor}' left ^Marietta for the East, and it was not until the spring of 1798, nearly a year later, that the matter of salary and other per- ])lexing cpiestions were settled, and Mr. Story jiccepted the call and \\las ordained to^ the gos- ]iel ministry in the East, on .-Xiugust 15. 179S, before returning to his \\'estern parish. Rev. Manasseh Cutler had been instructed to act for the church in co-operation with ]\[r. Story, in calling the ordaining council, which con- \eiied in Hamilton. Massachusetts. In April of th.e following year, two years after the call had l)een extended by the church, Ke\'. Mr. Story returned to the young church on the banks of the Muskingum, which had been patiently awaiting the return of their pastor. 1 Up to this time religious services were held principally in the Northwest Block-house, at Campus Alartius, with supplementary services at iMunsells' Hall, at "the Point." Sometime in the year 1797, the Muskingum Acatlemy was projected, wihich building was coinipleted on the lot adjoining- this church early in the year 1800, and became the meeting place of the church for pulilic services until the erec- tion of this building, some }'ears later, and for business and devotional meetings until its re- moval to Second street, in 1832. where it was used as a dwelling house until 1887, when it was torn down and an ancient landmark was destroyed. As the community grew and the nun;ber at- tending divine worship increased, the old Academy building became too straitened for a meeting place, and plans were under consider- ation looking toward the building of a church. In the meantime the First Religious Society of Marietta was organized. March 2. 1801. and articles of agreement had been drawn up and signed by 127 male citizens, which is sup- posed to ha\e comprised nearly every male citizen in Marietta at that time. The Society seems tO' have been fnrmed to secure the co- operation of all the citizens of the town who were fa\'orable to the maintenance of religious leaching and worship, but who for one reason or another were not members of the church, which had been Congregational in spirit, sym- pathv and in forms of government and wor- ship from its formation. This Society has con- tinued unto the present day ilie efficienl organ and helper o^f this church in looking after its material interests, although the ni,em'bershi]i of the church and Society has been i)ractically identical for many years. .As early as February 7. 1803. a committee was appointed by this S(^ciety to report "a plan of meeting house, together with the prob- able expense thereof." But owing to differences of opinion, which brought di\i-ive inthiences 372 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. into the Socictx'. this cijoimittee iie\er rendered a rqjort, or, if so, it was not recorded Three years later, in iSo6. October iitii, the Society took stqis lookmg tO'«"arcl incorporation by an act of the State Legislatnre. in order that tliey miglit own and control property : and snch an act was ])assed in the following' Feljrnarv. At the same meeting, which provided for incor- porating the Society, the folloiw'ing resolution was passed : "That Rufus Putnam, Joshua Shipnian and Benjamin Ives Oilman be a com- mittee to report a plan of a meeting house for the use of this Society, with an estimate of the expense," and they also provided for a second committee to apply tO' the trustees man- aging the lands set apart for religions purposes for stvch rents as had accrued to the credit of the First Religious Society for the purpo^se of building a meeting house or houses. Very soon after tlie act of incorporation weople oi color, men in the north and \vomlen in the south ga]lery\ This, it is believeii, was the first n:'ovem'ent for free seats in this church. For thirteen years there was no provision for heating the church except by means of the smi'all foot sto\-es such as were common in New England in an early day. There is no nieans of knowing- whether people were staying away from church because of cold feet and the gen- eral discomfort of the room, or whether the AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. m zeal i)f their hearts caused tliem to forget all bodily discomforts; but, in iS_'i, a meeting was called to provide the church with stoves and pipes. In 1822 two stoves were purchased and put in the church, but for want of chim- neys the ijipes passes the whole length of the church under the gallery and ])assed init through the windows. Such an arrangement in modem times is regardctl as iiulicaling a lack of thrift. The 'house 'has been rqjaired and slight alterations have been made at various times. The tTjrst general overhauling took place in 1836, at an expense of $1,768.64. and the business mieeting at which arrangements and provisions were made for these alterations, was held oil Cbristmias Day, 1835. This is a commentar}' on the way the fathers kept Christmas. The repairs and alterations made at this time consisted in j^utting in a vestibule and providing stairs and new slips in the gal- lery, changing the arrangeniient of pews, paint- ing the church within and without and putting on a new rcx>f. In 1858, at the close of the first half century, the question was seriously considered whether the old church should be thoroughly repaired or a new one built, and the trustees were made a committee to^ con- sider and rqiort upon this cpiestion. The com- mittee in due time rendered its report that the necessary- repairs and alterations would cost $5,000, and that a new church suitable to the needs of the congregation would cost at least $12,000. B'Ut action was delayed owing to the discussion which arose concerning the question of securing the "Putnam Trust Fund" pews, and long before this was settled, the disturbed condition of the country and the outbreak of the Civil War absorbed the atten- tion of the people until 1865. when the mat- ter was again taken up in earnest, and a system of repairs was undertaken which continued through two seasons and was the most com- plete the old church has ever undergone. Xew windows with inside blinds were ])ut in, the old pews with doors gave way to modern pews, the old high pulpit was removed and a recess was provided for the reconstructed pul]5it. the side doors were removed to the rear of the church. the galleries were reseated and the Ijuilding was painted both outside and in, at a t(jtal cost of $5,105.46. This thorough renovating of the church, involving the most radical changes wlhich have ever been made in the building it- self, prepared the way. also, for a decided change in methods and spirit, and my_>st of the pew-holders were i)rcvailed upon to relinquish their claim! to ownership in the church jjgws as before indicated. Thus it ever is in the life of an institution that changes in the outward form and structure correspond to changes in the inner life and spirit. It is safe to say that this honored and sacred structure has not changed as much as the spirit and method of the generations who iiave worshiped here. The only repairs of any importance besides those ahead}' mentioned were in 1880, when the interior was painted and frescoed, which with some other minor repairs cost alx)ut $810, and, in 1889, when the recess at the rear was enlarged to make room for the new organ and choir, the pulpit was pushed forward and seats were put in the front gallery, rxrcupied up to this time by the choir, at a cost of $450. For the last 10 years very little has been expended in repairs, because the conviction was general that the next overhauling would of necessity be more thorough and complete than any the chiurch has yet undergone. The total amount expended on the church in repair'^ and altera- tions, of which account has been kept, is $9,115.26. which added to the original cost of the church n^akes the total cost $16,464.29, a sum only one-third larger than we contem- plate for remodeling. This is, of course, ex- clusive of the cost of the cha)>el, organ and bell as well as the parsonage, which was purchased, in 1874, at a cost of $8,000. The total amount of these extras is $13,833. which added to the cost of the church and alterations, makes a grand total of $30,297. which the property of tliis church has cost in the past century. The alterations and additions now contemplated will add fully $20,ocxD to this total, including the organ, rtml will give us a property richly worth the $50,000, which it will have cost. One of the ])er])lexing questions which early presented itself and which continued 37S HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, to annoy tor many _\ears, was the question of devoting- a cliurch to what were regarded as secular uses. Since nearly every one in the community had contributed some- thing to the cost of the church, and it was for years the one autlitorium in the citv capa- ble of accommodating large! gatherinigs, the trustees were being constantly besieged by parties \\ho desired to use it for lectures, con- certs and miscellaneous entertainments. There w-ere times w hen there was scarcely a meeting of the trustees when this question did not come up. While ever seeking tO' be liberal to all worthy causes, the purpose of the trustees as expressed in \-airious resolutions has been to exclude everything not in keeping with the spirit and purposes for which the church was erected. But there is one institutiiju which has ever been accorded the freest use of the church, viz., the College ; the founders of the College, and its early supporters were chiefly members cxf this church and Society. For years every public exercise of the College was held in this church. The six presidents, wilio have in turn presided over the destinies of the College, w;ere here inducted intO' office; nearlv if not quite every baccalaureate address has been de- livered from this pulpit, more than 50 genera- tions of students have here completed their course of study, received their degrees and gone forth to assume the duties of citizenship, and here many young meni have made their first appearance on the public platform wbo have gone forth in later years to move men to action by their eloquent and well framed ap- peals. Probably more than 600 students have graduated from this platform and gone forth to find their place amid the world's great ac- tivities. Postscript. — At a largely attended meeting of the church and Society held January 16. 1901, a decision was reached in fax'or oi re- modeling and enlarging the present edifice in general harmony with the plans submitted by Payne & Gardner of Springfield, Massachus- etts. \V. ^^^ ]\Iills, J. S. Simpson, J. E. Van- dervort, Howard W. Stanley and John Kaiser Wiere elected a building committee with power tO' raise the means of carrying out the work contemplated in the plans. This committee be- gan work immediately; more than $18,000 were raised or pledged for the work. , The old house was raised, enlarged, and beautified and when completed there was placed in it, by the munificence of }ilrs. W. \\". ^lills, an organ, the finest ever brought t(j this county. It \vas given as a memorial to her parents, Beman Gates and }ilrs. Betsey Gates. In the week from January 12, to January 17, 1902, the new house was dedicated with thankful sei"\-ice. Two of the former pastors, Rev. Theron H. Hawks, D. D., of Springfield, jMassachusetts, and. Rev. E. D. Dickinson, D. D., of Cincin- nati, the historians of the church, were present and added much to the interest of the exercises. TJic Hanii Z^'C'Ziif'onal Chiircli. On January i, 1S40, a little com.panv of believers assembled in the Town Hall of the then village of Harmar, known as Marietta, west side, for the purpose of organizing a Con- gregational Church, Rev. Joel H. Linsley, D. D., Presidait of Miarietta College, conducted the exercises and preached the sermon. The. articles of confes- sion, wbich had been prepared and previously adopted by those intending to be memliers, were read by Rev. William Linsley antl the covenant by Rev. James B. Walker. The "constituting" prayer was offered by Rev. William Walker and the benediction pro^ nounced by Re\-. \\'illiani Linsley. After the organization, a meeting of the church was held and the following officers elected, — Deacons, Douglas Putnam and Daniel P. Bosworth ; clerk, Douglas Putnam. The membership of the new church was made up of those who transferred their mem- bership from the following places : Marietta Congregational, 25 ; Warren Presbyterian, 5 ; \Vatertown Presbyterian, 2 ; Belpre Congrega- tional, 2 : Sandusky Congregational, i ; W'ater- ford Cumberland Presbyterian, i. For nearly eight years the church continued to worship in the Town Hall, when David Putnam donated a lot for both church and AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 379 parsonage, tlic former being built in 1S47. The dedication services of Novenvber 27th were conducted by Rev. Gideon Dana, then pastor and by Rev. \\'ilham Wicks. The first pubhc worship was held in the new "Meeting House," Sundav. November 28, 1847. In 184S a new bell was purchased, the mon- ey being raised by concerts given by a quar- tette of young men from the College. At various times the church has under- gone repairs and been enlarged, — when in 1868 under Rev. William Wakefield a lecture room was built and again in 1894, during the pastorate of Rev. Silas Smith, when a Sunday- school room was erected on the side of the building. For some months after tlie organization ot the church, the pulpit was supplied by Dr. Lins- ley when on May 4, 1842, Rev. ^^lilo Hickock was ordained and installed as first pastor. By request of himself, the pastorate terminated April 8, 1844. In October, 1845, Rev. Gideon Dana began his labors with the church but not until Janu- ary, 1847, was acaU extended to him to- be- come settled pastor. This was accepted, the in- stalling services occuring October 20th, the same year. The pastorate terminated March I, i8so. The summer following. Rev. David Gould accepted an invitation to supply the pulpit and a call was subsequently extended to him. He was installed pastor May 28th, the following year, and- continued his labors until January 16, 1855, when health compelled him to cease work. Within a week a call was extended to Rev. William Wakefield which was accepted the following 'Slarch, and in April he began a long and fruitful pastorate. This pastorate of near- ly 17 years which terminated February 20, 1872, is the longest in the history of the church' During the following November, Rev. Jo- siah H. Jenkins began to labor with the church and continued until Ttme i, 1881. In September, 1881. Rev. H. C. Haskell be- came the pastor and remained as such until September i, 1887. It was during this time Rev. Mr. Haskell was led to believe that his work was in the foreign lield and at the termin- ation of the pastorate he resumed missionary work in Bulgaria where he is working today. On October ist, the same year, Rev. D. F. Harris began a pastorate of five and one-half years, which terminated May 31, 1893. The pulpit was then supplied for some time by Prof. John .Mills. Rev. Silas Smith was called to the pastorate August 28, 1893. He labored energetically and as a result many members were added to the roll and the church throughout greatly strengthened and built up. It was during this pastorate the Sunday-school room adjoining the church was built. In the summer of 1895, Rev. ]\Ir. Smith was ,stricken with typhoid fever and after a hard struggle the end came October 6th. In January of the following }ear, the church called Rev. Jonathan Smith who labored less than a year, closing work November, 1896. Rev. Virgil Boyer accepted a call from the church and began a faithful pastorate April 11, I 1897. His work C(jntinued until Augijst 7, i 1901, when after a period of five months Rev. Lee J. Travis began work. 1 The Scxond Congregational Church of Mar- I ietta Toziiiship Was organized INIarch 3, 1859, by Rev. \'. G. Fry. During the summer of 1858, Rev. ]\Ir. Fry had been preaching at the Presbyterian Church, Cedar Narrows Conge- gational Church, Stanleyville and Lynch Methodist Church. Upon invitation, he in- cluded School District No. 8, Marietta town- [ ship, in his appointments. In February, 1859, ' a protracted meeting was held in this church' which resulted in the formation of the society with 24 members, 21 by profession and three by letter. • ' Rev. ]Mr. Fry acted as pastor until 1863, 1)ut having a wide field his visits were necessa- rilv infrequent. Rev. John X^oljle was associated in the pastorate in 1873. and this church was supplied once each Sal)bath. Rev. Mr. Noble was soon forced l)v ill health to resign the 38o HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, charge, and at the close of the year, Rev. Air. Fry accepted a call to Lexington, Ohio, and the society was .left without a pastor. Up to this time, there had been 1 1 additions to the membership. Dming 1864 and 1865 Rev. L. L. Fay and Prof. J. L. Mills preached oc- casionally. During 1866 Professor Mills preached regularly. During 18^)7 there was no pastor and the society maintar.ied a doubt- ful existence. In the winter of 1868, Rev. George Athey, of the United Brethren Church held an awakening revival in '.vhich the mem- bers of the Congregational Church joined. A flourishing United Brethren class was organ- ize, and both bodies worked together for nearly a year, when the United Brethren re- moved their services to Jennings" school house where they cultivated a much neglected field. J. H. Jenkins, then tutor in the College, preached for the Second Church once each Sabbath until 1872, when Rev. G. \\'. Wells became regular pastor in connection with the Little Muskingum Church and served until 1876. He was succeeded by Rev. Eugene S. Reeclj, who remained until 1880, when Rev. Mr. Wells was recalled. A comfortable frame church was built in 1869. A Sunday-school has been maintained during the summer months, since the date of its organization. At the present time there is no pastor for the church. The Congregational Church of Loiccll. (This History z^vs read hrforr the Marii'lta Coiifcyaicc hy Deacon B. F. Dyar.l The Congregational Church of Lowell and Rainbow was organized November 13, 1857, with the following members : Cvrus Spoon- er. Thomas Ridgway, Charles T. Wetherby, Simeon Blake, William C. Balentine, B. E. Dyar, Almon Blake. Hannah Blake, Sophia Davis, Mary C. Blake, and Eliza A. Wetherby. George Spooner was elected clerk; C. T. Wetherby, S. N. Merriam and Amasa Blake, trustees. Rev. Charles Wetherby was the first pastor of the church and considerable prosperity attended his labors. The congre- gations were large and ser\-ices were held for a time in the Methodist Episcopal Church. A house of worship was erected in 1858 and 1859. This is a substantial brick structure 40 by 50 feet, and cost $1,600, exclusive of the lot which was donated by Dr. Cvrus Spooner. Of this amount $300 was donated b_v the American Congregational Union. The communit)- was much interested to sustain the new church. A little later a festival was held to raise money for a bell which was liberally patronized and $125 realized. More was raised by subscription and a bell was pur- chased, costing something over $150. In 1865 the services o-f that venerable, good man, Rew C. X. Ransom were secured who preached in the morning at Lowell, and in the evening at Rainbow. Following him, the church was supplied by Rev. G. V. Fry, Rev. M. Moore, Rev. M. Noble, and Rev L. L. Fay. In 1873 Rev. Geo-ge ^^'. Wells served the church and in 1874, Prof. J. L. Mills, Rev. Samuel Lewis (Methodist) preached for about two vears commencing in 1876. In 1879 Rev. E. B. Reed labored with great earnestness and five were added to the church. About this time an organ was se- cured for the use of the church and Sunday- school. Rev. C. S. Irwin commenced labor here in 1881 in connection with three other churches, his labors continuing for about two vears. The pulpit was subsequentlv supplied ijy Rev. S. Lewis. R. R. Sloyd and D. D. Da- vis, students in Marietta College, Rev. Ed- ward Mirick and Rev. G. W. Wells. There has been no regular preaching since 1883. The house of worship was injured by the flood of 1884 and repaired at a cost of $46.50, and in 1887 a tin roof was put on the church at a cost of $150. The kind hearted people of Marietta churches have liberally aided this church from time to time. A Sunday-school was sustained for many years with a good at- tendance but the church has been weakened by death and removals until there are only four members in Lowell, and five others living at some distance in the country. The Sun- day-school was finally closed for want of per- sons to sustain it, and the house of worship AND REPRESENTATIVE CTTTIENS. ?8i is now closed. 'J"he population oi llic place has greath- changed, — there are now in the village of about 300 people, three other church" es, Campbellite, Uaptist and Lutheran, and some have thought it may be best to sell the church structure. For t,:, years this has stood as a house of worship where many have been instructed in righteousness and ha\e been strengthened in their purpose to live and la- bor for Christ. Some of these are now faith- ful laborers in other places. St. Luke's FrotcstiNit Episcopal Church. Rev. Philander Chase, Bishop of the dio- cese of Ohio, visited Marietta in August, 1820. He says lie was well recived and treated with kindness and hospitality, and that "a considerable number of persons in town and vicinity, of great respectability and worth, expressed themselves sincerely attached to the church.'" He held two meetings in Marietta and one in Harmar on Wednesday, August 8th, and on the following morning adminis- tered the right of confession to seven persons. Incipient steps were taken at this time toward forming a parish l)y the name of St. Luke's Church. In April, 1822, Philander Chase, Jr., then a deacon, preached several times in Marietta. In 1825, Judge Arius Nye, a zealous member of the church, returned to Marietta, and im- mediately undertook to effect an organization, and his efforts were successful among people whose sympathies were with the church, the original members being Arius Nye, Billy Todd, Daniel H. Buell, John J. Jolim, James English, A. V. D. Joline, and Edward Rector. Meetings were occasionaly conducted by misionaries in the Court House, and in the old brick school house in Harmar. In 1829 the parish had 10 communicants. In 1832 Rev. John T. Wheat was elected rector, and on the 13th day of December, the sacrament was ad- ministered to 14 persons. The church was incorporated by act of the Legislature on January 9, 1833, Rev. Mr. Wheat preachinig his inaugural sermon on April 14, 1833. In 1833 'I house of worship was built on the corner of Fourth and Scanimel streets, where the new Lutheran Church now stands. In 1857 I'le church sold its old house of wor- ship and removed to their present home on Second street. Rev. ]\Ir. Wheat's rectorship continued until Octolier, 1836, and Rev. C. L. F. Haensel was his successor. Since Rev. Mr. Haensel resigned, the successive rectors have been: B. J. J'.onner, D. \V. Tolford, Edward Winlhrop and John Boyd. Rev. John Boyd, D. D., was elected June II, 1S50, and continued in active service until April, 1892, — the longest pastorate in this count}-. On the 9tli of September, 1900, on his 50th a!iiii\er-iary. l)'r. lioyd i)reached a sermon which contains so much of general in- terest to the public that a large part of it is given below. Of the original members of his church but five were present on this annivers- arv occasion. Mrs. Mcintosh. Mrs. Ralston. Mrs. Rhodes, Mrs. Charles Hall, and F. A. Wheeler. The church have elected Rev. W. H. K. Pendleton as their rector, but he has not yet entered upon his duties. E.ctracts from the sermon of Rn: John Boyd, D. D.. delivered at .S/. Luke's Protestant Efiseofal Church, September <), 11)00. This parish was organizetl March 27, 1826. October 17, 1834, the first church was for- mally consecrated by Bishop Mcllvaine. Sep- tember 20, 1857, we bade the old church fare- well. In those 31 years there were six rec- tors, 160 baptisms; 64 were confirmed; there were 48 marria.ges, and 65 funerals. I am running hurrictlly over these items. But there are memories which will not be hurried. Each item touches magic springs of association, and joys and sorrows are moving back in review. While I am giving figures some are recalling images; sitting again in the old-time seats, and sitting beside them are the forms of friends and kindred who have passed into the unseen. To strangers, to the eye of sense, that old building is but a meeting place of worshipers. To our eyes it is a hallowed chamber in Christ; gallery of grace, filled with living images of Himself. Tliat church is sa- 382 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, cred with sacred mcniories. ]n it, hearts ached, and hearts rejoiced; around it chister the sweetest and the saddest associations of many a hfe. It holds in it the echoes of Te- Deum and Miserere ; the records of baptism, — baptisms of sorrow, baptisms of the spirit. Bridal parties have joyously entered it; fun- eral trains have moved mournfully out of it; "Till death us do part" echoed back by "dust to dust." He who consecrated the old church, and five who ministered in it are walking to- gether in white. Yet the outer form is valuable only for the life which it conserves. Shall the mother-bird flutter and cry over the emp- ty shells from which her fledglings have flown? The church is builded not of the stones in the walls, but of the souls in its com- munion. The Holy Spirit dwells not in the material, but in the mystic house. Let the old scaffoldings give way to the new, if only the mystic temlple he builded and adorned. An artist of this city took a photograph of the new church, and, without himself knowing it, so placed his camera that far in the liack- ground is the distinct picture of the old one. It is a parable in art. Even when this new church is in the foreground of our thoughts and activities, in the background, transfigured in the perspective, is the church of the first love, with all its hallowed memories and asso- ciations. All that in passing was painful is now dissolved in the haze of the distance; and the heart holds only the endearments ; the rose remains in full fragrance without the thorns. The ministrations of the old church I di- vided with five others, all of whom rest from their labors. The new church knows no min- istry but mine. Wednesday, September 9, 1856, the corner-stone of the new church was laid, in the hopes and prayers that it might mark an era in our spiritual history. In this stone wc placed the Bible, significant of our faitli, built up on the foundation of the apos- tles and prophets, Jesus Christ Himself be- ing the chief corner-stone, and also the Pray- er Book, as our distinctive, in which the spir- itual substance of the Bible 13 assimilated for purposes of devotion. Standing on the cor- ner-stone your nnnister spoke as follows : In the spirtual temple, of which this house is the symbol, we recognize One God, — Father, Sen and Holy Ghost; One Gospel,— "The glad tid- ing of great joy — a Savior;'' One aim and ob- ject, — the glory of God in the salvation of men ; One day of grace in which to secure this, — this life only ; One Name given among men whereby they may be saved, the Nanie above every name; One Fountain opened for sin and uncleanness, — the blood of the new covenant; One Altar,— the cross of Christ ; One Sacrifice, once offered for all, of which the sacrament is the memiiirial; One Triest, — -He who ofl:'ered Himself for the expiation of sin, and who ever lives tO' make intercession for us; One incense, — the sweet savor oi Christ, mjaking fragrant our persons and our prayers ; One Book, — the Bible as cur rule of faith and life; One Interpreter, — the H0I3' Spirit wlio guides us into all the truth; One distinctive faith, — Jesus Christ and Him Crucified ; One Church, — the mystical body of Christ which is the blessed company of all faithful people, whose union in Christ is the Communion of Saints; (_>ne Baptist. — the Ijajitism nf the Holy Ghost, symbolized in the baptism of wa- ter; One Confessional, — the Mercy-seat of Christ; One Absolution, — Him hath God ap- pointed to give repentance and remission of sins ; One Assurance, — the witness of the Holy Spirit with our spirits that we are the sons of God; One Motive-power, — tlie love of Christ constraineth us; One Heaven, — the inheritance of holiness in the Presence of our Father and Savior. These words were sealed in the corner- stone of the new building, with the hope and prayer that at each service they might be the inspiration of the message of the pulpit and the devotions of the desk and the pew. September 24, 1S57, the new church was consecrated by Bishop Mcllvaine in due ritual form. Since then it has been receiving oft- repeated spiritual consecrations in fact; — consecrated in baptisms of the Holy Ghost; in souls new born to God ; in sighings of contrite AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 383 liearts ; in concerts of penitential confessions; in jubilant songs of captives delivered from bondage into the glorious liberty of the sons of God ; in refreshings from the Presence of the Lord ; consecrated in the fountains of joy and song welling up all along the Saljhaths. — Sabbaths of the week, Sabbaths of the soul ; consecrated in our home memories of birth and death, and of the new birth of that which dieth not : in associations of friendships and fellowships, formed in Christ, never to be sundered ; in hours of communion of saint with saint, and saints with the Sa\-ior. We thought the church beautiful when first we entered it. Xow it has new, associated beauty. Pulpit and chancel and choir and pew hold each its fragrant secrets. ■Memory touches the magic spring, and the inner life of each one comes up in re\'iew before him. Under the fading frescoes are memories that shall never fade. From every panel come up associations that gild and glorify the time- stained walls. In the soul's vision its ceilings are enameled with the beauty of holiness inlaid with jewels of grace; its tablets are transpar- encies and the Spirit as a lamp within illumines the letters of the Covenant of love. Here we have heard the voice of the Lord, and "seen His goings in the Sanctuary." Here Jesus has come in and supped with us and we with Plim. Fathers have seen their children taken up in the arms of Jesus, mothers have had their sons and daughters received with them into the covenant and communion of grace. Wives have seen their husbands bending low their heads and hearts to receive the benediction of the Savior. Six who kneeled here in youth to join in our communion have since ministered in this pulpit and at this chancel, distributing here tlT" "'^nients w'hich they had here received. three of them holding the sacramental cup to the mothers that gave them birth : two of tlieni to motliers now translated : one of them a Mis- sionary Bishop, admini.stering confirmation here i-1 t'lis parish frcm which he liad gnne out. laying apostolic hands on the head f)f the now sainted grandchild of his own sainted mother. And thus this church, new in the calendar, is old in endearing associations, — associations with the heart experiences of well-nigh half a century; the birth-place of the Spirit to the many, the spiritual home ahd nursery to all. Were the Iniilding gone it would still abide in the memories, in the associations, in the annals of the soul's life. W(juld that every one who helped to build and decorate and sustain it were himself a living stone in the mystic tem- ple, and that every one who joins in its re- sponses and anthems were a voice in the orches- tra of the saved. In recalling our long relation you will par- don me if I record with satisfaction one expe- rience. Never once in all these 50 years has there been one unpleasant word between the rector and his choir, never once in all this half century has there l.)een a conflict or even a jar between the rectcjr and his vestry and congre- gation. Disappointment there may have been, but no collision, no controversy. They may have desired better ministrations. He may have desired fuller attendance, deeper interest, yet there has been no alienation, no friction. If there has not been power there has been peace. If there has not been wisdom, there has been lo\e. This pulpit has ne\'er once given vent to a personalit}-, never spoken a bit- ter word, "a word which dving I would wish to blot." We are small and isolated, off in a remote corner, 75 miles from the nearest parish in the diocese, practically cut off from parochial and ministerial fellowship. Yet, our little out-of- the-way parish lias been remembered and hon- ored by the diocese, in twice holding its annual convention here ; and in choosing its minister to represent it in general con\-entions four several times. We have had here three ordi- nations ; — one to the presbytership. two to the diaconate, one of whom had here b-een l);i].)tized and confirmed, a son of the parish. And re- mote and quiet as is our little parish in its eddy, it is yet made to feel the currents of change. It has I)een in two dioceses, under fi\-e bishops, two of whom are not, and one is laid aside. Still we keep our identity. You are worshiping in a church which was conse- 3«4 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. crated by Bishop ]\lcll\aine, ami are minis- tered to by one who was baptized, confirmed, ordained deacon, and ordained presbyter by the bishop who consecrated botli of your churches. Looking o\'er the congregation I see some still out of Christ ; so many years farther from God and life. Some contribute to send the Gospel to the heathen, while their own souls are dying under the sound of its glad tidings. Some liberally subscribe to sustain the preach- ing of the Word, whose preaching condemns them. They support the ministrations of him who is constrained to tell them that they are strangers from the covenant of promise. They welcome to their homes the one whose pres- ence is a reminder that their names are not in the parish register, nor in the Lamb's Book of Life. They attend here where saints com- mune, while they are not in the communion of saints. I see friends to me who are not friends to my Savior ; wdio kindly regard the messen- ger, yet accept not the message*' It bewilders me that I can have place in a heart that has no room for the Lord ; that the poor services of a human friend are more than appreciated, while the sacrifice of the divine Friend is treated lightly. But coming out from under this shadc>w, I see faces radiant with spiritual light, getting brighter as they near the coming glory. If it has been graciously given me to put new glad- ness into the glad tidings, to remove from be- fore the vision a doubt or a shadow, to glorify the Savior in their eyes, to transfigure the cross, to throw light upon the new and li\'ing way into the holiest, to fix the faith when it would waver, to bring to them the Comforter in moments of sorrow, to break to them the living bread as Jesus had blessed and broken it to me, it is ministry enough. We shall re- joice together when our pilgrimage is ended, and we lay our staff and sandals down at home with the Lord. X'early all the old familiar faces are gone, they turn no more to listen to the message, they are in the beatific Presence, new faces are here in their stead. Some kindle at the word ; some give back no response. Seven thousand times I have here told the old, old story ; told it to hearts that drank it in as life; told it to ears that hearing heard not ; told it to some who have gone beyond its sound, gone where it is told nevermore. To one portion, far the largest portion, of the congregation of dajs far past, I have not yet spoken ; nor could they hear me now, nor need they. Their lesson of grace is learned; their work of faith and labor of love is finished. They have gone up from the fellowship of the saints below to the saints above. Our little church has a stairway to the skies ; and one by one as the night comes down and the angel calls, the tired ones go aloft where He giveth His beloved rest. All of you have kindred there. Our several families are represented in our Father's family on high, knowing as they are known, loving as they are loved. Many who here have sung with us our faint anthems, often in the minor key, now swell the tumultu- ous chorus of the harpers on the sea of glass. May your voice and mine in due time join them in the glorified song which none but the ran- somed from sin can sing. Fifty years of ministry. How long, and yet how brief. The ministry of your present rector reaches over a little ntore than two- thirds of your history. Half a century have his interests been identified with yours, his life bound up with your life. He has contrib- uted to shape your views and experiences. His impress is on you. You are the better or the worse for his ministry. Five still on our roll, and now present, were here when I came. Fifty years in Christ ! H(jw much must they have known of the divine com- munion ; how much learned of the fullness of Christ for his people; how many pronfises many times proved in the experience. How ripe the character should be. Fifty years make of an infant a matiu'ed man. strong of sinews, broad of thought ; make of a "babe" in Christ a "young man," strong to overcome the wicked one, and make of the young man a "father" rich in the knowledge and love of God. If, to any one, all these years have been lived out of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. Z»S Christ what irreparable loss ; years of orphan- ' age without l'"ather, without hope and home. Here we reckon by days and years and centu- ries. Within the veil in the ineffable Presence the only calendar is consciousness, — one abid- ing consciousness of home, Father, Savior, ministry, unwearing; joy unspeakable, com- munion the same yesterday, today, and for- ever. Our sun goeth no more down. Fifty years of ministry to one people. And tliis is the summary : — Many in Christ, many out of Christ; Some getting daily nearer to God ; the light growing brghter, the commun- ion richer, going from strength to strength; some getting farther from God, self-repelled; the voice of the Spirit growing fainter; the heart emptied of that which satisfieth: full of self-flatteries and promises whicli tantalize; promises made to the hopes broken to the heart; holding phantom cups to the lips while the soul is dying of thirst; — thirst which only Christ can quench. Is such a one here! Brother in Adam be our brother in Christ. The friend of sinners calls you to his fellowship. We, saved sinners, call you to our communion. Let me record below, let the angel of the covenant record on high, another soul saved ; and let that soul be yours ; and let it be now. My first text was I. Cor. II, 2 : "I deter- mined to know nothing among you, save Jesus Christ, and Him crucified." I then accepted this as the one burden of my nsinistry. And here at the close of the half century, I call you to witness that I have kept my pledge. Minis- ters are not essayists, offering tentative solu- tions of the problems of life. These are solved in the revelation of grace. Men meet theory with theory and logic with logic. Conscience responds only to the authoritative work of God. We deliver God's message as yea and amen, challenging instant implicit faith and obedience- We are not apologists, but heralds, proclaim- ing pardon to the penitent; pointing the un- clean to the one only Fountain for sin ; offering the Gospel as the specific provision for the sours specific needs. We are not reformers but evangelists; preaching not culture, but grace ; not reform, but regeneration ; not mor- ality, but holiness. W'e are ambassadors bear- ing messages of grace ; we are witnesses testify- ing what we doi know. This pulpit has studiously kept itself al(jof from the passing politics, the current questions of the press, the conventional moralities, the ever-changing philosophies and skepticism. The spirit of the Ciospel is the conservative in politics; grace in the lieart is the answer to the ske])tic ; the love of Christ is the soul of morals. The man sur- charged with the spirit of OkI will carry that spirit alike into his Sunday devotions, his week day industries, and his political relations. So- cial problems are solved only in the spirit of brotherhood. When we know God as our Fa- ther, we will know man as our brother, and in that brotherhood feeling all social problems solve themselves. I have indeed sought to keep this pulpil true to all the interests of man as man in all 'his re- lations, true to logic, — the logic of truth and life and love, logic on fire with grace; true to science, — the science of God immanent and transcendant ; true to philosophy, — the philos- ophy of salvation by grace through faith ; true to theology, — theology with the incarnation in the center, raying out the light of life; true to morality, — the morality whose body is the gol- den rule and whose soul is the love of Christ. I have devoutly sought in the fellowship of the Spirit, to glorify Christ, to unfold the unsearch" able riches in Him for us. I have known only a Gospel of glad tidings, a Gospel of grace, a Gospel of holiness, a Gospel of brotherhood, a Gospel of trust and love and loyalty. I have sought to fill myself and yom with the gladness of the glad tidings of a Savior. I have longed and prayed for a heart of fire, and a tongue of fire, to give the niicssage in burning words, causing hearts to burn within them, burn with a flame of love; a flame that purifies and in- spires. I shall not have prayed and preached in vain, if I have made spiritual things more r?al and Jesus more precious ; if I have widened some one's horizon, kindling in the vision fore- gleams of the hereafter; if I have caused some despondent one to glow with hope; if I have 386 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, manifested tlie love of God in Christ till hearts responded in trust and love and adoration; if I have held Him up till he fills all the field of vision. I shall ha\-e fulfilled my ministry, if I have stimulated any to higher ambitions and holier purjjoses ; if I have helped souls strug- gling- out i 1799- iis soon visited every settlement in the county and before the close of the year a number of classes were formed in the rural districts and a circuit was organized. In 1800 Jesse Stoneman and James (Juinn wore ai)- pointed to this work. It was with difficulty that Methodism gained a foothold in Marietta. In 1804 George Askin held a camp-meeting within the town, but with meagre results. The next year a similar effort was made l)y Jacob Young and George C. Light, with larger success. A num- ber of persons were converted and a class was formed under the leadership of Jones Johnson, who had been liefore his con\-ersion a follower of Thomas Paine. This class was the begin- ning of Marietta Methodism. The members were: Xoah I'earing, Jones Johnson antl wife, Samuel Green and wife. \\'illiam Bell, and Elijah Francis and wife. This small be- ginning was as good seed sown in good ground. It has brought forth fruit alumdantly. In 1806, during the pastorate of the fa- mous Peter Cartwright, a camp-meeting was held in Ilarmar at which a number of influen- tial persons were converted. Marietta was at this time a part of the Marietta and Kanawha circuit which e.xtended along the Ohio River for 150 miles and far into (West) Virginia. In 1808 the Marietta circuit was formed. The winter of 1809-10 brought another gracious revival which greatly strengthened the church. In 1815 John Stewart, a dissipated colored man, was converted and went out as a mission- arv to the Indians, thus inauguratin.e ihe great missionary movement of American Methodism- For the 10 years after their first organiza- tion, the Methodists worshiped in private homes, the old Academy, and the Harmar school house. In 181 5 the first church build- ing was erected on Second street, near Scam- mel. It was a plain structure, 32 feet long and 28 feet wide. It was twice enlarged to meet the demands of the growing society. In 1819 disaffection entered the society, but bv the wise administration of Leroy Swormstedt, who was appointed to Marietta in 1825, it was healed and 125 members were added to the church. In 1833 Crawford Chapel was erected on the Ilarmar side. In 1835 these two churches were permanently sep- arated from the outlying circuit and composed the Marietta charge untU they b^ecame sejjarate stations in 1848. An epoch in the history of Marietta Meth- odism was the erection of the Centenary I Church in 1839. It was a commodious, brick building on I'utnam street between Front and Second, admirably adapted to the work of a progressive society. It ^vas dedicated by Leon- idas L. Hamline (later Bishop Hamline), as- sisted by David Young. The official Board that inaugurated and completed this splendid work \\as made up of the following persons: John Crawford, Joseph W. Babcock, R. P. lams, Josejjh Kelly, Junia Jennings, Wyllys Hall, Robert Howcson. John C. McCoy, Abram Daniels, Daniel Protsman, CharJes Tidd, James Whitney, .Alexander Shanklin, and Ben- jamin Soule. The memljers contributed to the utmost of their ability and were abundant- ly rewarded for their generosity. The socie- ty prospered greatly in its new home. It would be difficult to find the reconl of a nobler body of Christians than that which composed the working force in this church. In 1842 a notable revival came and 187 members were received. The greatest revival in its historv swept the church in 1856 when 210 ])ersons were added to its membership. In 1859 the \\'hitney Chapel society was formed, principally from the membership of the Centenary Church. This separation was caused by the "painful differences in Centen- ary Charge, intensified by lack of wisdom in administration." This society erected a brick church on Second street near Butler and con- tinued separate until 1875. During this period its pastors were: I. B. Brodrick. D. H. Moore ( late Bishop Moore), E. M. Kirkham, \\'illiam 388 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, M. Mullenix, Eaii Cranston (later Bishop Cranston), Levi Hall, T. W. Stanley, J. H. Acton, Jesse Vanlaw, and James Kendall. The pastors of Centenary during the time of the separatinn were: A. G. Byers, T. J. N. Sim- mons. W. T. Hawev. H. R. Foster, C. D. Bat- telle. J. T. Aliller, T. R. Ross, A. C. Hirst, and S. C. Frampton. The consolidation in 1875 was nntinit^ly and entire harmony did not prevail ior a number of years. .V revival during the pastorate of S. B. Mathews (1876- 79) did much to re-unite the churches. Pros- perity continued during the wise pastorate of W. G. Burns. Another epoch in the history of Marietta IMethodism was the selection of the present site on the corner of Wooster and Tliird streets and the erection of the present splendidly equipped building. This was a venturesome enterprise. The site was then on the outskirts of the town and the church was far beyond the needs of the membership that built it. The importance of this move cannot be easily over- estimated. It was a preparation for a larger future. Since entering this church, the growth has been steady and substantial. The building now stands in the heart of the city and the membership fills it to overflowing. The build- ing was constructed during the pastorate of T. M. Leslie and was dedicated July 19, 1885, bv Charles H. Pavne. D. D.. LL. D. f . M. Leslie was followed bv T. R. Tavlor, T. G. Dickinson, L. H Binkley, R. E. Bishop, W. M. Acton, W. V. Dick, W. D. Cherington and Herbert Scott. During the pastorate of W. M. Acton, a tine pipe-organ was placed in the church. Three years agO' the entire interior of the church was renovated and greatly beautified. It is now an attractive and impressive place of worship. The society now has a membership of over 650 and property valued at $25,000. The presart members of the official Board are : Trustees, H. H. Burns. Dl". C. W. Eddy. Judge W. H. Deeper, M. McMillan, M. M. Rose, Judge Hiram L. Sibley, H. E. Smith, C. R. Stevens, and J. W. Sturgiss. Stewards, N. Bergen, Robert Dempster, W. L. Gorham, C. B. Jacobs, Lewis Klintworth, Dr. Oscar A. Lam'uert, T. E. AlcKinney, G. A. Palmer, W. A. Patterson, E. L. Pi.\ley, George D. Schad and John A. Stone. Class leaders, J. H. Young, S. S. Stowe, Mrs. Sophia Patterson, Mrs. Sarah Swingle, John W. Gorley, Rev. F. D. S. Bickley, and Mrs. Luella Pixley. Local preachers. Judge Hiram L. Sibley, F. W. Combs. Exhorters, H. H. Burns and John R. Franklin. —Herbert Scott, Pastor. The Gihnan Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church Was dedicated May 5, 1895, by Bishop Isaac W. Joyce, under the pastorate of Rev. F. R. Crooks. It is the outgrowth of what was known for a half century as Crawford Chapel. Up until aljout 1833 the history of Methodism on both sides of the Muskingum River was one and the same under the circuit plan ; after that, separate organizations were formed, and the different societies began a work of their own. The first house of worship was built on the west side in 1833, the lot having been donated by Rev. John Crawford. It was remodeled under Rev. W. H. Wallace, and the building occupied until the society moyed into the hand- some new structure on Gilman avenue. The growth of the society has kept pace with the city. A great revival was held under the pastorate of Re\-. C. B. Longman in which many were gathered into the church, a number uniting with other churches. Many able ministers have been associated with the society, among whom may be men- tioned Bishop Stephen Merrill, James Jamison, C. F. Creighton, D. D. Under the eflicient la- bors of Rev. A. Hanby, the Epworth League was organized, and the new parsonage erected. Among the laity, the names of Craw ford. Price, Spaulding, Judd. Barber, Burlingame. and ■Preston will shine resplendent in the local an- nals of Methodism. Today the church has a membership of nearly 300. The Sabbath-school enrolls 200. The church is well organized, and is doing ef- ficient work under the care of its present pas- tor. Rev. Adam J. Hawk. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 389 It has sent two missionaries to the foreign field, — Aliss Carrie Jewell to China, and INliss Esther Devine to India. The German Methodist Episcopal Cliiirch. (This h.istory of the German Congregation of the Methodist Episeopal Church at Marietta, Ohio, is from the semi-centennial -report of the ehurcl:.) This congregation is one of the oldest in German Methodism, founded in the month of June, 1839. At the session of the Pittsburgh Conference (1839) Charles Best was appointed minister to Monroe and Marietta Mission, and Xath Callender as presiding elder. Both were English preachers, and. because of their knowl- of the German language, they were appointed to this mission, which extended to 70 miles in length and 40 miles in width. Father Danker had prepared the way in 1838 anil preached as a Lutheran minister to the Germans in Mariet- ta and borne the Gospel so earnestly that the promise, "My word shall not return unto me void," was gloriously fulfilled. Spiritual awak- enings took place and prayer meetings were in- stituted. But as Dr. Luther said, "\Vhere God's word is preached clearly and purely, there it begins to rumor." Danker's parishioners di- vided and he said farewell to them and united w-ith the Methodist Church and preached regu- larly in the old English Methodist Chuch build" ing at Marietta. To be sure he had gone in the right direction, he asked the Lord to seal his preaching in the conversion of one soul at his l)€hn IMjayer, 1846: Piaul Bnxlbeck. 1847-4S; Conrad bier and William Dressier 1 849-50; C. Vogel, 1851: F. Heit- meier and G. Ricke. 1852: \V. August, 1853: G. Danker, 1S34: A. W'uensch, 1855; C. G. Fritsche and J. H. llorst. 185O; F. Schimmel- pfennig- and W. Eckemeier, 1857-58; G. Weidmann and A. Graessle, 1859-60; J. Rixse, 1861; P. Broadbeck, 1862-63; C. Vogle, 1864-66; L G. Reiber, 1867; J .Mayer. 1868; J. Phetzing, 1869; J. Haas, 1870; C. Hehvig, 1871-72; H. Warner, 1873; W. Riechenmeier, 1873-76. The old frame church on Second street be- came irreparable and in 1874 a much more suitable place in the midst of the city was bought for $1,500. Under W. Riechenmeier's administration the eiectitm of a new church was planned and when Mr. Fischbach came here he found the building in progress. With" in the limits of the then small Cincinnati Con- ference and at a financial famine he collected S900. C'ur church is situated on the corner of Third and Wocster streets, with a steeple no feet high, and fronting to the north is a two- story brick building 36 by 60 feet A fine church bell of 1,800 pounds weight is mainly due to P. C. Fischer and Martin Seemann. The church \\\i\\ all its appurtenances ccvst $7,300. The preachers hereafter appointed were : T. W. Fischbach, 1877-78; A. F. Miller, 1879; T. H. Horst, 1880-81 ; D. Grassle, 1881-84; G. H. Fiedler. 1884-87; A. F. Miller, 1887 and ^larch, 1890; J. Mayer, 1890; William Andree 1890-93; H. Jend, 1894-99; and at present H. Herzer. A nice parsonage was built on the southern side of the church at the expense cf $1,500. If all those that were converted here and joined our society had remained resident here, we would have a membership of over 800. The Barlow Methodist Episeopal Chiireh. !.< r.if.-r hy 11. H. Palmer.) At the request of Rev. Reese W^oolf, a local preacher of Parkersburg, (West) Virginia, the Baltimore Conference, in 1798, sent out Rob- ert Maul)-, til what was then known as the Ka- nawha circuit. During the year, he crossed over and commenced preaching at the ditTer- ent settlements in this county. Societies were formed at niost of the settlements by him and his successors, and it can be said that no society has ever been without a regular minister. The society of Barlow was formed during the early years of the century, consisting of the Greens, W^oodruffs, Vincents, McGuires, and Houghland families, with Cornelius Houghland, class leader. Meetings were held at the Houghland school house, located nn the northwest point of Cemetery Hill, on the Houghland Farm, and at the homes of Duty Green, Abner W.ood- rufif, the McGuires, Vincents, Houghlands an.d at the Old Hickory school hou^e In 1816 Cornelius Springer and Thonia.s A. Morris were sent to the circuit, with Jacob Young, presiding elder. It was during their ministrations that several camp meetings were held on the line Ijetween the Gordon and Green- lees farms, a short ('istance west O'f Wolf Creek. At one of these meetings Jacob Young- baptized over 80 persons by immersion, p'iur- ing and sprinkling. .\t the death of Cornelius Houghland, March 10. 18 o*-'. the class consisted of the Houghlands. Duty Green and wife. Smith Green and wife. Caleb Green and wife. Duty Green, Jr., El_\- Green, Mrs. Turner, two sons and twii' daughters, Tohn Laflin and wife, Ly- man Laflin and wife, Herman Chapman and wife, Rhoda Chapman, Samuel Chapman, William Vincent and wife, Beman, Pamelia, Eliza and Lyda Pond, Joseph Palmer, Jr., and w-ife of Palmer, Isaac Hutchinson, Moses Gill and others. After Mr. Houghland's death, Joseph Palmer, Jr., was ajapointed class leader, which office he filled until after the formation of the class in Palmer, when Duty Green, Sr., was appointed. He filled the office until the spring of 1823. His successor was John Houghland. In April, 1826, the society bought a lot of Smith Green at the Cross Roads, on the farm AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 391 now occupied liy Rubert Hays, and Iniilt a loo- church, wliich was used until 1836. It was deeded to the trustees of the Methodist Epis- copal Church and successors, Duty Green. Sr., John Laflin, Isaac Hutchinson, William Vin- cent. Moses Gill. Calel) Green. Smith (ireen, Josej)!* Palmer, jr., and Samuel Chapman. The use of this house was tendered to the "Old School" I'resbyierians until they built their church at Barlow Cross Roads. This latter church was in turn tendered to the Meth- odists for holdinig- quarterly meetings. In 1834 the class was divided and Luman Richards was appointed leader of the north class. February 12. 1836. John Houghland, David Ormiston and Luman Richards were ap- pointed a committee to make arrangements for building a new church in Barlow. The site of the present church was selected and deeded by Jesse Lawton and John M. Proc- ter to John Houghland, Luman Richards. Da- vid Ormiston, Daniel Goss and Jacob Bridges, trustees. After the erection of the i^resent church, the north class, when not favored with preach- ing at the church, held prayer meeting at the Xorth school house, located near Edward Tom- kin's old residence. In 1836 the name of the circuit was changed to Belpre, with William P. Strickland and Dudley Woodbridgc. ministers and John Fer- ree. presiding elder. .\t a (luarterlv conference held at Barlow Julv 15, 1837. the first Missionarv Society was formed with John Ferree. president. William P. Strickland. \-ice-i)resident. Cromwell Culver, secretary and Luman Richards, treasurer. The first Sabljeth-school report, made at this meet- ing, repoited Sabbath-schools, six. officers. teachers and scholars, 252. vohmies in library, 514, amount collected $38.10. This was for the entire circuit. In 1838 Mathew Scoval and Shelden Parker were sent to the circuit with Samuel Hamilton, presiding elder. At the commencement of a portracted meeting in Barlow, Miss Roxana Devol. a very zealous church worker, was teaching our schools. She became so interested in the conversion of her scholars that she called the attention of the school to the subject of religion and earncstlv entreated each one to seek Christ as their Sav- ior and to make his service the main object of their lives. Her appeal was so earnest and sincere that it made a lasting impressi^jn on all present. The result was the conversion of a large portion of the school. Owing to the many additions at this time, a third class was formed which was known as the central class, with Benjamin Baker. Jr.. leader, In the summer of 1840 the old jmrsonage was built and was first occupied by jMr. and Mrs. James B. Austin. Tlieir memories are still cherished by all who knew them. In 1843 the name of the circuit was changed to Barlcw. with Andrew S. Murphy and Richard i\. Arth- ur, ministers and R. O. Spencer, presiding eld- er. Two camip n.cetlngs were held oa the Houghland farm a short distance southwest of the cemetery. At this time Benjamin Bak(!r resigned his office of leader of the centra! class and Joseph Palmer was appointed. In the spring of 1848. John Houghland re- moved to Guyandotte, (\\'est) Virginia, and Darius Baker was appointed leader of the south class, which office was filled by him and Simon Evans until i860, when John Milligan was ap- pointed. In 1848, Luman Richards resigned and David Huffman was appointed leader of the north class. From 1852 to 1859 the Bar- low circuit was regularly filled by A. Cartlich, W. W. Cherrington and Levi Munsell. Dur- ing the pastorate of J. L. Durant — the trustees, Daniel Canfield. yohn Milligan. Josei^h Palmer and David Huffman — rebuilt the old church, adding cupola and bell in 1872. At the death of David Huffman. Lewis Lawton was appointed leader of the north class. In 1874 J. C. Arbuckle was sent to the circuit. During his pastorate an organ was placed in the church by the Ladies' Social of Barlow. Ezekiel Canfield was the first organist, Mrs. T. J. Xourse from 1875 to 1878. Miss Fannie Lasure until 1881, Miss Anna Ford until 1883, Miss Blanch Rig.gs until 1891, Miss Edna Ford until 1896. • Since 1896 the organ has been pre" sided over by Miss Bessie Ford with Rena Steed, assistant. This society has gi\en to the church in the ])ast. Mighill Dustin, Charles H. 392 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Lawton and Ricliaril A. Huffman, wlio proved to be vei')- effective ministers, and. recently, Daniel D. Canfield. As local preachers Rev. Elza Houghland, late of Fort Madison, Iowa, Gabriel Raine and Elias Davis. In the past, our church has lost many members bv emigra- tion, and lastly though not least by the forma- ticin of the church in Vincent. Tlie leaders in recent years are all so familiar that I did not think it advisable to take up time in rehearsing them. I should state that the church was thoroughly repaired during the pastorate of Rev. J. L. Landsittle. Our parsonage at pres- ent is located in Barlow village. Tin- Palmer Methodist Episcopal Cliiircli. It is not supposed that there was preaching as early as 1788 here except on this circuit. There is a correct record of the church — and when this place had preaching first — as it was written out in the history of Palmer township for the Centennial and it is in Marietta now. In the same book in which Joseph Palmer kept the above record, he writes : "Dedication of the new meeting house in Marietta November 7th, 1841, by David Young from Psalms 132. 17; by Bishop Hamlin Psalms 8 14 'What is man that thou art mindful of him?' also Romans 8 :7. 'Because the carnal mind is enmity against God;' also M|att. 11.29, 'Take my yoke upon you and learn of me, for I am meek and lowly of heart, and ye shall find rest unto your souls.' " Tlie Palmer Church spoken of and dis- cussed through the Register by several was built during the year 1837; the money for the building was raised by subscription ; the list is still preserved. The house was made upon honor, the framp heavv and strong, the inside ceiling of pine, the land donated bv Isaac Palnr er, and the property deeded to the Methodist Episcopal Church January 4, 1838. The church stood as built with some small repairs but no' change, until 1873, when the people of this place organized a Mite Societv, the pro- ceeds to be used to give the house a thorough repairing: all took an active part, not only church members but those that were not work- ing for the interests of the church and its peo- ple; after the Mite Society began the work, there was soon a sufficient sum raised so that in 1877 the house was repaired, weather- boarded and painted on the outside, house raised, inside plastered, re-seateel and furnished at a cost amoimting to $380.85. Many of our most influential members have been taken from us by death, but others take their places. In 1892 the Society again repaired the church, painted both out and inside, carpeted it anew, and put in an organ ; still it is the same old church — nothing left but the massive frame of former years. In the past 20 years, the ]\Iite Society has benefited the church and Sabbath- school $840.72, and yet we have been set down as "devoid of religion ;" yet we strictly adhere to the rule "Do unto others as you would that they should do unto you." "Love thy neigh- bor as thyself" and especially "Bear ye one an- other's burdens." .\ RliCOUD OF METHODIST MIXISTERS .\Xn THEIR CIRCUITS. Robert Manly. Little K-mawha Circuit 1788 Jesse Stoneman. Muskingum and Hocking Cir- cuit 1799 Jesse Stoneman and Jos. Chevront, Muskingum and stocking (Circuit 1800 Nathan B. Mills. Little Kanawha and Muskingum Circuit ■ 1801 Nathan B. Milk and William Seele. Muskingum Circuit 1802 George Askins, Muskingum Circuit 1803 George Askins and Jacob Young, Muskingum Cir- cn-it 1804 Luther Taylor, Muskingum Circuit 1805 Luther Tavlor and Peter Cartwright. Muskingum Circuit lSo6 Solomon Lar.gdon and William Ellington, Mus- kingum and Little Kanawha Circuit 1807 Solomon Langdon, Marietta Circuit 1808 Jolui Thomas. Marietta Circuit 1809 Dav'd Young and \'ivian Daniel, Marietta Circuit. 1810 David Young and Thomas Branch, Marietta Cir- cuit '. 181 r Isaac Quinn and Joseph Spahr, Marietta Circuit. 1812 Isaac Quinn and Shadr.ach Rerark, Marietta Cir- cuit 1813 Marcus Lindsey and Joseph Pownell, Marietta Cir- cuit 1814 Marcus Lindsey and Thomas .\. Morris. Marietta Circuit 1815 Cornelius Springer and Thomas A. Morris, Mari- etta Circiijt 1816 Thomas .\. Morris and Job Baker. Alarietta Cir- cuit 1817 Samuel Hamilton and Edward Taylor. Marietta Circuit 1818 AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 393 Jacob Hooper and Jas. T. Wells, Marietta Circuit Abel Robinwn. Marietta Circuit William j. Kent. Marietta Circuit Cornelius Springer and William J. Kent. Marietta Circuit Daniel Limerick and Philip Green, Marietta Cir- cuit Daniel Limerick and John Stuart, Marietta Circuit John W. Kenny and Curtis Goddard, Marietta Cir- cuit Leroy Swarmsted. Marietta Circuit Lerov Sua misted and James Callaghan. Marietta Circuit Samuel Hainilton and William Hess, Marietta Circuit Jacob Young and Samuel Hamilton. Marietta Circuit John W. Gilbert and Gilbert Blue. Marietta Cir- cuit Joseph Carper and Absalom D. Fox, Marietta Cir- cuit Nathan Emery and William Young. Marietta Cir- cuit Adam Poe and Edward D. Rose. Marietta Cir- cuit Edward D. Rose and William H. Lander, Mari- etta Circuit David Lewis and Martin P. Kellogg, Marietta Cir- cuit William P. Strickland and Dudley Woodbridge, Belpre Circuit James D. Webb and Joseph Casner, Belpre Circuit Matthew Scoville and Sheldon Parker, Belpre Circuit Joseph Morris and Martin Wolf. Belpre Circuit. James B. Austin and Jiamuel Maddox, Belpre Gr- cuit James B. Aunin and John W. Devilbiss. Belpre Circuit ^ John Dillon and Joseph Barringer. Belpre Circuit. Andrew S. Murphy and Richard A. Arthur, Bar- low Circuit Andrew S. ^lurphy and Charles H. Warren. Bar- low Ciric.iit , Arza Brown and John W. Towgle. Barlow Cir- cuit D. D. Mather and Levi Cunningham, Barlow Cir- cuit D. D. Mather and J. H. McCutcheon, Barlow Cir- cuit J. H. McCutchfon and James Given, Barlow Cir- cuit Joseph Barringer and Stephen Frampton, Barlow Circulit Abraham Carllich and John R, Prose. Barlow Cir- cuit ... Abraham Carllicli and David C. Benjamin. Bar- low Circuit Isaac Reynolds and David Mann, Barlow Circuit.. Isaac Reynolds and Michael Sheets, Barlow Cir- cuit William W. Chcrrington and William P. Filler, Barlow Circuit William W. Chcrrington and A. C. Kelly, Bar- low Circuit 819 8jo 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 83s 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 «50 8^1 852 853 854 Josiah Forest and r)wen Gifford. Plymouth Cir- cuit ■ 1856 E. Sibley and Samuel Rankin. Plymouth Circuit. 1857 E. Sibley and J. I. Pilchcr. Plymouth Circuit 1858 William Glenn and J. P. Calvert. Plymouth Cir- cuit ; 18^9 William Glenn and Samuel Rankin. I'lvmoulli Cir- .. cuit i860 Wilson Gardner and George Murray, Plymouth Circuit Stephen Rylaiiu and Daniel Ricketts. Plymouth Circuit 1862 J. H. Hopkins and Daniel Ricketts (supply), Ply- mouth Circuit ' 1863 J. H. Hopkins and Gabriel Payne, Plymouth Cir- cuit 1864 J. D. Hathaway and Ellis (supply), Ply- tnouth Circuit J. D. Hathaway and Daniel Ricketts, Plymout'h Circuit John W. Steele and Milton B. Coolcy (supply), Plymouth Circuk 1867 John W. Steele and Gabriel Payne (supply), Ply- mouth Circuit W. H. Sayre and R. D. Morgan, Plymouth Cir- cuit W. H. Sayre and W. H. Mock. Plymouth Circuit. 1870 Robert Callahan and W. H. Mock, Plymouth Cir- cuit Robert Callahan and T. R. Locell (supply), Ply- mouth Circuit 1872 Robert Callahan and J. .\ntrim (part of year), Plymouth Circuit 1873 Isaac M. Sollers and George R. Copeland, Ply- mouth Circuit 1874 Isaac M. Sollers and Joseph C. Haddox. Ply- mouth Circuit 1875 H. Gortner and C. W. O'Neal, Plymouth Circuit. 1876 W^illiam Abernathy. Plymouth Circuit 1877 E. Sibley, Plymouth Circuit E. Sibley. Plymouth Circuit 1879 F. M. Smith. Plymouth Circuit -. J. G. Jones, Plymouth Circuit J. G. Jones. Piymouth Circuit T. W. Monroe. Pl>Tnouth Circuit P. S. Butts (six months), T. W. Monroe (balance of year), Plymouth Circuit T. T. Buell, Plymouth Circuit T. T. Buell. Plymouth Circuit T. T. Buell, Plymouth Circuit L. C. Alexander, Plytiiouth Circuit L. C. Alexander. Plymouth Circuit L. C. Alexander, Plymouth Circuit C. .^. Anderson. Plymouth Circuit F. B. Cheadle, Plymouth Circuit PRESIDING EI.UERS SINCE 1836. John Ferree 1836 Samuel Hamilton 1837 Isaac C. Hunter 1841 John Ferrce 1842 Robert C. Spencer 1843 Jacob Young 1845 E. M. Boring 1852 887 888 889 890 891 892 394 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, T. W. B. N. !o in s. M. A B. E. H. Tames H -iirv s. C. T. \r. G. \\'. PRESimXG ELDliRS — CO.VTINCED. Clark 1856 Spain- i860 l->ayer 1865 Merrill 1867 See 1868 Dixon 1872 Kendall 1876 Gortner ^. 1878 Frampton . . 188? Leslie 1886 Burns 1892 The African Mclliodist E/^iscopal Church. It is not definitely known when the African ^Methodist Episcopal Church was formally or- ganized, but meetings were probably held as early as i860, at first in private houses, and later in the lecture room of the Baptist Churcli. The n-.tn.|i;crship was small, luit in iSi)5 the "Old School" Presbyterian Church cjii Third street was purchased. The membership has steadily increased, and much good has been ac- complished. The Sunday-school has a good number of attendants, and a small library. The U'cslcvMi Methodist Church. Among colored circles the Wesleyan Meth- odist Church, situated on Second street, be- tween Sacra Via and Montgomery streets, is an important factor. Services were first held in a building on Third street, above Scammel, and next in a school building on the corner of Third and Scammel streets. The old engine house on Fourth street w^as next purchased, and moA'ecl to Second street, on the location of the present church structure. Services were held in that Ijuilding for a number of years, until about four years ago, when during the el- dership of Re\-. An:^os Lawrence, the jiresent church edifice was erected. Funds for the new builchrg were raised l)v the memlbers, and also by a number of church entertainments. The church building is neat and comfortable, and the church society is large and flourishing. The church has an excellent choir, and a large Sab- bath-school. The First Presbyterian Church. Presbyterianism was late in effecting a per- manent organization in Marietta. There seem to have been those of Presbyterian preferences among the early settlers, for a movement to- ward the forming of a second church organiza- tion, Presbyterian in polity, in the lately found- ed village was started in 1803, '■inder Rev. Ste- phen Lindley. A church building \\as begun on lower Third street, near the ri\-er, but was never finished. It is doulitful whetlier a reg- ular organization was effected, and in 1816 the enterprise was given up. For many years the Presbyterians in Marietta worshiped with the old Congregational Church. It is well known that early in the last century, under the so- called "Plan of Union," the relations between Presbyterianism and Congregationalism were \'ery close, and Presbyterians, coming to Mari- etta, were quite content with the already exist- ing church, which they regarded as ])rac- ticallv their own. Bait as the cil\- grew in populatiiin, the separatimi was sure to cume; that it was so' long delayed pnixes how harmoninus the relations were. In 1841 a Presbyterian Church connected with the "Old School" branch was established; a house of worship was built on Third street, and services were held there for some time. The building is now owned by the African Methodist Epis- copal Cliurch. This little Presbyterian Church ceased its separate existence after a few years, but was united with the Beech Grove Presby- terian Church, about si.x miles to the east of the city. On several later occasions the sug- gestion of a Presbyterian oTgahizatiim was made, but nothing further was done until 1865. In the summer of that year, a favorable op- portunity having occurred, the movement start- ed again, and this time it succeeded. On Au- gust 27th the church was organized with 53 members, and was shortly after received by the Presbytery of Athens, of which it is still a part. Of these 53, the names of 14 still stand on the church's roll; probably a third o:f the rest are living. THie first elders elected were Silas Sloconi(b and Sala Bosworth, both now de- ceased. The first trustees were J. D. Cotton, M. D., Silas Slocomb, R. R. Dawes. Stephen Newton, and G. N. Eells. Rev. Henrv Bal- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 395 I.uiline, D. 1). iidw, nt" BaltiiiKire, Maryland, was called to the i)astorate, and the Iniilding now owned b}- the Central Christian Clnn-ch was erected and dedicated January 28, 1866. In June, 1869, after a most successful work, Rev. Mr. Ballantinc resigned, on account of imjjaired health, and in the following Septem- ber Rev. William; Add}-, D. !)., was called. His long and blessed pastorate continued for 22 years, but in December, 1891, this good man passed away to his reward. During this per- iod the present parsonage was purchased, and the church enlarged. In June, 1892, Rev. W'illiam E. Roe, D. D., was installed as pastor, which office he still occupies. In June, 1897, the present handsome stone building was dedi- cated, and the name, previously "The Fourth Street Presbyterian Church," was changed to "The First Presbyterian Church of Marietta." Subsequently a line organ was put in, largely through a becjuest of the late Miss Mary Cone, of !\Iarietta, and the delit, resting on the church was provided for. The present membership is slightly over 300; since the beginning Soo in all have been connected with the church. At present the elders are Stephen Xewton, Charles H. New- ton, Elmer M. Monfort, Clifford E. Corwin, and Charles D. Webster. Quite recently H. B. Shipman, an elder for many years, passed away. Tlie trustees of the church are J. D. Cotton, president ; Charles H. Xewton, secre- tary: T. M. Sheets, treasurer; W. F. Robert- son, L. J. Cutter, G. B. Sunderland, and I\L F. Noll. The Sunday-school numbers 240 ; the superintendent is Clifford E. Corwin. The president of the Christian Endeavor Society is William Wagner; of the W^omen's Foreign Missionary Society, Mrs. W. E. Roe; of the \\^omen's Flome Misionary Society, Miss S. J. Cutler; of the Ladies' Aid Society, Mrs. A. W. Hutchison. With a central situation, complete equip- ment, and a united people, its early struggles past and on the pleasantest terms with all its sister churches, the Presbyterian Church looks forward most hopefullv to its future work, be- licvine that it will not lie unimportant. The First Uiiihiriuu Society in Marietta. On January 30, 1855, the following call ap- peared in the Mhrietta I iitcllii^cnccr: To the Fiicnil.i of L'nitaritDi Cliristiaiiity in Marietta ciihi Vicinity: I'l-.e day lias arrived when I think an allcnipt shouUl he made to form .niul organize a L nitarian. liliera!, na- tional, religions society m this pLaicc. for tihe worship of God in Unity and not in I'rinity. in accordance with the plain, unniy.itified letter of the Bible. I shall be most happy to meet such Christian friends at the court room of tihc Court House, on Saturday next, Feb. .3. at seven o'clock, P. M., that wc may exchange Christian views of our duly to God and man, and then and there agree, if wc can, upon our future course. Xahl'm \V.\ru. In accordance with the aljove notice, a few friends assembled at the appointed hour, and were addressed by ]\Ir. Ward in regard to the object of the meeting; after which he submit- ted the following, as a basis of organization for a society : We. the undersigned, citi/cns of ^^arietta and vi- cinity, in the county of Washington and State of Ohio, Believing in the Unity, and in the paternal char- acter and merciful government of God; in man's nat- ural capacity of virtue, and liability to sin: in the su- pernatural authority of Jesns Christ, as a teacher sent from God; in his divine mission as a Redeemer; in his moral perfection as an Example; in the remedial as well as retributive office and intention of the divine punishment in the soul's immediate ascension, on re- lease from the body, to its account and reward ; and that salvation rests, not on superficial observance of rites or on intellectual assent to creeds, or on any ar- bitrary decrees, but, under the grace of God, on the rightness of the ruling affection, on humble faithful- ness of life, and integral goodness of character: — - Overlooking all minor differenices, sinking all alien- ating controversies, in the generous and conciliatory spirit tlTat becomes us best, thr.t we may go forth and live the Christian life, — not as a form, but a principle, •-w'I'h a warmer philanthropy, a holier conservation, a deeper piety, a more united front, than we have yet shown ; in the fear and affection of God, in the faith and love of Christ: — Dt form and organize ourselves, and such per- sons as may hereafter unite with us, into a church and society, to be known and called the "First Unitarian Society in Marietta," — The foregoing basis of organization being then signed by a number of ];ersons, Nahum Ward was elected chairman, and John C. Mc- Coy, Jr., secretary. 396 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, A code of by-laws was then adopted for the government of the Society, and in pursuance of the provisions of the hrst bv-Iaw, Nahum Ward, WiUiam S. Ward and John C. McCoy, Jr., were elected the first Board of Trustees. T|ie church building was begun on July 2, i855) when the first corner stone was laid, and from that time until its dedication, June 4, 1857, the work was pushed steadily forward. The entire cost of this splendid structure, with furnishings, including an organ which at the time was the finest in the city, togevher with the lot upon which the building stands, amount- ing to about if;25,ooo, was contributed by Mr. Ward. The dedicatory services were conducted by Rev. S. K. Lothrop, D. D., President of the American Unitarian Association, assisted by Rev. Drs. Miles, of Boston, Ellis, of Charles- town, and Burnap, of Baltimore. At the com- mencement of these services, Mr. Ward made a formal presentation of a deed of the property to the trustees of the society. In June, 1856, William S. Ward was elect- ed treasurer of the society, which position he filled until the time of his death. During his life time, Mr. Ward made a gift to the society of the lot adjoining the church, upon which the parsonage now stands, besides providing by his will a fund that went far towards paying for the parsonage itself. He was the first su- perintendent of the Sunday-school and re- mained in that position until his death. • Rev. Rushton D. Burr was the first settled minister. He was followed by W. L. Gage, after whom came in course E. C. Guild, L J. Mumford, J. M. Windsor, F. May Holland, E. W. Hathaway, W. C. Fismev, J. Riley Johnson, C. H. Button, F. S. Thatcher, J. T. Lusk and E. A. Coil, the present pastor. Among those who were acti\-e in the early support and mHnagen>ent o-f its aft'airs were Gen. I. C. H. Smith, Capt. J. F. Huntington, Theodore Scott, William Warren, Dr. Felix Regnier, Judge Davis Green, James M. Booth, Capt. Owen Franks, James Holden, J. W. Baldwin, Capt. Beale Whittlesey. A. S. Cur- tis, J. J. Brenan and many others. In May, 1869, a union between the Society and the "First Universalist Church of Mari- etta," was consummated for the purpose of jointly carrying on the work of the societies. This union has proven a most happy one and today it would be difiicult to point out those who belong to the one or the other of these two faiths. The Society from its organization has been an efiicient agent for good in the community, carrying on to the extent of its ability all the departments of religious and charitable work. It has been especially prosperous during the administration of Rev. Mr. Coil, and is at this time stronger in every respect than ever before. Probably no citizen of Washington County e.Kcept the late Douglas Putnam, ever contri- buted SO' much for religious and charitable purposes as the founder of this church. He deserves especial praise for his large-hearted generosity, but as proper mention is made of him elsewhere in this history nothing further will be said here of him or his work. The Universalist Society. A Universalist Society was organized in Marietta in 1817. On the 2nd of February, 1832, the Legislature passed an act to incorpor- ate the "First Universalian Religious Libran" Association, of Marietta." It was the purpose of the Society to build up a large collection of valuable miscellaneous books, and to this ob- ject the property which annually accrued to the Society was appropriated. The more promi- nent members were Griftin Greeny, Jr., James M. Booth, Stephen P. Hildreth, Argalus Fix- ley, Louis Mixer and Count de Bonny. It is not known just when the Society began to hold religious services. The frame church, on Sec- ond street, was built in 1842. It was dedicated by Rev. J. T. Flanders, who was then regular pastor. One room of this building was fitted for the library, and used for that purpose until the books were destroyed during the flood in April, i860. In March, 1850, the Western Liberal Institute was established and placed under the care of this church. The ministers prior to the union with the Unitarian Society were : J. T. Flanders, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 397 George S. Weaver, T. C. Eaton, Mr. Bartlett, 'I'liomas Barron, ^Tk. Hicks, J. M. McMkisters and J. W. Henley. The church, previous to the destruction of the Hbrar\', in which the min- isterial funds of 30 years had been invested, was in a very flourishing condition The li- brary contained about 3,000 volumes, and many liberal Christians supported the Society that they might receive in return the benefits of the library. In the spring of 1869 a successful move- ment was set on foot for uniting the First Uni- tarian Society and the I-'irst Uni\-ersalist Church into one society, which since that date has maintained public worship in the church edifice erected by Mr. Ward. First United Brethren ChurcJi. The United Brethren Church was organ- ized with a membership of about 90 sometime during the winter of 1857. In the early part of the winter a series of protracted meetings were commenced, which resulted in one of the greatest revivals ever known in Marietta. This revival increased the membership to nearly 200. It was deemed advisable by these converts and others who had taken part in the meetings to organize a church independent of the Wesleyan Methodist, whose pastor had conducted the pro- tracted meetings, and a vote taken for the pur- pose, showed a decided partiality for the United Brethren, and the conference at its next ses- sion formally received the new organization as the United Brethren Church of Marietta. A' new chapel affords the congregation, now a large one, a comfortaljle place fur ser- CHAPTER. XV. THE PRESS. Probabl}- the leading factor which makes and signifies a country's development, intellect- ually, commercially, and politically, is the news paper. It is both the cause and the effect of a permanent and substantial upbuilding of a community, and bears much on its face of the surroundings in which it has its existence. A newspaper may l;,e pretty thorou.ghly relied upon to express what manner of people com- pose the moral, social, and business make-up of a settlement, be it large or small. It seems scarcely within the realm of lie- lief to think that here at the confluence of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers — a locality that in the beginning of the igth century was consid- ered to be on the frontier, at the very outposts of civilization — there should be erected such an institution as a newspaper, but such is the fact, for the year 1801 was witness to the es- tablishment of a newspaper which exists today, and bears every evidence of permanency. The white people who first came into this valley were of New England stock — Yankees ; and associated with their fortitude and thrift was that desire to keep in the very front line as regards education and the dissemination of in- telligence and information. The result of this feeling was the establishing in the "Stockade"' on the north side of \\'ashington street, be- tween Front and Second streets, of the Ohio) Ga::ettc and J^irginia Herald, a name assumed doubtless for the promotion and perpetuation of a friendliness between the people on both sides of the Ohio. Wyllys Silliman and Elijah Backus were the owaiers and editors — divid- ing their time between the practice of law and the promulgation of intelligence. The paper was born December 18, 1801, and its size was b_v no means commensurate with the length of its name; for compared with our papers of the present day, it was a mere leaflet, containing little that would appeal to the tastes of the pres- ent da}- readers. Most of the matter pertained to the doings of the East — particularly Con- gress, and miscellany of a not particularly at- tractive kind occupied a portion of the space each week. About all that pertained to local affairs were the meagre advertisements or legal notices. The papers of that time could not strictly be termed newspapers, for the hap- l)ening-s recorded were in most cases weeks old, and were ohtainabie only through the slow channels operating in that day. < W'riting in those days bore a different ap- ])carance from that we now are acctistomed to follow. It had in it a dignity and grace which would seem to befit the powdered wig, the ruf- fied shirt, the knee breeches, and the buckled shoes. The editor seemed by his expressions to be in court attire with a lexicon of polished phrases and "Chesterfield's Letters" at Ins el- bow. His position in his community must have given just cause for jealousy on the part of the village blacksmith, whose prestige had heretofore been indisputable. The outfit on which was printed the Gaccftc (for short) was purchased by Messrs. Silliman and Backus in Philadetlphia, and was very simple and crude as compared with the plants of toda\'. The press was of wood wit!; a flat AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 399 stone for its bed, and to "pull" a sheet was an involved operation, requiring the undividerl at- tention of a man and boy ; the man inserting tl'iC same between t_\'pe and platen, pulling sev- eral hundred pounds at a big lever to give the impression, then releasing and returning the frame to a position for taking out the printed sheet and to make room for its successor. The hoy spent his time inking the types, either with balls of buckskin or a roller made of a compo- sition of glue antl molasses. The early editor was necessarily not p.trtic- ular as to what he did, for he could net act in any one particular capacity. He was editorial writer, news compositor, "ad"-setter, press- man, roller-maker, machinist, circulation man, and about everything but "de\'il.'" This lattoi functionary did the coarser work abotit the place; and no doubt in his thoughtful moments looked upon the editor as a god, occupxing an exalted position in whose dircct4on he humbly wished his toes to point. In 1803 yir. Backus was elected to tiie State Senate and later moved to Pittsburgh where in 1807 or 1S08 he died. ^Ir. Silliman, the other meniber of this firm of publishers, also enjoyed political honors — serving in the State Legislature in 1803, and afterward going to ZanesvilJe where he held the position of regis- trar in the Lanil Office, a political place gi\en to him under Jefferson, whom he and his part- ner supported. In 1803 Backus purchased Silliman's in- terest in the newspaper, and enjoyed the dis- tinction of being sole owner of the institution until 1805. Mhen he sold to Samuel Fairlamb, of Philadelphia. This gentleman handled the property until 1810. He seemed not to have made a conspicuous success of his venture, for we hear of him making his home later in the Muskingum Count}' Infirmary, at which place he died. After leaving Marietta, Fairlamb led a life of a varied sort, we presume some- thing like that of the tramp printer of today, t W'e believe that this cult is at this time grow- ing beautifully less in numbers, for most offices of any proportion employ machine labor, and talent is required that will remain at work after the machine is learned.) In 1807 the Ga::rttc had the usual thing happen to it. This event was the establish- ment of an opposition paper, called The Com- iiientator ami Marietta Recorder. The insti- tution carried this burden (jf name until 1809, when because of lack of support it said its \-ale- dictory. It was published Ijy Dunham & Gardiner, the latter a [irinter of prominence, from Xenia and Cohnnbus. The year 1810 witnessed a shaking up in the affairs of the Gazette, for the income of cash or cordwood was so light that the sheriff of the coimty, .generally considered the print- er's greatest friend (it he's on the .same side politically), had to sell the institution at public sale. Niter a few weeks with no local news- paper, the Western Sf^eetalor came into the field, employing, we presume, the physical ef- fects of the old Gazette, and doubt- less using its very limited subscrip- tion list. The Sl^eetalor was edited l)y Caleb Emerson, mie of the strongest men of his tin1e. a man wliose personality com- bined many high qualities. He was an attor- ney of ability and a writer of grace. His pa- per was Fcileralist in politics, and bore the le- gend at its head "Be just and Fear Xot.'' While ;Mr. Emerson was editor, Joseph Israel was the publisher of the sheet during its first year, after which he sold his interest to Thom- as G. J-iansom. In 1813 the Spectator was merged into the American- friend, which was started as a Re- publican paper, supporting ]\Iadison's adminis- tration. Thomas G. Ransom was the printer, and the editorial staff consisted of David Ever- ett, Timothy Buell and Daniel 11. Buell. To ICverett is credited the aulhorshi)) of the well- known lines, beginning, "You'd scarce expect one of my age." Everett had been a teacher at Ipswich, Xew Hampshire, and he wrote the lines for a boy pupil to recite as a public ad- dress. Everett was a man of genius and learn- ing, having studied laxv at Amherst and having afterward served with distinction as an editor 400 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY of a Boston newspaper. The rigorous clim- ate of the Northern Atlantic Coast States compelled him to seek a more salubrious spot, and he chose young Marietta, but that did not prevent the ensuing of death by consumption m December, 1813, at the age of 44 years. After the death of Everett, Daniel H. Buell became editor of the Auicricaii Friend and so continued for a few months, when the Buells took in as a partner, Royal Prentiss, one of the best known and capable of Marietta s early printers and editors. In 18 16 Prentiss bought the interest of the Buells and continued as sole owner until 1833 when he sold the property to Delafield & Nye. For a period of time that Mr. Prentiss owned the Friend, it was edited and printed in the house on Fifth street nov>' owned and occupied by Mrs. S. S. Knowles. Mr. Prentiss possibly made toO' much of a pa- per for his time, for he gave as his reason for selling that the profits were so light he could no longer in justice to himself continue in that line of business. John Delafield, one of the new owners of the Friend, was from New York ; and his part- ner, Edward W. Nye, was a Mariettian. of pio- neer stock. Tlie new firm edited and printed the paper, which they called simply the Mari- rictta Gazette, until 1837. During a portion of this time there was associated wdth them a strolling printer named Pazzi Lapham, but he remained but a short time, doubtless moving on to the next experiment looking for a har- vest of elusive gold. Isaac Maxon was the next man to- own the Gazette, having bought the property in 1837 from Delafield & Nye. Mr. Maxon conducted the sheet, assisted by William D. and Caleb Emerson, until 1842, when there appeared on the scene Edmund B. Flagg, a young man from Maine, and a graduate of Bowdoin College. Flagg distinguished himself in many literary ways, having run the gamut of letters from news to novels. In 18^0 he was consul to Ven- ice; and he wrote an interesting book with that romantic city as its theme. In 1842 the Gazette lost its name, having been merged into the Intelligencer, a rival that had been started in 1839 by Beman Gates, one of the strongest editors and polished gentle- men who have appeared in Marietta journal- ism. Maxon in the Gazette, in 1839, '"^ fs^'"' 'J'^-JS l)efore the appearance of Mr. Gates' Intelligen- cer, in the field, had the follow ing to say con- cerning his expected competitor: We understand- the newspaper, the Munclta Intel- ligencer, is to appear next week. This paper is to eclipse everything, exterminate Democracy, astonish the natives, and swallow the Ga::ette with all its ap- peiidages. * * * xt lias been argued to jome of our subscribers that they might as well discontinue the Gazette and subscribe for the Intelligencer because the Gazette must stop at all events. Had not the gentle- men better stay their judgment for a time, and see if the community will that we shall be crushed in order to rear a favorite upon the ruin.'' Maxon and his successor, Flagg, clung to a vain hope for three years, when, as before mentioned, the Gazette and its appendages were swallowed by the Intelligencer. Beman Gates, then scarcely 21 years of age with no means at hand, was the first editor of the Intelligencer. Associated with him in the paper as partners in the business were George W. and Charles D. Tyler, two brothers, and most excellent printers. Mr. Gates did the lit- erary work, and the Tylers took v-nre of the publication of the paper. The Tylers raised $600 (selling their homes to get ihe money), and Beman Gates added to this meagre amount the sum oif $300, which he had borrowed from a friend. A "Washington" hand press was bought, as was also* type of a large face, paper and ink. With this slight equipment was printed what soon became the best newspaper property in Marietta. It was a larger sheet than had appeared as yet — was well edited, and printed in a workmanlike manner. The sub- scription price of the paper was $2 a year. In his salutatory Mr. Gates had the follow- ing to say concerning the new paper : The general plan upon which this paper will be conducted has been set forth in the prospectus. The subscriber, in commencing his duties as editor, wishes It to be distinctly understood that he has no preju- dices to foster, no partialities to indulge, and no in- viduous feelings to gratify. He is perfectly willing to be advised in regard to the manner of conducting it, but, after all, his own judgment must decide what AND REPRESENTATIVE CTTIZENS. 401 course duty requires him to pursue. Ho will not suf- fer himself to be influenced by the opinions of others in any uay jnconipatibiii^ with jpcrt'ect 'freedom nf thought and action. He .'peaks particularly on this point, because he has been charged with being under the control of influential men in this town. In politics his motto will be, "Willing to Praise, but not afraid to Blame." He will be equally ready to bestow praise upon his political enemies, when mer- ited, or censure upon his friends, when necessary. It will therefore be conducted with impartial liberality, and no effort shall be wanting on the part of the sub- scriber to render it distinguiished by its practical utility. Temperate and well-written communications upon any subject that shall be deemed of general interest, will be thankfully received and inserted. With this brief statement, the first number of the Intelligencer is offered to the public, that by it they may judge of its merits and of the claims it has upon their patronage. One year after starting, the Intelligencer had 300 subscribers, but during 1840, the year of the Harrison campaign, the paper's circu- lation was more than doubled; and its success was well marked and not less merited. Mr. Gates had an ambition to supply to the public a real newspaper — one which should cover the doings of the week both at home and abroad. Besides being a chronicle of the events in the town, the young editor received regu- larly from Pittsburgh, Columbus, and Cincin- nati, communications whicli related to business, society and state. When Taylor was inducted into the White House as President, Mr. Gates received the President's message by wire and printed the same in his paper — a feat that was considered at that time as an astounding piece of newspaper enterprise. So it was, too, for the provincial editor had as high ambition, and served his constituency as well in many resgects as did the managers of the newspapers in cit- ies of greater pretensions. It was not long that Mr. Gates kept up the use of wires, for with the advent of the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad came the great dailies from the latter- named city. The foreign news was read in these, and the Intelligencer became a purely lo- cal paper. Beman Gates was born January 5, 18 18, in Montgague, Franklin County, Massachusetts. With his father he moved in 1835 to Connecti- cut, and in 1837, with a brother-in-law, came to wdiat was in those davs considered "tlie West." Mr. (rates' dcstinatinn was Knoxville, Ten- messee. but he was pleased with Marietta, and illness coming upon his brother-in-law, both were detained here. Mr. Gates found work in the county recorder's office. He also taught music, and for years conducted a sing- ing school wdiich was a p(jpular institution, and is spoken of at litis day i)y tiie elderly people, who have many fond memories clustering about the school and its master schooled in old-fash- ioned politeness. In 1856 Mr. Gates sold the Intelligencer to Dr. T. L. Andrews, who conducted the paper until 1862, when a new Richmond came into the field in the person of Rodney M. Stimson, who came from fronton, Lawrence County, Ohio, and had been founder and editor of the Ironton Register. Mr. Stimson was a man born to the purpose of editing a newspaper, and he had the information and the style to hold a most exalted position upon a metropoli- tan paper or periodical. He threw his person- ality into the paper, and made it shine with the good things from his bright mind. The first thinig he did was to change the name of the paper to the Marietta Register, which nan^e it holds to-da_\'. Rodney JMetcalf Stimson was born at Mil- ford, New Hampshire, October 26, 1822, the son of Phineas Stimson and Rhoda Metcalf — both children of soldiers of the Revolution. Mr. Stimson attended school in the East, in- cluding Phillips E.xeter Academy. In 1845 ^^^ came to Marietta College, being graduated in 1847. His first work was teaching country schools, after w'hich he read law and was ad- mitted ot the bar of Marietta in 1849; l^ter he- went to Ironton, where on August i, 1850, he started the Ironton Register^ w'hich paper he conducted for 12 years. Mr. Stimson was married July 23. 1831, to Juliette B. Hurd, of Ironton, who died Janu- ary 19, 1861. The son, Milford, that was born to them, died in Cincinnati in 1890. October 28, 1862, our subject was married to Julia I. Sheppard, of Marietta. One daughter, Eliz- 402 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, abeth Gillet Corwin, was born to the union. Mr. and Mrs. Stinison, Mr. and Mrs. Corwin and two children — Julia Stinison and Rodney Stimison — form at present the interesting household of Mr. Stimson. Mr. Stimson was not only a man peculiarly fitted to the business of conducting a newspa- per, but he was a politician as well, and the people oil his county were not long in recogniz- ing his abiyty as a public servant. In 1869 he was elected to the Ohio Legislature as Senator from this district and was re-elected to the posi- tion in 1871. He served also in the Republi- can Xiational Conventions, as delegate, which nominated John C. Fremont and James A. Gar' field for the Presidency. He was delegate from Washington County to the Ohio State Repuljlican Convention 17 times; and was the author of the Republican State platform in 1873, the same being unanimously adopted without the change of a word. In 1881 Mr. Stimson was tendered the office of Assistant Librarian of Congress, but he declined, as did he also a place in the U. S. Treasury Depart- ment which carried with it a salary of $3,000 a year and expenses. Mr. Stimson was libra- rian of the Ohio State Library for the years 1877-79, '^"d was retired because he was on the wrong side of the fence from the powers that were. In March, 1881, Mr. Stimson accepted the position of librarian of Marietta College at a salary of $600 per year, a position he held until 1892, when he resigned. In 1900 Mr. Stimson presented to Marietta College his mag- nificent private library, which contained over 19,000 volumes — over 1,000 of which related directly to the Civil War and slavery — the most complete of its kind in any private collec- tion. May 20, 1872, the Register changed hands again — Mr. Stimson selling the property to E. R. Alderman & Company. Of this new firm the company was Joseph W. Dumlile, who in 1875 withdrew from the firm to become owner of the Middleport Republican. Mr. Alderman was born August 29, 1839, near Athens, Ohio, and the early years of his life were spent amid the most primiti\'e sur- roundings. While yet a boy he was thrown upon his own resources, but he had the stuff in him of which men of strong- character are made. As a young man he taught school in Washington County ; later he kept store at Racine, Meigs County, coming to Marietta in 1867. Here he engaged in the insurance busi- ness until 1872, when he with Mr. Uumble bought the Register. Mr. Alderman's management of the Regis- ter was distinguished by particularly good busi- ness direction; and the property, already well established, grew hardier and more influential with the passage of time. The paper was printed as a weekly until 1883, when it was changed to a semi-weekly, which it continued to be until 1889, when it was issued tri-weekly. In June, 1894, the Register appeared as a daily evening paper, and continues as such at the present time, enjoying an extensive circulation with consecjuent influence. E. R. Alderman, from the date of his assuming editorial duties to the time of his death — June i, 1901 — made it his whole duty and his pride to see the Register prosper; and in his editorial work he spared not the person whom he thought at fault. He was a virile writer and phrased his ideas in good, clean English. At the time of the establishment of the daily, the ownership was merged into a stock company, the holders of shares being E. R. Alderman, L. A. Alderman, A. D. Alder- man, E. S. Alderman, William Sharp and D. R. Gerken. Since the death of Mr. Alderman, the paper has heen managed — ably, too — by his son, A. D. Alderman, who possesses the fear- lessness O'f his father, and in whose ambition to make the Register prosper is fully as great as was that of his father. Mr. Alderman, as edi- tor and manager, is ably assisted in the edito- rial department by John W. Lansley, who spent his early life in Beverly; and in the business department by D. R. Gerken, who is a native of Marietta. Alva Dean Alderman, editor-manager of the Register^ was born at Racine, Meigs Coun- ty, Ohio, October 21, 1864. He came, with his parents to Marietta in 1867. He attended lioth a private school, conducted by the Misses AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 403 Eells, and the public schools of Marietta, later going to the .Vcadeniy ol 2\larietta College. After preparing himself f(jr college, Mr. Alder- man attended riiillips Academy at Andover, Massachvisetts, where he took a literary and scientific course. In 1884 Mr. Alderman went into the office of the Rcgi^-tcr, where he began the actual work of reportmg. He had at times prior worked about the office, so that he had a comprehensive idea of the mechanical part of the issuing of a newspaper. For years after undertaking the work of reporting, the news portion of the Register was in charge of A. D. Alderman, and for two years prior to his father's death, he was in entire charge of the paper. ^luch of the modern machinery installed in the past few years is the result of his motion. Mr. Alderman was married October 7, 1886. to Elizabeth Comly McCoy, eldest daugh- ter of the late William W. and Elizabeth (Davis) McCoy, the latter of whom survives. Three children were the result of this union : Comly Dean, born July 5, 1887; Gladys Mar- jorie, born December 13, 1891 ; and Royal Mc- Coy, born August 16, 1896. Mr. Alderman is with his wife a member of the First Congregational Church of Marietta. Mr. Alderman is an Elk and a member of the Royal Arcanum. He was the first chief of Ma- rietta's paid fire department, serving from 1894 to 1898, and having served for years prior as a volunteer fireman. As chief, he quite distin- guished himself by his arduous conduct, and in one fire he met with an accident which near- ly cost him his life, after wdfich, because of injuries and press of business, he tendered his resignation. Mr. Alderman is quite a factor in politics, both local and State. He was a member of the Republican State Central Committee, in 1898; and in 1899 he w-as a member of the State Ex- ecutive Committee, and in 1902 he w-as chosen to act in a similar capacity. He is a member of the Board of Trade, and in his capacity as member and newspaper man he has done much to secure industries for Marietta. Tlius runs the story of the Register to date. It is a particularly interesting one, having cov- ered next to the longest period of any paper in Ohio — the Scioto Gazette, of Chillicothe, being the only paper that antedates it. The next oldest newspaper now- published in Marietta is the Times, a Democratic paper — the only one of that political tendency (print- ed in the English language) in Washington County. The Times made its first appearance Sep- tember 24, 1864, with AValter C. Hood as own- er and editor. Mr. Hood was born in Demo- rest, Perry County, Ohio, anil was a man pecu- liarly adapted to the editorial work of a news- paper. He was an odd man, who had his own ideas of the world and society ; and who com- bated that which he thought wrong with an ar- dor and vigor that marked the real genius. As a business man his career was not distinguished by particular success ; but he was a nian of the utmost probity — and with his intelligence he commanded the largest respect. Mr. Hood was a true type of the old-fashioned man. He had a rather plain face, was deaf, and had a peculiarly rasping voice. When he spoke, however, the people listened, and it was gen- erally to their advantage so to do. He w-as critical of the lighter affairs of life, and w-as constantly, in his talk with friends, saying sar- castic things about society and other things artificial. He detested pride, and for that which was not genuine he had the utmost ab- horrence. The writer once heard him say that if he w-as to have his portrait ])ainted he would w'ant every "crow's-fcKit"' to be put in about his eyes, so that the likeness might be true, and show him exactly as he was. This remark but showed how he felt on all things, and he was thoroughly consistent. Mr. Hood went from here to Jackson County, where he died ; and the people there thought so well of him that over his burial place in Oak Grove Ceme- tery, Marietta, they caused to be erected a handsome granite monument. After Mr. Hood left Marietta, which was in 1871, he held the office of State Librarian, under Gov. William Allen. He died while in office in 1875. In the year 1871 Mr. Hood sold the Times to S. M. Mc^Millen. a native of Pennsvlvania, 404 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, having been born tliere August 19, 1840. With only a short experience in the business of issu- ing a newspaper, Mr. McMihen entered upon the duties as editor. He brought a rugged nature to bear upon the paper and the party, exercising more pohcy than did his predecess- or, Mr. Hood, with the result that he built up a good paying property. His was the only paper of its complexion in Washington County, and with his fine sense of policy — knowing what to do at the proper time, and how to do it — what "Mac" said generally followed, to such effect that during his regime members of his party were elevated to office in many in- stances. In 1S90 Mr. McMillen sold the Tiiius to Benjamin J. McKinney, a citizen of this county. Mr. McMillen went from Marietta to Springfield, Ohio, where he owned and oper- ated the SpritigHcld Doiiocrat, a daily of con- sequence in the party both in Clark County and in the State. Mr. McMillen later sold this paper and went to Mansfield, where he bought a paper and again sold, in order that he and his family might go to Europe, there to live and educate the youngest son, Francis, who at the age of five years showed great apti- tude for the violin, and who now at the age of 17 bids fair to rival the world's greatest per- formers on that most difiicult instrument. At this writing Mr. McMillen is still abroad. Benjamin J. McKinney, the present owner of the Tillies, and its editor as well, was born in Virginia in 1850, the son of WiUiam P. and Indiana (Jackson) McKinney, both of whom were Virginians by birth. The subject of our sketch spent his days in Virginia until the age of 15, when he came to Belpre, this county, where he completed the course offered by the common schools. Later he enjoyed a course of business training at a prominent commer- cial college of Pittsburgh. With these quali- fications, supported by an unusually bright mind, young McKinney entered the business world by securing a position as book-keeper in the Parkersburg National Bank, and he filled the place satisfactorily for a period of about six years. At the age of 26 Mr. McKinney was elected, on the Democratic ticket, to the office of auditor of Washington County, and succeeded himself at the close of his first term by an increased majority — a fact which spoke well of his proficiency and satisfactory conduct of the office. After serving as auditor of Washington County two terms, Mr. McKinney was appointed chief clerk in the Auditor of State's office at Columbus, and remained there for a period of four years. He returned to Marietta at the time he gave up the chief clerk- ship with the expectation of entering the work of newspaper-making, and overtures were made between himself and Mr. McMillen to such effect that August i, 1890, saw Mr. Mc- Kinney the owner and editor of the Times. Into the Times, which had but a short time before been completely overhauled as to ma- chinery and equipment, Mr. McKinney put his time and his talents. He is a writer of par- ticular force, his editorial work showing a sar- castic quality that to the operator of a news- paper is a possession carrying nO' inconsidera- ble effect to the reader. In 1898 Mr. McKin- ney was a member of the Ohio Centennial Commission appointed by Bushnell, but later dissolved by act of Legislature. The Times up to October 20, 1898, was a weekly, at which time it was issued as a daily and weekly. The daily is printed in the even- ing, and enjoys good support among the peo- ple, especially within the part}'. In 1 87 1 Mr. McKinney was married to Florence Browning, daughter of A. H. and Augusta S. Browning, of Belpre. Together they lived devotedly until the summer of 1902, when Mrs. McKinney died. To Mr. and Mrs. McKinney was born an interesting family of eleven children, as fol- lows : Helen, born January 18, 1872 (de- ceased 1 901) ; Grace, born November 14, 1873 (deceased 1882) ; Stella, born February 14, 1875 (deceased 1898) ; Frank B., born No- vember 4, 1876; Florence, born April 11, 1878; May, born April 13. 1880; William P., born April 24, 1882 ; Louise, born February 4, 1884 ; AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 405 B. Jackson, born September 20, 1886; Frances, born September 17, 1888; and Harriet, born November 30, 1892. The next paper in point of age is the Mari- etta Zcitiing, a paper printed in the German language, and published by Jacob Mueller. The Zcitimg was first issued in 1868 with E. Winchester as its projector and manager. The editor of the paper at the time of starting was F. Neuberger, a German of education and abil- ity. The paper had a clientele from tlie start, there being many German- Americans in Wash- ington County; but Mr. Winchester had not the best ideas of direction, and no knowledge of German, so the paper led only a partially suc- cessful career until March, 1869, when tlie property was purchased by Jacob Mueller. Mr. Mueller, together with his son, Louis, gave personal attention to the business, and it was not long till the Zcituiig was looked upon as indeed an institution in Washington County journalism. The father and son continued to publish the paper until 1895, when the son withdrew and went to Anniston, Alabama. Later the son died in Newport, Kentucky, a young man whose value would stand high in any community. Jacob Mueller, the father, still prints the Zcitung, and is the dean of all the publishers in Marietta today. He is a man of intelli- gence, with a conscience that looks toward the upright in all things. His paper bears the impress of carefulness in editing, it being looked upon as a first-class news bearer and mentor to the Germans of the county. It is well composed in good German, its editor hav- ing a good education in both German and Eng- lish. Jacob Mueller was born at Haschbach, Rhenish Bavaria, July 29, 1833, the son of Nicholas and Caroline (Kreuz) Mueller. Mr. Mueller's parents were well-to-do, and after he had received a common school education at his native place, he was sent to the Latin School at Kusel, where he studied for four years and was graduated with honor, showing excellency in all branches, particularly in modern lan- guages, in which he stood second. In 1849 Mr. Mueller came to America Ijy himself, arriving in New York. After spend- ing a few months in that city he went to Al- bany, where he accepted his first money-earn- ing position as an expert violinist in a theatre orchestra of that city. He became a member of Captain Cooke's Band, one of the foremost musical organizations at that time in this coun- try. Mr. Mueller remained in Albany several months, going from that city to Cincinnati, where, besides following his taste for music, he obtained a position as book-keeper for a l^rew- ing company. Here he remained for a period of six years, when at the death of his wife, in 1866, he came to Marietta, where he has since resided. After coming to Marietta, M!r. Muel- ler engaged with his brother-in-law, F. C. Miller, in the cigar business, and so remained until 1868. March i, 1869, he took hold of the Zcitung, and first appeared as its owner and editor. Mr. ]\lueller is a member of American Union Lodge No. i, F. & A. M., and Gutten- burg Lodge, I. O. O. F. He is identified with no church as a member, though his wife is a member of the Congregational Church at Cor- nerville. Mr. Mueller never held office, except that of city teacher examiner for a few years. During his life he has exhibited a fondness and great talent for the violin and could play al- most any instrument. For many years he was conspicuous as an instructor, both here and in Cincinnati. While he made that city his home, he was connected with John Robinson's circus as leader of its orchestra, receiving the highest salary ever paid to its leaders up to that time. He was the organizer and leader of Mueller's Orchestra, the first pretentious musical organi- zation of this city, and the first to interpret music of a classical order. Mr. Mueller was first married, in 1853, to Margaret Miller, of Cincinnati, to whom were born three children, Caroline (Mrs. John Lehn- hard, deceased 1894) ; Louis (deceased 1899) ; 4o6 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, and Louise E. ( ]\Irs. Charles Buck, still living, of Fenibank, a suburb of Cincinnati). The first wife died at Cincinnati in April, 1866, and her remains He buried in Mound Cemetery, this city. Air. Mueller was again married, in 1869, to Elizabeth Buck, born December 27, 1849, eldest daughter of the late Col. William C. Buck, a distinguished soldier of the Civil War. Bv this union were born : Emma Philipena (Mrs. C. H. Smith) December 25, 1869; Ella Elizabeth, born February i, 1871 ; Katharine Caroline, born October 15, 1872; Carl Hugo, born June 30, 1874; Florence Clara, born April 28, 1876; Frederick Jacob, born July 15, 1878; Stella Amelia, born March 16, 1880; Albert Leo, born May 29, 1882; Gertrude Edith, born October 21, 1884; William Junius, born De- cember 5, 1886; and Theodore, born April 10, 1890. For a time prior to 1881 there was a rumbling heard in the ranks of the Republican party to the effect that it should have another newspaper — one which should share in the hon- ors of the community and the party ; and Feb- ruary 23, 1 88 1, the movement became vital in the form of the Marietta Leader. The Leader was first published in a little frame building where now stands the City Elec- tric building ; and its editors and proprietors were Frank A. Crippen and Will S. Knox. These two gentlemen, with rather meager means, but many friends, at once installed the paper into the families of Washington County, making a particular hit with local news from country districts, and by giving great atten- tion to the doings of the townspeople. It was not long until a list of large proportions was the happy possession of the new paper. In 1883 Dr. J. F. Ullmann, of Lower Salem, bought into the firm, he buying Mr. Knox's interest. Later, in the year 1883, Crippen & Ullmann sold out to Hon. Theodore F. Davis, who was the owner until 1890, when the former ownership was changed to that of a stock company. During Mr. Davis's incumb- ency he held political offices of honor, being ap- pointed as a trustee of the Athens State Hos- pital, and being elected to tlie State Senate from this district. Mr. Davis, whO' still resides in Marietta, is an ardent Repuljlican, and a worker within the party whose counselings are always listened to with respect. November 17, 1890, the stock of the Mari- etta Leader was purchased by George M. Cooke, a native of Marietta and a young man whoi had had several years' experience in the printing business, and who had been associ- ated with Mr. Davis and the Leader since March, 1885. Possessing a knowledge of the iiwdiis operandi of a newspaper, the plant was managed in such a way that every year saw it bring forth fruit. In 1890 the Leader became a semi-weekly; in August, 1894, it was printed "every-other- day," and April i, 1895, it made its appearance as a morning daily, since which time it has acceptably occupied the field as such. August I, 1900, Mr. Cooke sold his stock in the Leader to a syndicate of men, compris- ing C. C. Middleswart, John Kaiser, H. V. Speelman, John Crooks and T. J. Mercer. Since then, others have bought stock, and the personnel has changed to some extent. H. V. Speelman was editor and manager for sev- eral months, when he was succeeded by J. M. Williams, who still directs operations. In 1901 the Leader was moved to its pres- ent location, across from the Court House, where most comfortably quartered is as fine a country newspaper office as graces the land. June ir. 1898, a linotype machine was in- stalled in the Leader office — the first in south- eastern Ohio. J. M. Williams, the present inanager of the Leader, was born near Gallipolis, August 14, 1869, the son of James Williams, who fol- lowed farming, and wdio died when the subject of our sketch was still a child. Mr. Will- iams's mother also died while he was of tender age. Mr. Williams received his education in the district schools of Gallia County, the time spent in gaining his education being very lim- ited. His first business experience was that of messenger boy for the \\'estern Union Tele- graph Company, at a salary of $10 a month. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 407 In less tlian a year, by his brightness and gen- eral ability young Williams was holding down a telegraph key at Hurricane, West Virginia. From there he went to Huntington, West Vir- ginia, as assistant to the train-dispatcher. From Huntington Mr. Williams went to Charleston, where he was engaged with the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway for a year, when he went w^th the Western Union Telegraph Company as assistant manager. He remained in this position three years, when he came to Marietta to become manager of the Western Union office in this city, a position which he held with ability, and to the satisfaction of both company and patrons until the fall of 1900. In November, 1900, Mr. Williams assumed the entire management of the Daily Leader and has conducted its affairs with the same care and ability that distinguished his services in earlier work and other fields. Mr. Will- iams is identified with other concerns in Mari- etta, and devotes himself to the general good of tile community. He is at present with the Pioneer Building & Loan Association as 3. di- rector ; also is a stockholder in the Ohio Valley Wagon Company. He is a holder of oil inter- ests" in the American Oil Company, the Dual State Oil Company, the Delta Oil Company, and the Alta Oil Company. He is a stock- holder in the Union Investment Company. He is a member of Harmar Lodge No. 390, F. & A. M. and American Union Chapter, R. A. M. With his wife he is a member of the First Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Williams was married September 22, 1896, to Aliss Minnie R. ^.IcMillin, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Murray McMillin. Mr. and Mrs. Williams have one son — Emerson Mari- on, born December 17, 1897. They have a beautiful home on Fairview Heights, built in 1897, where they reside. The voungest candidate for favors from the reading and advertising public is the Labor lourual, a paper which was established July 4, 1901, as a weekly newspaper, but which Januarv 1.3, 1902, appeared as an evening daily. The daily was the outgrowth of a dis- agreement between employers and printers on the other daily newspapers of Marietta. In December, 1901, the printers declared a strike to be on, and according to agreement ceased work. The establishmeht is 'popularly financed in small holdings owned by members of the trades and labor organizations of Mari- etta. It has been a success from the start, finding general favor among the people who have a friendliness toward organized labor; and its columns are well filled with advertise- ments of the substantial concerns of the city. Tlie original stockholders forming the in- corporation were S. E. Blair, Louis Sharp, M. L. Purkey, Joseph Jones, Harry Hill, A. E. Stewart and Frank Ackerman. This company took charge of affairs ]\larch 17, 1901. Since starting the company has become much scat- tered, but it is owned entirely bv men who are members of labor societies. The ofl^cers of the company are,— Arthur Metcalf. president ; O. P. Hyde, secretary and treasurer: S. E. Blair, general manager, Mr. Blair, upon whom falls the details of management, was born in Pomeroy, Meigs County, August 29, 1868, the fcjurth child of Joel M.' and Mary Sharp Blair. The subject of our sketch was educated in the public schools of Harmar (now West Marietta), quitting at the close of the grammar school grades, under the late John D. Phillips. His first work as an earner of money was in the ofiice of the Marietta Leader. This began January 17, 1886; and he was connected v.'ith the paper, as job printer, until August i, 190'-). March 17, 1901. Mr. Blair, with James I. Gold- smith, bought a job printing office of Messrs. .•\rbour and Brenan, and they conducted af- fairs until the inauguration of the incorporated company referred to above. The College Ohio is puljlished by the stu- dents of Marietta College, and appears monthly during the college year. Its editors are ap- pointed by the literary societies of the College, and it bears in its columns the news of college matters, local and general. Such is the life of the papers that now ex- ist in Marietta. In Beverly there is a weekly 4o8 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. newspaper — Beverly Dispatch — piiblislied by H. O. Goodrich, and established by Hon. Jolm C. Preston, an attorney of that place. The paper meets with good patronage, and is an institution of the town in which it is located. In New Matamoras is published the Mail, a w-eekdy newspaper, owned and edited by Ed. B. Hutchinson, who gives it such impulse as the community justifies, and that is considera- ble for a place of its size. J. M. Miller, a young man of Little Hocking, prints the Buck- eye, a sheet which finds popularity in its neigh- borhood. With the rise and fall of the journalistic tide in Washington County, there have been many barques to appear and disappear, and their voyages bore greater or less interest to the public, in the main a losing venture to the projectors and owners of the crafts. A list of them would appear like this : The Counneiiiafor and Marietta Recorder, a Federalist newspaper, opposing the Ga,:etfe, and first issued September i6. 1807, by Dun- ham & Gardiner. In two years the paper was discontinued, dying for lack of patronage. The Marietta and Washington CoHnty Pi- hit. the first Democratic paper in Washington County, and the institution which the Times of today may call its ancestor — although the chain was several times broken — was started April 7. 1S26. with George Dunlevy and A. V. D. Joline publishers. At first the Pilot was neutral, Init later it stood for the cause of Andrew Jackson. During this campaign a printer in the Friend office got at the forms of the Pilot and transposed its head to read "Li- pot." The Friend, in referring to the change, suggested that at last the opposition sheet had come out with its true heading, and compli- mented it on its display of candor. The Pilot li\'ed until 1830, when in May it was discon- tinued. John Brough, afterward Governor of Ohio, and his brother, Charles H. Brough, had both worked on the Pilot as printers and they bought the material of that defunct paper, with the result that on January 8, 183 1, they issued the Western Republican and Marietta Adver- tiser. The Broughs, with John as its editijr. made a strong paper of the Republican, and they supported the Jackson administration. Later, in the split between Jackson and Cal- houn, the Republican supported the latter, and lost prestige to such an extent that it was com- pelled to suspend, and the plant was taken to Parkersburg. It had an existence of about two years. Later the Broughs started the Cincinnati Enquirep, one of the great news- paper gold mines today. In 1S34 John S. McCracken started a Democratic newspaper to succeed the Repub- lican, and it lived only about eight weeks when a note was found in the office which read, "I'm off, as the fly said when it lit on the mustard pot." In August, 1835, Charles B. Flood start- ed the Marietta Democrat, and he published the same until 1838, when the ownership was transferred to Jacob Baughey, who soon failed, and the property became Daniel Radenbaugh's. He issued the Washington County Democrat in April, 1840, but the paper only existed a short time. It was revived in 1844 by J. C. C. Carroll, and passed out of existence within a year. Washington County had no Democratic paper until 1849, when Amos Layman, a young man just graduated from Marietta College, and reading law at the time, was prevailed upon to undertake the editorship of a new Democratic organ. This he did, and a new outfit was purchased, with which to print the Marietta Republican. This paper was an im- mediate success, and was conducted by Mr. Layman for over five years, when it was trans- ferred to A. W. McCormick, who later became a Republican, and who still lives in Cincinnati. The Republican lived until 1863, when it ceased to be, and there \\as no Democratic paper in Marietta until the establishment of the Times in 1864 by Walter C. Hood. The Home Nezvs, a small quarto, was started January i, 1859, by E. Winchester, but in 1862 it was purchased by Mr. Stimson, who merged it. with the lulelligeneer. into the Register. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 409 The Marictla CuUcgiatc Magazine, edited by students of Marietta College, was pul)lished for three years, beginning in June, 1854. The Marietta Collegiate Quarterly was edited by students of the College and appeared for one year — 1865. About 1884 F. A. Crippen and his brother, John Crippen, started a daily evening news- paper, calling it the Daily Nezi's. It lived but a few weeks, when it was discontinued, and the proprietors satisfied thanselves with print- ing a weekly which ran for a few months, when its publication was discontinued. The latter was called the Dollar Weekly Nezvs, and it was the first weekly to be issued at that price in this locality. The plant of the Neivs was bought by Hon. Theodore F. Davis after the death of the A^ezi's. In the spring of 1894, John H. Snodgrass conceived the idea of starting a daily morning paper in Marietta. This conception took form in the Marietta Daily Dispatch. It found a field immediately, but in a few weeks the Regis- ter became a daily, and in less than a year the Leader also issued a daily, making an opposi- tion tide which the Dispatch could not stem. In June, 1895, the Daily Dispatch ceased to be, and its editor issued a few numbers of a semi- weekly, then quit, and the outfit was returned to the type foundry whence it came. Along in the latter "nineties," Prof. J. L. Mills started a paper which was to appear weekly, and which he called the Iterator. Pro- fessor Mills had an idea that he could print and circulate a paper without subscribers. He figured that his advertising would pay for issu- ing a paper weekly, so, i)rinting 5,000 copies each week, he caused them to be passed around — attending to much of the circulating person- ally. This work Mr. Mills did for several months, when he concluded that the game was not worth the candle, and he discontinued the Iterator. In 1899, Dr. John McBurney, of Cam- bridge, desired, on account of failing health, to dispose of a county educational paper called the Ohio Teacher, which he had published at his home for 19 years. It was purchased bv Prof. Martin R. Andrews and Supt. H. G. Williams, and the office was moved to Mari- etta. At the time of this transfer the Ohio Teacher had a large subscription list from the counties near to Guernsey. Tlie new owners immediately established agencies and pushed the paper to all parts of the State, at the same time changing from the newspaper to the mag- azine form and materially increasing its size. It now has a circulation of about 6,000 pretty well distributed over the State. In 1902, Superintendent Williams accepted a call to take charge of the new Nomial School at Athens, Ohio. Professor Andrews therefore sold out his share in the Ohio Teacher and Superin- tendent W'illiams removed the oftice of publica- tion to his new home. CHAPTER XVI. BANKS AND BANKING. We are indebted for the greater portion of the descriptive and statistical matter contained in this chapter to the Centennial nuniljer of the Marietta Register. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK. The articles of association of the First Na- tional Bank bear the date November 14, 1863, and the signatures of Beman Gates, William F. Curtis, John Newton, J. B. Hovey, M. P. Wells, D. P. Bosworth and A. B. 'Battelle. These seven gentlemen were prominent Mari- etta business men, and between them held all of the original stock of the bank, and consti- tuted the first Board of Directors. On De- cember 4, 1863, the Comptroller of the Cur- rency, Hon. Hugh McCulloch, authorized the new institution to commence business. The "National Banking Act" had become a law on February 25th of the same year, and this bank was one of the first to organize under it. Its number is 142. Since that date nearly 6,000 national banks have been organized. Beman Gates was elected president, William F. Cur- tis, cashier, and Dr. H. B. Shipman, teller. The new bank opened its doors early in 1864 in a small room in a building then standing on the site of the Colonial Block. In January, 1865, the building at the corner of Front and Greene streets was purchased of D. C. Skin- ner, and after a complete remodeling was occu- pied in November. Here the bank remained until May of the present year, when, the busi- ness having been transferred to temporary cjuarters in the Bellevue Hotel Block, the building was torn down to give place to the magnificent structure which has been erected on that corner, and which the bank hopes to occupy early in 1902. The capital of the bank was increased from $50,000 to $100,000 in May, 1864, and to $150,000 in July, 1872. Here it has remained since. The surplus for many years after the last increase of capital stood at $30,000, but on November i, 1900, it was increased to $150,000, and the undivided profits now amount to nearly $75,000 more. The policy nf the present management is to build up a large surplus and undivided profit account, rather than to pay large dividends to its stock- holders. During the nearly 40 years of its existence, the First National Bank has been a tower of strength in this community, and during tlie more recent years has been recog- nized not only as the leading financal institu- tion in Southeastern Ohio, but as one of the strongest, most progressive, and at the same time, one of the most conservative banks in the entire Ohio Valley. Its business has grown immensely, until its individual deposits aver- age more than $1,000,000, and its volume of business aggregates about $60,000,000 per year. The following is a condensed statement of the condition of the bank at the close of l)usiness December 10, 1901 : AKW REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 411 Loans and discounts $1,101,526 94 Overdrafts 3.006 57 U. S. bonds to secure circulation 150,000 00 U. S. bonds to secure U. S. deposits 50,000 00 Other bonds 41.545 00 Premium on bonds 1 7,500 00 Banking house and other real estate 61.800 00 Due from reserve agents and other banks $149,320 43 Cash 105,470 03 5 per cent, redemption fund.. .. 7.500 00 $262,290 46 $1,687,668 97 LI.\1)II.1TIES Capita! $150,000 00 Surplus and undivided profits 221,70474 Circulation 148,200 00 Individual deposits $1,057,17898 Bank deposits 60.585 25 U. S. deposits 50.000 00 $1,167,764 23 $1,687,668 97 The officials of the bank have been connect- ed with it for many years. William W. Mills is the president, succeeding Beman Gates in June, 1887. Col. T. W. Moore has held the position of vice-president since January, 1895, succeeding M. P. Wells, who died in Septem- ber, 1894. Joseph S. Goebel is cashier, and George C. Best is assistant cashier. The lat- ter has been connected with the bank since 1869, while Mr. Goebel has served it contita- ually for nearly 29 years. The Board of di- rectors consists of the president, the vice-presi- dent and Charles Penrose, W. D. Devol and John Mills. The other employees are as follows : Rob- ert N. Payne and John C. Otto, tellers ; Harry M. liart and George M. Knox, individual book-keepers ; John L. Lehnhard, general book- keeper ; Harry Wendelken, clerk ; Fred M. Reed, messenger; Miss Laura Best, stenog- rapher. The new building is a modern structure in every respect, and in its interior appointments will be superb and probably unexcelled by any like edifice in the Ohio Valley. The banking room proper is a very large, well-lighted room. and when completed with marble floors, ma- hogany counters and furniture, will be beauti- ful. A massive chrome steel-lined vault for money and securities, with 221 safe deposit boxes for the use of customers, has been erect- ed by the Diebold Safe & Lock Company of Canton. Tlie metal alone in this impregnable vault weighs 25 tons. Two other tire-proof vaults for books and storage purposes are on the banking floor, while on other floors fire- proof vaults have been constructed for the use of the River Gas Company, the Buckeye & Eureka Pipe Line Company, the Ohio River Bridge & Ferry Company, who are to occupy offices in the building. In immediate connection with the banking office is a reception room for ladies, a custom- ers' room, president's room, directors' room, coupon roonts, and a multitude of conveniences to facilitate business and make it attractive. The new home of the First National Bank wlill Iw in keeping with the solid, substantial character of the institution. THE CITIZENS NAT10N.\L U.VNK Opened December 9, 1889, in their build- ing, at No. 123 Putnam street, with $50,000 capital. Harlow Chapin, president ; Theo- dore F. Davis, vice-president ; E. M. Booth, cashier. Mr. Chapin died in September, 1891, and was succeeded January, 1892, by A. T. Nye, president, and D. B. Torpy was elected vic^president. In February, 1893, the bank removed to the corner of Putnam and Second streets, the buildinig now occupied ; the cap- ital was increased to $100,000, June i, 1893. Mr. Nye died in January, 1899, and E. M. Booth, the present president, was chosen, and Thomas M. Sheets was elected cashier and Charles T. Booth, assistant cashier. Present officers and employees: E. M. Booth, presi- dent; D. B. Torpy, vice-president; T. M. Sheets, cashier; C. L. Booth, assistant cashier; C. A. Steadnian, H. L. Limshall and C. E. Oesterle. lxx>kkeepers; J. V.. Brighann, mes- senger. Directors : D. B. Torpy, B. F. Strecker. Jacob Wittig, iM-ank Weber and E. Ml. Booth". 412 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, RESOl^RCES. Notes and bills $398,895 83 U. S. bonds 35.ooo 00 Banking house 18,000 00 Cash and due from banl<3 211,558 16 $663,453 99 LIABILITIES. Capital stock $100,000 00 Surplu.s and profits 39,885 38 Circulation 35,ooo 00 Deposits, individual 451,829 22 Deposits, bank 36,739 39 $663,453 99 THE GERMAN NATIONAL BANK Opened for business in Wittlig's ievvclry store, August i, 1899, and in the following November moved into their present quarters at No. 212 Front street. The present officers have been with the bank since it started. The bank has done a conservative general banking business and has accunruiated a good surplus for the time it has been organized. The fol- lowing are the officers and directors : OFFICERS. W. H. Ebingf.r President T. S. H. ToRNER .~ Vice-President S. L. Angle Cashier H. T. HoFFER .Assistant Cashier W. H. Ebinger, Nelson Moore, J. A. McCORMICK, A. L. GR.\CEy, John K.mser, j. s. h. torxer, \ViLLiAM Wendell, W. J. SrEER, M. L. Travis, W. E. Detlor, William Harrington. RESOL'RCES. Loans and 'discounts %^7i U. S. bonds premium Furniture and fixtures 6 Due from banks 2^ Redemption fund i Cash .' 32: 792 II .688 II 762 23 ,704 9t ,250 00 ,930 26 $373.1-27 62 liabilities. Capital stock $ioo)ooo 00 Surplus 10.500 00 Undivided profits 2,284 50 Circulation 25,000 00 Other liabilities 30.759 17 Deposits 204.583 95 $373,127 62 THE DIME SAVINGS SOCIETY Of Marietta was incorporated in 1871. J. L. Mills served as president until 1884, when he was succeeded by Jewett Palmer, who served until 1890, when Thomas Ewart was chosen; and in 1893 W. G. Way was elected, who is still the president. E. G. Brigham is vice-president. Charles H. Newton, a na- tive of Marietta, has been treasurer since 1877, except from February, 1879, to March 1 88 1. At the latter date the deposits of the Society were $39,000. At the present time they are over $690,000. The following is a list of the officers and a statement of- the condition of the Society, December 7, 1901 : W. G. Way ■ President E. G. Brigham Vice-President Charles H. Nev/ton Treasurer M. F. Noil, M. R. .\ni'Re\vs. Charles W. Otto, William H. Lord, A. W. Tompkins. A. 1. Richards, J. E. Van Desvoort, Henry Wenpelken, George B. Sijnderland, Tacob Seyler. resources. Loans on real estate $230,43082 Loans on other stocks and bonds 5,000 00 U. S. bonds on hand 115,216 66 State bonds on h?nd 20,358 00 ' Other stocks and bonds 229,631 79 Real estate 23,414 88 Furniture and fixtures i,530 00 Expenses 2,258 10 Cash on hand and due from banks ?^i.Z72 22 Total $71 1,212 47 AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 413 LIABILITIES. Individual deposits $692,228 33 Undivided profits i8.ot<4 ... Due banks and bankers none. Other liabilities none. Total ?7i 1,212 47 THE GERM.\N SAVINGS, BUILDING & LOAN COMPANY. (The German Ban I'crcin Xo. I.) The first btiilding and loan company in tliis city was started at a called meeting, held at the Court House, on September 14, 1870, and was organized September 19, 1870, by selecting Henr\' Bohl, president; Fred Blume, secretary; W'illiam Lorey, assistant secretary; and Martin Schmidt, treasurer. The directors were : Jacob Alueller, Gott- lieb Meister, Philip Schramm, George Bach- mann, Henry Bahlman, Theobald Triem, Dan- iel Otterbein and B. E. Stoehr. The first payments of dues were received October 3rd of the same year, at Otterbein's Hall on Ohio street; the business was con- ducted on the terminating plan, of which the fourth serial terminated was on October 19, 1896, and was succeeded by the present com- pany. The German Savings, Building & Loan Company, which is conductetd on the perpet- ual plan, with a capital stock of $1,000,000, divided in 10,000 shares of $100, has assets of $305,000; loans on first mortgage of $300,- 000, and a surplus fund of $4,500, with 1,075 shareholders. This company receives weekly payments and also issues paid-up stock certificates, which are in good demand. The management is conservative, and the business comes unsolicited. It is a source of congratulation to the offi- cers having charge of the business that dur- ing the 31 years since the time the company was organized, not a mortgage has been fore- closed and not a dollar has been lost to the stockholders. The present officers of the company are: Jacob Rech, president; John Lenz, vice-president; John Bickert, treasurer; and Fred Blume, Sr., secretary (who was also the first secretary in 1870). Directors: Jacob Rech, John Lenz, Hen- ry Blume, Jacob Gephart, Peter Grub, Charles Rech, John Oesterle, William Geyer. THE WASHINGTON COi:NTY SANTNGS, LOAN & HL'ILDING COMl'A.W Was organized April 10, 1890, with an authorized capital of $100,000. The capital has since been increased to $1,000,000. The assets of the company are about $465,000, which consist of lirst mortgages on real es- tate in Washington County, Ohio, and on the company's own stock. The company does not own any real estate. It loans money on first mortgage on real estate in Washington Coun- ty only, loaning from one-half to two-thirds the value of the property securing said loans. Since the company was organized it has taken in from members over $1,300,000. During the same time it has loaned over $850,000, and has never lost a dollar, and nez'er foreclosed a mortgage. Fur- thermore, it has not a mortgage on its books that a careful investor would not be willing to take off its hands. From January i, 1891, to July i, 1901, the company paid its members $106,616.47 in dividends. The office of the company is in the Law Building on Putnam street. OFFICERS. D. R. Roon '. President T. W. Athev Vice-President "S. C. Wii.HELM Secretary G. J. I.UNn Treasurer J. P. W.ARD Attorney DIRECTORS. W. A. P.\TTF.RSON, J. A. PlUMER, W. E. Hill, J. W. Athey, D. R. Rood. THE PIONEER CITY BUILDING & LOAN COM- PANY Was organized July 31, 1893. Thomas Ewart, A. L. Gracey, George Howell, Willis 4:4 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY.. Morris and John Kaiser were the incorpora- tors. The company commenced with a cap- ital stock of $100,000, whicli has been in- creased from time to time to $2,000,000. The directors and officers, except the secretary and treasurer, have served without pay over eight years, and during aU that time have not failed to have a quorum of the directors present for the transaction of business every Saturday night except one — during the 1898 flood. The company has not foreclosed a mortgage nor lost a dollar in any way. It is purely mutual and co-operative, all depositors being mem- bers and sharing in the profits pro rata, ac- cording to the amounts to their credit. It pays dividends on paid-up stock for the time the money remains with the company, irrespec- tive of the time of year it is placed with, or withdrawn from, it. The company now, for the first time, owns its own home, liaving re- cently purchased the buildmg on Second street in which its office has been located dur- ing the past five years. The present officers are: J. S. Simpson, president; J. S. H. Torner, vice-president; O. P. Hyde, secretary; O. P. Hyde, treas- urer; J. C. Brenan, attorney. J. S. Simp- son, N. Moore, A. L. Gracev, D. S. Boyle, W. H. H. Jett, J. M. Williams, S. J. Hath- away, J. S. H. Torner, and H. E. Smith, directors. The company's office is open for business on all business days, from 8 A. M. to 12 M., and from i P. M. to 5 P. ]\I., and also Saturday evenings from 6 to 9 o'clock. Cash on hand $2,49,^ 05 Internal revenue stamps 38 0° Loans nn mortgage security 402,845 58 Loans on stock security 600 00 Furniture and fixtures 120 50 Due for insurance from borrowers 8 40 Real estate 15.00000 $421,706 13 IIAEIt.ITIES. Running stock and dividends, including credits on mortgage loans $97,531 82 Paid-up stock 314,000 00 Piorrowed money 5*500 00 Fund for contingent losses 4-574 31 $421,106 13 THE PEOPLES BANKING & TRU.ST COMPANY. D, A. Barti.ktt President A. D. FoLLRTT Vice-President George W. Horne. Secretary and Treasurer DIRECTORS. D. A. Bartlett, William Reader, A. D. FoLLETT, John JL Becker, H. C. Lord, W. J. Cram, W. R. Grimes, P. ]. Donnelly, M. M. Rose. EXECUTIVE committee. D. A. Bartlett, W. J. Cram, H. C. Lord. This company began business in the St. Clair Building on Putnam street, next to the Post Office, opposite the \\'ashington County Court House, May 26, 1902. Money is received on deposit, subject to check. Interest is- paid on time deposits at the rate of three per cent per annum, if left six months; and four per cent, if left 12 months. Loans are made on good personal, collat- eral or real estate securit}' at current rates. The feature that has, perhaps, proved most Ijeneficial to the community is the loaning of money on real estate security. In addition to the banking department, there are trust, safe-deposit and savings de- partments. Besides these, there are in the county the Citizen's Bank of Beverly, organized in March, 1875, with E. S. Mcintosh as president, and C. W. Reynolds, as cashier, and the more re- cently organized national banks of New Mata- moras and Lowell, all of which are elsewhere mentioned. CHAPTER. XVII. THE OIL INDUSTRY. The History Since Cow Run— Opekations in Each Township — Drilling — Shooting — Pumping — Accidents — Operation — Leasing — Capital Invested in Washington County — The Future Prospects. the history since cow run. Less than a haif century ago the oil terri- tory of Washington County comprised but a few farms, situated in the vaUey of a small stream, known to all oil men as Cow Run. The wells were drilled in the crudest manner, many of them by the old spring-pole method. The tools in use were so light that the "toolie" could easily carry them to a blacksmith shop half a mile away to have them repaired. And when oil was found it was barreled at the well and carted for miles over the roughest country roads to the Ohio River, where it was shipped to some Eastern market. The following, taken from an old n(3tebook, will give some idea of the cost of marketing a barrel of crude oil: Government tax . $i 00 Barrel 3 25 Teaming i 25 Freig'ht to New York 3 65 Warehouse r 00 Leakage 25 Total Sio 40 Thus, it can be understood that even after many months of drilling, the dauntless opera- tor was yet in the same dilemma as the lirsh- man with his pig, which he headed for Cork to get to Dublin and declared it was much less trou'lile to raise than to get to miarket. Yet the possibilities of the business were so great that it brought in tlie held men of the very high- est order of business ability; men whose motto was to act, and no matter what the difficulties were, no sooner were they dis- covered than they were mastered. And by their efforts they have brought the crud- est industry to the most systematic and im- portant in our county. operations in each township. The producing territory has gradually ex- tended from Old Cow Run until it has reached aimiost every part of our county; at least it is necessary to study it by townships to realize the extent of the developments. By begiiming at the northeast corner of the count}- wc estimate tiie following producing leases : Grandview 25 producing leases. 'ndcpendence 50 Ludlow 30 " " Liberty ,• - 15 Lawrence 50 " '' Xcwport 75 Aureliijs 75 " " Salem 2.5 " " Fearing 10 " " Marietta 50 '" " Adams 30 " '" Muskingum 6 " " Warren 50 " " Waterford o " " Watertown 5 " " Barlow 2 '" " 41& HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Dur.iham _ o producing leases. Belpre o Palmer 30 " Fairfield Decati'.r 2 " " Wesley 30 Total 560 Thus, it can be seen that from a lialf-dozen farms with a very small area of production the industry has now extended to over 500 farms, with thousands of acres of developed terri- tory. But this could never have been done without vast improvements in drilling, shoot- ing and pumping the wells, as well as trans- porting the oil to market. The first improvement was the introduc- tion of steam power for drilling; then, as oil was found to exist at greater depth, we see the stately 80-foot derrick in the place of the pole derrick, and the small drilling tools have changed until now we find on the end of a 2,000-foot cable a 60-foot stem of two tons weight, with long stroke jars and heavy bit of 400 pounds weight, so that four good men can send the bit into the Berea sand at a depth of 2,000 feet in a month of. 30 days or even less. SHOOTING. Invention and skill in drilling has made it possible to find the oil-bearing rock, no mat- ter at what depth Nature may have hidden it. But many places where oil was found in the right formation, the pump failed to take it out in paying quantities, and some ingenious operator suggested "blast it with rock pow- der;" no sooner said than done, and the re- sults more than paid for the expense. If pow- der is good, nitro-glycerine will be better, un- til the shooting of a well is the rule, unless it should flow or show by some signs that it will pump 40 or 50 barrels per day, natur- ally. Many wells that are now producing in pay- ing quantities would have been abandoned as drv holes 20 years ago, because A\'hen they were first drilled in, they showed so little oil that they would not pay for the pumping. In some fields, wells are found that will not pump five barrels per day, naturally; but after they are shot they will pump 50 barrels per day for months, and when they decrease again in their production a second shot will sometimes bring them back almost to their first production. The glycerine is lowered into the well in long cans or "shells" as they are called, most- ly about eight feet long and containing about 20 quarts to the shell. Sometimes the shell is not filled full, but when the sandrock is very hard twO' or three shells are put in, and in extreme cases as much as 200 quarts have been used. Upon the last shell is placed a cap, and when everything is ready a piece of iro*i called the "go-devil'' is dropped in the well ; this explodes the cap, which in turn ex- plodes the glycerine. Sometimes the glycerine is exploded by a jack-squib, which is a small shell filled with about a half a pint of glycreine and a time fuse attached; this fuse is lighted and the shell dropped in the well. When the fuse burns to the glycerinie the explosion will follow. The last few years the electric shot has helped in the fact that in exploding the glycerine the casing was often so torn that it took many days to get the well in shape again, and sometimes it was destroyed entirely ; but when an insu- lated wire is attached to the last shell, all the casing can be drawn from the well and the shot exploded by the electric spark, and then the casing can be put back again. The force of the explosion seems to rend the rock for many feet around, and make crev- ices, all of which terminate in the shot hole; then when the well is pumped the oil from quite a distance around will continually fill up the shot hole and in this way keep a supply on hand all the time for the pump. Otherwise there would be so little in the shot hole that the pump could scarcely work. Next in importance to shooting wells is the modern method of rigging up and pumping AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 417 with the o-as engine. In early times a boiler and engine were required at every well; a lit- tle later a boiler was placed in some conven- ient location and steam lines run to the engines that were left at each well, thus requiring an immense amount of fuel and labor to keep the wells pumping. And when a well got below five or six barrels per day the income would scarcely justify the expense. NoKv, when a new lease is developed, a suitable location is selected for a gas engine and power house. A good 25-horsepower gas engine can be bought for less than $500, a double eccentric power engine for as much more, both of which should be placed upon as solid a foundation as possible. The work of placing the timbers, building the power-house and engine-house will be about $500 more, making the little plant cost about $1,500. By means of swings, rod-lines can be run out from the power in every direction to wells on any ordinary lease of two or three hundred acres, so that as many as 75 wells have been pumped from one power. The fuel for the engine, of course, is gas taken direct from the casing head and conducted to the engine, and is exploded in the cylinder on opposite sides of the piston alternately. The actual cost of the pumping expenses is reduced to a mere nominal sum; the gas oth- erwise would be a waste product. The amount required to run a 25-horsep()wer gas engine is scarcely more than that rec|uired to run an ordinary cooking stove, and the attention re- quired is so little that the leaseman can give his timie to other work, as it is cnstomaiw everywhere to go to the engine in the morn- ing and oil and start it, and it verj- seldom re- quires any further attention until time to shut it down in the evening; its mechanism is so simple that any ordinary person can learn its re(|uirements in one week's tin:e. If a lease is already equipped and adjacent territory is found on which the wells are not over 600 feet deep and will produce one bar- rel a day of white sand oil, it will be a profit- able investment to drill for the same at the present price of oil, $1.30 per barrel. Or if a lease of 50 wells has produced sufficient oil to pay for itself and then is making but one- half barrel per day. or even one-fourth of a barrel per day, it is good property so long as the price of oil is above $1 per barrel. So it is certain that the little gas engine has brought into active and profitable operation territory tiiat only a few }ears ago was of no \alue \\hate\cr. ACCIDEXTS. Shooting wells is, of course, a very haz- ardous business ; the shooter is in danger all the time; but prol)ably the most accidents oc- cur at the time the shells are lowered in the well; if the well should flow while the shells are being lowered into it they will, of course, be thrown out quickly, and in falling to the derrick floor will explode, and very often be- fore the shooter can get far enough away to save his life. 1 was an eye-witness once when the shooter drop])cd a 20-quart shell into a well in which he had already lowered 20 quarts, and 20 more quarts were in cans on the derrick floor. The explosion followed" very quickly and blew the casing out of the w'ell, also the top of the derrick off, but did not explode the glycerine that was on the der- rick floor. As for the crew and shooter, how they ran 200 feet, while that shell was falling 600 feet, was a mystery, but they did, and no one was injured. The most disastrous accident in our coun- ty was at Whipple, when a jack-squib was dropped in the well, and by some unexplained cause was thrown out upon the derrick floor; when a number of bystanders went up to see the result of the shot, the squib exploded and killed seven of the party. OPERATION. As soon as a tank is filled with oil a di- vision order is signed and sent to the Pitts- burg ofiice and is as follows : Marietta. O., — 12 — i, 1901. To the Buckeye Pipe Line Company— MACKSBURG Division. The undersigned certify and guarantee that they 4iJ HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, are the legal owners of Williams Farm Oil Co., Wells No. I and up. on IJ'illiams Farm. Marietta Township, ll'ashi}igtoH County, State of Ohio, including the roy- alty interest, and until further notice you will credit all oil as per directions below. A. J, Williams J. C. Jones ]. E. Wilson James Parr W. I. Johnson Division of Interest. ys R. I. '4 w. I. X w. I. X w. I. '4 w. I. postoffice Address. Marietta, Ohio. Marietta, Ohio. Marietta, Ohio. Elba, Ohio. Reno, Ohio. Pipe Line Tank Nos. 12,492. The Buckeye Pipe Line Company— MACKSBURG DIVISION — is hereby authorized until further notice, to receive oil from wells for transportation for said parties severally in the proportions named, subject to the following conditions: FIRST. — Payment of a transportation charge of 20 cents per barrel; the point of delivery of said oil shall be at the option of The Buckeye Pipe Line Company within its MACKSBURG DIVISION, SECOND. — The Buckeye Pipe Line Company shall charge storage at the close of each month on so much of the oil so received which shall have remained unde- livered from the preceding month, at the rate of 25 cents per day per thousand barrels, so long as the market price of oil certificate is Ijelow $i per barrel; 30 cents per day when the market price is from $1 to $1.50 per barrel ; and 40 cents per day when the market price is above $1.50 per barrel. No charge, however, to be made in the rate of storage on account of the price going above or below the price named, unless the market price remains above or below the specified point for thirty consecutive days. THIRD.— The Buckeye Pipe Line Company shall deduct two per cent, from all oil received from wells into its custody on account of dirt and sediment, and in addition shall deduct one-twentieth of one per cent, for each degree of artificial heat above normal tem- perature to which said oil shall have been subjected, and oil shall be steamed as heretofore. We agree in case of anv adverse claim of title to furnish THE BUCKEYE PIPE LINE COMPANY satisfactory evidence of title, ' or failing to do so, to furnish satisfactory indemnity, upon reasonable demand, against such adverse claim or claims, and that the said THE BUCKEYE PIPE LINE COMPANY may retain the oil until we do so, or until the dispute as to owner- ship is settled. Witness : Henry James, A. J. Williams, H. C. Atnm, J. C. Jones, James Coulter, J. E. ll'ilson, Wilson Anderson, James Parr, A. H. Mahle, W. J. Johnson. The wells of our county jjump more or less salt water which comes in with the oil; the salt water necessitates running the oil into what is called "receiving tanks," where the salt water separates from the oil hv gravity, and is drained off. The oil is then run into "stock tanks,'' of lOO to 250 barrels capacity. When the oil gets into the stock tanks it is at market; although these stock tanks belong to the lease, and are situated upon it, yet they are controlled by the Standard Oil Company, if the oil is sold to them (and they are the only buyers in our county at present). As soon as the tanks are erected the Standard Oil Com- pany connects them to their pipe line and locks the "stop-cock." The tank is then "strapped," that is, measured in circumference at every one-fourth inch in altitude, and these measurements are sent to the Bradford office, where charts are made of the tank, reducing the measurements in inches to barrels. One chart is kept in the office and a duplicate sent to the lease owners. Then the ganger is notified, and he meas- ures the tank in altitude, turns the oil into the Standard's line and then takes the measure- ment again and gives a "run ticket" to the owner, which is a receipt for oil that has been taken. This "run ticket" is as follows : THE BUCKEYE PIPE LINE COMPANY— Macksburg Division A UG. 21, Itiij 1. TEMPERATURE. Cold Degs Steamed ------- Degs iSmtt/i. Talbott d- Moore. Owners. Dist. No. 1 7 TICKET NO. 1 J, 1 J WELLS Nos. 3 to .5 Isaac ArmstroiKj, Farm. FT. IN. FT. IN. FT. IN. M 12 6 17 n 3% a Id < 4 Size lUO M H < 1 4 I 1st Meas. 9 A. M. \ 2d Meas. 7 P. Jif. W. P. Gage. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITTZENS. 421 The same day the ganger telegraphs his runs to the Pittsburg office, where Ijy refer- ence to the division order and chart, credit is given in barrels to the land owner, and also to all who have any interest in the property. The lease owner's interests are referred to as W. I. (working interest) and the land owners R. I. (royalty interest). The next day after the oil is run into the pipe line, any one of the owners can sell his in- terest in the same by calling at the nearest home office. He will receive the price at which oil is selling the day he asks to sell. If he thinks oil will advance he can leave his oil in the line and sell at his pleasure. The Standard Oil Company attempts to lay all lines that lead from a particular field, so that the oil from the many tanks will flow by the force of gravity to some central loca- tion. This place is selected after a careful study of the streams of the region, and here they erect a station, which, consists of thous- ands of barrels of tankage, and a large boiler house and pumps with power and capacity suf- ficient to send all oil collected one relay to- ward the seaboard. Many stations must be passed before the oil reaches the large refineries of the East; but the oil that leaves Washington County, Ohio, on Monday can be delivered in Phila- delphia on the following Monday. But I would not have you believe that any such time is required for the delivery of an order for oil. As the lines are kept full all the time, a delivery can be begun almost before the click of the instrument that orders it dies away. The amount of oil sent out of our county varies considerably from month to month, ow- ing to new wells that are liable to come in and increase the production for a few weeks at a time. But the yearly production for the last five years does not fluctuate so much. For the year ending October 31. 1901, Washington County, Ohio, sent to market i,- 394,794 barrels of white sand oil, or a daily average of 3,874 barrels. If this had been sold on October 31st, it would iiave brought into the county $1,813,- 225. Or if it was sold daily as it was pro- duced, it gave to our people $5,036 every time old "Sol" made his circle. LEASING. Oil properties are bought and sold on their daily productions. Usually a lo-day option is taken at an agreed price per barrel. The property is carefully gauged for tlie 10 days, and should it make 180 barrels in the 10 days, the daily gauge would be 18 barrels, and if the option was at $1,000 per barrel, the price is then fixed at $18,000. Tliis, of course, in- cludes all machinery, tankage and everything pertaining to the operating of the lease. The price of production varies as every- thing else. But it is perhaps a little higher now than it has been for the last 10 years. It is almost impossible to find a good prop- erty, where all equipments are first-class, that the owners do not ask $1,000 per barrel for the san-Je. In fact there are many properties in our county that could not be bought for $1,000 per barrel. With this as a basis, the producing properties of Washington County would sell for $1,000 times 3,874, or $3,874,- 000. CAPIT.\L INVESTED IN WASHINGTON COUNTY. To find the amount of money represented by the oil industi"}- in Washington County it is necessary to add to the sum that represents the lease values the amount the Standard Oil Com- pany has invested in pipe lines and Stations, which is as follows : 293 miles of 2-inch line pipe at 11J/2 cents per foot $177,909 60 79 miles of 3-inch line pipe at 24'-2 cents per foot 102,194 40 40 miles of 4-inch line pipe at 35 ccntis per foot 73.920 00 4 miles of 5-inch line pipe at 47^2 cents per foot 10,032 00 37 miles of 6-iiich line pipe at 61 cents per foot 1 19.169 00 $483,225 00 The principal Pumping Stations are situ- 422 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, ated at Elba, Payne, Wolf Creek and Lowell, and represent $50,000 at least. Tilie representation of the oil industry of Washington County, Ohio, would be, in mon- ey as fiillows : Value of leases $3,874,000 00 Value O'f pipe lines 483---5 60 Stations 50,000 00 Total $4,407,225 60 This investment is larger than the ap- praised value of all the real estate in the city of Marietta, which in the last appraisement was $4,113,360. The Standard Oil Company paid for labor, in caring for their interests during the last year, $150,000. This, added to the sale of oil, $1,813,225.00, will give the annual in- come direct from the oil industry, $1,963,225. The total value of all horses, cattle, miules, sheep and hogs that was reported by the as- sessors of the county for the last year, w^as $803,343, or less than one-half the annual in- come from the oil industry. THE FUTURE PROSPECTS. In the list of townships, it will be noticed that all east of the Muskingum River are pro- ducers, and the four non-producing townships are well to the west, where they have not been thoroughly tested as yet. But the wild-catter is at work out in the west end as never before, and as he has been very successful, so we think his success will continue, and it will not be long until every township in the county will be a producer. On the east side of the Muskingum, the following sands are productive: first Cow Run : second Cow Run, Salt, Maxon, Keener, Injun and Berea. On the west side the first Cofw Run is practically the only one as yet tested. So with these facts before us, wc do not fear any permanent decrease in production for years to come, but, in fact, we can safely believe that Washington County, Ohio, will receive an annual income of $2,000,000 from the oil industry for the next 10 years at least. CHAPTEPL XVIII. CIVIL HISTORY OF THE COUNTY. Establishment— Statistics of the Population— Changes in Extent— County Seat- Court House— Infirmarv—Our Early Judiciary— Roster of County Officials. establishment. Washington County, originally embrac- ing about half the territory now included in the State of Ohio, was established by procla- mation of Governor Arthur St. Clair on the 26th of July, 1788. Following is the law, which contains a full description of bounda- ries : P,v hi.-. Excellency, .■\rlhur St. Clnir. sq.. Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Territory of all the I'nitcd States Northwest of the river Ohio. A nR0C[..\M.\TT0N. To nil tcrsciis til z^'lioin llicsc l^ri'scnls shall conic, Greetins,'- WhivRE.\s, By the ordinance of Congress ot the thirteenth of July. 1787. for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio, it is directed that for the due execution of process, civil ' and criminal, the governor shall make proper divi-ions of the said territory, and proceed from tmie to time, as circnmstances may require, to lay cut the nart of the same where the Indian title has hecn ex- tingiJished. into counties land townships, (subject to future alterations as therein specified. Now, know ye, that it apnearing to me to be necessary, for the pur- poses above mentioned, that a county .should be ini- mediatelv laid oiu, I have ordained and ordered, and by these' presents do ordain and order, that all and singular ihe lands lying and being within the follow^- ing boundaries, viz.: Beginning on the bank of the Ohio river where the western boundary line of Penn- sylvania crosses it, and running with that line to Lake F.rie : thence along the southern shore of said lake to the mouth of fhe~ Cuyahoga ; thence up said river to the portage between that and the Tuscarawas branch of the Mnskini.'um; thence down the branch to the fork?, at the crossing placO above Fort Laurens : thence with a line to be drawn westerly to the portage of that branch of the Big Miami on which the fort stood that was taken b'y the French in 17:42. until it meets the road from the lower Shawnecstown to the Sandusky ; thence south 10 the Scioto Rivor; thence with that river to its mouth, and thence up the Ohio to the place of begin- ning: shall be a county, and the same is hereby erected into a county named and to be called ^hereafter the county of VVa'shinglon ; and the said county of Washing- ton -hall liave and enjoy all and singular the juris- diction, rights, liberties, privileges and iinmiimities whatever, to a county belonging and appertaining, and which anv other county that may hereafter be erected and laid out. shall or ought to enjoy, conformably to the ordinance of Congress before meniioncd. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the sea of the Territory to be affixed this twenty-sixth day of July, in the thirteenth year of Independence of the United States, and in the year of our Lord one thous- and sevc'i hundred and eighty-eight. (Signed) A. St. Clair. ST.YTISTICS OF THE POPULATION'. The population of Washington County in 1820 was 10,4-25; ill 1830, 11,731; 1840, 20,- 694: i860, 36.268: 1880, 43-'44-. 1890. 4^.- 380: 1900. 48,245- 424 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Population by townships and towns : 1840 1880 1890 1900 Adams, including Lowell 791 18o(i 1724 1495 Lowell , 441 381 Aurelius, including Macksburg... 88() 999 1394 1254 Macksburg 533 448 Barlow 880 1200 1271 1454 Belpre 1290 2(i3() 2678 2701 Decatur 439 1504 1493 1270 Dunham 900 902 1021 Fairfield 731 725 758 Fearing 1019 1275 1027 939 Grandview, including New Mata- moras 514 2003 2406 2832 New Matamoras 590 817 Independence 335 1792 1611 1032 Lawrence ' 571 2335 1799 1726 Liberty 515 1014 1550 1401 Ludlow 539 1375 1218 1237 Marietta, including the city 2089 8830 9944 15704 Marietta city 8273 13348 Muskingum 1192 1204 Newport 1078 2548 . 2405 2564 Palmer 591 541 014 Salem 881 1638 1571 1500 Warren 931 1903 1709 1813 Waterford, including Beverly... 1106 2128 2370 2269 Beverly 795 712 Watertown 1128 1894 1303 1348 Wesley 991 1402 1361 1323 It will be observed that in many of these townships the population is less than it was 20 years ago, but this by no means indicates de- cadence, on the contrary, the productive pow- ers of each township were never greater than at the present time. The census figures sim- ply indicate that a part of the farming popu- lation no longer needed in cultivating the soil has gone to the towns to manufacture the agricultural im'plements, which nowi make the labors of one farmer as productive as that of two or three in former times. CHANGES IN EXTENT. Tn 1797 the formation of Jefferson County with its southern boundary corresponding with the present boundary between Belmont and Monroe and thence across nearly to the Tuscarawas cut ofif about one half of the ter- ritory included in Washington County, as first organized. The organization of Gallia Coun- ty, in 1803, took off a large territory from the south. Muskingum still further reduced it on the north in 1804; and Athens County was taken from the western boundary in 1805. The organization of Monroe County, in 1813, brought its eastern boundary still further down the (Jhio; and Morgan County was carved from its northern border in 1818. A small strip of territory was taken in 185 1 to contribute to the forming of the last of the 88 counties in Ohio, and thus \\'ashington Coun- ty assumed its present form. COUNTY SEAT. In the ci\'il history of the county, there is little that is exciting or curious. Many of our Western counties, and some in Ohio, have had their county seat disputes, intense in their bitterness, but the first settlement having been made at Marietta, that became the seat of jus- tice as a matter of course and there has been very little disposition to remove it. About 181 5 there was some effort made to remove the county seat to Waterford, which at that time would have been not far from the center of the county, and a petition a little later was to be sent tO' the Legislature asking for such re- moval. But this proposal was promptly check-mated by the erection of Morgan Coun- ty which left Waterford out of the question. COURT HOUSE. The corner-stone nf the new C<:)urt House, which looks in its grandeur as if it were built for the centuries, was laid with Masonic cer- emony, April 9, 1901, and the building was ready for use in the summer of 1902. A de- scription of the courts held in this county is given bv the official reporter, Mrs. Lillian T. Wood. ' INFIRMARY. In 1838. a farm was bought about two miles east of Marietta for a "Poorhouse," or as it has been called since 185 1, "Coimty In- firmary." \''larious additions and improve- ments have been made at different times. Of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 427 the origin of the Children's Home, wliich is situated on the ]\Iuskingum about a mile above Marietta, the reader will find a full descrip- tion in chapter \'II. OCR EARLY JUDICIARY. (5.V Lillion T. IVooil.) October 16, 1787 — six months before the pioneers landed at Marietta — Congress had appointed James \'arnum, S. H. Parsons, and John Armstrong to the judicial bench of tlie territory; but Armstrong resigning, John Cleves Symes was appointed in his place. Until the arrival of Governor St. Clair — which occurred July 9, 1788 — the judicial au- thority was represented by a code of laws nailed to an oak tree at "the Point." Upon the Governor's arrival, a form of government was organized in which the whole power was in the hands of the Governor and three judges. The first laws entered upon the old "Book of Record'' (a priceless volume which is still in existence in the office of the clerk of the court) was "For regulating and establishing a Jklilitia," and was enacted July 25, 1788. Under date of the next day appears the Proc- lamation of Governor St. Clair, "Erecting all the country that had been ceded by the In- dians, East of the Scioto River, into the Coun- ty of W'ashington." On August 23rd following, a law was en- acted for establishing General Courts of Quar- ter Sessions of the Peace (and therein the poiwer of single justices) and for establishing General Courts of Common Pleas (and there- in the power of single judges to hear and deter- mine upon small debts and contracts) ; and also a law for establishing the office of sheriff, and for the appointment of sheriffs. This is re- corded as "Published in the City of Marietta, County of Washington, Territory of the Unit- ed States, X. \V. of the River Ohio, and upon the 23d day of August, in the Thirteenth year of the sovereignty and independence of the United States, and of Our LORD One thous- and, seven hundred and eighty-eight." Some of the provisions for holding said courts were that there should be "a Court in each County, styled the General Quarter Ses- sions of the Peace, holden and kept." That for the county of Washington should be "holden and kept in the City of Marietta on the Second Tuesday of March, June, Septem- ber, and December." Full and elaborate pro- visions were made, regulating the exact pow- er of these justices of the peace — one .clause reading, — "The Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace may hear and determine a sentence according- to the course of Common Law, the punishment whereof doth not extend to life or limb, imprisonment for more than one year, or forfeiture of goods, chattels, lands, or ten- ements, to the government of the Territory." Jurisdiction in one extended to all the counties, and all writs signed by the clerks, respectively, of one county were subject to service by any sheriff of the Territory ; subpoaias, likewise, were issued into any county or place in the Territory. In this connection, it is history to relate that Joseph Gilnian and Gen. Benja- min Tupper were appointed, by the Governor, magistrates for Marietta — Griffin Greene for Belpre — Robert Oliver for Waterford. Col. Ebenezer Sproat was appointed high sheriff, and Benjamin Ives Gilmaii, clerk of the Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace, and of the Court of Common Pleas. Return Jonathan Meigs was the first prosecuting attorney. The Court of Common Pleas was provided for in the appointment and commission by the Governor of a "number of suitable persons, not exceedinig five, and not less than three" who should hold a court of record at fixed per- iods in every year, in each county, at the place where the General Court of Quarter Sessions shoukl be kept. That for the county of Washington should be held on the Third Tues- day of March, and I-'irst Tuesday of Septem- ber. The Judges so appointed should hold pleas of assize; and should hear and determine all manner of pleas, actions, suits, or causes of civil nature, real, personal, or mixed, accord- ing to the Constitution and laws of the Terri- tory. The sheriff was rojuired to take the oath 42t HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, of allegiance to the United States, and of of- fice, and to give bonds in the sum of $4,000; his duties, as set forth, do not differ greatly from those of the sheriff of today. A Court of Probate was also estabhshed, with its jurisdiction, largely the same as that of today. The judge of Probate, however, was required to hold four sessions in each and every year, and "he may adjourn from time to time, or appoint a special session. The sessions for Washington County w^ere to be held in the city of Marietta, upon the first Mon- days of January, April, August, and October. Then there was a still higher court, called the General Court which should "hold Pleas, Civil and Criminal, at some certain period or terms in each year, in such counties as the judges shall, from time to time, deem most conducix'e to the general gotxl — timely notice of their sitting being duly given:" to the regu- lar time should be the first Mondays of Febru- ary, October, and December "provided, how- ever, that but one term of Court be holden in each county in a year." "It is further pro- vided ill case neither of the Judges shall at- tend at the time and place aforesaid, and no writ lie received by the Sherifif, it shall be his dut\- to adjourn the Court from day to day, during the first six days of the term to which the processes shall be continued." The laws for establishing General and Probate Courts are dated August 13th, although not recorded until after the establishing of the Courts of Quarter Sessions of the Peace and that of Common Pleas. On the 2d of September a law was passed relating to oaths of office — providing even then for those who would "affirm" instead of "sol- emnly swearing" he would faithfully perform the duties of office. On the i6th of Septem- ber laws were adopted for crime and its pun- ishment. Treason heads the list — a crime which then meant alnmst more than now. Then four lines anil a half of terse and un- ffinchinig sentence for the crime of murder. Manslaughter had almost as wide latitude as it has now (although no record of any loop-hole of escape by way of the Insane Asylum ap- pears). Robbery, burglary, riots, unlawful assem- blies, perjury, larceny, forgery, usurpation, assault and battery, fraudulent deeds, disobe- dience of servants and children ( wherein the offender shall be sent to jail or to the House of Correction until ready to sufficiently hum- ble himself to the oiYended parent or master's satisfaction), drunkenness, — "where convicted before two justices, the person shall be fined Five dimes for first offense and One dollar for each one succeeding." Then comes imjiroper or "prophane" language, with a "whereas" and a "wherefore" couched in language so dignified and profound, with such sonorous sentences, as to strike terror to the very soul of any offender who had indulged in improper swear-words, no matter what his provocation. It might be wished that offenders of today might be similarly dealt with. The law for the keeping of the Sabbath had no uncertain sound, and also that for reg- ulating marriages with its many curious phrases. The code is finished with the law of limitation, that for governing the militia, and for providing coroners. But there was added a general law with the now familiar heading "An act for" &c. : this prohibits the sale of liquors to Indians, or sol- diers, the trading of foreigners with Indians, and gaming of any kind. September 2, 1788, was the real beginning of our judiciary. The scene of that pageant has lieeii often painted for the present gener- ation The assembling at "the Point" — the (hgnified procession, headed by Col. Ebenezer Sproat, with his drawn sword — its flashing blade, and his superb height and martial air inspiring the lyeholder with respect for his newlv inducted office. Following came (i) the citizens, (2) officers of the garrison at Fort Harmar, (3) members of the bar, (4) Supreme Judges, (5) the Governor and cler- gyman, (6) the newly appointed Judges of the Court of Common Pleas. It has often been told how this august procession wended its way through a path that had been cleared from "the Point" to the Campus Martins, to the house of Col. Ebenezer Battelle, in the northwest corner of the fort, and after the AND REPRESENTATIVE CTTIZENS. 429 judges had taken their seats, and that sturdy pioneer leader of their souls — Rev. Manasseh Cutler — invoked the divine blessing upon this, the foundation of all good government for the Northwest Territory ; then Colonel Sproat, in mighty voice, pruclainied wth solemn "Oyez. Oyez," thai "a court is opened for the ;idminstrati(]n of e\en-handed justice, to the poor as well as the rich, to the guilty and the innocent, \vith- out respect of persons, none to be punished without a trial by their peers, and then only in pursuance of law.'" P'assing from this impressive ceremonial, we look at the record of that first court, as found in the old book, and dated September 9, 1788: The Court of General Quarter Ses.sions of the Pea;e of '.he County of VVawhin^ton. convened at the hou-;? of Col. Ebenezer Bat telle, in Campus Martins. Procla- mation being made by the Sherirf. and the Clerk's commission read, the Clerk then read the 'General Commission. The Court was then — by proclamation — opened for business. Paul Fearing was appointed as an atti>rney in all courts of record, and fm-ther was ap- pointed as counsel for the United States in the county of Washington. The grand jurors were called, and William Stacy appointed fore- man and first sworn ; the rest were sworn by fours until all had taken the oath, Judge Put- nam then gave the charge to the grand jurors "with great propriety.'' At one o'clock the court was adjourned while the grand ]vrv were out: convening again at half past one, the grand jury returned and •])resente(l an address to the court, to wdiich Judge Putnam replied, after which court adjourned "without day." December 9, 1788. — Court again convened, and two offenders were brought before Justice R. J. Meigs, charged with theft; the grand jury found an indictment against them, and they entered the plea of guilty and asked for time in which to endeavor to settle with the owner of the stotlen goods. This was effected by the payment of $20, after which the court assessed a fine of $2 and costs to each offender. The bill of costs is unique. March 10, 1789. — Court again convened at Colonel Battel le'shouse in the Campus Mar- tins, and the grand jury were called, sworn, charged by the court and sent out, but soon returned, reporting no business to be done, so court adjourned. The writer can find no record of a petit jury sitting on the trial of cases before the court; mention is made of a "Traverse Jury" but no' one seems to know v.'hat that was. Judge Barker, however, speaks of the difficulty of getting together enough men for either a grand or petit jury, so it must be that trials were had by a petit jury the same as now. In January, 1790, Charles Greene was or- dered by the court to repair at once to Phila- delphia with dispatches for the Governor of the territory or the President of the United States, informing theuT of the dangers and perils which threatened the little colony. During this year court held regular ses- sions and several minor causes were tried, but, as has been written by Judge Barker, "these people had other things to engross them, and with all interested in the same object — the ad- \'ancement and prosperity of the colony, and the great importance of setting well the foun- dation of their new home — there was no time nor disposition to go to law." From time to time the court made provisions for the com- fort and safety of the people in various ways. In January, 1791, the court convened on the 3rd Imt adjourned until the loth "on ac- count of an attack from the Indians on the Blockhouse at Big Bottom." Judge Barker says he has no recollection of any court being held during the four years of the Indian war, but there are brief records at irregular inter- vals seeming to indicate that court was as- sembled from time to time as special occasions warranted. One incident is worthy of note, mentioned by Judge Barker. To collect a sufficient num- ber to form a jury Colonel Sproat had sum- moned most of the "Revolutioners" from Bel- pre and Waterford, so that by what were le- gally recpiired to attend, and those who at- tended through curiosity a larger numljer of Revolutionarv officers met together at court 430 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY than assembled before or afterwards at any place; there was no public occasion which called the settlers together during the war, and after that the influx of settlers made it unnecessary to call many to any one point. It was the topic of general conversation that it was probable that never again would there be assembled so large a proportion of those who had been associated together in securing American independence. During the war, the United States troops were detailed to assist the colonists in the erec- tion of a suitable block-house at "the Point;" it was made with great care; "with strong puncheon floors, bullet proof doors" &c. It was used as a fortress until the close of the war, and was then taken for a Court House, and presumably used for that until the com- pletion of the "First Court House," which we will touch upon later. As near as can be ascertained, the location of this building which was first a fort and then used for a Court House was a little above where the First National Bank now stands, on Front street. "Return J- Meigs, Sr., and Paul Fearing were the only professional lawyers at the be- ginning of court proceedings, and indeed un- til after the war. Colonel Sproat, as sheriff, and Benjamni Ives Oilman, as clerk of courts, held their offices until the reformation from Federalism to Democracy." After the close of the war, court was held regularly, and the record is complete. From a sketch by Hon. Rufus E. Harte, we learn that in 1799 the first Court House was begun under the superintendence of Dudley Woodbridge and Griffin Greene. The main building was 45 by 39 feet, two stories ; the walls were three feet thick and of 18-inch square, yellow poplar logs, neatly hewed, and held together by heavy iron bolts. The front room up stairs was the court room; it was lighted by seven windows, and warmed by two huge fire-places. "Here" — says Hil- dreth — "Paul Fearing, Return Jonathan Meigs, and Jacob Burnet, the earliest attor- neys of the Northwest displayed their youth- ful pnwers, ruid unffjjded talents that few in this day can excel." And here a host of oth- ers have begun what proved to be a career of fame. The Jail was in the back of this structure and "nu malefactor ever liroke jail liere." This building stood on the site of our present "Old Jail." In 1819 the necessity of a new Court House was apparent, and in 1823 the second Court House was finished — that is, the mid- dle part of the structure which was so long familiar to the present generation. A hot con- troversy preceded the selection of a site ("His- tory repeated itself" when the present building site was finally selected) . Several locations were petitioned for, anfl at one time it was de- cided to put it on Fifth street. Governor Meigs" influence secured the present site, and through his influence, also, it was set far enough back as not to impede the fine view down Putnam street, which his friend. Dr. Hildreth, sO' enjoyed. The part first built contained four offices ; later, the back part was added, to accommodate the rest of the county offices, and in 1876 the front of the conglom- erate piece of architecture was added, which for more than 75 ^•ears served us as our "Hall of Justice." "A new Court House" had lieen the cry for so many years, at regular intervals, that there were those who had despaired of ever seeing the ugly old building, with its totally in- adequate accommodations (?) replaced with a modern, well-fitted Court House. But it has come; and even the doubter and scorner be- lieved when, two- years ago, the old building came down. Hot was the war which had waged, as to the site to be used ; many were the places suggested, ranging all the way from the Campus Martins to "the Point," and from "Ice-Harbor" to the Elevated Square; but all that is now lost sight of, in the universal sat- isfaction and admiration which all her citizens feel in Washington County's new Court House. Tihe same old bell, which swung in the funny little cupola of the Court House built iND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 431 in 1799, still "calls the people to come into Court." For over a centur_v of time that bell has summoned the citizens of the county to come and adjust their differences, answer to their crimes and misdemeanors, prove them- selves innocent or be found guilty, plead the cause of the accused or his accuser. To many, its voice is as familiar as that of friend or kindred, and long years of habit have made its tones the signal for the day's work to begin. Within the recollection of these readers, the steps to what we call the "Old Court House" were worn into hollows by the passing tread of myriad feet. How many burdens of want, and care, and wrong, and black crime have been carried over those steps — records which do not appear on any journal, of pro- ceedings within the walls of these old build- ings, the full history of which will never be known. In his address at Marietta's brilliant Cen- tennial celebration in 1888, Judge Cox elo- quently said "That Court of Justice of this State so solemnly opened, on the 2nd day of September, 1788, has, in all these hundred years, never been closed ; it is still open to all classes who seek redress for wrongs." In our beautiful new building, the "Scales of Jus- tice" hang over the judge's desk, an ever pres- ent reminder that to us all shall be weighed out that measure of justice which is ours by right. To the early judiciary we owe the spirit of law and order which has prevailed in our midst ; to those who established it, the example of great things accomplished with very limited resources. ROSTER OF COUNTY OFFICIAL.S. Jl'DGES OF fROBATE COURT. Rufus Putnam, October, 1788, Resigned December, 1780. Joseph Oilman, December, 1789, Resigned Decem- ber, 1796. Paul Fearirg, March, 1797, to March. 1803. Thomas W. Ewart, February. 185J, to October, 1852. Note. — Under the first Constitution of Ohio, there was no provision for a Probate Judge ; hence none were elected between 1803 and 1852. r876. 1894. Dnvis Green, October, 1852. to February, 1858. William Devol, FebrLiary, 18.S5, to Foljruary, 1858. C. R. Rhodes, Fcbruarv. 1S58, to February. 1861. C. F. Bufll. February, 1861, to February, 1864. L. W. Chamberlain, February. 1864, to February, 0. \. W. McCormick. February, 1870, to February, 5. C. T. Frayzer. February, 1876, to February. 1882. F. J. Cutter, February, 1882, to February, 1888. William H. Lccpcr, February, 1888, to February, Dayid R. Rood, Fcliruary, 1894, to February, igoo. Charles H. Ni.xon, February, lyoo. CLERKS OF THE COURT OF COMMON PLE.\s. Under the Territory the title for Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas n'as Prothonutary. This office and the Clerk of the Court of Quarter Sessions 7t.>ere appointed by the Governor. Under the State Constitution of 1S02 the Court afpointed its own Clerk for seven years. Under that of iS^i the people elect, for three years. Return Jonathan Meigs, September, 1788, to June, Benjamin lyes Gilman. June, 1795, to July, 1803. Edward W. Tupper, July, 1803, to October, 1808. Giles Hempstead. October. 1808, to January, 1809. Levi Barber, January, 1809, to March, 1817. George Dunlevy, March. 1817, to October, 1836. Thomas W. Ewart, October, 1836. to October. 1851. William C. Taylor, October. 1851, to February, George .S. Gilliland. February. 1852. to July, 1852, William C. Taylor, July. 1852, to February, 1854. O. Lewis Clark. February. 1854, to February, 1857. Jasper S. Sprague, February, 1857. to February, Willis PL Johnson. February, 1863, to February, Jew-ett Palmer, February. 1866. to February, 1872. Daniel B. Torpy, February, 1872, to February, 1S78. Christian H. Etz, February. 1878. to February, 1884, J. M. Mitchell. February. 1884, to February, 1887. Wesley G. Barthalow, February. 1887. to February, L. E. ^rcVay. February, 1893. to February, 1899. Orlando Trotter, February. 1899, to September, 1900, Elmer E. Trotter (api)ointed to fill unexpired term'). September, igoo, to February, 1902. Elmer E. Trotter, February, 1902. Under the Territory the Governor appointed. Under the State the people elect, for two years. Sheriffs are eligible only four years in si.r. 1795 1852. 1866. 1893 Ebenezer Sproat, September William Skinner, 1802-1803. John Clark, 1803-1810. 1 788- 1 802. 432 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY SHERIFFS — CONTINUED. William Skinner, i8io-l8l2. Timothy Bucll. 1812-1814. Alexander Hill. 1814-1S16. Timothy Biiell, 1816-1820. Silas Cook, 1S20-1824. .Tcise Lorine, 1824-1828. Robert R. Green, 1S28-1832. Jesse Loring, 1832-1834. Beniamin M. Brown, 1834-1838. John rest, 1838-1842. Gearg.- W. Barker, 1842-1846. Junia Jennings, 1846-1850. Jesse Hildebrand, 1850-18.^3. Marcellus J. Morse. 1853-1S57. Mark Green, 1857-1861. Augustus Winsor, 1861-1865. Jackson A. Hicks, 1865-1S69. Samuel L. Grosenor, 1869-1873, George Davenport. 1873- 1877. William T. Stcadman, 1877-1879. D.-.niel B. Torpy. 187Q-1883. I. R. Rose. 18S3-X887. Arthur B. Little. 1887-1891. William B. Oye, 1893-1897. J. S. McAllister, 1807-1901. Jesse C. Morrow, 1901. COUNTY .AUDITORS. The office ims created in 1820. The General As- sembly appoir.tcd the first Auditor. In 1S21 the Auditor Ziw required to be elected by the people each year. In iS.' 1 the la:s.' made the term tico years. The successive .-liiditiirs Iui7\- bee:!: Royal Prentiss. 1820-1R25. William \. Whittlesey. 1825-1838. James M. Bootth, 1838- 1840. Joseph P. Wigbtman, 1840-1842. James M. Boo'tli, 1842-1846. Sala Bosworth. 1846-18.54. Horatio Booth. 185^-1856. Frederick A. Wheeler. 1856- 1S64. ;^adok G. Bundy, 1864-1868. John V. Ramsey. 1S68-1S70. John T. Mathews. 1870-1876. Benjamin T- McKinney, 1876-1882. B. B. Stone. 1882-1888. David H. Merrill. 188S-1894. W. .\. Patterson. 1894-1900. C. C. Chamberlain, 1900. COUNTY TI!E.\SURERS. T.he Governor appointed until the formation of the State. liy the Inzv of 1803, the Associate fudges ap ■ pointed. By the law of 1S04 tlie Commissioners annually appointed the County Treasurer. Since 1827 the peo- ple have elected, for two years. By the Constitution of 1S51 the Treasurer is eligible only four years in six. The successi'.'e Treasurers have been : Jonathan Stone, 1792-1801. Jabez True, 1801-1817. Joseph HnUk-n, 1817- 1828. Weslon Thomas, 1828-1830. Roval Prentiss. 1830-1832. Michael Deterly, 1830-1832. Michael Deterly, 1832-1836. Ebenezer Gates, 1836-1838. Robert Crawford, 1838-1850. '\bner L. Guitteau. 185-0-1856. Stephen N.;wton. 1856-1858. Ebenezer B. Leget, 1858-1860. William B. Thomas, 1860-1862. Rufus E. Harte, 1862-1S66. William B. Mason. 1866-1868. Lewis Andrcson. 1868-1870. Ernest Lindner. 1870-1874. William S. Waugh. 1874-1878. William R. Goddard. 1878-1880. John Hoist, 1880-1882. Walter Thomas. 1882-1886. Thomas J. Connor, 1886-1890. George W. Stanley. 1890-1894. G. J. Lund. 1894-1898. IL P. Bode. 1898. I'ROSECUTINC .\rTOKNEYS. This ofhrer i^ms appointed by the Courts under the Territory. T!\e State laze of 180s ga't'c the appoiutnient to tlie .Supreme Court, and th.it of J805 to the Court of Common Picas. From iSjs the people have elected. The term is tivo years. The succe^'sive Prosecuting At- torneys have been: Paul Fearing. .September 9, 1788-1794. Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., 1794-1798. ATatlhew Biickus, 1798-1808. William Woodbridge, ii^o8 to February 6. 1815. Caleb Emerson, February 6, 1815, to April 10, 1821. John P. Maybcrry, April 10, 1821, to October 30, 1829. 1848. 1876. .\riu5 Nye, October 30, 1829, to August 17, 1S40. Arius Nye, April 3. 1845, to March 8, 1847. David Barber, Oct'Mier 26. 1S40. to .-\pril 3. 1845. William D. Emerson. March S. 1847, to March 13. William S. Nye. March 13. 1848, to (March, 1850. Davis Green, March. 1850, to April 5, 1852. Rufus E. Harte. April 5, 1852, to October 4. 1852. Samuel B. Robinson, October 4. 1852, to January, Charles R. Rhodes, January, 1855. to January, 1857. Samuel B. Robinson, January, 1857, to January, 1859. Charles R. Barclay. January, 1859, to January, 1861, Frank Buell. January, 1861, to April, 1861. Melvin Clarke, April, 1861. to October 11. 1861. William S. Nye, October 11, 1861, to January. 1862. David Alban, January, 1862, to January. 1868. Walter Brabham. January. 1868. to January. 1870. Reuben L. Nye. January, 1870, to January, 1872. Walter Brabham, January, 1872. to January, 1874. Samuel B. Robinson, January, 1S74, to January. Frank F, Oldham, January, 1876, to January, 1880. David Alban, January, 1880. to January. 1882. L. W. Ellenwood, Jannary. 1882. to January. 1884. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 433 PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS — CONTINUED. John W. McCorniick, January, i88^, to January, 1892. John C. Preston, January. i8g2, tc January, 1898. J. C. Brenan, January, 1898. COUXTV KKCORPERS. Uud'-r t'uc Territory the Recorder — styled Register until 179s — W'^f ii/'I'ointed by the Governor. By the law of 1803 the Assoeinte Judges at>poivted, for seven year.'!. By the laiv of 1839 the people elect, for three years. The successive Recorders have been : Enoch Parsons, T788 to i7(jo. Dudley Woodbridge, April, 1790, to June. 1807. Giles Hempstead, June. 1807. to June. 1814. George Dunlevy, June, 1814, to June, 1817. Daniel H. Rue'll. June, 1S17, to October, 1834. James M. Booth. October, 1834, to November, 1837. Daniel P. Bosworth, November, 1837, to October, 184. 186. Step'ien Xewtcn. October, 1843, to November, 1855. William B. Mason, .Voveniber, 1S55. to January, >[anly Warrer., January, iSf>2, to May, 1864. William Warren (npi>inted) Mav, 1864, to Janu- . 1S65. George J. Barlnes';, January, 1S65, to August. 1866. A T. Ward ( ;.|)piiinlcd ) 'August, 1866. to Janu- , 1867. Tames Nixon, Januarv, 1867, to January, 1882. Joseph P. Ward, January. 1882, to January, 1888. John W. Steele. January, 1888, to January. 1894. John W. .^thcy. Janu;iry. 1894. to January, 1900. Cieorge W. liunncll, January, igoo. From 1803 to 1831 the Sinveyor rcn-f appointed by the Court of Coinimni I'kos. iiid conunissioned by the Govc'Hor. Since 18^1 the election has been by the people, for three wars. I he successive Survc\ors have been : Levi Barber, November, 1805. to July, 1816. William R. Browning, February, 1827. to May, 1832. Benjamin F. Stone. May, 1832, to Noveml>er, 1841. Levi Bartlctt, November. 1841, to October, 1851. L. \V'. Chamberlaiii, October, 1851, to December, i85i. R. W. .St. John. Decemlier, iSfir, to December. 1864. Charles E. Gard * (appointed) January, 1865. to December. t86.;. John .\. F'hmier. b'eljruary. 1866, to January, 1875. J. P. Hulbert. January, 1875, to 1881. Danie! F. Diifer. January, 1881, to 1884. A. A. Hollister, 1884, to 1887. William Eldridge, 1887 to 1893. Daniel F. Dutcr, 1893 to 1896. Levi Bartlett. 1896 to 1902. *Samuel N. Hobson ivas elected October. 1864. but resigned. coROXrus. Provision ivas made in 178S for a Coroner in each county, to be appointed I'V the Governor. The first Sta'e Constitution also provided for one to be elected e^'cry t-Liio years by the people, and a law of 1854 continued the provision. The list appended is believed to be correct from 1812 to the present Innc: there is some uncertainly as to the previous periods. Charles Greene (Territory). Joel Bowen, 1803. Joseph JJoklen, i8o(). Alexander Hill. t8i2. Silas Cook. 1814. Samson Cole. 1816. Silas Cook, 1818. John !\Ierrill, Griffin Greene, 1824. Francis Dcvol. 18,^4. Warden Willis. 1836. Lawrence Chamlicrlain. 18,38. John T. Clogston, 1844. Lewis Chamberlain. 1846. Chaunccv T. judd, 1850. Finley Wilson, 1852. James H. Jones, 1853. Chauncey T. Judd. 1835. Benjamin F. Stone, 1S57. Louis Soyez. 1859. .Mien M. Creighbaum, i860. Lemuel Grimes, 1864. Sim-eon D. Hart. 1866. Hemian Michealis. 1868. Philip Emrich. 1870. Marcellus J. Morse. 1872. T. C. Kiger, 1874. Conrad Krigbaum. 1S76. J. F. Ullman. 1880. John Bohl. Jr.. 1882. B. C. Gale, 1883. L B. Mcllor. i8.-<4. j. J. Neucr. 1886. Frank E. McKim, 1890. O. W. Willis. 1896. John B. McChire, 1900. COUNTY COM.MI.SSIONERS. Provision "was made for three such officers by a law adopted from the Pennsylvania code by the Gov- ernor and Judges in 1795, and confirmed by the Ter- ritorial I.cgisljture in 1799. They zuere to be appointed by the Cowt of Quarter Sessions. The State laiv of JS04 provided for their election by the people, one each year, the term of office being three years. The follow- ing 'were appointed under the law of the Territory: William H. Putnam. Paul Fearing, Oliver Rice. Gilbert Devol, Jonathan Haskell. Simeon Derning, Isaac Pierce. 434 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, (Ot thrsf. Isaiir Pir'i-c served until 1S04, IVilliam R. Putniun until /iVii, and Simeon Dcming until 1806.) The list of t'.u folUm's: elected in siiceessivc vccirs is as Nathaniel Hamilton, 1804. John Sharp. 1805. Paul Fearuig. 1806. Nathaniel Hamilton, 1807. Joseph Barker, 1808. Paul Fearing (resigned), i8og John Sharj) (for two years), 1809. Nathaniel Hamilton. 1810. Daniel Goodno, 181 1. Henry Jolly. 1812. Nathaniel Hamilton, 1813. Daniel Goodno, 1814. William Skinner. 1815. Titan Kemble, 1816. John B. Regnier. 1817. Daniel Goodno, 1818, Titan Kemble (resigned), 1819. John P.. Regnier (died). 1820. Sami'.el Beaeh Ctwo years). 1821. Arnzi Stanley (one year). 1821. Daniel Goodno, 1821. Jo?eph Barker, 1822. Wlliam R. Putnam. 1823. Daniel H. Ruell (resigned), 1824. Joseph Barker, 1825. Thomas White (one year). 1825. William Pitt Putnam. 1826. Silas Cook (one year), 1826. Anselm T. Nve, 1837. Scth Baker (one year), 1828. Joel Tuttle, 1829. J.ihesh F. Palmer (two years), 1829. Anselm T. Nye, 1830. Jabe^h F. Palmer, 1831. Ebenezer Battelle, 1832. William Pitt Putnam, 1833. John D. Chamberlain, 1834. Robert K. Ewart, 1835. Daniel H. Buell, 1836. John D. Chamberl.un, i3!7. William Dana, 1838. Daniel H. Buell, 1839. John D. Chamberlain, 1840. James Dutton. 1841. "Douglas Putnam, 1842. Hiram Gard, 1843, William West, 1844- Douglas Putnam, 1845. Boyles-ton Shaw, 1846. Lewis H. Greene, 1847. Douglas Putnam, 1848. John Breckenridge, 1849. George Stanley, 1850. Douglas Putnam, 1851. Walter Curtis, 1852. Benjamin Rightmire, 1853. William Mason, 1854. Walter Cuttis, 1855. Charles Dana, 1856. William R. Putnam, 1857. Joseph Penrose, 1858. Zachariah Cochrane, 1869. James McWilliams, i860. J. J. Hollister, 1861. William Thomas, 1862. Antcnv Sheets (resigned), 1863. J. J. Hollister, 1864. George Benedict, 1865. James Little (one year), 1865. James Little, 1866. Scyip.our Clough, 1867. George Benedict. i868. Thomas C)ay\vood. 1869. Mark (^een (resigned), 1870. Joseph Penrose, 1871. Cvrenins Buchanan (two years), 1871 John Hall, 1872. Pemberton Pajmer. 1873. John Pool, 1874. John Potter, 1875. Moses A. Malster. 1876. John Hoppel, 1S77. Philip Mattern. 1878. Robert Mullenix, 1879. William Thompson. 1880. Phillip Mattern, 1881. William Thompson, 1882, R. J. Williamson. 1883. T. M. Pearson, 1883. j. M. ]\!urdock, 1884. J. M. Farron. 188s. Mason Gorby, 1886. J. Warren Tbornilev. 1887. Fleming. 1S88. J. Warren Thorniley. 1889. John A. Gage, 78C10. Mason Gorby. 1891. Samuel S. McGee. 1892. C M. Grubb. 1893. John Randolph, 189.}. Samuel S. McGee, 1895. C. M. Grubb. i8g6. John Randolph. 1897. William L. Hadley, 1898. Henry .StreckeT, 1899. Daniel R. Shaw, 1900. William L. Hadley. 1901. INFIRM.\l;V PIRECTORS. These ottieers 'ccei; from /rd. and was there ad- mitted to the Ijar. In 1807 he moved to [Marietta, Ohio, and here pursued with success the practice of his profession. His profound learning, skill and care as a counsellur won for him public com- mendation. In 1810 he was elected liy the Legislature of the State to succeed Calvin Pease as pres- ident judge of the Third Circuit. Shortly af- ter his election to the judgeship, he moved from Marietta to St. Clairsviile. In 181 5 he was elected by the Legislature to the L^nited States Senate, and resigned the office of judge after having ably filled it for five years. In 1821, and again in 1827, he was re- elected to the Senate of the United States, and during his career of 18 years in Congress a§ Seator from Ohio, he rendered valuable ser- vices to his State and the nation. For many years he was chairman of the Senate commit- tee on claims. He was president of the caucus, held at Washington in 1824, which nominated Will- iam H. Crawford, of Georgia, for the Presi- dency. In 1833, at the expiration of his third term as Senator, he retired from public life and gave his attention to agricultural pursuits, espe- cially the culti\'ati()n (if fruits and the intro- duction of choice \'arieties. In 1840 he was favorably spoken of, in various parts of the country, for the office of \'ice-President of the United States. He died at his residence in St. Clairsviile, September 2, 1857. As a statesman Judge Ruggles had the confidence of the Senate and of the people. As a jurist, his great ability was not as conspicuous in open court as in chambers. Though lacking, in some measure, the gifts of an orator, as a consulting attorney he had few superiors. As a private citizen he was highly respected. ■ He was generous in. his impulses, liberal in his views, and exerted an excellent nmral influence where\'er he was known. Thomas Backus was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1785; graduated at Yale Col- lege; studied law in the office of his father, Elijah Backus, at Marietta, and was there ad- mitted to the bar in 1808. He was married to Temperance Lord in 1810, and in 181 1 re- moved to Franklinton, Franklin County, Ohio,, and engaged in the practice of law, and in 1820 was appointed prosecuting attorney. In 1823 he rem(.)\-ed to Union County, Ohio, and was there appi)inted prosecuting attorney, and during his term of tiffice died Octolier 2^. 1823. William \\"()(.)DP,ri])GE was liorn in Nor- wich, Connecticut, August 30, 1780. He re- ceived his earl\- education in his nati\e State. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 441 studied law in Litchfield, Connecticut, and, with his father, emigrated to the Northwest Territory in 1791, settling in ]\larietta. In 1806 he was admitted to the bar in Ohio, and in the following year was elected to the General Assembly of the State. From 1808 until 1814 he was prosecuting attorney for his county, and also a member of the Ohio State Senate. During the latter year, without solicita- tion, he received the appointment of Secretary of the Territory of Michigan, from President Madison, and removed to Detroit and entered upon the performance of the duties of his new office. He was elected the first delegate to Con- gress from Michigan, in 1819, and forwarded the interests of his constituents in a manner to elicit the warmest approbation. He was appointed judge o-f the Supreme Court of the Territory in 1828. and performed the duties of that office four years. He was one of the members of the con- vention which framed the State Constitution, in 1835, and was elected a State Senator under it in 1837. He was chosen to succeed Stevens T. ^M'a- son as Governor of the State, in 1839, ^"d served during one term. At the expiration of his term of office as Governor, he was elected a United States Senator, and served in that capacity from 1841 until 1847. While in the Senate, he took a leading part in much of the important legislation of that body, both as a member of a number of the principal committees and also as a debater upon the floor of the Senate. His last days were spent in retirement in Detroit, where he died October 20, 1861. Governor Woodbridge was an eminent ju- rist and constitutional lawyer, and at the time of his death was the oldest and most distin- guished member of the Detroit bar. He was a man of true principles and honor, who had served the public for many years with fidelity and integrity, and who died leaving to his chil- dren an unblemished name. David Putnam became a member of the Washington County bar about 1808. A sketch of his life will be fcnmd in the biography of Samuel H. Putnam, in another chapter of this volume, devoted to "Sketches of Pioneers. "" GusTAV Swan was born at Peterborough, New Hampshire, in 1787. By his own exer- tions he obtained a good clerical and scientific education. He studied law at Concord, New Hampshire, and was admitted to the bar of that State. In 1810 he came to ilarietta, and was admitted to the bar of Ohio. From Mari- etta he moved to Franklin County, and en- gaged in the practice of law. In 1812 and again in 181 7 he was a representati\-e in the Ohio Legislature. In 1823 he was elected judge of the Common Pleas Court, and at the expiration of his term of office resumed the practice of law in Columbus, and continued there until 1843. Judge Swan was an eloquent and able ad- vocate, and his practice in Franklin and neigh- boring counties was large. After 1843 'i^ de- voted himself more exclusivelv to his duties as president of the State Bank of Ohio. He died at Columbus, February 6, i860. Caleb Emerson was born August 21, 1779, at Ashby, Massachusetts. It appears from some fragmentary memoranda among the papers he left, \vritten in the last years of his life, that he lost both his parents early; that his mother died when he was six weeks old ; that his father lost his health in the Revolution- ary War, and his property by Continental mon- ey ; that he was brought U]) l.iv ])ersi )ns whi> were nnt of bis kin; and that he was a student at law and assistant editor fur some time be- fore he left New England for Ohio, in the fall of 1808. There remain to his descendants \erv few of the letters he received i)revious to 1820. Of the documents connected with his New Eng- land life, the most important is a file of letters from James Elliott, Escj.. a lawyer of Brattle- borough, Vermont. Mr. Elliott appears to have been his early friend and counsellor, and showed much interest in his future advance- ment. In the earliest of these letters, dated January 3, 1801, he speaks of the young man's 442 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY.. correct and friendly letter (addressed to him from Mason, postmarked Amherst, jSIew H'ampsliire), and says it bears the marks oi an honest mind, and the promise of future excell- ence. He desires to know his age, profession and prospects, his place of residence, amuse- ments of infancy and course of study, and wishes to 'correspond with him occasionally. In a subsequent letter Mr. Elliott speaks approvingly of his purpose to go west, but advises him first to spend a year or two in a law office, as in a new country the farmer, merchant and lawyer might all be combined in one person. He recommends that he culti- vate his literary tastes, and promises to aid him. In February, 1806, then at Washington City, Mr. Elliott addresses him as a student at law at Amherst, New Hampshire, having as- certained his then residence from the publisher of the Fanners' Cabinet at that place, whom he was proljably assisting in the editorship ijf that journal. Mr. Elliott frecpiently posted him up in the proceedings of Congress for the subsequent tv/o years, and was one of several well known persons in tliat part of New England to give him recommendations as to general good char- acter and proficiency in law studies, when he left for Marietta, Ohio. Governor Tiffin, of Ohi(j, had advised a friend of Mr. Emerson's, at Washington, that it was not necessary fur an applicant for ad- mission to the Ohio bar to appear before the judges in session, but he could apply to any judge separately, who, if satisfied of his com- petency, could give him his certificate, and then he would apply to another judge, and the several certificates he recei\ed would entitle him to admission. One of his remaining letters is one of rec- ommendation from Hon. Paul Fearing, then a judge, dated September 13, 1809 (to Gen. Philemon Beecher, of Lancaster, Ohio), of Mr. Emerson, as a suitable candidate for ad- mission to the Ohio bar, and doubtless he was admitted about that time. He opened a law office at Marietta, visiting some of the neigh- boring County Courts. He married, July 29, 1810, Mary Dana, daughter of Capt. William Dana, of Belpre,. Ohio, one of the early emigrants from New England. In the same year began his connection with the Western Spectator, a weekly journal of Marietta, to which was annexed a small book- store. The first number seems to have been issued about the 23rd of October, 1810. He gave it up July 31, 1813, but continued the practice of law, and was appointed prosecuting attorney of Washington County in February, 18 1 5, and was continued in that office until April, 1821. In October, 1820, while residing on Front, Ijetween Scammel and Worcester streets, the dwelling house he occupied was consumed 1)_\- fire, and most of the furniture and clothing (if the family, and nearlv all his valuable papers were destroyed. He and his family experienced great kindness and hospi- tality from the citizens of ^Marietta. His law Imsiness was continued. In 1822 a fever, supposed to result from the miasmatic influences of the Ohio shore, prevailed extensively in Marietta to\ynship and elsewhere. Mr. Emerson's family was down with it for a considerable time, usually leaving (inly one or two to wait on the rest. He was afterwards pr(jstrated with a sickness which Ijrought him very near the gates of death. Alter his recovery, he had an al)iding convic- tion that close application to a law office was ruinous to his health ; and th( mgh his connec- tion with legal matters was more or less main- tained to the last years of his life, his time was largely given to horticultural and other indus- trial pursuits, mingled with literary, political, and social activities, and efforts in behalf of religious, moral, and educational institutions in Marietta. He and his wile joined the Marietta Bap- tist Church, which then worshiped four miles above the village, about the }"ear 1822, and remained in its communion to the last. Being one of the earliest trustees of Mari- etta College, and remaining such during his life, he displayed an aliiding interest in its growth. In the year 1836 he was editor of the Mari- AND REPRESENTATIVE. CITIZENS. 443 clta Gazette, a firm advocate for the riglit ot' free discussion. Certain lecturers about that time, in behalf of negro emancipation, were in danger of being mobbed, Init the energetic philanthropists of Washington County secured for them fair treatment. In December, 1837, the Marietta Gazette i)assc(l into the hands (jf Isaac Ma.xon. Several years later an advantageous sale of Mr. Emerson's three-acre lots near Marietta, ga\-e him leisure for literary effort. He wrote much in favor of emancipation, for journals both at home and abroad. During the last 10 or 12 years of his life, he took great interest in the early history of Ohio, and especially of Washington County, and made extensive collections of old news- papers and other documents calculated to pre- serve a knowledge of the past, and to some ex- tent lectured on these subjects. His duties as master commissioner in chancery, and as ad- ministrator for several estates, gave him oppor- tunities for travel, where he could gather up such material. Probably the most complete of his essays on these subjects was an article in the North American Reviez^.', which includes the details of Mr. Manasseh Cutler's mission to Congress in behalf of the Ohio Company, for the purchase of the well known tract which bears its name. In 1845 he took an active jjart in bringing the celebrated case of the captured Ohioans. which involved, in part, the question of bound- ary between Ohio and Virginia, to the notice ofthe State authorities. His sympathies were strongly enlisted for the oppressed and down- trodden. He died March 14. 1853. at his homestead in Marrietta, aged " 2,1/2 years. John Pennybacker M,\yberry was born March i. 1790, at Pine Forge, near the village of New Market, Virginia. His home was located in the loveliest portion of the beautiful valley of the Shenandoah. This is now a his- toric location from the fact that during the late Civil War this homestead was the scene of nviny of the severest struggles lor the posses- sion of the \al!ev. His father was an Irish gentleman. ha\ing emigrated to America in early life. His mother was descended from German ances- tors. Her maiden name was Rebekah Penny- backer. She was one of the large family of Pcnnybackers .so well known throughout Penn- sylvania. John V. Maybcrry, while in the valley of the Shenandoah, studied law under the eminent Judge Allen, of New Market, Virginia. Be- fore completing his studies, however, in the year 1810, his father determined to seek a new home in the rich lands beyond the mountains, and his son, John, accompanied him. purchas- ing plantations near Bellesille, Wood County, Virginia. They there settled. After a brief sojourn upon the plantations, he became deputy sheriff of Wood County. In 1812 he visited Richmond, and made application for admission to practice in the State courts, and was given a certificate. After his return, however, wishing to pur- sue his studies and perfect himself in other branches of the law, he went to Ohio, attracted by the reputation of Judge Fearing, of Har- niar, Ohio, who was the first lawyer adnutted to the bar in this State, the attorney of the Ohio Company and the leading legal mind in the Northwest Tcrriti>ry. Here he had the advan- tage of an extensive library, and finished his studies with Judge Fearing in 181 5. On the 15th of .August. 181 6. he married the only daughter of his preceptor. Lucy Willis Fearing_ with whom he lived over 50 years. In 1817 he removed with his family to Parkersburg. V'ir- ginia. and soon after was elected as a Repre- sentative of the \\'hi.g ]Jarty to the House of Delegates at Richmond and served during the term of 1817 and 181 8. In 18 18 he left Rich- mond to accept the ]30sition of receiver of pub- lic moneys, tendered him l)y the United States government. This necessitated his return to Marietta. Ohio, where he succeeded Col. Levi Barber, who was elected to Congress. The business of this office was very extensive, as the Territory was fast filling up, and the gov- ernment lands selling rapidly. His experience while in office illustrates the purity and hon- 444 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, esty of the pioneer settlers of tlie Northwest. The law existing at that time required the re- ceiver to deposit all moneys received in the United States repositories situated at Cincin- nati and Chillicothe, and the payments were to be made in the same coin as was paid tO' the receiver. The gold and silver received during the quarter had to he transported from Mari- etta to the points above-named. At that time the woods were unfrecjuented and obscure, and the country sparsely settled, making it a peri- lous journey to transport $6,000 or $8,000 in gold and silver on horseback. Yet these trips were made at the expiration of each quarter by Mr. Mayberry, accompanied by his father, or Henry or Silas Fearing, and Col. David Bar- ker, and during his term of office of over 10 years, neither he himself nor his messengers ■were disturbed in their journeys to and fro. Mr. Mayberry was receiver until the year 1829. During this period he was also elected prosecuting attorney of Washington County, faithfully performing his duties and giving entire satisfaction to the public. Retiring from these two important offices, and after settling his affairs relative thereto, he left Ohio and returned to his old home at Park- ersburgh, and engaged in mercantile lousiness. As was the custom in those days, he made fre- quent journeys over the mountains to Phila- delphia on horseback for the purpose of pur- chasing his stock in trade. While still en- gaged in merchandising, he was elected prose- cuting attorney for the county of Wood. In 1832 he was again called from private life, being elected to the House of Delegates. At the expiration of this term, he was re-elected by his well-satisfied constituents, and although not seeking or having any desire of office, he \\as again returned in 1837 and 1838, to the House of Delegates; his ripe experience and sound judgment making him a great power, giving him the foremost position among the legislators. The first recognition of any material im- portance which Parkersbiirgh or \Vood Count}' received from the State Legislature of old Virginia in the way of improvement and bring" ing them into puljlic notice, was the establish- ment of the Northwestern Virginia turnpike road leading from Winchester in the valley of Virginia over the Alleghanies to Parkers- burgh, a distance of 250 miles. This great work was completed while Mr. Mayberry was in the House of Delegates, and to his exer- tions, no' doubt, is West Virginia indebted for this great benefit. He acquired wealth by prudent investments in real estate, together with the inheritance which his wife received from her father's es- tate. Mr. Maylierry, in his long pul.ilic life at Marietta, Parkersburgh, and Richmond, made friends with all whom he came in contact, and such was his even temperament that even in sharp political contests his urbanity of manner and kindliness for all humanity left his career destitute of enemies. He was a ripe scholar and a trained thinker, commanding in stature, with a pleasing address. He was a perfect type of a Virginia gentleman, of Washing- ton's time, his manner and mien occasioning many of his friends to believe his resemblance to Washington very marked. Had his ambi- tion led him to continue his public career, his political associates were confident he would have taken a ranking position in national af- fairs among the great statesmen of that day, but turning aside from the allurements of pub- lic life, he returned to the quiet old home he loved so well, in Parkersburgh. His house and grounds soon became shaded with the fine old trees he planted. His office (ln(jr under the shade of the catalpas was a charmed spot to all who came under the restful influence of the peaceful atmosphere. Happiness and con- tentment followed him like a shadow. The old men loved to linger with him, and the young men to listen to the fine talk of the grand old gentleman. He devoted much of his time in later years to the rearing of blooded horses and to the improvement of the plantations he owned in the State. In his stables were some of the finest imported stock in the South and West, many of the descendants of the stables being favorite horses of the present time. He died AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 445 while his favorite horse, Lath, was running- lie expired sitting in his carriage, November 15, 1866, closing a life of nearly yy years, leav- ing his wife and son as the only immediate relatives to deplore his loss, as he was him- self the last member of his father's family. AMien the news came that the pure and noble John P. :Mayberry was no more, a multitude mourned over the loss of a great and good man. Arius Nye was the son of Col. Ichabod Nye, and grandson of Gen. Benjamin Tupper, two of the pioneers who, with their families, made at the mouth of the ^Muskingum in 1788 the first settlement in the "Territory North- west of the river. Ohio."' He was born in the Campus Alartius — "the stockade" — at Mari- etta, December 27, 1792. During his boy- hood days, educational facilities at the new settlements were quite limited, yet mainly by his own exertions he obtained what is now called a good common school education. In 1807 he went to Springfield, afterward to Put- nam in Muskingum County, and engaged in merchandising. In 181 5 he married Rowena Spencer, daughter of Dr. Joseph Spencer, of Vienna, Virginia, and si.ster of ]\Irs. General Cass. He was director in the Bank of Zanesville before he was 21 years of age. During 1817-18 he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and be- gan to make his mark in Muskingum County. In the autumn of 1822, or spring of 1823, he moved to Gallipolis, at the beginning of the "sickly season," when he was taken sick with the prevailing epidemic, or malarial fever. In 1824-25 he moved to Marietta and there ac- quired a large and lucrative practice. For several years after removing to Marietta, he served as cashier of the Bank of Marietta. In 1827 he was elected Representative in the State Legislature, and re-elected in 1828. In 1 83 1 he was elected State Senator and served two years. At the time of the great flood in 1832, he removed his office from Putnam street to the old Ohio Company's office on Washington street, where he ke])t his office until he was elected judge. Pie early acquired a large law library, and by 1837 probably had accummulated the largest library of any law- yer in Southeastern Ohio. In J840 he was again elected Representative in tlic State Legis- lature. Judge Arius Nye was a devoted member of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; and regarded his duties as a church man equally as important with his duties as a lawyer. It was mainly through his efforts that an Episcopal Church was organized at Marietta; and when organ- ized it was supported and maintained largely by his contributions and labors. He was lay reader and senior warden of St. Luke's Church for a great many years ; and for the first seven years, after its organization in 1826, he con- ducted nearly all the services. He was usually a delegate to diocesan conventions; and took a prominent part in the management of the af- fairs of the diocese. The Protestant Episco- pal Church in Marietta owes him a great debt of gratitude. His son, A. Spencer Nye, became associ- ate with him in practice as A. Nye & Son, con- tinuing as a firm until 1846. In 1847. Arius Nye was elected president judge of the dis- trict composed of the counties of Washington, Morgan, .Vthens, Meigs, Gallia, and Lawrence. The district was large and difficult of access during portions of the year, there being no rail- roads, and especially during the spring and autumn were county seats difficult to Vcach. His health broke down under his labors on the bench, and he resigned in 1850. After his health improved, he associated with him David Alban, and practiced as Nye & Alban until the commencement of the Ci\il War, when Mr. Alban enlisted in the army. Thereafter as law)er, generally associated in business with some younger mem'Ijer of the bar. Judge Nve gave his attention to cases which were brought under his notice. His last illness was j^ro- tracted and ])ainful. but borne with fortitude. He died at his home in Marietta. July 27. 1865. in the 73rd year of his age. Judge Nye was an original, self-reliant, self-made man — a man of feeling, thought, and conviction. He will long survive in the memory of his friends, in the impressions which he made on the communitv where he 446 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, lived and in the legislation of his native State. At the time of his death, he had obtained a wider celebrity than any other Marietta man. This was due to his strong character, to his industry, to his devotion to every accepted trust, to his public spirit, and above all to his inflexible integrity of mind and heart. As a jurist he ranked among the first chancery and criminal lawyers in the West. He was deeply read in the learning of the profession and thor- oughly imbued with the lofty spirit of its great masters. William A. Whittlesey was born at Danbury, Connecticut, in 1796. In 1816 he was graduated at Yale College, and for some time thereafter was employed as teacher. In 1818 he came to Canfield, Ohio, entered the office of his uncle, Hon. Elisha Whittlesey, as student at law, being fellow-student there with J. M. Giddings, and in 1820 was admitted to the bar. In 182 1 he came to Marietta, and entered upon the practice of his profession. In 1825 he was elected auditor of the county, and for two successive years held that office, and received the public commendation for the faithfulness, care and ability with which he discharged his duties. In 1839 he was the candidate of the Demo- cratic party for Representative in the Ohio Legislature, and was elected. In 1 84 1 and for several years following, he was associated with Gen. Charles B. God- dard, of Zanesville, in the practice of law in Washington County. In 1848 he was elected member of Congress from the district com- prising the counties of ^^'ashington. Morgan and Perry. He declined being a candidate for re-election. In -1856 and again in i860, and again in 1862, he was elected mayor of the city of Mari- etta, and for six years discharged the duties of that office in an approved and satisfactory manner. ]\Ir. Whittlesey was an inveterate and in- imitable story-teller; and it was not unusual to find half the lawyers of the city, with many of their friends, gathered about Mr. Whittle- sey's office to listen to his stories; and no one went away dissatisfied. For some time previous to his death, Mr. Whittlesey suffered from painful disease, but bore his affliction with fortitude and resigna- tion. He died November 6, 1866, at Brook- lyn, New York, where he had gone for medi- cal treatment, leaving one surviving child, a daughter, now the wife of W. B. Mitchell, of St. Cloud, ^linnesota. . His remains were brought back to ISIarietta, and buried in the ^lound Cemetery by the side of his deceased son, the lamented Capt. A\'. B. Whittlesey, a brave and noble officer, who was killed at the battle of Missionary Ridge in November. 1863. The following is an extract from the re- port of a committee, appointed by the bar of \\'ashington County to give expression of the sentiments of the profession, in relation to Mr. Whittlesey's death : "With feelings of the deepest sorrow and regret we, the members of the ^\'ashington County Bar, have heard of the death of our late associate, the Hon. \\'illiam A. Whittle- sey. During the whole period of our connec- tion with the profession in this county, we have been witnesses of the estimable qualities of the deceased. "As a lawyer, his discriminating mind, his legal acquirements, the friendliness and hon- esty of hi.s counsels, his urbanity in the court room, and his uniform courtesv and kindness toward the junior members of the profession have elicited our esteem, and endeared him in our recollections. "As a citizen and neighbor, the kindliness of his disposition, his liberality, his cheerful- ness and his remarkable freedom from all feel- ings of envy, resentment and ill-will won for him the respect and friendship of all who knew him." D.JlVId B.\rber. son of Levi Barber, was born at Harmar, Washington County, Ohio, August 14, 1804. He was educated at Wash- ington College, Pennsvlvania, and graduated from that institution in 1825. He studied law with the Hon. John P. Maylierry, of Marietta ; AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 447 was admitted to the bar in 1829, and engaged in the practice of his profession at Harmar. In 1840 he was elected prosecuting attor- ney of the county. In 1845 '''^ ^^''^ again elected prosecuting attorney. About 1876 he moved to the State of Illi- nois, and l(jcated near Ouincy, where he ex- tensively engaged in agricultural pursuits. He died there in 1886. Levi Hart Goddakd, son of Hon. Calvin Goddard, was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1810. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in, his native State. In 1835 he re- moved to Alarietta, Ohio, and then engaged in the practice of his profession. After a short residence in Marietta, he returned to Norwich and there resumed the practice of law and con- tinued the same until the time of his death. He died of pneumonia, in 1862. Mr. Goddard was a lawyer of learning and ability, as counsellor and consulting attorney, and his amiable and cheery social qualities made for him hosts of friends. He was mar- ried, in 1835, to Mary Woodbridge Perkins, of Norwich. RuFUS E. Harte was born in Middlebury, now embraced in the corporation limits of Ak- ron, Ohio. He attended the academy at Tall- madge and the preparatory department of the Western Reserve College at Hudson. In 1833 he was graduated at Yale College, Con- necticut. He studied law with Hon. Gregory Powers, of Akron. In 1835, at the session of the Supreme Court at Medina, he was ad- mitted to the bar. In 1837 he located at Mari- etta and engaged in the practice of his pro- fession, associated with \Villiam A. Whittle- sey, as Whittlesey & Harte. In 1839 he was married to Julia Ilolden, daughter of Joseph Holden. of Marietta. In 1845 ^is "^^'^s elected Senator in the Ohio Legislature from the district composed of the counties of Washington, Morgan and Perry. In 185 1 he was elected prosecuting attorney for the county of Washington. In 1852 he was elected, by the trustees of the benevolent institutions of Ohio, superintendent of the in- stitution for the blind, and resided at Colum- bus four years, discharging the duties of that office. In 1856 he returned to Marietta and re- sumed the practice of law, associated therein with Melvin Clarke. In 1 86 1 he was elected treasurer of Wash- ington County, and held that office for a period of four years. In 1880 he was elected mayor of the city of Marietta, and discharged the duties of that office efficiently. He died in the year 1891. Charles F. Buell, son of Daniel H. Buell, of Marietta, was born in Washington County, Ohio. March 12, 1814. He was a student in Marietta College and Kenyon Col- lege; studied law with Hon. Samuel F. Vin- ton, of Gallipolis, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. He practiced law a short time at Gallipolis, and about a year at Georgetown, Brown County, Ohio. In 1839 he returned to Marietta and engaged in the practice of his profession. In i860 he was elected probate judge of Washington County. After serving three years in that office he resumed the ])ractice of law at Marietta. He died here in 1881. William D. Emerson, eldest son of Caleb and Mary (Dana) Emerson, was born at Marietta. July 9, 1813. He was prepared for college by Rev. Luther G. Bingham, then pas- tor of the Congregational Church at IVIarietta. At the age of 16 he entered the Ohio Univer- sity at Athens, from which he graduated in 1833, with the highest honors of the class. He was one of the teachers in the High School which opened up in Library Hall, on Front street, which afterwards unfolded into Mari- etta College. In 1836 he was assistant editor with his father on the Marietta Gazette. His health failing in this department, he went west and sjjent two }ears as a common school teacher. The scenery- of the wide \\'est seems to have inspired his poetic fancy, and some of his finest poems, which afterward came into print, were produced at this time. He returned to Marietta in 1839, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1841, and for several years kept a law office with his father. 448 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. In 1845 1^^ prepared aiul published the first map of Washington County. He was prose- cuting attorney of that county for one year, ending March, 1848, filhng the unexpired term of Arius Nye, Esq., who w'as appointed pre- siding judge. He was assistant clerk in the Commercial Court of Cincinnati from 1848 toi 1852, and for four years after made up records in the clerk's office of the Cincinnati and Ham- ilton county courts. He kept a law office in Cincinnati until i860. Since that time he de- voted himself mainly to literary pursuits. The bent of his mind was more for literature than jurisprudence. In 1851 he issued "Occasioiial Thoughts in Verse," for private distribution. In 1874 he issued a second volume of verse. j\Ir. Emerson was much interested in po- etry ; and established in Marietta College a prize to encourage students and graduates to write poems of merit. He died in 1891. Akius Spencer Nye, son of Arius Nye, Avas admitted to the bar about 1840, and in company with his father practiced law at Ma- rietta as Nye & Son. In 1846 he was elected cashier of the Ross County Bank, branch of the State Bank of Ohio, and removed to Chillicothe, where he died in 1884. Darwin E. Gardner, son of William and Sarah B. (Earl) Gardner, was born at Nor- walk, Ohio, January 25, 1820. Pursuant to his father's wishes, and to some extent under his supervision, he pursued a thorough course of preparatory studies and about 1839 was graduated at the Western Re- serve College. He studied law with Judge Crowell, of W'arren, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar at Newark in 1841. The same year he located at Marietta and commenced the practice of his profession and successfully prosecuted the same at Marietta tnitil 1 85 1, when he removed to Cleveland, and soon thereafter to Toledo, where, until the time of his death, he was extensively and pros- perously engaged in the purchase and sale of real estate. He died at Toledo August 5, 1867, at the age of 47. Mr. Gardner was an able lawyer, and an enterprising and success- ful man of business, and in the several places of his residence had the confidence and esteem of his fellow citizens. He was married, in 1842, to Elizabeth P. Putnam, of Hudson, Ohio, who died in 1846, and in 1859 ^^^ married Sa- rah Williams, of Norwalk. Wylie H. Oldham, son of Samuel and Reljecca; Oldham, was born Novemher 21, 18 19, at the old homestead in Ohioi County, (West) Virginia, wliere his grandfather and father lived and died. \\'hen about one year old he was taken to the State of New] York, where his father was employed as a missionary, teaching the Seneca Indians, li\-ed in Corn- planter's town, rememibered well the wild scenes in \vhich his early 'boyhood was spent. Leaving there at five and a half years of age, he acquired such an education as the primitive schools of \'irginia then afl^orded. In 1832 he entered the private academy at West Alex- ander, Washington County, Pennsylvania, un- tler the charge of Rev. John MIcCluskey, pastor of the Presbyterian Church O'f that place and pursued his academic studies under Riev. Mr. McCluskey's care until September, 1836, when he entered the junior class in Washington Col- lege. He was a member Oif the Washington Literary' Society, graduated in June, 1838, and tdok the first honor of his society and sec- ond of his class (the first honor of the class being by rule of the faculty due that year to the Lhiion So^ciety which alone prevented his (>l>taining the fiirst honor oif his class). In the fall of 1838 he went to Mount Vernon, Ohio, and spent one year in teaching. In the fall of 1839 he went to- Lexington, Kentucky, and taught one year, near the home of Henry Clay, visiting him frequently in 1840. He studied law with Isaac Hoge, at Aloumdsville, (West) Virginia, and was admiitted toi the bar in 1842. Shortly after, he was elected prosecut- ing attorney. He represented Marshall Ce settled on reasonable terms. Indeed, he was inclined to favor the settlement of controversies gener- ally. Tlie social cjualities of Mr. Oldham were of a \-ery high ortler. He was kind and cor- dial with eveiy one. He enjoyed social gather- ings, and showed it by his manner. He was a good talker, but at the same time a willing listener. His con\ersation was always enter- taining, and usually instructive. He was quick at repartee ; but there was nothing bitter about his wit. Socially he was a universal favorite with old and voung. with rich and poor. Mr. Oldham was an orator, and as states- n'Vm and lawyer his speeches and arguments were models of beauty and eloquence. He was a good citizen, an earnest churchman, a lib- eral contributor to benevolent enterprises, a mjan of principle, honor and fidelity, whose death was deeplv lamented by all who knew him. John M. (jltfte.vi', son of Benjamin Guittcau, was Ixirn in Fearing township, Washington Cou'ity, Ohio, in 1821. He was educated at Marietta College : studied law with Hon. Arius Xye, of Marietta, and was admitted to the bar in 1842. He con-menccd practice at Urbana, Ohio, associ- ated with Hon. Thomas Corwin, and about 1843 moved to Cincinnati. After a residence of three or four years at Cincinnati he re- moved to Xew York City, where he engaged in the practice of law. He died there in i8gS. Ch.\kles R. R110DK.S was born at Zanes- ville, Ohio, Xo\ember 3, i8ig, the third child of Dr. Dudley Woodbridge Rhodes. He went to school in the prq)aratorv department of Ken- yon College in 1835, entered the freshman class in 1836, and graduated in cou:rse in 1840, taking the second iionor of his class. He entered his name as a student of law in the office of Messrs. Goddard & Converse, Zanesville, and was admitted to the har at Newark, Ohio, in 1843. Tlie same yejir he removed to St. Louis, }iIissouri, tcj^ establisli himself as a lawyer, where he remained until the fall of 1836. The same year, having mar- ried Mary E. Ward, the third child of Hon. X'ahum '\\'ard, of ]\ [arietta, hei retinmed to Ohio, and tnade his residence in i^Iarietta,^ where he still resides. In January, 1855, he was elected prosecut- ing attorne}", and continued in that office until JanuaiT, 1857. In February, 1858, he was elected Prolxite Judge of \\ asbington County, and continued in office imtil I'ebruary, 1861. During the War of the Rebellion the peo- ple living in the little townships along the Ohio River, were kept in a constant state of alarm, apprehending incursions froni the law- less bands of rebels roving through West \'ir- ginia. M.r. Rhodes organized a companv of from 40 to 60 men, which, throiigh the friendly assistance of Col. William Craig, quattermas- ter of the L'nited .States Army, stationed at Marietta, he was able to arm and equip, and w-hich he, as ca])tain, kept in tliorough drill and discipline, prepared for the emergencies of the tintes. He was appoiiUed l;y the (icixernor of the State (Hon. Rutherford B. Hayes) delegate to the National Commercial Convention, which met at Cincinnati ; the following year he was again appointed by the Go\ernor delegate for Southeastern Ohio to the same convention, which met at Baltimore. Mr. Rhodes' whole life in Marietta was closely identified with the manufacturing and con"3mercial cntcrjirises of the town, and es- pecially with the histor_\- and i)rosperity of St. Luke's Protestant Episcopal Church and Sun- day-school — for more tiian 30 years a member and secretary of the vestrv, manv times their 450 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, delegate to the diocesan convention, and for niore than 20 years superintendent of the Sun- day-school. He died in 1887. Melvin Clarke was l)om at Ashfield. Massachusetts. Xovember 15, 1818, and was the oldest of a family of eight children. He was the son of Stephai and Roxy Alden Clarke, and of the seventh generation in a direct line from John A'Iden. of "^layflower" fame. His early education was derived from the common schools of W'hately, Franklin County. Massachusetts, a few termis spent in a select school, and a few months at the acade- my at Conway, Massachusetts. He came west ill the fall of 1838, and taught school in Ken- tucky, at Parkersburgh, (West) Virginia, and in this county for a series of years. ]\lcan- while he was studying law and was admitted to the bar in 1843. '^"c' settled in law practice -at MtConnelsville. ]Morgan County, Ohio, and continued in the practice there for 10 years. In 1853 'i^ removed to Marietta, and con- tinued to practice his profession until the be- ginning of the war. He became a leading mem'ber of the bar. and an influential citizen. Of his mind, the distinguishing features were clearness and straigth of comprehension. He had the ability to analyze, arrange and present, in a forcible manner, the evidence in a case, and conducted, with marked talent, the important caiises committed to him. Impelled by motives o>f patriotism, he. with' others, was actively instrumental, at the break- ing out of the war, in raising and organizing the Thirty-sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and was appointed its lieutenant-colonel, and served in that capacity as a brave and gallant officer until killed bv a shot from a lo-pound shell at the battle of Antietam, Septem[l:)er 17, 1862. Hje was buried with military honors in Mound Cemeteiy. at ]\rarietta. and a monu- ment erected to his meroor}- liy his arnr}- com- rades and associates of the bar. He married Dorcas Dana, daughter of \MlIiam Dana, of Newport, Ohio, for his first wife, who died about 1850. and left one son. Joseph D. Clarke, who was killed in the war at Citv l^iint, Maryland, in 1864. He nTar- ried. as his second wife, Sophia Browning, of Belpre, Ohio. He was, at the time of his death, a mentber of the Congregational Qiurch of ^larietta. S.\Mi."EL B. Robinson was born at Wash- ington, Pennsylvania, February 15, 1814, and was educated at Washington, now Washing- ton and Jefferson, College of that State. In 1835 he was editor of the Washington Rc- j'ortcr. In 1836, with his widowed mother and her family, he moved to Lake Chute, and shortly thereafter to Beverly, Ohio. In 1837, at Beverly, in partnership with John Dodge, he engaged in mercantile business and con- tinued therein for seven years. He studied law, Hon. Isaac Paine being his preceptor, and was admitted to the bar in 1844, and entered upon the practice of his profession in Beverly. In 1846 he married Colina K. Dodge, young- est daughter of John Dodge, of Beverly. In 1846 he was elected prosecuting attor- ne\- of the county. In 1873 l"*^ ^^'^^ again elected prosecuting attorney, and the duties of this office he ably and faithfully dis- charged. Mir. Robinson was never of robust frame adcH dulring the latter period o-f his life was in very jxjor health. On the night of January 2, 1878, while traveling by steainer from! Beverly to Marietta, he fell overboard and \\ias drowned. His bod_\- was recovered and buried by the side of his deceased wife in Beverly Cemetery. During his career in life as editor, merchant, and lawyer, Mr. Rob- inson desen'ed and received the confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens. Davis Green^ son of Rev. A^len Green, was -born in Tyler County, Virginia. February II. 1822. In 1S23 his paraits came to Ohio and settled on a farm in Belmont County. Davis attended, in the winter season, the schools of his neighborhood, and at the age of 21 years comipleted his education at Madison Oollege, Guernsey County. In 1842 and the twiO' following }ears he was partially engaged in teaching, and in the nieantinue studied law in the office of Judge Eivans of CamSbridge. For nearly a year after the fall O'f 1845 'i^ ^^'is editor and part owner of the Guernsey Ti)nes. In 1846 he was admitted to the bar at AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 451 Mount Vernon and in the fall of the same year located at Marietta and commenced the prac- tice oi law. By close application and diligence he soon became promunent in his profession. In 1849 he was elected prosecuting attorney for the county, and for two years ably dis- charged the duties of that office. In 1854 he was elected Prolbate judge, and served his three years' termi to the entire satisfaction of the public. In 1856 he was chosen one of the elec- tors for Ohio of President and Vice-Presidait of the United States, and voted for Fremont and Da_\ton. In 1858 he was elected Senator in the Ohio Legislature from tlie district comix>sed of Wasiiington and Morgan counties, and was an elofpient, influential and highly esteemed mem- ber of that body. In 1 861, at the breaking out of the Rebel- Ii(jn, he took a decided and prominent part in defense of the government, and labored un- remittingly to encourage and promote the cause of the Union. Judge Green was a man of great energy and industry'; and his natural aliilities were of a higli order. Those who knew him best esti- iTiated his mental capacity the highest. At the time of his death he ranked as one of the best and m'pst successful lawyers in Washing- Ion County. In the primie of his life and the midst oif his influence, he died at Marietta, August 22, 1862. He was mlarried in 185 1 to Columbia Ferguson, who' is now the wife of Dr. D. Walter. Mrs. Dr. Curtis is a daughter. William Spencer Nye, son of Arius Xyc. was graduated from Marietta College in 1843. He studied law with his father, and was admitted to the bar in 1845. He com- mienced practice in ^Marietta, associated with his brother. Dudlev Selden Xve, as D. S. & W. S. Nye. He was elected and served as prosecuting attorney of the county from M'arch. 1848. to ]\Iiarch, 1850. About 1854 he was appointed attornev for the Marietta & Cincinnati Rail- road Company. In 1861 lie was again prose- cuting attorney of the county. Shortly there- after he removed to Chillicothe, Ohio, where he died of typhoid fever in 1862. Mr. Nye ■w'as an accomplished gentleman, and a lawyer of fine abilities and attainments. A rather sensitive and retiring disposition in- clined him to shrink somewhat from the more rugged conflict of the court r(x>ni practice and to thus take a less conspicuous position as a trial lawyer than his legal learning and acumen entitled him to occupy. It was for his breadth, soundness and candor of view, as a counselor, that he was Iie.st known in the profession. His disposition was peculiarly amiable, and in his domestic and social life he was a most genial conJpanion, and warmly attached to himself all who knew him intimately. Dudley Selden Nye, son of Arius Nye, was admiitted to the bar at the Noveml>er term. 1843, ^^ ^1'^ supreme court, sitting in Mor- gan Count}-. In 1847 li^ ^"'^ '"s brother, Will- iaml S. Nye, associated themselves in the prac- tice of law at M'arietta, succeeding to the busi- ness of Arius Nye & Son, as D. S. & \\'. S. Nye, and continued in practice until the au- tumji of 1852. In 1852 he removed to Tennessee, and in the spring O'f 1855 removed to Council Bluffs, Iowa, and in 1857 was elected county judge of Pottawattamie County, in that State. In November, 1862, he returned to Mjarietia, where he engaged in the practice of law. Dudley S. Nye was a good office lawyer, and a safe counsellor. He served four years as ])ostmaster of Marietta under appointment of President Cleveland. He died at his home in Miirietta in 1901. Henry A. Towxe was Ixjrn January 5, 1826, at Litchfield, Herkimer County, State of New York. Upon the death of his father. Rev. Abner Tbwne, pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Litchfield, his mother returned with her son, then five months old, to her parents at .Vmherst, Massachusetts, and coming after- ward to Gallipolis, Ohio, the residence of her lirothcr, Hon. S. F. \'inton, married May 28, 1 83 1, Dr. Robert Safford, of Putnam, Ohio, now the Ninth Ward of Zanesville. at which time the subject of this sketch l^ecame a resi- dent of Ohio. He entered Marietta College [ when 15 years of age, and graduated in 1845; was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati, Ohio, 452 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, in 1840. and practiced law at Marietta, Ohio, in partnership with Hon. WiUiam A. W'liittle- se\', from 1849 to 1854, antl afterward with Davis Green, Escp, now deceased, until his removal to Portsmouth, Ohio. December i, 1855, wliere he entered upon the practice oif law. Remarried, December 18, 1856, Harriet X\e, daughter of Arius Xye, now deceased. In 1858 he was elected one of the judges of the Court oA Comlmon Pleas of the Seventh Judicial District of Ohio, and held that po- sition until July, 1.870, when he resigned and resum,ed the practice of law at Portsmouth. He has been connected with several of the furnaces of the Hanging Rt»ck iron region, and is now a stockholder and director in the Globe Iron Oompany, of Jackson, Ohio; and is also a stockholder and director in the SciotO' Star Fire-lirick Works, at East Portsmouth, Ohio. In April, 1879, he was elected mayor o-f the city of Portsmouth. In 1880 he wtis ap- pointed supervisor of census of the Fourth District of Ohio, and superintended the taking of the census in the eleven counties compris- ing the district. He died in 1888, in Califor- nia, where he had gone on account of ill healtii. RoDXEY M. Stimson was bom in ]\Iilford, New Hampshire, October 26, 1824. He at- tended Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hamip- shire, during three years preceding 1845, when he entered Marietta College and graduated fromi that institution in 1847. He studied law, and in 1849 was admitted to the bar .at ^Marietta. Soon thereafter he removed to Ironton, Lawrence County, Ohio, and there es- tablished the Register, a newspaper which, as editor and proprieto-r, he successfully conduct- ed for 12 years. In 1862 he removed to ]Ma- rietta, and there edited and published the Mwictta Register during the 10 years follow- ing. In 18C9 he wias elected Senator in the Ohio Legislature, and was re-elected in 1871, serving four years. In 1877 he was appointed State Librarian, and for two years acceptably discharged the duties of that office. His resi- dence is at Marietta. He is a trustee of ^la- rietta College, to \\ hich he ga\-e a very \-alua- ble selection i)f Ijooks for its lihrarv. He de- votes his time to literary pursuits. He has been twice married, first in 1S51, and again in 1862. S.VML'EL S. Knowles, SOU of Sautucl and Clarissa (Curtis) Knowles, was born in Ath- ens, Ohio, August 25, 1825. In 1846 and the three years following he wa-s a student in the academy and the Ohio Lhiiversity, at Athens. After finishing his course of studies at the Uni- versity he read law with Lot L. Smith and L. Jewett, at Athens, and was admitted to the bar in 1 85 1. During the same year he was elected prosecuting attorney of Athens County, was re-elected in 1853, 'i^'J held that office for four years. In 1861 he remo'ved from Athens to Marietta, engaging in the latter place in the practice of his profession. In 1864 he was commissioned captain of a company in the i4Sth Regiment, Ohio' N^ational Guard, and served with his company, stationed at Ber- mjuda Hundred until September of that year, when the regiment was mustered out oi serv- ice. In 1864 he w;'s elected mayor of the city of Marietta, and re-elected in 1866, serving foiur years. In 1865 he was elected Senator in the Ohio Legislature from the counties of W'asbing'ton, Morgan, and N)oble, serving two years. In 1875 he Avas- elected judge of the Court of Comjmion Pleas, oif the Third Sub- division, of the Seventh Judicial District of Ohio, to till a vacancy caused by the resigna- tion Oif Judge Plants, and in 1878 he was re- elected for the full term oif five years. He was married January 22,, 1852, to Henrietta Devoi, youngest daughter of Capt. Charles De- vol, Oif Hockingport, Athens County. He died in Marietta in 1895. Thomas \\. Ewart, LI,. D., was horn February 2j, 18 16, at Grandview, Washing- ton County, Ohio. His mother, Mary Coch- ran, was a native Oif (A\'est) Virginia, of Scotch descent ; and his father, Robert K. Ewart, a Pennsyhanian, of Irish parentage. Tbomas received such earh- education as he conld olitain in the conunon schools of that date, in which he w as a diligent and ambitious student. Se])teniber ,:^o, 1831, he left school and farm, and hecamje an assistant in the office of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 455 clerk oif the courts of Washington County, where he improved his time not demianded in the office in studies under private instructors. He was appointed clerk of the co,urt oi this county in December, 1836, and continued in office until October, 1851. While still clerk of the court, he was elected to represent Wash- ington Cbunty and Morgan County in the Constitutional Convention of 1850, which formed the present constitution of Olliio, and was one of its youngest members. On the ex- piration af his term! as clerk of the court, he was elected Probate judge of Washington County, the first under thenew Constitution. - In the mieantime, while in the prosecution of official duties as clerk of the court, he had pursued a rigid course of legal study under Judge Nye, and when he attended the Consti- tutional Convention at Cincinnati, in 185 1, was admitted to practice in the courts of Ohio. He held the oftke of Probate judge one year, and resigned to practice his profession, in which he had a great degree of success, and attained a prominent position as a law- yer of recognized ability. Thoanas W. Ewart was an active partner in the following law firms, and was the lead- ing miember o>f all except the first, — to-wit — Clarke & Ewart ; Ewart & Shaw ; Ewlart, Shaw & Sibley; Ewart, Gear & Ewart: Ewart, Sib- ley & Ewart: and Ewart & E\\art. These were the leading law firms of Marietta for about 25 years. Mir. Ewart was a man of indefatigable in- dustry ; and spared no labor to make himself master of his cases. He was not a genius ; but he had made hard work do the part of genius. In politics he was a Whig, serviujg as chairman ot the central committee of the county for many years. At the organization of the Republican party, he identified himpelt with that party. As a citizen he was active. enter^)rismg, seeking the welfare of the community; espe- cially so in connection with the temperance and Sunday-school movements. A member of, and liberal contributor to. the Baptist Church, he was superintendent of the Marietta Bajitist Sunday-school 40 years, and deacon of that church 30 years. In 1838 he married Grace Diana, of New- port, who died in 1854: and in 1855 he niiir- ried Jerusha Ciear, daughter of Rev. H. Gear, late of Marietta, deceased. He moved from Miarietta to Granville, Ohio, where he died in 1881. William Iv. Richarusox \\as lx>rn in Washington County, Pennsylvania, May 25, 1824. In 1 84 1 he entered Washington Col- lege, and there pursued a three years' course of study. In 1846 he enlisted as a volunteer in the "Steiibenville Grays," a company raised for the IMexican War, and assigned to the Tlhird Ohio Regiment. i\fter his return from MIexico, he was engaged for several years teaching" in Brooke County, (West) Virginia,, and Harrison County, Ohio, and in the mean- time studied law with Allen C. Turner, of Cadiz, and was tliere admitted to the bar in 1852. In 1853 J^^ moA'ed from Harrison County to Woodsfield, in ^lonroe Qjiuity,, O'hio, and after a year's employment as prin- cipal oif the Monroe Academy, commenced there the practice oi law in partnership with. L. C. Wise, and afterwanl associated himself with h'.dward .Xechiinld. In 1855 lie was elected prosecuting attor- ney for Monroe County, and was re-elected in 1857, and again in 1859. In 1861, soon after the attack on Fort Sumter, he raised two comr- panies of volunteers, which were assigned to the Twenty-fifth Ohio Infantry, three years' service, oif which regiment he was appointed major, and soon after lieutenant-colonel, and with that rank ])rt>ceeded to the field. In 1862 he was proimoted to the colonelcy of his regi- micnt. In 1863. at the battle of Chancellors- ville. he was wounded in the right shoulder, and on account O'f the severity of the wound was an-in\-alid for eight months. In January, 1864, he was detailed as jjresident of a general court-niiutial at Camp CJiase, near Columbus, Ohio, and in February following was placed in contmand of that post. In October, 1864. he was elected attorney general of the State of 456 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Ohio, c'lnd it was his intention to retire from the army, but opon the urgent solicitation of Governor Brough, he resigned the attorney generalship and remlained in the service. The sanie year he was breveted brigadier-general. In 1865 he was ordered to Charleston, from thence to Columbia, and finally to Darlington, in command of the district of East South Caro- lina, in June, 1866. he resigned his position in the arm}'. In July, 1866, he was aippointed collector of internal revenue for the Fifteenth District of Ohio, and in Novemlber moved from Woodsfield to M'arietta. In Mtiy, 1869, he resigned his office oif collector, and then engaged at Mlarietta in the successful prac- tice of his profession as a lawyer. As a comr manding officer General Richardson possessed the confidence and esteem of his mien. His services in detached positions were frequently commended. He was connected proifessionally Avith \arious enteq:)rises, and 'was a director of the Cleveland I't Marietta Railroad. He was married in 1848 to Sarah E. Smith, of Brooke County, ( \\'est) Virginia, w'ho died at Marietta, Alay 11, 1879. He died at New- castle, Indiana, in 1886. D'.-\viD Alban studied law in the office of Hon. Samuel F. Vinton, of Gallipolis, Ohio. In the spring of 1855 he was admitted to the bar by the District Conrt sitting in Gallia County. In the sunamer of 1855 he remcn^ed to Marietta and commenced practice in part- nership with Hon. Arius Xye. In 1862 he volunteered as a private sol- dier in the United States service, and served with his regiment, until he was taken prisoner at Harper's Ferry, Sqitember 13, i86j, and paroled. In 1861 lie was elected prosecuting attor- nev of the county, and was re-elected in 1863, and in 1865. .'^erving for six consecutive years. For several' years he was associated with Hon. W. B. Lonmis, in the law firm oi Loomis & Al- ban, w'hich w as recognized as one of the leading law firms in the city. In 1879 he was again elected prosecuting attorney oi the county. He died in Marietta in 1S82. William B. Loomls was born in New London, Connecticut, February i, 1837. In the spring of 1840 he came with the family of his father, Christopher C. Loomis, tO' Marietta, Ohio, w'here his father engaged in the mercaji- tile business. He attended the Marietta Acad- emy, and completed his early education at the Marietta High School, having in 1853, gradu- ated with the first class of graduates from that school. After leaving school, he was en- gaged for a few months as merchant's clerk, after which he wias employed as deputy clerk of the Court of Common Pleas and clerk of the Probate Court oif Washington County, Ohio. During his clerkship in these courts, he studied law with Mjessrs. Clarke &• Ewart, and in April, 1857, was admitted to the bar by the District Court of Washington County. He thai en- gaged in the practice of his proifession at Ma- rietta, in partnership with Thomas W. Ewart, Esq., which relation continued until the fall of 1859. In the spring of i860 he became the law partner of Melvin Clarke, and so con- tinued until Colonel Clarke was killed in the battle at Antietanii in 1862. He was mar- ried October i, i860, to Harriet Frances Wheeler, daughter of F. J. WHieeler, Esq., o^f Marietta. In 1862 he was elected city solicitor oif the city of ^Marietta,' which office he held for four years. Fronij the spring of 1863 to May, 1865, he was associated with the late Judge Simjeon Nash, of Gallipolis, as partner in the practice of law at Marietta, when he became the law partner of Samuel S. KnoAvles, and so remained until June, 1868, at which time he was elected judge o>f the Coirrt of Comjmon Pleas O'f the Third Su/bdix-ision of the Seventh Judicial District of Ohio, and Iiekl that position for fi\-e years. In March, 1879, his wife died, and in lune, 1880, he was married to ]\lrs. C, N. Hodkinson, of Marietta. After his retireni'ent from the bench. Judge Loomis resumed the practice of the law in Ma- rietta, first as the saiior memllier of the firms of Loomis, Alban & Oldham, and Loomis & Alban ; and afterward alone. He built up a large business in both the State and Federal courts. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 457 Judge Loomis had what is properly called a fine legal mind — a mind acute, discerning, penetrating, and anahlical. He was a wide and intelligent reader, and not only absorbed but assimilated knowledge. He had a won- derful power of clear statement, which left no misty points. Taken all in all, he is be- lieved to have been the most profound lawyer that Washington County has ever produced. He died suddenly, in January, 1898. Henry Man.vsseh Dawes was Ixjm at Malta, Aljorgan County, Ohio, Marcli 11, 1832. He was the eldest son of the late Henry Dawes, a prominent and active citizai of that county, and a grandson of Rev. Manas- seh Cutler. His Ixn'hood was spent at Malta. AVhence he came to Marietta about the year 1850, and pursued a regular course at Marietta College, graduating in 1855. after which he studied law in the office of the late Hon. Davis Green, and was admitted to the Imr at the April temi of the District Court of Washing- ton County, 1858. He at once becauKe a part- ner O'f Judge Green, and continued in the practice at Marietta until his death, which -occurred August 13, i860. Mr. Dawes was endowed with a mind of unusual strength, quick perception, and fine reasoning powers, and his talents and acquire- ments gave promise of great professional suc- cess and distinction. Decended from a line of ancestors who pairticipated in the stormy events of the Revo- lution, he seemed to have inherited the pa- triotic spirit of that ])erio'd, and developed an early fondness for the study of the political history of the county, and for active partici- pation in political discussion. When yet a studait, he delivered a course of lectures upon the life and times of Henry Clay, the "Great American Commraier," in which he gave evi- dence that he comprehended the spirit of our institutions. He was also a frequent contri- l)utor to the local press on these subjects. A man of decision and firmness, unyield- ing where ])rinciple was involved, he was at the same time genial, generous, and courteous to all, and having a face full of tenderness and indicating a frank and kindly nature, he was one whomi to knowi well was lx>th to re- spect and love. His untimely death was the cause of general sorrow^ and regret, and de- prived the bar of a miember who would have honored the calling. Frank Buell was torn at Lo-well. Wash- ington County. Ohio, April 24, 1837. He studied law with Hon. W. Ai Whittlesey, of [Marietta, and in January, 1859, was admjitted to the l>ar. In 1859 he was elected prosecuting attorney of the county. In 1861, at the break- ing out of the War of the Rebellion, he re- signed his office as prosecuting attorney and w,&s commissioned as a captain of Comn>any B, 1 8th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, in the three months' service. Afterward, in the fall of the same year, from recniits re- siding on the bordei'S of Ohio and West Vir- ginia, he raised an artillery company, the "Pierpont Battery," and by the Governor of West Virginia was appointed and comjnis- sioned captain of the same. \\'ith his com- mand he was in the campaigns in \\'est Vir- ginia, under Gaierals Fremont, Schenck, and Sigel. was engaged in several severe artillery duels, and in the battles of Cross Keys, Port Republic ;md Cedar Moimtain. On the 22nd oi August, 1862, at Free- man's Ford, in Fauquier Count}-, Virginia, whilst engaged in an artillcrv skirmiish. a shell foin the eneniiy's battey struck the ground be- neath his horse, and, bursting, a piece passed through the horse and broke the Captain's thigh. T!ie horse fell dead across the Cap- tain's body, inflicting internal injuries from which he died in a few hours. Captain Buell, during his short career as a soldier, was the favorite with his command, and his services \\-ere highl_\- commended by his superior officers. His si)eedy promotion to a colonelcy of artillery was contemplated by the go'\-crnment. Walter BtKAHii.wi was born in Loudoun County, Virginia, Se])tcmil)cr 29, 1812. He obtained his ejirly education at the con^mon schools O'f that county, and commenced the study of law with William Benton, E.sq. 458 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, In 1835 he moved from Virginia to Ohio, and in Alorgan County, and afterward in Wasliington County, was engaged for several years in the business of teaching, merchandis- ing, and farming. In 1859, having completed a course O'f law studies, under the precqitoTship of Hon. Davis Green, of Marietta, he was admitted to the bar and comimenced the practice of law. , In 1867 he was elected prosecuting attor- ney of Washington County, and was again elected tr> the same office in 1871, and accq)t- ably discharged the duties thereoi until 1873. He continued the practice oif law here until his death in i88j. HiR.AM L. (lE.VR, son of Re\-. H. Gear, was 'horn at Marietta, Ohio, December i, 1842, prepared for college in the High School of Marietta, and entered Marietta College in 1858, and graduated therefrom in 1862. After acting as tutnr in Alarietta College for on.e vear. he read law. with Thomas W. Ewart, and then remo'ved to California, where he was admitted to practice 'by the Suprenije Court of that State. He was an energetic young man, of a logical turn of mind, and en- tered heartily intr> the active husiness life of the community; and, while at Ouincy, Plumas County, Califoirnia, was elected prosecuting attorney. Subsequently he became editor of the Piniiuis County Herald, at Quincy, Ca'i- fornia, which position he held until his return to Marietta in the fall of 1870. Here he again engaged in the ])ractice of law, as a partner in the firm Oif Ewart. Ciear & Ewart, and con- tinued in that business until the fall of 1872, when, impelled by the imipression that he ought to preach the Gospel, as his father had done, he left the law and became a minister, preach- ing at Newport, Ohio, Norwalk, Ohio, antl finally he was called to- the joosition oif superin- tendent of State missions of the Baptist de- nomination. Mr. (iear afterward retmaied tr> the jirac- tice of law ; and is miw a .successful practition- er and law writer in San Erancisco, California. Francis F. Oldham, son of Wylie H. O'ldham, was bum -it M'oundsville, (West) Virginia, March 3, 1849. He attended the Mor- ganto'wn (West Virginia) Academy during the four years preceding 1865, when he moved wjith his father to^ Marietta, Ohio, and in 1866 entered Marietta College, and graduated therefromj in 1870 with the highest honors of the class. He studied law with his father at Marietta, attended law lectures at Cincin- nati, and was admitted tO' the bar in 1872. Immediately after his admlission tO' the bar, he entered at Marietta upon the practice oif his proifession, the first year in partnership with his father and W. G. Way, as Oldham, Way & Oldham : for the next four years in partner- ship with W. B. Loomis, as Loomiis & Old- ham, and since 1876 in partnership with R. L. Nye as Nye & Oldham. In 1875 he was the nominee of the Deniio- cratic party for the olifice O'f prosecuting- at- torney of the county, and was elected, and re- elected in 1877. In January, 1876, he was married to Betty W. Lovell, granddaughter of A. T. Nye, O'f Marietta. Francis F. Oldham removed from Marietta to Cincinnati in 1888; and has since practiced law/ there with success. For several years past he has gi\-en much ot' his time toi legal work for the Unitetl States government, as special agent for the Comptroller of the Cur- rency. AxDREW ^^^ McCor.mick was tji>rn in Greene Count}', Pennsylvania, He came to Ma- rietta and published the Marietta Republican f(ir some years preceding the fall oif 1861, when he entered the mjilitary service, became captain in the 77th Reg., Ohio Vol. Inf., was wounded and twice taken prisoner dmang the war. In 1867 he was admitted tr* the bar in \\'ashingtO'n Cnunty. In 18(19 ''^ \^"'^-'' elected Frohate judge ot' the count}-, and was re- elected in 1872. He practiced law in Marietta. from 1S76 initil 1S78, when he removed tO' Cincinnati. John W. M'cCormick wtis born at Browns\-ille, Monroe Coimty, Ohio, December 25, 1850. In 18.69 he camie with his paraits AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 459 to Washington County, anil at Marietta pur- sued a course of ])reparatory studies. In 1S75 he was gratkiated at Marietta College. He commenced the study of law with Messrs. Loomis & .Mhan, and completed the same with M. D. Fnllctt, and in 187S was ad- mitted to the har. In the spring of 11^79 he commenced the practice of law at Marietta. He was prosecuting attornev of this coun- ty from 1884 to i8(;_'. lie died ;it Marietta, June t8. 1895. Sketches of other ])riinnncnt mcnihcrs of the l)ench and har may he iound in anntlicr part of this \-olnme devoted tn hidgraphies. CHAPTER XX. PHYSICIANS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Twelfth Medical Society — Attempts to Control the Practice of Medicine — The Personal Sketches. attempts to control the medicine. practice of For a time tlie Legislature of Ohio, largely through the intlueuce of Dr. S. P. Hililreth. attempted to control the practice of medicine and to prescribe definite rules which should prevent unqualified persons from professing to be physicians. Tlie following notices of differ- ent dates will show the workings of this law. After a time the Legislature found that in the warring schools of medicine it was as difficult to establish a school of one particular kind and exclude all others as it has already been found to establish a church of one particular faith and exclude all other sects, hence the well- meant laws for regulating the practice of medi- cine were repealed. I Si 8. MEDICAL NOTICE. Candidates for the practice of medicine and sur- gery are to he examined in Marietta, Nov. 5th, by the following Censors: Drs. C. F. Perkins, J. B. Regnier, S. P. Hildreth, J. Safford. J. Cotton, and C. Bierce. iV few weeks later it was announced that li- censes had been granted to (iiles B. Hemp- stead, Ebenezer Bowen, Charles Ulmer, and Alexander McMillan. THE twelfth medical SOCIETY. 1S24.— A law was passed at the last session of the General Assembly (1823-4) to incorpor- ate medical societies. Tlie members from Washington County to the Twelfth Medical District (Washington, Athens, Gallia, and Meigs counties) were Drs. John Cotton and S. P. Hildreth. The Twelfth Metlical Society of Ohio, which included Washington, Athens, Gallia, and Meigs counties, of which Dr. John Cotton was president, impi>sed these conditions upon the candidates in medicine, who were to present themselves at Reno's Tavern, No- vember 30, 1824. 1st. The Candidate shall have siiich an acquaintance with the Latin and Greek languages as is necessary for a Medical or Surgical education. 2d. He shall have studied three full years under the direction, and have attended the practice of some respectable Physician or Physicians, Surgeon or Sur- geons, as the case may be, during which time he shall have studied attentively the most approved authors in Anatomy, Chemistry, Materia Medica, Surgery, Obstet- rics, and the Theory & Practice of Medicine, provided, however, that if such Candidate shall have received a degree from any regular Collegiate Institution, within the United States, or elsewhere, he shall be required to study only two years. 3d. He shall, previous to his examination, produce to the Censors of the said society a satisfactory cer- tificate of his being duly qualified in the manner before mentioned, as also of his moral character. After examination, a Dissertation or Thesis on some medical subject will be required of the Candidate to be read before the society. Columbus Bierce, Sec'y. November ist, 1824. "medico chirurgic.\l." Waterford, Ohio, June i, 1827, — "At the Fourth Annual Meeting of the 1 2th Medical Sfxiety of Ohio, holden in Ches- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 461 ter, in tlie county of Meigs, on Tliesday, 29th Ala_\', iS_'7, the following husiness \\;i.s trans- actetl, x'\z: "Elected officers for the year ensuing, viz : Doctor John Cotton, President, Columbus Bierce, Vice-president, Ebenezer Bowen, Secretary, S. P. Hildreth, Treasurer, Censors. Ebenezer Bowen, S. P. I-Iildreth, George N. Gilbert, Columbus Bierce, Eli Seigler. "Dr. John Cottoii was elected a Delegate to rqjresent said Society in the General Repre- sentative Convention, to he holden in the town of Columilxis, on the Jud Monday of Decem- ber, 1827. "Dr. Abel J. Phelps was examined, ap- proved of. and licensed to practice Physic and Surgery, in conformity to law within this State. "William Thompsnn. of Alexander, in the county oif Athens, was elected to receive gratu- itous instruction at the M'edical College of Oihio, at the ensuing session. "The regular Physicians and Surgeons, au- thorized by law Within this district, to prac- tice, are Doctors John Cotton, S. P. Hildreth, Morris German, Elljenezer Bo^ven, Seth Hart, and George X. Gilbert, in Washington County. "Drs. Chauncey 1". Perkins, ColuirsPxis Bierce, Lewis W'olfley, Allen Y. Medbery. and Bildad Curtis, of Athens County. "Doctors James S. Hibbard, Fenn Robin- son, Eli Seigler, and .\licl j. Phelps of Meigs County, and "Doctors Xathan .\. ^^;clnt()sh, Zatu Gush- ing, and Felix Regnier, of (kiUia County, :ind "Eliphaz Perkins, Ezra Walker, Ethan Stone, and Fuller Elliott, homivary members. "Attest, "Ebenezer I'owex, "Secretary." Personal Sketclies. ] :be7. Tri-k, .son of Rev. Henry True, was born in Ilampstead, Xew Hampshire, in 1796. It was the practice of the time for clergy- men to instruct the youth and prepare _\-oung ir.en for college. Rew Mr. True had a class of this kind under his instruction. I lis son, Jabez, acc|un"ed sufficient knowledge of the languages to enable him to pursue a course of medicine with advantage. He read medicine in his native town, and completed his course near the close of the Revolution. He volun- teered his services as surgeon of a i)ri\-ateer and sailed for Euron^e. Soon after comintenc- ing the cruise, the vessel was wrecked on the coast of Holland, and the marines thrown on the mercy of the Hollanders. Dr. True re- mlained in Burojie until the cessation of hostil- ities, wF.en he returned to America and be- gan to practice his profession in Xcw Hampshire. Dr. True became a miember of the Gbio Conipany in 1787, and came to Marietta in the spring of 1788. He built a small log office on Muskingum street. The new country did not afford a lucrative ])ractice. but it was a fortunate circumstance that skilled physicians were present. He was employed at the opening of the Indian war as surgeon's mate for the troops and rangers, at a salary of $22 per month. During this tinie he also taught school a part of the tinie in one of the lilock-houses of the garrison at "the Point." Smallpox and scarlet fever broke out in 1790 and made it necessary for the doctors to visit the settlanents, wdiicb, during the Indian war, could onlv be done by water, as none but trained rangers trusted themselves to enter the roadless forest; visits at that time even by wbter were extremely hazardous, but tlie sick required, attention and Dr. True freciuently risked his life to respond to the calls of duty. Dr. 'iVue was celebrated for his kindness and syniipathy. So far as it was possible he patroi'.ized the iirejudices of his patient and never resorted to radical remedies, except in cases of absolute necessity. "The result of hi.s calm, deliberative judgm'ent was generally cor- rect, and his treatment of diseases remarkably successful, which was doubtless owing to its 462 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, simplicity, for it is a lamentable fact that too ni|any die from too mlany and improper reme- dies as well as from disease itself." Alfter the close O'f the Indian ' war, he im- proved a farm on the Ohio atout a mile from Marietta, and took an interest in agricultural pursuits. His practice e.xtended over a large area of territory, sometimes requiring him to ride 20 miles through forests and over bridgelcss streanis. The practice of medicine at that time was b}' no means lucrali\-e. The general poverty of the people necessitated low charges and in many cases no charges at all, neither for medi- ■ cines nor professional ser\-ices. Dr. I'Vue's devotion to the church can- not be omitted from any sketch of his life, ho\\iever 'brief. He joined the Congregational Church at an early peric;d of its organiza- tion and was for many years a deacon. His house was a home for itinerant preachers, and his purse always open to needy charities. Dr. True, for several of the last years of his life, served as county treasurer, a positiou which afforded hinn ease and a moderate in- come. In 1806 Dr. True married Mrs. Mills, the widow r>f Capt. Charles Mills, an amiable and excellent women. He had' no children, but the children of his wife were treated with, all the love and affection of a real father. He died during the q)idemic of 1823. Dr. Solomon Drown is known rather as a scholar and a man of letters than as a phy- sician. He came to M'larietta in the summer of 1788, and attended on, General Vamum, as counsel during his sickness. He was se- lected to pronounce the eulogy at his funeral, which was published at the time in New Eng- land. He also delivered the address at the first "Se\enth of April" celebration. About 1791 he was elected professor of botany and natural history in Brown University, O'f which he was a graduate. He filled the position for many years. Dr. Thomas F.\rley came to Marietta in the summer of 1788 as the attending physician of General Varnum, wiio died O'f consumption in January, 17S9. He was a son oif General Farley, of Ipswich, M'assachusetts, and studied medicine at Salem, under Dr. Holyoke, in 1782. Colonel Barker says of himi: "He was a modest, amiable young man, always ready to obey the calls of humianity, and had the good will and confidence of all who knew him." He soon became disconraged with the new coun- try and retiu'ued in the fall of 1790 to M}assa- chusetts. Dr. William Pitt Putnam, fourth son of Col. William Pitt Plitnam, and grandson of Gen. Israel Putnami. was born in Brooklyn, Clonnecticut, in 1770. He attended the sdioois of the neighborhood in the winter and worked on a farnii in the summer. He was placed under the tuition of Rev. Dr. Whitney at the age of 16, and pursued a course in Latin and other studies prelim|inary to reading medicine. At the age oif 18 he entered the oiifice of Dn Waldo, of Pomfret, the distinguished surgeon of the Revolutfon. He attended a course ai lectures at Camlbridge in 1791, and in 1792 camle to Marietta. He spait a portion od' his time at Belpre, wiiere his 'brother li\ed, Ixit the Indian war made general practice danger- ous and unprofitable. In 1794 Dr. Putnam re- turned to Connecticut, wOien he married Ber- thia G. Glysson, and in company with his father's family, camie to- Marietta in 1795. In 1797 he purchased the lot on the corner of Fifth and Putnam streets, on w^hich his broth- er David afterward built the Mansion house, now occupied by W. \\\ Mills. Dr. Putnam in 1799, having beconie dis- couraged, although lie was highly esteemed and had a fair share oi patronage, determined to give up practice and turn his attention to farming. He purchased 200 acres on the Ohia* River, eight miles above Marietta, and with characteristic energy, plied his hand in the clearing. The fatigue and exposure of forest life brought on bilious fever, oif wihich he died, October 8, iSoo, leaving no children to inherit his name or his fortune. His widow sdbse- quently married Gen. Edward Tupper. Dr. Josiah Hart. — A venerable physi- cian during the early period of M'arietta's ex- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 463 istence was Josiah Harl, wlio wias l)orn 111 I'.er- lin Connecticut, in 1738. He attended \ale a>lle^e 'for the purpose of preparmg tor the ministrv, but after -. Dr. Hart was one of the first deaconso-f the Cono-regational Church and was a consist- ent pious Christian. He had a strong love for' science and \Vas a regular attendant at the meetings of a chemical society, composed of i,hvsicians and others. This society met two oV three evenings in a week, where e.K- periments were exhibite.l and. lectures given. The seal of this society has lieen preserved by Dr. George O. Hildreth. . I Dr William B. Leon.-\RP was born m England, in 1737- a"'l ^^'^^ l>ied a surgeon. He was an associate of .Apothecaries Hall. London and in the prime of lite served as a suro-eon in the British .Armiy. In 1794 he de- termined to engage in woolen manufacture 111 Am-erica, and as machinery was at that time prohibited from being transported out f)f Eng- land Dr Leonard determined to clandestinely brin^^ it on the vessel on which he had engaged passage, but was detected and imprisoned. Having been di.scharged. he came to America in 1797 and engaged in medical practice m Massachusetts until 180 1. when he came to Marietta. Here he married Lydia Moulton, daughter of William.' AL'oulton, a highly re- spectali'le pioneer. • .,, ., Dr Iohx IS.M'TLSTK Rkgxier.— All the old citi;'ens of the 13iick Creek and Muskingum vallevs and of Marietta remember John Bap- tiste'R'egnier, and most of them cherish his memorv'as a person,nl friend. Medicine exerts a greater personal intkience over its patients than anv other profession. The iK;tienl who recovers fr.im a serions malady is likely to re- tcijn feelings oi the proforindest gratitude to- ward the nfan who has rescued him from pam or death. Dr. Regnier was born m fans m 17O9. His mother kqit a small store f.)r fancy good.s and is said to have been a very. handsome and stvlish woman. ' The familv was loval to. the government and to the king, and as a consequence were sufferers fronv the convulsions which revuhi- tionized France. j<»hn had acquired a good education and si)ecial .ittainments m architec- ture and drawing, which he intended to follow as a profession." Like all the T>etter class of French students, he had also attended scientific lectures, and had paid particular attention to the department of medicine. In 1791). when the young men were all called upon to enter the ranks of the revolutionists, the Regnier brothers, who were loyalists, decided upon leaving "the countv. John B., who. was 20 years old, and M'odeste, \\iio was 14, joined the coirjpany of emigrants who had purchased land from Joel Barlow, and came to the I'nited .States. Thev reached Marietta Octo- ber 16, 1790. After a few days they em- barkedOn boats, and proceeded to lands pur- chased from the Scioto Land Co.mti)any, and were among the founders of Gallipolis. H ax- ing lost their fortune, and dreading the In- dians, to whom thev were unaccustomed, the two lirothers left their forest home and went to New York. On their way up the Ohio their boat was upset and all their effects tlmnsn out. Among them was a curiously wrought octagonal cvlinder. which was after- wanffound in a sand'-bar below, and exhibited in an Kastern museum as a legacy of pre- historic art. 1m -r the next eight or 10 years Dr. Kegnier suffered varving but cruel fortune. But thc.se years of uncertainty and hardship threw hun into the profession for which nature had in- tended him. In the year 1802 he entered the office of Dr. Lemoine, his French medical friend at Wa-^hington. rennsylvania, and m 464 HISTORY OF MARIETTA -AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, 1803 came tti Marietta for the purpose of en- tering the practice. Mbnsieur Thiery, a French baker, sold him a lot in Fearing township, onto w/hich he moved and made im|pTo\'ements. It soon became known that he was a 'French doctor," and from that time on his practice grew, and his purse was filled. There was an unusual amo'unt of bilious fever, in the treat- ment O'f wHii'ch he was remarkably successful. He also' proved himself a skilled surgeon. One case particularly extended his reputation. A man had become caught in the ibranclies of a falling tree and was biaiised from head to foot. The i)ulsations of his heart had ceased and tl^e body was already cold when the doctor arrived. He ordered the attendants to kill a sheep and 'bring him the warm pelt as quickly as possible. The steaming skin was wrapped around the bruised and naked body, and a cure, which seemed almost miraculous, was accom])lished. In 1808. Dr. Regnier renroved to Marietta, where he had frecjuently been called as counsel, and attending physician. His practice was ex- tended over a wdde range of territory, and drew heavily on his physical powers. In Ma- rietta he becamie a great social as well as pro- fessional favorite. He was a cheerful and interesting talker, was full of sympathy and al- ways ready to give assistance. He purchased a six-acre lot and laid out the finest garden in the city. "It was a nvxlel frcHU wihich divers individuals inijproved their own and ultimately implanted a permanent taste for this refining art tn the citizens of Mjarietta." He was one of the original men\l>ers of the State Mledical Society, organized in i8i'2. In ]8i8 he v.-as elected County Commission- er. In 1 81 9 he sold his property in Marietta, to Dr. John Cottcm, and purchased 320 acres of land (lu Duck Creek. He built a flouring and saw-mill and a brick dwelling house. Up to that time the country was unimproved, 'Imt in a few years a prosperous settlennent had gmwn up. He left Marietta w^ith the inten- tion (if freeing himself of his lalborious prac- tice, but found it impossible. He was still called ujxtn by his old patrons, in sericnis cases, and his strong huniianity did not permit hini tO' refuse. Broken down by o\'er\v'ork. he dietl of bilioius remittent fever in Alugust, 1821. Dr. Hildreth, his contemporary and friend, has said of him : "Close discrimination and accurate ob- sevation of all phases and shades oi disease gave him wonderful tact in jirognosis, the base of all successful practice, while his knowl- edge of the proper remedies rendered him very successful in their application. His col- loquial jwwers were unrivaled, and at the bed- side his cheerful conversation, aided by the deq) interest he actually felt in the sick, with his kind, delicate manner of imlparting his in- structions, always left his patients better than he found them, and formed a lasting" attach- mpnt to his person in all who fell under his care. His death was lamented as a serious calamity, and no' physician in this region of the country has since fully filled the place he oc- cupied in the public estimation." Dr. Nathan M<;Intosh. — The subject o'f this sketch possessed the characteristic ener- gy of his family. He was the son of Col. William 'Mcintosh, of Needham. Massachu- setts, and born in 1762.- His father was a man of consid'erable local note, having com- manded a com|pany in the Continental Army, and subsequently served as colonel of miilitia. He was one oif the delegates in the convention in Boston, in 1788, on the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. Nathan Mcintosh, after receiving a suitalile education, studied medicine in Boston, and was admitted to practice in 1786. In 1788 he decided on going west, and started for M'airi- etta on horseback. When he reached Mead- ville, Pennsyhania. he was attacked with smallpo'x. and suffered severely fntm that loathsome disease. He practiced for a slmrt time at Hagerstowln, Pennsvlvania. and Clarks- bnrgh, (West) Virginia, and then came to Marietta in 1790. He received the appolnt- mpnt of surgeon's mate at the Waterford gar- rison at the salary of $22 a n^onth. He n>ar- ried, in 1792, Rhoda Shepard, daughter of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 465 Col. Enoch Shei)?.r(l, of Mlarietta, and grand- daugliter of Cjcneral Shepard. of Massachu- setts. In 1793 Dr. Mcintosh ilccided to accept an invitation e.Ktended by leading citizens of Clarksbnrgh to kxrate at that phice, and re- moved his family there in July, under escort of 15 soldiers. He was sckmi in possession of a large practice, but being full of adventure suffered a serious financial misfortune. He contracted to build a bridge across the Monon- gahela River at Clarksbtu'gh, and warranted it to stand a certain length of time. But soon after its completion, the wliole structure was swq:)t away during a freshet. Dr. Miclntosh returned to Minrietta in 1795 and resuniied ])ractice. His courtemis and obliging manner and skill as a surgeon won him a large practice. Jacob Young, the great itinerent Metho- dist, in his autojjiog-raphy. commends the kind- ness of Dr. Mcintosh in the m'ost feeling termjs. In 1805 the pioneer M'ethodist was stricken down by an attack of fever at a house where the surroundings were by no means pleasant. D. ALcIntosh took himi to his house and not only doctored but nursed him during a long term of sickness. In religion Dr. ISIcIntosh was a Halcyon, a sect embracing nearly the same doctrines propounded l>y the Second Adventists. He had pre\-iously been a Methodist. Hje wirote and lectured on religious and moral topics, being particularly se\'ere on the secret societies. He published a volume on the suljject of '"Scripture Corresjjondences." Dr. Mcintosh, about 1806, turned his at- tention to the manufacture of bricks and build- ing 'brick houses, working diligently in the brickvard anefore the Medical Society of Ohio, of which he w-as president, on the climate and diseases of Southwestern Ohio, which was printed. In 1830 Dr. Ilildreth commenced the col- lection of a cabinet of natural history. While out on his daily professional rides, he would stop to gather insects, shells, fishes, fossils, and minerals. He often employed boys in the 468 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, .cduntry to do this service for liim. When he returned fron: a drive, he was in the habit of picking out the specimens he desired to ilished, besides miany smaller articles were among the products of his pen. Rodney M. Stimson in summing up the character of Dr. Hildreth says forciljly ; "He looked on the bright side nf things — loved beauty, although of an eminently prac- tical turn of mind — was very fond of flowers, wdiich he cultivated diligently. Industry and system in all that he did may be accounted among his marked points. Besides his labor- ious inedical practice, he accomplished, as he himself expressed it, by 'saving the odds and ends of time." Without having a l)rilliant mmd he exemplified the fact that 'industry is talent.' He was exact in all his dealings, an honest man, a Christian. His was a complete life — he finished his work. "His life was gentle, and the elements so mixed that nature might stand up and say *-o all the world : This was a man." Dr. Hildreth's able and productive pen gave him an extended acquaintance among the scientific men of his day. He was one of the first pioneers of science west of the Alleghany Mountains and was regarded as one of the most acute observers of facts of his time. Prof. Benjamin Silliman, his warm friend, has written a feeling tribute to his memory: "In his private life he illustrated every vir- tue of a Christian gentleman. Bright and cheerful by nature, he loved nature with the simple enthusiasm of a child. Industrious and systematic in a high degree, no moment of life w^as wasted. In his family we have seen a beautiful example of domestic happiness and warm-hearted hospitality. He lived with na- ture and nature's God — and among the pat- rons and co-workers in this journal, who have left its founder almost alone, no one had shed a purer and more mellow light in the horizon of his setting sun — no one had departed more loved and regretted by the senior editor."' Dr. Hildreth died July 24, 1863, in his 80th year. He had been in his usual good health ; a well-preserved and happy old gentle- man until a few weeks before his death. He sank away gradually, his mental faculties be- ing preserved to the last. His funeral was on Sunday, July 26, the services being in the Con- gregational Church, of which he was a memlber. These last sad rites were conducted by Rev. Mr. Wakefield, of Harmar, and President An- drews of Marietta College. The following letters came into the hands of the editor in August, 1902, through the kindness of Dr. George O. Hildreth. We ap- pend them to the sketch already given of the life of Dr. S. P. Hildreth. City of W,\shington, .A.pril 2, 1855. Dear Str : J returned from Europe last September, having been abroad since April 19, 1849. I came to this city a few AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 469 days ago. and in a bookstore saw for the first time a work by you. entitled "Pioneer History of tiie Ohio Valley and the early settlement of the Northwest Ter- ritory." chiefly from original papers, etc. I purchased the book and' stibseciuently ascertained that it was the only copy for sale in this city. The published remarked that it formed the first volume of the transactions of the Historical Society of Cincinnati, and that llie man- uscript of a work containing "ample" biographies of the first settlers of Marietta and its vicinity, would be published as the second volume of the transac- tions. I enquired unsuccessfully at every bookstore in Washington but none had the book. I reques'ted Messrs. Taylor & Maury to purchase it for me in Plii'Iadelphia or New York and in a few weeks they returned answer that it could not be procured in either place. Happening to think of the "Omnium Gatherum" Collection of Peter Force, the Bibliomaniac of this city, I there found the book and subsequently I saw a copy in the library of the National Institute. Now as I wish to obtain the 2d volume of the Historical transactions containing as it does an imperfect sketch of my venerated ancestor, Geo. Parsons. 1 will thank you to inform me whether it can be purchased in New York or New England. I have read curiously the ist volume of 'Pioneer History of the Ohio Valley," and as you are disposed to render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, I beg leave to ask your attention to page 199 where you say: "The Board of Directors (.of the Ohio Company Associates) enqiloyed Dr. Cutler to make a contract with the Continental Congress for a tract of land in the great Northwest Territory of the Union. In July following (1787) the Doctor went to New York, and after tedious and lengthened negotiations succeeded in contracting for a million and a haJf acres for the Ohio Coiripany 'at two-thirds of a dollar per acre." Now my dear Sir, if the original documents in the handwriting of Samu'jl Holden Parsons, signed by him alone with his genuine signature, and preserved in the eighth vol- ume of the Washington manuscripts. Page 226 and 230 numbered 41. can be relied upon, the "Memorial to the Continental Congress for a grant of land" and prop- osition for the purchasing of land in the Western Coun- try was made by Gen. Sam. H. Parsons and presented by him as Agent of .Associaters and in behalf of the Ohio Company, May 8, 1787. The memorial was read May g and referred to Messrs. Carrington. King. Dane, Madison and Benson and acted on July 23, 1787 — I have a copy of the orig- inal documents in the handw-riting of Gen. Parsons. — Subsequently. July 21, 1787, "Proposals of Samuel H. Parsons and others for the purchase of a tract of land in the Western Territory" wiere introduced lin which Mr. S. H. Parsons as associated Agents — but Mr. Par- sons is first named and the memorial is filed and en- dorsed, "Proposals by S. H. Parsons. July 21." - So much for historical events based upon original vouchers. Please address me Middlelown. Connecticut, where I nou reside, and oblige. Yours truly. S.VNtUEL H. P.\r,SON?. I hope in a few week* to sec you in Marietta. M.\RIETTA. nth -Vpril. 1855. To S. H. Parsons, Esq. Dear Sir: Yours of the 2d inst. is at hand. The brief sketch I have given in the Pioneer History, of the purchase of lands by the Ohio, Company, is made on ihf authority of the original journal of their transac- tions now in the hands of W. R. Putnam, grandson of Gen. Rufus Putnam, one of the original Directors and superintendent of the settlement in Ohio. The journal says that on the 7th of March. 1787. at a irieeting of the company in Boston, it was resolved that three di- rectors be appointed for the company and that they make immediate application to the Hon. Congress for a private purchase of land. etc. When Gen. S. H. Par- sons, Rufus Putnam and Rev. Manasseh Cutler were named and chosen, this Board of Directors authorized Mr. Cutler to make a coivtract with Congress for a tract of land, for which purpose he left home the latter part of June, 1787 — called on Gen. Parsons at Middle- town, Conn., the 2d of July and "settled all matters with reference to my busmcss with Congress." He arrived in New York on the Sth of July and in the 53 Vol. of the A'. American Review, page 335 and onward, you will find the history of the "tedious and lengthened negotiations," contract with the Board of Treasury on which was based the purchase. "Ai a meet- ing of the Directors and agents of the Ohio Company held at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern in Boston, Aug. 29, 1787. the report of Mr. Cutler was read — That in con- sideration of the Res. of Congress of the 27th and 29th July. 1787 — he had agreed on the conditions of a con- tract with the Board of Treasury of the U. S. for a par- ticular tract of land containing in the whole as much as the company's funds w-ill pay for, should the sub- scriptions amount to one million dollars agreealily to the articles of association, at $1.00 per acre, from which price is to be deducted one-third of a dollar for bad lands and defraying expenses of the surveying," etc. Then follows the boundaries and other matters — "where- upon. Resolved, that the above report be received, the proceedings of Mr. Cutler be fully approved, Tatfied, and confirmed." While Mr. Cutler was negotiating for the purchase in New York, he had requested the Directors to associate with him in this transaction — Winthrop Sargent, Secre- tary of the Board — which was done. "Boston. .Sept. i. 1789. — At a meeting of the Direc- tors of the Ohio Company at Brackett's Tavern — pres- ent — Gen. I'utnam. Rev. Cutler and Gen. Varnum — Resolved, that Mr. Cutler and Winthrop Sargent and they each of them be authorized and cmixiwered to complete the contract made by them wiith the treasury Board of the U. S." .And then directs the treasurer of the company to pay the treasirry of the U. S. $500,000 on the order of either Cutler or Sargent. The deed of sale was made and executed the 27th of Oct. 1780. &c.. signed by Mr. Lee and Samuel Os- good for the U. States, and by Mr. Cutler and Win- NoTK. — The "immense old parchment" was left by William R. Putnam to the care of Marietta College. It is now in a frame on the south wall of the main library room. It confirms the statement of Dr. Hildroth. 470 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, throp Sargent for the company and is in an immense old parchment (see Note), now in the possession of \V. R. Putnam. I have thus endeavored to explain to .vou the grounds and atithority I had for saying that the contract with Congress for the Ohio Company lands was made by Messrs. Cutler and Sargent. There is nothing more recorded in the journal of the doings of your grandfather, Gen. Parsons, in 'this transaction, that I have seen : had I been in possession of the facts you have stated in your letter, I should certainly have taken pleasure in noting them in my history of the matter. Should a second edition of the work ever be re- quired, it w-ill be an act of justice to recall more fully the services of Gen. Parsons. If you can point out any way by which I can send you a volume of "The series of the hrst settlers of Ohio," I will do sn as I bave several small ones. Very truly yours, S. P. HiLDKETH. Dr. John Cotton was a physician well known and highly esteemed in his time, and is still remembered as a successful practition- er of physic and skillful surgeon. He was the son of Rev. Josiah Cotton, and was born in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1792. Rev. Jiisiah Cotton was a descendant of Rev. John Cotton, of Boston, and a graduate of Harvard College. Tire subject of this sketch entered Cambridge University at the age of 14 and graduated in 1810 with hniiorable standing in his class. He received his medi- cal degree at Cambridge in 18 14, and began practicing in Andover, Massachusetts. In 181 5 he married Susan Buckminster and came to Marietta, being attracted by the climate. In the latter part of the year he opened an office on the west side of the Muskingum, and soon accjuired a comfortable practice, which grew with age and experience. Dr. Cotton was an enthusiastic worker in the cause of religion. Immediately upon his arrival, he set to work at organizing Sunday- schools, and in 1816 one had been opened on the west side and two on the east side. He continued an enthusiastic Sunday-school worker and teacher. He accumulated a large collection of theological books, and at the age of 40 studied Hebrew that he might be able to understand more fully and explain tnore satisfactorily difficult passages m the Old Tes- tament. Dr. Cotton was ardent in his upinions. He soon became a local political leader, and in 1824 was chosen Representative in the Leg- islature. In 1825 he was chosen associate judge and filled the position until the time of his death. For a number of years he was chairman of the Whig Central Committee, and proved himself an adroit politician. He took delight in scientific studies, and often lectured in the Marietta Lyceum and the Young Ladies' Seminary. Astronomy was his favorite theme. He delivered an address in Latin on the occasion of the installation of the first president of Marietta College. He was one of the original trustees of the Col- lege and for many years president of the Board. He was also trustee of the Medical College of Ohio. He died unexpectedly af- ter a brief illness of three days, April 2, 1847. Dr. Jonas Moore was a native of New Hampshire, and was in the senior year at Dartmouth when his father died, necessitating his return home. He never went back tt> graduate. His whole family was soon after carried off by scarlet fever, and he came to Marietta where he taught school and studied medicine with Dr. S. P. Hildreth. He next went tO' Louisiana where he practiced for a number of years. He afterward became one of the leading physicians of Marietta, where he died in March, 1856. He was a trustee of Marietta College, and took deep interest in educational matters. He was of a scientific turn of mind and invented a number of me- chanical devices for use in surgery. He was highly respected as a man. Dr. G. M. p. Hempste.\d, who was a na- tive of Connecticut, came to Ohio in 1802, and found good facilities for obtaining an educa- tion in Muskingum Academy, where he was prepared for college. He was for a short time under the tutelage of Hon. Gustavus Swan, late of the Supreme Court, and Dr. Jonas Moore, of Marietta. He graduated from Ohio University, in 1813, being the first literary AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 471 graduate of that institution and consequently tiie first in Ohio. He received the degree of A. M. in 1822 and LL. D. in 1879. He be- gan the study of medicine in 181 3, and in 1 8 16 went to Waterford, where the spotted fever had become epidemic. He was there three or four months, and thence remo\-ed to Portsmouth, Ohio, where he was a prominent physician for many years. Dr. Morris Germ.vx was a native of Che- nango County. Xew York. He attended lec- tures and received a diploma in New York City. He located in Harmar during the epi- demic of 1823, and in a short time was in pos- session of a full practice, which he held until his death in 1835. Dr. German w-as a con- temporary of Hildreth and Cotton, and held an honorable standing in the profession. He died at the age of 39. Dr. Felix Regxier, the second son of Dr. J. B. Regnier, was born in Otsego County, Xew York, in 1801. When he was two year's old, his parents moved to iMarietta, Ohio, where he received a liberal education and be- gan the studv of medicine uniler Dr. S. P. Hil- dreth. He received a diploma from the Med- ical Society of Ohio in 1824, and in that year began the practice of his profession at Galli- polis, Ohio. In 183 1 he removed to Jackson- ville, Illinois, where he remained two years and then came to ^Marietta. He had an ofBce in Harmar and was regularly engaged in practice here until April, 1866. During the succeeding 1 1 years he traveled, in the hope of improving his wife's health. After her death in 1877, he remfj(\ed to Carthage, Illi- nois. Dr. Huc.u Trevor, a descendant of Sir Hugh Trevor, was born in County Down, Ire- land, in 1806. He graduated at Trinity Col- lege, Dublin, and at the College of Surgeons, Dublin. He afterward spent nine years in the hospitals of Paris. He came to ^Marietta in 1834. and began the [)ractice of mcdicmc. His medical knowledge was of a high order, and he had the CDUtidence of a large class. of peo- ple. While in Marietta he married Maria lloldcn, daughter of Josejjh Holdcn. In 1858 he removed to St. Joseph, Missouri, and in 1881 located at Quincy, Illinois, where he died in A])ril of that year. Dr. Shubel Fuller was I)orn in Canada in 1806. In 1818 his parents came to Mari- etta. .After passing through the schools of that ])eriod, he began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. John Cotton. He attended lectures at the Ohio Medical College, Cincin- nati, and opened an office in Marietta in 1835. Dr. Fuller w'as a successful physician, and conducted a large practice until the sickness which terminated in his death. Februarv 17. 1857. Dr. Fuller was a descendant of the Plymouth Rock family of that name. Dr. G. J. Stevens, an old practitioner, was located in Harmar for 13 years. He was a native of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, where he was born in 1805. He attended lec- tures at Fairfield Medical College, and re- ceived a diploma in 1827. He practiced in New York, and in Portage and Summit counties, Ohio. He died at his home in Har- mar in April, 1881. Dr. Wilson St.\nley was born and spent his early life in North Carolina, and gradu- ated from the Homeopathic Hospital College,, of Cleveland, Ohio. He practiced medicine for about 10 years in Marietta, and moved tO' Memphis, Tennessee, in 1866, where he died within a year. Dr. George O. Hildreth, son of Dr. Samuel Prescott Hildreth. graduated at Ohio University in 1829, at the age of 17. He en- tered upon a course of medical study under the direction of his father, and attended lectures at Transylvania University, Kentucky, where he graduated in 1835. He was regularly as- sociated with his father until the death of the latter in 1863. Since then he has been alone> occupying the same house and office on Put- nam street. His practice has continued over a pericxl of a little more than 60 years, with but a single intermission, during a period of four years — 1849-53 — which were spent in California. For the last five or six years failing health has compelled him to decline to visit patients. Until the summer of 1902 he con- 47-2 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, tinned to walk about the streets as actively as a man of 40, but since that time he rarely ven- tures beyond the door of his home. Dr. Josi.\h Dexter Cotton, son of Dr. John Cotton, was born in Marietta, Ohio, May 18, 1822. He graduated at Marietta Col- lege in 1842, being the youngest of a class of nine students. He began the study of medi- cine in his father's office, and after attending lectures at the medical college in New Orleans and the Ohio Medical College, received the de- gree of M . D . from the medical tlepartment of the university at Louisville. Kentucky, in 1847. He began practicing at Mount Ver- non Furnace, Lawrence County, Ohio, and there married Ann M. Steece. on July 6, J 848. When his father died. Dr. Cotton returned to Marietta and has been engaged in active practice ever since, except three years during the war, when he was surgeon of the 92nd Reg., Ohio Vol. Inf. He was brigade sur- geon of General Turchin's brigade at the bat- tle of Chickamauga and medical director of. the Provisional Division of the Army of the Cumberland and Tennessee at the battle of Nashville. He was a member of the Council of the city of Marietta for 10 years, from which he resigned to enter the army. Dr. Z. D. Walter succeeded to the prac- tice of Dr. W. Stanley in 1866. He was born of Quaker parentage, and spent his early life in Chester County. Pennsylvania. He re- ceived his education and afterward taught for two years at Westtown boarding school, a Quaker institution, and attended medical lec- tures at the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, where he received his degree in 1866. From that time he continued to prac- tice in Marietta until 1889, and in that year he removed to Pueblo, where he continues the practice of medicine and takes a deep interest in scientific research. At the present time he is enjr.yinsr his experiments in managing a new automobile. Dr. H. N. Curtis and his wife (the first lady physician in Marietta) occupv the old home and office of Dr. Walter in Marietta. Dr. Seth Hart was born in Berlin, Con- necticut, November 13, 1814, and came to Washington County in the spring of 1825, and' on the 9th of April of that year opened an office in Watertown. He remained in prac- tice until September 27th, when he returned to New York and attended a course of lec- tures at Fairfield. Dr. Hart practiced in Watertown from the spring of 1825 until 1836, excepting the time he was absent attending lectures in New York. Since 1836 his office (until his death in 1891) was located in Harmar, with but two breaks. In 1865 he was called to Tennessee to assist his son at the army hospital at Tullahoma. After the close of the war he remained two years. In 1869 he took charge of a mining enterprise in the Rocky Mountains and re- mained one year. Dr. Hart, ever after entering the prac- tice in 1825, made a habit of keeping and pre- paring his own medicines. His first experi- ence in compounding medicines was at a drug store at Palmyra, New York. Since then a long and busy life of practice gave him an inti- mate acquaintance with drugs and their use. During the period of his practice in this county — more than 60 years — Dr. Hart al- ways maintained the highest reputation for efficiency as a doctor and integrity as a man. His life was viseful not only to himself and family but also to the community which he served for more than half a century. His visits were an inspiration to thousands of fam- ilies in the hour of pain and distress, and his life was indeed an example of industry and uprightness. He joined the Presbyterian Church at the age of 16. When he came to Harmar, he united with the Congregational Church, where he held his membership until his death. Dr. Sam Hart was born in Watertown township in 1830. He completed his studies at Marietta Academy in 1849. ^"<^1 received a degree from the Medical College of Ohio in 1852. He began practice in Marietta in 1853. and has continued till the present time, e.xce])t during a period of four years of active AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 473 surgical practice in the army in charge of a hospital, and two years spent in Bellevue Hos- jiital. New York. Sketches of other prominent physicians and surgeons of Washington County will be found in another part of this volume devoted more extensively to the biographical history of representative citizens. CHAPTER. XXI. LATER HISTORY OF THE OHIO COMPANY. W'e lia\e describetl in a furiner chapter tlie early histDry of the conditional purchase made by the Ohio Company of Associates and the hard bargain Avhich was extorted from them by the Congress of the Confederation. In that first contract, it was expected that the company would buy 1,500,000 acres of land about the Muskingum, and pay for the sam^ $1,000,000 in cash or in the hard-earned cer- tificates, which they had received in lieu of money, from the government, for their ser- vices in the Revolution. The Indian war with its hardships and perils, and the subse- quent opening "f the large tracts of fertile land to the north and west, rendered it im- possible for the company to find a sufficient number of shareholders, at $1,000 each, to buy the full amount. There were but 819 shares subscribed and paid for. Finally Con- gress in 1792 directed that three deeds be given to the company, amountinig in all to i,- 064,285 acres, but really only 964,285 acres went to the shareholders, since 100.000 acres, w'hich by the way included nearly all the best land available at that time, west of the present Newport townshi]) line, were given in lots of 100 acres each to actual settlers whether they were members of the Ohio Company or not. In no sense could this "donation" tract be considered a jjart of the land sold to the Ohio Companv since it was paid for by the holders in actual militarv service in the militia in de- fending the frontier against the Indians, who were incited to make attacks by the British agents. Each shareholder recei\-ed one eight-acre lot near [Marietta ; one three-acre lot in the same vicinit}" ; one cit}- lot of one-third of an acre: one 160-acre lot; one loo-acre lot; one 640-acre lot; one 2(j2-acre lot; making a to- tal (if 1. 17.3 acres to each shareholder for the $1,000 he had paid to the government. These larger tracts were rarely occupied by those to whom they were first assignecl by lot. In the course of years they were bought up at a low rate by persons who' could afford to hold them,, in the hope that they would appreciate in val- ue. Besides the money which the sharehold- ers had paid to the government for the land, they had expended large sums in making the settlements, providing for the general defense and the welfare of the pioneers, and in carrying out the surveys and allotments. The total amount of these expenditures was very large and a giievous Inu'den upon men who had spent so long a time in the jjrime of life in the ser\ice oi their country. In I Si 5 Gen. Rufus Putnam advertised a final dixidend of the Ohio Company, — a pay- ment of $3.75 to each one of the sharehold- ers who had contributed so much to the com- mon fund, but it seemed as if the final settle- ment never would come, as the following ex- tracts from Marietta papers of later date will abundantly show. Among these assets of the company were 43 Loan Office Certificates. ff)r the sum of $400 each, issued by authority of Congress and countersigned "by order of J A. Treutlen, Governor of Georgia" by E. Da- vis, Jr. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 475 Xahum Ward, believing that these certifi- cates, whose genuineness was be\und dispute, represented a just claim upon the government, bought up the shares of the Ohio Company and in its name presented a claim against the _government. The suit was continued after his death, according to the directions of his will, by his son, William S. Ward. In 1870 it was decided by the Supreme Court that there was no legal claim on the part of the plaintiff against the United States govern- ment and thus we may say that at this late date the affairs of the Ohio Company were finally settled. NOTICE OF A .MFKTING OF THE PROrKIETORS. Whereas, The Interests of this Company are multi- farious, scattered and unsettled. — The Resohitions of January 1796. passed at the last meeting of the Ohio Company, in this piace. making a provision for a speedy, final settlement and division ot the residuary property, then in the hands of Benjamin Tallmadge. Esq., Treas- urer of said Company, not having been complied with — as there are now in said Treasurer's hands, belonging to said Company, Loan Office Certificates, issued by order of Congress, dated 23d Dec. 1777, on interest at 6 per cent, per annum, for the sum of .'P17.200 — And as there are also 6,400 acres of Land in the Ohit> Com- pany's Purchase, belonging to tlie .-hareholders {S17 in number) yet held in common. Therefore — the undersigned — owner and proprietor by Deeds of one hundred and fifty-two shares, and special .'Attorney for sixty-five other shares — Gives No- tice that there will be a meeting of the Proprietors of shares in said Company, by themselves or legal repre- sentatives, on the 3d of July next, at 3 o'clock P. M. in the Exchange Coffee House, Boston — for the purpose •of adopting such measures in regard to the interests of the Company as may then and there be resolved upon. X.\HUM W.\RD. Ohio Company Land Office. Marietta, O., May 12, 1831. P. S. — Powers of Attorney to present shares in said meeting. po.stage paid, directed to me — care of .\. H. Ward, K<:r|. Custom House, Boston — will claim my special attention. Marietta, Ohio, Xovember 10, 183 1. — "At a meeting of the Shareholders of the "'Ohio Company,' held this day, at the Court House, by adjournment from time to time, of a meetinig of the shareholders of said com- pany, at Boston, Mass., July 5, last past, at which Temple Cutler, Esq., of Lynn, was ap- pointed Chairman, and John Skinner, Esq. of Boston, Secretary, and of which notice was given in the newspapers ; and the proceeding at Boston published, and forwarded to all the proprietors known to the members at said meeting. — Temple Cutler, Esq. resumed the Chair, and William A. Whitney, Esq. was ap- pointed Secretary. "Tlrree hundred and twenty shares was represented as follows : Hon. Levi Barber. 8 Col. Joseph iSarker, 9 Nahum Ward, 230 Ephraini Cutler, iS Temple Cutler, 44 Wni. Skmner. 10 Wdliam A. Whittlesev, I- "There not appearing at this adjourned meeting a majority of shares, as was fully anticipated, and not being disposed without further trial, notwithstanding the apathy of many shareholders, to abandon the interest we have in the undi\-ided property of the com- pany which cannot be obtained without a ma- jority of the whole number of shares: There- fore, Rcsck'td, l^hat when this meeting is adjourned, it be to the fir-t Wednesday of Mav next, at this place, at ,3 P M. "And it was ftuther Resolved, unanimously. That Temple Cutler, Na- hum Ward and Joseph Barker, Esquires, be and are hereby appointed a committee to make a concise state- ment of Dhe misettled affairs of the "Ohio Company," and communicate the same to the shareholders, in such manner and form as shall be in their opinion most for the interest of all concerned: that those .sharehol- ders, not represented at this meeting, may, if possible, be induced to be represented at the adjourned meeting in May next, that the unsettled affairs of this company may be legally and finally closed. "This meeting was then adjourned to the first Wednesday of May next, at 3 P. M., in this place. "Temple Cutler, Cluiiniiaii. "\\'.\r. A. Whittlesey, Sccrctarw" Marietta, November 15, 1831. "To the Shareholders, or Their Lci^al Repre- sentatives, in the Ohio Company. "The untiersigned, proprietors and share- 476 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, holders in the Ohio Company of Associates, which was first organized at the Bunch of Grapes T!avern,at Boston, in 1786, having been appointed a committee to lay before you a con- cise statement of facts, relative to the unsettled affairs of this Company, that you may more fully comprehend the objects which we hav^e in view, it will be necessary to a correct under- standing of these matters, that we give an historical sketch of the Company from its for- mation. "In the organization of the company, the following named gaitlemen ajipeared as agents, and represented the number of shares against their names, viz. : Joel Barlow, 19 shares. William Corlis, 100 shares. .\rch. Crary, 15 shares. M. Cutler, 86 shares. Ephraim Cutler, ij shares. E. Downer, 18 shares. E. Harris, 31 shares. Henry Jackson, 13 shares. John May, 35 shares. S. H. Parsons, 01 shares. Rufus Putnam, 59 shares. Winthrop Sargent, 148 shares. E. Sproat, 43 shares. .V. Freeman, g shares. Eenj. Tupptr, 30 shares. "The proprietors by these Agents appoint- ed the Rev. Mr. Cutler and Winthrop Sargent, Esq., to contract with the Government for i,- 500,00 acres of Land, and appointed Richard Piatt, Escp, of New York, their Treasurer. "A contract was entered into by the par- ties on the 27th of October, 1787, for 1.500,- 000 acres. Subsequently a patent was then taken out by the Directors of the Company for 750,000 acres only, in the present district of Marietta, Ohio. In 1793, Mr. Piatt failed, and sunk a large sum for the Company. In the same year, Benj. Tallmadge, Esq., of Litchfield, Conn., was chosen as Treasurer, and all the stocks, notes, and effects, in the hands of Mr. Piatt belonging to the Company, together with 43 Loan Ofiice Certificates, the private property of Mr. Piatt, paid to the Com- pany to make good, in some measure, the loss they had sustained by him, were placed in the hands of Col. Tallmadge. "About this period, Col. Hamilton, hav- ing established the Funding System, the Di- rectors of the Company advised the turning of the stocks and effects of the Company in the hands of the Treasurer into cash, and to make arangements with the Government, whereby no more land should be patented to the Direc- tors in trust for the Company, than could be covered with the army warrants, then on hand. This arrangement was effected, and two di- vidends were made of the funds prior to 1796.' The army warrants covered a tract of 214,205, acres, which was locateil on the w"est and north side of the first purchase, in ten townships. "By the ordinance of Congress of May,, 1785, it is therein enacted, there shall be re- served. Sections No. 8, 11, 26 and 29, for fu- ture disposition of Congress, and Section 16, for the maintenance of public schools. In the Contract with the Agents of the Ohio Com- pany, Oct. 1787, by the Board of the Treas- ury of the U. S., it was expressly stipulated that in each township, or fractional township, Sec. 16 should be reserved for' schools, and Sec. 29, for the purposes of religion. The Patent for 750,000 acres contains those reser- vations ; but in the second Patent there are no- reservations whatever. At the last meeting of the Company, January, 179*'), the Agents made a donation of Sec. 16 fur the use of schools, and 29 for the purposes of religion in the ten townships last patented, before a division was made of the land among the Shareholders, that these townships should not lae disfranchised of their rights : and then they petitioned Congress for twenty Sections in lieu thereof, which, if granted, were tO' be sold for the benefit of the shareholders. What be- came of the petition to Congress, which is mentioned on the books of the Company, we have no knowledge. "In April, 1802, Congress ordered other lanils equivalent to Sec. 16, out of the reserve lands, to be given. And by Act of Congress, March, 1803. it was enacted, that the Sections of land heretofore promised for the use of Schools, in lieu (if such of Section 16 as have been otherwise disposed of, shall be selected AND REPkESENTATIVE CITIZENS. An by the Secretary of the Treasury out of the unappropriated land, most contiguous to said Townships, which was done accorcHngly and is recorded on the books of the Treasury. The several townships accepted of huuls given by Congress in lieu of Sec. i6, is the undivided property of the Company. The Company have a fair and just claim on Congress for ten Sections oi land, in lieu of the ten sections, 29, disposed of by Congress. "There are also se\'eral tracts of undixided common land, at the mouth of the Big HiKk- ing River, and in the vicinity of Gallipolis ; — in all there is a fair and undivided claim of about 13,000 acres of land, which is a claim too large to be lost sight of. "We will now remark upon the Treasury affairs of this Company. By referring to the resolutions of the Coniipany, January, 1796, w^e find Col. Tallmadge was authorized to sell and dispose of all the funded or unfunded stock belonging to the Company, on the best terms he could, without limitation of price, and pe- tition Congress or otherwise to obtain the payment of the Loan Office Certificates, which were received of Col. Piatt, and when the Treasurer had turned all the stock, notes, and accounts, and other funds of the Company into cash, he be directed to make a final divi- dend of the same. Aiuditors were appointed to examine and report to the Superintendent, Gen. R. Putnam, a final settlement of the Treasurer's accounts, when requested so to do by the Treasurer, agreeable to the resolutions of 1796; and, by the same resolutions, the Su- perintendent was requested to deliver up the Treasurer's bond, and all receipts liy him given for any effects belonging to the Com- pany, when a final settlement was ready to be made, and dividend declared to the sharehold- eis. The Treasurer's final account, as pre- sented to Gen. Putnam Oct. 1804, is a very ambiguous document, which, by its own show- ing, was not final, as the Auditors say, 'We find a balance of $818.12 due said Treasurer, which balance together with the interest aris- ing on the same from the date hereof, he is at liberty to take and apply, from the avails of the first property he may receive in behalf of, and on account of the Ohio Company.' "On the presentation of this final account to Gen. Putnam, the Treasurer demanded his bond and receipts, (jen. Putnam informed two- of this Comnuttee, that he perem])torially refused to deliver up the bond and receipts of the Treasurer, but would hold them, as a sac- red deposit for the shareholders to rest upon, until a fair and full development was made of the whole property in Col. Tallmadge's hands, and a final account of it rendered, agreeable to the resolution of 1796. "It is well, however, that the frcciucnt cor- respondence was carried on between the Su- perintendent and the Treasurer from 1804 to about 1814 — upon the subject of funds in the Treasurer's hands subsequent to the 3d divi- dend being declared, and the rendition of his final account; when Cnl. Tallmadge proposed* that he would divide among the shareholders the further sum of $3,073 — to this Gen. Put- nam W'Ould not accede, but demanded, from his knowledge of the funds, a dividend upon the capital of $6,241 — and tO' Gen. Putnam's agency Col. Tallmadge paid a dividend on this sum being %'/.']('i per share, ten years after his final settlement, and the demand of his bond and receipts, as some of the committee have heard him say, and have received dividends of him accordingly. "What sum formed the capital, when the 2,(\ dividend was declared, has never been made known to the Agents, nor is it known what properly or effects were remaining in his hands on presenting his final account, out nf which, some ten years afterwards, he ackmiwledged the sum of $6,341 to Ije in his hands — no ac- count has been stated fir rendered since 1804, to our knowledge, yet immediately upon the death of Gen. Putnam, in 1824, Col. Tall- madge again demanded his bond and receipts and (ien. Putnam's Executor gave them up. "The Loan Office Certificates, 43 in num- l)er for $405 each, dated 23d Dec. 1777. made payable to Thomas Stone or bearer, on the first of Dec. 1781, with interest annually, at the rate of 6 ])er cent, signed, Samuel Hille- HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY gas. and countersigned E. Davis, were pre- sented at the Treasury of U. S. Dec. 226., 1781, and the interest paid on 31 of the 43 as certified by Samuel lilillegas, Treasurer. Those certificates now in the hands of Col. Tallmadge, Treasurer of the Company, and which he acknowledges belong to the Com- pany, were presented at the Treasury in 1792 to l)e funded, but refused for some informal- ity. Ci.l. Hamilton, in his reptjrt to Congress '92, said 'It would be a hardship to individuals; who, upon the payment of the interest have been induced to become the purchasers of those certificates for a valuable consideration.' Tt remains for the Legislature to decide how far there are considerations strong enough to induce a special interposition in their behalf.' He says further — 'There is no evidence that the Certificates were issued for any purpose of the United States.' Since that period, ev- itfence has been obtained from Gentlemen of' the highest standing, and familiar with the transactions of the Revolution, that they were legally signeid and tountersigned — and paid out in Georgia for the subsistence of the Con- tinental Army. Setting aside whatever claims there may be upon the Treasury for funds many years on hand, and not distri- buted, the Loan Office Certificates, and the undivided lands together with the claims on the Governmait for the ten Sections will, when turned into money, make a sum worthy the attention of every shareholder. ;, "Fr(im the foregoing considerations we cannot but urge the shareholders by themselves or proxy to be represented at the adjourned meeting on the first Wednesday in May next. Without a majority kcal proceedings cannot be had. "We are respectfully, your ob't serv'ts, "Temple Cutler, "L. Barber^ "Ephraim Cutler, "Nahum Ward, "Joseph Barker. "P. S. We are in justice bound to say that Nahum Ward, Esq., has been assiduous- Iv stri\'ine for manv \'ears. at a heavv ex- pense, to bring this concern to a close — and had it not been for his indefatigable exertions and unwearied attention the claims of the Company, set ftirth in this report, would have been forever lost. "The undersigned ha\e jjlaced unlimited confidence in Air. Ward in the management of this concern, having, each of us, given him power to act for us when we are not present. "Temple Cl'tler, "E. Cutler." "attention, late OHIO COMPANY. "Among the articles received Ijy the Direc- tors of the late Ohio Company from Colonel Piatt, the first Treasurer of said company, to- wards the payment of -the balance of his debt, were a number of Loan Office Certificates. These were duly deposited in the Treasury Department, to be funded ; but on examination they were rejected, from some supposed in- forniiality in their issue. Application was then made to Congress to have them assumed and paid by the Government ; and although re- peated applications have been made to Con- gress, nothing favorable has yet resulted. "Being very desirous to close this business, I deem it proper to make the following pro- posal. Each Loan Office Certificate for divi- sion, being for $400 principal, it has been found utterly impracticable to divide them among more than 800 proprietary shares. If then the proprietors, or legal representatives of twenty-one proprietary shares, will unite and authorize some person to present their claims, the same being substantiated and al- lowed, said Agent or Attorney shall receive one of these Loan Office Certificates of $400 principal, for every twenty-one proprietary shares. The original agents are already au- thorized to draw for their whole agencies : Ijut no evidence of title to draw dividend, already paid, will be sufficient to substantiate a claim for the Loan Office Certificate, as those vouch- ers are filed away among papers and accounts closed. "To save much trouble and expense from a AMD REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 479 personal application, and to obviate the incon- venience arising from my occasional absence, I would recommend George C. Woodruff, Esq., Attorney at Law, and Post M'astcr at this place, as a suitable person for the com- plainants to appoint to transact their I)usiness with me. "Holding a few small unclaimed dividends, of long standing, belonging to said ]jroprietors, this may notify all original proprietors afore- said, or their legal representatives, whose di- vidends remain unpaid, that I wish them to apply for the same, through the said George C. Woodruff, or in any other way that shall be agreeable to themselves. No application to me, through the mail, will be noticed, un- less the postage on the same is paid; and in exery application the original proprietary sliare and agency must be particularly noticed. "Benjamin Tallmadge, "Treasurer late Ohio Company. "State of Connecticut, "Lilchiield, April 22, 1834."' CHAPTER. XXII. REMINISCENCES BY COL. JOSEPH BARKER. Sketch of Col. Barker's Life — The Early Courts — Store Supplies — Ship-building — The French Emigrants — Indians Dissatisfied — Scarcity of Food — Why the Indians did not Keep the Treaty of Harmar — Building of the Block-houses — Big Bottom Massacre — Wolf Creek Mills — Provisions for Defense — Indian Alarm — The Garrison at "The Point" — Indian Troubles — First Enlistment of Men for the Indian War — Cultivation of Land Encouraged — Belpre — Upper and Lower Settlements — Reminiscences of Prominent Persons of the Early Settlements. Colonel Joseph Barker was born in New Market, New Hampshire. September g, 1765. He was educated at Exeter Acad- emy and afterward learned the trade of a car- penter. In 1789 he married Ehzabeth Dana, daugh- ter of Capt. Wilham Dana, of Amherst, New Hampshire, and with his father-in-law came to the new settlement on the Muskingum. Their mode of conveyance as far as Simrell's Ferry was an ox team ; at the ferry they were joined by Isaac Barker from Rhode Island and Thomas Stanley of Connecticut. The three friends built a boat and in it floated down to Marietta. Throughout the time of the In- dian war. Colonel Barker remained at Mariet- ta ser\-ing in the militia and working at his trade. In 1705 he ni;i limught out [larties, but for what particular jmrpose. it was diiticult to ascertain. The Martpiis got a house in the Campus Martins and had a number df domes- tics. M. Debutts resided at "the Point:" oth- ers at Fort Harmar. Toward spring, they began to scatter: the Marquis, Debutts and some other gentlemen went over the mcjuntains and Ijack to France; quite a luimber went to Gallipolis: some to Canada: some staid al.iout Marietta, and got "donation" lands. 1 suppose they had been defrauded in their purchase of land: they were disap])ointed — put out — and ill-natured; they grumbled: they Sacrc Foiitcrcd the Yankees; they jabbered ; there might have been more tongues in Babel, but they never went faster; take them all together, they were a trifling ac- quisition to our settlement. I.XDIANS DISSATISFIED. I was not in when the Indians were in for a treaty in 17S8, and where they remained till the treaty was signed, the 9th of Januarv, 1789. I arrived in Marietta, Xoveinher i, 1789: I wfeis informed ( I^y the concurrent tes- tinwxny of all the inhahitants) that the Indians came in dissatisfied and uncheerful to the 484 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, treaty ; tliey con-yilained of l>eing duped and decei\-ed i>y the remto\-al of the place of hold- ing the treaty. Tlhey expected the treaty to have heen holden at Fort Lawrence, on the Tuscarawas : it was Lawrence township ; the north side oif the Tluscarawas was a county, wihere a fort had been buiilt and armed and garrisoned with a lieutenant's command; but circumstances convinced the Governor that it was unsafe to hold a treaty in the center of the enemy's country, as the Indians were strongly suspected of a design of cutting oi¥ all the whites with the garrison that were as- semlbled for a treaty. General Harmar sent a party of soldiers in the Ohio Company's boat — '"Mayflower" — who propelled her up the Mfaskingunl, and brought off the garrison, arms, provisions, for the treaty down to Fort Harmar. As the Indians came in to the treaty, they enilployed themselves in hunting and dis- turbing the game fou' which they had no use (they drew rations from the public) except for the skins of the deer ; so great was their industry and perseverance that in the fall and winter they brought in deer and turkeys and piled them> up on the banks of the Muskingum, west of Doctor Cotton's, like a rack o^f hay, until the inhabitants were obliged to assemble and throw then^ into the river to abate the nuisance. The carcasses left about the woods brought in the wolves and panthers, and de- stroyed all deer. (A man by the name of Bagl}- coming fromi Wolf Creek, toward spring, one cold, snowy, frozen afternoon, was attacked by a large gang of wolves who drove his up a tree, where he had to sit and play the fiddle for them until they saw fit to leave him next day). When interrogated why they de- stroyed and wasted the game, the Indians an- swered they meant to "destroy and starve out every white-face north of the Ohio." Tliey frequently alluded to the prospect of repos- sessing their lands, and recovering their hunt- ing-ground. One old Indian, when he drew his blanket, threw it over his shoulders, saying he had got his corn-field on his back, but he would have it to walk on next year. SCARCITY OF FOOD. It was said there were better than 400 In- dians — nien, women, and children — and so thoroughly did they destroy the game, within ID miles of Marietta, that barely a deer could be seen where before a good hunter could kill fromi 10 to 15 of a day; I have heard Hamil- ton Kerr (who hunted for General Hannar and supplied his garrison with wild meat the year previous) say that the hills betw.een the Muskingum and Duck Creek were the best hunting-ground he had ever seen, and he could leisurely kill 15 deer of a day, and fret^uently of a morning. The Indians were burning the w;oods every year to keep dowai the under- growth and made gfX)d pasture for the deer, and good hunting for themselves. T'o the cir- cumstances of the Indians destroying nearly all the game in the neighlx)rhood, combined with that of a severe frost in the early part of September, 1789, may be attributed the very great scarcity of bread and meat in the spring and summier of 1790. Many families were destitute of cows ; there were a few yoke of oxen, which could not be spared from clearing and the plow ; and no^ young stock except a few breeding sows. A large majority of the emiigrants had literally strewed all their mioiiey on the moimtains, and in the enjoyment that they had got to the "Land of Promise" they forgot to provide for the future; in fact there was very little to be bought, for those who had money. Where wild meat had formerly been very plenty, there was very little brought in; some few from over the Ohio; 'but those who had not means could not buy, and by the mid- dle of May the majority of peoj^le were out of bread, meat, or malk, and especially those families — the largest and most necessitous — where poverty, improvidence and scarcity nteet; charity and tenevolence only could give relief. It was no time for catch-penny and chuck-farthings. Genuine hospitality pre- vailed ; those who had, dealt out freely but sparingly, without money or price, to those who had not, which soon brought on a gen- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 485 eral scarcity ; then the most free-handed adopted the strictest economy, and manage- ment that they might assist the needy ; nettles were the first herbs up in tlie spring, and were freely used ; next, pig-weed and poke sprouts. The latter part of JM'ay, General Putnam wrote on to Col. R. J. Meigs to "open a hole of potatoes" he had at the Campus Martins and "distribute them among the people for planting at 50 cents." Tliey were all taken in a few hours ( although very much grown, they answered well for planting). When the pota- toes were up, the tops were used for greens; coffee, tea, and sugar were out of the ques- tion ; spice-bush and sassafras were the com^ men drinks ; some mjaple sugar was made, but mtost people were not prepared for want of metal to boil in — in this way, the people got along until the season brought relief in squashes, beans, then potatoes, then green corn, which was considered a complete relief, and then wheat harvest, and tlie hand mill was considered a luxury. It was the fore part of June, 1789, before the great cornfields on the plains extending from near the Wilcox house up to Washing- ton street, containing 70 acres, were fenced, grulbbed, and girdled and fit for planting; all hands had been employed during the summer of 1788, and most part of the winter, in the employ of the United .States siu"veyors in building log cabins, sawing planks, and putting up the block-house, and other buildings in the Campus Miartius, for the Ohio Company — in building a large, heaivy bridge across Tiber Creek, where the stone bridge now stands ( from which a niian by the name of Lot Cheevers, goldsmith from Boston, fell and lost his life) — until it was too late to think of clear- ing and fencing; there were sniall patches of bottom land which were too much shaded for cultivation. A large nuni'l^er associated to gether to go to work and inclose a large field on "the Plain" and each one occupy in pro- portion to labor he put in, to prepare the field for planting; the field was planted with a great variety of vegetables and would have yielded a fair return, had the frost held off as in or- dinary seasons. But the crop being planted late, and the frost coming early, the whole was in- jured; the appearance of some of the corn in- duced a belief that after l>eing dried through the winter it would do to eat; but, on making bread of it in the spring, it prcxluced an effect .siniiilar to "sick wheat." Charles Greene had a crib at Belpre of 30 bushels which had the appearance of being good, but on trial none could cat it ; it even made the hogs sick. Corn soon rose, in Merietta, from 50 cents to $1.50 and $2 a bushel. Here Mr. Williams' benev- olence stepped, in o^ which you are sufficiently acquainted. Capt. Jonathan Devol and Isaac Barker got into a canoe and came up to Mr. Williamls'; the}- had half a guinea in gold; they told him, their families had no bread and the}' came to get the worth of their money in corn. "How many is there of you " said Mr. Williams. "Rising of 20," was the reply. "Dang it" — says the old man — "there's a heap of you; but you must have half a bushel apiece;" and they had. At a meeting of a small circle of elderly ladies, the most reputable and indqjendent the country afforded, while discussing over the collapsing times — over a cup of spice-bush tea, and ai piece of dry johnny-cake, without meat or. butter — mutually agreed that should they li\-e to see the return of a bare comlfortable plenty, they would never again find fault or even complain of their living. WHV THE INDI.VNS DID .NOT KEEP THE TRE.\TY OF HARM.\R. I am not enough acquainted with the rela- tive transaction of the parties of that time to be able to make up anything like a correct opinion ; but think it probalile the reason may lie found in the circumstances that the Western Indians were continually comjiiitting dqjredations on the south side of the Ohio River until the commencement of hostilities ; that the Mianiis and Wabash Indians utterly refused to come into the treaty, which was the cause of con- siderable difificulty l^etween them and the Wyandots and Delawares, with a majority ot' HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON POUNTY, the indix-iiluals ui the tribes whri did come in were opposed tO' the treaty, and in particular t!ie influence which the British garrison and the British agents on the ]\ranm)ee, who received their skins and furs and dehvered tlieni arms and ammjunition, liad, to induce thein tO' com- maice hostiHties against the United States. Governor St. Clair sent the late Go>vernor, Return J. Meigs, to Detroit with a dispatch to the British commander. Col. Thomas Gibson fromi Pennsylvania, who' was aftenvard Aud- itor of the State of Ohio, was the licensed In- dian trader, and had a strong block-house stnre un the bank, near w'here the steanvmill stands in Harmnr. Tihe tall, well-built, active, half-French and half-Indian Garoot, who: was known to Colonel Gibson and boTe a good rep- utation, agreed for a price to take Meigs upon one of his horses antl escort him tO' Detroit; the writer well recollects that he sold Garoot, through Colonel Gibson a new saddle worth $20 for which he has not got the pay. Creditors have the best memories. Meigs went out with the expedition in safety, found the British very sociable and polite, but the Indians were morose, distant, and cold: and from their looks and actions, and some information ob- tained from the inhaljitants. he had well- grounded suspicions that they intended to way- lay him), coming in, and take his life; he closed his business in the most private and shortest manner, procured a young half-French Indian, with some good horses, and started without the knowledge of British or Indians ; they made forced marches, and short encampments, and got so far the start that the Indians gave up the pursuit, and lie arrived safe. This same Charlie was one of the Indians, recrignized by MJeigs two years after, who waylaiil him. \\iounded his young man, killed his boy, and chased him with a tomahawk to within pro- tection of Fort Harmar. BUILDING OF THE BLOCK-HOUSES. Elarly in the summer, Capt. Jonathan I)e\"oi was eiuployed in furnishing timber for the corner block-houses ; he erected two saw-pits oil the bank of the Muskingum, near the upper end of the present corn-field where a good spring comes out under the bank. Two sets of sav/yers were employed. The}' furnished hewed poplar logs, which were whip-saw'ed intoi four-inch planks, of which the hlock- houses were constructed. He built a house for himiself of the same material, on the south side of the Campus Martins, which received his family in the summuer of 1789. I presume "the Garrison" was begun in 1788, and finished in the summer of 1789, as it was apparently completed — that is, that part which was built by the Ohio' Company — when I arrived, in No- vember, 1789. Governor St. Clair and his family arrived in January, 1790, and occupied the Southwest Block-house which was called the "Go'vernor's Block-house," which was fin- ished with good, smlooth, poplar floors, doors,, casings, &c., and a hrick chimney, with three fire-places below, and three above. In August, 1790, I was eivplo}'ed b_\- Gen- eral Putnam with twO' hands, Owen and Flagg, to line the pickets between the houses, with four-inch ash stuff, pinned on to- the pickets so high as to cover a mian, perforated with embrasures convenient for a musket. Likewise tlie plank of the block-houses had been sawed in a proper direction for embrasures which had not been cut out ; they were cut out and filled with plugs, which cijuld be taken out and put in as occasion rec[uired. I nibved into the Campus Martins the ist of December, 1790,. after which some further rq)airs were made. BIG BOTTOM MASS.VCRE. Lots had been surveyed and drawn for by a numlber of persons \\dio had associated to make a settlement at Big Bottom, who, about the beginning of winter, determined tO' go on and cultivate their land; those best acquainted with the Indians, and those best capable of judging from appearances, had but little douM that the Indians were preparing to commence hostilities, and strongly opposed the settlement going out that fall, and desired that they re- iiitiin until spring, by which tinile, probably. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 48.7 the question of war or peace would be settled. Even General Putnam and the directors of the Ohio Company, who gave away the land to have it settled, thought it risky and imprudent, and strongly remonstrated against venturing out at that time: hut the young men were im- ])atient — confident in their own prudence, and ah-ility to protect themselves, and sanguine in the hope of success, they went. Ihey put up a large block-house, which might acconmiodate the whole on an emergency, covered it and laid puncheon floors, stairs, &c. The house was made up of large i;eech logs and rather open, and it was not chinked : this job was left for a rainy day. or some more convenient sea- son : here was their first great error ; here their building of LJabel stopped, and the gen- eral interest was lost in that convenience of each individual, and with this all was lost. The second great ermr was that they kept no sentry; the Indians had got an Indian lad about 18 years old, who was born and brought up in Rhode Island, whose name I forget : he had been enticed by the Ohio Indians with- out the settlement and then restrained from comiing back: they took him to Sandusky and round in their hunting parties and came on to the Muskingum about Christmas : they came down within about 20 miles of Big Bottom, and struck a camp for hunting: this lad had been employed to keep camp and do chores. but was seldom' left alone: they told him 'he must stay and keep camp a day or two — that they were going to look for a better hunting- gropnd, but still wished to keep their present camp until they could find a better : the In- dians proceeded clown the westerly side of the M*uskingimi, opposite the block-house, where there was a high hill near the river, from wlhich they could view as much of the bottom as was not obstructed by trees, see how every man was employed, and what was transacting aibo'Ut the block-house. As was o-bserved, the general business of fortification and se- curity had been suspended; stopping the cracks between the logs of the house, and picketing and a sentry had been neglected ; no system of defense and discipline was introduced : their guns were lying in ditiferent places, without order about the house: about jo men in com- pany in the block-house and each individual and mess cooked for themselves ; one end of tlie block-house was appointed for a fire-place, and when the clay closed in, all came in, built a large tire, and commenced cooking and eating their supper ; the Indians from, the opposite hill had watched their motions: the ground was frozen, the river was frozen over and strong, and covered with snow. When it began to grow dark, the Indians slipped across the river. surrounded the block-house, and each had a deliberate aim at the inmates through the door and the cracks in the logs. Part of the In- dians rushed in at the door, others kei)t up the hre from without, and secured those who attemi)ted to escape. Those w^ho were not crijjplcil at the tirst fire endeavoTed to escape bv getting into the chamijer, and some got though the r<_)of, and jumped down, but were all killed or taken. T'wfo Mr. Bullards had a small camp back in the Bottom, which ])robab- Iv had escaped the notice of the Indians, wiho on hearing the guns at the block-house, made their escape and got into W'aterford and gave the alarm ; the Indians took up the jjuncheon rtoor and built a fire, and attempted to burn the slain and the house : but, as the wood had been recenlh- cut. and was all green, the fire sub- sided burning some so as to disfigiu^e tliem — others partially — the ann of William James was found, clinching a piece of Indian bread in his right hand, which he was probably eat- ing at the time he was shot ; Mr. James was the largest and supposed much the strongest man in the colon}' ; si.x feet and fotn- inciies high, and very strongly Iniilt: twO' or three sizes larger than his brother, John James of Pike County, whom you know, or his sister, Mrs. Bennett Ccxik; but physical power is lost when prudence and science are neglected. Th.ese men, no doubt, had the power to de- fend themselves against the Indians, but they had iiij Revolutionary officer to plan and direct their defense: had they spent a few days in ]:!icketing their block-house and chinked well i;etween the logs, and kept one sentry, which 488 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, would have required service f.rcini each of but one day in 20, the Indians wcaild never have attacked them. They had nu stock or other plunder to induce an attack ; nothing but dry fighting could have been expected, at \\'fliich the Indians have no relish, except on the most advantageous terniB. The Rhode Island In- dian boy suspecting they \\"ere on the jNIns- kingum, made his escape, and after a day or two got in \ery much alarmed, and in con- tinual fear lest the Indians should get himi again. He emibraced the first opportunity and returned to Rhode Island. WOLF CREEK MILLS. The destruction of Big Bottom was a sig- nal fi r all the settlements tO' n\o\t into gar- rison, and fortify themselves against the In- dians. The settlement of Wolf Creek Mills was the most oif an outpost. Col. Richard Oliver, Maj. Haffield White and Capt. John Dodge and a few more families resided there. This being the only mill in the county, and re- sorted to from all the settlements- for bread, was given up with reluctance, but as no pecun- iary inducenuent offered to induce people to .stay, they were obliged to abandon it. C(-)lonel 01i\'er and Captain Dodge went to Marietta, and the rest to Waterford garrisim, of which I know very little. Wolf Creek Mills were built in the summer and fall of 1789 by Col. Robert Oliver. Maj. HaffieFd White and Capt. John Dodge, all from Massachusetts. The machinery was brought by two brothers by the name of Potts from Pennsylvania, who afterward I)uilt a mill on Mill Creek a little above William ^IcFarland's, which was nearly completed when liurnt \)\ the Indians in the spring of ijiji. In January, 1790, the comi)any were tak- ing their millstones up in a small keel-boat : through carelessness of the bands, the water rose in the night and took the Iioat oft', which was taken up by Captain Stone next morning at Belpre ; it was followed by Major White, he being on a visit to Belpre. I assisted Major White up to Marietta with his boat and mill- stones. In March follM goldsmith tools and tobacco; his daughter. .\nna. brought the China tea-pot. cujjs and saucers ; Lydia broivght the great Bibile. but when all were in. mother was missing. "Where is ■Mother?'' She must he killed." '"Xo," said Lydia. "Mother said she would not leave the house looking so; she would ])ut things a little to rights, and then she would come." Directly mother came, bringing the looking-glass, knives, forks and spoons. &c. Soon messengers were exchanged with the Cami^us Martius and no appearance of hostilities were discovered. All returned to their homes in the morning. A party from "the Point" and the Campus Martius went out about 10 f)'clock and brought in Captain Rogers, and buried him in Second street on the east side, a little m-rth of the large brick house built by \A'al(li> Putnam last year. TIIF, C.ARKISO.V .\T "THE POIXT." In the spring of 1792. a party of United States troops were stationed at "the Point." commanded by Lieutenant Tillinghast from Rhode Island, who erected the block-house, which, after the war. was occupied bv the countv as a court house anrl jail : it was built 490 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, bv the United States troups, superintended by a carpenter fmm tlie citizens, paid liy the L'ni- ted States: it was luiilt of hewed logs iS inches tliick, the lower st(ir_\- 26 feet r)utside. with a suitable projection in the upiier. an(_l a well- guarded sentry-box mi the ti i|) : well-chinked, good puncheon floors, and a luillet-proof door, &c.' This house was set in the line of pickets, partly in. and on the east side of Front street, not far from where Mr. Buck's lnjuse n(.wv stands. This luiuse was occupied by the United States troops, who kept a sentry and assisted in guarding the garrison until ordered down the river with General Wayne. .After the flefeat of General St. Clair. Cap- tain Haskell was ordered to "the Point." and took command of the garrison and military government. The gates were closed at sun- down and sentries set on the adjacent block- houses, which jjrevented any passing until sun- rise next morning. This produced srnne con- flict between the military and the citizens. A number of families who had stock, houses, &c., outside the garrison, went out bv day and re- turned by night: this made it difficult to con- form to the strict policy of the garrison, as the citizen had to divit think it prudent to follow him in deep water. While this was transact- ing, the boy got the path and ran tii the Campus IMartius : he had gut up to i ipposite the upper end out with no guns at the time. \\'hen he had got the scalp, the Indian swung it oxer his head, gave a shout of victorv and ran up the bank, but men had run down and several guns were fired at him before he got into the Ixishes but without effect. It is nii\\- time to return to ]^Ieigs — left with the other Indian. \\'hen the hidian saw Meigs made no' use of his gun, he riglulv suspected that it was not loaded, threw down his gun, and advanced upon JMeigs with his tonrahawk and knife, Meigs — knowing the other Indians n-ciust be near — threw his gun away, and took to his heels. When within 15 or 20 steps, Meigs recognized this Indian to be the samie \\-lio two years Ijefore had es- corted him in fronr I Detroit, and said: "Is that you. Charlie?" The Indian threw his tomahawk and pursued him down to near the Steam Mill, Meigs having gained a good dis- tance in the race. Charlie turned and ran back until he joined the i>ther Indians where their trail was followed up the hill, opposite the Campus Mlartius: by this time the banks were stnmg with armed men l>ut the liinls were fliivvn. The Campus iNIartius was laid out, and the corner block-houses were built by the Ohio Comipanj- : the lines intermediate between the block-houses were built by individuals, except some short lines O'f pickets ; the gates, the out- side line of projecting- pickets, the abbattis, and other defenses had been done by the soldiers and inhabitants in company in March, 1791. In consequence of the large nuuDber O'f Indian moccasin tracks around some large trees on the top O'f a hill, opposite the Campus Martins, on the west side of the river, a consultation was held by our white chiefs, who came to the conclusion that there must be a large party oi Indians encamj[5ed m the neighborhood, who probably had or would have some British with a small field-piece, who would throw rockets from that hill and burn the Campus Martins; all hands were set to work — soldiers and citi- zens tO' cover the roofs with mnd, to prevent the fire; they split white oak lath, one inch square, and 10 or 12 feet long, and nailed them, within one foot of each other across all the roofs, and then carried up mud and co\-ered all the roofs, about one inch thick. Had the co'vering been of good clay, it would have lasted some time ; but as it was only of commion earth the first heavy rain washed the whole O'ff. But the British ne\-er came. FIRST ENLISTMENT OF MEN FOR THE INDI.\N' W.\R. On General H'armar's being ordered to Cincinnati, about the ist of September, 1790, the Secretary of War — General Knox — di- rected Colonel Sproat to take charge of the public property left at Fort Harmar. He en- listed for one month into the United States service one sergeant, one corporal, and 12 privates to guard and preserve the public prop- ert\' in and about Fort Harmar ; in order to induce these men to enlist, the C'^hio Com.{3any advanced their wages, in addition to the pay of a United States soldier, tr> $8 per month, paid out of Greene & Aleigs' store, and when the nien were discharged, they gave Colonel Sj)r6at a power to draw their wages from tire Paymaster-General, which was sent on by Charles Greene and brought out in goods. This furnished a remittance to the merchant, and a footing to his store bill. , Half O'f this guard was stationed at Fort Harmar, and the oth^r at the Camtjjus Martins. Tbis was the first enlistn-jent O'f men for the AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 495 Indian war. Aboxit two months after, a full company was enlisted — officers and n^n — with three surgeons, and mates ; these were distributed between the Campus Martins, "the Point," Belpre, and W'aterford. The officers and surgeon's mates drew the same pay and rations fromi the United States as those oif the sanie grade in their service, and the men the same as United States soldiers, made up by the O'hio Comljiany to S8 per month. Mr. Fearing was appointed commissary and sup- plied rations on a commutation to- those who chose. Tbese enlistments were renewed every three months the first year. To introduce a routine in the officers and men. after the first year, the Ohio Company stopped their addi- tion to the pay of the soldiers, and they only received pay as United States troops and, al- though the pay and rations of the soldiers was not more than $5 per month, yet there was a competition among the citizens for the berth, the means of getting money in any other way being extremely difficult. The officers and surgeon's mates continued to receive pay. The spies — six in number — Henderson and Shenn at Mbrietta, McGoffe and at \\'aterford, Oakes and Delano at Belpre, and some oc- casional changes, recei\-ed $1 and rations per day: these different sums constituted by far the greatest part of the circulating medium until the fall of 179.3, when there was a demand for all the corn that could be spared to supply the coniimissary's depart- ment at Fort Washington. Cincinnati, pre- paratory to \Vayne's march against the In- dians, at 40 cents per liushel, delivered on the bank. In the fall of 1793, large quan- tities, for the amount of settlement, were ex- ported to Cincinnati. As tlie people worked in large parties and kept a sentinel and had escape an attack, they felt themselves toler- ably secure fronn surprise, and almost every man had more or less of a corn-held for which he coukl get anv kind of goods on credit or money by waiting till the return of the de- livery of the corn. CULTIV.\TION OF L.^ND ENCOUR.\GED. The proprietors of land near the garrisons encouraged e\ery person to clear, wholly or partially, and cultivate as much land as they had means to accomplish ; in this way everyone found means of olitaining the few things abso- lutely necessary, and by 1793 the travel up and down the river, added tO' the imanigration into the settlemient, furnished a ready market and demand for all the surplus produce that could be spared from home consumption. In the spring of 1793. Cbl. Alexander Oliver purchased four or five acres of land on the bank of the river at Belpre; he planted the 17th day of June, and in November I saw to the measure of 75 bu.shels of corn from the acre delivered into a boat belonging to Charles Reed to take to Cincinnati. BELPRE. Belpre was the most thriving settlement; of the number of settlers there was a greater portion of Re\-olutionary officers, whose mil- itary education, mature judgment, enterprise, perseverance, and industry gave them a de- cided su])eriority and certain success over their less fortunate contemporaries. Tliey were born and educated in Xew England, where knowledge, purdence, and industry were ex- alted- to the heigiith of the cardinal virtues ; these were the elements which formed a reputa- ble Yankee character, and of wlhich it was disreputable to be without. Belpre was sur\-eyed, and the settlement commenced, and several .small fields were planted in the sjjring of 1789. In June Cap- tain King was killed and scalped by the In- dians ; he was shot while chopping a log in the "Middle Settlement." Considerable imi- pro\-enient was made in clearing and erecting houses in the summer and fall, and in the winter and spring of 1790. Most of the set- tlers got down on toi their lots and by the loth of June had a small corn-field planted on the front of almost every lot : they adopted the 496 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AXD li\-iSHIXGTOX COUXTV. plan of running a straight fence parallel with the river, carrying the path for traveling back of their corn-fields, and fencing on the river road the next winter. As the future wants of tlie settlements were to be supplied fromi pres- ent crops, every exertion was made by each to get into the ground as great a variety and quantity as possible amidst the wants and pri- vations of the very necessaries of life, and, as their corn-fields all bordered on the river, they showed a continued corn-field for miles, excq5t at some intervals where there were no settlers. Being at Marietta, and wishing to get home, ]^Eajor Goodale stepped into a flat- bottomed boat with an old \'irginian who was bountl for Kentucky, floated down, and as he lived at the lewder part of Belpre he showed the \'irginian the continued corn-field, as they passed along, and told him the quantity of labor which had been done in a few months. "\\ ell — " said the Virginian — "I know one thing : you must ha\'e been poor, or you would not have worked so hard." When that crop was matured plenty commenced, and want has never looked industry in the face since. The rough journey over the mountains and the work and toil incident to a new settlement was great and the old clothes were giving out. Col. Ebenezer Battelle, from Boston, and Cap- tain William Dana, from Xew Hampshire, in the spring of 1790, sowed flax, pulled it in the blossom in June, water-rotted it in swamps near the bank, dressed, had it spun and wove by William Dana, of Newport, and made it up into shirts and trousers, which were worn on the 4th of July at a meeting for the cele- bration. On the commencement of the Indian War in Januan,-, 1791, all the settlers in Belpre built and went into one large garrison called Farmers" Castle, but found it very diflicult t'"> move their stock and feed for them to the vicin' ity of the garrison ; those living nigh left all and went, and fed occasionally : those living at a distance had to haul their feed and make the best shift they could until summer. When they had got their families into gar- rison, all who owned stock formed themselves into a company for the mutual insurance of each other's stock; they appraised each other's stock, and each man became obligated to con- tribute to any loss of stock by the Indians, in proportion to the value of his own. A num- ber of cattle were killed in the spring. Mr. Lasure had two cows killed. Capt. Benjamin Miles, from Rutland, Massachusetts, drove in his team, a yoke of extraordinary oxen as to size and value; they were a coinplete match — red, 15 hands high, girting eight feet, and equally good for work. As the stock was all thin in the spring, killing was sheer wanton- ness, as the Indians made use of no part of what they destroyed. These cattle were dressed and a part brought to ^larietta, with a view to siipply the troops, but in consequence of its lying in the blood for some time, and be- ing so very lean, the soldiers would not eat it; but the insurance was immediately paid by the other stockholders. As the Indians had not wantonly destroyed the stock on the south side of the Ohio, the settlers on this side prac- ticed turning their stock across onto the islands and on to the main, where they remained se- cure until fall. In the garrison, guards were strictly kept by day and night. Tliey were partly men en- listed in the service of the United States and partly drawn out by routine from the inhabi- tants : they were commanded by an oflicer in the pay of the United States, whose duty it was to provide the sentinels and see that they were regularly and strictly kept up; these were se- lected from the more experienced officers of the Revolution — what was called the "Senior" class. These served in rotation as offlcers of the day, and while on duty had command of the whole; they made it their business to see that the pickets, the gates, the houses, and every part of the garrison was kept in repair; to see that the wood and other combustibles • were so arranged that they would be safe against a fire ; to see that the stacks of fodder, pens. &c.. were not brought so near as to make it a cover for the enemy ; and to see that too manv had not left the earrison at one time. — AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 497 and those without arms : to receive the reports of the spies, and to send and receive dispatches, as was found necessary. When spring re- turned, each individual must produce some- thing to support his family. This could only be doire by working in parties large enough to keep sentries to secure those at work while the spies were looking out for the whole ; by mak- ing large circles around the settlement, by whicli it was difficult for the Indians to come in without leaving a trail or some sign, and there were very few instances during the war that the Indians were not discovered by their signs, and the news circulated through all the settlements before they made an attempt at mischief. It is surprising what a small cir- cumstance will catch the eye of an e.xperienced woodsman ; a leaf has been moved — a tree broken — or a spear of grass bent — which will lead to a minute investigation and discovery. UPPER .\XD LOWER SETTLEMENTS. As the settler who moved in from a dis- tance found it very inconvenient and e.xpensive in time to carry on their land and maintain their families, they began to conclude that they could move back, and fortify and protect themselves ; those from below built a garrison at the lower point of the island, on Major Goodale's farm, and those from above built one a little below the mouth of the Little Kana- wha, on land of Capt. Jonathan Stone, and called "Upper Settlement" garrison, in which Captain Stone. Capt. William Dana, Wanton Casev and Col. Silas Bent were the principal landholders. Maj. Xathan Goodale was pro- prietor of the land at the "Lower" garrison. and was considered one of the most industri- ous, persevering and well-bred farmers in the County ; he had been an officer through the Revolution, and moved to this county from Brookheld. Massachusetts. Previous to his starting to this country, he selected the best bull and three of the best cows that he could pro- cure: he broke them to work together in the yoke, and draw on to this CMuntry a wagon with part of his family. The breed of that stock was disseminated through this county and is still held in high estimation to this day. In fact. the\- ha\-e been considered the best milkers that have been introduced into this county. In the spring of 1792, Major Goodale was clearing and preparing some ground for plant- ing, some 20 or 30 rods back of the garrison, within gunshot, with his team: he was moving some timlier for clearing and fencing near the edge of uncleared land and had been there but a short time when the oxen were observed standing still, but he was not to be seen. After some little time, the team remaining still, anxiety was felt for his safety, an examination was made, but he was not to be found : mocca- sin tracks were discovered, which led to the conclusion that he had been taken by the In- dians : but no certain information has been ob- tained of the manner of his capture, the direc- tion he was taken, or the event of his fate. At the treaty of 1794. some information was obtained relative to every prisoner captured by the Indians along the river and taken as far back as the Indian villages. Hence it is proba- ble that somewhere in the intermediate dis- tance, either from cool, deliberate barbarity, or in some struggle to regain his liberty, he fell, either by the rifle, the tomahawk or the knife. His loss made a vacancy hardly to be filled ; his memory is still fresh and green in that of his contemporarv jjioneers. and still cherished with respect and affection by their descendants. His name is not lost : a son and a daughter still survive: Mrs. Tames Kilbourne. of Washing- ton, and Dr. Lincoln Goodale. of Columbus, — one of the wealthiest and most reputable men in Ohio. The members of the "Upper Settlement" of Belpre succeeded in fortifying and protect- ing themselves against the Indians, and were fortunate in the safety of their persons and property, while they adhered to the rules which had been adapted, and practiced for their safe- tv. But in March. 1793, one of the settlers, Tonp.s Davis, from Massachusetts, found a skiff laid upon the ice at the mouth of Crooked Creek, three miles above the garrison, and as nails were a verv scarce and dear article he 498 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY.. proceeded to take it to pieces for the nails ; as he was at work at the water's edge, two In- dians and a negro shot him from the top of the bank; one with a large-bored musket; scalped him and took his clothes and tools. They were not detected until he was found, and he related all the circumstances at Wayne's treaty. Early in the year 1794, a party of about 20 Indians had made a large bark canoe about 15 miles down the Ohio ; in which they crossed o\-er to the Virginia side, sunk their canoe under water beneath some willows, and set out to hunt some prey between the river and Clarksburg. Taking the Little Kanawha in their route, they found a familv by the name of Armstrong, living on the bank of the river, at the head of Blennerhassett's Island, about a miile l>elow the Little Kanawlia. The house stood immediately on the bank, and a little garden, inclosed with a brush fence, on the other side; the Indians got on the fence and pressed it down — the fence — to imitate cattle breaking over. Armstrong got up. unbound the door, and went out ; when within a rod of the fence, he saw the Indians jumping over; he hastened in and barred the door, but the Indians were close upon him ; the door not l)e- ing sutliciently strong, they beat it down with their tomahawks ; the man and his wife crept into the loft, burst a hole through the roof of the cabin, and jumped out; the man made his escape ; the woman ]:)roke her leg in striking the grnund and was despatched with an ax; a boy abcut 10 vears old. in the house, was taken prisnner; the rest — four or five girls and boys — were tnmaliawked and scaljjed. (3ne lioy by the luune of Hugh, whose brains were run- ning 'over his face, was still creq^ing and moaning aliout the house — perfectly insensi- ble, and wliii died that night. Two sons — nearly men — were in a small finating mill an- chored in the Ohio, and escaped without in- jury. Rcuniiiscciiccs of Proininciit Persons of the Early Setlleineiifs* Bexj-\mix Ives Oilman, son of Joseph Oilman, was a prominent and talented citizen ; he was the first clerk oif the court in the county of Washington, which ofiice he retained until the comimencement o-f the Territorial govern- ment, when he was released. The subsecjuent history of himlself and family is well known. He ivas a delegate from the county to the con- vention which formed the Constitution of Ohio. \\'iNTHROP Sargent, a native of Bos- ton, and secretary of the Northwest Territory, married the daughter of Gen. Benjamin Tup- per. and resided in IMarietta until the fall O'f 1790. \\hen General Harmar was ordered down tlie river; he followed and tarried below. Capt. Josiah Monroe, a native of New Hampshire. He served througii and com- nmnded a company at the close of the Revolu- tion; he came on directly after the company and subsec[uentl_\' brought on his famiily ; he was the first postmaster in the county ; he died at Affarietta, but has left a number of descend- ants, by his son, Joseph Alonroe. and by his daughter, the wife of Col. Daniel Converse, in [Muskingum County. Permit me tO' nijention a circumstance to show how hard was the case with many a Rero- lutionary officer and soldier. At the close of the war. in 1783, Captain Monroe returned home, purchased a small farm, amounting to about .$1,000. paid a small part and got credit for the balance for four or five years, giving his brother-in-law. Captain Crosby, as surety, thinking by the time the money was due he shovild realize the money for his services — to the amount oi $800, and interest. In 1787 final settlement of the notes would bring but 12 to 15 per cent, on their nominal value. In *Lives of other pioneerj are sketched in otiier chap- ters of this work, notably in Chapter XXX, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 499 1788 he left his final settlement notes witli his brother-in-law-, who managed to keep ofif the execution until the Constitution was adopted, when they rose to 2t, per cent, alxn-e par and paid- all demands. Capt. \\'illi,am ]\Iills. a native of Bos- ton, Massachusetts, father of Col. John Mills, O'f M,arietta, and brother of Col. John Mills, Adjutant General oi the United States troops, wiio died in Cincinnati. He was appointed by the Governor captain of artillery, in January, 1790. He was sometime necessarily absent as administrator oi his brother's estate in Cincin- nati ; su'l)se(juently he brought on his faniil}-, who resided in Marietta. Capt. \\'tlliam Kxowles, from Boston, a Revolutionary officer, a gentlemanly, intelli- gent man, resided in Mhrietta some twO' years without engaging in any particular business, then returned. ^Ia.T. Coggswell Oi.xev and M.\.t. Asa CoBURX, from Rhode Island, lived in the Can-jpus Martins during the war. Their de- scendants are settled along the iluskin.gum. Phineas — Mujor Coburn's eldest son — came out with the Ohio Company, and now- resides in the north part of this count}-. Maj. Ezra Putn.\m, of Danvers, ]\Iassa- chusetts, came early to the Western Country wlith his family, three sons, — two i>f whom were massacred at Big Bottont. He was an officer in the Provincial troops, at tlie taking of the Island of Cape Breton in 1745. He and his wife lived to an advanced age in the Can-pus Martins, and kept a domestic boarding house ; he \vas prolific in the legends of the old Frericii wars, and frequently sang a ballad of 70 verses, on the taking of Copcrtoon, when he could not reniei-nber whether he had his axe in his liand or had left it in the house ! C \PT. Enoch Shepard, from Massachu- setts, and brother to General Shepard, who commanded at Springf.eld when (jeneral S!ia} s attacked the arsenal, came early to the county witli a large family of children, one of whom still lives in Marietta, the wile of Maj. John Clark. He was a substantial, intelligem. busi- ness man. In the summer and fall of 1790, in company with Colonel Sproat, he expended a large amount of labor and property in erect- ing a saw-mill and grist-mill on a large scale. They had the frames and machinery reau\ for operation on the site where Robinson's niill stands, on Duck Creek, when the war stopped their operations and the mills were burned by the Indians, and the whole was a dead loss. But his industry and enterprise were not craniped l)y this misfortime, for many under- takings of magnitude and utilitv, after that, were executed by bis judgment and persever- ance. Dudley W'oodbridge, Es(3., from Nor- wich, Connecticut. Himself and family re- moved here early in 1789. He was bred to the law, l)ut subsequently engaged in trade, and was one of the first merchants in Marietta, which business he continued to pursue. He was one of the first judges of the Court of Common Pleas for the county, under the Con- stitution. His descendants are among the most reputable and prominent citizens of the West- ern Countr}-. William Ski.xxek, Esq., was a native of Pennslyvania. and one of the first settlers in the count}-, and was engaged in mercantile Inisincss, under the firm name of Skini.ier & McKinley. He was the second high sheriff, and the first under our present Constitution: His descendants are too conspicuous to re- (H'ire an}- fin ther relation from me. L"h ARLES Gree.xe, a native of Rhode Isl- and. He was bred a merchant, and came early to Marietta with his mother-in-law (by the nanre of Sheffield) and Isaac Pierce, Esq., ( whose wife was her daughter) and one other daughter who married IMajor Zeigler, of the L'nited States troops. ^Ir. Greene was after- ward in conipanv in a store of goods, under the firm nanie of Greene & Meigs. This firn-i was established principally by the credit of the Ohio Company to provide the means of re- deeniing their outstanding orders in gciods- wliich were selling at a large discount; but as goods were a cash article, these orders imme- diately rose to par, and furnished a valuable medium ; likewise, all the soldiers employed 500 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. Ijy the company, and by the United States, and the spies, could get credit at the store, by Inpothecating their wages which were paid iii the East.. This induced all the retailers of goods to fall into the same plan ; this was the introduction of the credit system in our county. j\Ir. Greene moved to Cincinnati, where his descendants are reputable citizens at this time. Orders on the store were as current then as bank bills are now. Brit re. Let us now leave the city, with all its good, and all its necessary evil, and its root of all evil, and its professions where the Judge tries 17//— the Lawyer pleads for all — the Sheriff hangs all — the Doctor cures (/// — the Merchant cheats all — the Mechanic works for all — and the Soldier fights for all — and go into the neighborhood where the farmers pa}- for all. Mv\j. Nath.^n Good.\le was from Brook- field, ISIassachusetts. He was a soldier and an ofhcer in the Revolution, belonging to the infantry. He was an acti\-e partisan, faithful and persevering. Rufus Storie mentioned to me not long since that among the old family papers Avas a letter from his father, who v.-as in the army, to his mother, where he mentions that Captain Goodale had just brought into camp 15 prisoners; his reputation was that ot a faithful, enterprising and brave officer; he was one of the most industrious and suc- cessful farmers, for the time allowed tiiat was to be found in the count}-. His loss threw a damper over the whcile settlement: no one could be more regretted, as nu vacancy would have l>een so difficult to fill. Capt. Jonath.\n Sto.me, from New Bron- till, Afassachusetts, was a soldier and an ofii- cer during the Revolution. He commanded a ciimpany of light infantry, and was princi- pallv engaged in partisan warfare, where his station was near tlie lines which separated the antagonistic troops. 1:.}- which he was subjected to numerous perils, which demanded the ut- most vigilance and activity. l)i>th of the soldier and the" officer. Early in life he had qualified himself as a practical surveyor, and subsecpient to the Indian war completed the survey of the Ohio Company's Purchase, in company with Jeffrey Madison. He was run for a member of the first Territorial Legislature; but his chief characteristic was that of an intelligent and substantial farmer, and an industrious and useful citizen. C-\PT. Jonathan Devol, a native of Rhode Island, came out with General Putnani, and his comipany, but was not in the Ohio Company's employ until they arrived at Sin.i- rell's ferry, where he was employed by Gener- al Putnani to build the Ohio Company's boati, which was called the "Mayflower," which brought the pioneers of the State of Ohio to Marietta ; he was then employed by the super- intendent in providing the material and erect- ing the block-house on the Campus ]\Iartius, Vv-,here he built himself a dwelling house. Early in 1789 he removed his family to Belpre "Up- per Settlement,'' where he remained until the close of the war, when he removed to Marietta, and from there up the Muskingum, where his descendants Udw reside. While residing" in Belpre, Cajitain De\-ol, in company with Griffin Greene, Esq.. built the first floating mill to be operated on and put in action by the current of the Dhiii. in the quick water between the island .'ind the niain, above Farn-iers' Castle. This i-nill was placed upon two boats of un- equal size, the water-wheel running Ijetween then-i, and the machinery and stones for grind- ing were ]ilaced in the larger, which likewise received the grain and the tenders and the customers, &-c. This mill was ancho'red in the quickest Avater. and a communication with the shore was kept up by means of canoes and l)oats, A\hich were the only traveling car- riages incident to a country where there were neither roads nor bridges, but only the na\'i- ,gahle streams. This mill — although but a makeshift — supplied the garrison and the scat- teretl inhaliitants for 2Q or 30 miles up and down the Ohio. These mills were a risky piece of propertv, and gave the owners much watch- fulness and expense in securing their safety : Imt like other floating capital, they were not subject to statutriry pnjvision to regulate the AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 501 rennineration of the nvjller. but In- the law of custom he was allowecl to crook his haud to anv extent in stroking his toll-dish. At the close of the Indian war, Captain Devol selected a suitable site, purchased land, mo\'ed his family, and commenced building" another lloating mill, in 1795. In the absence of all other kind of mills except hand mills and the means oi purchasing from abroad, the .ex- igency of the public demanded something that \\(,'uld reduce corn to* breadstui¥. Captain Devol had made one experiment, and was. still ti> make iniproxements, anil he persevered un- der very discouraging circumstances, — want of necessary funds, the difficulty of procuring iron, millstones, &c. : in the beginning of 1796 the mill began to grind, and although a mere circumstance to a mill— a mere temporary con- cerr, — }-et it did the grinding, in the times of a thin pnpuhitidn, f(ir a distance of 50 miles above Marietta and 50 miles below, and even ground mX?al tO' go- to Zanesvilk in its first set- tlement. Subsein on the corner of Alarket Square, exactly where the Post Office now stands ; he was to clear and imtprove the land and give up his possession when the people required its use. As it was too late to plant, he and the iioys cleared a small piece toward the Female Semi- nary and made a small kiln of bricks, wh.ich were probably the first kiln of bricks Inuned in Ohio. Bricks w,ere made near the s;ane ])lace l;y Maj. Ezra Lant of Xewburyport. Massachusetts, in the summers of 1789 and 1790. When I took possession of the cabin I purchased the lease, and cleared and fenced Market Square, and the common in front of the Muskingum, and sold my possession tO' Mr. Burlingame, and he to Dr. True, whose de- scendants now own it. I had a small chimney built of those bricks, and when I removed to the garrison of "ITppgr" Belpre in the spring o'f 1793, I took some hundreds of those bricks toi build a small chimney in the chamber of Captain Dana's block-house, and when I moved up the Mtiskingum — December i, 1795 — I brought up in (ieneral Putnam's barge 500 bricks, a considerable number of which I tor;d and mental were such as made him a good man and a good citizen. CoL. Alex.xxdek Oliver, frfim the west- ern part of Massachusetts, came on in 1789. and moved to Belpre in i^Iarch, 1790: he had a large family ; one daughter married Judge Daniel Symmes, another William Spencer, of Cincinnati. The family were reputable; his descendants are all settled in the western part of the State. C.APT. Benjamix !\1iles. of Rutland Massachusetts, settled in the "Lower Settle- ment" of Belpre; his famlily was large and reputable. He was a substantial farmer and took much pains to educate his children, some O'f whom. I belie\-e, occupy prominent situa- tions in society. William Browxixg. from Rutland. Mas- sachusetts, came on with General Putnam's family in 1790. Col. D.vxiel Bext. from the same place. Israel Stoxe, from the same place. .\1I were settled in Belpre in 1790. They were all substantial farmers. Captaix Curtis, from Connecticut, JNIr. Guthrie and and family, from the same place, were in gar- rison during the war, were settled in Xewbury. The above persons had large families, some of whom; occupy prominent stations, and all are reputable and noted. I have l)een more particular with the first settlers of Belpre, because I consider they pos- sessed in a mo re eminent degree those sterling- qualities which form a base on which to erect this social edifice, and which are best calculated at once to clierish, guard, and ])erpetu- ate our republican Ii]>erties. They nnist have had some education in early life; they must have been practiced to in- dustry and economy under the iniluence of a respect for morality and religion ; they could not have been selected to lead their counlry- m,en to battle for tlieir countr}'"s rights mere- ly for their physical powers (as of old) but they mlust have been chosen from their moral standing and superior intellect. They iiad a second education in the army of the Revolution, where the\- heard the 'precepts of wisdom .md 504 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, saw the examples of bra\'ery ami fortitude ; ihev had been disciplined to obey and learnei.l the advantage of subordination to law and good order, in promoting the prnsperity and happiness of themselves and the rest of man- kind. I must n.it nmit the name <;)f one jierson : he deserves a rank with our best men — Dan- iel M;\vo, from Bcjston. He was etlucated at Harvard University ; he came early to Belpre and taught school in Farmers' Castle in the time o'f the war ; he was not only a scholar but a gentleman, a most esteemed citizen, and sub- sequenth' n.iarried a daughter of Col. Israel Putnam and moved to Newport, opposite Cin- cinnati. Dean TVler, a native i>f Haverhill, Massa- chusetts. came out very early. He had been liberally educated. He possessed abilities, bui his genius was eccentric ; he had been exclus- ivelv cimfiued to handling books and found it difhcult to liecame accustomed to the ax-handle and the hue, and without the means to li\e witiiout, there were few implements which nf- fered the means to^ keep the pot boiling, and in- stead (jf growing up with the settlement and beccn'.ing a guide and benefactor, he became worse than ind(ilent, buried his talents and Lis errors should not Ije remembered. Wii.riAM Cray, of ]\Ilassachusetts, was a nephLv; Xr which ];oth toiled and li\-ed. Hfis oratorical powers were put tO' noble use at the outbreak of the Ci\il war. when, with his fellow-laborers, designated by the Military Con^niission of W'ashington County, he was largely instrumental in recruiting the Thirty- sixth. .Sixty-third, and Seventy-seventh Regi- ments of Ohio Volunteers. Diu'ing the entire struggle, his voice, influence and substance were on his country's altar. He was a life-long and loyal ]\rcthodist. For more than seven nxinths he was a great suft'erer. IXn'ing all that time his patience was unhroken and ntarvelous : and he never was aught but the same courteous Christian gentlemlan that he was in the class room, on the hustings, in the place of ibusiness, in the circle oif his family. He talked freely with his daughters, who were constantly with him. MUss \Vooil>le or the Diivinity oT Christ. Any n:an who had such ideas he seemed to fear, and reall}- had a hdrr'ir of. The .\postle.s" Creed, he said, ex- ])re~scd his belief." And so, very peacefully, at four in the aft- ernoon of Friday, March 2y\, he fell asleep. Li the second year of my ministry I was his pastor, and learned to- love him as a son niight love a father. In 1896 1 feared he woxild slip away from us, and so had th.e biographical sketch prepared in :id\ance, from which I have drawn tudaw But I used it at once, exi)laining my decision by the editorial note wlhich follows, and which, 'better than anything 1 could write tciday. tells the story of his worth and worthiness : "Why should the above l)e filed to be used wlien the s])lendid genius it commemorates is no more? Rather let the incense of its sin- cere compliment regale the living : and let the young men of Plymouth and of our Ohio Com- pany's piu'chase look for ins])iration while they may upon a direct and inwnediate de- scendant of the Ohio Pilgrims. "\\'hat a priceless privilege to be a Paul at the feet of such a Gamaliel — to be post- graduate in his unchartered school of oratory and Christian statesmanship! "The chrism of the beginning of the North- west Territory was upon his brow, and he taught of the past of our country as one re- hearsing his own exjjerience. A careful stu- dent of the Constitution, he knew each man's relation to that imperishable dcxrument, and could point with inerrant tinger to the parts contrilxited by Jefferson and Hamilton. P'ol- lowing him, our histor_\- was not as the weird wonders of half-explored ca\'erns dimly lighted by the smioking torch of garrulixis pride; but as the wide landscape seen from niountain sum- mit when the sun bathes it in cloudless splen- dors. For such a country as he saw and de- scribed, it were sweet to die. "In that earlier time there were sparkling and inexhaustil)lc fountains of poetry in his nature. His soul deepened from boyhood. ^\"hen a loi'esome student at the old Ohio Uni- versity, he threw hini'self weeping on the worn horseshoe tracks that marked his father's homieward journey. Vacv within him was a holy place of tcnderest feeling, in wdiose se- 5o8 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND JVASHINGTON COUNTY elusion he might hide and weep alone. This it was which surcharged his speech with mag- netic currents that leaped from heart to heart, and gave tii liis c.igent reasoning and fertile fancy the unpurchasahle spell o-f eloquence. "After all, his life has been an outline. As wlien some artist crayons his grand conceptions cju the waiting- canvas, and passes on, nor ever retu'-ns to fill in the sketch with details that make its possibilities immortal in the finished painting-; so he, poet, philosopher, statesman, orator, each in all and all in each, outlined his chef d'oeuxre. and then scorned to pay the price a selfish world would have exacted for the easel-stores its completed glories required." A WATCH-XIGHT MEETING OF FIFTY YEARS AGO. At an earlv ])erioi! in t!ie history of Meth- odism that siiciety ailnpted the plan of h(jlding what was called a "watch-night meeting," in- cluding- the last hours of the going-out year, and the segment of an hour of the incoming year, in ^\■hich were held religious services, in accordance with this custom,, public notice was gi\-en, the preceding Sunday, that at nine o'clock on the evening of the 31st of December religious services would be held in the church, to which all well-dispr.sed persons were in- vited. In accordance with this time-honored serv- ice, such a meeting was held in the Centenary Methodist Church of this place, commencing at nine o'clock on tlie evening of the 31st of Dlecember, 1842, and continuing until after midnight. The pastor. Re\-. Frederick ]\Ier- lick, was tlie conductur. aided by the local ])reachers of his charge and ministerial Ijretli- ren fron-t' adjoining circuits. When the hour came for the commence- ment oif the exercises, to the surprise but grati- fication of the pastor and his official brethren, the church was filled to overflowing. The ex- ercises were opened bv the singing of that al- mpst universally well-kni.)wn hymn, commenc- From all who ■'hvell beneath the skies, Let the Creator's praise arise. The conducting of this exercise was by \\'yll_\s Hall, and- almost the entire congrega- tion joined in the singing. After prayer by one of the visiting brethren, and the singing of an appropriate hymn, three short sermons were listened to by the congregation, after which an hour was spent in prayer and praise by the religious people assembled ; which was follinved by a general experience meeting, led oft' by the official members of the church and others of other denominations. As usual such oppor- tunities open the way for varied talks, some of which would naturally lead toi criticism. One speaker, in a, vainglorious way, spoke of his reformation, and of his ha\ ing turned over a new leaf. A wide-awake but not irreverent listener remarked : "I trust he will pay me the $3.00 that he has for a long time owed mie." "Aniens" were here frequent, and it is proba- ble that most of them proceeded from those who had long since learned that the habit of the speaker had been only to pay his honest debts at the end of an executi(_in. The next speaker was one who announced to the audience that he was once more con- verted, and intendeiJ. to follow in the foot- steps of his Master.. ]\lore than one of the listeners, in their hearts, felt, when he an- nounced his conversion and good intentions, to exclaini' "shoot him on the spot." But the talking- was not all of that sort. Holy men and wonten, whO' by their lives and conversa- tions, gave evidence that they were "boVn again," told of the goodness of God and the joys of His service. The companionship, friendship and exam- ple of such people as the last conld but bear one toward the heavenly country. They are gone now, but from their blessed habitations above they beckon us onward and upward. The hour o-f 12 o'clock was approaching, when the preacher in charge, evidently weighing the seriousness of the hour, invited all present, who had assumed the Christian name and resolved that in the coming year they would do more to advance the Miaster's kingdom, heavenly as- sistance being given them, to manifest such re- solve bv rising. A large proportion of the AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 509 audience responded to this call, and while they were still upon their feet, the same gentle, heavenly-minded man asked that all those [iresent who' had never assumed the Christian character, but who had resolved upon leading a new life should rise, ^vearly every seat was x'acated. With tears of joy streaming down his cheeks, he looked over the audience, and then, with eyes turned heavenward, for a miu- ment seemed engaged in silent prayer ; and then he said: "Brother Crawford, you pray." Such a prayer was never uttered in my hear- ing. I have heard bishops and far-famed cler- gymen of many lands offer petitions to heaven, but I tliink I never heard a prayer so impres- sive, the utterances of which were so suggest- ive and that seemed more like direct commimi- cation with the Almight}-. To those who ha\"e heard this holy man pray, the above will not appear as an exaggeration. Xo language that the writer commands can explain the power and pathos of his utterances. He asked that all ■who had l:v rising expressed the resolve, strength lieing gi\en them from above, to live lives of righteousness : and that they who had declared the purpose to seek redemption, he nerved on to duty. The last words of that inimitable prayer still ring in my ears: "If there is one who is joined to his idols, and defiant, i pray God that he remember that the time is coming when the voice of pardoning and redeeming mercy will be silent throughout the universe of God." As if horror-stricken with this last thought, he exclaimed: "O Lord, that is not yet! Save then^ now." The good pastor, that holy man of God. w,ho but the other day laid down the cross to take up the crown, after a few touching remarks, said to the autlience : "The last fif- teen minutes will be spent in silent prayer. T'he old year has nearly gone, and a new year will Sfxjn commence." Where are all that multitude that filed out of the church and hied to their homes? "Sa- cred to the memory of " is wj'itten upon the stone which stands at the head of the graves where most of them lie. May God be with the few who remain, probably ne\'er again to meet such a crowd of earnest worshipers until they reach the circle where the saints and angels meet to join in songs of praise to the Great Redeemer. EARLY FLOODS iX THE "llUIO BASIN." It is presumahlc that there are few sulijects of more interest to the general reader than that of the overflow of our rivers. This is a hack- neyed subject, and to introduce an\thing par- ticularly new is attended with difficulty. There has recently fallen into my hands the journal of a Mr. Walcutt. ulm. in the year 1790, was a visitor among our people. Among the novelties encountered during a stav in this wilderness was a flood. Having the account of his journey before me I C]UOte as follows : "February 18, 1790. — I went out in the evening before I went to bed and found the back-water of the Muskingum had come into the creek at the door and above the bridge so as to cover our dam and fill the pond high. Toward night and in the e\'ening, it rained \'er\- hard with thumler and lightning. Ex- pect to be routed again with the high water. "February 19. — We got up at sunrise this morning, the doctor calling, and telling us the water rose so fast that it would soon be in the house, when I immediately gnt up. We soon had the tea-kettle on, and got our coffee boiled, and before we could get our breakfast done, the water came in so> fast that the floor was afloat, and we stood in water up to our buckles to drink the last dish. \\"e had be- fore got such articles upstairs as the water might injure. Everyl)ody on the point l)elow the great bridge is obliged to move. Only three houses are out of the reach of the water, owing to their being ])laced so high. Messrs. Woodhridge (merchant), Rockwell and Wells (tailors), Mr. Bent, Prince, Webster, Moody, Skinner, Mixer, Mills, Lucas, Xeal, Tuttle, Barlaer, Landon, and Mathews were flooded sufferers. The flood carries away fences, barrels and everything that will float. "Februarv _'0. — The ri\er continues to rise. 510 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. The ice almost all passed down. But it is supposed there have been heavy rains, as well as the Allegheny probably broke up. that caus^; the present rise, which several besides Col. Gil- man say it is about one foot higher than ?. was last May." I find in an (jkl scrap book, an article wri',- ten by Caleb Emerson, Esq.. on the "Ohio Flood in 1832," in which he says: "Written Dec. 12, 1852. "Some seventy years ago, when the Ohio basin was involved in its native wildness of wood and wild grass, there occurred a re- markable 'Freshet," which, according to the rel- ics and traditions indicated by Dr. Hildreth, was higher and more tremendous than any one since. "In about thirty years after, say tij the Lie- ginning of the year 1813, including some twenty years after the settlement of Marietta, such floods were frequent : but prior to Decem- ber, 1808, we hear of none of such height and powder as to be of any marked annoyance to settlers along the banks. Structures and fences, unfortunately placed on Ioav bottoms, were sometimes invaded and misplaced, but no flooding to cause much disturbance on the higher bottoms along the beautiful river, where settlers almost uniformllv chose to lo- cate their dwellings, till the Christmas 'Fresh.' 1808. "That flood at Marietta was two feet high- er than any before, since 'the settlement.' This was alarming, in Belpre, the elder and nuist interesting of the 'company's' agricultural set- tlements, where the substantial farmers had begun to erect along 'the bank' their commo- dious farm houses, similar to thi:ise of New England. It was distressing to think of be- ing dri\en l)ack from the near view of the river, which had long been the main thorough- fare, where they could be gratified by gazing on the down-floating arks, with their freights of hopeful immigrants, or of up-river pro- duce, or on the rarer sights of up-bound keel- boats, where the hardyboatmen tugged at the weary oar. But they had comfort in the hope that as no such 'Fresh,' 'had before occurred since the building of Fort Harmar, 1785, so, in all likelihood, no other such uprisings might be apprehended for one or two gener- ations hereafter. "The fluvial history of the upper Ohio, in the last forty years, has by no means realized the hopeful anticipations. In midwinter, 181 3, came the tremendously destructive 'ice Fresh.' four and a half feet higher than the 'Christmas." "There had, indeed, lieen two inter\ening 'Freshes,' — a moderate one in the winter of 181 1, and the 'Pumpkin Flood,' very destruc- tive on the \Vaters of the Allegheny. The pumpkins' and the cornstalks floated past Marietta from above, but there was nO' flood- ing here. The ^Muskingum did not sympathize with the Allegheny. It was si.i low that the back-water from the Ohio pushed back it cur- rent about twenty miles. Driftwood ran up, along the shore of Point Harmar, seemingly as fast as it ever ran down. Some down-river l)oats, in a foggy night, were interdrawn into this up-river current, and the navigators, when the morning sun dispersed the fog, found themselves drifting many hundred yards up the Muskingum. Alarietta escaped, unharmed, this outburst of waters, while Pittsburgh suf- fered severely. But Alarietta abode not long- in its fancied impunity. The tremendous 'Ice Fresh.' with its signal inflictions was had. "The first half of winter in 1812-13 was severe and snowy like New England. Good sledding endured for weeks. The snow, about Marietta, accunnilated and condensed to the depth of one and a half or two feet: in higher altitudes, and more northern ilistricts, the depth may have been much greater. There were some apprehensions of high water. The proverl)ial 'thaw of January" began about the I2th. A week of sunshiny, April-like days took away the earth's winter coating about the mouth of the ]\Iuskingum. No rain yet, snow agoing finely. On a fair Sunday eve the Muskingum, still low, began to rush and swell. The ice was not broken, but the dreaded rush of snow-water was running rapidly away, but the Muskingum 'saw another sight" bv Mon- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 5" day's lingering dawn of light. Tlie horizon was densely shrouded, and the rain descended in torrents, and held on through the day and night. The ice was broken and was fearfully crushing and crowding down the currents. During Sunday night the water had swollen up to within lo or 12 feet of overflowing the banks, from which almost every 'raft" was swept away. "Tlie light of Tuesday morning exhibited the waters swelling up towards the height of 'Christmas Fresh," and pressing up the streets across ^Marietta 'Point,' where the people were in great trouble. The rising continued through the day, which was mild, but the temperature changed very suddenly at night. There fell about six inches of snow. The rain-water was arrested in descending the slopes. As the side current up the streets was checked by a downward current across the bottoms toward Duck Creek and down the valley between 'the Point' and 'the Plain,' nearly the whole surface of water among the houses at 'the Point" above Front street, was frozen over. This was a check to intercommunication, but saved many things from floating off. "Xothwithstanding the icy check, the ris- ing continued till Thursday morning, when it had overpassed the 'Christmas Fresh" four and a half feet. It was the opinion of Gen. Rufus Putnam that if the mild weather had continued, the rise might have lieen from three to five feet higher. "Much damage was done to the towns and the farms along the Ohio. But it was hoped that as this visitation was owing to peculiar circumstances, especially the sudden melting of immense masses of snow, the like might not again occur for an age or two. "But the lapse of twenty-seven months showed the futility of these hopes. The light of 'All Fools Day,' so called. April i. 1815. exhibited an overflow at Marietta, as high as the 'Ice Fresh.' Some twenty miles up the Muskingum it was said to be about seven feet higher than in January, 181 3. March had been mild, peach trees were in bloom, and it may be doubted whether snow-water added much to its over- flow. "Within about three years thereafter, three overflowings of the Ohio occurred, — one in November, 1817, one in June, preceding or following, another which came within eighteen inches of the 'Ice" and the 'April," perhaps af- ter the wonderful snowfall of February of 1818. The three occurred, it is believed, with- in less than twelve consecutive months. Af- ter this was an intermission of nine or ten years, till January, 1828, when about the 8th, there was an ordinary flood at Marietta. But the crowning flood, hitherto, was that of Feb- ruary, 1832. Winter closed in severely by the first of December, 183 1. The Ohio was soon frozen over, and so continued, with fine sleigh- ing till near the middle of January, 1832, when there was a 'January thaw." which sent off the ice and snow-water to our great com- fort. But Old Winter rallied directly, with se\ere cold and snow. The Ohio was ice- bridged, till some days into February, when the sunshine and the gulf winds dissolved the snow, and then a general rain, commencing probably at head waters, deluged the Ohio basin and raised the waters at ^Marietta five feet above the 'Ice Fresh" and the 'April.' Immense damage was done to the 'river towns' especially to the Queen City, less proportion- ately to the town of Marietta than to almost any other. A long intermission followed, al- most sixteen years. There were threatening high waters almost every year, coming quite near to an overflow and then receding. The extensive clearing of the banks, removing the overhanging and interposing growth of brush- es, and the removal of treetops, drift piles and snaggery and last, mayiiaj) not least, the en- largement of the river bed by abrasion, prin- cipally from steamboat surfings, have rendered the lieautiful river less susceptible of moderate overflowings, such as occurred in the first twenty years after the first settlement of Mar- ietta."' REVOLUTIOX.\RV RECORD. Messrs. Editors : Some interest of late has been manifested in the finding of human bones disinterred in the necessarv excavation 512 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, of earth for drainage purposes in West Mar- ietta. And no little interest has ijeen mani- fested in the inquiry which has followed the finding of an ancient silver spoon. It was found imbedded in the earth three feet below the surface in a lot fronting on Post street, this city. But 1 confess to a more lively in- terest in being allowed the privilege of exam- ining the record of his regiment kept by Lieu- tenant-Colonel Grosvenor. Among all the writings and \-alualile papers that I have, through the courtesy and kindness of the owners, been allowed to examine, none have given me more pleasure and instruction than tlie record of his regiment kept by Lieu- tenant-Colonel Grosvenor during the years of 1776 to 1782, of the Revolutionary War. Thrs record wisely cared for by the colonel's son and in later years by his grandson, Capt. Sam- uel Grosvenor, is worth the most careful ex- amination of the curious, and indeed of all who care for the particulars of that noblest of all struggles. — that of our forefathers for liberty. I feel that to have in your hands a book once held liv a patriot, and read the record of a regiment celelirated for its country-loving character, is a pleasure beyond the ordinary. To-dav I shall return this book to its own- er and in his possession it will probably be subject to the readers' inspection. I note a few among man}- things of interest gathered from its pages : Names and rank of offjccvs of the First Conneetieut Reghnei:! of Foot, formed Jan. 1, jySi, and dates of commissions. Jolir. Dnrkce. Colonel. .\ug. 10. 1776. died May, 1782. Tho=. Grosvenor. Lieut. -Col., March 13. 1778; be- came Commandant May 29, 1782. Robert Warner. !Ma.ior. May 29. 1782. ■Edward Eells. Captain. Jan. I, 1777. Erastus Wolcott, Captain. Jan. i, 1777. Simon ?paiikling. Captain, Jtuie 23, 1778. .Sanniel Clift, Captain. May 20, 1779. John H. Buell. Captain, Jan. 20, 1780. Jonathan Heart. Captain. May I. 1780. John Durkee. Jr.. Captain. Oct. 26. 1780. David Jndson, Captain. May 29. 17S2. The reader will discover in some of the above, as he would in the entire record of the regiment, names quite familiar to old citizens, and indeed many of the original Ohio Com- pany shareholders. The next thing we should speak of is the causes which led some of the soldiers to over- stay their leaves of absence : Lieutenant Elijah Ranson, one day beyond leave, occasioned by a storm. Captain John Bucll (leave granted by Col. Meigs) overstayed time se\'en days ; occasioned by want of money. Ensign George Cotton (leave of absence granted by Co!. .Sherman) overstayed his time sixteen days; ex- cuse, married a wife. Capt. Sanniel Clift overstayed time two days, waited for cloth: his reason adjudged sufificiemt by a court. From register of the dead of the regiment: One death of consumption. Of sore thigh amputated. Of smallpox. Killed in action near Jamestown. Of sickness. Left old blanket and breeches in care of Sergeant .\very. Of cholera niorbus or colic. Of fever and flux. Of fever and ague. .^.DOplectic fit bv drinking 12 gills of rum. Of fever. Of wounds received jn boarding enemy's vessel. Executed for an example. Drowned, fell out of a canoe. Killed by Col. Delany's thieves. Crimes and punishments : Repf-ated desertions : to suffer death, was pardoned on gallows ; dismissed as unfit for a soldier. Stealing public clothing. 50 lashes; received it. Stealing a pack belonging to a recruit while in his tent, 100 la-hes: received them. Theft in taking tobacco from a sutler; badges taken off. Threatening to desert, 50 lashes ; received it. Endeavoring to excite mutiny ; to suffer death ; ex- ecuted ^.Iay l^. 1782, by hanging by the neck. The usual punishment for ordinary of- fenses was lashes from 10 to 100. Tihe men of the regiment were chiefly farmers and mechanics from the counties of Hartford, New London, Springfield, Wind- ham, New Haven, \\'est ]\Iorland, Fairfield, Litchfield, West Chester, Hampshire, Provi- dence. Dutchess. AND REPRESEXTATII'E CITIZENS. 513 Three Guinea negroes and one Indian band were in one compan}-. Captain Durkee's company had 40 negroes and six Indians. Who were the ofiicers who were upon the Court Martial : Capt. J. H. 3uel Ma'jOT Wyllys. Capt. Wolcott. Col. Sherman. Col. Putnam. Co). Tupper. Capt. EelU. Lieut.-Col. Ben; Col. Meigs. Gen. Parson.s. Ah but one progenitors of Ohio men. Of very great service would tiiis record book of departed heroes be to those, t'leir de- scendants, who are now engaged in the at- tempt to estabhsh their rights as Daughters of Revohition, Colonial Dames, or Sons of the Revolution. I know not of another record in private hands. A REPORT OF THK E.ARLY BURI.aI.S IX WATF.R- FORD T()W.\. married the widow of Casper Smith. It was in the employ of the latter that G. C. Best had his business train- ing, afterward becoming one of the most ac- curate, honest, and honorable of all Alarietta dealers. In two of the frame buildings on Ohio street, betw'een Second and Front, John Mills sold merchandise. Upon the same street, near the corner of Second, a store was kept for many years by Weston Thomas, who aided much in giving to Alarietta business men the reputation for justice and fair dealing. At a later period he was associated with David C. Skinner. They built and occupied as a store- room the large, brick building near the corner of Second and Ohio streets. At a subsequent date, year not remembered, John Mills bijught the Lincoln House at the corner of Fr(jnt and Ohio streets, where nuw stands the Bellevue Hotel, transformed it into a business house and there sold merchandise, associated successive- ly with Luther Edgerton, Noah L. ^\'ilson, Rufus P. lams, and others, during a jiortion of that period, probably doing the largest busi- ness on this side of the Aluskingum River. Dudley Woodbridge first commenced mer- cantile business as early as 1798, in a store- house long since torn 'down, standing at the corner of Ohio and Aluskingum streets. .A^ early as 18 18 he fitted up and occupied as a storeroom the building at "Flat Iron Corner," at different periods doing business under the names, Dudley Woodbridge & Co., D. T. Mor- gan & Co., AI organ & Wbodbridge, \\'oo(l- bridge & Racer. In the year 1835, the build- ing then occupied was torn down anf all ])arties, our own fathers and mothers ;ui(l Ijrothers and sisters, the dear companions of our youth, whose joy could not be complete unless we ])articipated, we felt im- pelled to further effort to remove any objec- tion in the way of proper care and protection of those graves. The first ditticnlty. the app.nreut l;ick of in- terest in many lot-holders, was bruslied aside by the large attendance at the meeting of last week, at which a s])irit was manifested that promises immediate action on the part of many to do all in their power to give a presentable appearance to that most beautiful spot. Greatly gratifying was it to everyone who feels interested in tliis burying place to have it authoritatively announced that there was more than $^,000 in the hands of the Ceme- tery Trustees, by them to be properly expend- ed. Following this statement came the dec- laration of one who should know and whose statement is corroborated by a recent examin- ation of the records, that there was nothing in the city ordinances forbidding the use of a necessary portion of said fund for placing in pro])er condition this most hallowed place. This in conjunction with the fact that the funds on hand arose entirely from the sale of portions of Oak Gro\-e Cemetery, two-thirds of the money for the purchase of which was jjaid liv those whose grjues we now desire to protect. A reply to one more objection. rnitain Devol's company was declared the victur homes, where each buried his garments until the kindl}- earth cleansed them of the offensive smell. We were descendants of Putnam, the old hunter of Pomfret ; but after that misad- venture were (juite modest in laying claim tii the honor. THE P.\ST. In the months just passed how sorrowful have been Death's doings amung imr dear friends and life-long associates! They have not only gone frdui our sight, but they have carried with them much knowledge of the past. Who is left to treat upon tlie themes and re- late the incidents of e\-ents with acciu'acy. upon which they discoursed with familiarity? Alas, they are forever gone, and b(.ire with them to the grave knowledge, of which we will now all be forever ignorant. I have in mind many of whom I would write — they each deserve a chapter. I can but name them, as the chief object of this ar- ticle is to forcibly set forth the danger of de- lay in rescuing what is left. Today I beg you, ctmuuciicc to put on paper zvliat the old folks S(i}■ the shafts of death as well. In Oak Grove Cemetery the upturned sod tells me that here lies Mrs. Abigal Hook, the wife of John Hook, Esq.. and daughter of Mr. and ]VIrs. Joseph Kelly. At this home she was taught the ways of righteousness, and in early life learned to know the dear friends of her mother. ]\Iirs. Curtis. Mrs. Whitney, Mrs.' Crawford, the Methodist ministers and their wives and families. ]Mrs. Hook lived tt) be near 80 years of age; with a retentive memory, much did she know. But where is the record? .\ fe\y days since, beneath a spreading hemlock, in the Union township cemetery, there was laid to rest one aged anil much lie- loved, Mrs. Helen Putnam Devol. In life an honor to 1x)th surnames. She knew very miicb of the past history of the Muskingum X'alley. And it was her pleasure ofttimes to entertain her relatives and visitors with accounts of the earlier days of this region. Her's was a ha]i])y old age, and every hour she was imparting l)leasing instruction to her children and grand- children and scores of accpiaintances who enjoyed l>eing in her presence. But is there any record left of this long life of accpiired knowledge? But hark! What is that I hear? It is the slow tramp of the funeral procession, as they bear to the grave the remains O'f O'ue who long- years ago was a resident here. ^I'rs. Smith, \vho died ill the East on the 14th day of tiiis month, :uid at her request is buried in Oak Gro\e Cemetery, by the side of her husljand., the former president of Marietta College, elo- quent and learned. Mrs. Smith and her hus- band were attenda;its at the Congregational Church of this city, in the years when Deacon Williant, Ri. Putnam, Deacon John Cotton, Deacon A'nselm T. Xye, Dudley WV>odbridge, Samuel .Sliipman, Daniel B. Bosworth were prominen.l. If she has left a record of those days it will but aid the present pastor in Iiis untiring work of compiling a history of b.is church. Reatler. di'n"t delav, l.nit grasp the pen, and today commence to place upon paper what the old i)eo]3lc sav of the past. THE FIRST SfND.W-SCHOOL. MarieUa. June 2. i8qi. — Mr. Editor. — As there probably will be considerable interest among the Siniday-school delegates assembled liiere this week from all parts of Ohio, in regard to Mrs. Nancy Frost, who was a member of the first Sunday- school ever held in the Northwest. I send you herewith an article written some tune since, after a personal in- terview with her of several hours. The statements therein made are interesting, con- taining the recollections of a person then over 100 years of age. and at this date, posaessing most of her faculties unimpaired, although 106 years of age. George M. Woodbridge. \ GENUINE PIONEER. A n'vnmi Qnr Hundred Years Old. The most remarkable wonia:i, in many re- sjiects. in the State of Ohio, is Mrs. Xancy Allison Fro.'it. who lives a dozen miles from Marietta, u])on the banks of the Mbskin-:;um Ri\ ei . Mrs. Frost is remarkable on account of her age, having comjileteil her hrst century sexeral months ago. She is especially interest- ing, however, for the reason that her memory is something extraordinary, and that slie has I suc'.i an immense collection of facts connected 528 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. with, the early liistory of Ohio stored a\vay in her recohection. It seems ahnost past beHef that one can talk with a person who was liurn only (ine year after the ReN'olutinn was over, who was three years r>f age at the time the cele- brated ordinance of 1787 was passeil, ti\e years old when our Constitution went into effect, and 15 years old at the time of the death of \\'ashington, Nancy Allison was Ijorn in Fayette Coun- ty, Pennsylvania. October 22, 1784. She. with her father and his family, moved to Marietta in the fall of 1789. the year after the first set- tlement of Ohio at that point, and consequent- ly she has been a dweller within the boundaries of the State almost from its lieginning. T\vo years after the arri\al cif the faniilv. the terri- ble Indian war — 1 791-1795 — l;)roke out, and these fearful years of anxiety and peril were passed l)\- the residents of Marietta in th.e two forts they had built for their protection. The Allisons lived during this time in the cele- brated Campus ]\Iartius. Of all those early pioneers who suffered and hoped together dur- ing those tedious }-ears. Xancy Allison Frost is the last survivor, and it is thought that she is the only living person in Ohio who has an}- personal recollection o^f the Indian war. She remembers distinctly the consternation of the garrison upon the arrival of the news of the massacre cjf 14 persons at Big Bottom. Court was in session at Marietta at the time, and the feelings of the husbands and fathers, who had left unprotected wi\es and children in their little defenseless caliins, cannot be described. Mrs. h'rost speaks familiarly of Gen. Ru- fus Putnam and ]Maj. Anselm Tuj^per, the leaders of the 48 pioneers who made the great State of Ohio' a possibility, and she saw them every dav of those long years of incarceration in the fort. She speaks with special interest of Maj. Anselm Tupper, afterwau.l commander of the garrison. Init at this time the teacher for at least three years in the Campus Martins, and the tirst person to sIkav the young idea how to shoot in the Northwest Territory. She talks in saddened tones, even . yet, when siie tells of the death of a little schoolmate, and how Major Tupper had helped herself and three other little girls pass long handkerchiefs under the box which contained their little play- mate, and carry her, themseh'es, to the grave, followed Ijv all the sorrowing inmates of the garrison. She remembers well Arthur St. Clair, first governor of the Northwest Territory, and his beautiful daughter, Louisa, who at the time was 18 years' old, and the belle of the garri- son. Full of health and animal spirits, ready to enjoy anvthing, a fine horseback rider, a beautiful skater, an excellent markswoman, is it any wonder that half the }-oung men in the garrison were madly in love with the brilliant girl, v.dio seemed formed for the life she led? Mrs. Frost remeuTbered Mr. and Mrs. Isaac \\"illiams, and their pretty daughter, Drusilla,' well. [My readers may not recollect that this family, as early as 1786, were living in (West) Virginia injmediately opposite Marietta. Nothing could exceed their kindness, Mrs. I'rost said, to the Marietta pioneers. Isaac Williams, in "the starving year" of 1790, had a good crop of corn, for which he refused the of- fer, made b}' a speculator, of $2 a bushel, that he might sell it, at 5.0 cents a bushel, tO' each family, as they had need of it, as long as it lasted. After this was gone, though, the peo- ple had a w eary time for months, some of them, having to eat e\en nettle-tops, and the weed known as pigeon lierry. Mrs. Williams shovvocl her kind heart liy the salves and lotions the niade for the weary, bruised pioneers, and by the readiness with which she nursed the sick, and put in place the broken liiu'bs of unfortun- ate woodsmen. MVs. Frost attended what was proba'bly the first Sunday-school taught in the Northwest Territory. ]Mrs. ^lary Lake, a most estimable, benevolent woman, was the instructor, and gathered everv Sunday afternoon., 15 to 20 young people in her room at the garrison. Here she taught thenr the \\'estminster Cate- chism, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and told her little listeners about John Rodgers and many a winning story about the Bible. Their accommodations were the simplest im- AXD REPRESEXTATIFE CITIZEXS. 529 agiiiable, — a chair, even, being quite a raritv in the Campus ^tJ'artius, but Mrs. Frost doubts whether, with all the organs, and lesson leaves, and libraries and Christmas trees of the pres- ent day, there are more interesting schools now than this prinntixe mie taught bv good Mrs. Lake., Mrs. Frost laughed as she told of a little playmate named Mflria Green, who was the happy possessor of the only doll in the garri- son. Mrs. Frost described this m'uch-en\ied treasure as minutely as if slie had seen it only yesterday, whereas 90 years have tlown sii.ce she left the Campus Mjartius. In 1795 her family moved up on the [Muskingum, alni'ist opposite where the village of Lowell nov.- stands. Five years after, when 16 years old. A'^ancy Allison naarried Stephen Frost, v>hi> lived upon the farm adjoining her fatb.er's. and this spot has been her home almost ever since. In the course of nature une would think that Mrs. Frost's course must be nearly run, but her activity, l>oth physical and mental, is something astonishing. To see a woman 100 years old shovel up and carry in a bucket of coal with entire case to herself is certainly wonderful. She sews and reads with ease, and makes most of her clothing, her dresses included. She showed the writer, with great pride, the pretty white curtains at her bedroom windows, which she had made herself. She uses no spectacles, but has been enjoying her second sight for some years. Mrs. Frost's only infirmity seems to be a slight deafness, but it is scarcely of enough consequence lo be mentioned, as she hears readily all conversation directed to herself. Upon the occasion of her looth birthday she rode eight or ten miles to the house of a relative, and did not seent very much fatigued by tlie trip. It is really beautiful to observe the rela- tions existing between herself and her grand- son's family, with whom she li\es. Mrs. Frost told me of the loving, tender care with which the whole household treated her. antl the family in her absence spoke of her with the utmost freedom. Religion, however, is the great abiding comfort of this remarkaljle wo- n^an and she told mt that while she was will- ing to stay her allotted time on earth, she was lead.y whenever the summons came to go. -Xis her grandfather Allison lived to the age of 104, Mrs. Frost may still have years of use- fulness before her. DEFEiVSF, OF TIIK PIOXF.F.RS -WD THEIR SUC- CESSORS. For years and down to the present, the w-riter has heard many things derogatory to the pioneers and their successors. At once to give the reader to understand what it means by this article, below will be found a sample of the inuendoes of an old and a later date. McMaster, in a recent work entitled "MtMas- ter's History of die United States," Vol. i, page 145, in s|)eaking of the early comers here, says : "Wheeling was a place of fifty log and frame hrnises, boasted of a stockacle, and, in troubled times, of a garrison of one hundred and fifty troops. "Below it, near the Muskingum, was Ma- rietta. In the official language of the time it was described as Ijeing in the territory of the United States nortluvest of the river Ohio. But the phrase was too long for the boatmen and settlers, and as they expressed it. Marietta was on the Indian side of the Ohio. Two hundred wooden h(_uises of boat planks, or of logs, made up the towin. "The inhabitants were lacy oiid given to drink, cultivated little land, a'nd liz-ed citietiv on venison, Xi'ild turkeys, and 'bread made of Indian corn. Food, therefore zi'as scarce and dear: nor zms if ahMiys that the ow-ner of a few bushels O'f 'red potatoes' or a half dozen Imrrels of flour could be induced to part with one even for money. Many a fiat-boatman, who stopped at the place to buy fcxjd, went away disappointed." \Ve will now carefully examine Mr. Mc- Master's statements and his authoritv for them The reader will keep in nrind that this author 530 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, says "The inhabitants were lazy and given to drink, cuhivate part with one even for money. IMany a flat-boatman who stopped at the ])lace to bu_\- food went away disappointed." Tlie inhabitants of .\rarietta had barely closed their trials and anxieties with the small- pox, when they were assailed by a more ob- stinate and unrelenting, if ncjt more danger- ous, enemy. It was a trial in which all, whether rich or poor, were more or less involved and that was a scarcity of wlmlesome food. It was as late as the fore part of June. 1789, before the inhabitants had finished fencing and plant- ing the great corn-field on the plain. The in- creased number "f horses and oxen had made it necessarv tn encluse the field with a fence, while the vear before it had been without one. A brush fence from the Muskingum to Duck Creek, had aiTorded a sufticient range for the stock then in the country. A frost on the first of O'ctolver had seared the corn, when it was not fairly out of that soft and succulent state, called the milk. It was gathered and put awav, and supposed by many that when fairly dried it would make good bread, but wlien tried, it almost invariably produced sickness and vomiting; even the d(jmestic animals could not eat it with safety. The efi^ect was similar tO' that of a fungus grain, or "sick wiheat," as it is generally called. Eatal)le corn rose from 50 cents to Si. 50 and $J a bushel; the poorest was $ i . By the middle of May. the scarcity was felt generally: there were but few cows in the country to aftdrd milk; no oxen or cattle to spare for mieat, and but very few hogs. The woods, which were full of game in 1788, were now1 nearly as bare of it as an old settled country — the Indians haxdng killed or driven away nearly all the deer within 20 miles of Marietta. In the great scarcity it was wonder- ful how little there was of selfishness, and ho-w generally kindness and good-feeling abounded; those whcj had more resources, lent or gave to those w ho had less, using at the same time the strictest economy themiselves, that they niight lie more able to do so; occasionally a turkey I If a piece of bearmeat was procured from the hunters which was put into the kettle and boiled up with hominy or coarse mteal ; those wdio had cow\s divided the milk wdth their neighbors, especially where there were chil- dren ; sugar or ntolasses they had little of, as they had no kettles to boil the sap of the maple which grew in great abundance on the rich lands, and would have afforded a valuable source of nourishment in the general scarcity. The ri\-er furnished a tolerable supply of fish, and aided much in preventing starvation, es- pecially m very poor families. Xettle-tops, and the tender shoots of pigeon berry (Pliy- tnUu-cii ilcamdra) as soon as they appeared were gathered up and boiled with a little flour or meal and salt and eaten by many persons ; potato tops were eaten in the sam'e way. Salt \\ias scarce, and sold in small parcels for 50 cents a quart. Spice Imsh and sassafras afforded an elimentary drink in the place of tea and co^ffee. The Ohio Company, with a liberality worthy of all praise, assisted many poor fami- lies with small loans of money, or the suffer- ing wciuld have been much greater. \\'ith this they ciiuld occasionally get provisions from l:iiats descending the Ohio. Thus they strug- gled along tmtil the young beans and early squashes appeared, when green corn and potatoes, which was considered a perfect re- lief, and finally the ripened corn, with a little wheat, ground in hand-mills, furnished bread that was tin mght a luxury. The matrons of the colony, in a little sober chitchat over a cup of spice-w<)ijd tea, without any sugar and very little milk, concluded if they lived ever to enjoy a supply of wholesome food for their children and selves, they would never complain of their fare lie it e\er si> humble. The reader will not wonder that food was scarce as claimed by the above writer, whefi he reads of the destitution of former \-ears. AXD REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 531 From tlie commencement of the settlement, tile Sabbath was obserxed as a day of rest, and fronii. and after, 1789, regular religious services were kept up in tlie Northwest Block- house at the Campus Martins. After the war commenced, and large block-houses were built in the garrii')n at "The Point,"" religious wor- ship was held there part of the time: Re\'. Daniel Story t)tficiated as clergyman. The law regulating the militia required a nnister of the troops every Sabbath day at 10 o'clock a. m,., when they were ])arailed by the beat of the drunt, the roll-call, and their arms in- spected, after which a procession was formed, headed by Colonel Sproat, with his drawn su'ortl. the civil officers and the clergyman, with fife and drum, marched to the hall for divine service. All the Xew Englanders being versed in psalmody, there was no lack of good singing to aid in the solemnities of the day. On these tKcasions, nearly all of the popula- tion attended. Tlie arms of the soldiers w-ere setting by their side, or kqjt near theuT during the service, ready for use if need. The latter part of September, on a Sab- bath morning, Peter Xeiswanger. one of the rangers, went up to visit a field of corn and potatoes he had cultivated on the east side of Duck Creek, near the mouth. He had some fat hogs in a pen, one of which he found killed, and a portion of the meat cut out and carried off. Several hills of potatoes had been dug, and in the loose earth he discovered fresh moc- casin tracks, a proof that Indians had been there and done the mischief. He hurried back to the garrison at "the Point"" and gave the alarm. It was in the midst of the fore- noon service, when the inhabitants were gen- erally assembled in the large block-house, list- ening to the sermon. The instant the word was heard "Indians in the vicinity,"" the drum- mer seized his drum, and rushing out at the door beat the long roll as the well-known sig- nal for every man to hasten to his jrost. The place of worship, so quiet and calm a few mo- ments before, was filled with confusion and alarm. The women caught up their little chil- dren, and hastened to their homes, and the place of prayer w-as abandoned for that day. Anxiety and fear for the fate of their brothers and husbands who had gone in pursuit of the dreaded Indians banished all holy thoughts, but the silent prayers for their safe return. A party was soon mustered, made up of five or si.x of the rangers. 10 volunteer citizens, and 12 United States soldiers from the company stationed at "the Point."" The men went up in canoes to the moitth of Duck Creek, where they left their water craft. The more experi- enced rangers soon fell upon the trail, which they traced across the wide bottom to the Lit- tle Muskingum. At a point about half a mile below where Corner's JNlill now stands, the Indians forded the creek. In the ab<:)ve. the reader will see that Imm the difficulties and dangers of cultivating crops, that the scarcity of potatoes is easily accouiited for as referred to by our quondam traveler. McMaster's authority for these dec- larations as he himself, acknowledges, is liased upon the statement found in the hurriedly written journal of two illiterate and irresponsi- ble traveler, who touched the shores of Mari- etta during or soon after the Indian war. TJieir statements I give you as follows : "Friday. November 6th, 1795. Nothing material occurred this day. except shooting eight or ten wild turkeys, killed by the boat's crewi There are still many fine tracts of land on both sides of the Cihio. between Wheeling and ]^Iarietta. where we arrived on Saturday at 12 o"clock. This town is situated on the Great M\iskingum River, near 200 males below Pittsburgh. It c^-ntains about two hundred wooden houses, and commands a delightful view up and down and across the Ohio. Here also is a stockade-garrison, where soldiers are kept to protect the inhabitants from the incursions of the Indians, who are verv trouble- son^e during the war, and stole a great num- ber or horses from the settlers, w'liich is the on!\' reason why this town is not near so large as it otherwise would ha\'e been, as the land all about, and for a considerable distance is level and very rich. We could get no sup- ply of provisions here, except a bushel of red 532 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, potatoes. Avhich a poor, star\-ed-looking Frenchman spared us for eighteen pence sterling, which is very surprising and betrays an inscrutable indolence in the settlers, who chiefly live upon venison, wild turkeys, and bread nilade of Indian corn. "Xo\eniber 7th. After quitting Marietta at I p. ni. yesterday, we proceeded on to Belpre." The reader of the alaove statement will notice that the writer was one short hmu- in Marietta — a stranger, and obtaining informa- tion from, strangers, and recording his con- clusions from what he heard in the grog-shop of Frenchman Thierr_\', which stood near the bank of the river. Also, nut long ago, ap- peared in print, the following: "The proverbial old fogies have been takiiig themiselves tO' a better land quite rapidly in the last few years, and with their departure the city has fallen into the hands of modern hustlers who are gi\'ing Marietta new life and new tone." These statements, and such as these in print and otherwise, have been so long all(^wed to go uncontradicted or unexplained, that the rising generation, as well as newcumers may be wrongly impressed. In this article it is pro- posed to examine the facts and the authorities upon which these statemients are made. First, then, in order to read nur inirpose at once, we will examine the facts connected with the li\-es of those entitled "Old fogies." My recollections may not ser\-e me right, but I have endea\'ored toi bring to mind names and deeds of those who have been called by Death from) among us, in the few- }'ears immediately preceding the appearance of the alxn-e article, and I can Ijut feel that the insinuations ui the writer are \'ery unjust and untrue. For reasons that will be obvious to the reader, I will avoid, for the most part. gi\'ing the names of those thus brought U> mind. InU will speak of the deeds of some whuse li\es were useful, and whose memories w ill be cherished. I can but nanre Capt. William Knox, who' for 70 years lived ampng us. each year tO' honor his profession, and by strict integrity, untiring in- dustry, and a comprehensi\-e minil, greatly adding to the business of the place, and its reputation elsewhere. Next tO' follow him, one who spent his money and time probably more than any other man living in Southern Ohio in battling slaveiy and its institutions. The grave, within these few years, has called to its embrace two- honored and useful messengers of the Gospel, one of whom, miore than 70 years ago, bega'U his toilsome wi irk. Amithcr cinumenced life as a boy in a sliip\ard, !i\ed m our midst to old age, and probalilv had as much tn di> with the improvements of uur town for 25 years, as an_v man living. Aunther. wlio, b}" a life uf great eci.mciniy ;md constant industry, accumulated considerable property, gave to the cause of education and sul^'ering hum.anity m(-ire than half the savings oi his life. There comes another — I wish I dare men- tion his name — a man of -no pretensions, a mechanic of great merit, who. I>\- his srrber, toilsome life, set an exantple which I am glad to know is followed by his sons wdio li\'e after him, wfiiose homes, as well as his, indicate thrift and enterprise. I will speak of (.me i.ither: much do I wish that he had continued ti> li\e IrtU I )'eath took him in the ])rime of life, in the mid'^t of his usefulness. F(ir o\'er 20 years he had Ijeen a resident among us, and during the last 15 }-ears (jf his life had paid out from, $20,000 to $50,000 each _\'ear to the working men of the country, in con- ducting his business. Were it not that a newspaper article nurst have its limits, the deeds and worth of others of Oiu' citizens, who have passed from life to death in the last few years, very properly could be spoken of. These men, and such as those described n: the abo\-e article, controlled Marietta and its destinies, for at least its first 50 years, furnishing much of the m.eans to the budding of roads and bridges, school houses and churches throug-hout the then sparsely settled country, lie>;ide the building in their own midst the Court House, Acadeni}', a church to accommjodate all the people (a building which still stands, a monument of tlie AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 533 liberality and religious purposes of the early residents iiere). Tliey lent pecuniary aid to those who cleared the ground, and fitted it for cultivation ; they built rope-walks, and fac- tories, and ships tO' navigate the ocean. Their enterprise was not bounded by the limits of State lines, but as far East as the Blue Kidge C'f the Alleg'hanies, and West as the Rockies, lhe\- pursued the purchase of peltries which were iirought here, [jacked and shipped tij for- eign countries. Neither were the women ot that day idle, for we find that in the year 1808 there were possessed and used, in \\'ashington County alone, over 1,000 spinning-wheels. The early women not only spun the early fiax. and tow, and wool, but wove and matle nearly all the garments worn by the men, women, and chil- dren of that day. Nor did they lack in enter- l>rise, and the ability to accumulate. The writer has in mind the doings of one woman who. in 1789, landed here with her family from, a canoe, in which she and they had navi- gated the Ohio. Soon engaging in business, she aided her husband in paying the debts wfiich he had left behind. She lived and pros- pered until the year 181 7, when, as the records of tlie Court House will show, she ilistributed anxong her children property worth $17,000. DEFENSE OF THE PIONEERS AND THEIR SL'C- CESSORS. (Sccniid Article.) The array of testimony to controvert the statements of ^IcMaster made upon the au- thority O'f his one-hou-r visitor, is so volumin- ous, and of so high a character, we are at much loss tO' know which to select : but in order to complete our work, we are ciin3;)elled to leave unused much material of this character and be content with but a few (if these tes- timonials. George Washington wrote from ^Inunt Vernon, on the 19th of June, 1788, to Rich- ard Henderson, an inrjuirer in regard to West- ern lands, the following eulogium of the Ohio Compan_\-'s settlement : "N'o colony in Amer- ica was ever settled under such favorable aus- pices as that which has just conmienced at the month of the Muskingum.. Information, property strength will be its characteristics. I know many of the settlers personally, and there never were men better calculated to pro- mote tlie welfare of such a community. If I was a young man, just prq^aring to begin the world, or, if in advanced life and had a family to make a provision for, I know of no country where I should rather fix my habita- tion than in some part of the region for which the writer of the queries seems to have a pre- deliction." In speaking of Marietta, in 1795, Robert Schultz, an extensive traveler and intelligent m&n, said, "Her inhabitants are sober, honest, religious, and industrious, while dissipation and irrational amusements are not known in her friendly circle." \\"illiams, the historian, says: "Morally, Marietta was, for a pioneer settlemfent, far in advance of any other in the West. The peo- ple of ]\Iarietta, as a rule, were New England- ers, and fully abreast with the Xew England- ers' sentim,ent of the times." Pages of your paper might be- filled with testimonials such as these but forbearance som(etimes is a virtue. For the first fifty years of its existence, Marietta had to contend with many adverse circumstances. The Indian war continuing almost five years, the many trials to wJiich the inhabitants were subjected, several years of marked, malignant sickness, and other causes too numerous to mention in an article such as this, nrach retarded the onward m^rch O'f improvement, and increased population. During ntany of those years the men of the town were drawn upon heavily to aid improve- ments ; roads had to be made, bridges built, school houses and churches erected, and in ad- dition to all this the settlers upon farm lands had to be aided. During all those vears from $30,000 to $50,000 of credit annually extended by the business m«n of Marietta to the culti- vators of the soil. Your readers may ask how was this? In these days of "pay as vou go" it m&y seem almiost incredil)le to be believed , that nearly all the Inisiness of the countrv in 534 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. earlv times, was transacted l>y l^arter or on credit. AhiKist the first act of the early settler after he had selected a piece of land on which to dwell, upon which he had ntode a small payment, was to arrange for a credit with the nierchants. The lahorer who had helped to clear his laml, hiiild his fences, erect his log cabin in which to dwell, was to be paid in Wihole or in part in store goods. Perhaps it here should be said, that the early n^erchant kept in their early store-houses almost every- thing. They sold fish-hooks, pen-knives, bar- iron, iron kettles, bake-ovens, shovels and tongs, and-ir(.)ns, jjlows, gun-flints. ]30wder, ghot and lead, salts, British oil, wool hats, country-made shoes, ax-handles, hoes, hatchets, hammers, saws, whip-saws, boat-cables, grocer- ies of e\-ery kind, drugs, medicines, meats of all descriptions, butter, eggs, and lard, as well as even' \'ariety of dry-goods. ' Thus, it may be seen, that with a store order could be obtained all the necessities of life. Acci Hints thus contracted, sometinies small, but more generally large, were for the most part closed at the end of the year. The debtor received credit for the Ijear, wolf, or deer skins which he may have deli\-ered. and the ginseng, snakeroot, hay, country linen or jeans, which the family may have suiy[)lied the merchant with. Notes given for balances, thus contracted, at times might remain on file for years. Don't suppose for a moment that transactions of this kind were only of ad\ant- age to' the debtor; on the contrary, the creditor was becom'ing more and more independent each year as the records of the Marietta merchants will show, their Eastern creditors, not losing a dollar in the first 50 years of the settlement. 1 must here be allowed to say that in these latter years the tables ha\'e been turned; farm- ers being the money-lenders, the business men advantaged thereliy. But I must hasten on and briefly speak of the educational history of this region of conn- tr\', in which the citizens of this town bore a leading as well as a proiuinent part. The cele- brated ordinance of 1787 paved the way for the colonization of the Northwest Territor^■. The sale of a large tract of land to the Ohio Ccjnipany of Associates naturally followed. The veterans of the Revolution were anxious- Iv waiting an opportunity to take possession of the promised bounty land. When (kn. IvMfus Putnam, wiith the first New England emigrants to Ohio', landed at the mouth of the Ivlliskingumi Ri\'er, he carried in his pocket a commission from the national government "to establish an University" in this wilderness. The contract between the Associates and the government contained a clause reserving two townships of land as an endowment for an institution of that sort. If Harvard is justi- fied as fixing as its birth-year the date wlien it received John Harvard's library. Ohio Uni- versity can claim 1787 as its natal year. Little progress was made in the enterprise until after the Indian war, but as early as 1795 the t(Avnships of Athens and Alexander. .Ath- ens Count}-, had been named the uni\-ersity townships. General Putnam remained the man in authority an.ijong the colonists. As sur\-eyor- general, he usually led all rec(jnn(jitering ex- peditions. The Ohio' Uni\ersity was the first insti- tution of its kind in the Northwest, Init it long maintained sr.premacv r)vcr the colleges founded ;U a later date. For the first 30 years in its history, a large majority of its trustees were ]^larietta men, notably: Judge Elijah Backus, Gen. Rufus Putnam, Judge Dudlev AN'oodbridge, Rev. Daniel Story. Dr. S. P. Hib dreth, Joseph Buell. Gov. R. J. ]Meigs. and Ben- jamin I\-es Gilman. General Putnam was well knowin as the champion of the institution, and with others above named contributed time and money to the furthering of the cause of the institution. It may with truth be said that this institution was cared for and fostered by IN'Earietta mien. Here ^w^as educated Thomas Swing, one amiong America's greatest states- mien. John Brough was for a time a student at thi'; uni\'ersity; afterward an orator of great ])> :\\er and Governor of the State of Ohio, Rie\'. Jose])li AI. Trim,ble received his degree as B. .\. in this institution, becamje financial secretarv and collector of furds of Delaware AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 535 College, which insiitutinii nnw numl)ers 1.200 students. Edmuiul Sehoii, ime nt the most eln- quent of pulpit orators, was of tlie graduat- ing class of 1827. He soon took hold of Augusta College,* which under his individual mfmagement soon arose from the ashes to hless the world. His eloquence gave him- access to the pulpits of all denominations. Here also was educated Bishop Edward R. .\mes, the oft-called-in advisor and confidential friend of the lamented Lincoln. This institution gave training to some of the Ijest pulpit orators. Richmond, \'irginia. ever felt proud of the lamented Hogue. Pitts'lmrg, ColumSjus. Cin- cinnati, Louisville, Xashville, as also mtmy other cities were hlest with the intellectual services of the graduates of this institution. Today, at the head of the Ohio State Univer- sity, is one who claims that institution 'as his alma mater. I might go on enumerating college presidents, professors and distin- guished divines who. under instructions re- ceived, went forth to bless the world, and add an armament to- this institution, hut I forljear. Next we com.e to- our own academ)-, estab- lished in 1800, employing the most competent teachers from the beginning. The oft-repeated history of ^larietta College I do not propose to enlarge upon, but I do propose tO' speak of the liberality of two nien whose acts in con- nection with this institution should be held in lasting rememlbrance. I refer to the oft- repeated munificent gifts of Douglas rutnam. Esq., and of Col. John ^lills. I can in no way fincl out the exact sums thus contributed by each, but this 1 know full well. — but for the liberal gifts of these gentlemen, the success of the institution would not have lieen assured. Tlie sums contributed l>y these parties 1 have unsuccessfull)- attempted to ascertain. When approached upon the sttbject Mr. I^ntnam, who was probably the largest contributor, courtcous- Jv evaded an answer, liut I think it may safely be .said that his contributions for this laudable purpose exceeded $50,000. .\s trutlifullv'miay it be said that the contributious of Colonel Mills exceeded the earnings of twenty of the most prosperous years of his successful business life. The priceless value of this institution has recently been greatly enhanced by the liberal and large acts of its Board of Tru-Stees, bv including- within their domain an institutiou in which to educate the daugh- ters of the land. DEFENSE OF THE I'lOXEERS .V-ND THEIR SLT- CESSORS. {Third Article.) In continuatiou of the remarks on educa- tion as found in the last article, should be adiied a brief history of the conimon schools of tlic toAU, which first were confined to three rooni> and as many teachers; the rooms now occupied for the ])urpose numibering 21. with 22, teachers. In looking liack, it occurs to the writer that the attacks of MjcMaster and others have been fully met, and without going into a de- tailed history, will enumerate some of the evi- dences of enterprise, ability and resolve, which occur to nie as I write, without [jaying special attention to chronology. The first settlers here were chiefiy of New, England origin. They knew what slavery was, as its blighting effects had Ijeen seen b\- them in their own midst, and the severance of fami- lies which certainly followed its diffusion was not unknown to them-. Most of them had been soldiers for frccdoin from a foreign yoke, and to this new \\(jr!d tbev came to enjoy the larg- est freedom. The sixlii article of the ordi- nance of 1787 was their "Day Star." and its recognition thev had resolved upon. In sup- port of this inalienable right, they had deter- mined to light for every inch of ground, every blade of gras-;. and if need be that the last in- trenchmcnt of constitutional liberty should be their graves. Xo other resolves had a higlier seal in th.eir hearts than that the larges: liber- ty siioiild be the birthright of every dweller. Manifestly was their ])urpose developed when called on to elect delegates for the fortification.s of the first State Constitution. Those who were chosen to represent this population, strongly backed by others of like opinions, 536 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, placed in that first declaratirm of sentiment tliuse iV'ords which I pray Goil may ever gov- ern our population, the substance of which was that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shoukl e\-er be known to our people. The boldness and firmness of our little band impressed all and soon a barrier like the Rock of Gibraltar extended along the- border, say- ing to- slaver}-, '"Thus far shalt thou come, but no farther." i A most interesting history of this whele suliject might be written, but this is not the place for it: suffice it to say. t]ic laws of our fathers never etislaved one liinnan being. I may here add. what I believe to^ be true, that the firm anti-slavery stand taken by the bandful of pioneers, shaped the destiny of the nation. Churches of all denrjminations and creeds soon' abounded, and every man liatl the right to worship under his o-wn "vine and fig tree," with none to make hinr afraid. Did it show lack of enterprise, when in the early years of the settlements, a road was surxeyetl and cut through the forests to the seaboard, and at a subset|uent date, before there was a n^ile of railroad in the States, to raise the mduey for and complete the survey oi a mute from; the mouth of the Muskingum across the AUeghenv Mountains ? ( See papers in the hands of Edward ]\I. Booth, Esq.. Citi- zens National Bank.) In later years go to the regions of North- ern M/ichigan, and find there conducting the exploration of the copper mines, bringing to its stockholders untold wealth, a Marietta man. Go to the Pacific Coast, and find there a graduate of our shipyards, having laid down his adze here, the widely-known and able con- ductor of the then largest steam navigation ci>mpany in California. This is Capt. lames \\'hitney, a ^tlarietta man. A recent mtip of our city and surroundings speaks of six railroads centering here. Who projected, who' built them? A'fter the projection and partial comple- tion of the ^Mlarietta & Cincinnati Railrijad, and home funtls were exhausted, and the most hopeful of its friends almost hopeless, we see in the city of Berlin a man who in full con- fidence of the value oi the bonds which he proposes tO' sell, satisfying the money lenders of Europe oi the value of the offered security, bringing- back to this country mallions of dol- lars, which enabled th.e directors to tunnel tlie hills and trestle the, gaps, and lay the rails, and thus complete an enterprise, w-hich has gi\eii us connection with the outer world. Tliis man was no other than Noah L. AVilson, who spent mtost of his days in the nvidst of us. General Warner, it is admitted on all hands, I believe, gave us the Cleveland & Ma- rietta Railroad, the value of which to our city and county cannot be estimated. This rail- road supplanted tO' a great degree another en- terprise, which has not by any means lost its value to the country through which it passes, and the business prosperity of our city. This road was projected and built, and called the Marietta & Duck Creek Plank Road. John O. Crani, one of the live men of Marietta, was the father of this enterprise. 1 Toda}- we find Oiurselves connected w-'ith the North and A^'est l:)y the Toledo & Ohio Central Extension, an enterprise bringing de- servedly mj-ich credit to our fellow citizen, T. D. Dale, for its construction and completion. It is said that this road brings more frade to ^Marietta than any other. An end I must reach, fully convinced that a volume could be written filled with the nar- ration of commendable acts of those who lived before us. I shah necessarily pass over much of the history of the past. The building and conduction of our man- ufacturing establishments, notably the chair factory, which, in the past, as I ami creditably informed, fed and clothed, and gave good homes to 1.500 souls. Grafton, Mills and Stanley should write this history. William, L. Rolston, Escp. better than any one I know, can give a history of other years ; the tanner}-, where hundreds of thousands of ddllars were jirobablv used and many hands AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 537 employed. He also can tell you, better than anvone living, of the woolen factory, where minch real capital was lost in an attempt to build up tlie manufacturing interests of Mari- etta. In this connection, allow me to say that A. T. Nye should write up the history of iron manufacturing in this region. I know of no one so competent to do it. Wonder not that I have come to the front in speaking of the deeds of those who have lived and who are no more. In m[\- lx)yhood days I used to look with veneration u])on the faces and forms of those who planted our institutions here; their names were hoiisehold words, their deeds were re- corded in memor}-; their children were my playmates and schoolmates and after compan- ions. I feel exultant to have had such a com- I)anionship. CHAPTER. XXIV. COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF MARIETTA IN THE PAST TWO DECADES. Commercial Growth Prior to 1880 — The Awakening — Annexation of Harmar — Water Works — Paid Fire Department — Electric Light Plant — Street Paving and Sanitary Sewers — Electric Street Railway — Telephone Companies — Railroads — Natural Gas — Increased Activity in the Oil Industry — Building Opera- tions Enlivened — Growth in the City's Business — Suburbs — New Public Buildings — Bridge Across the Ohio — New Projects — Improvement of the Ohio — Tax Levies and Valuations in Marietta for the Past Decade — Roster OF City Officials. commercial growth prior to 1880. 1 Prior to 18S0 the comm'ercial growth and industrial development of Marietta., while maintaining a gradual and unbroken rate of progress during the century w'hich the city was even then rounding out, had yet been along such conservative and undemonstrative lines that the strenuous business world was prone to accord her a mluch less important place than she in reality occupied. The historical signifi- cance of the founding of the settlement by the sturdy empire-huilders from New England, the enduring works of a prehistoric and little- understood race which had obligingly rendered itself extinct so as tO' offer nO' im'pediment to the onward rush of civilization, the high mor- al and intellectual plane of the people who had come after them, with the test of schools and churches and colleges — the fame of these had gone abroad and gi\'en to Marietta a peculiar and not unpleasant niche in the mind of the outside world. ' As an industrial center, however, the city had fallen short of others which had had a later and less favorable start, although it al- ready contained many valuable and prosperous manufactories to supply the bone and sinew of business activit}'. The mistaken impression that Marietta was a city of no commercial importance was most largely due, probaWy, to the erroneous idea, all too prevalent about that time, that only "boom" toi\\'ns, the mushroom communities which were springing up in a night througho'Ut all the West, and toppling to disaster almost as speedily, were to be placed in the catalogue ^^1l•^icIl as a whole con- stituted the popular idea of American progress. The error soon became apparent, however, and the solid, substantial, conservative work of pre- ceding generations of careful and thrifty busi- ness men was seen to- be the only safe and sure foundation upon which tO' build an edifice o-f progress that would endure. It was then that Marietta forged to the front with accelerated pace and assumed her proper place in indus- trial circles. the aw.\kening. The people of the city are pleased to enter- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITTLENS. 539 tain the sentiment that, Hke a "Sleeping Beau- ty," after a century of repose, gathering strength and vitality for the future, she awoke suddenly in the full prime of her existence, garbed by nature in a thousand beauties, strong, calm, and confident of her destiny. Neither is this figurative illustration un- mixed with fact. Undoubtedly the nwist im- portant incident of the decade fronr 1880 to 1890 was the celebration of the city's centen- nial anniversary in the year 1888. On April 7th, of that year, exercises were held commem- orating- the settlement oi the Northwest Terri- tory, at w:hic!i addresses of world-wide inter- est were delivered by numerous orators of na- tional rqnitation. Again, on July 15th tO' 19th of the sanije year, was held a second celebra- tion commemorative of the establishment of civil government. Nunrbers of the country's nnost fam'pus mien were present on this date, also, and for a week Marietta was crowded with thousands oi distinguished visitors fromi e\ery section. It was upon this cKcasion that the city awoke to her own importance, and here that the oiitside world first gained a true im- pression of her beauty, her commercial capa- i>ilities, her great natural advantages and her certain prospect for a noteworthy future. In 1880 the pr»pulation of ^larietta proper was 5,444, and of Harmar, the neighboring village on the western bank of the Miuskingum, 1. 57 1, — a total for the two miunicipalities, which haA'e since become one, of 7.015. llie early "eighties" were not distinguished by any unusual features of growth, the city hav- ing in fact been severely handicapped by two disastrous floods in 1883 and 18S4. Oln Fel)- ruary 9th of the latter year the water reached a stage of 52 feet si.x inches, tlie highest ever known. Following the centennial celebration, a very perceptible growth of population and increased activity in business circles was noted, and thus we find the conamercial awakening of the city practically coincident with the close of the first 100 years of existence and the start upon a new century. .•\N.\E.\.\TTOX OF HARMAK. On May 14, 1890, the annexation of the village of Harmar was accomplished after a period of enthusiastic agitation on the part of the citizens of both towns, and since that time the ])ortion annexed has been designated West Marietta, constituting two of the six wards of the city. WATER WORKS. The first of the more important stqjs to- ward nxodern municipal improvement was taken in 1891, when the system of public water works was put in operation on Septemlber ist. This improvement came primarily as a result of a uni\-ersal demand for hetter fire protec- tion, following a number of costly conflagra- tions which threatened the entire business dis- trict. The great utility of the system for sup- plying water to private consumers was at once recognized, and the plant was improved to meet the demands rniade upon it bv the gen" eral public. New and larger pumps and ma- chinery have been added, many miles of addi- tional mains laid and the ser^-ice extended un- til it covers practically every portion of the city and its floiu-ishing suburbs. In 1902 the demand has so increased that improvements are under way which contemplate the erection of large settling reservoirs to provide purer water and a great increase in the supply. The money is ap]:)ro])riated for these extensions which will be made during the ne.\t \car. PAID FIRE DEPART.VIENT. Following the water works came the paid fire departnrent. which on December i, 1894, supplanted the old volunteer department that had been in existence for 40 years. Two splen- didly organized and completely equipped de- partments, one on the east side, and the other on the west side of the -Muskingum River, now give the city almost perfect protection against the destro_\-ing element. 540 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, ELECTRIC LIGHT PLANT. All through the early "nineties" the city was busy with miunicipal improvements. Start- ing- with the installation of an electric street lighting plant oi small capacity, which was placed in operation July lo, 1889, the service has been enlarged to include incandescent lighting of the city building antl to furnish 200 arc lamSps for street purposes. The plant now occupies a fine new building at the corner of Front and Butler streets, completed in 1901. STREET P.W'IXG AND SANITARY SEWERS. The initial w<:)rk lowanl the pa\'ing of the streets, begun in 1892, was the improventent of Greene, Front and Putnam streets, from: what is now the Norwood Hotel to the Court House. The transformation oi these thoroughfares was so great that the w ork was pushed rapidly forward until now the main arteries of travel are all smothly paved with vitrified brick, and many cross streets as well. Simultaneously with street paving arose a demand for sanitary sewers and this improve- ment also is now practically complete, covering e\ery part of the cit\'. ELECTRIC STREET RAILW^\Y. The spirit of progress and improvement, w'hich had taken hold O'f ofificial Marietta, at once had its efifect on private interests and ex- pansion became the watchword in almost every line of business. One nf the first and most im- portant public utilities to be established by private capital was the electric «treet railway, superseding the old horse cars, which struggled feebly for a few years and then gave way to the handsomer, swifter moving, profit-paying cars propelled by electricity, the motive power O'f the age in street transportation. .\ com- pany of local capitalists, imbued with faith in the future of Marietta, and under the lead- ership of Kelson Moore, secured from the City Council in April, i8g6, a franchise for the use and occupation of the streets for an elec- tric railway. The construction and equipment of the plant was undertaken without delay and, contrary to the predictions of many, the com- pany was a paying institution from the start. Extensions oi the road have been continuously made until now it reaches every portion oi the city and gives an excellent service. Early in 1902 a consolidation was effected with a com- pany owning and operating the electric line at Parkersburg, and the new inter-urban line connecting Parkersburg and M'arietta, and an organization was accomplished under the name oif the Parkersburg, Marietta & Inter-Ufban Railway Company. This consolidation results in giving to the two cities local transportation facilities of great convenience and commer- cial value. TELEPHONE COMPANIES. The Bell Telephone, which was introduced into ^larietta in 1886, now occupies its own fine brick building on Putnam street, with prac- tically all its wires in the more thickly settled parts of the city under ground. Its subscribers are supplied with fine 'long-distance instru- ments and the best service of which the com- pany is capable. In 1900 the ^Marietta Tele- phone Company was organized and it also has an excellent underground service, with long^ distance connections throughout the county and State. ' RAILROADS. In railroad facilities Marietta has not been as fortunate as many of her neighboring cities, being denied the advantages of location upon trunk lines, but her connnercial importance has gradually compelled recognition fronx railroad corporations until now she has four lines running directly into the city, with an- other passing on the opposite side of the Ohio River. In 1880 the Alhrietta & Cincinnati and the Cleveland & Marietta were the only lines en- tering the city. Subsecjuently the Zanesville & Ohio River road was built through the M'us- kingum Valley, and made its entrance into AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 541 Marietta July i, 1888. This road follows the west bank of the river for the entire distance of 75 miles from Marietta to Zanesville. It was i)nilt largely by the efforts of the people along the beautiful valley, who had tired of the slow- going steamboats for passenger transportation, and who assisted the promoters with large sub- scriptions of mpney and rights of way. As an independent line the road had nu- merous vicissitudes, and was finally merged into the Ohio & Little Kanawha. Its troubles ended in 1902. however, when it was purchased outright .by the Baltimore & Ohio and made a part of the Newark Division. In 1884 the Toledo & Ohio Central Exten- sion road was conceived by local capitalists and carried to a conclusion so successful tliat it is now looked upon as perhaps the most valua- ble local line entering the city, operating 53 miles of track. It connects with the Toledo & Ohio Central at Palos and offers excellent con- nections north and west. It is now named the Marietta. Columbus & Cleveland and is under the most able management in its history. Although no part of it is in Ohio, the comipletion of the Ohio River road from Wheeling to Kenova was of great value to Marietta, the road passing through Williams- town, a thriving village on the West \'irginia side of the river, opposite this city. In the railroad history of Marietta there is no more important undertaking than the movement for a union station, which was con- ceived by T. D. Dale, a local railroad man. in 1889. and by him pushed through to a suc- cessful termination, with the aid of outside capitalists. Up to the year mentioned the city wias practically without depot acconmiodations, each road running into a little platform and frame building of its own, and the entire lack of con\-eniences for the traveling jiublic was a familiar source of jest. Through the patient efforts of Mr. Dale, however, the Marietta Railway Company was organized and gave to the city the handsome union station which is a source of pride to the citizens, and the erec- tion of which resulted in filling a large area of low and valueless land and greatly improv- ing the business section. More and more of this low ground, which originally was under Water during every slight freshet, is being filled by the failroads as they need it for ex- tending their yards, and eventually it will all be brought to the general le\-el of the main streets. N.\TUR.\L G.\S. Since 1893 Marietta has been a "natural gas town," having been generously supplied with this valuable fluid for both fuel and lights. The River Gas Company's mains cover the entire city like a network and the use of gas is practically universal. This fact has added much tO' the desirability of the city for manu- facturing antl also renders it a cleaner and more healthful residence locality. INCREASED .\CTIVITY IX THE OIL INDUSTRY. The period from 1890 to 1895 — the first half of the closing decade of the 19th century — was not marked by the unprecedented growth that came later, but was almost exclusively de- voted to general public improvements which attracted outside capital and gave to the people a spirit of enterprise that made certain the newer and greater Marietta of today, .\bout the years 1895 and 1896 the oil lousiness, which had been alniost at a standstill, sudden- ly developed tremendous activity, chiefly due to a rising market, and broug'ht about an un- paralleled era of "good times" in every line of trade and manufacture. Captial flowed in for the purpose of drilling the rich territory on every hand and farms that had hitherto been considered almost worthless speedily enriched the operators and farmers alike. T'liis city, as the headquarters of the Buckeye and Eureka Pipe Line companies, the Joseph Seep Pur- chasing Agency, and kindred branches of tlie Standard Oil Company, became the real center of the development known as "Tlie South- west." and enjoyed a season of prosperity that at last placed it in the very front rank of com- nuercial and industrial affairs. The deveUjp- nient of the oil fields brought directly the nee- 542 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, essary large depots of supplies for the work, the manufactories of drilhng tools, engines, boilers and glycerine for liberating the greas}^ fluid fr(;)m its stone-locked prison in the bowels of the earth, and the thousands of men en- gaged in the business found in Marietta an ideal S])i)t in which to live and educate their children. Other influences were also' at work in the growth of the city, but to the oil devel- opment more than any other is undoubtedl}" due her continued prosperity at a time when other towns felt general depression in business aifair^. Bl'ILDIXG OPER.ATIONS ENLIVENED. Handsome residences sprang up like magic at the rate of three hundred or four hundred a year ; costly and elegant business blocks and oftice buildings replaced the most old-fashioned frame structures that for years had been land- marks along the business streets ; elegant ne\u school houses arose as monuments to the spirit of progress and rapid increase of population. The prices of real estate advanced steadily, pride grew in the hearts of the people, and all at once, as it seemed, every avenue f>i trade and traffic becane alive with the hustle and bustle of modern liusiness life. GROWTH IN THE CITy's BUSINESS. To the solid old manufacturing establish- ments and business houses, every one oi which had felt the impetus of the new conditions and expanded with tlie city, were added manv oth- ers to swell the volume o-f business, supplv wprk for the laboring mran and trade for the mierchant. Iron and glass industries were added to the diversity of lines of wood-working wjiich had long been profitably followed and the manufacturing interests soon became pre- dominant. The financial institutions, the banks and building associations, grew at a phe- nomenal rate and in a few years the ceiitury- old town, once known principally because of its historic associations and its splendid col- lege, was heralded far and wide as one of the most important business centers in the Middle West. SUBURBS. The rapid intlux of new people caused a congestion of population to such an extent that additional room became necessary, and numer- ous beautiful suburban tracts were laid out into lots and homes erected upon them. Most prom- inent among. these are Norwood, Fairview Heiglits, and the Rathbone Addition. The suburb of Norwood lies toi the east of the city and alreadv has more than i,ooo inhabi- tants, all occui;)ving new and handsome resi- dences, where in 1896 were only pasture fields and farm lands. Here is located the new' plant of the Marietta street railwav, which was cimi- pelled by its growth to remo\'e front: its origin- al quarters on Second street. Numercius new industries are located in Norwood, which is destined to beconue one of the principal sec- tions of the city. Fairview Heights is located on the plain at the top of the hi.gh hill which rises abruptly from the west bank of the Muskingum River, and contains many elegant and costly homes. The scenic outlook from the brow of the hill, showing the beauties of the Ohio and Muskin- gunii valleys, is one oi the most magnificent in Ohio, and has 1>een a powerful factor in the rapid development of Fairview Heights. Fine new public school buildings are already under wlay in both Norwood and Fairview Heights. On the easterly side of the INlnskingumi, just above the city, are being built many fine houses for the occupancy of professional and business mien and the locality, known as the Rathbone Addition, is one of the most delight- ful residence spots in the valley. NEW PUBLIC BUILDINGS. In 1898 the M'arietta Bi^ard of Trade, an organization \\%ich has had much to do with the progress of the city since its inception in 1887, decided to institute a movement for the erection of a new Court House, the old struc- ture having outlived its usefulness, and being AND REPRESENTATIVE CTTIZENS. 545 in constant danger, with its valuable records, of destruction by fire. A campaign of educa- tion was undertaken and after a vigorous and enthusiastic canvass the proposition carried by popular vote. The contract for tlie new building was let in August, 1900, and it was completed in 1902. This Court House is said to be one of the handsomest in Ohio, and its fourth story contains a modern sanitary jail, doing away with a separate building f(jr keep- ing prisoners. Other notable public Ijuildings erected dur- ing this period were the High School building and ]\Iarion school, built in 1 900-1 901. In 1901 the old bridge across the Muskingum River at the foot of Putnam street was re- placed with a fine steel structure, provided with street railway tracks. A significant feature of the general pros- perity since 1896 has been the interest in re- ligious affairs. JNIany fine new church edi- fices have been erected and others are pro- vided for and will be built in the near future. BRIDGE ACROSS THE OHIO. In 1901 the City Council granted a fran- chise for the erection of a bridge across the Ohio River, and at this date the substructure is completed and the contract for the super- structure let. The promoters of the enterprise comprise the Ohio River Bridge and Ferry Company. Upon the completion of the struc- ture, which will be noted for having the longest channel span of any truss bridge over the Oiliio — 650 feet — the electric lines will connect Miarietta and Parkersburg under one manage- mient. NEW PROJECTS. An electric line is also projected from ^la- rietta to Newport, a village 15 niiles east, and will pass through an exceptionally rich farm- ing country. Many projects for new manu- facturing industries are already on foot and in general the industrial and commercial out- look for the city is brighter at the present mo- ment than at any time in its exceedingly in- teresting historv. IMPR6VEME.\T of the OHIO. The stupendous scheme O'f improving the Ohio River front Pittsljurg to Cairo, liy a system of locks and movable dams, upon which the United States government is now engaged, will be of great advantage to Marietta. The location of Dam No. 18 about seven miles be- low tiie city, will give a splendid hafbor, with navigable water in the Ohio at all seasons of the year. The apjiropriation has been made fur this dam and the preliminary work done and it will be one of the first to be completed. \\'ith the Muskingum River, already improved under go\-ernmcnt control as far north as Zanesville, and the probabilitv of a still further extension of this beautiful and useful water- way, the improvement of the Ohio will assure to the city for all lime to come a perfect sys- tem of river tra.nsporlatinn and a safe defense against railruad discrimination. TAX LEVIES AND VALUATIONS IN MARIETT.V FOR THE PAST DECADE. Local and Vear Valuation. County Delinquent Delinquent Grand Real. Personal. Total. 1890 2,990,493 78,2(54 14 903 89 384 63 79,552 66 ISOl' .•5,O.V2,L-)2 91,813 KS 1,200 99 833 85 93,848 72 1S92 :i.li);i,()S(; !Hi,S(ii; SI! 2,G.30 99 1,621 79 95,059 61 isii:; :;,i(ic,,-,iir iiiMU:: m7 2,049 15 1,459 48 94,121 70 is'.M ::,."i(;;,;r,ii 9:;, ic.i; liii 2,195 45 1,785 72 97,447 77 Ls:i.-, :;.:i!i.iiiir, '.19,292 :;t 1,.524 18 1,645 31 102,461 83 ls:ic, :;,>(«;, lull 1(m;,.-,.-,1 i;ii 1,128 15 1,182 40 108,862 15 is!i; 1,11.-,.-,,:;: 1 iiG,;;:io ■ \'.i 2,003 49 1,925 60 120,2.59 48 ISDS l,221,2Cill 119,S1.-) 10 2,355 88 1,292 75 123,463 73 isD'.i 4,i;."i.i:;i» 124,834 81 3,248 56 2,934 63 131,018 00 191)11 ."),iii;(i,si(i 144,2.58 27 2,765 71 1,983 04 149,007 02 190l| G,2G2,G7.5 178,376 74 3,436 27 2,780 05 184,593 06 ROSTER OF CITY OFFICIALS. Following is the list of the principal civil officers of Marietta front 1801 down to 1902: 180T. — Rufus Putnam, chairman town meeting; David Pntnam, town clerk ; Ichabod Nye, town treas- urer; Riifu«; Putnam, Griffin Greene and Joseph Gil- man, council. 1802. — Rufiis Putnam, chairman town meeting; Da- vid Putnam, town clerk: Ichabod Xye, town treasurer; Rufus Putnam, Joseph Gilman and Dudley Woodbridge, council. 1803. — Rufns Putnam, chairman town meeting: Da- vid Putnam town clerk; Ichabod Xye, town treasurer; 546 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Paul Fearing. Griffin Greene and John Brough. council. 1804. — l5ndley Woodbridge. chairman town meet- ing ; Nathaniel Gates, town clerk ; Robert Wallace, town treasurer : Paul Fearing, Rufus Putnam and Dudley Woodbridge. council. 1805. — Dudley Woodbridge. chairman town meet- ing: Nathaniel Gates, town clerk: Robert Wallace, town treasurer : Dudley Woodbridge. William Skinner and Edward W. Tupper, council. 1806. — Dudley Woodbridge. chairman town meet- ing: Nathaniel Gates, town clerk: Roiiert Wallace, town treasurer : Levi Barber. Joseph Buell. William Taylor, Hallani Hempstead and Dudley Woodbridge. council. 1807. — Dudley Woodbridge. chairman town meet- ing: Nathaniel Gates, towm clerk; Robert Wallace, town treasurer: Simeon Pool, Giles Hempstead and Edwin Putnam, counoi'l. 1808. — Ed^in Putnam, chairman town meeting: Na- thaniel Gates, town clerk: Seth Washburn, town treas- urer; Edwin Putnam. Simeon Pool and Joseph Holden. council. i8oq. — Paul Fearing, chairman town meeting ; Ben- jamin Ruggles, town clerk; Seth Washburn, town treas- urer; Jeremiah Dare, Hallani Hempstead and Edwin Putnam, council. 1810. — Seth Washluirn. chairman town meeting; Samuel P. Flildreth. town clerk; Seth Washliurn. town treasurer: William Woodbridge. William Skinner and Jeremiah Dare, council. t8ii. — Ichabod Nye. chairman town meeting; Sam- uel P. Hildreth. town clerk; Jabez True, town treas- xirer; William Woodbridge. Levi Barber and Joseph Holden, council. 1812. — Ichabod Nye, chairman town meeting; Sam- Tiel P. Hildreth. town clerk: Jabez True, town treas- urer: William Woodbridge. Joseph Holden and James Sharp, council. 1813 — Ichabod Nye, chairman town meeting; Sam- uel P. Hildreth, town clerk; Jal>ez True, town treas- urer; James Sharp. William Woodbridge and Robert Williaiuson. council. 1814. — ■Caleb Emerson, chairman town meeting; Samuel P. Hildreth. town clerk: Jabez True, town treasurer ; William Woodbridge, James Sharp and Rob- ert Williamson, council. 1815. — John Brough. chairman town meeting; Rob- ert C. Barton, town clerk : Joseph Holden, town tre:is- urer : Robert Williamson. James Sharp and John Law- rence, council. 1816. — Caleb Emerson, chairman town meeting: Robert C. Barton, resigned, and Royal Prentiss, town clerk : Joseph Holden, town treasurer ; James Sharp. Giles Hempstead and Caleb Emerson, council. 1S17. — Jfames Sharp, chairman town meeting: Royal Prentiss, town clerk ; Joseph Holden. town treasurer ; James Sharp. Samuel Hoit and Robert Williamson, council. 1S18. — James Sharp, chairman town meeting; Royal Prentiss, town clerk; Jo-eph Holden. town treasurer; Jatues Sharp. Salmon Buell and Robert Williamson, council. 1819. — Caleb Emerson, chairman town meeting: Roy;i! Prentiss, town clerk: Sampson Cole, town treas- urer: Caleb Emerson. John Merrill and Atnzi Stanley, council. 1820. — Ichabod Nye, chairman town meeting: Royal Prentiss, town clerk ; Sampson Cole, town treasurer ; Caleb Emerson, John Merrill and George Turner, coun- cil. 1S21. — Ichabod Nye. chainnan town meeting; Royal Prentiss, town clerk; John Mills, town treasurer; George Dunlevy, Daniel H. Buell and John Merrill, council. 1S22. — John Clark, chairman town meeting; Royal Prentiss, town clerk: John ^iKlls, town treasurer; George Dunlevy, Daniel H. Buell and John Merrill, council. • l82,t. chairman towm meeting; Royal Prentiss, town clerk; John Mills, town treasurer; George Dunlevy. Daniel H. Buell and John Cotton, council. 1824. — . chairman town meeting; Royal Prentiss, town clerk; John Mills, town treasurer; Daniel PI. Buell. John Cotton and George Dunlevy,- council. 1825. — Daniel H. Buell, resigred, and James M. Booth, mayor : Caleb Emerson, recorder ; James Whit- ney, treasurer; William Slocomb. surveyor; Daniel H. Buell resigned. Joseph Holden. James M. Booth, Samp- son Cole. James Wihitney, Morris German, Notley Drown, John Cotton. Caleb Emerson and Ichabod Nye, council. 1826. — James M. Booth, mayor ; John Crawford re- signed, and John Mills, recorder; John Mills resigned, and James Whitney, treasurer; Daniel Protsman, mar- shal ; David C. Skinner, surveyor ; James M. Booth, James Dunn. Wyllys Hall. John P. Mayberry, James Whitney, John Crawford. John Mills, John Clark and Silas Cook, council. 1827. — James M. Booth, mayor; Royal Prentiss, re- corder : James Whitney, treasurer ; Enoch Hoff , mar- shal ; David C. Skinner, surveyor; James M. Booth, Joseph Holden, Jude Hamilton, Monris German, Royal Prentiss, James Whitney, John Clark, Michael Deterly and Ichahod Nye. council. 1828. — James M. Booth, mayor ; Royal Prentiss, re- corder ; James Whitney, treasurer ; Genison Prentiss, marshal : Dou,glas Putnam, surveyor ; Jatues M. Booth, tis Wheeler. Charles Bosworth, James Whitney, Royal Prentiss. John F. Mayberry, John Clark, John Cotton and John Mills, council. 1829. — James M. Booth, mayor; Royal Prentiss, re- corder: Amos Dupham, treasurer; Griffin Greene, mar- shal ; Douglas Putnam, surveyor : James M. Booth, Otis Wheeler, John Cotton. Morris German, Amos Dunham, William R. Morton, John Mills. John Clark and Royal Prentiss, council. 1830. — James M. Booth, mayor; Williaiu P. Skin- ner, recorder; Robert Crawford, treasurer; Griffin Greene, marshal; William Slocum, surveyor; James B. Booth. Otis Wheeler. David B. Anderson. Amos Dun- ham. William P. Skinner, William Knox, John Mills, Ichabod .Nye and Robert Crawford, council. i8,u. — ^James Dunn, mayor; William P. Skinner re- signed, and Daniel P. Bosworth. recorder; Robert Craw- ford, treasurer: Griffin Greone. marshal: William Slo- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 547 comb, surveyor : James M. Boovh, James Dunn. David B. Anderson, William R. Morton. Joseph P. Wight- man, Daniel P. Boswonh. William P. Skinner (re- signed). Ichabod Nye. Robert Crawford and William Slocotnb, council. 1832. — James Dunn, mayor; William Slocomb. re- corder: Joseph P. Wighlman, treasurer: GrilVin Greene, marshal ; Douglas Putnam, surveyor : James Dunn. Michael Deterly, Louis Soyez. William P. Morton, Jo- seph Thompson. Joseph P. Wightman. Ichabod Nye, Robert Crawford and William Slocomb, council 1833. — Nahum Ward, mayor: Joseph P. Wightman, recorder; John Lewis, treasurer; Griffin Greene, mar- shal : Douglas Putnam, surveyor ; John Lewis, Louis Soyez, Sampson Cole, Amos Dunham, Morris German. Joseph P. Wightman, Caleb Emerson, Nahum Ward and Anselm T. Nye. council. 1834. — Nathum Ward, mayor ; Joseph P. Wright- man, recorder ; John Lewis, treasure? ; Ciriffin Greene, marshal; Douglas Putnam, surveyor; John Lewis, Na- thaniel Bishop, Stephen Daniels, Joseph P. Wightman, Abijah Brooks, George Smith. Nahum Ward. Robert Crawford and Caleb Emerson, council. 1835. — Nahum Ward, mayor : M. Josepli .'\nders, recorder ; James Withrow, treasurer ; John Test, mar- shal : Douglas Putnam, surveyor ; Stephen Daniels. James Withrow. Joseph E. Hall, M. Joseph Anders, William Knox, Lawrence Chamberlain, Nahum Ward, Anselm T. Nye and John Clark, council. 1836.- — .Anselm T. Nye, mayor; James M. Booth, recorder; Felix Regnier. treasurer: Marcellus J. Morse, marshal; • , surveyor: Joseph E. Hall, Janies Withrow, Junia .Tennings, Felix Regnier, M. Joseph Anders, Reuben Finch, Nahum Ward, Joseph Ciark and Anselm T. Nye. council. 1837. — .Anselm T. Nye, mayor: Thomas W. Ewart,. recorder; Abner L. Guitteau. treasurer; M.arcellus J. Morse, marshal; William R. Putnam, surveyor; James M. Booth. Junia Jennings. Stephen Daniels. John Mills, Thomas Vinton and Royal Prentiss, council. 1838. — Anselm T. Nye, mayor; Thomas W. Ewart. recorder; .Abner L. Guitteau. treasurer: James Marshall, marshal; William R. Putnam, surveyor; James M. Booth. Junia Jennings. Stephen Daniels. John Mills, Royal Prentiss and Samuel Geren. council. 1839. — .Anselm T. Nye, mayor : Thomas W. Ewart, recorder; Daniel Protsman, treasurer: James Marshall, marshal : William R. Putnam, surveyor : James Booth, Junia Jennings. Thomas J. Westgate. W.illiam .A. Whit- tlesey. John Mills and Samuel Geren. council. 1840. — .Anselm T. Nye. mayor : Thomas W. Ewart. recorder; Daniel Protsman. treasurer; James Marshall, marshal; William. R. Putnam, surveyor: Thomas J. Westgate. John T. Clogston, Wyllys Hall. John Mills, Samuel Geren and Daniel P. Bosworth, council. 1841. — .Anselm T. Nye. mayor: Thoma- W. Ewart, recorder; Daniel Protsman, treasurer: James Marshall, marshal ; William R. Putnam, surveyor : Ethan H. .Allen, Nathaniel Bishop, John T. Clogston. John Mills. Sam- uel Geren and Charles Hendrie. council. 1842.— Daniel Tt. Buell. mayor: Thomas W. Ewart, recorder: Daniel Protsman. treasurer: Thomas Porter. marshal; William R. Putnam, surveyor: Ethan H. .Allen. Nathaniel Bishop. John T. Clogston. Thomas Vinton, Weston Thomas and Sila= Slocomb. council. 1843. — Daniel H. Buell died, and Louis Soyi^z, mayor; John T. Clogston. recorder: Eli James, treas- urer: Solomon Fuller resigned, and Thomas Porter, marshal; William R. Putnam, surveyor; Warren Wil- cox, Hugh Hill, 'Charles Shipman. Silas Slocomb, -Ar- galus Pi.xJey, Jr.. and Robert Crawford, council. 1844. — i.ouis Soyez, mayor; John T. Clogston. re- corder ; Daniel P. Bosworth. treasurer ; Thomas Porter, marshal ; WilHam R. Putnam, surveyor : Charles Ship- man. Marcellus J. Morse. Nathaniel Bishop. .Anselm T. Nye. Tho.nias W. Ewart and Silas Slocomb. council. 1845. — Lx)uis Soyez. mayor; John T. Clogston, re- corder: Danie! Protsman, treasurer; Junia Jennings, marshal; William R. Putnam, surveyor; Joseph L. Record. Horatio Booth, Lewis Mixer, William Holden, .A. Whittlesey and Thomas W. Ewart, council. 1846.- — Louis Soyez. mayor; John S. Clogston. re- corder: Daniel Protsman, treasurer: Junia Jennings, marshal : William. R. Putnam, surveyor : Marcellus J. Morse. Lewis Mi.xer. Charles Shipman, Theodore Scott, Thomas W. Ewart and .Anselm T. Nye. council. 1S47. — Louis Soyez. mayor; Thomas W. Ewart. re- corder: Benjamin Soule. treasurer; Frederick Buck, marshal: William R. Putnam, surveyor: Marcellus J'. Morse. Lewis Mixer. John O. Cram. Theodore Scott, Ansolm T. Nye and Joseph Jones, council. 1848. — Louis Soye?. mayor; Thomas W. Ewart. re- corder; Robert Crawford, treasurer: Joseph Skinner, marshal: William R. Putnam, surveyor; John O. Cram. Lewis Mixer, Thomas J. Westgate. Joseph Jones. Theo- dore Scott and Anselm T. Nye, council. 1849. — .An'elm T. Nye, mayor ; Selden S. Cooke, re- corder ; Robert Crawford, treasurer; Samuel H. Fuller, marshal; William R. Putnam, surveyor: Israel W. An- drews, street commissioner: John O. Cram. Lewis Mixer, Joseph E. Hall, Theodorfe Soott, David C. Skinner and Ira lillis. council. 1850 — Louis Soyez. mayor; Selden S. Cooke, re- corder ; .Abner L. Guitteau, treasurer ; James W. Clogs- ton, marshal: Israel W. Andrews, surveyor; Israel W. .Andrews, street commissioner; John O. Cram. Joseph E. Hall, Ethan H. .Allen. David C. Skinner, Thbmas W. Ewart and Jueob D. Leonard, council. 1851. — James Dunn, mayor; Selden S. Cooke re- signed, and William S. Ward, recorder : .Abner L._ Guit- teau. treasurer : John Wilson, marshal : Israel W. An- drews, surveyor: John O. Cram, street cominissioner ; Joseph E. Hall. William F. Curtis. George H. Richards, Beman Gates. James Dutton and Thomas W. Ewart, council. 1852. — James Dunn, mayor; Davis Green, recorder; .Abner L. Guitteau. treasurer: John Snyder, marshal; Rufus E. Harte, surveyor; John Slocomb. Bernard Ma- loy, William F. Curtis, Marcellus J. Morse. Joseph E. Hail. William P. Skinner, George M. Woodbridge and Davis Green, council. 18.53. — Janies Dunn, mayor; George Wyllys Dodge, recorder: .Abner L. Guitteau. treasurer: William Bab- cock, marshal ; Joseph B. Ward, surveyor : Joseph B. Ward, street conmiissioner ; Joseph E. Hall. Thomas J. Westgate. Joseph Holden Jr.. George M. Woodbridge, William N. Stewart and James Duiui. council. 1854. — Daniel Protsman. mayor: Melvin Clarke, so- licitor; George Wyllys Dodge, clerk; .Abner L. Guit- teau. tnasurer; Jo-eph Deeble. marshal; A. Devine, 548 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, civil engineer; JoJin Preston, street commissioner; Will- iam F. Curtis, Nelson S. Alcock, Thomas F. JonesI Henry Van Bergen, James B. Hovey and J. Dexter Cotton, council. 1855. — Daniel Protsman, mayor ; Melvin Clarke, so- licitor; John Test, clerk; Abner L, Guitteau, treasurer; Joseph Deeble, marshal ; .\lexander L. Haskin, civil engineer ; Joseph Deeble, street commissioner ; William F. Curtis, Nelson S. Alcock, Henry Van Bergen, Thomas F. Jones, James B. Hovey and J. Dexter Cot- ton, couiTcil. 1856. — William A. Whittlesey, mayoc; Melvin Clarke, solicitor; Anselm T. Nye, clerk; Abner L. Guit- teau, treasurer ; James I. Goldsmith, marshal ; Edward P. Walker, civil engineer ; Bernard Maloy, street com- missioner ; Nelson S. Alcock, William F. Curtis, Thom- as F. Jones, Anselm T. Nye, J. Dexter Cotton and James B. Hovey, council. 1857. — William A. M'hitrlesey, mayor; Melvin Clarke, solicitor; Anselm T. Nye, clerk; Abner L. Guit- teau, treasurer; James I. Goldsmith, marsihal ; Edward F. Walker, civil engineer ; Bernard Maloy, street com- missioner ; William F. Curtis, Marcellus J. Morse, An- selm T. Nye, Thomas F. Jones, James B. Hovey and J. iDexter Cotton, council. 1858. — Ethan H. Allen, nvaypr; Melvin Clarke, so- licitor; Anselm T. Nye, clerk; John O. Cram, treasurer; James I. Goldsmith, marshal : Alexander L. Haskin, civil engineer ; Edward W. T. Clark, street commis- sioner ; Marcellus J. Morse, Michael H. Needham, Thomas F. Jones. Anselm T. Nye. J. Dexter Cotton and James B. Hovey, council. 1859. — ^Ethan H. Allen, mayor : Melvin Clarke, so- licitor- Anselm T. Nye, clerk; Abner L, Guitteau, treasurer; James I. Goldsmith, marshal; Alexander L. Haskin, civil engineer; John M. Hook, .street commis- sioner; Michael H. Needham. 'Charles F. Buell. Anselm T. Nye, Tliomas F. Jones, James B. Hovey and J. Dexter Cotton, council. i860. — William A. Whittlesey, mayor ; Franklin Buell, solicitor; John Test, clerk; John O. Cram, treas- urer ; Henry Kelley, marshal ; Alexander L. Haskin, civil engineer; John M. Hook, street commissioner; Charles F. Buell, Nathaniel F. Bishop. Thomas F. Jone«, Anselm T. Nye, J. Dexter Cotton and Charles Jones, council. 1861. — William A. Whittlesey, mayor: Franklin Buell. solicitor ; John Test, clerk ; Charles B. Hall, treas- urer ; Henry Kelley, marshal ; Alexander L. Haskin. civil engineer ; John M. Hook, street commissioner ; Nathan- iel F. Bishop. Charles F. Buell. Anselm T. Nye, George S. Jones, Charles Jones and J. Dext;r Cotton, council. 1862. — William A. Wihittlesey. mayor; William B. Loomis, solicitor ; John Test, clerk ; Charles B. Hall, treasurer; Henry Kelley, marshal; Rufus E. Harte, civil engineer ; John M. Hook, street commissioner ; Charles F. Buell". Wi'Iliani Pitt Racer. George S. Jones, William I. Rolston, J. Dexter Cotton, George H. Eells (resigned), and Frederick A. Wheeler, council. 1863. — William A. Whittlesey, mayor; William B. Loomis. solicitor ; .Anselm T. Nye. clerk ; Henry Kelley, marshal : Rufus E. Harte. civil engineer; John M. Hook, street commissioner ; William Pitt Racer, John Snyder, WiHiam L. Rolston. Thomas F. Jones, Daniel R. Sniffen and James B. Hovey. council. i86,|. — Samuel S. Knowles, mayor; William B. Loomis. solicitor; Anselm T. Nye, clerk; Henry Kelley, marshal; Rufus E. Harte, civil engineer: John M. Hook, street commissioner; John Snyder, Michael H. Need- ham, Thomas F. Jones, Jasper S. Sprague, James B. Hovev and James Dunn, coimoil. 1S65. — Samuel S. Knowles. mayor; William B. Loomis, solicitor; Anselm T. Nye. clerk; Darius Tows- ley, marshal; Rufus E. Harte. civil engineer; John M. Hook, street commissioner; Michael H. Needham, Na- than Fawcett, Jasper S. Sprague, Thomas F. Jones, Allen R. Darrow and Theodore G. Field, council. 1S66. — Samuel S. Knowles, mayor ; Hiram L. Sib- ley, solicitor; Ansehu T. Nye, clerk; Darius Towsley, marshal ; John ^IcGee, civil engineer ; John M. Hook, street conmiissioner ; Nathan Fawcett, Michael H. Needham, Thomas F. Jones, Anelm T. Nye, Jr., Theodore G. Field and Allen R. Darrow, council. 1867. — Samuel S. Knowles, mayor ; Hiram L. Sib- ley, solicitor ; Anselm T. Nye. clerk ; Darius Towsley, marshal; John McGee, civil engineer; John B. Hook, street commissioner; Michael H. Needham, James H. Dye. .An.selm T. Nye, Jr., John Hall, George H. Eells and Marim Schmidt, council. 186S. — Frederick A. Wheeler, mayor ; Hiram L. Sib- ley, solicitor; Anselm T. Nye, clerk; Darius Towsley, marshal ; John McGee, civil engineer ; John M. Hook, street commissioner; James H. Dye. Michael H. Need- ham, John Hall. Anselm T. Nye, Jr., Martin Schmidt and John Newton, council. 1S69. — Frederick A. Wheeler, mayor ; Hiram L. Sib- ley, solicitor ; Daniel B. Torpy, clerk ; Leander K. Dut- ton, 'uarshal ; Rufus E. Harte, civil engineer; John M. Hook, street commissioner; Michael M. Needham, James H. Dye. Anselm T. Nye, Jr., John Hall, John Newton and Martin Schmidt, council. 1870. — Frederick A. Wheeler, mayor ; Reuben L. Nye. solicitor ; Daniel B. Torpy. clerk ; Leander K. Dutton. marshal; John McGee, civil engineer; Lewis Anderson, treasurer (c.v officio city treasurer") ; John M. Hook, city commissioner ; James H. Dye, Michael H. Needham. John Hall. George S. Jones, Martin Schmidt and Dudley S. Nye. council. 1871. — Frederick .A.. Wheeler, mayor; Rculien L. Nye. solicitor ; Daniel B. Torpy, clerk; Darius Towsley, marshal ; Theodorie F. Davis, civil engineer : Ernst Lind- ner treasurer (ex officio city treasurer) : John M. Hook, city commissioner: Michael H. Needham. Samuel A. Cooper, George S. Jones. John Hall. Dudley S. Nye and Martin Schmidt, council. 1872. — John V. Ramsey, mayor ; Reuben L. Nye, solicitor ; Daniel B. Torpy, clerk ; Darius Towsley, marshal ; Theodore F. Davis, civil engineer ; Ernst Lindner, treasurer (ex officio city treasurer) ; John M. Hook, city commissioner ; Michael H. Needham. Sam- uel A. Cooper. George S. Jones, John Hoist, Dudley S. Nye and Daniel G. Mathews, council. 1873. — John V. Ramsey, mayor ; Reuben L. Nye. so- licitor; Willis H. Johnson, clerk; Darius Towsley. mar- shal ; Theodore F. Davis, civil engineer ; Ernst Lindner, treasurer (ex officio city treasurer) ; John M. Hook, city commissioner ; Michael H. Needham. Samuel A. Cooper, George S. Jones. John Hoist, Dudley's. Nye and Daniel G. Mathews, council. 1874. — Jewett Palmer, mayor : Seymour J. Hatha- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 549 way, solicitor: Willis H. Johnson, clerk; Darius Tows- ley, marshal ; Theodore F. Davis, civil engineer ; Ernst Lindner, treasurer (ex officio city treasurer} ; John M. Hook, city coniinis.sioner ; Samuel A. Cooper, Thomas K, Wells (resigned Fehruary, 1875), John Hoist, George S. Jones, Daniel G. Mathews and William Stver, coun- cil. 1S75. — ^Jewett Palmer, mayor: Seymour J. Hatha- way, solicitor; Willis H. Johnson, clerk: Darius Tows- ley, marshal: John .\. Plumcr, civil engineer; John M, Hook, city commissioner ; George S. Jones, Josiah Coul- ter, G. Christian Best, William Styer, George T, Elston and William R, Annstrong, council, 1876. — Jewett Palmer, mayor; William G. Way. .=0- Kcitor; G. C. Best, Jr.. clerk; Darius Towsley. marshal; John A. Plumer, civil engineer; Jchn M. Hook, city commissioner; Josiah Coulter, J. D. Strauss and Will- iam Styer (newly elected menihers). council. 1877. — Jewett Palmer, mayor (November 5th, by special election, William GHnes was chosen mayor to fill vacancy caused by Mr. Palmer's resignation) ; Will- iam G. Way, solicitor ; G. C. Best. Jr., clerk ; Jacob H. Dye, marshal; John A. Palmer, civil engineer; John M. Hook, city conmiissioner; G, C, Best, (r. T, Elston and John Mills, Jr.. (newly elected members), council. 1878. — William Glinci, mayor; William G. Way. so- licitor; G. C. Best, Jr., clerk; Jacob H. Dye, marshal; John A. Plumcr, civil engineer » John M, Hook, city commissioner : Josiah Coulter, J. D. Strauss and An- drew Wagner (newly elected members), council. 187Q. — Williain (jliues. mayor; William G. Way. so- 1icit6r:'G. C. Best. Jr.. clerk ;' Jacob H. Dye. marshal: John A. Plumer. civil engineer; John M. Hook, city commissioner; G. C. Best. G. T. Elston and John Mills, Jr. (newly elected members), council. 1880.— Rufus E. Harte, mayor: William G. Way, so- licitor : Charles H. Nevton. clerk ; Jacob H. Dye. mar- shal ; John A. Plumer, civil engineer ; John M. Hook, city commissioner; J, S. Sinclair, T. K, Wells, John Hall (newlv elected members), council. 1881.— Rufus E. Harte. tiiayor; William G. Way, solicitor: Charles H. Newton, clerk; Jacob H. Dye, marpiha! : John \. Plumer. civil engineer : John M. Hook, city commissioner; G. C. Best, G. T, Elston, John Mills, Jr. (newly elected members), council. 1.882. — Charles VV'. Richards, mayor ; Charles Rich- ardson, solicitor; Charles H. Newton, clerk; Jacob H. Dye, marshal; John A. Plumer, civil engineer; John M. Hook, street commissioner; Jacob Rech, John Hall, Charles G. Dye (newly elected members), council. 1883. — Charles W. Richards, mayor; Charles Rich- ardson, solicitor; Charles H. Newion, clerk; Jacob H. Dye, marshal; John A, Plumcr, civil engineer; John M. Hook, city commissioner; G, C. Best, Benjamin Bailey, D. Seebers (newly elected members), council. 1884, — Sidney Ridgway, mayor : Charles Richard- son, solicitor ; (jeorge Weiser, clerk ; Jacob H. Dye. marshal; John A. Plumer. civil engineer; John M. Hook, city commissioner; William Harris, S. M. Mc- Millen, Josiah Coulter, Charles Zimmer, George T. EIs- ston, Jacob Gephart (newly elected members), council. 1885. — Sidney Ridgw-ay, mayor ; Charles Richard- son, .solicitor; George Weiser, clerk; Jacob H. Dye, marshal; John A. Plumer, civil engineer; John M, Hook, city commissioner; Jacob Rech, William P, Dye, Josiah Coulter, Henry C. Posey (newly elected mem- bers), council. 1886. — Sidney Ridgway, mayor; William G. Way, solicitor; George Weiser, clerk; Jacob H. Dye, mar.shal; J. P. Hulbert, civil engineer; John M. Hook, city com- missioner : G. Christian Best, S. M. McMillen, Theo- dore F. Davis, Jacob Gephart (newly elected mem- bers), council. 1887, — Sidney Ridgway, mayor; William G, Way, solicitor; George Weiser, clerk; Jacob H. Dye, marshal; J, P. Hulbert, civil engineer; John M. Hook, city com- missioner; S. D. Davis, William P. Dye, Josiah Coul- ter, Daniel F, .Sayre (newly elected members), council. 1888. — Josiali Coulter, mayor ; Charles W. Richards, solicitor; George Weiser, clerk; Jacob H. Dye, marsha'. ; J. P. Hulbert; civil engineer ; John M. Hook, city com- missioner; G, Christian Best, S, M. McMillen, Daniel R. Greene, Jacob Gephart (newly elected members), council. 1880. — Josiah Coulter, mayor ; Cliarles W. Rich- ards, solicitor ; George Weiser, clerk ; Jacob H. Dye, marshal; J. P. Hulbert, civil engineer; George Gep- hart, city commissioner; Philip Bachman, William P. Dye, W. A. Sniffen, Edward Meisenhddeir (newly elected members), council. 1890. — Charles Richardson, mayor ; A. D. Follett, solicitor; George Weiser, clerk; Jacob H. Dye, marshal; J. P. Hullx'rt. civil engineer; Jacob Gephart. city com- missioner ; Fred Morganstern. S. M. McMillen, Daniel R. Greene, Jacob Gephart (newly elected members), council. 1891. — Charles Richardson, mayor; A. 5- Follett, solicitor; Louis Mueller, clerk; Jacob H. Dye, mar- shal; J. P. Hulbert, civil engineer; Charles J. Best, city commissioner; Jacob Rech, Frank Weber, S, J. Hatha- way, Edivard Meisenhelder, Harry D. Knox, A, S. Hale, Henry Strecker, Daniel W. Davis (newly elected mem- bers), council. T892. — Charles Richard.son, mayor; A. D. P'ollett, solicitor: Louis M'leilev. clerk; Jacob PL Dye. marshal; E. Frank Gates, civil engineer; Charles J. Best, city commissioner; Fred Meister. John Bickert. James Mc- Clure, Jacob Gephart, A, S. Hale, Daniel W, Davis (newly elected members), council. 1893- — Charles Richardson, mayor ; A. D. Follett, solicitor; Louis Mueller, clerk; Jacob H. Dye, marshal; E, Frank Gates, civil engineer ; Charles j. Best, city commissioner: Clinton E. Pape. J. H. Grafton, Seymour J. Hathaway, Edward ^leisenhelder, J. M. Blair, J. D. Lashley (newly elected members), council. 1894. — Jewett Palmer, mayor; J. C. Brenan. solici- tor ; Louis Mueller, clerk ; Jacob H. Dye, marshal ; E. Frank Gates, civil engineer ; Charles J. Best, city com- missioner; Fred Meister, Frank Weber, Jacob' Rech, James McClure, Philip Peters, L. R. Chapin, Daniel W. Davis (newly elected members), council. 189?. — Jewett Palmer, mayor ; J. C. Brenan, city so- licitor; Carl Becker, clerk; James Parlin, marshal; E. Frank Gates, civil engineer ; Charles J. Best, city com- missioner; Philip Bachman, Jacob Marsch. Jacob Rech, S. J. PLnthaway, Edw^ard Meisenhelder, Cliarles Clark, Daniel Biszantz (newly elected members), council. 1896.— Edward Meisenhelder, mayor; C. W. Rich- 550 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, ards, solicitor; Carl Becker, clerk; \V. P. Mason, civil engineer; James Parlin, marshal; Charles J. Best, city commissioner; S. E. Garrison, B. F, Wood. James Mc- Ciure. J. C. Hardy, William Henry. J. N. Price. J. P. Ridge (newly elected members), council. igg^. — Edward Meisenhelder, mayor ; C. W. Rich- ards, solicitor ; Carl Becker, clerk : W. P. Mason, civil engineer ; Charles J. Besit. city commissioner ; Jacob H. Dve. marshal ; Philip Bachman. E. A, Cochlan. Jecob Wittlig. M. H. Haddox. John 'W. Trautman, Douglas Ptaff (newly elected members), council. i8g8. — Charles Richardson, mayor ; C. W. Richards, solicitor; Carl Becker, clerk; E. Frank Gates, civil en- gineer; Jacob H. Dye. marshal; Charles J. Best, city commissioner; S. E. Garrison. B. F. Wood. Henry Blume. Oscar A. Lambert. William Loffland, Daniel W. Davis (newly elected members), council. 1899.— Charles Richardson, mayor ; C. W. Richards, solicitor ; Carl Becker, clerk ; Jacob H. Dye. marshal ; E. Frank Gates, civil engineer: Charles J. Best, city commissioner; B. Eveleigh. W. D. Strain. H. N. Curtis. Adam Lorenz. Cieorge Storck, E. F. Gossett (newly elected members), council. igoo. — W. E. Sykes, mayor ; C. W. Richards, so- licitor ; Carl Becker, clerk ; Jacob H. Dye. marshal ; W. P. Mason, civil engineer ; Charles J. Best, city com- missioner: T. P. Marsch, L. J. Cutter. W. L. Kerns. S. H. Plumer.'j. L. Toller. S. A. Coffman (newly clectecl members), council. 1901. — W. E. Sykes. mayor; C. W. Richards, solici- tor; Carl Becker, clerk; Jacob H. Dye. marshal; W. P. Mason, civil engineer ; Charles J. Best, city commis- sioner ; Thomas Matchett. W. D. Strain. H. N. Curtis. .\dam Lorenz. C. S. Benedict, Henry Savage (newly elected members;, council. 1902. — Oscar A. Lambert, mayor ; F. J. Cutter, so- licitor ; Carl Becker, clerk ; Jacob H. Dye. marshal ; E. Frank Gates, civil engineer ; Charles J. Best, city com- missioner; H. H. Darrah, B. F. Wood, C. A. Ward, Thomas Pipes. F. G. Henry, S. A. Coffman. W. S. Alexander. Harry I. Jordan (newly elected members), cuuncil. CHAPTER. XXV. THE WAR OF 1812. Cause of the War — Attitude of the Federalists — Situation in Washington County — Whv the Draft avas Resorted to — Battle of Tippecanoe — Expedition of General Hull — Surrender of Hull — Call for Troops — -Expedition of Gen. Edward W. Tupper — Companies from Washington County — Siege of Fort Erie — Perry's Victory — Proctor and Tecumseh Defeated by Harrison — Bat- tle OF New Orleans and Treaty of Peace — Rolls of Washington County Companies — Biographical Sketches of Officers. Ohio had been settled 24 years when the .war with Great Britain broke out. Some pro- gress had been made in subduing the wilder- ness, numerous settlements had been formed, new counties organized, and the census of iSio shows that, wiith an area of four thousand square miles, she had at that time but 230,769 inhabitants, and \\"ashington County, by the same census, 5,991. A large part of the State was still in its natural condition, and part of it held by triljes of Indians. The settled por- tion was all southeast of a line drawn from Cleveland in a southwesterly direction. It was through this wild country that the soldiers of 1 81 2 marched to the falls of the Ohio, at Lou- isville; and the gratitude of the country is due to them not so much /or the amount i>i the fighting done as for the hardships endured in traversing these pathless forests and holding important posts on the far frontier. In those days the facilities for travel were limited, horses and wagons were scarce, while clothing and all the equipments of an army were diffi- cult to pro'vide so far from the liase of supply, and niiuch of it, when obtained, was not suitable for the kind of service demanded — that of fighting Indians, marching through dense for- ests, tangled thickets and extended swam|)s. The people of the Nforthwest Territory had always been accustomed to the maintenance of a war-like attitude. The young State of Ohio had a well-organized militia, and the service of a militiaman in those days meant something. They had. from 1790 to 1795, a fierce war with a powerful combination of Indians, including the Miamis, Wyandots, Delawares, Pottawat- omies, Shawnees. Chippewas, Ottawas and oth- er tribes of the Territory, all under the great Miami chief, Michikiniqua, whose warcry was, "Drive the white man east of the Ohio." Gen. Anthony Wayne, August 20, 1794, had totally defeated themi on the Miami ; and since the treaty with them at Greenville, .\ugust 3, 1795, the Indians had not niolested the settlements until the beginning of the war we are now dis- cussing. From 179S to 1800 the war with France occurred. From' 1801 to 1805 the war with the pirates of Tripoli was waged. Tlius had the new generation grown up, and the new settlements been formed almost under the shadfnv; of the sword and scalping-knife; and 552 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, the population, accustomed to rely on the fruits O'f the chase as well as agriculture and other pursuits, was largely ntade up of hardy hunt- ers, good woodsmen, and men who had made a successful fight against the ruder forces of nature. , CAUSE OF THE WAR. The war of 1812, as far as this country was concerned, \\as fully justified. The nv>thcr country had acknoiwledged our independence, but would not accord us the privileges of free- domi She had impressed our seamen, searched our ships on the high seas, and niiade almost innumerable aggressions cm our conimerce, and last, but not least, had incited the Indians on the frontier to renewi their savage hostili- ties, and for these causes war Wjas declared June 18, J 81 2. ' ATTITUDE OF THE FEDER.M.ISTS TO THE WAR. President M'adison in his proclamation of war, dated June 19, 1812, urges all citizens of the republic to sustain the administration in the iinlpending strugggle. One would suppose that such an appeal was superfluous, but it had a mieaning at that time which we can the bet- ter understand by consulting the political his- tory of the da}'-. Tlioraas Jefferson had already founded the Deniocratic party by which M(adi- son had been elected. It was the war party. T|he Federalists were opposed to the war, in this much at least, that they believed that the object sought could he accomplished by ne- gotiation wiithout a resort to arms. The war party, however, carried the day, and the \er- dict of history is that they were right. This feeling of opposition was well developed in Wasliington County. It was, however, more of a non-interest than opposition. .SITU.VTION IN WASHINGTON COUNTY. :' In the spring of 1878, A. T. Nye, Sr., of Marietta, received several letters from old citi- zens of the county, written in response to in- quiries n-iade by Mr. Nye in regard to the War of 1 81 2, which we give as the best state- mient readily obtainable of the situation in this county in those days. John Stone, Esq., of Belpre, wrote as follows : The patriotism of Belpre did not prompt her citi- zens to deeds of peril on the Canada lines. The peo- ple believed the government could have made a treaty if it had taken the right course. The Berlin and Milan decrees oi Napoleon were as obnoxious as the British orders in council, and to declare war against one gov- ernment and not the other was to discriminate. If war was the remedy to maintain our rights, we were in every way unprepared for it. The blundering management of the war in the northwest gave cause. for the severest criticism, and per- haps gave rise to the idea of the necessity of a Silver Grey organization. Colonel Nathaniel Cushing had command of a company of Silver Greys, whose valor had been tried in their youth, who had seen Indians since, heard the war whoop and helped to bury the scalped dead, but the men, who threw up their caps for the War of 1812 looked upon these old soldiers as Tories, and sometimes called them so. Perhaps I might mention some circumstances to show who they were, how well they bore the appellation, not accepted it, and liow they stood when a Tory was an enemy to his country. There was some slipping away from the legal call of the militia officers, but enough were found to fill the drafts as they occurred. All who went into the service were givett honoraljle discharges. There were a great many sick and ailing when an order for draft was announced, so much so that old ?ilr. .Mien, who did the ferrying at the itiouth of the Little Hocking, and who was commonly known as/Old Charon," said: "Nearly all the drafted men profaned themselves sick." Kdmund B. Dana and Bial Stedman were captains in the regiment of Washington County militia as then organized. They were citizens of Belpre, and Belpre at that time contained double the territory it does now. The bounds of military companies were fixed by regi- mental boards of officers. Hence Captain Dana's com- pany, though called a Belpre company, extended into Warren, while Captain Stedman's company was all in Belpre. and within the bounds of these two companies were formed the Silver Greys. I am not aware that either Capt. E. B. Dana or Capt. Bial Stedman per- formed any other service than to call GUI' the requisition made on their companies and other duties connected with that service. I was a corporal in Captain Dana's company, and performed the duty of notifying the drafted men in the draft of 1S13. It was the duty of commanders of companies when they received a requisi- tion to draft the number of men called for and forward them to the place of rendezvous : they were not author- ized to use compulsion. If the drafted man did not go or furnish a substitute he was subject to a fine. Officers were detailed in the order of the dates of their commis- sions, and took with them their nion-commisa^oned officers, governed by a rule fixed by law. .A. suit grew out of the drafting of an apprentice who never returned to service, in which case the aggrieved master, a strong advocate ai the war, sought his remedy in court against AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 553 the captain, and paid the costs in Goodno vs. Bial Sted- man, on appeal from William Browning's docket ; whether he cursed the war I don't know, but have no doubt he cursed his luck and the captain, toe. Omitting all dates. Q;iarternia>tcr or Contractor Craig purchased a large number of ox teams in Kelpre and vicinity, and forwarded them lo headquarters under his nephew. W. P. Putnam, wagonmastcr, Absalom Misner, Major Reed, and Cnmmings Porter, teamsters, which duties thev performed in a satisfactory manner and were honorably discharged. The drafted men who served were Elam Frost, Nehemiah Morse, Lemuel Cooper, Samuel Barkley. The men who hired substitutes were Jervis Burroughs. William Burroughs, and I think George Dana and Joseph Dilley. The substitutes were Joel Bennett, Cur- tis and Hinvnan. Pardon Cook served in the company commanded by Capt. Charles tievol : Barkley and others from Belpre were in Capt. John Thorniley's company; Captain Dana's company extended into Warren and Cooper may have been a citizen of that township at the time. To confirm the statement that Belpre folks were called Tories a drafted man says, "When spoken to I was always called Tory except at roll call." James Lawton, of Barlow, responded as follows : Tn regard to the War nf 1812, a large class of the 'then voters thought it unnecessary and impolitic. My father and most of his neighbors took that view of it. Of course, we rejoiced at our victories, but farther than that took but little interest in it. Doubtless the case was very different in some quarters, and many promi- nent citizens participated in it, but with comparatively few exceptions it was not the case here. Joel Deniing follows : letter was in sulistance as I can recollect many events of tlie War of 1S12. There were a number of j-oung men went from Water- ford into the service, Elias Wolcott. Lorey Ford, Elisha Mallory, Norman Hart, Benedict Hutchins. Duty Green, David Deming, William Henry, .Mexander Walker. Neal Walker, who all lived to return except Norman Ilart. WHY THE DR.XFT \V.\S KF.SORTICT) TO. In the summer or early fall of 1812 (ien. Edward W. Tapper came to Marietta to recruit a force (jf volimteers for the war. .\ consulta- tion was held between leading men as to the propriety of raising men in this mianner. and it was decided to resort to the draft. Caleb Emr erson, in the ]\'cstcrn Spectator, of which he wias the editor in 181 2, says that it was feared that the volunteers would be from' the ranks of the DenitKratic party, which was strongly in favor oi the war, and thus the chances of success at the approaching Octol)er election would be eiuiangered, whereas, if the draft was resorted to, men of both parties would be taken. The result was that the young men, and others without families, who could con- \-eniently go. were uot afforded a chance to volunteer, but men with families to support, and others who were not well suited for sol- diers, were forced into the service. General Tupper left without any recruits. From the miilitary i)apers of Capt. Rst heavilv in this battle. Capt. Rob- ert C. Bart(jn, a Washington County man, commanded a company, and General Harrison, in his report of the battle, mentioned Captain Barton for his gallant conduct. The Fourth United States Infantry were stationed at Fort Harrison and Vincennes during the winter, and in May, 1812, marched to Urbana. (Jhiu, and joined the Northwestern arm}-. The certainty of war with (_ireat Britain prompted the government, in the winter of 1&11-12, to call foT three regiments froni Ohio to serve in the Korthwest; the plan being to move this force early in the spring and occu- pv Detroit, which, in event of a war, would be an important strategic pijint in ni'jvements against Canada. E.XPEMTION OF GENERAL HULL. Brig. Gen. WillianK Hull was at that tin>e Governor of the Territory of Michigan, and early in May he arrived with his staff from Washington City, and assumed command of the Northwestern Armt\'. General Hull had seen service in the Revolutionary \\'ar, and under Gen. Anthony Wayne, at the storming of Stonv Point, had distinguished himself, but he had lost his youthful vigor, and lacked the inspiring presence of "Mad Anthony" to urge him on to deeds of valor, as the sequel will show. Tlie three regiments asked from Ohio' were prompt!} furnished. They were the First, Second and Third Regiments of Ohio Volunteers, commanded respectively by Col. Duncan McArthur, of Rioss County; Col. James Findlay, fromi the western part of the State, and "Col. Lewis Cass, from; Muskingum County. Colonel Cass gathered a few com- panies at Zanesville in May, 181 2, and pro- ceeded thence down the Muskingum to Mari- etta, where he was joined by Capt. John Sharp,^ with the Washington County company. Colonel Cass arrived at Marietta May 25th, and was recei\ed amid the firing- of cannon and other pulilic demonstrations. On the next day he departed for Cincinnati, his men num,- bering 250 in all, traveling in keel 'boats. On their arrival at Cincinnati they were joined by 200 more men. From there they marched to Dayton. After obtaining the consent cvf the Indian tribes through whose country the expedition was to march. General Hull moved forward through the pathless forests, the unbroken wilds of Ohio to the foot of the Maumee rapids, where he arrived June 30, 181 2, and by July 4th the Fourth United States Infantry took possession of Fort Detroit. The other regi- ments, coming up, encamped around the fort. A sufficient number of bateaux (a boat somewhat larger than a skiff) having been procured, the expedition by July 9th, was ready to cross the Detroit River and invade Canada. They accordingly moved up the river on that day in the following order : first, the Fourth United States Infantry, Lieut. Col. James Miller; second, the First Regiment Ohio Vol- ■ unteers. Col. Duncan McArthur ; third, the Second Regiment Ohio Volunteers, Col. James Findlay; fourth, the Third Ohio Regiment Volunteers, Col. Lewis Cass. Thus the Third Re.giment became the right wing of the army. Arriving at the point selected for the crossing they entered the ba- teaux at daylight, and launched out upon the broad river in perfect alignmient, the right a little in ad\ance. They reached the other shore in due time, formed on the bank, but were not attacked as they expected. Marching down AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 555 to Sandwich, opposite the fort, tiiey encamped. A reconnoisance in f( )rce was soo4i nisule, in the direction of Maiden, hy Colonels ]\LcArlhur and Cass, captnring a Ijattery over the Canada River, four miles aihove Alldden. Several oth- er reconnoisances were undertaken which de- veloped the fact that the enemy were weak and disposed to avoid an engagement. SURKEXDER 01" HULL. General Hull, for some reas(jn best known to himself, on the 7th of August ordered the whole force to recross the river and occupy their old position, which movement was ef- fected without molestation and the invasion of Canada ended. The enemy now crossed opposite Alalden and interrupted comnmnica- tions witli Ohio. On the 9th of August a strong detach.ment was sent dnwu to drive them hack. Here was fouglit the battle of Brownston. in which the national army lost fiS men. The enemy was defeated, driven liack to Canada and communications with Ohio restored. The officers commanding the troojjs under (jeneral Hull n(.jw discoxered that soniiething was wrong at headquarters ; that the old gen- eral was either a cowUrd or a traitor, and giv- ing matters their most charitable construction, it was thought he ought to l)e dejjosed from conmiand. An effort tO' accomplish tliis change was started, all the officers signing a petition, their names being arranged in a circle so that no one came first. The design was ti > (ilace one of the Ohio colonels in command, but nothing came of it. On August 13th the P)rilish oi>ene(l on Fort Detroit, from a battery located on the opposite shore, which ccmld not possibly have dislodged the garrison at Fcjrt Detroit without a heaxy supporting force which the British did not have. This fort had lieen- designed and laid out by arm}- engineers, and was — what it was intended to be — a very formida- ble work: hea\ily armed, and surrounded by comm.on stretchins: back a mjle or mif)re to the forest.s, across which an enemy would have to approach without cover, a circumstance which, in e\-ent of attack, wcjuld have (lepri\ed General ikock of the aid of 600 Indians under Tecumseh, who would never ]ia\e approached the fort across the (jpen plain in the face of the artillery on the bastions and curtain walls of this formidable fortress. The total effective force of (ieneral Hull was 2.300 officers and men, well supplied with artillery, independent of the guns in advanced batteries.* The force oif Brock consisted of 230 IJriiish regulars, 400 Canadian militia, and the C)00 Indians aliove mentioned, to which was at- tached a battery of three si.x-pound and two three-pound guns. Besides this there were in Fort Detroit ammiunition. arms and equip- ments in abundance. General Brock, with his forces, crossed, belowi Detroit on the morning of August 16,. 1 81 2, before dawu and marched up) to within, a mile of the fort and sent Tecumseh with his Indians by a detour around to the west side, keepir.g them concealed in the woods. Brock promptly sent in his demand for a surrender,, which General Hull accepted, and the .\orth- w'estern Army was no more. This army was composed of brave men' who were anxious for a fight, yet their re])U- tation and opportunitv for distinction were thus basely compromised and surrendered l)y General Hull witlmut cause or justification. General I lull wa> at'terwanl tried by c<.urt- marlial and sentenced to be shot, Init was spared on account of former services. C.M.I FOR TROOPS. The government, during General Hull's op- erations at Detroit, had called for additional *The guns surrendered by Hull were as follows: Iron — seven twenty- four-pounders, in water battery; two twenty- four-pounders, on new field carriages; eight twelve-pounders, in and around fort ; five nine-pound- ers, in and around fort ; three six-pounders, in and I around fort; four twelve-pounders, nit mounted. j Brass— three six-pounders, at fort ; two four-pounders, I at fort : one three-pounder, at fort ; one eght-inch howitzer, at fort: one five and one-half inch howitzer, I at fort: one mortar; total, thirty-eight pieces. 556 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, troops Innni Ohio to support him;. These were collected at Urbana by Governor Meigs, and among them \\ias the Second Brigatle of Ohio militia, commanded by Gen. Edward W. Tup- per, with Horace Nve as brigad'e major, iboth citizens of W'hshington County. The brigade consisted of one regiment from the eastern part oif the State, comlmanded by Col. Charles Miller, of Coshocton ; one regiment from Gal- lia and Athens, the county below, commanded by Col. Robert Saftord, of Gallia; and a battal- ion under command of Major James Gallo- way, of Xenia, with two companies of scouts of about 25 mien each — one comfmianded by Cai/t. Thomas Hinckson, the other by Captain Wood. The who'Ie effective force was about 1,000 until subsequently reduced by sickness. TiXPEDtTION OF GENERAL TUPPER. At the rapids of the Maumee there had been planted some 300 acres of corn, in clear- ings made at that point. About October 30, 1812, General Tupper, being informed of the above fact, through his scouts sent out from Fort McArthur, and having a]si> learned through an Indian interpreter captured by the same scouts, that there was an expedition of somle 30 British and 500 Indians on the way to secure this corn for the Indians to live on (luring the winter, he at once resoKed to de- feat themi in their undertaking. A courier was sent to General Winchester, who' was lying ^vithin 40 miles of the cornfields with 3,000 n^en, in order that the general might be on the alert to either drive the enemy back or cut ofT his retreat. Meanwliile General Tup])er de- termined to proceed at once to tlie rapids with what force he had — some 600 eftective com- batants, with a six-pound .gun drawn by six horses. The field-piece was, however, aban- doned the second day out fi-om camp, and the carriage Ijroken up; this was about the 8th of Novemher. General Winchester had been no- tified of the departure of the expedition, its oI;ject. and tlie length of timje the subsistence taken would enable them to stay awav from the base of supplies. When General Tupper arrived at the rap- ids, he found the Maumee so swollen that it was impossible to cross. The scouts reported the enemy on the opposite side, some distance fromi the rapids, and as yet unaware of the approach of Tupper and his command. After an unsuccessful attem^^t to cross with his force, be marched dow« the river until opposite the Indian camp, still undiscovered. Captain Hiinckson, however, with nine of his scouts, came onto three Indians, who had crossed to the corn-fields. Shots were exchanged, killing one Indian and wounding another. The whole Indian encampment was aroused and agitated at once, like a hive of bees that had been dis- turbed. They dashed up the river to the ford, but tipon their arrival there found Tupper and his men ready for theni This was not wdiat they expected, anfl they immediately resorted to their usual Indian strategy of picking off the stragglers. After several hours of desul- tory firing, the Indians w'ere driven back at every approach and many of them killed in the water wihile attempting to recross. They seemed to have ((uite a number of horses and used them to. ferry the warriors over. These horses were afterward ascertained to be the same captured from General Hull at Detroit. The rations of the comiTtand l>eing exhausted, they fell back slowlv to Fort Findhiv, on the river Auglaize. The Indians did not attempt to follow. Had General Winchester co-operated with General Tupper there is no doubt that the w)hole detachmient of British and Indians would ha\e been either captured or so punished that the sulisequent disaster at the river Raisin wtould not have occurred.* Ttlie motive of General Winchester in not seconding this mo\-ement was a desire to thwart the plans of General Harrison ; at least this is the con- struction given to his actions by cotemporary writers. *General Harrison's order to General Tupper is dated October 4, 1812, and the report of the expedition October 12th, showing tliat they were out some seven or eight days. The object was partly a reconnoisance in force nnd partly to surprise any force of the enemy Ihat might 'have been in the vicinity of the rapids. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 557 The winter of 1812-13 was a very severe one, and the troops on the frontier suffered greatly, especially front lack of sufficient clothing. The time of most of the brigade ^\•as out by the last of l-'ebruary, 1813, and General Tupper and his staff, with the men whose time had expired, were discharged and returned home. COMPANIES FROM WASHINGTON COUNTY. During the War of 1812 Washington County furnished seven companies, some vol- unteers, some militia, some regulars, to-wit : Captain Sharp, already mentioned as being in the Third Regiment, (3hio Volunteers, so basely surrendered by Hull at Detroit. Capt. Timothy Buell, who went out in May and also in August, 18 1 3. The latter were mounted volunteers. They went to Zanesville; from there to Franklinton, a post situated opposite what has since become Columbus. They went from there to Mansfield, when the emergency at Fort Meigs being over, they returned home. Captain John Thorniley's company was made up by draft. They were in the infan- try, and formed part of the First Regiment of Ohio militia, and were called out in the fall of 1813, and their term of service expired Alarch 13, 1814, which term included seven days for returning liome, 140 miles. The company was stationed at Fort Stephenson most of the time of their term of service. Capt. Charles Devol's company of dra- goons was called out October 20, 181 2. They reported for duty, but not being needed were ordered to hold ithemselves in readiness to- march on short notice, which tlie\- did until the emergency was over. Capt. James Flagg's company were drafted men called out on the same day as Captain Devol's. llie outfit of the company receijjts for (Oc- tober 20, 1812, was as follows: Fifty arms and liayonets. fifty cartridge l)oxes, one wagon, four set of horse gears, four horses, two tents, two bags, six axes ; and at Zanesville they received two more tents, eight pots, two kettles and powder and ball. In this connection it is curious to note what one ration for a soldier was, to-wit : "One and one-fourth pounds beef, or four and three- fourth pounds salted pork, eighteen ounces of bread or flour, one gill of rum, whiskey or brandy, and at the rate of two quarts of salt, four c|uarts vinegar, four pounds soap and one pound and a half of candles to every hun- dred raitions;"' also what the uniform of a soldier of 1812 was, to-wit: The regulation coat was a "swallow tail," made of dark blue cloth, faced and trimmed with buff, buttons of white metal, with "U. S. A."' on them. The hat was a tall bell-crowned affair, with no brim except a small visor in front. To this costume was added the "stock" for the neck, of polished leather, wide enough to fit uj) snug under the chin. Capt. Alexander Hill's company was re- cruited principally in W'ashington County for the regular army in the summer of 1813, and was part of the Nineteenth United States In- fantry. Captain Hill was, in the fall of 1813, ordered by Col. George Paul, commanding the regiment and having charge of the re- cruiting station of Zanesville, to report at that place. Captain Hill after his arrival at Zanes- ville was ordered to Detroit, arriving there af- ter the battle of the Thames, The company was next ordered back to Zanesville by Colonel Paul, soon after arriving there. Captain Hill was placed in command of a battalion of the Xinth Infantry and ordered to report at Fort Erie, in Canada, near the head of the Niagara River, where he arrived before the battle at that place in 1814. SIEGE AT FORT ERIE. On July 31st the British, under General Drummond, appeared before Fort Erie with about 4,500 men and laid siege. The garrison now began a vigorous use of spades, perfect- ing the works which were qii.'idrangular in shape. They also constructed some advanced works, in which were placed guns with proper infantry supports. On August 2(1 the firing from the opix>sing batteries began, which con- 558 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY tinned until Angust 15th. General Gaines, having arrived a few days before, was in com- mand at the fort at this time, and on the 14th had discovered signs of a new movement in the enemy's camp. He accordingly put his forces in best shape possible for an attack and awaited developments. About two o'clock in the morning. August 14th, the enemy, under Lieutenant-colonel Fisher. 1.300 strong, at- tacked the left, when the Twenty-first Reg- iment, under command of Major Wood, and Towson's battery, repulsed them and fell back. The firing had scarcely subsided on the left when Lieutenant-colonel Drummond and Col- onel Scott, with 1,500 ])icked men. moved up to the assault on the light. The night was exceedingly dark, but b\' the coniiuands of the enemy's officers two columns were disco\'- ered approaching. Boughton :md Harding's volunteers and the Ninth Lnited States Li- fantry were manning the works on the right, but owing to the unfinished condition of an ad- vanced bastion the enemy carried it and turned the guns on the defenders of the tort. The battle now raged furiously, Init b\' renewed' exertion the enemy was driven back and Col- onel Scott and Lieutenant-colonel Drum- mond, the leaders of the assault, killed, but the British still held the captured liastion. The passage from this bastion to the ijody of the fort was in a great measure closed by the po- sition of the block-house there located. This. though in a ruinous condition ai tlie time, had been occupied the evening before by Lieuten- ant-colonel Trimble with a detachment of the Nineteenth Infantry, including Captain Alex- ander Hill's company, whose well-directed fire, at the same time that it g-alled the enemy severely in the bastion, had completely defeat- ed every attempt he made to penetrate farther. The column of Colonel Scott being now routed, the guns of the Douglass battery were so directed as to cut off all communication be- tween the contested bastion and the enemy's reserve — and a party of desperate fellows were about to rush in and finish the work, when a spark being communicated by some means ti an ammunition chest under the platf. ;rm, die bastion with those who occupied it were lilown into the air together." The enemy's loss and that of the National forces in this engagement were estimated at the time as follows : British, 200 killed and wounded and 200 prisoners; United States troops, three officers and eight to 10 kdled and 15 to 20 wounded. The British now waited re-en furcements. and siion recei\ ed twij fidl regiments, estab- lished a new battery, antl recommenced the cannonade. This state of things continued until September 17th, when a counter assault was undertaken in two culumns. commanded respecti\'ely liy Generals Porter and Miller. This sortie was well conducted and successful in driving the enemy from his entrenchments. The victorious columns, satisfied with having beaten the enemy in his chosen position, re- turned within the works of Fort Erie, and four days afterwanl the British broke camp, and retired rapidlv down the ri\'er. thus end- ing a siege of 51 days. perry's \ictory. I'he \ictorv of Commodore Perry near Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie, September 10, i8y, relieved the whole Northwest Territory of the presence of hostile forces. The British and Indians retired to Canada, abandoned De- troit, and Init for the urgent demands of Te- cum.-:eh would have abandoned the whole of Lower Canada. Tecumseli. howe\-er, insisted' upon a vigorous resistance to the adx'ance of General Harrison, who pressed close on the re- tiring enemy. PROCTOR .\XD TECUMSEH DEFE.\TED BY H.-\R- RISOV. On October 5. 1S13. with what forces the combined efforts of Tecumseh and General Proctor could muster, battle was offered at the Moravian tnwn on the River Thames. Gen- eial Harrison engaged the enemv with a fine body of Kentucky mounted rifiemen who car-, ried confusion and destruction into the ranks, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 559 of the British, but met with a vioforous resis- tance from tlie Indian, 'i'he Kentucianiel Dun,^hue. Asa Emerson. James Ewings, Stanton Fordice. James Goodwin, John Gosset, George Harris. Curtis Hinman. James Hutchison. Jamc^. Huteh- ins. John Imgles. John Kid. James Knight. F.lisha Mal- ery. Xehemiah Morris, Gilbert Otis. Daniel Penny, 560 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Richard D. Priest, Pardon Starkes, James B. Walker, James Whitton. Total officers, 11; privates, 3S. A list of names, with rank, in Capt. Alex- ander Hill's company, Nineteenth United States Infantry, War of 1812: CO.MiMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Alexander Hill, First Lieutenant Charles L. Ca>^, Second Lieutenant John Carrel, Third Lieu- tenant .Alexander Patterson, Ensign Nathan Reeves. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant John Elliott, Second Sergeant Ste- phen Worthington. Third Sergeant Allen Lowry, Fourth Sergeant Elijah Adams. Fifth Sergeant Ambrose A. Ford, First Corporal Manna Root, Second Corporal John Franks, Third Corporal William Wallace, Fourth Corporal Daniel Moore, Fifth Corporal Cyrus Baiiy, Sixth Corporal John L. Gordon, Musician Christian B. Smith, ^Musician William Spurgon. James Armstrong, William Arnold, Abraham Badgly. Nich.ola Bumgarner, James Brooks, John Bar- ker. Adani Bair, John Bowman, Ebenezer Buckly, Jacob Brosius, Thomas Clark, Nathan Cross. Israel Cross, John Co:--. Lewis Clapper, Shirley Callogg, Samuel Cooper, Henry Crown, Joseph Dean, Jehu Dealy, Noah Demster, William Elliott, John Fishback, Samuel Fisher, Ira L. Foster. Joseph Fisher, Matthias Gates, John Gates, Jesse Grajham, Thomas Grey, James Garner, Joseph Heaton, John Hill. Elisha Heitt, James Hillyard, Samuel Higley. Samuel Henning. John Johnston, David Johnston, W. M. Lockhart, William Lyons, John Lyons, John Lovebnd, Ephraim Lucas, Jacob Monteith. Samuel Morfoot, William Morgan, Joihn 'McConibs, Nehemiah Morse, John McMullen, John Mowry, Andrew Millburn, Stephen Mowry, George Osborn, Benjamin Patrick, Hira Pettee, James Pritchett, John Potts. Daniel Paine, John Ridingour, William Reynolds, Gabriel Root, John Swift, Oliver Stockings, John D. Smith, John W. Smith, John Stanley, John Silvers, Christian Standsbnrg, Philip Swagert, Benjamin Snyder, William Syder, William A. Strong. Jesse Spalding, Nioholas Teel, John Taylor. Daniel Trumble. Total, 0..^ Pay-roll of a company of Ohio militia, commanded Ijy Capt. John Thorniley, of the First Regiment of Ohio militia, in the service of the United States, stationed at Fort Steph- enson b_\' order of Gen. John S. Gano, com- mencing Jannary 6, 1814, and expiring March 13, 1814, including seven days for returning home 140 miles, both days inclusive: COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, Captain John Thorniley, Lieutenant David Meri- deth, Ensign Elisha Chapman. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant St. Clair Kelly. Second Sergeant Thomas Addy, Third Sergeant Daniel McCleain, Fourth Sergeant Lemuel Cooper, First Corporal Solomon Tise, Second Corporal William Smith, Third Corporal Will- iam Henkens, Fourth Corporal Daniel Alpha, Drummer William Magee, Fifer David Cox. John Archer. Jerid Andrew. Jonah Biirchet, John Bell. Daniel Booth, Perry G. Banthan. William Bird, Henry Baner, Samuel Barkey, Jesse Brown, Joel Ben- net. Robert Corbit. William Clark, George Cline, Sam- uel Crouch. Simon Chapman, John Craig, Hczekiah Chapman, John Connet, Abraham Connet, Jonathan Darling, Mathew Davidson, David Edwards, Luke Emerson, Jeremiah Fugate, Abner Furgusen, Ephraim Frost, John Gose, Norman Hart, Thomas Hill, Thomas Hartley, Kertis Henman, George Harris, Benjamin Hep- sen, William Jolly, John Kisley, William Kidd, John Lynn, Benjamin Lamb, Thomas Marshall, Josepli T. Milford. Andrew McCleain. Thomas Newal, James Ogleshay. Presseley Petty, William Ramsey, John Ram- sey, Thomas Ramsey, Nicholas Row, John Skinner, Jbhn Saltingstall, John Smith. Jonathan 'Sills, Francis Stanley, Zephaniah Tisen, Solomon Tipton, Jacob Vul- gerniot, Alexander Vaug'han, Richard Willis, William Walker, James Riley. Muster-roll ijf a crimpany of dragoons (of the State of Ohio) commanded by Capt. James Devol, called into the service of the United States on the 20th day of October, 18 12, by the authority of his Excellency, Return J. Meigs, Governor of the State of Ohio. COMJIISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Charles Devol. First Lieutenant Josiah Scott, Second Lieutenant Washington Olney. NON-COM MISSIO.VED OFFICERS. First Sergeant James White. Fourth Sergejint William White. First Corporal John Clark, Second Cor- poral Pardon Cook, Thiid Coip.jral Samuel Reed. Solomon Brown. Thomas Browning, Movus Finch, Gilbert Olney, Argalus Pixley, John Quigley, Joseph Shuttlesworth, Joshua Tucker, Samuel Whipple, Paulus E. Wood. "We do acknowledge to have received of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 561 Return J. Meigs, Jr., Esq., the sums annexed to our names respectively, in full for our pay for a tour of duty in Capt. Timothy Buell's company of Ohio mounted militia, under the commahd of his Excellency, the Governor of Ohio, called into the service of the United States on the first of August, 181 3, upon the requisition of Major General Harrison, com- manding the Eighth ^lilitary District.'" COMMISSIO.N'En OFFICERS. Captain Timothy Buell, First Lieutenant Peltah V hite, Second Lieutenant Syhanus Olney. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Ensign James Liggett, First Sergeant Naithaniel Hamilton, Second .Sergeant George Nixon, Third Ser- geant Jabez Palmer, Fourth Sergeant Salmon D. Buell, First Corporal Samuel Nott. Second Corporal Edward Corner. Third Corporal John Darrough, Fourth Cor poral Nicholas Chapman. Timothy Blackmor, Daniel Coleman, John Corns. John C. Clark, Elisha Coleman, Z. Cuddington. Henry Belong, Thomas Dunbar, Richard Demont, Thomas Dennis, Benjamin Ellis, Timothy Gates, Jr.. Stephen Gates, William (worn from original), Henry Havens. Zebulon Jennings, Tifus Kimball. R. Lawrence, Jr.. Robert Liggett. John Longhery, William Longhery, Alexander McCoy, Jacob Miller, Robert Magee, John McConnell, Samuel Miller, Jacob Multon, Benjamin F. Palmer, John Perry. John R. Porter, William Brevelt, Horace Quigley, Dennis Raur. James Ray, Clark Springer, John Scott, Nathaniel Smifli. John Taylor, Jonathan Wilson, Jonathan Whitney, Police E. Wood. Captain Buell was out in May, 1813, with a company, heretofore mentioned, l^ut the rolls of the company have not heen preserved, and can not be found at W'ashington. Pay-roll of a company of Ohio militia, commanded by Lieut. John Devault, of Colo- nel James Stuart's regiment, late in the service of the United States, from the 2t;th of July, 1813, commencement of service, to the i6th of August, 1813, on expiration of service, or of this settlement : COMMISSIONF.n OFFICER. I ieutenant John Devault. NON-CO .MMiSSIONED OFFICERS. Second Sergeant Lsaac House. Third Sergeant Thomas Devault. Second Corporal Gilbert Hurley, Third Corporal Morris Baker. William Hurley. Jacob Dunkle, John Collendcr, Benjamin Roebuck. William Dyer, William Kerr, Joseph Ohaner, David Hays, Daniel Sharrot, Oliver Kyle, Joseph Windle, George Roebuck. Pay-roll (jf a detachment of Ohio militia, commanded by Lieut. John De\'ault, of Colo- nel McDonald's regiment, late in the service of the United States, from the 31st of Janu- ary, 1815, commencement of service, to the loth of April, 1815, expiration of service, or of" this settlement. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Lieutenant John Devault. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Sergeant Levi Bevington, Corporal James Playwcll. Henry Aye, George Chadd, Ephraim Doty, William Harrison. Philip Hobaugh, John Harter, Benjamin Long, Robert Mitchell, Samuel Moore, Benjamin Neely, George Rhodes, Richard Shades, John Sanders, Ezra Travis, David Thompson, Caleb Wright, Morris Yates. BI0GR.\PHIC.\L SKETCHES OF OFFICERS. Gen. Edw.xrd W. Tcpper, son of Gen. Benjamin Tupper, an officer in the Rexolution- ary Army, was born in Chesterfield. Hamp- shire County, Massachusetts, in 1771. His father was an officer of the Revolution, from the commencement of the war, in J 775, until' its close, in 1788. The subject of this sketch was, at the opening of this war, only four years old. His father, with several other families, came to Marietta in August, 1788. These were among the first families who came to Marietta. Edward W. Tupper was then 1 7 years of age. He was in the Campus Martins during the Indian war, and began his business life at its close. At the organization of the State govern- ment in 1803, he was appointed clerk of the Court of Common Pleas, and of the Supreme Court, for Washington County, which offices he continued to hold until he left Marietta. At an early period, he opened a store for the 552 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY., sale of general merchandise, at the corner of Second and Putnam , streets, Marietta. In 1802 he estahlished a shipyard at the foot of Putnam street, and huilt the Ijrig "Orlando.'" This vessel went nut under command of Capt. Matthew Miner, with Anselm Tupper for second officer, in 1804. The "Orlando" was at New Orleans July 4, 1804, at the time of the first celehration of that day after Lou- isiana was ceded to the United States. She made her first voyage to the Mediterranean and to the Black Sea, as far as Trieste on the latter. In 1807 Edward Tupper I)uilt two gun- I-oats, under contract with the United States government. In 1803 he built the house well known as the residence of the late Nahum Ward, and, since that, of his son, William S. Ward. This property he held until after he left Marietta, and sold it to Mr. Ward. It was occupied for some years, by Gen. Joseph Wilcox and his familv. On the 3rd of May. 1804, Mr. Tupper married Mrs. Bethia S. Putnam, widow of Dr. William Pitt Putnam — who was a broth- er of the late David Putnam, of Harmar. The house built by him, in 1803, was their resi- dence while they remained in Marietta. In 1809 or 18 10, he removed to Gallipolis. He was one of the most prominent and useful men of the place, and he had few superiors in Southeastern Ohio. He represented Gallia County in the Legislature for several terms. Some time, before leaving Marietta, he had been elected to the office of brigadier-general of militia, of the counties of Washington, Athens, and Gallia. Soon after the commencement of the War of 18 1 2, Governor Meigs made a recpiisition for a brigade to be raisetl in this division, composed of counties along the southern and western portion of the State. This brigade was organized at Urbana in August, 18 12, and the command of it was assigned to General Tupper — he being the oldest brigadier-gen- eral in the division. The surrender of the army under Hull prevented this brigade from advancing beyond McArthur's block-house, where they went into camp, and where they remained for a considerable part of the follow- ing winter. In January, 1813, General Tup- per learned that the British and Indians were collecting their forces at the foot of the rapids of the Maumee, to carry away a quantity of corn whicli had been left standing during the winter. He immediately made preparations for driving them away. Many of his men were unfit for duty, but he called for volun- teers from among those fit for service to go on the expedition to the rapids. About 600 re- sponded, and a forced march of several days was made to the Maumee, through the Black Swamp, then frozen over. On arriving at the rapids, the river was found to be so high that it was not possible to get the troops over in condition tO' make an attack. Only about two companies passed over, and these found their ammunition so wet that they had to withdraw. It became necessary, therefore, for the troops to fall back a short distance, for the purpose of drying their clothes and their ammunition. Next morning, however, all were fit for active duty; meantime, the Indians, having learned of the approach of our troops, marched up to- wards the rapids, on horseback, for the pur- pose of makinig an attack. Tliey attempted to cross the river with a large force, but were driven back by our troops with considerable loss. The British and Indians retreated, and abandoned the corn, which was afterward used by General Harrison's army. Our troops lost no men, but some few stragglers from the ranks, who were killed by Indians. None of the troops of this brigade were from Wash- ington County, except Horace Nye, brigade major. They returned to Camp McArthur after an absence of four days. In February, 1813, the brigade was advanced to Fort Meigs, where it was under command of General Har- rison. About the first of March, 1813, their term expired, and they were mustered out of service. In September, 1813, General Tup- per, then senior brigadier general, organized a regiment of drafted men at Zanesville, which went out under command of Colonel Bav, of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 563 Guernsey County. One company of this reg- iment was from Washington County, and was commanded by Capt. John Tiiorniley. After the war General Tupper continued to reside at GalHixjHs until his death in Sei)- tember, 1823. Mrs. Tupper died in 1858. C,\PT. John Sharp, was born in 1771. at a place in Pennsylvania, then known as the "Burnt Cabins." He came to Washington County about the year 1800, settled 011 the Little Muskingum, in Lawrence township, near where the townships of Marietta, New- port, and Lawrence, have their corner. He was of large stature and inclined to corpulency, and was a man of force and influ- ence in the affairs of Washington County, in his time. When the call for volunteers came in the spring of 18 12, Captain Sharp raised a company and joined Colonel Cass' regiment when he passed from Zanesville down the Muskingum and Ohio to Cincinnati. The troops lay over at Marietta one day, were re- ceived by the citizens with an artillery salute and other demonstrations of public approval. They took on board Captain Sharp's company, and on April 25, 1812, proceeded on to Cin- cinnati. They were transported in keel-boats. This regiment was the Third Ohio \'olunteer Infantry, Army of Ohio. After participating in the hardships and fatigues of the march to the rapids of the Mau- mee, Captain Sharp was there detailed, for what purpose is not known, probably to com- mand the escort, to go on board a schooner laden with the sick, baggage of the officers and army stores of General Hull's army. The schooner was accompanied by a boat also loaded with army stores. This was to facili- tate the march of the army, which was hasten- ing forward to occupy Detroit. Dr. James Reynolds, surgeon's mate of the Army of Ohio, was in charge of the schooner and boat, but took up his quarters on the boat. They sailed July 1, 18 12, from the mouth of the Maumee for Detroit, but in passing Maiden the schooner was captured by the British, with all on board, including Capt. John Sharp, Lewis Dent, paymastetr, a lieutenant of the Fourth United States Infantry, and about 30 soldiers. The boat escaped. They were af- terward exchanged, and Captain Sharp ar- rived home soon after the surrender of Hull, and it may be said of this affair of the schoon- er that it sa\^ed the officers and men on board the disgrace of being surrendered bv (ieneral Hull. Captain Sharp was chosen Senator from Washington County for 1808, Represcntati\e for 1814, Senator again for 1815 and 1816. He was for some years one of the judges of the county court. He died very suc'ulenly in 1823. A sketch of Capt. James Flagg may Ije found in tb.e Ijiographieal department of this work, under the head of "The Corner Fam- ily." C.vPT. John Thorniley was born in Eng- land. July 17, 1 781, and came to this country April, 1795. The means of conveyance were at that early day limited, especially through the western wilds and over the Alleghanies. He, with his father and the family, walked to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where they built boats, and came down the Ohio River to Mar- ietta, after being six months on the way. They settled near the Little Muskingum in Marietta township of this county. When the war with Great Britain broke out in 18 12, Captain Thorniley commanded a company of militia, and was assigned to the command of a company of drafted men. called out in the fall of 1813. His company w'as in the second battalion of the First Regiment of the First Brigade. Third Division Ohio, militia, and was stationed at h'ort Stephenson, Captain Thorniley, commandant. Lower Sandusky. Captain Thorniley was married July 12, 1 8 10, to Mary Compton. He died August, 1844. The names of his children are as fol- lows: William, Mary, Ann, Thomas, John, James, George, Caleb, Elizabeth, Harriet, and Adaline Thorniley. C.\PT. Alex.\nder Hill was of Scotch- Irish descent, and was born February 28, 1777, in County Antrim, Ireland, near Belfast, and landed at Philadelphia in 1784. His parents 564 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. were strict Scotch Presbyterians, and Captain Hill doubtless owed much of his success in life to the wholesome training of his youth. Force of circumstances put him in the way of learning the cabinetmaker's trade, though his tastes strongly impelled him to a seafaring life. Captain Hill started from Pittsburgh with an English emigrant named Alcock, in canoes lashed together, expecting to have gone to New Orleans and shipped as a sailor at that point, but on arriving at Marietta, in 1798, he found it inadvisable tO' proceed further without more money than he possessed. He, therefore, plied his trade at Marietta, and soon found that the demand for furniture to supply the new settlers was increasing, and offering op- portunities for active and profitable business in that line. He established the first furniture factory in that county, and the cabinetmaker of those days was also the undertaker; and Captain Hill constructed the first coffin that was placed in Mound Cemetery. Captain Hill was married in 1801 to Sarah Foster, daughter of Ephraim Foster, a Rev- olutionary soldier. Captain Hill now became prosperous, and the idea of going to sea was abandoned. He was accustomed to load a boat (one of the old- time "broad-horns") every year with furniture for the Southern market, generally going to New Orleans, and either walking back or going around by sea to Philadelphia, and thence across the mountains in a wagon train. On one of these trips south the broad-horn had just reached New Madrid, Missouri, at the time of the great earthquake, which occurred in that country in 181 1, and it was with much difficulty that the boat was rescued from de- struction. At the breaking out of the war with Great Britain, Captain Hill was a major in the State militia. In the spring of 1813 he received a commission as captain in the Twentv-seventh United States Infantry, and on April 22, 1813, he advertised for recruits in the counties of Washington, Athens, and Gallia. He was or- dered with his men to Zanesville, and the Twent}'-sixth and Twenty-seventh regiments were consolidated, and the Nineteenth United States infantry formed out of the two. Captain Hill, in the fall of 1813, was or- dered to Detroit, and is said to have been placed in command of Maiden. He was or- dered from there to Zanesville, and from there to Fort Erie. He took part in the battle and siege of that fort, his company being stationed on the right in a block-house, from which they maintained a destructive fire on the enemy, who had captured an outlyinig work, but could not hold it. Tlie battalion of the Nineteenth infantry, in this battle, was commanded by Major Trimble, and the garrison and post by General Gaines. Soon after his return from the war, Cap- tain Hill was summoned to New York to at- tend a court-martial. Meeting General Gaines there, he asked the general what he thought of the conduct of his men, seeing that it was the first time many of them had been in bat- tle. "Why, sir," said General Gaines, "I could not ha\e expected lietter service from veterans." Upon his return from the war, bis term of enlistment l)eing for one year, he opened a tavern in Marietta, under the "Sign of the Swan." Captain Hill was elected sheriff of Washington County as the successor of Cap- tain Buell in 181 5. Captain Hill kept tavern until 1827, when, owing to the prevalence of the use of spiritu- ous liquor and necessity almost of keeping a bar if he kept hotel, he decided rather than do it to quit, and accordingly, with his own hand, sawed down his sign-post and closed the tavern. His Scotch Presbyterian training was stronger than the greed for gain. The furniture business was not neglected during these years, but kept up, and when the market would justify it, a boat was loaded for the south, and the outcome was uniformly profit- able until the fall of 1836, when he entered into a contract with the State to build the dam and one-half the canal at Lowell, the State be- ing engaged at that time in providing slack- water navigation for the Muskingum River, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 565 but Captain Hill died in February, 1841, be- fore the work was completed, leaving his heirs to finish the contract, the consideration of which was $85,000. This money enabled the heirs to settle the estate and i)ay the debts of Captain Hill, who had become somewhat em- barrassed financially. Captain Hill was of temperate and e.xeni- plary habits, and considering the extent and character of his public services, had very few enemies. He had seven sons and two daugh- ters; one son and daughter diAl in childhood. Ephraim Hill died of the prevailing fever in 1823, aged nineteen years. The remaining children all grew up to mature age. They were John. Hugh, Jessie. Hiram A.. Daniel Y., and Eliza Hill. Eliza Hill was married to Spencer T. Buk- ey, June, 1835. He was a son of Hezekiah Bukey, a pioneer who settled on and owned a tract of land in Virginia, nearly opposite to Marietta. The children of Spencer T. Bukey were Van H., Alexander H., John, Joseph T., and Sarah Bukey. Wallace Hill, son of John Hill, was lieu- tenant of Company B. Eighteenth Ohio Vol- unteer militia, for the three months' service, April, 1861. Alexander H. Bukey, son of Spencer T. Bukey, was a private in the same company ; also served as commandant of a gun in BuelTs battery during the war. Subse- quently \\'allace Hill was lieutenant in Com- pany C, First West Virginia Light Artillery, familiarly known as Buell's Pierpoint battery, commanded by Capt. Frank Buell, and after the death of Capt. Frank Buell, at the battle of Freeman's Ford, August 22, 1862, Wallace Hill became captain of the battery, and so continued during the remainder of the war. Frank Hill, son of Hiram A. Hill, bom 1847, ^^'''s appointed third sergeant of Com- pany A, One Hundred and Forty-eighth Ohio National Guards, Samuel S. Knowles, captain, and on July 23, 1864, was appointed commis- sary sergeant of the regiment. Ephraim A. Hill, son of Daniel Y. Hill, served three months in Company A, Eighty- seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and return- ing enlisted in Battery K, Second Ohio Heavy Artillery, and served until April 15, 1865, when he died at Knoxville, Tennessee. Alexander Hill, son of John Hill, served in the same company Van H. Bukey enlisted in — the Eleventh West Virginia Infantry — October 16, 1861 ; was commissioned first lieutenant February, 1862; captain August, 1862; major March, 1863; lieutenant colonel August, 1863, colonel November. 1864; brig- adier general, by brevet, May, 1865. John Bukey enlisted in Company D. Elev- enth West Virginia Infantry, and was promot- ed from sergeant, orderly, second lieutenant, to first lieutenant in January, 1865. Joseph T. Bukey enlisted as a musician in Company D, Eleventh West Virgina Infan- try, and was afterward drum major of the reg- iment. In 1866 he enlisted for three years in Company A. First United States dragoons; served his term on the Pacific slope, and then re-enlisted in the Twenty-second United States Infantry, and was accidentally drowned at Sitka, Alaska, May 12, 1872. C.\PT. Timothy Buell was born Octo- ber 18, 1768, at Killingworth, now Clinton, Connecticut, son of David Buell, of same place- came to Ohio June 15, 1789, and settled at Cincinnati, Ohio, where he is said to have built the first brick house in that city. Wishing to live near his friends and relatives, who had settled in Washington County, he returned to Marietta. When the conspiracy of Aaron Burr began to attract public attention, in 1806, the President of the United States sent out a confidential agent to Marietta to ascertain the true situation and relations between Burr, Blennerhassett, and the expedition then being- fitted out. This agent became convinced, from what he saw, that the enterprise of Burr and Blennerhassett, if not treasonable, was at least alarming. He therefore went to Chil- licothe. and laid the matter before the Ohia Legislature, then in session; and on the 2nd of December jH'ocured an act to be passed, "au- thorizing the Governor to call out the militia on his warrant to any sheriff or militia officer, with power to arrest boats on the Ohio River,. 566 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, -or men supposed to be engaged in this expedi- tion, who might be lield to bail in the sum af fifty thousand dollars, or imprisoned, and the boats confiscated." Under this act a com- pany of militia was called (jut. with orders to capture and detain the boats (which were be- ing built about si.x miles abo've Marietta, on the Muskingum), and the provisions, with all others descending the Ohio under suspicious circumstances. This force was placed under command of Capt. Timothy Buell. One six- pound gun was placed in a battery on the river bank at Marietta, and pickets disposed at prop- er places along the shores to watch the river ■and give the alarm if any persons attempted to pass with the suspected boats. The disposi- tions of Caption Buell resulted in the capture of all but one of Mr. Blennerhassett's boats, which escaped during a very dark night. After General Hull"^ surrender, the Brit- ish and Indians began to move southward from Detroit and infest the territory opened up by their victory, and in the spring of 1813 they gathered in force and laid siege to Fort Meigs, situated at the rapids of the Maumee. Gen- ■eral Harrison immediately made a requisition on Ohio for troops, and Governor Meigs called for mounted volunteers to hasten to the relief •of the beleaguered garrison. Captain Buell immediately raised a company of mounted men, and on May 12, 1813, left Marietta for the rapids. Capt. Robert C. Barton, who was highly spoken of in the battle of Tippeca- noe, was lieutenant, and Manly Morse, ensign. After being some days on the march, they were met with instructions to return, as the enemy had retreated. Over 4,000 mounted men, in Ohio, turned out under this call, and -all but a few were sent back. Governor Meigs arrived at his home in Marietta (the same now •owned by Hon. M. D. Follett) about the last of May, and Captain Buell, on arriving at Marietta, drew up his men in front of the Gov- •ernor's house and tendered their services for any expedition he might direct. The Govern- or responded in very complimentary terms to their promptness and patriotism in going to the relief of Fort Meigs. He observed that he was the more gratified at their tlemonstra- tion of zeal in their country's cause, as it was the first specimen of public military spirit which had been exhibited in the county of Washington since the commencement of the war. That henceforth he augured a revival of a redeeming spirit of military energy worthy of the county which bears the name of the illus- trious Father of his Country. To those gen- tlemen who had aided the company in ecjuip- ments he returned his sincerest thanks. Of those who had endeavored to discountenance the expediti(jn, he observed that such merited what thev must e\-entually recei\-e, the con- temjjt of all honorable men. The company was then h(in(jrably discharged. On August I, 1813, to meet a similar emer- gency at Fort Meigs, the mounted volunteers were again called upon, and they responded with the same readiness. Captain Buell gath- ered another company and went to the front, but before they had arrived at the scene of ac- tion the British and Indians had fled, and an order from General Harrison gave them his thanks and an "honorable discharge." This was the last demonstration of the British and their allies in the northwest. Tbe victory of Commodore Perry, in September, 181 3, com- pelled them toi retire to Canada. Capt. Timothy Buell and Alexander Mc- Coiinel were elected to represent the district composed of Morgan and Washington coun- ties in the Nineteenth General Assembly, 1820, and Captain Buell and William M. Dawes to represent the same district in the THventieth General Assembly. Captain Buell was sheriff of the county for several years, being succeeded in that office by Capt. Alexander Hill, in 181 5. He was also a magistrate for many years. Died February 6, 1837. Captain Buell was a brother of Gen. Jo- seph Buell, and grandfather, on the maternal side, of Maj.-Gen. Don Carlos Buell. His children were: Eliza Buell, born at Marietta August 22, 1798, died August 3, 1823; Joseph H. Buell, born October 20, 1812; William Plummer Buell, born June 18, 1815: Milo M. Buell, born September 18, 1817; Hiram B. AND REPRESEX'TATIVE CITIZENS. 567 Buell, born in 1824; George D. Buell, born in 1826; and Columbia Buell born in 1828. Of tbese^ Eliza married Hon. Salmon D. Buell, April 9, 1816, who was the son of Hon. Sal- mon Buell, of Ithica, New York. Their chil- dren were: Gen. Don Carlos Buell born near Marietta, March 23, 1818; Sally M. Buell, born near Marietta February 26, 1820; and' Aurelia A. Buell, born near Marietta, Febru- ary 27, 1822. wife of Hon. William F. Curtis, of Marietta. Lieut. Timothy E. D.\xielson. There is a degree of sadness connected with the life of this young- officer who came to Marietta about the year 1804. from Brimfield, Connec- ticut. His father was Gen. Timothy Daniel- son, of Union, Connecticut, who died in 1791. The widow (his mother). Eliza Danielson, married Hon. William liatcm. of Brimfield, Connecticut, .\ugust 21. 1702. Mr. Eaton had been for many years con- nected with the iliplomatic service of the Unit- ed States, and stationed in the Barbary States. Upon his return to tliis country, in 1803, he had promised young Timothy a position in his suite when he should return. Mr. Eaton however, changed his mind, and took out a younger brother. E. E. Danielson.* This was a great disappointment to Tim- othy E. Danielson. and he left home for the West, arriving at Marietta shortly after the departure of his stepfather in 1804. Great care and attention had been gi\-en to the education of the children of ^{rs. Daniel- son, both l)y General Danielson and Mr. Ea- ton, and young Danielson turned his training to account by teaching school in Marietta for several years. At the opening of the War of 1812. Daniel- son was commissioned as lieutenant in the reg- ular army, and July 29, 1812. he advertised for recruits — headquarters at Marietta. The recruits were taken for either three or five years. With what men he could raise he left for the front, and entered the Seventeenth United States Infantry. He was taken with *He was afterward, upon his return to this country, killed in ,1 duel witli a naval officer. malarial fever, and died December 21, 181 2, at Fort Winchester. Calel) Emerson was appointed his adminis- trator, and among his effects was a large as- sortment of law l)ooks, medical works and a general assortment of other works. il.-\j. HoK.\CE Xye came to Ohio when a child, August, 1788, with his father. Col. Ich- abod Nye. From that time until his death Ohio was his home, and until 1833 his resi- dence was Marietta. He was the grandson of Gen. Benjamin Tupper, a soldier, and the son of Colonel Nye,. also a soldier, and he was surrounded bv mea who put themselves under strict military dis- cipline during the Indian war, while living in the Cam])us Martins. Thus he became a sol- dier himself, and was all through his life noted for his military bearing and soldierly quali- ties. Though but a child, he shared in the pri- vations and hardships and dangers of the garri- son, and at an early age began to share in the toils, and to form habits of endurance and energy. His life was coeval with the first settlement of the State, and the history and experience of its tragic scenes and patient toils and heroic" sufferings w.ere as familiar to him as house- hold words. He furni.shed many facts from memory to the historian, and published S(jme valuable sketches of early times. In the summer of 1812 he was called into the service of his country as brigade major, in (len. E. W. Tup- per"s brigade of Ohio militia. This brigade was composed of troops mostly from Southern Ohio, and was called into service shortly be- fore the surrender of General Hull at Detroit. The men were ordered to the frontier — Ohio then being a frontier State — and spent most of the winter near Urbana and McArthur's block-house. They suffered much from bad quarters, bad food, poor clothing and the se- verity of the winter. Later they were ad- vanced to Fort Meigs, where they remained until their return of service expired. The service rendered was important and severe. 568 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Major Nye returned home in the spring of 1813, and during the following summer en- gaged successfully in business at Putnam, Ohio. Few men ever lived who have established a better character for uprightness of purpose and unbending integrity. He scorned the idea of bending his principles to expediency or of smothering his honest convictions. He was a reader, a thinker and a keen observer of men. For 30 years he was a member of the Presbyterian Church, and to know the right was with him to do it. Always the friend of the slave, he was an advocate of immediate emancipation. In 1835 h's life and property were threat- ened by a Zanesville mob. There was a lit- tle band of Abolitionists in Putnam, of which he was one, and when the mob threatened to burn the town, he saw no reason to change his views, Init arn:ed himself under the authority of the mayor, and purposed to fire at the word of command. He would have braved the dun- geon or the stake in defense of the inalienable rights of man. He was born at Chesterfield, Massachu- setts, June 8, 1786, and died at Putnam, Ohio, February 15, 1859. Capt. j[ason R. Curtis was born in 1785 at Warren, Litchfield County, Connecticut, .re- moved to Marietta in 1792, and married Mary Clark, daughter of Maj. John Clark. Capt. Curtis served during the War of 1812, as aid- de-camp of Governor R. J. Meigs, with the rank of captain. Jason R. Curtis, father of Hon. William F. Curtis, died in Marietta Sep- tember 12, 1834. Capt. Robert C. Barton came to Mari- etta during the War of 1812. We have not been able to obtain any facts as to him, except that he commanded a company under General" Harrison at the battle of Tippecanoe, and was mentioned by General Harrison in his report of that battle for gallant conduct. He was af- terward, during the same war, first lieutenant under Capt. Timothy Buell in a company of mounted volunteers, and was also on duty with Go\-ernor ]\Ieigs, jirobably as aid-de- camp. CHAPTER XXVI. THE CIVIL WAR. Causes of the War — Leaders, North and South, Political Campaign of i860 — Posi- tion OF the People of Washington County as to the War — The Union Blues Respond to the Call for Troops — The Militia System of Ohio — Appeal to THE Governor for Aid — Camp Putnam Established — Governor Dennison's Plan of a Campaign Successful — M. & C. Railroad Guarded — Grim-visaged War — The First Great Call to Arms — First Three Years' Company from the County — Camp Tupper Established — Military Committee Appointed — Beginning of Governor Tod's Administration — First Volunteer Killed in Battle — Shiloh — Washington City in Danger — Parkersburg Threatened — The Draft — Camp Marietta Established — Corinth, Antietam and South Mountain — De- partment of West Virginia Established at Marietta — Emancipation — Union League — Chancellorsville — Gettysburg — Vicksburg — The Morgan Raid — Buf- fington's Island — The Militia — Chickamauga — Ohio National Guard — Atlanta Campaign — March to the Sea — Shenandoah Valley — Battle Year, 1864 — 1865 — Celebration of the Fall of the Rebellion. Reader, let us stand together on a crest of the Alleghanies, commanding a splendid pros- pect to the westward. It is a bright clear day in September, the year 1788. Here lies the course of the wagons of the mountains up from the east and down to the west, the grand thoroughfare of emigration, now scarcely be- gun westward. We see spread out before us a grand expanse of forest and stream. In the far distance from north to south is tiie Missis- sippi River. On the hither side, like a silver thread from the northeast to the southwest, winds the Ohio River. On the north, like burnished shields, lie the great lakes Erie. Hu- ron, Michigan and. Superior, and spread out between these bounds, like an open scroll, lies the Northwest Territory. The pleasing fancy cherished so long in Connecticut and Virginia that those old commonwealths owned strips of country from the Atlantic westward to the South Sea, or more familiarly the Pacific, have been exploded and abandoned, and the claims of those States in the Xortliwest Territory formally released. Look at the vast expanse of forest in the foreground, undulating like the green waves of the ocean and traversed by silvery streams flowing to the Ohio or to the lakes. West- ward in the far distance the country breaks away from the forests and spreads out into broad savannahs, studded with groves, and beyond the eye detects the sheen of the Fa- ther of Waters. TItIs vast domain possesses the finest dim- 570 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, ate (if the continent. In a similar climate the human race has attained its highest develop- ment. Neither too hot or too cold, but finely tempered as a Damascus blade. Mother of energy, endurance, enterprise and civilization, this beautiful land lying before us will cer- tainlv be fruitful and productive. Vast in extent, encumbered by the finest timljer, the growth of centuries, it is ncjw a wilderness. The primeval forest clothes it like a garment. The great valley of the Ohio falls away to the southwest with nothing to disturi> its placid stillness but here and there an Indi;i.'T guiding his rude canoe. Excepting a few settlements on the hither side of the Ohio River, the whole is one vast stilitude — liut hold, there at the junction of the Ohio and Aluskuigum, the blue smoke culrs u]). and a clearing appears. Tlie white man has come to take possession, and he has come to stay ; now through the aisles of the stately forest is heard the woodman's axe. The Indian pauses on the trail wdiile hunting the bear, the deer, or the wild turkey, to listen ; and he creeps through the thicket to obtain a view of the newcomers, who are soon to dis- possess him and bring a nobler race to take possession. But, reader, think not these fer- tile acres, fraught with such great possibilities, have been overlooked and forgotten. This settlement is but the result of a cause that went before. That cause was as subtle in its results as the falling dew or gentle rain,_ and came as silently. Every inch of land, from the great lakes on the north to the Ohio on the south, is held as firmly as though caught by hooks of steel, anil e\'ery man, woman and child destined to be born in and to occupy and cultivate this land can not, if they would, es- cape its influence. The Ordinance of 1787, the second great charter of American progress and liberty, has silently gone into possession. Law. enthroned in a temple built without hands, has assumed sovereignty over a vast domain, having as yet but few occupants, but waiting for the teeminig millions of the fu- ture. "Law it is." as the Hindoo says, "which is without name or color, or hands or feet, which is the smallest of the least and the larg- est of the large; all, and knowing all things; which hears without ears; sees without eyes; moves without feet, and seizes without hands." Let us now turn to the southward, there lie Virginia and Kentucky soon to be settled from eastern V'irginia and the Carolinas by a brave and hardy race, but wedded to the insti- tution of human slavery. There is but the narrow Ohio between the north land and the south, yet even at this early date the forerun- ners of the millions to come are separated very widely in sentiment by the institution referred to. And their children shall grow up with the cherished sentiments of their parents, in- stilled into their minds at their mother's knee, to be intensified by each political contest, and confirmed as time advances in their various opinions. Time will show to what dread ex- tent two great contending ideas will carry the sections. Oh ! pine on the crest of storm- swept Alleghany sigh, and ye mothers in the far off clearings weep for the evil days to come, and that so fair a patrimony should be destined to witness so fierce a struggle between such noble men, children of a common broth- erhood, When this soft turf, that rivulet's sands, Were trampled by a hurrying crowd, And Hery hearts and armed hands Encountered in the battle-cloud. Ah ! never shall the land forget How gushed the life-blood of her brave — Gushed, warm with hope and courage yet, Upon the soil they fought to save. CAUSES OF THE VvAK. It is necessary in writing the nn'litar\- his- tory of the first county and the oldest settle- ment in the Northwest Territory to bring prominently to the front that great ordinance which has so largely ^haped the destinies of the populous commonwealths of Ohio, Illi- nois, Michigan and \\'isconsin, especiallv as that ordinance contained the germinal cause that made the States named side w'ith the gov- ernment, when the crisis of revolution came. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 57> Let us therefore examine very briefly that part of the ordinance which pertains to the sub- ject in hand — the cause of the War of tlie Re- belhon. That it was no sudden growth all will readily admit. Tlie men, south of the Ohio and north of the same, were generally of a common origin, Americans all. It will not do to say that these States would have gone with the North in 1861, had there never been such an ordinance as the one referred to. In- diana, Illinois, and Ohio, at least, could have been Slave States as easily and consistently as Virginia and Kentucky, having substantial- ly the same climate, the same products and therefore the same demand for slave labor; but the fundamental law governing the terri- tory, out of which all these States were erected prohibited slavery, and thus each State Con- stitution contained a clause of similar prohib- ition. The article of the ordinance referred to is as follows : Article 6. There shall be neither slavery nor in- voluntary servitude in the said Terrotory otherwise than in piniishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted : provided always that any person escaping into the same from whom labor or serices is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimied and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service, as aforesaid. The Jeffersonian ordinance of 1784, pro- viding for the government of Kentucky and the Southwest, contained nothing in regard to slavery; an amendment had been offered, putting an end to the peculiar institution after the year 1800, but failed of passage by one vote, the delegate of one State, New Jersey, being temporarily absent. On what a slender thread often hang the destinies of millions ! Tire Resolutions of 1798, as passed by the Kentucky Legislature were ore-ennnently 3 "States Rights" document. They were a nat- ural outgrowth of the doctrine of slavery; and as that institution increased so did the "States Rights'' heresy. We quote the first resolution which is a sample of all the others : Resolved, Th^t the several States composing the United States of America are not united on the prin- 33 ciplc of imliniited submission to their General Govern- ment, but that by a compact under the style and title of a Constitution of the United States, and of amendments thereto, they constituted a General Government for special purposes — delegated to that Government certain definite powers, reserving, each State to itself, the resi- duary mass of right to their own self-government ; and that whensoever the (ieneral Government assumes un- delegated powers, its acts arc unaulhoritatve, void, and of no force: that to this compact each State acceded as a State, and as an integral party, its co-States forming as to itself, the other party; that the Government, created by this compact, was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself: since that would have maO.e its dis'cretion, and not the constitMlion, the measure of its power; but that as in all other cases of compact among powers having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge fc- itself, as well of infractions, as of the mode and measure of redress. Similar resolutions were passed by the Leg- islature of Virginia the year following. They ^^■ere afterward repealed, but not until they had largely sown the seed of rebellion and revo- lution. In the earlier days of the republic, the great question of slavery, and especiallv of "States Rights," had already been formulated and stated in terms that were not materially al- tered during all the great political contests that followed. Patrick Henry, June 4, 17S8, in the Virgin- ia Convention called to ratify the new Con- stitution of the United States, said : That this is a consolidated government is demon- strably clear; and the danger of such a government is, to my mind, very striking. I have the highest venera- tion for those gentlemen (the framers of the constitu- tion) ; but. sir, giie me leave to deiiiand. What right had they to say, IVe, the people? My political curiosity, exclusive of n\v anxious solicitude for the public wel- fare, leads me to ask who authorized them to say. We, the people, iiutead of wf, the States? States are the characteris-tics and the soul of a confederation. If the States be not the agents of this compact, it must be one great, consolidated National government of the peo- ple of all the States. * * * i need not take much pains to show that the principles of this system are ex- tremely pernicious, impolitic and dangerous. \\'ashington, in his Farewell Address, ; said : Citizens by birth or choice of a common country, I that country has a right to concentrate your affection's, i The name of American, which belongs to you in your j national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism more than any appellation derived from local I discriminations. 572 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Alexander Hamilton, June i8, 1787, in the debate on the new constitution, said : The general power, whatever be its form, if it pre- serves itself, must swallow up the State governments, otherwise it would be swallowed up by them. It is against all the principles of good government to rest the requisite powers in such a body as Congress. Two sovereignties cannot exist within the same hmits. Tiie people of the States formed out of the Northwest were by education and tradition, and more especially by virtue of the moulding- power of a great fundamental law, opposed to slavery and to the doctrin'e of "States Rights." They naturally went with the North ; and we believe we are justified in saying that the North could not have succeeded in the war for the Union if the States named had re- fused to cooperate. LE.\DERS, NORTH .\ND SOUTH, POLITICAL CAM- PAIGN OF i860. Previous to the war, through much dis- cussion and many political campaigns, the peo- ple of the States named, as well as the bal- ance of the great North, had settled, as far as they were concerned, the momentous question forced upon them by the slave power. The venerable John Ouincy Adams, ex-President, in his gallant fight for the right of petition in Congress, was one of the first to take up the gage and begin the battle, and he was success- ful. Then followed that noble galaxy of leaders, Joshua R. Giddings, William Lloyd Garrison, John Greenleaf Whittier, Henry Ward Beecher, William Cullen Bryant, Wen- dell Phillips, Charles Sumner, Gerrett Smith, Cassius M. Clay, Owen Lovejoy, Benjamin Lundy and a host of others, who appealed to, the North in the name of liberty and human- ity, and eventually carried the great majority to victory in the Presidential campaign of 18O0. The people of the South were also led by men of ability, who fought long and hard for what they considered truth and justice, and they have left their mark upon their genera- tion. Some of them, indeed, in certain lo- calities, are deemed martyrs to a noble cause, lost, and hopeless though it be, forever. Be- ginning with John C. Calhoun, the great ad- vocate and expounder of the "States Rights" doctrine, there were Jefferson Davis, Judah P. Benjamin, Henry A. Wise, R. Barnwell Rhett, Alexander H. Stephens, James M. Mason, John Slidell, John B. Floyd, William L. Yan- cy, Robert Tbombs, Isham G. Harris, and many others, under whose teachings and lead- ership the great States of the South were in- duced to try the arbitrament of the sword to decide their grievances. Thus the two sections of the country with the leaders named and entertaining the prin- ciples they did, glowing with the white heat of a great political campaign, gradually drifted asunder. In the South, free speech was de- nied to Northern men. Northerners at the South on business were violently treated and hundreds returned, bringing the story of their treatment houie. John B. Floyd, Buchanan's Secretary of War, had quietly removed can- non and other munitions of war to Southern arsenals, and these and many other events which occurred in swift succession, enhanced the excitement. Early in January, 1861, news of an alarming character began to be re- ceived, and the "War News" headings of the newspapers had come to be so common as to be regularly looked for by the people. Mr. Dennison, Governor of Ohio, whilp. reviewing the situation in his message to the Legislature. January 7, 1861, says: The patriotism of -the country is justly alarmed. The unity of the government is denied. Doctrines sub- versive of its existence are boldly advocated and made the basis of State action, under fhe pretended right of a State to secede from the Confederacy at its pleasure, in peace or war. constitutional liberty is imperilled, revolution is meditated, and treason is justified. * * On the occasion of my inauguration I felt it to be my duty to warn my comitrymien of those hostile de- signs against the Federal Union. But then they were in speculation only. Now they are in act. Shall they be consummated? Shall the National Government he de- graded into a mere league between independent States, existing only by their appearance, subordinate to them and subiect to be destroyed at the pleasure of any State of the Confederacy? Or shall it continue to be main- tained, as it has always been maintained, as^ a govern- ment proper — sovereign within its prescribed sphere — AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 573 as the States are sovereign within their prescribed spheres — founded on the adoption of the people as were the States, and creating direct relations between itself and the individual citizens, Which no State axithority has power to impair or disturb, and which nothing can dissolve but revolution. rOSITIO.V OF THE PEOPLE OF WASIIIXGTON COUNTY AS TO THE WAK. The people of W'asliiiigton County fully endorsed these sentiments. They had stood arrayed against each other in the two great political parties, but when the Union was threatened, irrespective of party they gave' their allegiance to the government of the fa- thers. On the evening of January 8, 1861, pursuant to a call for a union meeting, the people of Marietta and vicinity, including a number of citizens from the adjoining county of Wood, (West) Mrginia, assembled at the Court House, in Marietta, and the mayor, Hon. William A. Whittlesey, was chosen chairman ; Hon. Thomas \V. Ewart and Charles F. Buell, secretaries. Thereupon, a committee consisting of Melvin Clarke. Arius Nye, Rufus E. Harte. Andrew W. McCor- mick, Davis Green, Douglas Putnam. William West, David C. Skinner'and Charles F. Buell, were ap])ointed to draw up resolutions ex- pressive of the sentiment of the people on the condition of the country. The meeting then adjourned to 2 P. M., January 12th. On the day named a large number of citizens of Washington County and of Wood county, (We.st) Virginia, without distinction of party, assembled at the Court House, aiKl the com- mittee, through Melvin Clarke, reported reso- lutions at length, condemning the secession movement and affirming their de\otion to the cause of the Union. The following are the second and seventh resolutions passed : II. Thi- doctrine of the secession of a State has no warrant in the constitution, but. on fhe contrary, is in its effect? fatal to the Union, and subversive of all the ends of its creation; and in our judgment .secession is revolution : and while w c fully admit the right of revo- lution for the causes set forth in the Declaration of Independence, or for others of equal force, and while we are grieved to say that the Government and citizens of several States, both north and south, have been guilty of acts of great injustice toward others, yet facts do not e.xist which warrant a resort to tihat Ian and final remedy, revolution, and we have still an abiding faith in the capacity and adaptation of the General Government to redress all grievances suffered by its citizens, what- ever their origin. VII. Notwithstanding former differences of opin- ion on this subject, for the purpose of making a final adjustment of the unfortunate eontrover.'^y now raging in our country, -we are willing to accept as the basis of a compromise, the reciiactnient of the eighth section of the Missouri Compromise act; or we are willing to adopt the principle, 'tliat the whole subject of slavery m the territories, shall be left to be determined by the will of the boiHi fide residents of such territory, provided they also be left free to elect their own officers, ex- ecutive and judicial, as well as legislative. The history of the progress of public sen- timent in this county is but a repetition of that of many others in the State. The people of Ohio would have compromised with the south gladly; but it is an old story, often told, how the Southern leaders disregarded all overtures. The}' were bent on having a new government founded ujxjn the institution of human slavery and awaited their opportunity. In the fullness of time that opportunity came. But, reader, come again with nie to the crest of high .Alleghany and let us look once ntore westwartl. It is noontide of a beautiful day in April, 1861. Seventy-three years have elapsed since the first settlement of the North- west Territory. To the southwest are the broad valleys of the Ohio. In the far west, by the shore of the Mississippi, is Illinois. On the north, like burnished shields, lie the great lakes. The forests have melted away. No more does the Indian lurk in the thicket or guide his rude canoe on the broad Ohio ; but the great Anglo-Sa.xon has built his domicile beside every stream, and his cattle graze upon the hills and in all the valleys. On the Ohio the great steamer, bearing the commerce of populous States, jnirsues her way. Instead of a few hamlets, we see the j'Kjpulous valleys of Virginia. In place of the lone wagoii trail over the mountains, is the wonderful railroad, connecting Ohio and the East. Instead of the small settlement at the mouth of the Mus- kingum, we see a thriving city, and the coun- ty of Wa.shington with 3''). 500 inhabitants. 574 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, The wilderness has been subdued, and out of it has grown Ohio witli 2,340,000, Indiana with 1,355,000, IlHnois with 1,750,000, jNlichigan with 750,000, and Wisconsin with 780,000 inhabitants. CuUivated fields interspersed with woodland extend as far as the eye can reach and the thrifty son of toil has made the land "to blossom like the rose." Peace and prosperity have wrought their perfect work. Great cities have sprung up. Thousands of manufactories giving employment to a million of workmen, dot the land. Institutions of learning are scattered here and there over the whole land. Unexampled prosperity ! Amaz- ing transformation! Surely this Northwest Territory has more than fulfilled its early promise. Sad, that the wheels of industry should be stopped, the plough left standing in the furrow, the college deserted, and that the red hand of war should paralyze a State in the' full tide of prosperity, sending mourning to so many hearts and disaster to so many homes ; but such is war. At the hour of 4 130 on the morning of April 12, 1861, the boom of a mortar on Sul- livan's Island, in Charleston harbor, gave no- tice to the country and to Major Anderson, pent within the wall of Fort Sumter, that the was was begun. The news was not wholly unlooked for, yet the dread reality was difficult to comprehend. Soon, however, the patriotic impulse of the people obtained control and car- ried everything Ijefore it. A\'ashington County was thoroughly aroused. THE UXrON BLUES RESPOND TO THE C.-\LL FOR TROOPS. The news of the beginning of hostilities reached Marietta on Saturday morning, April 13th, and on Monday morning the call of the President for 75,000 men was received. Capt. Frank Buell, of the Union Blues, a Marietta cohipany, called his men together the same evening, and the company promptly tendered their services, were at once accepted by the Governor, and ordered to march on the fol- lowing Monday morning. The company was soon filled more than to the maximum, officers elected and preparations made for de- parture at the date named. As this was the first company from this county to offer its services to the government and as this was an event of great moment at the time, we give the names of this company and a short sketch of the events attending their departure. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Frank Buell, First Lieutenant Dennis O'Leary, .Second Lieutenant William H. Bisbee, elected major of Eighteenth Ohio volunteer infantry, May 29, 1801 ; Second Lieutenant Wallace Hill. XON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant John Theis, Second Sergeant Daniel Y, Hill, Third Sergeant Owen O'Neal, Fourth Sergeant Theodore G. Field, First Corporal Wallace W. With- row, .Second Corporal John D. Holden, Third Cor- poral Samuel C. Skinner, Fourth Corporal George B. Haskins, Musician Louis Fourgeres, Musician Manly Warren, ^Musician Ebenezer Corry. PRIVATES. Mordecai .\mos, Eli P. Boring, Frank H. Bosworth, R. H. Bull, William Bryan, Robinson Blain, Jacob Bower, Benjamin Bragg, Absalom Boring, George R. Burris. -\lexander H. Bukey, John F. Booth, Guy Bar- rows. Henry Glaus, John Clark, Peter L. Coniffe, Ste- phen H. Collins, Charles Clogston, George Coon, Joseph Corey, E. Corey. Daniel Close. John Chase, John Cal- vert, David Craig, Thomas Dyar, David Dow, George W. Devil, Juthro Davis, Thomas Driscoll, Thomas C. Daily, Hannibal Dibble, D. T. Deming. Henry East- man, William N. Foulke, Thomas Fisher, Jeremiah Fairhurst, Daniel Goodman, Allen Green, William Gay, L. R. Gren, Milton Gillingham, Henry Henning. John Henning, George B. Haskins, Albert Hamilton, Thomas Hatfield. \ViIIiam Holden, Henry Kellner, August Kropp, Herman Ketchner, Lafayette La Grange, Philip Loufman, Levi F. Lamotte. Frederick Living, J. H. Lapham. Milton H. Laughlin, Augustus Morris, John ^LThnkin. Wesley Miner, John N. Miner, George IMoore, Wilbur F. Morse, Leonidas R. Meriber, Lewis 'Monroe. Thomas McNIamara, John McCuIlough, George McCad- den, John Neigham, Reuben L. Nye, Thomas North, James S. Parker, Anthony Padden, Wallace W. Pixley, William Parker, George Pixley, Michael Padden, James Phelps. Jewctt Palmer. Jr., Thomas Phelps, Daniel Quimby, iPhiletus S. Ripley, George W. Ridgeway, John Ranger. William Robinson, Walter Rappert, Mil- ton Regnier, William Ranger, James H. Sniffen, Will- iam Stewart, Daniel Soler. John L. Shaw, Elijah G. Smith. Peter Sherrer, Jacob Shaw, William Spence, Smith. Peter Sherrer, Jacob Shaw, William Sgence. Ordam Snier, Horatio Stark, John W. Smith. Robert Shiers, Henry B. Stanton, James Stanley, William N. Scott, William H. Snodgrass, Charles W. Sprengle, AXD REFRESEXTATIJ-E CITIZEXS. 575 Tartiis T.. Stewart, Hugh Shoop. David Shocklej', James Turner, Thomas R. Thorniley, Samuel Tracey, Abner Tucker, T. W. Terry. Oscar Underwood. George \'ickers, James Voschel. Gordon B. West, Charles B. Wetson, Jacob Wood. CEREMONIES OX DEPARTURE OF FIRST COM- PANY. Quite a number, whose names appear in the above Ust, were not accepted, being under age, over age, or physically unfit for service. On Sunday evening before the departure of the company, a meeting was held at the Con- gregational Churcli in Marietta, members of all the other churches meeting at the same place. The church was crowded with an earnest and attentive throng, seats being reserved at the front for the volunteers. They marched in. The choir sang the national hymn "]My Country 'Tis of Thee." After which Rev. Dr. Wicks preached from the text — Isaiah xi : 4 — a sermon full of patriotic zeal and de- votion to country. The concluding part of his sermon was more directly to the volunteers. Dr. Wicks was followed by Dr. L. G. Leonard, of the Baptist Church, who with Rev. Mr. Wakefield, of Harmar, and Rev. Mr. Mumford. of the Unitarian Church, oc- cupied the pulpit. D. P. Bosworth, Sr., presi- dent of the Washington Count\- Bible Society, then addressed the volunteers and presented each with a neat pocket edition of the Xew Testament. At the close of the ceremony Reuben L. Nye, one of the volunteers, as- cended the pulpit stairs, "and responded in be- half of the company in an exceedingly appro- priate and eloquent speech." Dr. Leonard then closed the exercises with the benediction. This was in the oldest church in Ohio, and these ceremonies are said to have been the most impressive and affecting ever witnessed within its walls. Before the volunteers left for Columbus on Monday morning, the ladies of the city of Marietta presented them witli a splendid silk flag. This was in the presence of an immense crowd on the commons. Melvin Clarke making the presentation speech and Capt. Frank Buell responding. Thus cheered and encouraged, and with the benediction of the entire community upon them, the first company of volunteers from Washington County left for the war. Their progress up the i\Iuskingum was like a tri- umphal march. People flocked to the landings to greet them as the steamer approached. At Lowell the entire population tm-ned out. and cheer upon cheer was given. Speeches were made, and a purse of over sixty dollars was raised for them. After the boat was gone, Albert Chandler and Warner Green started a subscription paper to raise money for the equipment of a company, and for the support^ of the families of those who should volunteer. Li one hour's time, $1,300 were subscribed, one man, James S. Stowe, pledging $500. At Beverly, the citizens had already formed a com- panv of home guards of over 100 strong, and as the steamer approached they fired a salute. The Beverly brass band then played a patriotic air, and were followed by the Beverly vocal band, who sang the stirring song, "'My Native Land." Speeches were made — George P. Bu- ell responding on behalf of the company. It is said, on good authority, that Col. E. S. Mc- intosh, an old citizen, probably upon a timely suggestion, bought up all the underwear in town and presented it to the volunteers. The company went into quarters at Camp Jackson, Columbus, and were assigned to the Eight- eenth Regiment as Company B, of that or- ganization. A company of volunteers of about 100 strong was organized at Beverly, April 23rd, called the Washington Guards. The follow- ing were the commissioned officers : John Henderson, captain ; Tliomas Ross, first lieu- tenant; Oliver H. P. Scott, second lieutenant. Thev became Company K. of the Eighteenth Regiment. THE MILITIA SYSTEM OF OHIO. Under the fostering care of Governor Chase, had. at the beginning of the war. grown to be 576 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AXD irASHLXGTOX COUXTY an institution of some consequence, and in nearly every county of tlie State could be found one or more companies, with more or less proficiency in drill, depending on the length of time such companies had been organized and the efficienc}' of their officers. When the war broke out, these military organizations were of great utility in furnish- ing men somewhat familiar with the military art, to take the lead in forming companies and regiments out of the mass of raw volunteers offered the State. Ohio was, at the time, divided into mili- tary (livisions. The Seventh Division com- prised the counties of Fairfield, Hocking. Per- ry, Scioto. Lawrence, Jackson, Pike. Newton, Washington, Athens, Meigs, and Gallia. The whole of this large district was under the command of :\Iaj. Gen. Jesse Hildebrand — headquarters at ^larietta. This division was subdivided as follows: Fairfield, Hocking, and Perry counties, under command of Brig. Gen. X. Schleich — headquarters at Lancaster; Scioto, Lawrence, Pike, Jackson, and Mnton counties, under command of Brig. Gen. Peter Kinney — headquarters at Portsmouth: Wash- ington, Athens, Meigs, and Gallia counties, under command of Brig. Gen. Robert A. Con- stable — headquarters at Athens. General Hildebrand"s staff was as follows : Col. A. W. AlcCormick. assistant adjutant gen- eral and division inspector; Col. John :\Iar- shall. assistant quartermaster general ; Col. Melvin Clarke, assistant judge advocate gen- eral ; Col. A. L. Haskins, assistant engineer-in- chief; Maj. J. B. Hovey. Maj. L R. Waters, and Maj. W. B. Whittlesey, aids. On April 22. 18(11, in pursuance of orders received from Columbus, General Hililebrand issued his general order No. i. calling on the people of the Seventh Division for 10,000 men. Whenever 80 men should be secured, they were authorized to form an infantry company, and if 40 men be secured, a light artillery com- pany, and to elect one captain, one first lieu- tenant, one second lieutenant, four sergeants, four corporals, and two musicians. This was promptly responded to, more men being offered than could be used, under the President's call, the quota of the State being 13 regiments. The language of the general order as to the disposition of the men was as follows: All companies which may be organized in counties near the Ohio river to remain where organized, to de- fend the frontier, while all other companies will hold themselves in readiness to march when and wherever the President of the United States, through the Gov- ernor of Ohio, may direct. General Hildebrand and his staff soon afterward tendered their service to the Gov- ernment : but the general and the most of the members of his staff were destined to other duties, and tO' act important parts on widely separated fields, and in commands tried by the storm of battle, where the glory of a militia uniform was little thought of. The general himself died in the service, at Alton, Illinois. He was a man of good presence, brave, and did good service as commandant of a brigade at Shiloh. His career will be more fully noticed further on. APPEAL TO THE GOVERNOR FOR AID. During the first two years of the war there was great fear along the border and in W^ash- ington County, of raids by the Rebels. News came to Marietta on Sunday, April 21, 1861, that a large body of Rebels was about to de- scend on Parkersburg. and great alarm was felt as to the threatening attitude of affairs, and the following dispatch was sent to the cap- ital : Marietta, Ohio, .\pril 21 — 5 p. m. To Go'i'cnwr Dennison: It is rumored that Rebel troops are on their way to Parkersburg. Virginia. We do not know what credit to give this report. It is. however, reasonable to sup- pose that Parkersburg. being the terminus of one branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, will be made in any event a base of operations by the Rebel military, and that we are in danger of being overrun by foraging parties and perhaps worse events. AV.e therefore feel that an absolute necessity exists of being at least pre- pared with a full supply of arms and ammunition, of which we are wholly destitute. We may also need more troops than can be raised on the border, and ex- perienced drill officers. We shall at once organize a home guard, which we believe it to be of t'he utmos't im- portance to arm. W'e want especially cannon, and as AXD REFRESEXTATirE LlTIZEXS. 577 many as we can have. We think tliere can be no pos- sible doubt of the existence of an ovcrwhehning neces- sitj' for the occupancy of this point and Belpre, opposite Parkcrsburg. at once. A messenger will leave for Columbus to-night. A. T. Nye, President of City Council. M. Cl.\rke, Of Major Ccncr^il Hildcbrand's staff. The messenger sent was Beman Gates, Esq., who went to Colnmbus and laid the mat- ter before the Governor, with wliat success will be seen further on. On the next day, pursuant to a resolution passed by the city council of Marietta, on Sat- urday, April 20th, a large number of citizens of the county assembled at the court house to arrange for home defense. Two committees were appointed to carry out the objects of the meeting, one to raise money for the benefit of the families of volunteers, consisting of Hon. William R. Putnam, J. S. Sprague, and Hen- ry Fearing; the other a committee of safety, consisting of Col. John iMills, William P. Cut- ler, William R. Putnam, Davis Green, Anselm A. Xye, Harlow Chapin, Rufns E. Harte, Da- vid C. Skinner, and the mayor, Hon. \\'illiam A. Whittlesey. Measures for the defense of the county, and especially of Marietta City, were adopted. Arms and ammunition were needed, and very few, if any, arms were to be had. Meanwhile, in order to utilize the means of defense at hand, two iron cannon, in the city, were put in readi- ness for active service, and an order was given to the foundry of A. T. Nye, Jr., to cast solid shot for fixed ammunition. In response to the dispatch and to the personal application of Mr. Gates, the Governor ordered the First Regiment, Light Artillery, Tliird Brigade, Fourth Division of Ohio volunteer militia, from Cleveland and vicinity, to report at Mari- etta for the defense of that point. The regi- ment was made up of six companies of 20 men each, and six guns, under the command of Col. James Barnett. C.VMP PUTX.VM ESTABLISHED. On Tuesday night, April 23rd, the regi- ment arrived and went into camp at the Fair Grounds. This was the first camp established, and was named Camp Putnam, in honor of Gen. Rufus Putnam, of the Revolutionary War. These were the first troops to arrive in Washington County. The next was the Four- teenth Regiment Ohio volunteer militia, raised in the Tenth Congressional District, and com- manded by Col. James B. Steedman. Then came the Eighteenth Regiment, on its way to Virginia. Tlic latter regiment was made up as follows : Company .\. Lawrence County Guards, Captain Koders ; Company B, Mari.Hta Blues, Captain Buell; Company C, La-vrcncc Cjunly Guards. Captam Boilcs; Company D, Vinton County Guards. Captain Caldwell ; Company E. Lawrence County Guards, Captain Merrill; Company K. Meigs County Guards. Captain Curtis; Company G. Gallia County Guards, Captain Aleshire; Company H, Meigs County Guards, Captain Wal- ler ; Company K, Washington County Guards, Captain Henderson : Company L. Jackson County Guards, Cap- tain Hoffman. Regimental officers, elected at Parkers- burg. Virginia: Colonel. J. R. Stanley, of McArthur; lieutenant colonel, William Bolles, of Ironton; major, William H. Bisby, of Marietta; quartermaster, Beman Gates. Mr. Gates afterward resigned, and John C. Paxton was appointed. At this point it will be well to understand the situation. The Rebels had penetrated Western Virginia and pushed their forces along both branches of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, from Grafton westwards, toward Parkersburg, and along the northern branch toward Wheeling, burning bridges and trestle works as they went. This spread general alarm throughout Western Virginia to Wheel- ing, Parkersburg, and along the border in Ohio. GOVERNOR DENXISOXS PL.\X OF .\ CAMP.MGX SUCCESSFUL. Governor Dennison resolved that the line of battle should not be on the border of Ohio, l)ut along the natural line made by the Alle- ghanies. And this was against the advice of General McClellan. who counseled delay, but the Governor was positive, and his plan pre- vailed. Accordingly, on the 26th of May, the following movement was ordered : The Fourteenth Regiment, Colonel Steedman, sta- 578 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, tioned at Zanesville, and the Eighteenth, Col- onel Stanley, stationed at Camp Jackson, were ordered to Marietta to support Barnett's Bat- tery. The Seventeenth Regiment, Colonel Connell, stationed at Lancaster, was ordered to Zanesville. The Fifteenth Regiment, Col- onel Andrews, stationed at Zanesville, was or- dered to Bellaire, to await orders. The Six- teenth Regiment, Colonel Irvine, stationed at Columbus, was ordered to Zanesville to sup- port Colonel Andrews. The Nineteenth Regi- ment, Colonel Beatty, and the Twenty-tirst, Colonel Norton, stationed at Cleveland, were ordered to Columbus, there to await orders. Colonel Steedman, with the Fourteenth and a part of Barnett's Artillery, crossed to Virginia on the morning of May 27th, arriving at Park- ersburg at 1 1 o'clock, being the first troops to enter Southern territory, Ellsworth, with the New York Zouaves, entering Virginia from Washington at 2 P. M. After putting a qui- etus on the Secession element in Parkersburg, they moved out on the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- road, rebuilding bridges and trestle works as they advanced. Colonel Irvine, with his regi- ment at Bellaire, crossed the day following, and was joined by a regiment of loyal \'ir- ginians, under Colonel Kelley, and they pushed on out the northern branch of the Baltimore & Ohio, repairing and rebuilding bridges and trestles. The two columns met and formed a junction at Grafton, Virginia. After tliem the gallant sons of Ohio and Indiana went pouring into Virginia, driving the Rebels be- fore them. Fifteen miles beyond Grafton, at Philippi, they fought the first battle of the war and gained a victory. Thus, by the foresight and energy of Gov- ernor Dennison. was West Virginia saved to the Union, important railway communications recovered and held, and Ohio and the border protected from invasion and predatory war- fare. M. & C. R.MLROAD GU.XRDED. On the 23rd of June, pursuant to an order of the adjutant general of tlie State, the fol- lowing militia companies arrived and were dis- tributed along the railroad between the city ot Marietta and Athens to guard the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, now known as the "old line." General McClellan feared that his com- munications would be interrupted and that his supplies might be cut otif by the destruction of the bridges and trestle works on this railroad, which was an important matter at that time. These companies were: Company F, First Regiment, Captain Miller, 30 men ; Company B, Second Regiment, Captain King, 30 men; Company F, Second Regiment, Captain Gar- rett, 30 men ; Company D, Second Regiment, Captain Menken, 15 men; Company E, Third Regiment, Captain Buckner, 40 men ; Com- pany G, Third Regiment, Capt. J. H. Carter, 60 men. The whole under command of Lieut. Col. A. E. Jones. Afterwards four of these companies were relieved by four Washington County companies, one of which was the Union Blues company, recruited up after the three months' men had gone, commanded by Capt. William B. Mason ; the Fireman Zouaves, Capt. S. F. Shaw — both companies from Marietta — one company from Harmar, Capt. Joseph B. Daniels, and one — the Belpre Guards — commanded by Capt. F. H. Loring, from Belpre. They were distributed along the railroad in squads, and were armed, clothed and subsisted the same as other volunteers. This service, although not especially danger- ous, was important, and as these companies are not elsewhere recorded we g\xt them below as far as possible to ascertain their names: COMMISSIO.N'ED OFFICERS. Captain F. H. Loring ; Lieutenant James King. NON'-COM MISSION- ED OFFICERS. Orderlv Seraeant .-X. P. Slierman, Sergeant J. L. O'Neal. John Mitelicll. C. W. Stone, John Drain. COPPOK.NLS. A. H. Browning, P. \\. Simpson, E. M. O'Neal, A. D. Stone. PRIVATES. LT. G. Allen. D. C. Allen, James R. Barrows, George Ballard, Daniel Breckenride. William Baker, W. W. Botkin. William Berry, Samuel Barkley, Jacob AXD REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 579 Clark, A. F. Downer, Moses Dugan, George Dunlevy, J. G. ElIciT.vood, Council Flowers. George Flowers, L. R. Forbes, George Gage, Alexander Galbraith, George Hutchinson. John Haddow, George A. Howe, John Hutchinson, D. B. Horton. C. B. Kirkpatrick, Fremont Kirkpatrick, Henry Kirkpatrick. Corwin H. Loring, George Lysle, George M. Ccnaughey, Joseph Marsh, Joseph Miller, James Mcndenhall, Jatnes Mc- Gaffey, F. F. Newport. J. R. Newport. M. Noland, Joseph Noland, F. Odenahan. E. R. O'Neal. Will- iam Powell. James Powell. Josiah Rutherford. Jacob Rinherford. B. B. Stone, Frank Stone. George G. Stone, William F. Shee. Joseph Sterlin. William F. Sayre, Henry Schram. Harrison Smith. John A. Shipe, S. C. H. Smith. Milton Stone, F. B. Simpson, Martin Tharp, John Thonipson. William White, Noah Welch. Roll of Capt. William B. Mason's Com- pany D, in the First Regiment, Third Brigade, Seventh Division of Ohio volunteer militia, enrolled on the 27th day of July, 1861, and mustered into the service of the State of Ohio the 27th day of July, 1861. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain William B. Mason. First Lieutenant James McCaddon, Second Lieutenant James Lewis. NON-COM MISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant W. L. Theis, Sergeants George W. Kennedy. Robert H. McKittrick. Louis Schmidt ; Cor- porals Jacob Unger. John Mahuken. John Plug. William L. Porterfield ; Bugler Louis Schlieker. George Baldwin, Frank Braddock, Peter Beck. George Booth. John Burke. Frederick Becker, John Dow, John Danker. Henry F.stman. John W. Eaton, David M. Grimes. William Hose. Seymour J. Hatha- way. Andrew Holden. Luther AL Ingraham. David F. Jones. Frank E. Jett. Arius Nye Kennedy. Joel Ken- nedy. David H. Lewis. Dennis Mulhanc. John J. Medli- cott. Patrick C. Meers. Frank McCaddon. Theodore McCaddon. Frederick Mahnken. Michael Manly. George W. Reynolds, John Ratgen. Nicholas Roeder. William Robinson. Frank Shater. William W. Skinner. William H. Storrs. Richard Siebers. William Salzman, Samuel Tracy, Frank Towsley, Jacob Wood, J. Henry Well- brook. Julius Wenland. Muster-roll of Capt. Joseph B. Daniels' company, First Regiment, Third Brigade, Seventh Division, of Ohio volunteer militia, commanded by Maj. O. Bennett. COMMISSIONED OFFICER. Captain Joseph B. Daniels (both lieutenants refused to respond to the call). KON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant Arthur B. Chapin, Sergeants Will- iam S. Judd, Diton Fearin.g, George Maxon ; Corporals George Reppert, George ^larsh. Abrah Daniels, Otis J. Chambers, Drummer John Knox. Daniel Bingham. William Bingham, Joseph Boyd, John Chambers, Salmon Chambers. Charles Dugan, James Doug'hitt, William Dugan. John Edelston, Den- nis A. Finch, Charles L. Gates. John Huff. Isaac Lucas, Solon Mathews, Horatio W. Mason, Thomas Mc- Namara. Henry E. Nugent, Samuel H. Niece, Madison J. Naylor, James S. Parker, William Parker, Samuel H. Putnam, Simon Readin, Byron P. Reppert, William W. Rice, Darwin A. Scott. William Snodgrass, William Tunniclilf, James Wright, Luther Wright. John L. Young. GRIM VISAGED \V.\R. We have now passed the opening chapter of the war as far as it relates to Washington County. This was the romantic period of the contest, if such a thing can be said of so grim a subject. The hardships, dangers and priva- tions of active service had not been fully real- ized. The theory at first entertained that armed resistance could be put down in a thre?- months' campaign was soon dismissed, and the enormous strength of the Rebellion began to be understood. THE FIRST GRE.\T CALL TO ARMS. On July 2 1st the great battle of Bull Run Avas fought and lost, the flower of the Union Army destroyed, or turned into a fleeing rab- ble, and a great mass of war material swal- lowed up in the vortex of war. It was hard to believe this news, but what seemed at that time a dire disaster proved, in reality, a loud note of warning, and to that extent, at least, beneficial. It broadened the views of the ad- ministration as to war measures. Hencefor- ward the war was to be carried on more ag- gressively, and on a gigantic scale. The Pres- ident, on the day after the battle, issued a call for 500.000 three-years' men. .Another out- burst of patriotic feeling ensued. This was the first great call to arms. Tlie countrv was 58o HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY stirred tO' its center, and the scenes of volun- teering that followed were grand. It was from these 500 regiments that the vital power to crush the Rebellion came. They furnished the great bulk of the officers who finally led our armies to victory. The Representative of this district at that time was Hon. \\'illiam P. Cutler, who was attending a called session of Congress. Hav- ing received enquiries about raising a regiment in Washington County he telegraphed as fol- lows : Washixgton, D. C, July 2,?. 1861. M. Clarke and J. Hitdcbrand: GoverniiK'nt will probably accept an infantry re,gi- nient if ready in fifteen days. Can you rai?e it? I will bear all incidental expenses of raising it. .\nswer. WiLLTA.M P. Cutler. The response sent \\as that WashingtDn County could and would do it. Tliis was the beginning of the Thirty-sixth Regiment, companies for which began to ren- dezvous inmiediately at Marietta. TTIE FIRST TTII?EE-VE.\R.S' COMP.\XV VRi'nV THE COUNTY. Col. John Groesbeck, of Cincinnati, had offered to raise and equip a regiment at his own expense, and the liberality of this offer attracted general attention and commendation. The companies for that regiment were about this time gathering at Camp Colerain, near Cincinnati. There was a company in Mari- etta known as the "Washington County Rifle Guards." They resolved tO' join Groesbeck's regiment. Lieut. W. H. Edgerton came from Newport with a battalion of men and joined the Guards, the election of officers resulted as follows : John C. Fell, captain; ^^"illiam H. Edger- ton, first lieutenant ; Henry \\'. Shepard, sec- ond lieutenant. This was the first three-years' company tliat left the county. They numbered 115 men. Upon leaving Marietta July 22, 1861, for the war, they were escorted by a Marietta company called the "Fireman Zouaves," Capt. S. F. Sha\v. the German brass band, and a large concourse of citizens, relatives and friends. They marched through the streets, Ohio and Front, from their headquarters at the old woolen factory, now Nye's foundry, and across to the Harmar depot. The Zouaves, finding that the guards had no col- ors, presented their beautiful flag, through Captain Shaw, who made the presentation speech, which was responded to by Captain Fell in appropriate words, and which act of courtesy was received with cheers by the de- parting' volunteers. This company became Company B, and Groesbeck's Regiment, the Thirty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The second company was "Koenig's Ger- man Rifles," which was raised in one week. It was composed mainly of Gei'mans, and in- cluded many of the best shots of that nation- ality in the county. They elected Jacob Koe- nig captain, and left for Camp Colerain July 31, 1 86 1, deferring the election of the other officers until their arrival in camp. The com- pany became Company F, Thirty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. About the first of August, 1861, the "Mus- kingum Company" went intO' camp at Mari- etta, the first of the gallant Thirty-sixth Regi- ment. The)' were composed of the young men of the valley of the Muskingum, immedi- ately above Marietta. Tkventy of them were from Rainbow and the neighborhood of De- vol's Dam, and comprised the Ijest, and in fact, nearly all the young men in that locality. They were officered as follows: Captain Hiram F. Devol, First Lieutenant J. Gage Barker, Sec- ond Lieutenant J. C. Selby. First Sergeant Miles A. Stacy. Tllie next company was the Salem Light Guards," a splendid body of men, officered as follows : Captain Jewett Palmer, Jr., First Lieutenant James Stanley, Second Lieutenant Ernst Lindner, First Sergeant John A. Palmer. Soon the Thirty-sixth Reg- iment was full. Capt. T. W^ Aloore's company was raised in the vicinity of Tunnel station, in Washing- ton County, and were considered a fine body of men, and Captain Adney's was from the AXD REPRESEXTATIJ-E CITIZENS. 581 \vest end of Washington and from Athens County. The Governor appointed Melvin Clarke, Heulenant-colonel ; Prof. Ebenezer B. Andrews, major; Benjamin D. Fearing, ad- jutant; and John M. Woodbridge, quarter- master. Neither of these officers had any mih- tary education, and it was decided to secure a regularly educated army officer, if possible, as colonel of the regiment. ]\Iaj. E. B. Andrews- to carry out this idea, went to Columbus to lay the matter before Governor Dennison. At first it was supposed that Culnnel Sill would be appointed, but Colonel Sill, a member of t!ie governor's staff, was needed in or- ganizing the thousands of raw recruits then flocking to the Ohio camp. Major Slemmer, however, of the regular army, inspector gen- eral on the stafif of General Rosecrans, was designated as commanding officer, for the time being — the same Lieut. Slemmer who was in command of Fort Pickens, at the entrance of Pensacola harbor, Florida, when the war be- gan, and who, by his prompt refusal to sur- render, and promptness in preparing for de- fense, saved that important fortification to the Union. The Thirty-sixth was. on August 30th. or- dered into Virginia. Major Slemmer joining the company at Parkersbuv^h ; but soon after Col. George Crook, of t\.c Eighth United States Infantr}-, was assigned to the command of the regiment, and began at once the task of drilling and disciplining both officers and men. The advent of Colonel Crook was an event of great importance to the Thirty-sixth. He won the confidence and respect of the men, and imparted to the regiment a character for disci- pline and good behavior that they never lost during subsequent terms of service. During the months of September and Oc- tober of 1861. several important commands were in process of formation in Washington County. Col. T. C. H. Smith, of Marietta, was commissioned as lieutenant-colonel of the First Ohio Cavalrv ; and soon after, on Sep- tember nth. Cap't. Thomas J. Patten, and Lieut. John D. Barker went into Camp Put- nam with 60 men for that regiment, which be- came Company L, First Ohio Volunteer Cav- alry. At the same time Pierpont Battery, De Beck's Battery, Huntington's Battery, the Sixty-third Ohio Volunteer Lifaiitry, the Sev- enty-seventh Ohio Volunteer Lifantry, were all enlisting men — the men that were shortly to do such gallant service for their country. Capt. Frank Buell, who was always de- voted to his men, had become dissatisfied at Ohio's treatnlent of the volunteers, and with the delay of the State authorities in paying off his men, recently returned from the three- months' service, and he therefore resolved to raise a company of artillery for the new State of West \'irginia. He had no difficulty in se- curing a sufficient number of men, many of the old company of three-months' men joining him, the entire company being from Marietta and vicinity. They were accepted by Gov- ernor Pierpont, whose name they took, and were known as Buell's Pierpont Battery and Battery C, First Regiment, West Virginia, Light Artillery. They left October 9th for Camp Carlisle on Wheeling Island, West Vir- ginia. A large concourse of citizens and friends witnessed their departure. The Young America brass band accompanied them to Wheeling, the leader and one of their num- ber. William Jenvey, having joined the battery. At this time Capt. William Craig, of the regular army, had charge of the army stores and military" depots at Bellaire, Marietta and Parkersburg, with' headquarters at Marietta. He desired to raise a regiment for the war, and was commissioned by Governor Dennison as colonel, for that purpose. He was a graduate of West Point, and was much esteemed as an officer and a gentleman. The prospects for raising the regiment seemed good, and it was christened the Sixty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Alexander L. Haskins. a civil en- gineer of Marietta, was appointed major, and the lieutenant-colonelcy temporarily left va- cant. About the same time a vigorous movement 582 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, was inaugurated to raise a regiment for Col. Jesse Hildebrand, who stood high in the State niihtia service, and had strong hold upon the popular heart. He had, for a long time, been the favorite military man of the county, and many people wished to have him command a Washington County regiment. His friends had expected that he would command the Thirty-sixth, but a regular army officer was appointed. His cause was urged upon Gov- ernor Dennison, but tO' no purpose. The Gov- ernor was hampered in some way. and could not act. He had learned by this time that there was a War Department in this country, and governed his actions accordingly. Col- onel Hildebrand finally tendered his service to Governor Pierpont. who did not need any urg- ing to take advantage of the situation, and at once issued a commission to Hildebrand as colonel, and ordered him to rendezvous his men at Parkersburg. This led to an emphatic protest by the friends of the colonel. About this time the War Department authorized Gov- ernor Dennison to commission all Ohio of- ficers who were promised commissions by Gov- ernor Pierpont, and so the merits of Colonel Hildebrand were recognized, and he was im- mediately commissioned by the Governor to raise a regiment of three-years' men in \\^ash- ington County. \\\ De Hass was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and Benjamin D. Fearing, at that time serving as adjutant of the Thirty- sixth, was appointed major. Here then were two regiments authorized to be raised at the same time, in the county, and this naturally led to some friction between the parties interested in these different organ- izations. The fact of Colonel Craig being a West Pointer acted against him as well as in his favor. The volunteer could never exactly understand the regular army officer's manner and style of doing things, and they often charged him with being haughty and tyran- nical with the common soldier. No doubt great injustice was done Colonel Craig in this way, but he had able defenders, and they only intensified the opposition. Tlie result was that the Seventy-seventh was soon full and ready for service, while the Sixty-third was slow in getting men. Finally the Sixty-third was ordered to Columbus to consolidate with the Fifty-second, but that proved an unfortu- nate combination, and the Sixty-third returned again to Marietta for the purpose of filling up its ranks. The Twenty-second Regiment, a fragmentary organization at Camp Dennison, was ordered to Marietta to consolidate with the Sixty-third, and arrived January 30, 1862. Col. William Craig having resigned the col- onelcy, John W. Sprague, a captain in the Se^■- enth Regiment, was appointed colonel, and after remaining in Camp Putnam until Febru- ary 18, 1862, they received marching orders and departed for Paducah, Kentucky. CAMP TUPPER ESTABLISHED. Col. Jesse Hildebrand, immediately after being commissioned by Governor Dennison, received orders to form a camp and recruit up a regiment, which was to become the gallant Seventy-seventh. Accordingly, he chose a public square in Marietta, the Ouadnmaou, and named it Camp Tupper, for Gen. Anselm Tupper. On the south side, along the line of Third street, he built 10 barracks, for as many companies, and on the elevated square in the camp a field-piece was placed for firing a morn- ing and evening gun. The regiment was rap- idly filled. Many of the recruiting lieuten- ants held meetings through the east side of the county, as did Rev. William Pearce, who after- ward became the chaplain of the regiment. On January 9, 1862, the regiment received marching orders, and went to Camp Dennison. MILITARY COMMITTEE APPOINTED. Governor Dennison, in the fall of 1861, finding that the recruiting and handling of a large numtier of soldiers entailed an immlense amount of labor upon the executive depart- ment, and especially on the adjutant general, resolved to systematize and divide the work so that each county would have its share, and at the same time have competent supervision and AND REPRESENT ATI]- E CITIZENS. 583 proper attention given to^tails incident to the service. He accordingly divided the State into mihtary districts, which were the same as the congressional districts. Each district had over it a district military committee, appointed by the governor, and they appointed a commit- tee of five for each county, and the county mili" tary committee appointed a committee of three in each township. These were the men to whom the Governor, appealed in emergencies, and they appealed directly to the people. Their duties were varied and often arduous, at times requiring their constant attention, to the ex- clusion of all other business. They served without pay, and considering the character and value of the service rendered, deserve to be gratefully remembered. The malitary committee appointed in the fall of 1 86 1 for Washington County were Will- iam R. Putnam, chairman, Samuel F. Cooke, secretary,, and John Xewton, ]\Iark Green, and George W. Baker. The township committees appointed at the sanie time by the committees \\-ere as follo'ws : Adams — Dr. William F. Clark, Dennis Gibbs. Jona.s Mason. Aurelius — Thomas Ellison. Samuel L. Berkley, Theodore Jevres. Barlow- — J. W. Merrill, H. E. Vin- cent. William Breckenridge. Belpre — O. R. Loring, John Stone, Joseph Potter. Decatur — William P, Gamble. Jonah McGirr, W. C. Sniitfh. Dunham — J. J. Hollister. William A. Chevalier, Edward McLarty. Fairfield — Dr. J. W. !Marsha, John B. Farris, William Thon)pson. Fearing — ^Joseph W. Stanley, Orin Chap- man, F. G. Guittcau. Grandview — Samuel F. Cooke, Moses Meeks, John Pool. Independence — John G. Thomas, Squire D. Riggs, Dr. Valentine. Lawrence — A. J. Dye, A. W. 'Dye, J. M. Caywood. Ludlow- George W. Harvey, Christopher Dickson, William Bell. Liberty — Jackson A. Hicks, John H. Jamison. John Roberts. Newport — Luther Edgerton, Aaron Edgell, Edgar O'Meal. Palmer — John Breckenridge, Sr.. J. M. Murdough. D, J. Richards. Salem — Josiah Morgan, Henry SchoSeld, Moses Blake, Marietta City — George Benedict, First Ward ; David C, Skinner, Second Ward ; Thomas W. Ewart, Third Ward, Muskingum — Col. William West, William F. Curtis, Johnson Bean. Har- mar — David Putnam. Col. D. Barber, Henry Fearing. Waterford — Enoch S, Mcintosh, Samuel B, Robinson, Mathew Patterson. Warren — Moses Morris, Dean Briggs, .■\ugustus S. Bailey. Wesley— S. C. Van Law, Robert Hodgin, J. P. Bruce. Watertown— W. F. La- sure. Henry McGrew, H, L. Deming. L'nion — Wesley Coombs, J. B, Dyar, Samuel Maxwell. It was upon the county military committee. however, that the most of the labor and re- sponsibility fell. They were charged with the entire business of recruiting in their counties ; and could adopt such measures to hasten the work as they thought proper. All candidates for commissions had to have an endorsement by the county committee, and they were en- joined to be \'ery careful whom; tliey recom- m)ended. They were also charged with' col- lecting clothing and supplies for the army. No further praise need be bestowed upon the con- duct of the military committee of Washing- ton County than tO' say that through all the emergencies and trying ordeals of fotir years of the war the same men first appointed were retained to the end. In closing the year 1861 there are many things that might be said in regard tO' the management o-f military affairs outside as well as in this county, about which there \\'as great difference of opinion at the tiine, but it is not the province of this history to discuss sudi matters nor have we room for an extended examination, but one thing should be said, at least, a word in justification of Governor Den- nison. The Governor was not renominated, but w'as passed with a comniendatory resolu- tion, and David Tod, a war Democrat, taken up in his stead and elected. Governor Denni- son sought no vindication nor asked any one to defend his course, but left it to the future and the sober judgment of the citizens of Ohio to vindicate him, and he has, indeed, been fully justified. He said "Ohio must lead in the war," and he -nobly endeavored to make good the promise. The war found him a plain but versa- tile and talented civilian, with no knowledge of military affairs and with a staff totally unac- quainted with the demands and emergencies about to overtake them. W' hen hostilities began and the thousands of citizens soldiers began to crowd into the capital city, it was utterly im- possible to meet their demands with even the barest necessities of camp life, and so on, dur- ing the succeeding weeks, as each new exigen- cy arose, it was met manfully and all demiands filled as soon as possible; but Governor Dlen- nison fully realized the great burdens imposed upon him and laid his plans to meet them. 584 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY and in a short tinie lie had so fully mastered the situation that he was enabled to give his attention to other matters than the mere details of military organization. He planned the first campaign against the enenijy in Wfest Vir- ginia, which was a grand success, but enough offense had already unavoidably been given to the volunteers, fresh from the comlforts of home, to raise a great , clamor against him, wlhich extended to every part O'f the State from ^\•hich a three-months' man had come. 'Hie Legislature took up the cudgel also and asked for the resignation of certain members of his staff, but the Governor, firni;, yet digni- fied, declined io dismiss them, and knowing that he was doing all that could be done, con- tinued to work out his task, and the sequel showed that he did his work well and that a greater part of the complaints were causeless and unjustified by tlie facts. BEGINNIXG OF GOVERXOR TOd's ADMINIS'tRA- TION. \^^len Governor Tod took the reins of governnuent in January, 1862, he found the State fully organized and ready for a vigorons war administration. Mftny of the m,en who were subsequently to distinguish themselves and reflect honor upon their native State had already been comimissioned b)- Governor Den- nifon, and gone to the field. Whitelaw Reid, in "Ohio in the War," says of tlie opening of Governor Tod's admin- istration : With trained assistants, and organized system, and the work thus gradually coming upon 'him, Governor Tod speedily mastered his new duties. There was no opportunity for distinguishing his admiinistration by the redemption of a State, or the appointment of officers who were soon to reach the topmost round of popular favor, or the adoption of independent war measures during a temporary isolation from the General Government. But what t'here was to do he did prudently, systematically, and with such judgment as to com.mand the general aipproval of his constituents. There was, however, room for all the zeal of patriotism tO' have full play. The war was constantly affording opportunities f'>r men in authority to show what they were made of, and the year 1862 furnislied its full share. FIRST VOLfXTEFR KILLED IX BATTLE. The first soldier from W'ashingtim County to be killed in action was Albert \V. Leonard, private of Company C, Second West Mrginia Cavalry. He was killed in an action on Jen- nie's Creek, Kentucky, January 7, 1862. His comtmand was in pursuit of Humphrey Mar- shall, and, on turning a curve in the road, was attacked by the enemy, yoking Leonard fall- ing at the first volley. He w's.s the son of J. D. Leonard, at that time living in New Mlatamc- ras, but for miany }-ears pre\'ious a resident of Marietta. His captain, Thomas Neal, said of him. "Oflicers and men will attest tO' his bravery on the field, his exemplary conduct as a soldier, and his honest, upright course as .a comrade." SHILOH. On April 6, 1862, the great battle of Shi- loli took place. It was a momentous and menir orable e\-ent, as being the first great engage- ment for our Wjestern troops, and one exciting especial interest in Washington County, as be- ing the first battle in which the Seventy-seventh Regiment was engaged, ha\-ing seven com- panies from; this county. It was not until the 9th that the full news of the battle was re- ceived, and it revealed a tale of slaughter and suffering that startled and aroused the com- munity. On April loth a public meeting was called at the Court House in Mlarietta to pro- vide ni'eans of assistance for the wounded. Be- man Gates, William F. Curtis, George M. Woodbridge, Henry Fearing, Dr. Benjamdn F. Hart, and George Benedict were sent at once to Cincinnati to make arrangements with the Sanitary Commission for the relief of the wounded from '\\'ashington County, and if nec- essary to go directly to the battle-ground. Meanwhile ladies assembled at the Episcopal Church and m'ade up four boxes of hospital stores, \v'hich, together with $300 in nnoney, were sent along with the committee. A stand- ing committee consisting oi E"a\'is Green, \V. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 585 R. Putnam, William F. Curtis, I. W. Andrews and Stephen Newton were appointed to raise subscriptions and render such aid to the wound- ed as occasion might thereafter require. In this engagement the Seventy-seventh bore a gallant part, and on the third day, while in the advance in pursuit of the enemy, were charged upon by Forrest's Texan cavalry and rode down and literally cut to pieces. TJieir conduct was worthy O'f regulars. The comy- manding general of the division neglected to have the Union cavalry within supporting dis- tance, which exposed the infantry to a destruc- tive charge. General Hildebrand, in his official report, says of the battle : Early on the morning of Sunday. 6th inst., our pickets were fired upon, and shortly after seven o'clock the enemy appeared in force, presenting himself in columns of regiments, at least four deep. He opened immediately upon our camp a heavy fire, following up rapidly with shell. I ordered an advance. The Seventy- seventh and Fifty-seventh regiments were thrown for- ward to occupy a certain position, Imt encountered the enemy in force within three hundred yards of our camp. Unfortunately, we were not supported hy artil- lery, and were compelled to retire under cover of our camp, the engagement becoming genera! along the entire front of the command. A battery having been brought to support our right, the Fifty-seventh and Seventy- seventh stood gallantly side by side for four hours, contending with a force of at least four to one. The battery having been forced from its position, and the infantry both on our right and left having fallen back, it finally became necessary that the regiments form- ing part of my command should fall back lest their retreat be effectually cut oflf. * * The night I passed on the battlefield in company with Colonels Buckland, Cockerel, Rice and other officers. That night w(as one of intense interest on both sides. Beauregard, impatient for the morning liglit, that he might comjilete the work- so auspiciously begun ; and Sherman and Grant hoping for Buell with his fresh divisions, to reinforce the Union Army. Buell arrived and crossed, and one of his officers remarked to a gunboat officer, "W!e will show }-ou some m(an-of-\var fighting tomf)rrow," and they kept the ^)romise well. Marclhng to the front they reliexed the exhausted troops engaged the day l>efore and drove the Rebel .Armv liack, regain- ing the Io^l ground, and the victory was com- plete. General Hildebrand savs of Mondav"s bat- tle: On ^londay morning I marched near the field of battle, forming near the rear, holding my force in readi- ness to enter into action at any moment, when called upon. We remained in this position, until the enemy had retreated and the victory achieved. On the 8th instant, in compliance with your order, J marched my 'brigade, accompanied by a large caxalry force, also by Buckland's brigade, on the Corinth road, about four miles from camp. Hailing in an open field, skirmishers were sent forward, who discovered Rebel cavalry in considerable force, exhibiting a disposition to fight. The skirmishers mimcdiately fired upon enemy, when the Seventy-seventh Regiment, under command of Lieutenant Colonel De Hass. was ordered up to sup- port them. Soon after foniiing in line a large body of cavalry made a bold and dashing charge on the skir- mishers and the whole regiment. So sudden and rapid was the charge, .shooting our men with carbines and revolvers, that they had not time to reload, and fell back, hoping our cavalry would cover the retreat. Un- happily our own cavalry was not sufficiently near to render essential assistance. The Rebel cavalry literally rode down our infantry, shooting, sabering, and tramp- ling them under foot. We sustained a loss in killed, wounded, and missing of 57 — 19 killed on the spot, 30 wounded, and the balance missing. Of the latter, two captains and one second lieutenant are numbered. Captain A. W. McCormick and Capt. A. Chandler were meritorious officers. This I may also say of Lieutenant Criswell. * * * With regard to the officers and men who partici- pated in the l)attle of Pittsbiijg, and the affair of Tues- day, I am happy to bear testimony to the fidelity, brav- ery, and devotion of all. * * * Mai. B. D. Fearing, who was immediately in .coin- mand of the Seventy-seventh Regiment, acquitted him- self with as much skill, bravery and military bearing as an old officer of long experience, and was not ex- celled by any other field officer who came under my observation. The roll of killed, wounded and missing of the Seventy-seventh sufficient!)- attests the brave stand the}- ukuIc. The following is a recapitulation of the uhnle number: Company .\ — 4 killed, 1,3 woimded, 3 missing; total, 20. Company B — 4 killed, 10 wounded, 6 missing; total. 20. Company C — 3 killed. 10 wounded. 3 missing; total. 16 ; Company D — 5 killed. 18 wounded ; total, 23. Company E — 6 killed. 13 wounded. 10 missing; total, 29. Company F — 2 killed, ll wounded, l missing; total, 14. Company G — 9 killed. 10 wounded. 11 missing; total, 30. Company H — 4 killed, 8 wounded, 19 missing: total, 31. Company I — 11 wounded; total. 11. Company K — T killed, 9 wounded. 16 missing ; total. 30. Total — 42 killed, 113 wounded, 69 missing — Total, 224. Colonel Hildebrand himself exhibited fine. S86 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, soldierly qualities in this acticni. and when the Union line was driven back on Simday, he wias of great service in rallying the men, not only of his own brigade but of other brigades, and his portly figau'e and fearless demeanor inspired mlany a company with renewed confi- dence and turned them again to the front ; and, he was, no doubt, of great service in saving the army from complete rout before over- powering numbers. WASHINGTON CITY IN DANGER. On the 26th of I\Iay the startling news was received that ^\'ashington City was about to be attacked, followed by a dispatch from the Governor of the State calling for troops. The call designated three classes that Would be received for the term of three years, for the termi of three months, and for guard duty within the State, and saying: "Everything is valueless to us if our Government is over- thrown."' This dispatch was accompanied by another, directed to the \\'ashington County AMlitary Committee, as follows : Astounding as the fact may be, Washington City is in imminent danger. You will please raise, without delay, one hundred men. and send them as fast as raised to Camp Chase, where they will be organized and equipped ; and such as are not willing to proceed to Washington will perform guard duty in place of the regiment now at Camp Chase. D.wiD ToD, Goirrnor. Ai meeting of citizens was immediately called to take action. Upon assembling at the usual place of holding such meetings in !Mariet- ta, Rufus H. H>arte was chosen chairman, and G. R, Resetter, secretary. Judge Green then addressed the assem/bly, and was followed by William, R. Putnam', who made a stirring ap- peal to mien of all ages to respond promptly to the call of their country. Rev. D. H. Moore, a iljethodist minister of Marietta, siDoke. say- ing that Ire had held back from enlisting by the advice of his friends long enough, and now he wfis bound tO' go at all hazards. The Court House was filled to overflowing, and this de- claration of the reverend gentleman had a stirring eft'ect. Others followed in patriotic appeals, and enlistment rolls being circulated quite a number of names .were secured. Tlie students of JMkrietta College held a meeting and 2^ young men oft'ered themseh-es as vol- unteers. The following is a closing part of an appeal sent out through the country as a hand-bill : We call upon our fellow citizens at once to stand forth for their country in this emergency ! Your coun- ■try calls, and it is the duty of patriotic citizens to obey the call ! Old Washington to the rescue ! Volunteers along the banks of the Muskingum Kiver should be in readiness to take the steamer for Zanesville on Wednes- day. A'olunteers from other parts of the county will report themselves immediately to the undersigned at Marietta. WiLLI.MI R. PUTN.\M, Chairman military committee IVashiiigtoii County. Marietta, May 26, 1862. On the 28th the company embarked on the steamer "Emma Graham" for Zanesville, and a large concourse of citizens assenibled on the commons at Marietta to see them em,bark. The company was named the Putnam Guards, in honor of Judge William R. Putnami, chair- man of the military committee. On arriving at Camp Chase they elected Rev. D. H. Moore captain (who was afterward lieutenant-colonel of the Eighty-seventh when in the three-years' service) ; T. ,S, Aleshire, first lieutenant, and J. R. Jenkins, second lieutenant, and became Company A, Eighty-seventh Regiment. Tliis regiment was at Harper's Ferry, under Col- onel Allies, when the surrender took place, and were paroled, their time being out. On the 2nd of July, 1862, the President called for 300.000 more volunteers for three years, and Ohio's quota was about 40,000. Governor Tod issued an earnest appeal to the military committees and the citizens of the State, calling upon them to furnish the m^n. The military cominittee of the county resolved that old \\"ashington should not be behind in any emergency, and invited a general meet- ing of the citizens of the county in Marietta, on July 19th. Mleantime a meeting of the mil- itary committees of the counties comprising the third military district was held in Marietta, to promote concerted action, and to provide- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 587 officers for the new regiment, which was to be tlie Xinety-seconcl. On the 15th of July the_\- assenililcd, mem- bers present : Athens : J. M. Dana, T. F. Wildes. \V. R. Golden, and W. T. Brown. Meigs: J. V. Smith, G. W. Cooper, J. J. White, D. A. Smith, and George Eiselstein. Nohle: E. G. Dudley, Jabez Belford, W. H. Frazier. and Dr. M. Martin. Was4iin.gton : William R. Putnam, G. W. Barker, John Xevton, and S. F. Cooke. .Monroe: Not represented. Col. William R. Putnam, chairman ; J. M. Dana, and J. Belford, secretaries. A committee consisting of G. W. Cooper, of Meigs, E. G. Dudley, of Xoble, W. R. Gol- den and G. W. Barker, of Washington, having been a]ipointed to devise a plan of organiza- tion for the new regiment, reported that the several counties of the district should furnish the following number of companies: Wash- ington, three; Noble, two; M'onroe, two; Athens, one, and Meigs, one. ]\I'onroe County not being represented, they adjourned until July 22d, and at the adjourned meeting elected officers for the Ninety-second Regiment, and passed the resolutions following : Resohcd. That we pledge ourselves one to another, to use all diligence in recruiting our respective portions of the Xinety-second Regiment, and that we will exert ourselves to the e.xtent of our ability to maintain har- mony and good feeling in our proceedings, upon which we feel will depend, to a great degree, our success, as well in recruiting as in every other branch of the service in this military district. Resolved, That we call upon every loyal man in this military district to aid i;s with his might and strength and means to recruit the men called for to fill up the Ninety-second Regiment. Resolved, That we go home and go to work. ■ Resolved, That we make everybody else go to work. \\'iith this declaratiiin of jiurpose to raise a regiment fur the war. these gentlemen went lionte, and we shall presently see with what success. Tlie mass con\-ention of the citizens nf the county, called to meet on tiie 19th of July, as- sen-ibled at the Court House in Marietta, at 10 o'clock a. m. of that dav, and Col. David 34 Barber, of Harmar, was chosen chairman, and S. B. Robinson, of Beverly, secretary. The object of the meeting having been stated by the chairman of the military contmittee, the following gentlemen were appointed to report resolutions: Rufus E>. ilarte, Davis Green, C. Rl Fihodes, E. S. Mcintosh, and Douglas Putnam. After the resoluti()ns had been pre- pared, Mr. Harte reported them, and they were tmanimously adopted ; they declared the confidence of the citizens of the county in the government and in the power of the coimtry to sustain itself in the struggle for equal rights and in the integrity of the Union, and pledged anew the men and means of the county to carry out the war to a successful issue. After ren-jarks by George Benedict and Williami F. Curtis, an effort wias inaugurated to raise a fund to assist in recruiting 300 men in the county for the new regiment. S^.ioo was raised in about five minutes. In the afternoon Hon. William P. Cutler, having returned from a session of Congress, made an eloquent and forcilile speech upon the situation of ]niblic afifairs. Further subscriptions raised the total to $3,515. This amount was further increased to $4,026 by the 24th of Jul\-, Hem-y Fearing, of Harmar. donating a house and lot in Beverly, worth $900. August ist, the war fund am/junted to $5,081. William Pitt Putnam,. of Belpre, obligated himself to jjay $8 a month to two volunteers and to a third \-iihiinccr. $15 bounty. I'.-\KKEKSr.t"RG Tniu;.\TEXEn. On July 28th the follnwing despatch was recei\ed at Miarietla : P-\KK!'.i;s])URG. July jS. 186-; — I :5a r. jr. To the mayor of Marietta: Send us all the men and arms you can at once. We arc about to be attacked liv a force of Reliels. 'M. p. .Vmi.ss, Mayor. Soon 100 men were raised, and Lieut. George T. Rice, being home on recnnting ser- \-ice from the Thirty-ninth Regiment, was ])laced in commiand, as captain, also Lieut, i^obert Booth, of the Sixty-third regiment, and 588 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Lieut. C. B. Way, of the Elexenth Virginia, were appointed lieutenants, and IManly War- ren, orderly sergeant. They marched to the depot to take a train for the beleagured city, but there received a second dispatch "we are not yet attacked and no reinforcements are needed now." THE DRAFT. On Aiugust 4th the call for a draft of 300,- 000 nine-months' men came, and this, in addi- tion to the call for three-years' men, made the quota of Washington County under both at 2,030. Tlie total numiber enrolled militia at that date was 6,o8g, making twO' calls ec|ual to about 2ii psi" cent, of the whole number of militia in the county. The draft cominissioner for this county was George Benedict; pro\'ost marshal, Will- iam F. Curtis, of Marietta ; examining sur- geon. Dr. James Little, of Beverly. After se\'eral postiionen'ents hy Go\'ernor Tod the draft finally took place on October ist as fol- lows : Adams, 1 1 ; Barlow, 9 ; Fairfield, 4 ; mer, 3: L^nion, i ; Fearing, 15: Grandview, 6; Independence, 2 ; Lawrence, 9 ; Liberty, 6 : Ludlow, 10; Palmer, 3: L'nion, i ; ^\'arren, 7; Watertown. 7: Wesley, 16 — total, 107, Which was afterward increaseil to 131. A great effort was made to sa\'e the county frouT the draft, and large sums oif mioney were raised in all parts of the co'unty to facilitate enlistments. Barlow was down for over $200: Waterford, o\'er $T,2O0, in addition to $1,000 subscribed to the county war fund previously. To this maist be added large sums in everv town- ship, of which we can find no record, running u]) into the thousands. It should be said, how- ever, in regard to drafted men from this coim- ty, that a greater portion of them volunteered for three years \\-hen they reached Camp Den- nison, and some even before. Noble County had over 300 men drafted, Monroe 61, Mor- gan 167. Mfuskingum 293, and Gallia 217. .\thens, Lawrence and Scioto escaped. C.\MP MARIETTA ESTAliLISTl ED. Judge William R. Putnam ha\'ing been placed in command of the post at Alarietta, with the rank of colonel, was authorized to lease ground and erect additional barracks. Accordingly, in September, of 1862, he se- lected a site which, at that timie, lay between the Fair Grounds and the Muskingum River, and constructed quarters to accomjinodate the new regiment. By the 19th of September the Ninety-second Regiment was complete: it con- tained as good material as any regiment from this part of the State, the mien being from amiong the best citizens of the district, and its subsequent history fully justified the ex- pectation of its friends. The time in camp at Marietta was devoted to drill and disciplining the men for active service. On Ottober 7th they received orders to march, and left Camp Putnam for Gallipolis. Many of those w>ho naarched out on that October day with such fine martial bearing were destined never to re- turn. Again Washington County was sending forth her bravest and best, but the sacrifice was not considered too great for the issues at stake. CORINTH, ANTIETAM AND SOUTH MOUNTAIN. The great battle oi Corinth took place on Octoljer 4th, resulting in a crushing defeat to the armies of Price and Van Dorn. and not without great loss to the Union army. The Sixty-third Regin-ent, containing two com- panies of Washington County men, stood the brunt of the charge at Fort Robinet, and lost very heavily in officers and mien — full\- 45 per cent. Col. J. W. Sprague said of his regi- ment: "The loss of my regiment has been terrible, jjut 1 ha\-e the consolation of believ- ing that no jiraver or truer set of men were ever takai into battle. Every officer dis- tingr.ished himiself for gallantry and daring." On July 17th, the Tliirty-sixth was hotly engaged in the great battle of Antietami, in which its colonel, Melvin Clarke, was killed, and losing heax'ily in non-conmilissioned offi- cers and men. On Ottober 12th the battle of South Moun- tain was fought, in which the Thirty-sixth was AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 589 engaged. It was in this battle tliat the future brigade commander of the Thirty-sixth was severely wlounded — Col. Rutherford B. Hayes, the successor of Grant to the Presidency. In October, 1862, Capt. .Arthur D. Eells recruited a company of cavalry for a new regi- ment authorized by the Governor. Captain Eells' company was recruited very rapidly, as he was a popular man and had seen service as captain of Company F. Second \\>st Virginia Cavalry, from which position he resigned in May, 1862, on account of ill-health, but by Oc- tober of the same year was again engaged in the service of his country, as captain of Com- pany H, Seventh Ohio Volunteer Cavalry. At the date of leaving for the front the com^jany had loi miai. officered as follows : Captain, .A^rthur D. Eells ; first lieutenant, William L. Tripp, second lieutenant, John J. Smith. The vear 1862 was one of great military activity in \\^ashington County. Over 2.000 men were sent out, ntany to fill up old regi- nuents, but the greater part to form, new or- ganizations, which were, in the main, recruited for three-years' service. The danger of inva- sion from \'irginia had thoroug'hly aroused the county, and the militia companies through- out -the to\mships were called out for drill at regular intervals. The citizens of Marietta during the summer closed their places of busi- ness at four o'clock p. m., and all the able- bodied men. including the Silver (irays, turned out to drill. On Tuesday, August 26th, Col. William R. Putnam, commandant of Camp Marietta, received a dispatch from Governor Tod, say- ing, "Youi are in danger of invasion on the 1x)rder; prepare for it." The citizens of Marietta then had the following companies: Silver Grays, Ctipt. D. P. Bosworth, First Lieut. C. J- Sheppard, Second Lieut. R:ufus E. Harte: Home Guards, Capt. Charles R. Rhodes, First Lieut. James Lewis, Second Lieut. John Bu Dutton : First Ward conipany, Capt. Riobert Bfx>th, First Lieut. Dan Y. Hill, Second Lieut. Philip Schrammj; Second Ward comipany, Capt. Rufus E. Harte ( promoted from Silver Grays), First Lieut. Samuel C. Skinner, Second Lieut. Lewis Theis ; Third Ward company, Capt. John S. Conley, First Lieut. S. J. Dutton, Second Lieut. Joseph L. Stephens; Bloonifield Guards, Capt. Nathaniel F. Bishop, First Lieut. Joseph E. Hall, Jr., Second Lieut. D. A. Belden; Putnam Light Artillery, Capt. A. T. Nye, Jr., Lieut. Charles A. Hall, Gunner John Hall. On Septemlber 13th Ernst Lindner, having resigned as ad- jutant of the Thirty-sixth Regiment and resid- ing for the time being in ]\l)arietta was placed in command of the companies of Marietta and Harntar, b\- order of the commander of the Washington County militia. The companies were lettered as follows : A, Capt. Charles R. Rhodes; B, Capt. Rufus E. Harte; C, Oapt. Nathaniel F. Bishop; D, Capt. Oscar Under- woore it in the great ]johtical contest of the vcar, endorsed the con- duct of tlie war ]:\ a hundred thousand major- ity for Joliii Briiugh. The partisan feeling that characterized this cam]xiign was some- thing fearful to contemplate; the party of the UnicMi could brook no resistance, and there was a strong tendency to brand as traitors all who were not in its ranks, when in fact many good and true men of the opposition were (le\-oted to their country and to the preservation of the Union; Init some o\ tlie opposition were not for the Union or the war. and were so out- spoken and active in their course that they were arrested in their c(iurse as was their leader C. L. Vallandigham, l3ut not like him arrested, tried, con\'icted and sent south. UNION LEAGC'E. On the 31st of March the citizens o^f Marietta, Harmar and \icinitv formed what was known as the L'nion League, with the object of bintling together all loyal men of all trades and professions, in a comnion union to maintain the power, glory and integrity of the nation, to spare no endeavor to maintain unimpaired the national unity, both in prin- (■i])lc and teiritorial boundary, and to vote for no ni„an for office whose loyalty was ques- tionable or who was not willing to support the principles set forth in the foregoing de- claration. The officers elected were George M. Woodliridge, president; H. H. BrowJi, vice-president ; S. S. Porter, secretary ; W. F. Curtis, treasurer; AIj. H. Needham, J. H. Best, Daniel Y. Hill, John U: Hook, W. S. Ward, Thomas F. Jones, Benian Gates, Lewis Len- hart, B. F. Pi.xley, W. W. Hutchinson, George E. Stratton, and William H. Sm'ith, executive connmittee. The formation of this society'" was doubtless prompted by the formation of lodges of Knights of the Golden Circle and Sons of Liberty in the county by the opposi- tion. CHANCELLORSVILLE. On the 1st of May (jccurred the great bat- tle of Chancellorsville in which Huntington's,. De Beck's and the Pierpont batteries were en- gaged, and wdien J. F. Huntington's battery H, First Ohio Light Artillery, made a gallant stand against great odds, holding the enemy in check until deserted by the supporting in- fantry. For his conduct in this battle. Captain Huntingtf)n was promoted, to chief of artillery of his di\'ision. ■ In the same action dh Rufus R. Dawes, an old \Vashirigton CiJuiUy iio_\-, bore a con- spicuous pait, in carrving out "Fighting Joe" Ho(_)ker's plans for crijssing the Rappahannock ])rior to the battle. A surgeon oi the Sixth Wisconsin, which regiment Lieutenant-Colonel Dawes then commanded, was an e}'e-witness to the achievement. He says; The steep bank on the opposite side was lined with rifle-pits I'rom which our troops on this side tried in vain for several hours to dislodge the enemy. It was impossible to lay the pontoon bridges on which to cross the corps until the rifle-pits were cleared, and to throw troops across in boats for this purpose was a neces-^ sary condition of success. It was regarded by all as a most desperate and perilous undertaking, and none but troops of tried valor could be relied on. The Sixth Wisconsin was one of the two regiments ("Twenty-fourth Michigan was the other) which had the honor of bc'ng the "forlorn hope" selected to cross the river and carry the heights beyond. When the order was gi\en to "fall in" not a man faltered or hesitated a moment, though fully conscious of the danger he was to meet. I «book hands with Lieutenant- Colonel Dawes, as I hone-tly ibelieved for the last time, and said "God bless and protect yoii," Our troops, double-quicked down the slope on this side, sprang- into the boats, and pushed out boldly across the river under a perfect storm of buUets. The river, which is. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 591 about one hundred and fifty yards wide at this point, was soon passed and our brave men sprang ashore, dashed up the hill, capturing the rebs in the rifle-pits, and in less than twenty minutes from the time the order to march was given on this side, our regiment was formed in line of battle on the top of the opposite shores. Lieutenant-Colonel Dawes stood up in the boats while crossing, and assisted in pushing his boat along and seized the colors to rally the regiment as soon as a landing was effected. I rejoiced greatly when I saw the rebels on the opposite side "skedaddling" in fine disorder. It seemed a miracle no more were hurt. Early in Jitne the threatening movements ■of the enemy under Lee alarmed the cabinet in Washington, and the President issued a call tor 100,000 six-months' men to be raised in the States of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. Lee had divided his army into three grand divisions, cut loose from his base, and it was reported that one of these division was intended for the invasion of West Virginia and Ohio, another to strike the western part of Pennsylvania, and the third to invade Maryland. Under this call Ohio was to have furnished 30,000 men, but the call for six months was soon found to be ver}' injudicious, and 2,000 was the total number fromi Ohio, of which none were from Wash- ington County. Lee's movemients were wit- nessed with great alarm, but it was soon evi- dent that he was not expecting to divide his forces but bent on taking Philadelphia and New York, and carrying the war into the North. GETTYSBURG. The Relael invasion culminated at Gettys- burg, where he was met b}- General M,eade with the Army of the Potomac, and the great- est l>attle of the war and the one mbst mo- mentous in the results involved, was fought. \\:ashington County was represented by Buell's Pierpont Battery, Huntington's Battery and De Beck's Battery under command of Cajjt. J. F. Huntington. Tliey fought nobly and stofxl to their guns as onlv veterans can. Who can describe the battle, who will e\er adequately chronicle the deeds of heroism there enacted? It will never be done. Lines of Ivattle five miles long. Round Top, Cemeterv Hill, Gulp's Hill, Wolf Hill. Power's Hill. Benner's Hill, all the scenes of charge and countercharge, and all in one great battle. Let us take a bit out of this great master-piece, this crowd of heroic achieven^ents and let it stand for all the rest: "Agate" then the iioiii dc plume of Whitelaw Reid, correspondent of the Cincin- nati Gazette, wrote : Let nie give one phase of the fight — fit type of many more. Some Massachusetts batteries — Bigelow's Captain Phillips' and Captain McGilory's, of Maine — were planted on the extreme left, advanced, now well down to the Emmitsburg road, with infantry in their front — the first division, I think, of Sickles' corps. A little after five, a fierce Rebel charge drove back the infantry and menaced the batteries. Orders are sent Bigelow on the extreme left, to hold his position at every hazard short of sheer annihilation, till a couple more batteries can be brought to his support. Reserv- mg his fire a little, then with depressed guns opening with double charges of grape and canister, he smites and shatters, but cannot break the advancing; line. His grape and canister are exhausted, and still, closing grandly up over their slain, on they come. He falls back on spherical case, and pours this in at the shortest range. On, still onward, comes the artillery-defying line, and still he holds his position. They are within six paces of the guns — he fires again, once more, and he blows devoted soldiers from ^his very muzzles. And, still mindful of that solemn order, he holds his place, they spring upon his carriages, and shoot down his horses ! And then, his Yankee artillerists still about him. he seizes the guns by hand, and from the very front of that line drags two of them off. The caissons are further back — five out of the six are saved. That single company, in that half hour's fight, lost 33 of its men, including every sergeant it had. The captain himself was wounded. Yet it was the first time it was ever under fire ! I give it simply as a type. So they fought along that fiery line ! The Rebels now poured on Phillips' Battery, and it, too, was forced to drag off the pieces by hand, when the horses were shot down. From a new position, it opened again : and at last the two reenforcing batteries came up on the gallop. An enfilading fire swept the Rebel line: Sickles' gallant infantry charged, the Rebel line swept back on a refluent tide — we regained the lost ground, and every gun just lost in this splendid fight. Buell's Battery was in the thickest of the l>attle and tired over i ,200 rounds. De Beck's Battery lost two pieces. Huntin.gton's Bat- tery was forced to retire for fresh ammuni- tion. Let Captain Huntington tell the story hiniiself: "Started from Taneytown with my brigade, at 4 a. ni.. second inst.. reached Gettysburg at 2 ]). nn.. and about four o'clock was ordered to relieve some of the First Corps, who were in the battle the dav before. Posi- 592 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, tion of our army peculiar, the line forming a triangle with the apex towards the enemi}-, whose line \\as in front around ours, we hav- ing the advantage of being able to throw troops across, while the enemy had to gO' aroauid. The salient part of our line was an elevated piece of ground just on the edge of town, on which was a beautiful cemetery, and here, at the center, my batteries were posted — a posi- tion fine for artillery, yet quite exposed, being swept by Rebel batteries in front and on our left flank. Shelling was going on vigorously, when we took position, and we replietl with great vigor. Meanwhile the treniiendous at- tack was made on oiu- left. Had this been suc- cessful, every batterv on the hill must have Iseen taken, as our imly line of retreat was bv the Baltinrore pike, directly in our rear. At one time w'hen our left was forced back Ijy a tremendous charge of the enemy, 1 thought 'the jig was up' with us, Imt fresh troops were just brought up, and the enemy fell suddenly back. Just, before dark, an- other column attacked our batteries on the hill, which were supported by part oif the Eleventh Corps, who, as their custom is, gave way, and part of Captain Ricketts' Battery of my brig- ade, in the e.xtrem;e front was actually taken. General Carroll, with his brigade, of old Shield's fire-eaters, came up just in the nick of time. Carroll sung out, "Where is Hun- tington?" 'Here I am,. General,' said I. 'I am sent here" he continued, 'ti> support some- thing or some one — where is the enemy?' I showed him their advancing line, and he com- m|anded, 'Forward! double quick march!" And in they went, turned the advancing Rebels and saved the batteries. It was sharp while it lasted. Ricketts" Battery lost 17 killed and wvounded and five prisoners in that charge.'" We (|uote further : The night was spent in preparing for the struggle of the next day (.Tuly 3rd). At 4 A. M., Friday, the enemy attacked the right of our line. From that to eleven the musketry never .slackened for a single mo- ment. Such a sustained fire I never heard before, and to lock at the place it was terrible. The Rebels charged up a hill against log breastworks, lined with our splendid infantry. I was on the ground afterwards. It was a sickening sight. In one place I traced the line of an entire company, shot dead where they stood, with the captain at his post. Here General Ewell's adjutant general was killed, wdiile trying to rally his men. After this fight there was a lull, but about 2 p. m., while a knot of officers were lying down near my bat- tery to avoid the sharpshooters, who were constantly firing at us, all at once there came a most terrible storm of iron. They had been quietly placing their batteries in position, and opened at a signal. The howling of the shells, the deadly hiss of the solid Wentworth. and the crash of the T2-pound spherical case, was awful beyond description. Most of the fire came from the left, and my battery was then faced to the front; we had to change the position of the guns under that fire. For the first litne the men of Battery H hesitated to obey my orders ; but they were almost exhausted by fatigue and intense heat, and it was only for a moment that they forgot their duty. We soon had our guns around, and opened one section to the left, another to the front, and the third I could not work for the want of men able to stand on their feet. Capt. Wallace Hill's Bat- tery (Pierpont) behaved most nobly. I never saw guns served better than theirs, until they fired their last iround. I ordered them to leave the field, -e-ud re- placed them with Captain Edgell's (New Hampshire) battery. Meanwhile, my own was about exhausted, and. feeling the importance of maintaining the fire at this point. I started to the reserve headquarters, with Orderly Fred Regnier, to run the gauntlet of the enemy's batteries for a mile, every shot that came over our batteries striking in our track — no pleasure trip to be sure — but we got through. Could obtain no re- lief, as every battery was already engaged. Starting back, I met my battery coming out, its ammunition ex- hausted, and one piece disrfiounted by solid shot. Under cover of this fire, the enemy made their last charge on our left, suffered awfully, and were utterly routed — their last effort. VICKSBURG. General Grant, after a series of battles and brilliant manteuvres around Vicksburg, had l^enned uj) the ReJjel general Peinberton, and by July 4th had co-mpelled hiin to strrrender. The Fourth of July, 1863, was a glad day for the national cause. "To whom shall we Grant the Meade of praise?"" was telegraphed thro'Ughout the country; htit Grant"s star was in the ascendant. Meade"s victory was grand, but his tactics were defensive, wiiile Grant"s were aggressive. These \-ictories occasioned general rejoicing. The friends o'f the Union throughout the North now saw the beginning of the end. The gloom that had overshadowed the past year was dissipated, and the name of Grant was thenceforth to be the watchword tO' victorv and the omen of success. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 593 THE MORGAN RAID. It was in July of 1863 tliat John Alorgan made his raid through Southern Oliio, pass- ing through Washingtnn Cmnit}-, an accottnt of which follows. John M'organ. with his h(ild troopers, had, up to July, 1863. nixide nimierons raids and forays across the nijountains of Eastern Ken- tucky and Tennessee into the Blue Grass region of Kentucky. These forays were a source of alarm to the ITnionist, and exulta- tion to the Secessionist. He generally cap- tured all of the good horses within his reach, provoked a vigorous pursuit, and although he uniformly had to get out mMch faster than he came in, he generallv accomplished all that he intended. Encouraged by his successes, he planned a grand raid to the northward, which should give the Northern people a taste of war as well as the "Sunny South." General Bragg, how- ever, ordered Mbrgan not to go beyond the State of Kentucky. Bragg was then confront- ed by General Rosecrans, at Stone River, and the object sought tO' be accomplished was to strike the communications and rear of the Union .Almiy, and divert the flanking column of Rosecrans from annoying Bragg, the sup- position being that a strong force sent to the rear would engage the attention of a large part of the Union cavalry, and the secjuel proved this to be true. Collecting a body of cavalry, numbering alx)ut 2,500 men, with two 20-pound Parrott rifle cannon and four other guns of smaller calibre, he was ready for the enteqjrise. Basil Duke, the "brains of John Morgan," was second in command, with Colonels Cluke, Dick Miorgan, and others of lesser note commanding regiments. He crossed the Cumberland at Burkesville, Kentucky, July 3, 1863. and, marching rapidly north, drove or evaded all the Union forces that disijuted his progress, and on the 8th ar- rived f>n the banks of the Ohio at Bradenburg, Kentucky. He gave out as he went that he should attack Louisville. He captured two steamiers, the "J. J. McCoombs" and "Alice Dean," and, (lisregarding his instructions, crossed the Ohio, burned the steamers, and disappeared among the hills of Indiana. General Judah, commanding the Union cavalry in Kentucky, l>egan at once a vigorous pursuit. Colonel Garrard, of the Seventh Ohio Ca\'alrv, in conimand of a brigade com- posed of the Seventh and Second Ohio Cavalry, Forty-fifth Ohio Mounted Infantry, Law's Howiitzer Battery, and the First Kentucky Cavalry, started the sanue day Mbrgan crossed the Cumberland. w:here Garrard had been watching him, and was joined, at Bardstown, Kentucky, by General Hobson, with Shackel- ford's brigade, consisting of the Third, Eighth, Ninth, and Twelfth Kentucky Cavalry, and two pieces of artillery. Hobson assumed conv mand, and the whole f(jrce hurried ou after the raider. Morgan, after getting safely across into Indiana, gave out, seemingly as in confidence, to prisoners, that he was moving on Indiana- polis, but immediately afterwards tore off to the eastward, crossed the Ohio line, and was soon in the neighborhood of Cincinnati. Upon nearing that city, he gave out that he expected to attack Hamilton, but instead passed by so close tO' the great city that part of his conir mand, embarrassed by the darkness and the labyrinth of streets in the suburbs, canie near losing their way. This was the night of July 13th. General Burnside was in command in Cin- cinnati and General Judah was there also hurrying up with fresh cavalrw Ohio was soon thoroughly aroused. Gov- ernor Tod, Jul}' I2th, issued a proclamation calling out the militia of all the Southern and Sf)Uthwestern counties. Mijrgan, no doubt, endeavored to enhance the prexailing alarm, honing to make his es- cape nv)re certain amid the general uproar be- fore any definite or concerted action could be taken tn intercept him. • Onward he went east- ward, his men plundering everybody without fear or favor, through the counties of Warren, Clermont, Brown, Adams, Pike, Jackson, and 594 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Meigs, while detachments frum the main body made detours through otiier counties, and the whole body bringing up at Portland, near Buf- fington's Island, on the evening of the i8th, and would doubtless have crossed at once but for the threatening appearance of an earth- \\x>rk then and there appearing. Morgan had run the gauntlet of the mili- tia through the State, with Hobson but a few hours in the rear, eager to bring the raider to bay after the loug pursuit. Tired, jaded and harrassed. and withal heavily loaded with booty, the Rebels rested at the river, expect- ing in the morning to make a short job of the earthwork and cniss to the Virginia shore. Let us now return to the scene of opera- tions in Washingtou County, and see what was being done there to capture the bold raider. Governor Tod, in his proclamation, had ordered "all the militia companies in Wash- ington, Monroe, Noble, Meigs, Morgan, Per- ry, Hocking, and Athens, to report forthwith to Colonel William R. Putnam at Camp Mari- etta, who was to organize them into battalions or regiments and appoint temporary ofificers therefor." Immediately following the proc- lamation came a telegram from Governor Tod to Colonel Putnam, stating that 3,000 militia had been ordered to Marietta. At this date there were 175 six-months' men in camp, including Company A, One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Governor Tod tel- egraphed on the fourteenth that Morgan had crossed the Little Miami, and was probably making for some ford near Marietta. Col- onel Putnam at once began to act — first, to prevent Morgan crossing the Ohio ; second, to keep him west of the Muskingum ; and, third, to shut his forces between the Ohio River and Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad if possible. He, therefore, set about guarding the fords as the first part of the program. On the 14th there were 457 men in camp, but no arms had arrived, although a thousand stand had been promised by the Governor. At this time, Capt. D. L. Wood, of the Eighteenth United States Infantry, was stationed at Marietta, and Lieut. J. W. Conine, aid-de-camp to Gen- eral Cox, was in immediate commanil of the six-months' men at Camp Marietta. On July loth the following order was issued: He.xdquarters, C.\mp Marietta, O., July 15, 1863. Special Order No. I. The following companies now at camp are hereby detached under command of Captain D. L. Wood, Eighteenth United States Infantry, and will put them- selves in readiness to march : Marietta Artillery company, Lieutenant Nye com- manding. Volunteer mounted company, Captain Bloomfield commanding. Company A, One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Captain Stedman command- ing. Captain J. P. Putnam's company, Captain Putnam commanding. Post Quartermaster Croxton will provide trans- portation and forage for five (5) days for fifty (50) horses. Post Commissary R. B. Treat will turn over to Charles Jones (who will act as quartermaster of the detachment), twelve hundred and fifty (1250) rations. Surgeon S. D. Hart will 'be acting surgeon. By order of Wm. R. Putnam, Colonel Commanding. Captain Wood's instructicms were as fol- lows : You are hereby ordered to assume command of the troops detached by special order No. I of this date, and proceed with them to the ford below Parkersburg, where you will make stich disposition as you deem fit and proper to prevent the rebel forces now in the State from crossing at that place. Wm. R. Putnam, Colonel Commanding. But now an unforeseen difficulty arose. Lieutenant Conine refused to allow the United States troops in Camp Marietta to be moved without orders from a higher source. Gov- ernor Tod was telegraphed, and all that day spent in waiting for an answer. The answer came finally ordering Lieutenant Conine to obey all orders from Colonel Putnam, and Captain Wood started early on the morning of the 1 6th. The expedition numbered about 300 men. Tlie cannon were twi> iron pieces that had been used in Marietta and Harmar for firing salutes, and the arms for the infan- try and cavalry were such as could be hastily gathered in the city and Camp ]\Iiarietta. Cap- tain Wood reached Blennerhassett's Island the isame day, and began entrenching, informing AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 595 Colonel Putnam by telegraph of the fact. Capt. AX'ood had stopped short of the pcjint intended to he covered by the moA'enient. .\t this time 4.J59 men reported for dut}-, and Capt. R. B. Wilson, of Meigs County, was ordered to pro- ceed to Mason City, West Virginia, with his company and that of Capt. George G. Wood- ward armed as infantry, t(j pre\ent Morgan crossing at that point. On the same day (i7tli) the following order was sent to Cap- tain WiHjd, at Blennerhassett's Island: The shoal at the foot of Bleniierhassett's Island is deemed impractieable on account of quicksand. The ford you ,were to guard is at the foot of Buffington's Island. Vou will therefore take your forces to that po'nt. U?e the flats and steamer Logan in conjunction with Captain Wilson, in transporting your forces, send- ing baggage overland, if necessary. Delay Captain Wilson as little as possible. Lieutenant Conine will report to you with re-en- forcements as soon as they can be armed. By this arrangement Captain Wood and his little force reached Buflington at 7 P. yi'. of the 17th, and at once began to intrench, throwing out pickets and preparing for such defense as his limited means afforded. Cap- tain Wilson proceeded to Mason City. In the meantime Capt. Henry Best, on July 13th, with his own company and those of Cap- tains Stone, Dana, Pugh, and Rutherford, had been ordered to proceed on the steamer "Buck" to Blennerhassett's Island and open the chan- nel so that the gunboats could pass, and on the way down remove all boats of every descrip- tion to the Virginia shore, w^hich order was faithfully carried out. Captain W'ilson ar- rived at Mason City at 1 1 P. M. of the 17th, and hearing that the Rebels had appeared about five miles back of Middleport he crossed the river and advanced promptly but cautiously through the darkness and took up a position three miles to the rear of that place. Here Morgan's men, or a part of them, advanced, captured a scotUing party of Captain Wilson's force, pu.shed on to within a quarter of a mile of Wilson, wdien the\' were fired on, and de- Ia\ed until noon of the i8th, when the Twenty- third Ohio Infantry came up, and an attack was immediately made by the two commands on the Rebels, resulting in their retreat. On the 19th, Captain Wilson was ordered up to Bowman's Run, seven miles up the Ohio from Middleport, where he made such dispositions of his men as to capture jy men and dfficers, and 80 horses. Captain Wils(.)n u>nk his pris- oners to Pomeroy, when he was ordered six miles below to guard another ford, and arrived just in time to prevent a liody of Morgan's men from crossing, and turned' them back on their pursuers, who captured them. By July 17th a thousand stand of arms arrived, and Colonel Putnam ordered Lieut. J. W. Conine, with a detachment consisting of the companies -of Captains Knowles, Moore, Jaynes, Brown, Seaman, Dyar, Jenkins, Com- ley, and Davenport, to proceed on board the steam.er "Eagle" and reinforce Captain Wood, and report to that officer for orders. The "Eagle" got fast aground on a bar, and Co- nine disembarked, marched his men to the mouth of the Little Hocking, and bivouacked, deciding to act independent of Captain Wood. At this time there were reported for duty 7.064 men, with scarcely any arms in camp, but in order to utilize these men as far as practicable they were provided with spades, axes, and picks, and sent to the proper places to fell trees and obstruct the lines of retreat along the sup- posed route of Morgan. Hon. William P. Cutler on the 18th was ordered to obstruct the roads between the line of the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad and the Ohio River. He had in his command the rail- road employes. Captain Holmes' com])any, and that of Captain Grewell ; and at Cutler's station and Big Run he was joined with three more companies under Captains Waugli, Maxwell and Dee. With these forces, Mr. Cutler says, in his report: "We succeeded in accomplish- ing the object in a thorough manner from Big Hocking (including all roads leading into the ravines of that stream), as far east as the road leading from Vincent to the Ohio River by way of Daniel Shaw's, in Dunham township." On the 17th General Burnside telegraphed 596 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Colonel Putnam that if Morgan was driven from the ford at Buffington, he would proba- bly strike for Marietta, the roads therefore were to be well obstructed, the flooring of the bridge across the Muskingum torn up, and rifle-pits sO' constructed as tO' command the crossing. General Cox, who was with Gen- eral Burnside at Cincinnati, telegraphed that if the roads were so obstructed as to prevent Mor- gan dodging north between Athens and Mari- etta, there was force enough following to^ crush or capture him. Three companies under John Newton were sent up the Muskingum to remove all boats to the east side of the stream, and three more under command of Capt. Levi Barber were sent tO' blockade the roads be- tween Coolville and the Little Hocking. Meantime, mounted scouts were sent out from Mr. Cutler's camp, and from all points prac- ticable, and the best information possible ob- tained as tO' the enemy's movements. Several companies were stationed at the Marietta bridge, and such arrangements made that the drawbridge could be turned at a moment's notice. In addition to the rifle-pits a barricade of bales of hay was m'ade comi-iantling the bridge and the ford below. On the night of July i/th, Col. B. P. Runkle's forces arrived at Scott's landing, three miles below- Marietta. Let us now return to Morgan's command, whom we left on the evening of the i8th near Buftington's Island. Basil Duke, in his "History of Morgan's Cavalry," says : .Tilly i8th. at 3 a. it., we moved on. By this lime the militia had turned their attention seriously to fell- ing trees, and impeding our progress in every con- ceivahle way. Advanced guard was forced to carry a.xes to cut away frequent blockade. In passing on the l8th near Pomeroy. there was one continual fight, but not wholly with militia, for some regular troops now appeared. We had to run a terrible gauntlet for nearly five miles, through a ravine, on the gallop. * * * We reached Portland (Buffington) about 8 p. M., and the night was one of solid darkness. General Morgan consulted one or two of his officers upon the propriety of at once attacking an earthwork, thrown up to guard the ford. From all the information he could gather, this work was manned with about three hundred infantry — regular troops, and two heavy guns were mounted in it. Our arrival at this place after dark had involved us in a dilemm.T. If we did not cross the river that night, there was every chance of our being attacked on the next day by heavy odds — by infantry sent after us from Kentucky, and by gunboats at the ford, which we could not drive off, as we had not more than three cartridges apiece for our artillery. General Morgan fully appre- ciated these reasons for ;getting across the river that night, as did those with whom he advised, but there were also very strong reasons against attacking the work at night : and without the capture of the work which commanded the ford, it would be impossible to cross. .Attacks in the dark are always hazardous ex- periments, in this case doubly so as we knew nothing of the ground and could not procure guides. Our choice of the direction in which to move to the attack would have been purely guesswork. The defenders of the work had only to lie still and fire with artillery and musketry directly to their front, but the assailants would have had a line to preserve, and to exercise great care lest they should fall foul of each other in the obscurity. * * * He determined, therefore, to take the work at early dawn, and hoped to effect a crossing rapidly before the enemy arrived. Captain D. L. Wood, in his report to Col- onel Putnam, says: "On the morning of the 1 8th I made a line of entrenchments covering the approach to the ford, sent out cavalry scouts and ascertained that the enemy were advanc- ing on me in force. I had all my stores re- moved to the boat (steamer 'Starlight') and ordered it to be ready to move. At half past seven o'clock the enemy appeared in force in front of my works, at wdiich time my forces were in line to receive them as best I could. At twelve o'clock, having received an ordet from General Scammon to retire, I did so. Being hardly pressed by the enemy, I was obliged to abandon my artillery." Lieut. C. B. Lewis, of the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Ohio Volunteer Lifantry, was officer of the day : posted pickets at differ- ent points around the ford to^ watch for the approach of the Rebels, and while out on the picket line was taken prisoner by the Rebels the night before the battle. Bt'FFIXGTOX's ISL.\ND. The valley in which Morgan encamped on the night of July 18th was about 800 yards wide at the lower end and gradually narrowed above until the hills approached near to the river at the upper end. The river road coming AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 597 from Pomeroy was upon the bank of the river. About midway of the valley a road winds into the valley to the river. The Rebels had en- camped on the night of the i8th (Saturday night) in the cornfields at the end of a private lane running parallel to the road on which Gen- eral Judah was approaching from the direction of Pomeroy. A dense fog covered all the bottom lands. General Hobson had with his command followed Morgan for two weeks, and on the night of the i8th went into camp to rest both horses and men. Colonel Gar- rard, of the Seventh Ohio Cavalry, remon- strated with Hobson for delayinig the march at the critical poinit of the pursuit, but Hob- son decided to halt. Colonel Garrard then asked permission to continue the pursuit that night, and in reply was informed that he might take his regiment and "go to hell." So Garrard kept on in piirsuit. Gaieral Judah pressing forward during the night with his command was, with his stafif including Maj. Daniel McCook, early in the morning of the 19th, in advance, and when \vithin a short dis- tance of the ford, there being a dense fog, came unexpectedly upon the Rebel cavalry, who recei\ed them with a volley and pursued, killing Major McCook, wounding several and taking some prisoners together with one piece of artillery. General Judah now hur- ried his forces forward and the fog suddenly lifting disclosed the enemy in the valley be- fore them. W'hile Judah was bringing^ his forces into action. Lieutenant O'Neil, of the Fifth Indiana Cavalry, appeared on another road with but 50 men and charged two differ- ent regiments so desperately that they were broke and left the captured gun. also their prisoners. Meanwhile Colonel Garrard with the .Second and Seventh Ohio Cavalry came in by the road about the middle of the valley and charged them in flank and rear. Captain Fitch with the gunboat "Moose" now attack- ed from the river, playing on them with his 24-pound Dahlgren guns. With Judah up. Hob.son up and the gunboats up. the situation of Morgan became not only interesting but desperate. Judah and Hobson, from different points, soon opened on the Rebel ranks with shell, and according to Basil Duke's account, the air was fairly filled with pieces of shell, com- pelling the enemy to retreat. Duke was in command of the line designed to cover the re- treat, with instructions to make the best fight he could, and but for being attacked in the flank would have given General Judah a more stubborn resistance than they did. General Duke attempted to retreat in good order, but soon a regular stampede took place, many made a rush for the ford, others ran from point to point over this field, taking a new di- rection at the chance explosion of a shell near by. TIhe most of the Rebels, however, still clung to the booty stolen on the march. The victors now closed in on them and captured between seven and eight hundred, in- cluding Basil Duke, Col. Dick Morgan, Col- onels Smith, Ward and Hoffman. All their artillery, wagons, etc., were captured. About 1,200 men, under Morgan, escaped, and. press- ing on up the river, tried to cross at Belleville, but were headed off by the gunboat "Moose." A few got across, and some were killed in the river. The bulk f>f the raiders, however, turned away from the river and disappeared among the hills. It is a remarkable fact that two out of the six or seven guns captured were 20-pound Parrots, which Morgan had dragged over his extended line of march, and. had he not run out of ammunition, would doubtless have given the gunboats as well as his other pursuers a more desperate battle than he did. Tlie Union loss was five killed and 25 wound- ed. Rebel loss. 20 killed, wounded not known. In regard to the conduct of Captain Wood, the "Rebellion Record" has the following: Captain \\'ood, of the Eighteenth regulars, while stationed at Marietta as mustering officer, was induced to take command of two companies of volunteers, and proceed to BufTmgton liar on Saturday. He found the steamer "StarHght" aground, with only two men aboar'!. and loaded with three thousand barrels of flour. He immediately unloaded the vessel, raised steam and manned the boat, from the captain to the deck-hand, with his men, and run her out of the range of Morgan's, guns, which, before he could get away, had arrived on S98 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, the bank. Before leaving with his little band of true gallants, he rolled his two heavy pieces of artillery over into a ravine, so that the enemy could neither take nor use them. After the fight. Captain Wood reported to General Judah for duty with the boat, and was highly complimented by the general and placed in charge of several hundred of the prisoners to bring to Cincin- nati. Had the boat not been seized by Captain Wood when it was, Morgan would have had it and crossed the river with it, for the gunboats did not arrive till Sunday morning, while Morgan was there the night before. So let Marietta be proud of her gentlemen soldiers who were not too proud to carry coal or do ■ any work which would hinder the enemies of the Union and help her defenders. Captain Wood and his command returned to Camp Marietta from Cincinnati, July 25th. When Major McCook was shot, the coun- try lost a noble patriot, who had sent his dis- tinguished sons to the war and only remained at home himself on account of the infirmities of age. The horse he rode remained in the hands of the enemy. There is an interesting incident related in regard to the horse, "Old Joe." as he was called, which we will give as we heard it : When Capt. Arthur D. Eells, Company H. Seventh Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, on the failure of his health. "left the army at Somerset. Kentucky, he sold his horse "Joe" to Maj. John Dalman, at that time paymaster, who took the horse to Cincinnati. Very soon after this John Morgan made his raid through Indiana and Ohio. When Morgan and his troops were passing near Cincinnati, a force of volunteers gathered to pursue him. Old Major McCook went to Dalman's stable and took the horse Joe, and, with the others, followed Mor- gan, overtaking him. as we have seen, at Bufifington. As soon as Major McCook fell, the horse galloped over the field at wdl. Soon the Seventh Ohio Cavalry attacked the Rebels on the flank and rear, and the horse, doivbtless recognizing familiar voices in the di- rection of the gallant Seventh, galloped through the tumult and confusion of the battle to the position of the Seventh Cavalry and took his wonted place in the line, much to the edification of the boys, who shouted, "Look ! there comes Captain Eells' horse. Old Joe." So ended the battle of Buffington's Island, in which there were more men killed than in some of the famous battles in Mexico. About 350 Rebels succeeded in getting across at the different fords, and between one and two hundred were taken prisoners after "becoming detached from the main body. Mor- gan himself was half way across at the upper Bnffington ford, when he saw that a large part of his command were so hard pressed that they would not be able to escape, and he turned back and continued his flight north, but doubled on his track and again attempted to cross near Blennerhassett's Island, but was foiled in this and compelled to make a detour to get out of the trap set for him by Colonel Putnam. In order to do this he marched out- side the lines of Air. Cutler and Lieutenant Conine and the other forces sent out to ob- struct and hold the roads leading to the river. He was, however, followed by Shackleford. and also by a force of militia sent forward by Colonel Runkle, under command of Colonel Hill. These moved by boat up the Muskin- gum, and landed at McConnelsville July 23rd, just as Morgan crossed at Eaglesport, seven miles above. Colonel Hill took an unfre- quented road over the hills and succeeded in flanking Moran, and getting his artillery into position, opened on the Rebels and threw then into confusion. They dropped their guns, booty, and everything that would im- pede progress and fled, followed by Hill as long as his artillery could get positions from which to shell them, keeping up the pursuit until about four P. M.,when General Shack- leford's cavalry came up and relieved the mil- itia, now very much exhausted, whotn Colonel Hill ordered back to the Muskingum. Thus harassed the remnant of the raiders pursued their toilsome march. General Brooks, who had taken up his headquarters at Wellsville, Ohio, finding that there was a strong probabilit}' of Morgan crossing the Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad at Salineville sent Colonel Gallagher, with a regiment of six- months' men, to a point about two miles from that place, and had them posted advantageous- ly near the supposed place of crossing. Major \Vay, with the Ninth Michigan Cavalry, was also moving up to the same point. In a short time the expected Rebels made their appear- ance, coming around a bend in the road. On catching sight of the infantry, they halted and turned their horses' heads in another direction. Before they could get out of the trap Major Wav, with 200 men of the Ninth Michigan AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 599' Cavalry, dashed among them and commenced cutting right and left. The Rebels made but a brief resistance, when the}' broke in utter con- fusion. The scene that followed was almost ludicrous, and could only be matched by the previous stampede at Buffington's Lsland. Alen dismounted, threw down their arms and begged for quarter, whilst others galloped around wildly in search of a place of escape and were "brought to time" bv a pistol shot or saber stroke. Morgan himself was riding in a carriage drawn by two white horses. Major Way saw him, and galloping up, reached for him. ]\Iorgan jumped out at the other side of the carriage, leaped over a fence, seized a horse, and galloped off as fast as burse tiesh spurred by frightened heels, could carry him. About 200 succeeded in escaping with him. In the buggv thus hastily evacuated }^Ioroan were found his rations, consisting of a loaf of bread, some hard-boiled eggs, and a bottle of whiskey. - The number of Rebels killed in this en- gagement was five or si.x ; number wounded not stated ; prisoners, abbut 200, together with horses and arms. A few Union cavalry men were wounded. About two o'clock P. M. of the same day the forces in pursuit of Morgan closed in around him in the vicinity of West Point, be- tween New Lisbon and \\'ellsville. The Re- bels were finally compelled to take refuge on a bluff, and, finding escape impossible, they surrendered to Colonel Shackleford and the militia, who now started on a general hunt for straggling Rebels, brought in numbers of them found concealed in the woods, all of whom were sent to Columbus. .\ Rebel account states that Morgan on this raid captured 6.000 prisoners, all of whom were paroled, destroyed 34 important bridges, and the railroad tracks in 60 places, that they lost 28 comn.'issioned officers killed, 34 wound- ed, and 250 m'eji killed, wounded and cap- tured ; that by Federal accounts, they killed more than 200, wounded at lea.st 350 and captiuxd as above mentioned. 6,000; that the damage to railroads, steamboats and bridges, added to the destruction of public stores and depots, cannot fall short of $JO,- 000,000; that they captured three pieces of artillery, and one 24-pounder at Lebanon, which they destroyed, one Parrott three-inch, giui at i>randenl)urg, and a 12-poiuulcr at Portland; that the Copperheads and P)Utter- nuts were always in the front opposing them; that occasionally they would meet a pure "Southron," generall\- a persnn banished trnm the border States, The above-mentioned account was written by one of the raiders who escaped at Buffing- ton, and as far as it relates to the Union loss, is not trustworthy, being an ON-er-estimate^ but as far as relates to the destruction of prop- erty, it is doubtless not up to the mark, Morgan and his officers were confineil in the Penitentiary, at Columbus, from which prison Morgan and six others made their es- cape November 27, 1863, by cutting through the stone fl(x>rs of three cells with knives car- ried off from the prison table, till they reached the air chamber below and tunneling thence under the prison walls into the outer vard,. and climbing the surrounding prison wall by aid of ropes made from their lied clothes. An investigation into the cause of the escape showed that the usual routine of sweeping the cells was omitted in the case of those occupied by the Rebels, and they were thus enabled to cover up and conceal their work. The omission to sweep was at the sug- gestion of one of the directors of the Peniten- tiary. Morgan reached his liiding place Ijeyond the mountains of Kentucky and Tennessee in safety, and afterward led several bands of raiders into the Blue Grass, in one of which he was killed in a skirmish, while endeavor- ing to escape from a house in a little village iiT East Tennessee. THE MILITIA. L'nder the order to organize the forces as- sembled at Camp Marietta during the Mor- 6oo HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, gan raid. Colonel Putnam appointed on his own staff : Josiah H, Jenkins, assistant adjntant general; P. B. Putnam, qirartermaster : George O. Hildreth, post hospital surgeon ; James Little, post hospital surgeon ; F. D. Howell, post hospital surgeon; B. F. Culver, post hospital assistant surgeon ; John W. White, post hospital assistant surgeon ; Michael Edwards, post hospital as- sistant surgeon ; Joseph M. C. Moonhead, examining surgeon; William Beebe, examining surgeon; William Ackley. examining surgeon ; besides a corps of clerks and assistants. ATHENS COUNTY MILITIA. A. D. Jaynes. colonel ; E. L. DeWitt, colonel ; Jared Maris, adjutant. Names of Company Commandants — Charles Mat- henry, E. D. Harper, reported July 14th; Charles Good- speed, Elias Grewell, Edward Wheeler, C. Cooper, F. L. Junrod. C. Winget, 1. C. Shotts, A. D. Jaynes, H. Nauna. and Daniel Fulton, reported July i6th ; Charles Stout and James M Holmes, reported July 17th; S. H. Smith, E. Stalder and E. P. Pickett, reported July i8th. Highest number of men from .-Athens County. 1,082; total number conpanies, 17. MFIGS COUNTY MILITIA. Nathaniel M. McLaughlin, colonel ; William B. Skrevner. major. Names of Company Conrmandanls — I. H. Ruther- ford, L. E. Campbell. John Barrot. G. G. Woodward and R. B. Wilson, reported July i6th ; John F. Martin, Miner Reed and S. Riggs. reported July 17th. Total number companies, nine ; highest number men reported 706. MONROE COUNTY MILITIA. Joseph Kelley, colonel. Company Commandants — R. T. Beiber, S. C. Kellev. Henrv Scott, J. M. Evans, reported July :7lh; J. L.' Watson. S. F. Ellsworth. G. W. Bennett. C. M. Stewart. J. M. Jones, J. A. Fleischmann. C. B. Way, H. R. Mason, Joshua Way, J. Daugherty, Alax Albert, A. C. McElroy and Elias Hoppmann, reported July 18th ; Peter Dover, George Ring and J. Roemer. re- ported July 20th ; John Mallory. J .J. Hurd, James Adams, J. F. Culverhouse and J. Rupp. reported July 2ist; W. Truax. July 22nd; and M. Thoenen. John Bellman and John Monroe, July 24th. Total number companies, 29; highest number men reported, 1.3(17. NOBLE COUNTY MILITIA, William P. Sprague, colonel ; William H. Frazier. ad.iut.int. Company Commandants — Pearson Mordeck. James h. Morri'ion. B. B. Taylor, .Asa Barton, and John Hes- son. reported July 15th; D. L. Weems, July l6th; J. R. Rickley, Louis Headly, Lorenzo Powell, Israel Harris, July 17th ; Dudley Evans, Enoch Wilkinson, William Fowler, J. M. Walters, James Gibson, William L. Parks, William Ogle, C. Clymer, David McGary. Robert Bary, and Robert Hayne, July i8th. J. F. Briggs, George E. Geddes, July 19th. Number of companies, 23 ; highest of men reported on any one day, 2,112. PERRY COUNTY MILITIA. W. Cook, colonel ; S. F. Muzzy, colonel ; .\. W. Poundston, adjutant. Company Commandants — D. W. Marsh, John S. Nixon, Obediah Larimer,. J. Mackin, and W. H. Spen- cer, reported July 17th ; John Dike, A. T. Sharp, J. Clark, Jaines C. Ritchey, James R. Fulton, and W. L. Harbough, July 18th. Number of companies, 11; highest number of men reported, 856. HOCKING COUNTY MILITIA. David Little, colonel. Company Commandants — Samuel Creighton. Abra- ham MicLain, John O. Kennedy. D. I-ittle. and John Oaks, reported July i8th. Number of companies, five ; highest number of men reported, 344. MORGAN COUNTY' MILITIA. John C. Ellston. Jr., colonel; William B. Loomis, adjutant; Frederick W. Wood, colonel; Bearly Davis, adjutant. Company Commandants — J. H. Roland, reported July 14th; A. J. Harte, J. A'lcVay, H. R. Seaman. Sid- ney Newton and Thomas Hammond, reported July 15; J. D. Lashley, George Hedges and William Balding re- ported July i6th ; J. L. Pierrot. S. S. Jenkins. William Miller. James B. Tannehill, John Henderson, H. R, Hug'hes. E. G. Caulson, H. B. White. Charles Mc- Carthy. John Preston, reported July 17th; H. C. Har- vey, P. D. Danford. John I'i.ollison. William Mclntire, G. B. Fowler. F. G. Phillips and Thomas Vicroy, re- ported July i8th; D. D. Scott and John Fouraker, re- ported July 19th. Total number companies. 28 ; highest number of men reported, 2.362. WASHINGTON COUNTY MILITIA. J. Mills Kendrick. colonel commanding; Thomas W. Moore.* colonel First regiment ; Joseph B. Kin- kead,* colonel First regiment ; Thomas Day. colonel First regiment ; Edwin Cood, colonel Second regiment ; Joseph Dyar, colonel Third regiment ; O. P. Scott, colonel Fourth regimerit. Company Commandants — .\ugustus Dyar, and A. T. Nye, Jr., reported July 14th; S. S. Knowles. J. W. Tripp. John Hoist. Tr., K. Krauss. Eliiah Locker, John W- Ccnlev. Henry Kelley, David P. Pugh. P. L. Cole, J. H. Brown. W. L, Baldwin, and J. L. W. Newton, ^'Relieved to command men on detached duty. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 60 1 reported July I5tli: D. V. Hill. E. M. Howland. Loring E. Stone, J. P. Sanford. Charles A. Cook, George Davenport, John Magee. Charles H. Cook, R. K Dilley, B. Racer, H. M. Brown, M. Ryan, J. W. Brabham, j. M. Warren. E. D. Smith, and Thomas W. Moore, re- ported July l6t1i: Oscar Liackey. J. A. Brown, Jacob Hagar. G. R. Goddard. Washington Wilson, G. B. Tur- ner, July 17th ; J. P. Kinkead. Charles Luckens, C. H. Goddard, John E. Smallwood. John Dretchell. J. F. Deshler, and S. P. Willis, July l8th : William Smhh, J. D. Gates, July igth, J. C. Campbell, and Israel N. Dye, July 20th. Total number of companies, 47 ; highest number of men reported. 2.039. Besides these, there were vohmteers under command of S. Mason. Major Bloomfield, J. \\. Brabham. D. Y. Hill, Jy8 n:en, and six- months" men in camp at this time numbering 250. In addition to the companies already enumerated, six others from counties outside the first military district came in with 634 men. Tire daily aggregate of forces reported at Camp Marietta during the Morgan raid was as follows: On July 13th, the day after the Governor's proclamation, there were in camp 175 men — the militia had not yet started ; July 14th, 457; 15th, 1.732; i6th, 4,259; 17th, 7,064; i8th, 11,782; 19th, 12,082; 20th. (ow- ing to an order from the Governor to send the militia home), 6,434; 21st, 5.826; 22nd, 3,- 939; 23rd, 2,721; 24th, 3,372; 25th, 2,466; 26th, 2.389; 27th, 2.384; 28th, 449; 29th, 284; all the militia disappearing again. On July 19th there were reported at Cainp Putnam, either as on duty or in camp, militia and other soldiers, as follows : NAMFS OF CCI.OXELS COM M.-kXmNX.. NO. OF MEN. Col. E. L. DeWitt, .Athens County; militia 1.036 " D. Little. Hocking County, militia 337 " N. M. McLaughlin, Meigs County, militia. . . . 708 " Joseph Kellcy. Monroe County, militia I.3.S5 " J. C. Elston, Jr.. Morgan County, militia.... 2.364 " W. P. Sprague. Noble County, militia 2.117 " L. F. Muzzy, Perry County, militia 827 " J. M. Kendrick, Washington County, militia.. 3.o,'',0 All others 252 Total 12.082 The results of the operations planned at Camp Marietta were to compel Morgan to make an extended detour to the northward, thereby saving a large tract of country from devastation. Another atul more iir.portant result was the preventing of his escape across the river, at But^ngton. There is no doubt l)ut that the timely arrival of Captain W'ond at Buffington, and the construction of the eartliwork mentioned, prevented Morgan from crossing with his entire commatid the night before the battle. The statement of Gen. Basil Duke, heretofore referred to, fully cor- roborates this fact. Captain Wood left the fortification under orders from General Scam- mon, of the Kanawha department, a superior officer, and he left none too soon. Six hours later and the Rebels would have attacked him, overpowered his small force, captured the steamer and ferried their troops across before either Judah or Hobson, or the gunboats, could have prevented it. There are few men that could have handled so large a body of men so well, under such circumstances, as Colonel Putnam did these who came so suddenly upon his hands. They came by the thousands, wholly unarmed, un- disciplined, unequipped ;ind unorganized. His action in this situation was admirable, pre- serving his usual fine equanimity through it all ; and superintending the details of the whole camp, he still had time enough to plan for the capture and detention of Morgan. Down the Ohio, out on the line of the Mari- etta & Cincinnati Railroad as far as the Big Hocking, up the Muskingum, up Duck Creek, up the Little Muskingum as far as Woods- field, and up the Ohio, everywhere his regi- ments and com]:)anies were prepared to repel and delay the invaders, ^^'hile we say this of the commandant of Camp Marietta, we must not forget that grand array of militia. 12,000 strong, who sprang to the defense of their in- vaded State, many of them leaving their crops unharvested in the fields, and often compelled to march by their own fields that needed their attention, and doing it without a word of com- plaint; many leaving their stores, their .shops, and employments that required hourly atten- tion, to engage in an uncertain enterprise, the danger of which at the time seemed threaten- ing and hazardous. 602 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. It was fully demonstrated by ^Morgan's raid that no iinasion, no n^atter huw well planned or Iidw well carried nut. cnuld succeed on Xi.irthern soil, and this raid was the last of the kind ever attempted. CHICKAMAUGA. On Septemlier Kjth and 20th occurred the battle of Chickamauga. in which the following regiments having Washington Coun.ty compa- nies in them were engaged: The Ninety-sec- ond. Thirty-sixth, and Eighteenth Infantry, and First Ohio Cavalry. They fought nobly to save the day in this most desperate battle, losing heavily — the Ninety-second seven killed, 78 wounded, including Col. D. B. Fearing, and 20 missing; the Thirty-sixth, 12 killed, including Colonel Jones, 65 wounded, and 18 missing. The First Ohio> Cavalry, in this battle, were ordered to charge, through some mis- take, and had started toward the enemy's line, some 300 in number, with saber's drawn; it would have been a second Balaklava, where the famous "six himdred" composing the Light brigade, made such a hopeless charge, but for a timely countermand of the order. The famous charge at Chickamauga, made by Turchin's brigade, in which were the Thir- ty-sixth and Ninety-second regiments, should not be passed without adequate mention. A correspondent of the Cincinnati Commercial says : After resisting several lieavy charges the brigade changed direction b}' filing to the left, into the woods skirting the road on that side, and were halted and brought to a front, leaving Hie brigade in columns 'by companies, forming two lines of battle, the Eleventh Ohio and Eighteenth Kentucky in front, and the Nine- ty-second and Thirty-sixth in the rear. Hardly had this been completed when a Rebel battery opened a per- fect storm of shell and grape-shot into our ranks. This was entirely unexpected to us. It seems a whole di- vision of the enemy had passed entirely around our left, and, coining up in our rear, expected to capture the entire left wing of our army. .Tust at the moment the Rebels opened General Thomas rode up: "Whose brigade is this?" "General Turchin's" was promptly answered. "General, can your lirigadc break through those lines?" "Yes, I guess so, if any brigade can." "Very well, do it at once." General Turchin had been commanding our brigade but a short time, but long enough to gain the confidence of his men. Rising in his stirrups he gave the command — "About face — forward, double-quick — charge bayonets — ma'-c-h !" With a yell, the volume of which was de- creased not a whit by the fact that the men fully real- ised that everything depended on the success of this movement, they did charge. The enemy were drawn up in three lines in an open field, and as we emerged from the woods delivered a volley that tore through our ranks, but failed to check the onward course of our men. who returned the fire, charged bayonets, and dashed into them before they could reload. The Rebels broke in the wildest confusion, while cheer upon cheer from our brave boys added swiftness to their fight. A running fight now ensued which baflfles description. The smoke arising from the discharge of so many guns, and the thick clouds of dust completely obscured both Rebel and Federal, while the hoarse commands of the ot>icers, endeavoring to keep their men in line, the lurid flash ff artillery, and the bursting of shell and rattling of grapeshot, w.hich the Rebels continued to pour into our ranks, at short range, from three points, made up a picture as nearly resembling Pandemonium as any one need wish to see. * * » On this charge our brigade captured about 600 prisoners and four pieces of cannon, but were so closely pursued that we had to abandon the cannon, and half of our prisoners escaped in the confusion, but 300 hun- dred were marched along and sent safely through ta Chattanooga that night. Officers of the reserve, who had a fair view of the whole charge, describe it as the grandest spectacle imaginable. MISSI0N.\RY RIDGE. The next great battle in which Washington County figured was Missionary Ridge. Rose- crans had planned to carry the enemy's posi- tion on the ridge and on Lookout Mountain, and when Grant relieved him, e/eryihing was ready to his hand. Bragg, with his Rebel legions, 40,000 strong, held high Lookout and Missionary Ridge fully fortified and bristling with cannon ; but Sherman, with tlie Army of the Mississippi, had re-enforced Grant, and .'low everything, by Novernber 23rd, was ready. Sherman, by a detour, had quietly taken position to the northeast unknown ta the enemy, and was now ready to cross the Tennessee River and attack the northern for- tifications on the ridge. Hooker had crossed AXD REPRESENTATIVE CITEIENS. 603 the Tennessee by a pontoon bridge at Bridge- pi irt. southwest of Chattanooga, and was ready to storm Lookout Mountain. Meanwile "Pap" Thomas, witli the army that liad fought its wav from Stone River to th.e Chattanooga, moved out from the center. Let an eye-wit- ness relate the story :* The 'hiy was bright an J lieautiful ; the rays of the sun. rcllect from ten thousand bayonets, dazzled the beholder's eyes: the men were dressed as if for holiday; proud steeds, bearuig gallant riders, galloped along the lines; every eminence about the city was crowded with spectators; and for the first time in my experience I saw soldiers of the Union march to battle to the beat of the spirit-stirring drum. This was indeed the "pomp and circumstance" of war; and it is no wonder that the Rebels whom we afterward captured declared they did not think we were going to make an attack upon them, but had OUT troops our for a review or dress parade. * * * On the eventful day of w^hich I write, I saw an exaultant and lofty pride, a liigh and patriijtic hope, a firm and deep resolve expressed in the counten- ance of each soldier as I had never seen them expressed before, and no one could doubt, as he looked upon them, that thcj would go that day wherever they were bidden, even should they be compelled to pass through surges of vindictive fire. Thomas' men moved out swiftly, drove in the enemy's pickets, and captured his first line, known as Orchard Ridge, where they intrenched. The next day, the 24th Hooker attacked Lookout, and fought his cel- ebrated "battle among the clouds." driving the Rebels from their position ; and Sherman, hav- ing constructed a pontoon bridge across the Tennessee, above, had attacked and carried the north end of Missionary Ridge. Accord- ingly, on November 25th, everything was ready for the final grand assault on the strong- ly ild of the enemy on Missionary Ridge. The Rebel General Bragg, trusting to the natural strength of his position, had sent ofif part of his command, under Longstreet. to capture Burnside at Knoxville. and from his eyrie on the ridge surveyed with complacency the prep- arations of his foe for the attack. At last Grant was ready, and at the preconcerted sig- nal of six guns, fired at intervals of two sec- onds, the assault began, all along the line, up the steep side of the mountain. Soon the *\V. S. Furiv. correspondent Cincinnati Gazette. 35 grand roll of musketry, and a line of smoke encircling the mountain, told that they had started the enemy from his lair. A long line of blue, broken into triangles, with their points toward the crest of the mountain ( 15 of them) and at each apex a stand of colors marks the center of the regiment. Upward they rush. Anon, a standard goes down, which means that the entire color guard have lieen shot. ]\Ir. Furay continues : And still the Union troops pressed on, scaling un- waveringly the sides of Missionary Ridge ; the hlood of their 'comrades renders, their footsteps slippery; the toil of the .nscent almost takes away their Ijreath : the Rebel musketry and artillery mow down their thinnerising- of the National Guard, although the guards were, by a subsecjuent ar- rangement, credited to Ohio on her quota. The Washington County regiment of the National Guard, organized under the militia law of 1863, remained substantially the same under the new law creating the Ohio National Guard. It was the Forty-sixth Regiment but the number was changed to One Hundred and Fortv-eighth. The regiment was commanded bv Col. Thomas W. ]\Ioore, of Warren town- ship, and all but two companies were from Washington County. Three companies hav- ing come from \'inton Couilty, they were con- solidated with the eight from Washington County, and on [May 22. 1864. they left Mari- etta for Harper's Ferry. A fuller account of the services of the regiment will be found fur- ther on in this work. RED RIVER MARKS MILLS. General Banks, supported by Commodore Porter, with a fleet of gunboats, 'during the month of March, 1864, started up the Reel River, and General Steele with the army un- der his command from Little Rock, Arkan- sas, to effect a junction with Banks, but the Rebels, having driven Banks back, turned their whole force upon Steele. On April 25, the- brigade, consisting of the Thirty-sixth Iowa, Forty-third Indiana, and Seventy-seventh Ohio regiments, under command of Lieuten- ant-Colonel Drake, of the Thirty-sixth Iowa, was sent from ( leneral Steele's army to guard, an empty train of 270 wagons returning to Pine Bluffs. The whole force numliered about 1.500. with a battery of four guns. When the train reached Marks ]\Iills it was attacked bv Sbelbv's cavalry, estimated at 7,000, and the Thirtv-sixth and Fiirty-third, after a gal- lant fight were driven back; the Seventy-sev- enth guarding the rear hurried up on the double quick, to the help of the Forty-third and Tlhirty-sixth. running o\-er fi\'e miles. Thev charged the enemy with a }ell. and killed theni by the score, but found an overpowering force of Rebels closing in on them from every side. "Thev fought desperately hand-to-hand and foot to foot," says an eye witness, Init all, in vain ; they were all taken prisoners except one lieutenant and 40 men. who cut their way out and escaped to the Cnion hues after trav- eling over 100 miles, swimming many streams, and eating nothing for 48 hours. Captain Mc- Cormick and Lieutenant Smithson were taken prisoners with the rest, and marched from the battle-field to the prison pen at Tyler. Texas, marching 52 miles in 24 hours. The negro servants of the officers were shot at once after the surrender. This was the second term in Rebel prisons for Captain McCormick, he ha\ing been ro:Ie down, shot and captured at Sbiloh, by the- Texan cavalry. One of the men of Company C, Seventy- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 007 seventh, tore the colors from the staff and wrapped it around him. when the Rebels were within 20 yards of it, cut his way through the Rebel lines and brought the colors into the •camp, in triumph. The llag has nineteen holes in it. The Union loss in killed and wounded was abut 250, the Rebel loss was much larger, esti- mated at the time by Union officers at 1,000. The Seventy-seventh lost as follows : Killed, seven ; mortally wounded, one ; severel}- wounded, 14; slightly wounded, 17: wounded prisoners, six; prisoners, 300; paroled, seven; missing, 18; total, 370. In June the great raid of Generals Hunter. Crook, and Averill, took place. They de- stroyed the military institute at Lexington. Virginia, and did great damage to the enemy. The Second Virginia Cavalry and Thirty-sixth Regiment took a gallant part in this expedi- tion. July 24th the Thirty-sixth Regiment was in the battle of Winchester, and lost heavily, and all along the line the soldiers from Wash- ington County were getting in their work. .\TLAXTA CAMPAIGN. The war had now resolved itself into two great movements — Grant on Riclimond and Sherman on Atlanta. Sherman had gathered within his grasp the armies of the departments of the Ohio, the Cumberland, the Tennessee, and the Arkansas, and after a thorough under- standing with Grant, he began his famous campaign against Atlanta. Washington County had companies in five regiments which took part in this campaign, the First and Ninth Cavalry, the Thirty-ninth, Sixty-third and Ninety-second regiments, besides men in the Seventy-third, Tliirty-third, and other regi- ments. Sherman, by a series of brilliant flank move- ments to the right, compelled the enemy to abandon every position from Dalton to .Atlan- ta, and fought the battles of Rocky Face Ridge. Resaca. Pumpkin Vine Creek. Kenesaw Mountain, Nicojack Creek. Peachtree Creek. the battles around Atlanta and Jonesborough. In all these battles, making about 120 days of nearly constant fighting, he lost but one — that of Kenesaw Mountain, which was immediately retrieved by another movement on the right tlank, compelling the enemy to evacuate Kene- saw. The Rebel authorities being dissatisfied with the Fabian policy of Johnston, ren.O'ved him and placed Hood in command at Atlanta, where by July 22, 1864, Sherman had e.xtended his lines in the form of a semi-circle, partially enclosing the city and the enemy's wcjrks. Hood, on the day named, wishing tO' begin a strong and aggressive policy, quietly stole out and got on the flank and rear of the gallant McPherson, before the movement was fully known to the Union generals. Here occurred one of the most desperate and hard fought battles of the war, the Rebels hoping to sur- prise and beat McPherson, and then each of the other divisions in turn made charge after charge on our lines. Tfie Thirty-ninth Reg- iment was in the thickest of this engagement, and suffered severely, losing one-third of the entire number in killed and wounded. Our line was beaten back and several batteries cap- tured, but more than all, McPherson killed. Sherman hurried Schofield up to the scene and after a hard struggle, lasting until night, drove the enemy back with a loss of 8.000, the Un- ion loss being 3.722. Sherman finally, by another movement to the right and rear of Atlanta, cut the enemy's communications, destroyed all railroads lead- ing into the city when it was abandoned, and on Septemljer ist Sherman's triumphant le- gions marched in and took possession. Reor- ganizing his army and sending part of it with Thomas to Nashville, Sherman retained and consolidated the remaining forces into four Corps, the Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sexenteenth, and Twentieth, which, together with Kilpat- rick's cavalry, numbered about 65,000 men. MARCH TO THE SEA. After perfecting his arrangements, Sher- 6o8 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, man by November nth was ready to begin his famous "March to the Sea."" The army marched in two cokimns, the right with the Fifteenth and Seventeenth corps, commanded by Gen. O. O. Howard, and the left, with the Fourteenth and Twentieth corps, led by Gen. H. W. Slocum. Each wing had a pontoon train, and kept their line of march about 20 miles apart. Kilpatrick, with the cavalry, hovered around the front demonstrating first on one flank and then on the other to deceive the enemy as to the real intentions of Sher- man. By thus widening his lines he enabled the foraging parties to cover 40 miles of ter- rit(jry from which to obtain subsistence for the troops, and they lived well. On December joth, after marching 255 miles, being six weeks on the way, they arrived at Savannah. Soon Fort AIcAllister fell, and the grand march was successfully ended. It is an extra honor to have been with Sherman on this "March to the Sea"" for history presents few parallels to it, and though little fighting was done it was a grand achievement, and far- reaching in its results. After resting and refitting his army, Sher- man, on February i, 1865, started northward through the Carolinas, devastating the country and teaching the South Carolinians a few les- sons in the hardships of war as he went. Gen- eral Johnston having been restored to the command of the decimated divisions of his old army, hurried up from the Southwest on the trail of Sher- man, to intercept him, 1nit by skillful handling of the cavalry. General Sherman de- ceived Johnston into believing that he was go- ing to Charlotte, North Carolina, and as soon as the Rebel force had concentrated there turned to the eastward and started direct to Goidsborough, where he expected to be joined by the divisions of General Schofield, John- ston, however, by rapid marches intercepted four divisions of the left wing on March 15th, at A\-erysborough, on a narrow, swampy neck of land, between Cape Fear and South rivers. North Carolina. The Rebels under General Hardee, estimated at 20,000, attacked the Union lines with great spirit, hoping to beat them before re-enforcements could be brought up. By a rapid movement to the left the enemy"s flank was turned, and being pressed in front by other divisions, they were repulsed. A gallant ofiicer from Washington County, Gen. B. D. Fearing, commanding the old "Mc- Cook brigade," was on the left line, and Gen- eral Davis ordered him "to check the enemy and hold them if it cost his whole brigade." The charg-e of General Fearing- was made with spirit and accompanied with hard fighting. At Bentonville, on March i8th, the enemy made their last attack, Johnston hop- ing by a swift and heavy assault to lireak the left wing before the other could be brought to reinforce it. Johnston accordingly made several desperate charges on our left wing. In the first, two brigades of Carlin's division were driven back, losing three guns. Slocum thereupon stood on the defensive, placing four divisions in line to the front and making such slight defensive works as they could, while Kilpatrick attacked the enemy on the left. The left received six fierce assaults from Johnston's army. They came on after the old style, line upon line, clos- ing up the gaps made by our fire but were met by equal discipline and coolness, and by super- ior numbers. Our artillery did terrible execution on the foe, inflicting heavy loss on his devoted ranks. The Rebels had hoped to crush Slo- cum, but they were disappointed. Night came and nothing had been gained; and during the night Slocum brought up and disposed three more divisions, rendering his position safe, and Johnston fortified, but made no more at- tacks. Sherman and his entire army came up next day, and movements were immediately begun to cut off the wily Johnston, but he decamped that night, and Sherman, with his entire army, moved on to Goidsborough. After paying- a hasty visit to Grant at City Point. Sherman again began operations against the enemy, which speedilv ended in the surrender of Johnston and the collapse f a gleeful noise was resolved to do it. The tinners did a good business in tin horns that day. Platoons of the best citizens went arm in arm down the street like drunken men, and the whole community was given up to rejoic- ing. The program for the 14th was as follows: National salute and ringing of bells at sun- rise ; 10 A. M., grand procession — Capt. A. W. McCormick and Maj. Jewett Palmer, Jr., just returned from the war. and Capt. Levi Barber, commanding; 2 P. AL, assembly of the people to listen to speeches, songs, etc., at corner of Greene and Front streets, Marietta ; in the evening, general illumination, proces- sion, fireworkrs, music, etc. Hon. W. E. Stevenson, of Wood County, West Virginia; President I. W. Andrews, of Marietta College, and Hon. George M. Wood- bridge, of Marietta, were the orators of the day. Just as the procession was forming, a steamer landed, with the left wing of the Eighth United States Colored Infantry on board, 600 men, under command of ]Major Long. Tliey marched up to the common in front of the Congregational Church for dress parade, in the presence of the assembled mul- titude. This occurrence, just at this time, was an eloquent commentary on the results of the great contest for human rights, now so suc- cessfully ended. While these glad citizens were rejoicing and the illumination and fireworks were progress- ing so happily, there was being enacted in the far off capital of the nation a tragedy that on the morrow would send a thrill of horror throughout the country. Abraham Lincoln, that evening, was assassinated. Alas ! that so sad a morn should succeed so joyful a day. The flags, that were displayed so proudly and exultantly Friday, on Saturday were draped in mourning for the great and good man, the martyred President. In compliance with the request of the Secretary of War, the day of the funeral, Wednesday, April 19th, was ap- propriately observed. The mayor of Marietta issued a proclamation asking all citizens of the city to desist from their ordinary occupations on that day, and attend religious services at the Centennary Methodist, and Congregational churches. This request was duly complied with, and the day was very generally obser\'ed. The speakers at the churches were Revs. W. M. ^Mullenix and C. D. Battelle, at the Cen- tennary, and President I. W. Andrews and Rev. Thomas Wicks, at the Congregational. After the services an imirense throng was formed in procession at the foot of Putnam street, under Col. William R. Putnam as chief marshal, assisted by Maj. Jewett Palmer, Jr., and Capt. Levi Barber. Tliey marched in the following order : Music, pall-bearers, colors, pall-bearers, clergy, mayor and Council of Marietta, mayor and Coupcil of Harmar, citi- zens. The procession moved up Putnam to Second, up Second to Scammel, and down Scammel to Front, where a hollow square was formed, and the benediction pronftunced by Rev. C. D. Battelle. Thus ended the great Reliellion. \\"ash- ington County had done her part fully, and with distinguished honor, and it was the de- light of her citizens during the next few months to welcome back to their homes and to the ranks of peace, the veterans, the citizen soldierv, where they took their places, started again the wheels of industry ai^d resumed the occupations they had left, and in a few months the blue-coats were lost to sight, but the wear- ers were destined never to be forgotten. CHAPTER XXVII. THE CIVIL WAR Contmucd. Women's Work in the War — Union Soldiers' Relief Association — Soldiers' Aid Society of Harmar — The Marietta Military Hospital — Short Sketches of the Military Organizations From the County — Battery C, First West Virginia Light Artillery — Battery H, First Ohio Volunteer Light Artillery — Bat- tery K, First Ohio Vounteer Light Artillery — Battery K, Second Ohio Heavy Artillery — Company L, First Ohio Volunteer Cavalry — Company H, Seventh Ohio Volunteer Cavalry — Company B, Ninth Ohio Volunteer Cav- alry — Company F, Second Virginia Volunteer Cavalry — Company F, Eigh- teenth Ohio V'olunteer Infantry — Companies A, F and G, Thirty-sixth Ohio Volunteers — Companies B and F, Thirty-ninth Ohio Volunteers — Sixty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry — Company F, Seventy-third Ohio Volunteers — Sev- enty-seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry — Ninety-second Ohio Volunteer Infantry — The Silver Grays — The "Pony Section" — One Hundred and Forty- eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry — Biographies of Officers of the War of the Rebellion. women s work IX the war. While recounting the deeds of Wasliing- ton County soldiers, let us not forget the noble part taken by the women of the county during that struggle, in ministering to the wants of the L^nion soldiers and in alleviating that world of suffering in the hospital and camp, and on the field of battle. Their work was done quietlv and without ostentation, and they modestly ho[)ed that by helping the sick and wounded of the grand ar- mies, to bear their burdens of pain and dis- ease, they should be counted as having done something for the Union. They had husbands, sons, brothers, fathers and other very dear friends with Grant, Sher- man or Sheridan, at the front. Not a day passed but their hearts were troubled for the welfare of the lo\-ed ones. How anxiously did they Icok for the letters! If only a few lines were received, those few lines told the story that he was still among the living and battling for his country. How they tried the patience of the postmasters, especially after a great bat- tle. "Are you sure there is no letter? Please look again," and then, jjcrhaps, the mother, in her anxiety, before another mail, would send around the little boy to ask still again. Then there came too often, not th^ long-looked-for missive, but the telegram or hurried line from a comrade, stating that he was dead. Dead for his country, for liberty and union, in so much a great consolation, but how could even that -6i4 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, console her who lient under tlie stroke? All the courage and fortitude was not displayed on the battle line. B_\- thousands of hearth- stones, here and there through the land, came occasions for great courage and great forti- tude, especially when it was the bread-winner stricken down in his prime, leaving a young family, with none to provide. Who can tell to what extent the loyal homes at the North inflluenced men in the field. The brave words sent, the noble sentiments penned by fair hands, all glowing with patri- otism and love of country. All h(ini>r to the noble women of the great North. UNION soldiers' RELIEF .\SSOCIATION. On Monday, October 28, 1861, 75 ladies •of Marietta and Harmar met at the vestry of the Episcopal Church, pursuant to a call of the United States Sanitary Commission, and organized by electing Mrs. Mumford. presi- dent : Mrs. Stephen Newton, vice-president ; and Mrs. W. L. Rolston, secretary ; Mrs. James Dunn, Mrs. Pardon Cooke, Mrs. T. P. Harshberger, Miss M. Woodbridge, Mrs. William S. Ward. Mrs. M. P. Wells, Mrs. C. B. Hall, Miss Phebe Fuller, Mrs. C. Reg- nier, Mrs. O'Leary, Mrs. Paul Bradbeck, Mrs. McLeod and Mrs. S. R. Turner, receiving committee: Mrs. James Ball, Mrs. Judge Green, Mrs. William Pearce, Mrs. L. Hath- awav, Mrs. Bonner, Mrs. Beman Gates, Mrs. I. W. Andrews, Mrs. D. R. Sniffen, Mrs. H. Hill, Mrs. Levi Barber, Mrs. Oscar Chapin. Mrs. E. R. Cadwallader, committee for pre- paratory work. The society was called the Union Soldiers' Relief Association. Each member paid a small initiation fee with liberty to contribute as much more as possible. Application was made at once for material to make up into quilts, socks, slippers, comforts, etc. Dona- tions of canton-flannel, fruits, half-worn cali- co, etc., were also received, which were speed- ily made up, boxed and ready to ship. Galli- polis Hospital was the first place supplied, there being many men from Washington County lying there sick and destitute. Two boxes were sent within a few days, one filled with bedding and clothing from Marietta ; the other with wine, jellies and fruit from Harmar. The society met at the lecture room of the Episcopal Church during all the war, varying the frequency of its meetings with the demand made upon them — usually meeting once a week. ■ Mrs. Rolston, in the first feport, dated April 28, 1862, a semi-aimual one, says: We have ind 31 regular meetings, and tliree extra ones. The attendance has ranged from 70 to 80, and tlic average about 25, and at no time has the interest flagged, for when few were here they worked the faster. Y * * \Yg have met from week to week, and this gathering has been a source of pleasure as well as profit, and will long be remembered a bright day amid the dark horrors of this war. The merry peals of laughter have lightened many a heart that came here sad. * * * When we learn through reports from the di liferent hospitals of the West, how much the suffer- ings of our wounded soldiers have been alleviated by the Sanitary Commission, we are amply repaid, and must feel like continuing our labors unwearied. The German ladies of Marietta also formed a society, as did the ladies of Water- ford, Barlow and Saletn townships, and oth- ers of which we have no record. In April, 1863, the Bcz'crly Advcrtizer contained the following: "No accurate rec- ord of the contributions of the Waterford Township Soldiers' Aid Society for three- fourths of its existence can be procured, but recently its records show items, viz: $175 cash, 143 shirts, 174 pairs socks, 68 blankets, 53 handkerchiefs, with canned fruits, lint, bandages, etc.. in abundance." In this connection it should be said that the first woman to subscribe to the Soldiers' Relief Fund in the county was Mrs. William R. Putnam. On December 15 and 16, 1863. a special effort was made by the society at Marietta to raise funds by a sanitary fair. Contributions were sent in from all the town- ships in the vicinity, in money, apples, quinces, potatoes, turnips, onions, cabbages, puinpkins, butter, cheese, eggs, chickens, honey, dried and canned fruits, flour, buckets, ornamental AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 615, and fruit trees, blankets, socks, fin-niture. and many otlier things — "■almost everything that could be turned into money, or sent to the sol- diers." From Union and Muskingum town- ships, large lots of fruits, vegetables and trees were received. From Rainbow, $50 in cash — Lowell, $86 in cash and a large contribu- tion in socks and canned fruits. Bel[)re, War- ren, Barlow, Fearing, Salem, and Xewpcjrt, all gave large contributions. A dinner was donated by the citizens of ^larietta. which added largely to the receipts, the net amount cleared being $1,991.75. The following are the items : Cash Contributions $ 427 00 Receipts from door 2^,4 70 from dinner loS 00 " from supper 245 25 from fancy tables 243 10 " from cake table 163 36 " from grab box 39 30 ■' from toys and confectionery 49 57 " from pictures 43-00 ■' from pipe of peace 33 50 " from ring cakes 30 00 from guess cake 32 45 ■' from auction 82 00 Sums from various sources ' 73 49 Receipts from Harmar table 339 30 Total 2166 52 Expenses 174 77 Net $1991 75 Part of the above amount was paul over to the Harmar association — liow muci; we can- not ascertain. In Beljjre the Ladies L'nion Circle on Feb- ruary 22, 1864. held a festival "for the aid of .soldiers in the field." and cleared $370, and so in all parts of the county the generous-hearted women devoted themselves to the work. At Bonn, in Salem township, they fc^rmed a branch — No. 420 — of what was called the "Union League of Loyal A\'omen of Ameri- ca," an organization which originated in Illi- nois, having the same purpose as siniilar so- cities. This was begun in the fall of 1864 and continued during the balance of the war. It had between sixty and seventy members, and notwithstanding the lateness of the start they forwarded a number of invoices of sani- tary supplies to the Cincinnati branch of the United States Sanitary Commission, amount- ing in all to about $100. The fund remain- ing at the close of the war, amounted, August 2, 1865, to $17.20, which was donated to the Washington County Scjldicrs' ^Monument As- sociation. Among the many women of Washington County deserving ot special mention, we can only notice one whose talents and industry gavd her special prominence — Mrs. Francis Dana Gage, "Aunt Fanny Gage." She ac- Ciuired a national reputation by her devotion to the cause of the freedmen and her untiring energy in working for the Sanitary Commis- sion : "Through all the inclement winter weather (1863-64), through Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri, she- pursued her labors of love, never omitting an evening, when she could get an audience to address, speaking for soldiers' aid societies, and giving proceeds to those who worked only for the soldiers, — then for freedmen's associ- ations. She worked without fee or reward, asking only of those who were willing, to give enough to defray her e.xpenses — for herself — thankful if she received, cheerful if she difl not." Mrs. Gage was the daughter of Joseph Barker, late of this county, and Elizabeth Dana, a descendant of ]\Iary Bancroft, thus being allied on the maternal side to the well- known Massachusetts families of Dana and Bancroft. She has also acquired a reputation in literature from the beauty and pathos of her numerous poems. On December 2, 1865, Mrs. Rolston made- her final report, showing the work of the Mari- etta Soldiers' Relief Association from October, 1861, to June, 1865, when the meetings ceased, as follows : During the three and a half years over two thou- sand garments were made, .'\rti.cles made : One thou- sand forty shirts, three hundred and seventy-five pairs of drawers, sixty comforters, one hundred and sixteen slieets. two hundred and sixteen pillow-cases. fVfty- nine pillows, two hundred and three towels, thirty- one pairs of slippers, two hundred and seventy-one- pairs of socks, thirty-four pairs of mittens, twelve pairs. 6i6 HISTORY OF AI ARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, suspenders, three hundred and thirty-four pocket-hand- kerchiefs, twenty-one dressing-gowns ; in ail. two thou- sand eight hundred and thirty, besides many other articles for hospital use. The association has been well supplied with ma- terial, which was made into bandages, compresses, towels, pocket-handkerchiefs, lint, etc. There have been bought four thousand three hun- dred and thiry yards of cotton and flannel, besides much donated. Goods were sent once a month, or oftener. where most needed, generally to the Cincinnati branch of the United States Sanitary Commission : but the hospitals here (at Marietta), and those at Parkers- burg, Charleston and Cairo, and sometimes regiments in the field have been supplied. Boxes sent : Sixty-five — containing shirts, sheets, drawers, socks, mittens, blankets, towels, Etc.. to the number of three thousand five hundred and forty-three, besides slings, wound-supporters, eye-shades, pin-cush- ions, compresses, bandages, lint, etc., too numerous to mention. In February. 1863, the hospital at Marietta hav- ing been abandoned, the military committee gave the goods remaining there to the association. More than six hundred cans and jars of fruit, at least forty gallons of pick'es. several barr- 1- sauerkraut. more than twenty bushels of dried fruit, with various articles of hospital aid have been sent. The association has never asked in vain for any- thing that could be of service to the soldier, nor have the citizens ever failed to respond to the call for money. The association has not been for one day out of funds. Voluntary contributions of ninety-tthree dollars and fifty cents have been received from different sources. The military cominittee gave, at different times, forty- five dollars; four public entertainments realized one thousand six hundred and seventy-six dollars and sixty- seven cents ; a fee of five cents per month from mem- bers raised fifty-two dollars and ninety cents: with one hundred and fifteen dollars and fifty-eight cents interest on the money deposited, gives the total re- ceipts one thousand nine hundred and eighty-three dol- lars and sixty-five cents. The expenditures have been chiefly for materials for work, with incidentals, such as fuel, boxes, although most of these have been donated. About fifty dollars have been given in stiiall sums to soldiers and their families. Receipts $1,983 (>> Expenditures 1,274 15 Balance in treasury 709 50 This balance, by vote of. the association, was given as follows: Two hundred dollars to the Washington County Soldiers" Monument Association : and five hun- dred and nine dollars and fifty cents to the Mariett; Charitable Association. After a vote of thanks to the vestry of St. L'-'- church for the use of the lecture room for ipver thrc years, the association dissolved. S. C. ROLSTON, Secretary and Treasurer. The officers of the Marietta and Harmar society were as follows: 1861 — Mrs. T. F. Mumford, president; Mrs. Stephen Newton, vice-president; Mrs. W. L. Rolston, secretary and treasnrer. Work committee : Mrs. James Booth, Mrs. Beman Gates, Mrs. Davis Green, Mrs. Luther Hathawav, Mr. I. W. Andrews. Mrs. Bonner, Mrs. D. R. Sniffen, Mrs. Levi Barber, Mrs. Oscar Chapin, Mrs. E. R. Cadwallader. 1862 — Mrs. Nahuni Ward, president; Mrs. Melvin Clarke, vice-president; Mrs. W. L. Rolston, secretary and treasurer. 1863 — Mrs. Nahum Ward, president; Mrs. William A. Whittlesey, vice-president; Mrs. R. P. James, second vice-president ; Mrs. \V. L. Rolston, secretary and treasurer. Work committee : Miss McFarland, Miss Hobby, Mrs. R. E. Harte, Mrs. Joseph Lovell. 1864 and 1865 — Mra. William A. Whit- tlesey, president ; Mrs. B. W. Lcvvell. vice- president ; Mrs. W. L. Rolston. secretary and treasurer. Work committee: Miss McFar- land, Miss Hobby and Mrs. R. E. Harte. The Harmar ladies formed a separate as- sociation in 1862. After the first year the Harmar ladies had their own association, an account of whicli, by Mrs. John Pool, is given herewith. soldiers' aid society of h.\rm.\r. Immediately following the departure of our volunteers from Marietta, Harmar and the adjoining towns, in response to President Lincoln's call for troops in 1861, to suppress the great Rebellion, — the loyal women, all aglow with the patriotism which had inspired the hearts of those who had so recently left — ■ anxiously inquired in what way they. too. could serve their country. The weeks preceding had been eventful and stirring times in the history of our quiet town, for the call for troops had met with a hearty and ready response. ■ Students from the college, mechanics from factories and workshops, clerks from ofifices and stores, and young men from country homes had volun- Al^D REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 617 teered their ser\ices — companies liad heen formed and drilled in military tactics, — while over dwellings and stores the stars and stripes wax'ed, and the streets resounded with the notes of warlike preparation. At length marching orders were received, and the volunteers had left, and then to the mothers, wives and children of these — scjme of whom were sick and destitute, the atten- tion and sympathy of the patriotic women was directed. Suhscriptions had already been re- ceiveil from many of the citizens, to meet the present necessities of such as needed help, and as far as possible, generous assistance had been proffered. Then, followed letters from our volunteers in camp, or on the march, some of whom, un- accustomed to exposure, were sick, and re- quiring home comforts or articles of cloth- ing. These supplies were immediately sent from private sources until, as the wants be- came greater, committees were appoiiited, who went from house to hcjuse soliciti'.ig donations. .Meanwhile, our troops had moved south- \\ard, rumors of anticipated battles were re- ported, and as the necessity of hospital sup- plies became apparent, meetings were lield for consultation t(j meet the approaching eirer- gency. The various benevolent and church organ- izations were merged into soldiers" aid soci- eties, and articles for the comfort of the sick and wounded were in constant ])reparation. The following ladies were prominently con- nected with the Harmar Aid Society, and until the close of the war closely identified with its interests: Mrs. Levi Barber, president: Mr?'. Harlow Chapin, Mrs. Douglas Putnam, Mrs. David Putnam. Mrs. Henry Fearing. Mrs. Oscar Chapin, Mrs. Dr. Frank Hart. Mrs. L. Wheeler. Mrs. Dr. L. Hart. Mrs. S. Stratton. Mrs. W. Crawford. Mrs. Barber. Mrs. Rev. Wakefield. Mrs. Xewton. Mrs. Fuller, and Mrs. L. Reppert. To this committee a corps of young ladies was added, as follows: Miss Julia Barber. Miss V. Reppert, Miss Martha Putnam. Miss J. Wheeler, Miss E. Stratton, Miss E. Barber. Miss Al. F. Xewton, .Miss Mary Hart. Miss A. Kepi)ert. Through the newspapers, from the puli)it, and in every available way, urgent a])i)eals were made for assistance, and from indiviiluals and churches liberal donations were sent. From country societies and from sources unknown to us. supplies of delicacies, jellies, canned and dried fruits were added, which to the stores of clothing in readiness were carefully packed and consigned to sur- geons in various regimental hospitals, who by letter had specified previously the articles most needed. From month to month this work went on. varied only Ijy sad tidings of battles fought and the intelligence of many of our brave soldiers wounded or sick in hospitals, requiring special supplies, when bo.xes of bandages, lint, and the various appliances for hospital use were hastily prepared and dis- patched. Xo official record has been pre- ser\-ed of shipments made to Western Vir- ginia. Louisville. Pittsburg Landing, Mur- freesborough and other points, which were for- warded in request of surgeons and officers in Ohio regiments, with whom our Society was in direct communication. While sending supplies to distant hospitals, the ladies of the Aid Society and others were not unmindful of the present wants and needs of the Union soldiers at our doors, to whom a helping hand could be extended. There were regiments encamped temporarily within the precincts of our own town — some await- ing transportatii.m to the front or for regi- mental su])plies, which had been detained or interrupted on the route thither, in consequence of W'hich the soldiers were exhausted from want of proper fcxxl. Tlie presence of these troojis would stimulate anew the patriotism of the citizens, whose generosity was unbounded ; and everything which could be provided for their comfort was most freely bestowed. In these kindly offices of hospitality, of which also no record has been preservetl. the capacity of the dwellings and the resources of the larder were often tested to their utmost limit: our doors were thrown wide open, and all who could be accommodated were most 6i8 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, cordially invited to enter and served with impromptu meals, calling forth, as our guests departed, their warmest thanks, and leaving us with the cheering thought that we had "done what we could." Tlliere were also unwritten kindnesses which could be rendered our Union soldiers on these occasions — sometimes in writing let- ters at their dictation, to wives, mothers, and sisters, far distant, bearing messages of com- fort and cheer ; tO' others some forgotten or lost article could be supplied, or some needed repair of clothing made, while tO' all words of encouragement and kindness could be spoken, which were always gratefully appreciated. To those regiments, also, who were in transit to distant points, and who for long, weary hours w-ere detained in railroad cars near the town, awaiting orders to move on — to these we could render service. On many a cold and chilly morning the intelligence would come that these soldiers, too, were within reach of sympathy and help ; and as speedily as possible messen- gers would be dispatched with plentiful sup- plies of hot cofifee and sandwiches, distributed amid the cheers of the soldiers, to whom this unexpected repast was a welcome surprise. Each day brought special demands upon the time and attention of our Aid Society, either in supplying the wants of our troops passing through the town, or in preparing boxes of sanitary stores for points already designated. There were also the families of our volun- teers who' needed assistance. Liberal sub- scriptions had been repeatedly made for this purpose, by the citizens, and also for the pur- chase of hospital supplies. Numerous collec- tions had been taken in the churches for the same object; and as the larger citieis and towns had raised sums of money by means of sanitary fairs and entertainments, it was pro- posed that a fair he held in Marietta, in which the ladies of Harmar lie invited to unite. This plan met with hearty approval, and a commit- tee was appointed, consisting of Mrs. Levi Barber and Mrs. John Poole, to make neces- sary arrangements. Subsequently other com- mittees were added, to obtain articles of beauty and utility to be placed on sale, and for re- freshments, etc., who canvassed the town thor- oughly. After weeks of preparation the fair was opened, with an admiring throng of visi- tors in attendance, and its sucess was assured. The receipts were unexpectedly large, many pleasant acc^uaintances formed, harmonious feelings prevailed, and results were in every respect satisfactory. The receipts, of which the ladies of Harmar received a fair propor- tion, were expended for the relief of soldiers' families, and paid in weekly installments, after a careful investigation of the circumstances of each family had been made. The fund, amounting to several hundred dollars, was ju- diciously and systematically disbursed, bring- ing much comfort to the recipients and grati- fication to all those who by personal effort or influence had secured these results. Li all these beneficent efforts, extending through the war, and never ceasing until the conflict was over, the Aid Society was indebted to many of the citizens of Harmar for invalu- able assistance, rendered in the prosecution of their work, at home and abroad, for which services, we record in- behalf of the society, our appreciation and thanks. The foregoing pages comprise but a frag- mentary and imperfect report of the work ac- complished by the Soldiers' Aid Society of Harmar; but are submitted in the hope that they may be of some interest to- . the home workers, w'ho were thus privileged to minister to some of the Union soldiers, without expecta- tion of either mention or reward but grateful then and now^ for the opportunity of exjiress- ing, in the slightest degree, their gratitude to those brave men who were willing to sacrifice their lives in the service of our country. The foreg-oing is a brief record of the part taken il>v the workmen of W'ashington Ooiinty during the great war for the preservation of the Lhiion. It does not fully record their work. Xo- historian will attempt to do it; for \\ilio cciuld ever hope to adequately describe the burden of heart, the burden of work, and the burden of patriotism borne by the devoted AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 619 WKinen of the north during that eventful .strug- gle. Let us honor theni. and let posterity hold them in grateful remen liranee. THK MARIETTA .Mll.lT.VKY HOSPITAL. About May 26, 1861, a hospital was openeil for the soldiers then in Camp Putnam. ' It was located on the upper or eastern side of Second street, a short distance from the camp, and was conducted and supported by the ladies of Marietta and Washington County, assisted Ijy the officers in command at the camp. Drs. Piank Hart, Samuel Hart and George O. Hil- dreth were in attendance when their services weie needed, and alwaxs without pay. No records of this hospital have been preserved. but it was used more or less all through the war. SHORT SKETCHES OF THE MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS FROM THE COUNTY. Battery C, First Jl'cst J'irgiiiia Light Artillery. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Frank Buell, mustered March ,-50, 1862, died from the effects of woimds at battle of Freeman's Ford, August 23. 1862; Captain Wallace Hill, mustered August I. 1862. promoted to captain .-Xugust i, 1862; First Lieutenant Dennis O'Learv. mustered March 30, 1862 : First Lieutenant John G. Theis. mustered August I. 1862. promoted to junior first lieutenant; Second Lieutenant Theodore G. Field, mustered December 23, 1863. promoted to first sergeant .August i. 1862. to sec- ond lieutenant December 23. 1863. vice Langley. re- signed : Second Lieutenant Johli W. Jacobs, mustered December 29, 1863. promoted from corporal, vice Miner, resigned, December 2Q. 1863. NO.V-COM MISSIONED OFFICERS. First Sergeant William H. Goldsmith, mustered ^^arch 31, 1864. veteran; Quartermaster Sergeant Thomas Phelps, mustered March 31. 1864. veteran: Ser- geant Owen O'N'eil. mustered March 31 tSfii. veternn ; Sergeant .\le.\ander H. Bukey, mustered March 31, 1864, veteran; Sergeant L. R. Mirabcn. mustered March 31. 1864, veteran : Sergeant David Dow. mustered March 31, 1864, veteran; Sergeant .Adam B. Rook, mustered Feb- fuary 24. 1864. veteran ; Corporal Turrell Cusack. mus- tered March 31. 1864, veteran; Corporal John Meighan, mustered March 31, 1864, veteran; Corporal William F. Minster, mustered March 31, 1864, veteran; Cor- 36 poral Charles Clogson. mustered March 31, 1864. vet- eran, promoted January i, 18O4; Corporal William H. Ranger, mustered March 31, 1864, veteran; Corporal .Milton U. Laughlin, mustered March 31, 1864, veteran; Corporal John Lehnhard, mustered September 2. 1862, promoted to corporal September i. 1862; Corporal George W. Stanley, mustered March 31, 1864, veteran; Corporal Jeremiah H. Dooley, mustered March 31, 1864, veteran; Corporal Jolin H. Miner, mustered March 31, 1864, veteran; Corporal James Wright, mus- tered March 31, 1864, veteran, wounded at Bull Run, .August 30, 1862 ; Corporal Frank R. Benan, mustered March 31, 1864, veteran; Corporal William Jenvey, muslered March 30, lSb2. When Presiilent Lincoln maile his tirst call for troops to serve three months, a company of infantry, under command of Capt. Frank Buell, left Marietta in .\pril, iSOi. ami as heretofore noticed, became Company B, Eight- eenth Ohio volunteer militia. The other of- ficers were Dennis O'Leary. first lieutenant ;. William Bisbee, second lieutenant, who was afterward elected major of the regiment, and W'allace Hill elected to fill the vacancy. The company served in West Virginia un- der General Hill, and was most of tlie time guarding railroads. There was n(j engage- ment with the enemy and it \\as mustered our in August, 1861. This company re-enlisted almost entire, as a battery of light artillery,, the re-enlistment dating from September i,. 1861. Owing to a misunderstan.ding among those in authority in Ohio, the service of the battery was offered to (io\'ernor Pierpont, of West V'irginia, and ;icctpted, and was nair.ed by the captain in the ( io\ erni,|-'s honor. The battery left Marietta for \\'heeling,. West Virginia, in October. iSfn. The of- ficers: Frank Buell. captain: Uennis O'Leary. junior first lieutenant: Wallace llill, senior first lieutenant: John P. Thcis. junior second lieutenant: Wilham W. Witherow. second lieutenant. The battery remained in Wheeling until ordered to Point Pleasant. West Virginia, for reciuiting ])urposes. anil fron- there to Charles- ton. West Virginia, where it remained until early in the spring of 1862, when it was or- dered back to \\'heeling and was mustered into the service of the United States, March 30, 1862. Here the injustice was done the 620 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, battery of not dating the muster Ijack to the date of enlistment, it liaving- been in the ser- vice seven months. These seven months had not been idly spent. Although not fully mounted, the bat- tery had thorough and continued drill and practice in firing, with study of the tactics, so that when at this time they were fully equipped they were by nO' means raw recruits. The battery was supplied with six lo- 2iounder Parrott guns. After the effective work ■done with these guns at Cross Keys, Bull Run, ■Gettysburg, and elsewhere, it would be hard to convince any member (if this battery that it was not the most accurate shooting gun in the service. General Fremont having taken command of the mountain department, the battery served under him during his campaign in West Vir- ginia in the summer of 1862. Leaving Wheeling in May for New Creek, West Virginia, they immediately proceeded to reinforce Milroy and Schenck, who were hard pressed by "Stonewall" Jackson on the upper south branch of the 'Potomac. Here they were assigned to Stahl's brigade, of Blenck- er's division. Arriving at Franklin, in Pen- dleton County, they found Generals Schenck and Milroy had fought Jackson at Bull Pasture Mountain, but had lieen compelled to fall back to Franklin. In the meantime Jackson, instead of re- maining in front, as it was supposed he would, had gone over the mountains into the Shenan- doah \'nl]ey, and had driven General Banks out. In order to intercept Jackson, Fremont fell hack from Franklin to Moorefield and crossed the mountains into the Shenandoah Valley and struck Jackson's army on his re- treat at Strasburg. Jackson sent out a force and held Fremont in check near Strasburg, where he had quite a skirmish, while his army passed u]) the \alle^'. The next dav Fremont started in pursuit, and the battery was as- signed to the cavalry advance, and the Eightli ^\'est Virginia Infantry and the Sixtieth Ohio Infantry under Colonel Cluseret — the infantry was called the Cluseret light brigade. 1liis colonel, afterward General Cluseret. was sub- sequently in the war of the French commune. TOM BROOK. At Tom Brook, some few miles above Strasburg, the battery came up with the ene- my's rear and forced him to give battle. Here, for the first time, the battery met the foe, June 2, 1862, Unfortunately two of the guns were temporarily disabled by losing the wheels while galloping into action, caused by the linch-pins bouncing out. This defect was afterward remedied throughout the army by using a pin with a clamp. The right and left secti<:)ns, however, went into position under fire, which proved to lie inaccurate, and when the center section came up the chief of artill- ery. Colonel Pilsen, moved it to a position to the right and front some 300 yards. The ground being very uneven, the progress was slow, which was trying to new troops going into their first engagement under fire, but every man stood to his post like a veteran, and all of them were complimented by the chief of artillerv tr>r coolness and accuracy of firing, which, all things considered, was admirable. The enemy was compelled to retreat. The next day, at W'oodstock, they met the enemy, anfl tJie next at Mount Jackson, wdiere "Stonewall" Jackson, to delay the Union pur- suit, burned tlie l)ridge over the Shenandoah. The river was very high and swift, which rendered fording impossible, and the current was too strong to admit of laying pontoons. Thev were compelled to wait till the water re- ceded. The next morning was rather hazy. They were aroused very early by the "long roll" and the cavalry and artillery buglers call- ing tO' "boots and staddles." Orders were given to hitch up as quickly as possible, as the eijemy had flanked us on the left. The river, some distance below the bridge, makes an abrupt turn, and the sentries had discovered, through the fog, as tliey thought, a six-gun battery, which would enfilade their position and would open on them as soon as the fog lifted. Dur- inp- the bustle and confusion of a chanee of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 621 front the fog cleared away and disclosed six beautiful piles of rails, at about the usual inter- val of a battery of field guns in jxisition. After great delay in laying the pontoon bridge, which was a clumsy affair, the battery again started in pursuit, this time bringing the ene- my to liay a short distance alcove Harrison- burg, where he had left the main turnpike and started on a cross-road to the left, where he was vigorously attacked by the light brigade and the Pennsylvania "Buck Tails." The deadly aim of the latter punished the Rebels severely. .Vmong their slain was the notori- ous General Ashby, Jackson's chief of cavalry. General Fremont, not wishing to bring on a general engagement, the enemy were not sited, but were allowed to retire unmolested. jni CROSS KEYS. The following morning the army of Gen- eral Fremont moved out and found the enemy in position at Cross Keys, eight miles from Harrisonluirg, and about nine from Port Re- pul)lic. Stahl's brigade, including the battery, held the left, Milroy the right, and Cluseret the center. The battle had continued about four hours when Jackson massed on the left and swept Stahl's infantry from tlie field, driv- ing all of the line to the left of the battery back to tiie rear, and leaving the l)attery in a very exposed position. Captain Buell hesi- tated to leave the field, and did not attempt to retire until the general in person ordered him to do so, as they were about to be sur- rounded and cut off. Finally the order was given to "limber to the rear." In doing so. they were compelled tO' pass to the left and rear tlirough a wood, 'on the other side of wliich were the victorious "Johnnies." com- ing up to capture a lone, unsupported battery, as they doubtless imagined, but they were badly mistaken, for there was the "Buck Tail" bat- talion, who deployed among the trees between the battery and the Rebels, who, as soon as they saw the deer tails on their caps, fell back nnci allowed the battery to retire unmolested. Captain Buell, not wishing to desert his friends who had so bravely defended him, un- limbered the left section in tlie woods, deter- mined to stand by the "Buck Tails." Al- though in a military sense this nio\ement would have been considered highly imprudent, yet it showed the indomitable courage of the man. On coming out of these woods the bal- ance of the brigade, mistaking our battery for the enemy, opened fire doing perhaps better firing than they ever did before, killing one of the battery horses. It was by force tliat a demoralized infantry color-bearer was induced to advance witli liis colors, when the firing was stopped. This ended the battle. Stahl's bri- gade lost al)out 500, while the troops to the right suffered but little loss and held their jio- sition. At the request of Jackson, an armistice was granted to bury the dead, and in the night he ' folded his tents, and, Arab-like, stole away. The next morning the army was to move to the attack at 5 A. M., the battery in col- umns of sections, the infantry in columns of divisions, with a strong skirmish line in front ready to deploy instantly into line of battle. The signal to move was to be two cannon shots in succession. For some reason this signal was not given until 9 A. M., or later, when we could distinctly hear fighting at Port Republic, where Carroll, with his brigade, was holding the bridge against Jackson's whole armv. They moved on to Port Republic, ar- riving in time to see the rear of the Rebel Army passing over the Blue Ridge Mountams miles away. The battery then fell liack to Harrison- luirg, thence to Moorefield, thence crossed over tlie Blue Ridge, at Thornton's Gap. and joined Po])e's army at Sperryville. The following is from an account by ^\'i^- iam Jcn\cy : HATTLE OF FREEM--\n's FOKl). One evening at dark an orderly dashed up with orders to fall back to Culpeper without delay: then canic one of the most trj'ing campaigns we ever ex- perienced. We marched eleven days and nights, and never took the harness off our backs, and the only time we cotild get to cook would be wlien our ad- vance would encounter the enemy, causing a check. 522 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, or when we were guarding some ford while the in- fantry were passing. It was a terrible experience. At length the enemy were discovered strongly posted at Freeman's Ford. Johnson's, De Beck's, Dickman's, and a portion of Weidrick's batteries had tried in vain to dislodge them, when we were ordered up with our long range Parrotts. This was August 22. 1866. I shall never forget the last order Captain Buell ever gave me. I was then his color-bearer. As soon as he received orders to go into position he turned with sparkling eye to me and exclaimed : "Show your colors. Will." I unfurled my colors and rode by his side up the hill. The Rebels having engaged so many of our batteries on that hill had the exact range, and every j-htll came thundering in our midst, cutting up the ground terribly. The Rebels picked out tv^ry con- spicuous mark; my brigade flag (a present foni the Marietta ladies) soon drew their fire, wh-n Lieutenant Hill ordered me to draw off to the left, as it formed loo good a target. Th'i battle waged warm:r and warmer: our boys hav-ng got the range w'ere soon enabled to send as good as we received ; this was per- ceived from the increasing wilcfiiess in the Rebel fire. Captain Buell. mounted on "Billy," a light dun horse, formed a fair and easy m.ark, passing contin- ually along the line, directing here, encouraging and applauding there; he appeared omnipresent. His dar- ing recklessness soon drew the attention of officers on him. General Milroy, renowned for gallantry, turn- ing to his staff, remarked: 'Gentlemen, if you desire to see a brave man, look there." But all anticipations of our gallant captain's future were soon to be cut off, A shell, as fatally aimed as the bullet which laid our martyred President 'on a bloody bier, and set a nation in mourning, struck his horse in the shoulder, and, passing through, broke his left leg. So suddenly did the horse fall that the captain, unable to extricate h'mself, was thrown violently forward as the horse fell backward, injuring the cap'ain internally. As he fell four boys sprang to his side and carried him from the field. I was watching him as he fell. It appeared as if the grave had suddenly yawned wide and taken father, mother, brothers, si'-ters, fr'ends. all, so blank did life appear to us, and I h;ive heard many of our bravest and truest say that they were not rshamed to confess that they cried like children. But our misfortune never for a moment interfered w'th the battle; if anything, all appeared to enter still more heartilly into it, influenced, as they were, by a desire for revenge. Gim after gun was di;charged wi'h fear- ful rapidity. The men worked with a will that prom- ised soon to turn vi)Clory's uncertain scale in our favor. Each and all appeared oblivious to all else than se'-kins( a terrible retribution. Nor were our endeavors futile. Soon we beheld a wavering and wildness in their fire: soon one by one their guns ceased, until all became silent, and we saw them drawing from the field. Cor- poral -A. H. Bukey, fortunately having his gun loaded, took deliberate aim as the last gun was leaving and fired. I saw horses rear, cannoneers scattered in a manner not laid' down in artillery tactics, so I should judge the piece was dismounted. The battle was over. Captain Buell died of his injuries, loved and lamented by his men, and respected and admired by all who knew him. Orders came August 23, 1862, for the bat- tery to leave its position at Freeman's Ford and take up the line of march with their corps. They had not gone far when they encountered tlie enemy at Sulphur Springs, wlijere they gained an easy victory, after an hour's vigor- ous shelling, driving them fri)m their position, and enabling the cnrps to resume its march in peace. The next day, the 24th. they met the enem_\- at Waterloo Ijridge, and held the bridge until the army had all passed, when they witnessed its destruction by the Union troops, and again sped on. The march now became a race be- tween the Union forces and the Rebels, on parallel lines, the objective point being Bull Run. During the still marches of midnight they could distinctlv hear the rimibling of Jackson's artillerw and liv dav thev would occasionally catch the gleam of lines of l)right muskets in the sunlight. SECOND BULL RUN. The following is from an account by Will- iam Jenvey : Bull Run was at length reached on the evening of the 28th of .•\ugu>t. 1862. Milroy's brigade deploy- ing, encountered their skirmishers, drove thf-m. and pushed back a portion of their lines, and enabled our while line to take position that night. All slept on their arms and tried to snatch a few moments' sleep to enable them to do well their parts on the coming morrow. The next day's s"n found us all bustle and activity. Aids-de-canip on jaded hnrses were dash ng and tear- ing here and there, receiving and delivering orders. Brigade commanders were busy arranging and dis- arranging their lines. Division commanders, older and wiser, were cooly witnessing the preparatory maneuvers, and concentrating all their energies for the desired time. Suddenly Milroy. advancing, sought the foe. and full soon did he find them, for with his characteristic reck- . lessness he advanced too far and encountered a fi;ll Rebel division. Not a whit intimidated, he deployed his lines and opened with a murderous fire, but num- bers soon told on him. Rapidly his lines thinned, and he stood in imminent danger of being cut off ; but, collecting all his energies, he charged, extricated him- self, and rejoined our line. By this time the battle had become general. Our AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 623 battery, being in position near the Washington pike, was keeping clear all before it. Maneuvers and coun- ter-maneuvers took place, yet neither side gained any advantage. After noon. Hooker and Kearney coming up and taking position with us. we gained visible suc- cesses; gradually we gained ground, though every step was hotly contested. Night closed on the combatants, leaving the Union forces in possession of fully a mile of conquered ground. The "sun of Austerlitz" scarcely dawned witli prospects of a more sanguinary conflict than did the sun of the 30th. McDowell had abandoned Thorough- fare Gap. Lee had largely reinforced Jackson, and we liad been reinforced by several divisions of IMcCIellan's Peninsular army. Our battery was scattered on three parts of the field. The right, under Lieutenant Witherow, was or- dered to report to General McLean, of Schenck's di- vision. The center section, disabled by the heavy and incessant firing of the previous day. was nevertheless Tcept close at hand ready for any emergency, while the left, under Lieutenant Hill, together with three orass guns, placed under his command, advanced up the Washington pike, and poking their noses fair in the midst of the Johnnies, soon created havoc and ■dismay in the Rebel ranks. The first day's fight taxed our energies greatly, but the exertions of the second were two-fold greater. The rebels .outnumbered us greatly and punished u.s terribly. The part of the field on which our right section was in position, was a scene of terrible carnage: the Rebels opening 'with artillery strove in vain to dislodge us. the infantry was then called into requisition. Advancing in perfect order they attempted to take the place by assault. a terrible discharge of cannister met them and forced them back. Several times d'd they rally and advance, ■but as often were they repulsed. At last, largely re- inforced, they took advantage of a piece of woods to our left and flanked us from that direction. Turning our guns on them we poured storms of cannis'er into their faces, cutting swaths through their massive ranks. Piercing their column appeared like piercmg a rubber ball, the hole was scarcely made before it closed. Not- withstanding the dreadful havoc, on they came, and still on until they nearly grasped our guns. Our can- nister had all been expended. Bukey. intent on fight- ing to the last, inserted a shell minus either fuse or cap in his gun and sent it as a solid shot right through their ranks. McLean's brigade, not unlike the British Home Guards at Waterloo, sprang from their cover, and as we limbered to the rear to fall back they closed in on our rear and opened such a storm of musketry that mortal men could not withstand it. Th" Rebel charge was thus checked, and we were allowed to draw off in peace. Lieutenant Witherow. on mounting his horse was badly wounded, eventuallv causing his dis- charge. Thomas Driscoll in the hurry forgot his sponge bucket, and on going back after it got' several holes through his blouse, but fortunately none hit the brave fellow. Several horses were shot. In the meantime Lieutenant Hill and the left sec- tion had been hard pressed. Being in position in the center of the pike, he presented a fair target to the whole of the Rebel artillery, and well did they im- prove their opportunity, for shot and shell and the more deadly shrapnell fell on all sides wilh one con- tinuous roar and hiss, and added to this the whistling of the musket balls and the discharge of our own guns, it created confusion enough to try the bravc'^t hearts. During the whole engagement Sigcl remained in our midst, his uniform and splendid staff drawing the fire of the Rebel sharpshooters on us quite briskly. After a while Hooker established himself with us, and also for a while Reno and Kearney. These generals center- ing in us caused the tide of war to roll all around us. Assaults would be made in front, then the task would be comparatively easy, but when the flanking charges came then came danger. Sergeant Wes. Miner, havirg pos- sessed himself of a musket, had busied himself dur- ing the whole engagement p'cking off sharpshooters. One in particular we saw roll in the dust from his un- erring aim. To the right and left of us the day was going badly. Fitz John " Porter, lying within hearing of our guns and knowing of the fearful slaughter, refused to support us. Our overtasked and outnumbered boys were gradually obliged to give way. still we in tha center held our own until the rebels concentrating their infantry and a portion of their artillery, opened on us most terribly; for a while it seemed as if noth- ing could stay there and live. At last a shell, sur- charged with destruction', tame hurtling along an pie's division, proceeded by rail from Wash- ington to join McClellan in Marylanck Thenceforward it belonged to the army of the Potomac. The battery next came in contact with the enemy during a reconnoisance in Ma- nassas Gap with Piatt's Itrigade early in No- vember, 1862. After General Burnside succeeded to the command, the battery marched to Fredricks- burg and was detailed with others to co\-er the laving of the center pontoon preparatory to the bloody and disastrous battle of Fredericks- burg. It took part in shelling the city, but did not cross the river. In Burnside's next at- tempt, known as the "mud march," Battery H was one of those assigned to cover the cross- ing at Ranks' Ford. It reached the designated position and got back to the old camp by one of the hardest marches in its history. i During the winter of 1S62-63, spent at Fal- mouth, Lieutenant Davenport resigned on a surgeon's certificate. Sergeant F. B. Reckard was promoted tO' the junior lieutenancy. Battery H marched to Chancellorsville with Whipple's division of Sickle's corps. \\'hen the division went out to join the attack on Jackson's column as it crossed the front of Hooker's position, its batteries, H. First Ohio, First and Thirteenth New York Independent, were left in a field near the turnpike. ■ Here it became their duty to meet and repel a strong attack from Jackson's advance after the rout of the Eleventh Corps. This was done so as to elicit the warmest commendation from Gen- eral Sickles when he reached the field. Early the next morning Battery H was left in the same field with two regiments of in- fantry to make a show of resistance till the new line of defense was completed. The front attack of the enemy was repelled, but be- ing outflanked, the infantry support having re- treated in confusion, the battery was frnxed to retire as best it could through boggy ground and across a creek. It sustained a heavy loss in men and material — two pieces had to be left across the stream, the horses being killed or disabled. After the return of the army to Falmouth, the artillery was reorganized and a strong re- serve formed under Gen. R. O. Tyler, United States Army. It was soon afterwartls sent to Banks' Ford, on temporary duty, with the reg- ular division of the Fifth Corps. It marched with that division as far as Manassas Junction cii route for Gettysburg, then rejoined the re- serve. Just before this, First Lieut. M. B. Ewing resigned to- accept promotion into the First Regiment, Heavy Artillery. Sergeant Albert Merrill became the junior subaltern. At Fairfa.x Court House a new brigade was formed in the reserve, made up of Company H, First Ohio. Company C, First Virginia, Company L, First Pennsylvania, and First New Hampshire Independent Battery. Cap- tain Huntington was assigned to the command ; so the immediate charge of the battery de- voh-ed on Lieutenant Norton. At Gettysburg the battery, posted on Cem- etery Hill, was exposed to a heavy fire of ar- tillery, as well as from sharpshooters near the edge of the town. Some of the best men in the battery fell in that hard-fought battle. After the return of the army to Virginia, Battery H. with Huntington's brigade, did out- post duty on the Rappahannock and Rapidan rivers. In November, 1863, the battery was at W'arrenton, Virginia. Captain Huntington, in consequence of an injury, resigned on a surgeon's certificate, to^ accept an appointment in the Veteran Reser\-e Corps. Lieutenant Norton became cajitain. The battery took part in the ]\Iine Run cam- paign, and passed the remainder of the win- ter of 1863-64 at Brandy Station. [ In March Captain Norton resigned. Up to this time ]>romotions had been made by sen- iority, a selection in the battery where the va- cancy occurred. A new rule had been intro- i duced about this time, under which Lieut. S. ^30 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, W. Dorsey, as senior subaltern of tlie regi- ment, became captain of Battery H. Soon after the opening of the spring cam- paign, the battery was transferred to the Sixtli Corps, and witli it fouglit at Spottsylvania. At the sanguinary action of Cold Harbor the battery was the first to take position, and was heavily engaged. In the advance on Peters- burg the battery held a very exposed position of three days and nights, trying to prevent the «iem}- from crossing the railroad bridges. In July the battery had a little vacation from siege duties. In consequence of Early's raid on Wash- ington, it was sent to that city, ])ut after a very brief stay was ordered to return to the front of Petersburg. For over two months the bat- tery held the earthwork officially called Fort Sedgewick, but better known as "Fort Hell." the hottest place on the line. Constantly un- der fire, no amount of active field service is so harrassing and trying to soldiers. Tlie battery was among the first sent home after the surrender. The muster-out took place at Camp Taylor, near Cleveland, June 15, 1865. The roster of officers then stood as follows : S. W. Dorsey, captain; James Harris and W. H. Perrigc>, first lieutenants: W. W. Pix- ley and W. E. Parmelee, second lieutenants. Battery H thus completed a record of ard- uous and honorable service. No man wdio ever fought at its guns need blush to tell his children, "I belonged to old Battery H." In the matter of losses in action the battery was remarkably fortunate. Few, if any, that saw so much service were equally so. The follow- ing is a resume of its career : Whole number borne on the rolls during service, 262 ; killed in action, 28 : died in hospi- tal, 15; discharged on surgeon's certificates, 40; discharged expiration of enlistment, 36; discharged for promotion, etc., 18: mustered out at Camp Taylor. 125. About six of the original horses w"ent through with the battery. Promotions from the enlisted men were as follows : To commissions in the battery, seven ; com- missions in other batteries, three : commis- sions in heavy artillery, two ; commissions in infantry, two; commission in United States Navy, one; total, 15. Battery H was present at the following battles and skirmishes : Battles — Winchester, Port Republic, Chan- tilly, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettys- burg, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Chickahominy, Petersburg. Skirmishes— Edenburg, Strasburg, Rudis Hill, New Market, Mount Jackson. Manassas Gap, Mitchell's Station, Banks' Ford, W'eldon Railroad. Battcrx K, l-'irst OJiio J'ohintccr Light Ar- tillery. ROSTER OF OFFICERS. Captain William L. De Beck, mustered October 10. 1861, resigned May 11, 1863; Captain Louis Heck- man, May II. 186,^, mustered out with battery; First Lieutenant George B. Haskins, October 10. 1861, re- signed October 20, 1862 : First Lieutenant John D. Holden, February IQ, 1S62, resigned March 27. 1862 ; First Lieutenant Henry F. Camp. March 27. 1862, died September 15, 1862; First Lieutenant Thomas M. Bart- lett. September 15, 1862, resigned October 30, 1863; First Lieutenant Louis Heckman, October 20, 1862, promoted; First Lieutenant ' Charles M, Schilley. May 11, 1863, mustered out with battery; First Lieutenant Cokmibus Rodamour, October 15. 1863, mustered out with battery; First Lieutenant Andrew Berwick. Oc- tober 30, 1863, mustered out with battery; Second Lieutenant John D. Holden. October 10, 1861, pro- mated : Second Lieutenant Louis Heckman. February 20. 1862, promoted ; Second Lieutenant Henry F. Camp, January 7, 1862. promoted; Second Lieutenant Hiram B. lams, March 27, 1862. resigned May 11, 1863; Second Lieutenant Charles M. Schilley. October 20 1862. promoted ; Second Lieutenant Columbus Roda- mour. May II, 1863, protnoted ; Second Lieutenant John H. Reis. May 11, 1862. promoted; Second Lieutenant Joseph Maloney. May 9, 1864. mustered out with bat- tery; Second Lieutenant Otto Marolotze. May 2, 1865, resigned June 10, 1865. Washington County has just cause to be proud of the three batteries she furnished for the Union during the civil war, viz. : De Beck's "L" and Huntington's "H," of the First Ohio and Buell's "C," of the First Virginia. "De Beck's Battery," so-called in honor of its organizer and first commander. Capt. Will- iam L. De Beck, of Cincinnati, was first started AND REPRESENTATIVE CmZENS. 63 1> in June, i8()i, under authority frum tlie State oi Virginia with headquarters at WiUiams- town, West Virginia, opposite ]\Iarietta, but recruiting in "Dixie" proving slow, October loth, of the same year, the command was of- fered to Oliio, which was accepted, and the compau)- went to Camp Dennison, near Cin- cinnati, where it was designated as Company "K," First Regiment Ohio Vohmteer Light Artillery. During the fall and winter of 1861, and 1862, the drilling and disciplining were incessant, and so' proficient did the men be- come, that the GoA'ernor of Ohio, as a special recognition, furnished the company six of the famous Wierd steel guns. ?^Iarch 1, 1862, the command went to Parkersburg, West Vir- ginia, and was incorporated into the Army of West Virginia, then under General Rosecrans, Two weeks later, it went forward to Cumber- land. Maryland, and reportetl to Gen. Robert C. Schenck. A few days afterwards it was sent on a forced n arch, reaching the wire suspension bridge o\er the South Potomac, near Romney, and by its timely arrival prevented a raid upon the Baltimore & Chio Riailroad by a division of "Stone- wall" Jackson's cavalry. For the prompt- ness here displayed, the battery was publicly thanked by General Rosecrans, and Captain De Beck promoted to chief of artillery, on the staff of General Schenck. Early in April, 1862. "K" was engaged hi engagements at Grassy Lick, Lost River, ^Moorefield and Crab Bottom Church, again receiving the thanks of the general. May 8th of tlie same year, after a forced night and day march, of nn^re than 100 miles, Shenck's army reached the oxxrwhelmed forc- es of General Milroy. the combined army num- berinig 7,000, at once engaging Jackson's army of 23,000 in the fierce battle of Bull Pas- ture Mountain, which lasted till late in the night, and 'by mutual consent ending as a "drawn game." The Union Army under Schenck. being largely outnumbered, withdrew that night, closely ffillowed by Jackson in its retreat, fighting at Mountain Summit. Ighs' Church, Handy's Gap, Washington's Meadow, and Franklin; in all of which Jackson's at- tempt to cut the army off from its base of re- treat was frustrated. During the five days and nights of this terrible retrograde move- ment De Beck's Battery was assigned the first place of honor, in covering the retreats and driving back the fierce onslaughts of Jackson, in which it was again so successful tliat (Gen- eral Fremont who had succeeded Rosecrans, in the presence of his staff and other com- manding officers, thanked Captain De Beck for sijlendid work he had done. General Schenck adding that Battery K had saved the army. Fremont now started on his memorable march, to intercept Jack.son in the Shenan- doah Valley, during which were fonght the battles of Strasburg, Middletown, Cedar Creek, Xew Market, Edinburgh. Woodstock, Mount [Jackson, Harrisonburg, Rockinghanii Fields (where the Rebel cavalry general. Ash- by, was killed), and Cross Keys, and in the lat- ter the terrible firing of De Beck's battery, and work it did, exciting the greatest admiration of all officers and men from the highest to the lowest. Fremont was now succeeded In- General Sigel, and Captain De Beck was chief of artillery of the army. While under Sigel, the battery took part in the great battles of Cedar Mountain. Freeman's Ferry. Kelly's Ford. Warrenton, Warrenton Junction. Bris- tow Station, Xew Baltimore (second), Chan- tillv, and the second Bull Run, all under Pope. After this K was assigned to the army of the Potomac, closing the year 1862 b\- taking- part in Burnside's great and fatal battle of Fredericksburg. (ien. Joe Hooker was now made commander, and K Battery was sent to tlie Eleventh Corps under Gen. O. O. How- ard. \\'d\ 1st, 2(1 and 3d. Battery K was in the terrible field at Chancellorsville. its discipline and drill never proving of greater value than when the Eleventh Corps so unexpectedly be- came demoralized, and began its disastrous re- treat. K Battery reniaincfl like a solid wall, and with canister and shrapnel again and again driving back the fierce charges of Jack- son, ranaining in position until our forces had 632 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, either reformed their hues, or new troops came to the rescue. Tthe next day, while temporar- ily serving in the Fifth Corps under General Meade, the batteiy again distinguished itself by driving back with cannister Longstreet's veterans. Captain De Beck being now called to another command, Lewis Heckman, senior first lieutenant, was commissioned captain, and tCKjk charge of the battery. July I, 2 and 3, 1863, was fought the greatest battle of the war, Gettysburg, in which Battery K was prominently engaged, its ter- rific fire run Cemetery Hill eliciting the highest encomiums. In October the battery went to the West with the Eleventh and Twelfth corps under Hooker, and at Chattanooga was incorporated into the Army of the Cumberland, and while there, was participant in all of Grant's battles at Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, etc., and during the rest of the war, remained at Stevenson and Bridgeport, Alabama, finally re- turning to Camp Dennison, where it was mus- tered out of service, delivering its guns over to the Ot'dnaiice Department of the United States, and having had the rare good fortune of never having surrendered a single gun to the eneni}'. Gallant, noble Frank Buell died in battle, lamented and beloved by all the officers and men of the three batteries, while De Beck and Huntington had the good fortune to live through the contests, to^ see the countr\' re- stored and reunited, and peace reigning throughout the land. Bat/cry K. Second Ohio Heavy Artillery. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Captain Daniel W. Hoffman, mu'itered August 22, 1863, promoted to maior September 30. 1863 ; Captain Waiter S. Bradford. June 16. 1865, mustered out with regiment ; Captain Stowell S. Hazen. September 30. 1863, resigned June 24. 1865; First Lieutenant Richard Burns, .'\ugust 25. 1863. promoted to captain of bat- tery L : First Lieutenant Stowell S. Hazen. August 27, 1863, promoted to captain of battery K: First Lieu- tenant Thomas M. Sechler, September 30. 1863, re- signed June 3, 1865; First Lieutenant Charles A.. Mc- Manus, October 18. 1864. resigned June 21. i86^: First Lieutenant Francis Reichman. June 16, 1865, mustered out with regiment ; Second Lieutenant Thomas M. Sechler, August 25, 1863, promoted to first lieutenant; Second Lieutenant Charles H. Newton, Aubust 25, 1863. promoted to first lieutenant of battery D, and resigned January 19, 1865 ; Second Lieutenant George W. Bell, September 30. 1863. promoted to first lieuten- ant of battery B, on General Carter's staff at muster out of regmient; Second Lieutenant Thomas Under- wood, September 15. 1864, mustered out with regiment ; Second Lieutenant Henry A. Frary, mustered out with regiment. This was a Washington County organiza- tion. By the middle of the year 1863, the na- tional armies had made important captures of forts and other strongholds of the enemy. It became necessary to recruit a class of troops whose duty it should be to fortify, garrison and hold these captures. The Second regi- ment of heavy artillery was therefore author- ized, and rank and file consisted of 2,400 men. K Battery was mustered into the service September 7, 1863, at Covington barracks, Kentucky, and on October nth, was removed to Mumfordsville. On May 26, 1864, it was transferred to Charleston, Tennessee, where, on the 1 8th oi August, it was engaged with the enemy's cavalry, under Wheeler, and par- ticipated in the subsequent movements of Gen- eral Ammen, moving to Fort Sanders and Knoxville, and on November 18, 1864, marched to open communication with the Un- ion forces, then in a critical position at Straw- berry Plains. On November 20th, returneil to Knoxville, and on December 7th, marched with General Ammen" s command to Bean's Station, Tennessee. It occupied fortifications at Clinch Gap, Tennessee, until December 31, 1864. when it returned to Fort Lee, at Knox- ville. Shortly thereafter the battery was ordered to Greenville, Tennessee, and thence to Nashville, where, on the 23rd of August, 1S65, it was'mustered out o-f service. On Au- gust 29, 1865, it was finally paid and dis- charged at Camp Chase. Coiiipanx L, First Ohio J'oliniteer Ca:'alry. (Gen. G. ]]'. Tlwinas' Body Guard.) REr,IMEXT,\L OFFICERS. Colonel Owen P. Ransom, mustered .August 17, 1861. resigned: Colonel Minor Millikin. January 11, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 633 1862, killed at Stone River December 31, 1S62: Colonel Thomas C. H. Smith. December 31. 1862. revoked; Colonel Beroth B. Eggleston. April I, 1863, mustered out with regiment ; Lieutenant Colonel Thomas C. H. Smith, August 23, 1861, promoted to colonel Decem- ber 13, 1862. appointed brig:adier general by Presi- dent November 29, 1862: Lieutenant Colonel James Laughlin, December 31, 1862, resigned April i, 1863: Lieutenant Colonel Valentine Cupp. April I. 1863, died September 20. 1863 ; Lieutenant Colonel Thomas J. Pattin, September 20, 1863. mustered out with regi- ment ; Lieutenant Colonel Stephen C. Writer, Decem- ber 9. 1864. mustered out with regiment; Major John D. Moxley, February 25, 1865. A. A. A. G. at Camp Webster, Nashville. Tennessee: Major William Mc- Burney, February 28, 1865, mustered out with regi- ment; Major Minor Millikin. August 24. 1861. promoted to colonel; Major Michael W. Smith. October 31, 1861, resigned June 10, 1862: Major E. B. Dennison, No- vember 27. i86r, resigned June 10. 1862; Major James Laughlin. June 10, 1862. promoted to lieutenant col- onel; Major Beroth B. Eggleston, June 20, 1862, pro- moted to colonel; Major J. W. Robinson, June i, 1862, died; Major David A. B. Moore. September 7, 1862, killed at Stone River December 31, 1862; Major Val- entine Cupp. December 31, 1862. promoted to lieuten- ant colonel; Major Thomas J. Pattin, December 31, 1862, promoted to lieutenant colonel; Major Stephen C. Writer. April i, 1863. promoted to lieutenant col- onel ; Major James N. Scott. April I. 1863. mustered out with regiment; Major John C. Frankenberger. Sep- tember 20, 1863. mustered out : Surgeon Rudolph Wirth, September 7. 1861. resigned May 23. 1862; Surgeon John Cannan. February i, 1862; Wilson V. Cowen, December 16. 1863, resigned October 4. 1864; Assistant Surgeon John Cannan, October 10. 1864, promoted to surgeon ; Assistant Surgeon John B. McDill. August 21, 1864. mustered out: Chaplain J. M. Drake, Decem- ber 13, 1861, resigned May 23, 1862. COMPANY OFFICERS. Captain Thomas J. Pattin. mustered September 17, 1864. promoted to major; Captain John D. Barker, De- cember 31, 1863, resigned January 21, 1864; Captain Henry C. Reppert, December 14, 1864. mustered out w'th regiment ; First Lieutenant John D. Barker. Sep- tember 18. 1861. promoted to captain: First Lieutenant Samuel H, Putnam. September 7, 1862, resigned Oc- tober 26. 1863: First Lieutenant Henry C. Reppert, March 31. 1864. promoted to captain; First Lieutenant Robert B. Rhodes, January 6. 1865. mustered out May 5. 1S63. as second lieutenant; First Lieutenant Daniel W. Dye. July 24. 1865. mustered out with regiment ; Second Lieutenant Oscar H. Underwood. September 18. 1861, resigned May 29. 1862; Second Lieutenant Timothy L. Condit. May 29. 1862. killed at Stone River December 31, 1862; Second Lieutenant Samuel H. Put- nam, November 20, 1862, promoted to first lieutenant; Second Lieutenant Henry C. Reppert, December 31, 1862. promoted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieutenant Robert B. Rhodes, December 9, 1863. promoted to first lieutenant. NON-COM MISSIONED OFFICERS. First, second and third sergeants at dale of mus- ter out. First Sergeant Edward P. Burlingame, March 31, 1864, mustered out with regiment ; Quartermaster Ser- geant John HufT, March 31, 1864, mustered out with regiment; Commissary Sergeant Henry Dudcn, March 31, 1864. mu-tered oiU with regiment. The following sketch of Company L, First Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, was compiled from brief notes taken by Sergeant E. P. Burlin- game from a journal kept by him during the war. Maiiy soldiers kept journals, but few were as fortunate as Mr. Burlingame in get- ting through all the marches and battles and not losing them : September 5, 1861, Governor Dennison au- thorized a regiment of cavalry to- be raised for the three years' service. Through the ef- forts of the military committee of Washing- ton County, and especially two members, John Newton, Esq., and Col. William R. Putnam, together with lliomas J. Pattin and John I). Barker, a company was raised in this courity, and by September 14. 1861, 93 names were enrolled. Thomas J. Pattin was elected was captain, John D. Barker first lieutenant, and Oscar H. Underwood second lieutenant. On the 17th of the same month the com- pany reported at Camp Chase, and was assigned to the First Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, as Com- pany L. They were mustered in on the 18th, received vmiforms the 21st, horses the 28th, horse equipments October 22nd, sabres and belts November 25th, and revolvers Decem- ber 3rd. Meanwhile they were exercised at mounted and dismounted drill, until they be- came very efficient in the manual of arms and cavalry evolutions. December nth, the regiment arrix'cd at Louisville, Kentucky, and on the 20th were re- viewed by Gen. Don Carlos Buell, command- ing the department. January 30, 1862, the company made a short tour in search of the Rebel chief. John Morgan, but failed to come up with him. The regiment proceeded southward through NTashville, and on !March 24th encam])ed at 634 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, Spring Hill, Tennessee, where a detail from Company L, was made as an escort for Gen. George H. Thomas, nnder coinniantl of Lieut. John D. Barker. April 6, 1862, while on the march with General Buell's army in the tlirection of Pitts- burgh Landing, the cannonading at the bat- tle of Shiloh was distinctly heard. The regi- ment arrived at Pittsburgh Landing April 8th, too late to take part in the battle, and were ac- tively employed up to May 30th, having sev- eral skirmishes with the enemy, and lost one man, William AL Robinson — missing. On June 4, 18O2. they fought their first battle. Company L, with part of Company D, were on picket duty three miles from Boone- ville, at Carolina Church, when the Rebels, four companies strong, attacked them. Form- ing hastily they checked the enemy's advance, and then fell back in good order, to entice the enemy into the open ground. The Rebels, supposing they were retreating, charged with a yell, but our men wheeled by fours and faced the enemy, opening on them with their Sharp's carbines. Captain Pattin riding up and down the line, urging the boys to "give it to them." The Rebels having a larger force now endeav- (ired to flank them. They consequently were compelled to fall liack still farther, turning on the Rebels several times, and finally reached their supports at Booneville, when the enemy retired. The company escaped without loss ; two of Company D, however, were wounded. Li July, 1862, the company was engaged in the siege of Corinth, and on the 24th of that month joined the regiment at Tuscumbia, Ala- bama. During August the}' were engaged in scouting along the line of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad. September 30th found the regiment at Louisville again under the command of General Buell. where they were clothed and equipped and received four months' pay. On October 2d. Company L was thrown out of Louisville to make a flank movement on the Rebels who had taken possession of Mount Washington. Captain Pattin advanced part of the company, dismounted, who were sup- ported by other troops ; they were soon Ijriskly engaged, when the enemy opened on them with grape and canister ; they thereupon retired to give room to our artillery ; moving now to the other flank the company got into the town, and the Rebels rapidly retreated. Loss. Henry Duden, wounded. October 4, 1862, a detachment under Ma- jor Laughlin ha\ing been sent out to the front they left the direct road to Bardstown, and pro- ceeding via Fairfield, came into it again at Bardst(jwn fair-grounds. After some skir- mishing we gained the road. Company L was formed parallel to the road, close up to the fence, and was on tlie left line, disconnected. We had commenced letting down the fence to enable us to get on to the road, but a rush of cavalry from the direction of Louisville caused us to make other disposition of our time. We were between a brigade of Texan rangers and Bardstown, and they were charg- ing down upon us in columns of platoons, evi- dently intent upon cuttinig through. We fired a few rounds at a right oblique, and the right having broken, we had tO' fall back. The Rebels were between us and our reserves. We must run the gauntlet or jump a rail fence and take a wide circuit around. Captain Pattin's bridle-reign caught on a gate-latch, and he barely escaped capture. Corporal Daniel W. Dye having dropped his carbine, dismounted^ and picked it up, and with the Rebels demand- ing his surrender, he put spurs to his horse and escaped. Jonathan H. Smith was mor- tally wounded after he had been compelled to surrender. Corporal Jacob Gano and privates Edward P. Bigelow". Calvin C. Broughton, Pe- ter Cline. David M. Grimes, John Hoskinson and William Rice were captured and paroled. John Duden and William Reese were captured and dismounted, l3ut watching their opjxirtun- ity, they escaped. On October 8th the detachment took part in the battle of Perryville. and bivouacked that night on the field. Bv order of General Buell. IMajor Laugh- lin's detachment on October loth started for Bardstown, with a large number of Rebel pris- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 635 oners, and on the i4lh joined the regiment at Danville, Kentucky. After another fruitless chase after Mor- gan, the company was ftn' some time engaged in carrying dispatches from Gallatin to Gener- al Rosseau at Tyree Springs, Tennessee. The regiment was about this time (No- vember, 1862) brigaded with the Third Ohio Cavalry, and the Second and Fifth Kentucky Cavaler)-, under Colonel Zahm of the Third Ohio. The Fourth Ohio Cavalry was after- wards substituted for the Fifth Kentucky. On December 30, 1862, Captain Pattin was ordered tO' take his platoon and with a section of artillery, to drive some Rebel troops out of Lavergne, Tennessee. Upon coming in sight of the town the artillery was brought into po- sition, and a few shots were fired as "feelers." One of these passing through a house took oft the arm of Mr. Tidd of Harmar, Ohio, who- was employed by the government in putting up telegraph lines. The Rebels retreated. Pat- tin pursued and captured a number of mules. The Second platoon, under Lieut. Timothy L. Condit. accompanied the train, and both pla- toons met at Wilkes' crossroads, and went into camp there at 10 P. M. STONE RIVER. December 31st we were preparing to break camp, when, from the right over the fields, came excited soldiers with tales of disaster. General Willich's comn'and had been surprised. and the plain was covered with his fleeing troops. The wounded, as they passed, in- quired where they might find a hospital, and all seemed more or less panic-stricken. Hastily forming we proceeded to join the regiment, and hardly had we done so when the Rebels opened 011 us w^ith artillery, one of the first shots killing our major, David A. E. Moore. Acting under orders, we fell back to a new position. The enemy^ mistaking the move- ment for a retreat, set up a cheer anrl charged. U])on our again facing them, however, they came to a sudden halt, and we engaged them with our carbines. Colonel Millikin was cool 37 and brave. "Give it to them, boys,"' said he, "and if they get too close take your sabres to them." The disaster to General McCook's corps made it necessary for us tO' fall back again, that the line of battle might not be dis- connected. We were closely followed by the Reljcls, who used the artillery al every oppor- tunity. W'c had nO' artiller_\-, and in this the enemy had the advantage. As we were com- pelled to go through fences we lost our forma- tion and became mixed up. This kept getting worse; we were like a drove, and still harder pressed, the foe riding down on us, and with their revolvers firing upon us they came. We were nearing the pike; our line of communica- tion to the rear, and the sight of the long line of wagons must have given the Rebels en- couragement. At this juncture Colonel Milli- kin ordered "Charge!"' repeating the com- mand. Seventy-five or a hundred men wheeled and dashed toward the enemy, but they t(x>k to- flight. We pursued and had nearly over- taken them when a strong force was hurled against our right flank, and made retreat a ne- cessity. Tlhis was a matter of difficulty, and' in trying to make it successful Colonel Milli- kin and Lieut. Timothy L. Condit, our best officers, were killed; Adjutant Scott was se- verely wounded. Sergeant George Warren and' Bugler John Dulty were taken prisoners, and James S. Parker was captured, disarmed and shot in two' places. He managed to escape with his horse. The Rebels now had undis- puted possession of the train. Our cavalrv was scattered, discouraged and fleeing. It was late in the day ere we were again in order. Captain Pattin brought u)i the first l)attalion- and took command of the company. The Rebels were driven from the road by the Fourth regulars, and the fighting for the day, as far as we were concerned, was over. Our Colonel died nobly. His loss was deeply la- mented, for his place could never be filled. The death of Lieutenant Condit was a grief to all the company. He had no enemies ; every one was his friend, and each felt an individual sor- row. lanuarv i. 1863. Fuhnn Guitteau was 636 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, killed by a cannon ball. He belonged to tbe escort of Major General Thomas, and was on the field when killed. His comrades bear testi- mony to his excellent qualities as a soldier and his uniform courtesy and gentlemanly bearing. We were not actively engaged today. The Rebels advanced but once, and being met with grape and canister from a masked battery, they precipitately retired. January 2d. The company was in order of battle all day. There was considerable skirmishing, but no> general engagement by the Second brigade. January 3rd. We held our position ; rain- ing all day. The next day it was discovered the Rebels had left Murfreesborough, and pursuit was be- gun. Company L taking part, and on the 5th entered the town. The company, soon after this battle, was assigned tO' duty carrying dispatches, until April 21, 1863, when the company was perm- anently detailed as escort of Gen. George H. Thomas . Capt. Tl. J. Pattin having been promoted to major, Lieutenant Barker was now pro- moted captain of the company. The duties of escort to a general in the field are aptly illustrated by the following in- cident on July 15, 1863: During the operations against Tullahnma, Tennessee, we were engaged as orderlies and couriers, and in time of expected battle, as General Thomas' personal escort on the field. We were now at Winnefred's Ford, at Elk River, six miles north of Dercherd, Tennessee. Today General Thomas, accompanied by Gen- eral Reynolds, went to General Rn«ecrans' headquarters at Estell Springs. When re- turning, as he was crossing Elk River, his horse stumbled over a stone and he was thrown in the water. Corporal John W. Price had charge of the detail then with the general, and was close behind him. The current was very rapid, and the general was being carried down sti-cam unable tO' reach the shore. Corporal Price, without a moment's hesitation, sprang from his horse into the water, and, being over six feet high, by a few rapid strokes, reached the general and caught hold of his coat tail. Setting himself against the current he tried to check their progress down the stream, but to no purpose ; at each surge the general went un- der. Finally they reached the shore, the gen- eral much exhausted. CHICKAMAUGA. September 18, 1863. At dusk General Thomas received a dispatch from General Rosecrans, through the signal corps, which caused orders tO' be issued immediately for Ijreaking camp. We marched to Crawfish Springs, where General Thomas stopped to have an interview with General Rosecrans. The company, at 10 o'clock P. M., built fires and unsaddled, but remained ready for march- ing at a few minutes' notice. Troops and trains are passing rapidly towards Chattanoo- ga. The fences on each side of the road are on fire, and diffuse light and warmth. September 19th, at 2 o'clock A. M., we left Crawfish Springs and proceeded toward Chat- tanooga. A short time after daylight the gen- eral took a detail frorn the company, and with his stafif took a road to the right, leaving the company to escort the headquarters train to Ross\-ille. The road taken by General Thom- as ran almost parallel to the line of battle which he proceeded to form as the troops came up. To secure certain advantages an advance was orderd early in the day, and the Rebels were driven to the creek, but soon after they advanced and drove our men, capturing some artillery. There was evidently a slight panic, and the movement to the rear was being made in confusion and haste. Ofiicers and men were mixed indiscriminately, and they rushed by the general, paying no' heed to the injunc- tion ''look behind you." Had they done- so, they would have stopped, for the Rebels had ceased tO' advance, and of those of our men who had remained to oppose them quite a good line was formed. The detail under Sergeant Daniel W. Dye made efforts to stop those who were fleeing, but it was some time ere they AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 637 could be convinced that the}- were out of danger. Fortunately this was contined to but one brigade, and in the remainder of the battle it proved faithful and courageous. Another detail joined the general in tb.e afternoon and performed whatever service was required. At night we stood around the field headquarters, ready at a call. The general sat on a log in the wood near a dim fire, dictating dispatches to his aid. At twelve o'clock he went to see General Rosecrans, a part of the company go- ing as escort. September 20th those of the company who were with the train yesterday came to the field and those who were relieved to get rations and forage. These returned again in the af- ternoon. When the center was forced to give way the escort was used to^ supply additional aids with orderlies, and a number of the com- pany performed very satisfactorily the duties of staff officers. Capt. John D. Barker, when returning from a distant point, whither he had gone with a message, not knowing that the center was so far driven Ijack, came unawares upon the Rebels, who fired upon him,, shooting his horse tlirough the neck. Taking a more roundabout course he came in the rear of the left and was again fired upon. At this same l)lace Gen. Jon'.es A. GarfieUl. a fe\\- minutes later, had his horse shot from under him. Captain Barker reached the General and re- j)orted, and was sent with Captain Killogg, aid-de-camp, to conduct the loads of ammuni- tion to General Reynolds. Here the services of the comlpany were required. The Rebels were in the rear of General {■Reynolds' iiosition, and the ammunition was in some danger of being captured. A number of the company were deployed as skirmishers, and with raised pistols we advanced through a piece of woods on the left supposed to be occupied by the ex- treme right flank of the Rebel army. This was not the case, however, until half an hour later, when General Turchin, with the Thirty- sixth and Ninety-second charged upon them and routed them completely. The ammunition was delivered to the proper officer and we re- turned to the general. During the afternoon a cloud of dust was seen to the rear at a dis- tance, and as it came nearer troops were dis- covered. General Thomas had been watching them, and calling Corporal Franklin \V. Prun- ty he instructed him to go and ascertain wheth- er they were Rebel or Union troops, caution- ing him to be sure to return with a correct re- port. Rapidly galloping toward the approach- ing column, Corporal Prunty discovered that they carried the flag of the Reserve Corps, and getting sufficiently near to remove all doubt of their lieing friends he turned back and re- jxirted the approach of General Steedman's division of the Reserve Corps. The general himself, a few minutes later, came up and was assigned to duty on the right of the line held by General Tliomas. At sunset the divisions on the left began to retire, and the general, af- ter seeing everything in order, started late in the evening for Rossville, where the troops were concentrating. We lay down around the fire and being warm and weary fell asleep. During the entire engagement the officers and n'en of the compan\' perfoniTed \'alual.)le services. Captain Barker was on the field all the time, and rendered efficient service as an aid-de-camp. Lieutenants Putnam and Rep- pert were alternately on the field, and in com- mand o{ the train guard. There was no man- ifestation of cowardice on the part of any mem- ber of the company. Those who witnessed the coolness of Quartermaster Sergeant John Huff, when danger was most imminent, will not forget it. and the quiet, determined man- ner in which private Benjamin S. Turner per- formed his duties was admirable. He real- ized that there was danger, but never let it keep him from his post of duty. Others are deserving of as great praise as these, but all did not become equally prominent. After the battle of Chickamauga, Company L was with General Thomas during all the movements and engagements from Chattanoo- ga and Missionary Ridge to Atlanta. On Xo\-ember 19, 1863, the subject of re-enlist- ing as veterans came up and Corporal William PI'. Snodgrass re-enlisted at once, one of the first in the army to pledge his services tf) the 638 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, country for another term of three years. Af- terwards many others of the company took the same step. On December 5, 1863, Capt. J. D. Barker having been assigned to duty at headquarters of the Department of the Cum- berland as acting assistant inspector general, Lieut. Henry C. Reppert assumed command, and retained that position to the end, receiving his commission as captain June 30, 1865. On April 27, 1S64, the company was joined by 35 recruits, and by May 4th they f(/und theirselves v.ell equi])ped, rested, healthy, and ready fur the arduous campaign before them. Then began General Sherman's brilliant mo\-ements, flanking the enemy to the right and compelling him each time to abandon one stronghold after another until he finally drew up before Atlanta, and then by another flank movement compelling him to abandon that also. During all these movements and battles Gen. George H. Thomas was an impor- tant figure, as well as a powerful factor in ev- ery important move. Sherman, no doubt, owed nmch of his success on this memorable campaign to his able lieutenants, his corps commanders. General Tihomas was himself constantly in the field and his body guard w'ere constantly sul)jected to dangerous and fatigu- ing service. On September 2nd, about two o'clock in the morning, heavy e.xplosions were heard in the direction of Atlanta, and they broke camp early and moved towards the city and on the 8th moved up to Atlanta and went into camp, Hood and his army having retreated. On November 6th. arrived at Chattanooga and began at once to build winter quarters. On January 6th, 1865, arrived at Nashville. The companv continued in service after the fall of Richmond and the final collapse of the Confederacy, scouring the country in the neighborhood of Na.shville, Gallatin, Harts- ville and Lebanon, Tennessee, looking after government property and protecting loval citi- zens until September 26, 1865, when the com- pany was paid and mustered out at Nashville.^ The company before disbanding did something that showed their high opinion and regard for Gen. George H. Thomas, the "Pap" Thomas who was so brave, so able and so "popular with the boys." It was a tribute to his social and personal worth. The company contributed $50 for the pur- chase of a full length colored photogrpah of Gen. George H. Thomas, which was taken in charge of by the committee to be placed in the hands of the military committee of Washing- ton County, for exhibition in the soldiers' gal- lery in connection with the company. And so> we part, some to take the evening train for hojiiie. Others to remain to spend a few days, in Nashville as citizens. Of the 91 enlisted men in the company, there were 41 farmers, 28 carpenters, smiths,, machinists, moulders, masons, coopers, etc., 10 clerks and students, and 12 of various occu- pations. Six were commissioned, 30 dis- charged at expiration of term of service, 18 discharged for disability, one on writ of hab- eas corpus, 27 re-enlisted, one deserted, one missing in action, and eight dead. Couipanv H. Scvcntli Ohio J'oluiitccr Cavalry. P.F.C.i:.IENT.\L OFFICERS. Colonel Israel Garrard, mustered September i8, 1862. refused promotion, mustered out with tb^ regi- ment : Lieutenant Colonel George G. Miner, Septem- ber 18. 1862. on detached duty: Major William Reany, September 20. 1S62. mustered out July 4, 1865: Major Augustus Norton. December 28, '1862. rcsigne'I Janu- ary 30. 1864; Major James Mclntvre, July i, 1863, re- signed March 26. 1864: Maior Willinm T. Simpson, March 28. 1864, resigned August 26. 1864: Major John Leaper. July 13. 1864; Major Solomon L. Green Octo- ber 12. 1864. mustered out with reeiment ; Surgeon Isaac Train, October 9, 1862. mustered out with regi- ment; .Assistant Surgeon R. H. Tullis. November 6, 1862. died at Marietta. Georgia; .A.-sistant Surgeon P. G. Barrett, June 9, 1863, honorablv discharged October 2fi. 1864; .Assistant Surgeon John Kraps. January 4, 1865. mustered out with regiment. OFFICERS 0" COMP.WY H. Captain Artlmr V). Eells. August 27. 1862. resigned' June 28, 1863; Captain Th-odoi^e F. Alb n April 2, 1864, mustered out July 4, 1865: Captain Andrew Hall, brevet maior. lieutenant colonel and colonel United States Vobmteers. April 2. 1864. muter'd out with regiment; First Lieutenant William L. Tripi, Septem- ber 2. 1862. resigned December 25, 1863; First Lieu- tenant John J, Smith. April 2. 1864. res'gned as second AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 639 lieutenant October 30, 1863 ; First Lieutenant Andrew J. Hardy, May 25, 1864, mustered out with regiment ; Second Lieutenant John J. Smith, September 2, 1862, promoted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieutenant Andrew J. Hardy, April 19, 1S64, promoted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieutenant Samuel C. Tappan, March 16, 1865, mustered out with regurient as first sergeant. Company H, naniod at the time "Newton Guards,' in honor of John IXewton, Esq., of the military con.«rjittee of AVashington Coun- ty, was organized at ADarietta, Ohio, Sqjtem- ber 8. 1862. It liad l:)een speedily enlisted by that p<>inilar officer. Captain Arthur D. Eells, who became the first captain of the company. Oil October 25, 1862, they were mustered in at Camp Marietta, and on the 29th were ordered to Ripley, Ohio, where they became company H, Seventh Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, the fa- mous "river regiment." Over sixteen hundred men were oiifered for this regiment, so popular was this branch of the service at the time. They left Ripley on January 2d and arrived at Lexington, Kentucky, January 8, 1863. On February 3d they were sent on a scouting ex- pedition to Mount Vernon, Kentucky, and on March 21st were again on a scout, this time meeting the Rebel raider. Basil Duke, near Mt. Sterling, Kentucky, on the 22nd and driving him from the State. With the other forces under General Gil- more they engaged in the pursuit of the Rebel General Pegram's command, which had invad- ed Kentucky, and at Button's Hill, near Som- erset, where the enemy made a stand in a strongly entrenched position, a sharp battle took place. "Companies G, I, K, L and M made a gallant sabre charge, which decided the day, and the enemy fled in the greatest confu- sion," leaving in the hands of the companies that charged up the hill 130 prisoners and 49 dead and wounded on the field. The Rebels, however, had sent some \eteran cavalry around to the rear, and the Nationals had scarcely taken possession of the hill when from their rear was heard the Rebel yell, and two regi- ments of Rebels charged at full speed down the valley. Thev were met at once by a coun- ter charge, led by Captain Saunders, of Gen- eral Gilmore's stafif (afterward Gaieral Saun- ders, killed at Knoxville), who charged with companies E, F, and H of the river regiment, routed and scattered the Rebel charging col- umns, capturing from them nearly 200 prison- ers and two battle-Hags. Then followed a vig- orous pursuit of the enemy for five miles or more up hill and down, through woods, shoot- ing, shouting, taking prisoners, and strewing the woods with wounded, slain and all the de- bris of battle. At one place they came unex- pectedly onto a company of women from Som- erset, who had taken refuge in the woods : these began screaming and were expecting doubtless to be killed in a very short space of time, but the gallant troopers halted in their mad career and allowed the women to pass and then resumed the pursuit, which continued un- til darkness intervened. The next work in hand was to drive Pe- grani beyond the Cumberland mountains, in May, 1863, which they did. Pegram, how- ever refused to stay whipped, and information being received that he had collected a force near Monticello, the Se\enth, with four other cavalry regiments, all under Col. A. V. Kautz, attacked the enemy June 9, 1863, and drove him from that place. On the return march the river regiment was in the rear of the col- umn, W'ith companies D and H throAii out as rear guard. Presently a huge cloud of dust to the rear announced the approach of the enemy. The two companies nerved them- selves to check the Rebel advance, and select- ed a position behind a stone wall. The enemy, coming up, received the well directed fire of the guard, which emptied several saddles ; but the Rebels, charging gallantly, drove the guard from its chosen nosition. Galloping along the road, closely pursued by the enemy, the guard loaded their carbines, wheeled into line, and delivered a fire which checked the Rebel ad- vance for a moment. The rear guard was soon reinforced by the entire regiment, and afterwards by other regiments and a battery, when a close and desperate fight ensued, last- ing till after dark, whai both parties withdrew. This engagement was known as that of Rocky (iap. General Burnside complimented the 040 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY.. regiment, in orders, for their service in this action, which he announced as "the spirited cavalry engagement at Rock Gap, Kentucky." The regiment next engaged in cutting the Knoxville & Chattanooga Railroad, at Lenoir station, m'arching from there tO' a point so close to Knoxville that they threw a few shells into the town. Tliey then drew back and pro- ceeded to Strawberry Plains, and burned a fine railroad bridge over the Holston, the de- pot, and large quantities of army supplies. They next joined in the pursuit of the fa- mous raider, John Morgan, who on July 3. i.Sr}3. had succeeded in crossing his command over the Cumberland, estimated at 3,500 men. On the loth, Morgan crossed the OhiO' at Brandenburg, Kentucky, with Shackleford and his cavalry in hot pursuit, the route taken be- ing through Southern Indiana eastward through Ohio, Morgan having the advantage of 24 hours' start, and all fresh horses on the line of march. Morgan, becoming anxious for the safety of his command, had resolved to make a desperate effort to cross the Ohio at Buf^ington's Island. His pursuers, however., were too close upon him. At davlight on the morning of July 19th the advance guard of the pursuing column drove in the Rebel pick- ets, and the enemv was found in line of battle near Buffington's Island. The river regi- ment, being in the advance, was the lirst to at- tack, and being reinforced by other troops, a sharp engagement ensued, which resulted in the defeat of theenemv. A\bo fled from, the field in the greatest disorder, leaving their artillery and dead and wounded on the field. Tlie pursuit continued until dark, up to which time 800 prisoners had been brought in, and the rest of the raiders scattered or iT'ding in the woods. After the pursuit ceased, a flag of truce was sent to Colonel Garrard, of the Sev- enth, the bearer announcing that Colonels Ba- sil Duke and Howard Smith, of Morgan's commancl, with staff officers, had been cut off and were anxious to surrender. Two officers were sent to receive the surrender, and upon arriving at the designated place, found that two colonels and several other officers, and about 50 men had surrendered to one soldier, Sergeant Drake, of the Eighth Michigan Cav- alry. Tlie ri\-er regiment took part in the move- ment against Cumberland Gap, the gateway to East Tennessee, which stronghold was invested and on September 9, 1863, the garrison of 2,600 men, with 15 pieces of artillery, surren- ! dered, and the Seventh was detailed to receive the surrender. On August 31st Company H was acting as advance guard of the force of the main col- umn, tliey went into camp at a convenient place, and in the morning found they had gone into camp with a party of Rebels. The ene- my, thinking there was a large force present "folded their tents and stole away'' during the night, and stole some of the compnnv's horses also. Camping with the enemy was an exper- iment they did not repeat. On September loth the Se\'enth Cavalry took part in the night fight at Carter's station, in upper East Tennessee, driving the enemy away. .Tliey then repaired tO' Bull's Gap, in Bey's Mountain, 40 miles east of Knoxville, and held that position until October lOth, when, in the battle of .Blue Springs, it took part in the final charge, near nightfall, routing the Rebels, who beat a hasty retreat. On November 6th occurred the disastrous defeat at Rogersville, Tennessee, where the gal- lant Seventh, the Second Tennessee Mounted Infantry, and Battery M, Second Illinois Light .\irtillcr\-. in all about i.ooo con-lbatants, under C(;irn'an(l of Colonel Garrard of the Seventh, made a tlesperate stand against great- ly superior numbers, losing 112 men and some of its best otScers. The orderly — Bugler Justus Schniinke, a Company H man from Marietta, was shot at his post by the side of Colonel Garrard. The enemy were said to number 3,500 men. From the 13th to the 17th of December, after the enemv retreated from KiT^.^ville, the Seventh regiment was constantly fighting and skirmishing, subsisting during that time al- niose entirely on parched corn. December 23, 1863, they engaged the Re- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 641 bels at New Market, and drove tliem out of that town. Christmas Day the)' crossed Bey's Mountain and joined battle with a largely su- perior force of the enemy, and, after hard fight- ing- all day, being surrounded at two different times, they were compelled to cut their way out. The 10 days fuUowing New Year's Day, 1864, were the most dreary days in the his- tory of the regiment ; they and their comrades of the other regiments and army lay on the hills about Mossy Creek, half starved. A bushel of cornmeal was issued tO' a brigade of men for a day's rations. Horses died by the hundreds from starvation. It stormed fear- fully, and the men were without shelter. There was but one blanket for every two men, and they were but scantily clothed for such severe weather. On Januarv 2j, 1864, the regiment joined the forces of General Sturgis and gave battle to Alorgan's and Armstrong's divisions of Wheeler's cavalry, at Fair Garden, Tennessee, defeating them and drivm.j' them across the French Broad River. On June 11, 1864, the Seventh, with the force under General Bu'rbridge. began the pur- suit of Morgan's force, which had invaded Kentucky, and at daylight of June 12th, at Cynthiana, Kentucky, attacked, driving the Rebels in confusion from the field. The left wing, led by Company H, and commanded by Colonel Garrard, charged the enemy's right, broke through and reached the rear of the Rebel line before it gave way on the center or left, captured the bridge over the Licking- River, on the Rebel line of retreat, taking posi- tion on the opposite bank, with the rallying cry of."Rogersville." killed, wounded and cap- tured a large number of the same enemy who defeated them at Rogersville, Tennes?ee, No- vember f), 1863. Tire regiment followed Mor- gan into the mountains of Eastern Kentucky, until forage and supplies failed, when they returned. They had marched 272 miles in six days and nights. The regiment was ordered to join General Sherman's arn'4. the regiment en- gaged the Rebel rear guard at Pulaski. dro\-e them from that place in disorder, and captured three pieces of artillery, an amniunition train, etc. Tlie pursuit ended on December 27th, when the rear guard of the defeated army of Hood crossed the Tennessee. The Se\-enth then went into winter quar- ters at Gravelly Springs, Alabama, where they remained until March 22. 1865. At that date the cavalry corps commanded by General Wil- son, started on the last great raid of the war. Tliis force numbered about 18,000 men, the finest and best equipped, body of cavalry of 642 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. the war. They moved southward with irre- sistible n'bmentum, driving the few scattered fragments of the Rebel army like chaff before the wind. Tire object of the expedition was to cut off comirjunication between the Rebel armies of the East and W'est. Tlie line of march of the Seventh regiment lay through Jasper, Georgia, Plantersville, Alabama, where 300 prisoners were taken, Selma, Ala- bama, wdiere a large number of prisoners were taken; at this place, on April 3rd, the regi- ment had 3,000 Jvebel prisoners in their pos- session. On April 12th they passed through Montgomery, the capital of Alabama; April 15th, through Tuskegee, Alabama. April i6th the regiment attacked Columbus, Georgia, at night, and captured the same, and on the i8th moved down the railroad toward the Ander- sonville prison pen; and on the 20th, wliile skirmishing with the enemy, a Rebel officer appeared with a white flag, announcing the surrender of Lee at Ajipomatox, and end of the war. The pursuit was at once stopped, and the forces which a short time before had been engaged in deadly conflict joined hands and bivouacked on the same field. The regiment went into camp at Macon, Georgia, on April 25th, and remained there until May 5th, when they were ordered to At- lanta, where they arrived May 9th. On May 13th 18 men from Company H were detailed to guard Jefferson Davis, the President of the defunct Confederacy, who had been captured in woman's attire, endeavor- ing to effect his escape. He was taken to Au- gusta, Georgia. On May 22nd the regiment w-as ordered to Nashville, where they arrived June 6th, completing a ride of 1,500 miles on horseback. June 30th the "River regiment" was mus- tered out of the United States service, and Company H arrived at Marietta July 6, 1865. The total number, including recruits, in the regiment during its service, was 1,400; when mustered out it numbered 840, showing a loss of 560 men by casualties of war. Coinf'aiiy Ninth Ohio J'oliiufiW Caralr\. REGIMENTAL OFFICERS. Colonel William D. Hamilton, mustered December 2. 1863. brevet brigadier general April 18. 1865 ; Lieu- tenant Colonel William D. Hamilton, October 30, 1863, promoted to colonel ; Lieutenant Colonel Tbomas P. Cook, December 2, 1863, discharged September 9, 1864 ; Lieutenant Colonel William Stough. October i, 1864, mustered out with regiment ; Major William D. Ham- ilton, December 6, 1862, promoted to lieutenant colonel ; Major Thomas P. Cook, October 30, 1863, promoted to lieutenant colonel; Major William Sims, October 30, 1863, resigned June 21, 1864; Major John Williamson, December 2, 1863, resigned July 28, 1864; Major Henry Plessner, December 7, 1863, discharged January 13, 1865; Major Elijah Hoague, July 13, 1864, resigned March 9, 1865; Major William Stough, September 8, 1864, promoted to lieutenant colonel: Major L. H. Bowlus, October i. 1864^ mustered out with regituent ; Major John W. Macumber, February 10. 1865. mus- tered out with regiment: Major James Irvine. May 31, 1865, mustered out with regiment: Major Joseph B. Daniels. February, 1864. mustered out with regiment; Surgeon C. M. Finch, October 5. 1863. mustered out with regiment; Assistant Surgeon William McMillen, March 26. 1863. mustered out with regiment; Assistant Surgeon James C. Thorpe, October 5. 1863, discharged April 18, 1864; Assistant Surgeon Charles H. Pinney, April 22, 1864, mustered out with regiinent ; Chaplain Ezekiel S. Hoagland, January 18, 1863, resigned August 20, 1864. OFFICERS OF COMPANY B. Captain John Williamson, mustered Novernber 16, 1862, promoted to major; Captain Joseph B. Daniels, December 2, 1863, promoted to major ; First Lieutenant Joseph B. Daniels, November 6, 1862, promoted to cap- tain ; First Lieutenant Richard B. Mason. December 22, 1863. deceased June 25, 1864: First Lieutenant James Stonehawker. July 30. 1864. mustered out with regi- ment : First Lieutenant Allen J. Alexander. February 10. 1865, honorably discharged March 25, 1865 ; Second Lieutenant Richard B. Mason, February 2. 1863, pro- moted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieutenant James Stonehawker. October 10, 1863, promoted to first lieu- tenant ; Second Lieutenant Allen J. Ale.xander, De- cember 22, 1863, promoted to first Heivtenant ; Second Lieutenant Edward Ashley, May 31, 1865, mustered out with regiment ; Second Lieutenant Bishop Martin, May 31, 1865, mustered out with regiment. Company B was from Washington Coun- ty. They were raised in the fall of 1862, un- der the authority of Governor Tod, to make three new regiments of cavalry, the Eighth. Ninth and Tenth. Captain William D. Ham- ilton, of the Tliirtv-second Ohio Volunteer AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 643 Inlantry, then stationed at Winchester, Vir- ginia, had been sent to Ohio to recruit another company for that regiment. He had secured 50 men, when liis regiment, with others, was captured by "Stonewall" Jackson, on the 15th of September, 1862. Governor Tod then or- dered Captain Hamilton to proceed at once to organize a cavalry regiment, to be called the Ninth Ohio Volunteer Cavalry. The fifty recruits above referred to formed a nucleus for the new- organization, which ren- dezvoused at Zanesville, and on December i, 1862, seven companies were ready for mus- ter. Tliree companies, however, were trans- ferred to the Tenth Cavalry, then organizing at Cleveland, to complete that regiment. Tlie four remaining companies were ordered to Camp Dennison. They were designated as the First Battalion of the Ninth Cavalry, were equipped and drilled until April 23, 1863, when they were ordered to Lexington, Kentucky. The battalion under command of Captain Hamilton, numbering 300 men, were soon ac- tively engaged driving out raiders and ma- rauders who were so frequently coming down from the Kentucky and Tennessee mountains into the Blue Grass region. On June 15, 1863, they joined an expedi- tion designed to penetrate into East Tennessee and find out the situation of the loyal inhabi- tants of that region. Tlie whole force con- sisted of about 2.000 mounted men. of which 200 were from the battalion, including Com- pany B. Crossing the Cumberland River on the night of June i6th. they were soon at Pine Mountain Gap, a Rebel stronghold. Here the garrison was surprised and captured without firing a shot, and they passed on to Big Creek Gap. the Ninth Cavalry Battalion in the ad- vance. The Rebel force at this gap evacuated and fled. The objects of the raid were accomplished W'ithout further opposition, and they returned to London, Kentucky. The battalion on July 5th was ordered to move out after John Mor- gan : but Morgan having passed the battalion was ordered to watch anfl enibarrass the prog- ress of the Rebel general Scott, who was re- ported moving" to support M(.)rgan. The battal- ion joinetl a hastily gathered force at Camp Dick Robinson, and went in pursuit of Scott, who had passed with his con.ii und to the right. They then had a running tight for 10 days; the battalion marching at the rate of 57 miles in 24 hours, the men living chiefly on black- berries gathered at the roadside while the horses were resting. On August 1st the battalion went from Stanford to Glasgow, Iventucky, and were there assigned to a cavalry brigade for General Burnside's advance into East Tennessee. The capture of Knoxville w'as effected without much opposition, and Major Hamilton was appointed provost marshal of the city, and the First Battalion assigned to patrol and guard duty on the approaches of the city. Tlie Second Battalion was organized No- vember 6th, and the Third Battalion Decem- ber 16, 1863, thus completinig the regiment. The two battalions were filled to their maxi- mum, and together with 100 recruits for the old battalion, were rendezvoused at Camp Den- nison and furnished with horses, equipped with sabres and Smith carbines, and carefully drilled until February 6, 1864, when they were ordered by water to Nashville, Tennessee. Ar- riving! at Louisville they were disembarked to follow some guerrillas, who' were reported to be making trouble in Kentucky. They marched through the country to Nashville without opposition. The regiment was then attached to the left wing of the Sixteenth Army Corps, and ordered to Athens, Alabama, for field duty along the Tennessee River. Colonel Hamilton at this time went to Knoxville with orders from the First Battal- ion to join the regiment. The severe cam- paign through which the First Battalion had passed, ending at Knoxville, rendered an en- tire new equipment necessary. For this pur- pose they were ordered to Nashville, and af- ter considerable delay waiting for horses, they were again ready for active service, ^apt. Jospeh B. Daniels was now placed in command of the First Battalion and so remained until the end — toward the last being in command of 644 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, the entire regiment. The battahon now moved to Pulaski, Tennessee, and occupied that place about six weeks, Captain Daniels being in command of the post. Several move- ments were undertaken against the Rebel cav- alry under Wheeler and Forrest, for which the whole regiment combined, but were not permanently united until all of the battalions reached Athens, in April, 1864. On the night of April 13, 1864, a com- pany of the Ninth, which with others had been sent out to look for stock, was surrounded in a barn where they were sleeping. The at- tack was made by an Alabama regiment, and after a short struggle, two officers and 39 men were captured. The remaining three compa- nies soon c^me to the rescue, but not in time to rescue their comrades. The non-commissioned officers and men thus taken were sent to Andersonville prison. Eight months after, a report from Orderly Sergeant Kennedy showed that 25 of their number had died from brutal treatment. The two officers taken were Capt. Joseph N. Hetzler and Lieut. Frank H. Knapp. who were sent to Qolumbia. South Carolina. Lieu- tenant Knapp. after two efforts to escape, in which he was retaken by the aid of blood- hounds, finally succeeded in reaching Knox- ville. Tennessee, after traveling three weeks, principally at night, securing food and assis- tance from the negroes. At one time he heard the hounds on his trail, and again would have been captured but for the generous assistance of a negro, who. after giving him something to eat. said: "Now. bress de Lord, massa Yank, you jist trust to me and we'll fool dem dogs. You trot along fust, den Til come too., steppin' in your tracks. Go' 'bout half a mile, den you come to some watah; you take right through dat. den Til kep on t'other way. See dem dno-s is used to huntin' niggers, dev Icnows de smell, and likes to follow de black man's foot." "But." said the lieutenant, surprised at this sinsfular offer, "the dogs ivill catch you and probably tear vou to pieces." "Oh, mas- sa." said he. "let dis nigger alone for dat, I'se fooled dem dogs afore for de Yanks, and. bress de Lord, I'll try it again. Now trot along, massa, for I hear dem dogs a comin." " Shortly after crossing the pond the lieutenant heard the hounds howling in the direction taken by the negro, and he was no longer dis- turbed by them. He afterward joined the regiment at Savannah, Georgia, in January, 1865. Captain Hetzler remained a prisoner until near the close of the war, when he was exchanged. Another battalion oi the Ninth was sent out in the vicinity of Florence, to guard the river, thus, for a distance of fifty miles, the Tennessee was patroled by the two battalions of the regiment, having frequent skirmishes with the enemy. On May 5, 1864, the regiment arrived at Decatur, Alabama, and on the 8th the place was attacked by the enemy. The Ninth moved out beyond the works a mile and a half, to de- velop the enemy's strength. The country was about equally divided between timber and lev- el, open land. The Rebels formed on the open ground, and. as the Ninth swung around the timber, a battle ensued, in which the Rebels were driven back in confusion. Tlie regiment lost one man killed and three severely wound- ed. Front this time until June ist. cavalry- skirmishes were of daily occurrence. The Seventh Illinois Infantry having been driven from Florence tO' Pulaski, the Ninth went to reinforce that regiment. After driv- ing the enemy beyond Florence, they returned to Decatur. Tlie Ninth was engaged on various expe- ditions in the region about Atlanta up to the fall of that city, immediately before the evac- uation being attached to the cavalry division under Colonel Garrard, on the extreme right of General Sherman's army. The First Bat- talion was engaged in the battle of Jonesbor- ough . Four hundred men of the Ninth were now ordered to Nashville to procure horses. On the night of September 2, 1864. while the train containing the men was passing Big Shanty. Georgia, it was thrown from the track and six cars demolished. The enemy, concealed AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 645 beside the track, opened tire on the wreck ; the tire was returned, and the cowards fled. One man was killed and three wounded by the ac- cident, and two killed and live wounded by the enemy's fire. Failing to procure horses at Nashville, the regiment proceeded tO' Lou- isville, and having received fresh horses re- turned to Nashville en route to the front. This battalion arriving at Nashville found the Rebel general Wheeler within 12 miles of the city, and they were sent out with other forces to meet and drive him back. They en- countered him at various places during the ne.xt 10 days until he was finally compelled to retire beyond the Tennessee. They soon recjeived orders to report at once to Marietta, Georgia, to join the regiment which was to form a part of one of Sherman's new cavalry divisions in the "March to the Sea." The battalion found Marietta burned, and pressing on rapidly arrived at Atlanta November 17th, and found it evacuated, having marched 80 miles in 36 hours. Tliey proceeded on to ^IcDowell, 17 miles southward, where they joined the balance of the regiment. They now numbered 700 effective men. From tliis time on they were busily engaged covering the march of the infantry, making false march; es to deceive the enemy, and fighting almost dail\', until December 4th, at Waynesborough, when a general engagement occurred, in which the Ninth made the second charge that hmke the Rebel lines. Arriving at Savannah, they were sent on an expedition during the progress of the siege, to destroy railroad comnumication with- the city. Capt. Joseph B. Daniels, with the First Battalion, was ordered to ai>proach and burn the bridge, and engaging the enemy with their Spencer carbines drove them to cover and burnt the bridge. The army remained at Savannah after its evacuation until the latter part of January, 1865, at which time 150 men of the Ninth. that had been left with the army of General Tlioma.s., and who participated in the battle of Franklin and Na.shville, joined the regiment. On the night of February 3, 1865, the cav- alry division crossed the Savannah River at Sister's Ferry, 40 miles above the city, and entered upon the march through the Carolinas. On the 6th the Ninth, having the advance, en- gaged the enemy at a swamp near Barnwell. The men were dismounted and wading the swamp under cover of the timber, drove the enemy from their position. As they pro- gressed through the Carolinas, the forage and grain grew scarce and together with wearing- service in the swamps, rendered a great many horses unfit for service, and as a consequence many of the cavalrymen were dismounted. These were organized into a "dismounted command." On the night of the 9th of Marcli General Kilpatrick went into camp with the Third Brigrade and the dismounted men, about three miles in advance of the remainder of his command. On the loth the Rebels un- der General Hampton dashed in upon the camp, and captured the wagons, artillery and many of the officers and n-ien before they had time to dress themselves. The dismounted men, however, opened a close and heavy fire upon the Rebels, who w-ere pillaging the camp. A sharp fight ensued, during which the artil- lerymen recovered their cannon, and opened on the enemy. The Second Brigade soon ar- rived, and the Rebels were forced to retire. The loss of the Nationals was 25, and the Rebels, 75 killed in this short but desperate contest. In the battle of Avcrysborough, on ]\larch 15th, the Ninth supported the right ilank of the Twentieth Corps, and was in the thickest of the contest, and at the battle of Bentonville, North Carolina, March i8th to 21st, the, final contest of the grand army under General Sher- man. General Kil])ati ick's entire connnand oc- cupied the left flank. The enemy being de- feated, they occupied Goldsborough, and re- mained there until April loth. They entered Raleigh after a slight skirmish April 14th. On the morning of the 1 8th, part of the Rebel army occupied the village of Chapel Hill. General Wheeler's Rebel cavalrv covered the ap])roach to the towMi, occupying a swamp .through which the road passed. At daylight •646 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, the regiment was ordered to effect a crossing if possible. Arriving at the swamp, the sec- ond battalion was ordered forward, dismount- ed, through the water. They advanced under cover of the cypress timber until the enemy came within range of their Spencer carbines. A spirited engagement ensued, in which the enemy were driven from their position, leaving a captain and stafif-officer of General Wheeler, and three men dead on the field. Orders in the meantime arrived from Gen- eral Sherman suspending hostilities. After the surrender the command was or- dered to Concord, North Carolina, where it remained until the last of July. On August 2, 1865, the regimental colors and property were turned over at Columbus, Ohio, and the regiment was mustered out of service. Cottipau\ F^ Second Vifi^iiiia J'oluiitccr Cav- alry. REGIMENTAL OFFICERS. Colonel William M. Bolles. mustered September 16. 1861, resigned June 25, 1862; Colonel John C. Pax- ton. July 18. 1862. honorably discharged ; Colonel Will- iam H. Powell, May 18, 1863. promoted to brigadier general ; Lieutenant Colonel John C. Paxton, Septem- ber 16. 1861. promoted to colonel; Lieutenant Colonel Rollin L. Curtis. August 19. 1862, resigned October 25, 1862: Lieutenant Colonel William H. Powell, Decem- ber 5. 1862. promoted to colonel ; Lieutenant Colonel David Done. May 18. 1863. resigned July_ 5. 1864; Lieutenant Colonel John J. HolTman. July 14, 1864, mustered out; Lieutenant Colonel James Allen. No- vember 26, 1864: Major Rollin L. Curtis. October 2, 1861. promoted to lieutenant colonel; Major John J. Hoffman. October 2. 1861. promoted to lieutenant colonel; Major Henry Stembach. February 5. 1862, mus- tered out; Major William H. Powell, .\ugust 19, 1862, promoted to lieutenant colonel: Major John McMahon, January 2, 1863 ; Major James Allen. April 29, 1864, promoted to lieutenant colonel ; Major Charles E. Ham- bleton, July 14. 1864. mustered out ; Major Edwin S. Morgan, November 26. 1864; .Adjutant John P. Merrill. October 25. 1861. resigned June S, 1862; Adjutant Eli- jah F. Gillon, November $. 1862. resigned September 7. 1864; Adjutant Earl A. Cranston, November 12, 1861, resigned June 2, 1862; Adjutant George E. Downing, October 25, 1861, resign.^d May I. 1862; Quartermaster Sayres G. Payton. October 2. 1861. rr.ustered out; Quartermaster William Hol'Jen, October 23, 1861, re- signed March 13. 1862 ; Commiisarv George S. South, Januarv 2. 1863. mustered out at expiration of term : Surgeon Thomas S. Neal. October 25. 1861, resigned February 9, 1864; Surgeon Matthew McEwen. January 17, 1S63; Assistant Surgeon Lucien L. Comstock, No- vember 6. 1861. promoted to surgeon of Eighth West Virginia Infantry; Assistant Surgeon Ozias Nellis, March 6, 1863, 'mustered out at expiration of term ; Assistant Surgeon Edward L. Gillian. May 18, 1863; Chaplain Charles M. Bethauser, October 2, 1861, re- signed October 12. 1S62. OFFICERS OF COMPANY P. Captain Arthur D. Eells, November 22, 1861, re- signed 'May 6, 1862 ; Captain Oliver H. P. Scott, June 26, 1862. . resigned December 23, 1862; Captain George Millard. April i, 1863. mustered out at expiration of term; Captain Henry F. Swentzel. Novenrber 26. 1864, promoted from Seventy-ninth Pennsylvania Infantry to Company E, and from Company E to Company F ; Captain George W. Gilmore ; Captain Ed. A. Rosser, promoted from Company B; Captain E. S. Fisher; Captain Oliver C. Ong; First Lieutenant Oliver H. P. Scott, November 22. 1861, promoted to captain; First Lieutenant William M. Fortescue. June 26, 1862. pro- moted to captain of • Company I ; First Lieutenant George Millard. November .i. 1862. promoted to captain; First Lieutenant Lloyd B. Stephens. April i, 1862, re- signed July 13. 1864: First Lieutenant Charles C, Clise, November 26. 1864 ; Second Lieutenant William M. Fortescue, November 22, 1861. promoted to first lieu- tenant ; Second Lieutenant George Millard, June 26, 1862, promoted to first lieutenant; Second Lieutenant Lloyd B. Stephens. November 5. 1862. promoted to first lieutenant; Second Lieutenant Oliver C. Ong. April I. 1863. mustered out: Second Lieutenant Elisha T. Fisher, November 26, 1864. The Second Virginia Cavalry was recruit- ed entirely from the border counties of Ohio. Commencing at Monroe all the counties were represented by one or more companies, ending with Lawrence County. Company F was the Washington County organization. Recruit- ing for it began in August, 1861, under the management of Capt. Arthur D. Eells, and by September the company was in camp at Parkersburg, West Virginia, where the reg- iment was irustered into service November 8th. Tlie fall and early winter of 1861 were spent in drill on foot and sword exercise at Parkersburg, West Virginia. In January the regiment was moved to Guyandotte, West Virginia, where they received their horses and completed their drill mounted. The first en- gagement of the regitnent was with Gen. Humphrey Marshall January 6, 1862, on Point Creek, Keiatucky. The Union forces were under command of General (afterward President) Garfield. The first loss of Wash- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 64r ington County in battle in the war was Albert W. Leonard, shot in the forehead while in a charge on Jennie's Creek, January 7, 1862. His body lies in Mound Cemetery at Marietta. On the 28th of April, Company F left Guyan- dotte with the half of the regiment under Col. William M. Bolles, and marched up the Big Kanawha and over the Sewell Mountains and joined the forces of Colonel Elliott of the For- ty-seventh Ohio Infantry at Meadow Bluff, Virginia. The summer of 1862 was spent in raiding and scouting the counties of Raleigh, Wyoming, Fayette, Greenbrier, Union and Nicholas. These trips brought on many skrim- ishes and some battles, that of Lewisburg, May 23rd, being quite severe. Company F was with Colonel Paxton, who left Camp Piatt Xovember 24, 1862, and surprised the Rebel general, Jenkins, at Sinking Creek, Virginia, capturing 117 prisoners, no horses, and 250 stand of arms. This w-as one of the most se- vere marches made during the war, both as regards cold and hard riding. The troops were in the saddle for seventy consecutive hours, on the latter part of their trip ; and on their arrival at Summerville, West Virginia, numbers had to be lifted out of their saddle, they were so badly frozen. The winter of 1862-63 was spent at Camp Piatt on the Big Kanawha. With the spring of 1863 scouting began early. July i8th the company was in the severe fight at Wytheville, wdiere both col- onels were lost. Colonel Toland, of the Thirty- fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, in command of the expedition, was shot dead, and Col. W. H. Powell, of the Second \'irginia Cavalry, wounded so badly as to be left and taken pris- oner. In this battle 125 prisoners were taken and j^ Rebels were killed; Union loss. 78 killed, wounded and missing, the houses in A\'ytheville ]ia\ing- been used as places of con- cealment frpm which to pick off the Union soldiers, even the women of the town taking part in the fight. The town was totally de- stroyed. The regiment was also in engagements at Lewisburg. May 3rd, Xo\embcr 7th. and De- cember 12, 1863. The winter of 1863-64 was spent at Charleston, West Virginia, and it was at this place that the regiment was brought up to its high standard of drill. The regiment started March 16, 1864, on a scout through Hurri- cane Bridge, Guyandotte, Trout's Hill and Wayne Court House. The weather was very cold on this trip. May 1st the regiment was attached to (ien- eral Averill's division, and with him was in the raid to Wytheville on the Virginia & Ten- nessee Railroad. Tlie route lay through Brow'nstown, Logan Court House, Wyoming, Tug Fork of Sandy and Jeffersonville. The Rebels were met at Cove Gap, a few miles this side of Wytheville, under Gen. John Morgan, and a very severe battle was fought. General Averill complimented the regiment in general orders, saying : "The general commanding desires to express his high appreciation of the steady and skillful evolutions of the Second' Virginia Cavalry under Colonel Powell upon the field of battle. It was a dress parade that continued without disorder under a heavy fire for over four hours." Company F was with the regiment and participatecl in all of the en- gagements on the Hunter road to Lynchburg, Virginia : was also with it in the Shenandoah Valley,- being in the fight at Bunker Hill, Stevenson's depot, \Vinchestcr. Xewton, Kearnstown, Fisher Hill, Mount Jackson, Cross Keys, Port Republic, Brown's Gap. Lu- ray, Harrisonville, Weirs Cave, Opequan, Martinsburg, Williamsport. Hagerstown, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania : St. Thomas, Pennsylvania; Moorfield, Virginia, and many other places. The winter of 1864-65 was spent in the Shenandoah Valley, hut w'hen in 1865 General Sheridan went up the valley to Waynesborough and on over to the White House, Virginia, Company F was along doing fine ser\ice. This company held the key to the hill at Dinw'iddie Court House, Virginia; was in the charge at Five Forks, Ford's Sta- tion, Deep Creek, Namozin Church. Jetters- ville, and in the first charge at Sailor's Creek ; also in the desperate engagement at Appomat- tox Court House, and on the morning of the- 648 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, 9th of April took part in the final charge on the flank of Lee's army, which would have re- sulted in the surrender of General Lee to Gen- eral Custer but for the arrival of General Grant on the ground. After the surrender, the company marched to Petersburg, where it remained with the regiment until the 23rd of April,' when it moved to intercept Johnson's army in North Carolina, but was ordered back at Halifax Court House. From there the company marched to Richmond, \'irginia, thence to Washington City. In the grand re- view. Company F led the cavalry column in review. On the 17th of June the regiment W'-as ordered to Texas via Louisville, Ken- tucky, but w-as stopped at Wheeling and mus- tered out, June 20, 1865. Company F lost the first and last man killed in battle from Washington County. The neighborhoods that furnished the most men to this company were, first. Coal Run ; second, Plymouth: third. Moss Run; fourth. Marietta. Coinpaiiy T. Eiglitcriitli Ohio J'ulinitccr In- fantry. RF.r.IMENT.M. OFFICERS. (Three years' service). Colonel Timothy R. Stanley, mustered .\ug115t 6. 1861. mustered out November 9, 1S64: Colonel Charles H. Grosvenor. April 8. 1865. provost marshal ; Lieu- tenant Colonel Josiah Given August 17, 1861, appointed Colonel Seventy-fourth Regiment : Lieutenant Colonel Charles H. Grosvenor. March 16, 1863, promoted to colonel: Lieutenant Colonel John M. Benedict, April 8, 1865, mustered out with regiment; Major Charles H. Grosvenor. July 30, 1861, promoted to lieutenant colo- nel; Major J. M. Welch, March 16, 1863. mustered out November g, 1864; Major John M. Benedict. February I. 1S65. promoted to lieutenant colonel; Major Robert B. Chappcll. .\pril 8. 1865, mustered out with regiment; Surgeon William P. Johnson, September 24, 1861, mus- tered out November g, 1864 ; Surgeon Horace P. Kay. February 20, 1865. mustered out with regiment ; .Assistant Surgeon William W. Mills, September 24, 1861. resigned February 28, 1864; Assistant Surgeon Charles H. French. January I. 1863, mustered out No- vember 9. 1864; Assistant Surgeon Arthur C. Newell. May 2. 1865, mustered out October 9, 1865 ; Assistant Surgeon S. .'V. Baxter. May 2g, 1865. mustered out Oc- tober g. 1865 ; Chanlain John Dillon, September 16, 1861, mustered out November 9, 1864. OFFICERS OF COMP.^NY F. Captain John J. Jumper, mustered September 8, 1861, resigned Octo])er 4, 18(33; First Lieutenant Robert R. Danford, September 8, 1861, resigned January 17, 1862 : First Lieutenant William B. Williams. February 3. 1862, resigned February 8, 1863 ; First Lieutenant Charles M. Grubb, April 14, 1863, mustered out Novem- ber 9. 1864; First Lieutenant David J. Searight, July 12, 1864, mustered out November g, 1864; First Lieuten- ant John G. G. Carter. March 29, 1865, transferred to adjutant Eighteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Septem- ber I, 1865; Second Lieutenant William B. Williams, September 8. 1861, promoted to first lieutenant; Second Lieutenant Charles M. Grubb, March 15, 1862, promoted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieutenant David J. Searight, April 14. 1863, promoted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieutenant John G. G. Carter, December 21, 1864, .pro- iTioted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieutenant James W. Slater, JNIay 31, 1865, mustered out with regiment. This company was made up of men from Beverly and Newport, Washington County, and Windsor and Ringgold, Morgan County, and was organized early in September, 1861, at Camp Putnam, Marietta, Ohio. John J. Jumper was elected captain. About the middle of the month. Company F joined the regiment at Camp Wood, Athens, Ohio, and the regimental organization was completed at Camp Dennison, November 4, 1S61. From Camp Dennison the regiment went to Louisville, Kentucky, arriving November 7th and remaining there about a month, and marching from there to Bacon Creek, where they remained about two months and drilled. Arrived at Green River February 7, 1862, and on the next day started for Bowding Green, whicl: place was occupied on the tenth. Re- mained there until the 23rd. After the fall of Fort Donelson, they proceeded to Nash- ville, Tfennessee, a distance of 62 miles, in three days. At Nashville the regiment en- camped until March i8th, suffering many pri- vations and hardships, when they started for Huntsville, Alabama, arriving April nth. Thence they went tO' Tuscumbia, Alabama, thence to Athens, Alabama, and deployed along the railroad. May 1st they were attacked by Scott's Re- bel cavalry and driven back towards Hunts- ville, Company F going as far as Madison AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 649 station, where, falling in with a part of the Thirty-third Ohio, they halted and remained. On JNIay 3rd Company F and a detail from the Thirty-third Ohio and Twenty-second Kentucky acted as guard to a train that was gathering up cotton that had been used in fortifying at places between Hunts ville and Athens, returning to the station at night, where they remained until the 9th, when they moved to Athens. On the 2 1 St Company F, with four other companies, guarded a supply train to Hunts- ville, returning the next day, and remaining at Athens until the 30th, when they started for Fayetteville, arriving next day, and where they remained until June 23rd, when they marched to Huntsville. All these movements were made under the command of Gen. O. M. Mitchell, who had been sent southward by Gen. Don Carlos Buell, commanding the army of the Ohio, to annoy the enemy and keep him busy while other and more important move- ments were being consummated. The regiment at this time was brigaded with the Nineteenth and Twenty-fourth Illi- nois and the Thirty-seventh Indiana, under the command of Colonel Turchin. At one place during . these movements, Tuscumbia, Colonel Turchin, with but a small force, in- cluding the Eighteenth Regiment, held the town, which was surrounded by a greatly su- perior force of Rebels. In order to keep up the appearance of a large force, however, he fiad the names of officers from a dozen regi- ments entered upon the hotel register of the town, whose regiments were supposed to be in camp, but in reality he had not more than 600 men, all told. No citizens were allowed to leave the town. Soon General Buell or- dered all the territory west of Decatur evacu- ated, and the regiment went to Athens, Ala- bama. At Battle Creek they found the enemy in force across the stream, and shelled them, but received no response. July ist. Company F, with C and B, was on detached duty, but soon rejoined the regiment. July 13th the regi- ment started for Tullahoma, and camped at the foot of the mountain near that j)lace, in the evening. On the 14111 they passed up and over the mountain. Just at sunset they reached the summit, and began the descent by a very difficult route, reaching the valley about 8 P. M., without serious accident. July 15th they marched from Dccherd for Caledonia, where the regiment remained until July 24th, when they started for Tullahoma, arriving there the day following, when Com- pany F' \vas thrown out as a picket guard around the town. August 8th they left Tulla- homa for Drick River, and from there went to Manchester. September 3rd the regiment arrived at Murfreesborough, and September 8th arrived at Nashville, and remained there until December loth, when the regiment went down the Franklin pike about four miles, and encamped until the 26th, when a general ad- vance was ordered, which was continued until December 30th, when they went into the great battle of Stone River which continued for three days with terrible carnage, in which the gallant Eighteenth did noble service. In June, 1863, the regiment was w.itli the force that crossed Lookout Mountain intO' Mc- Lamore Cove, and confronted Bragg at Dug Gap, September nth, and the Eighteenth, with the balance of the brigade, held the enemy in check. At Chickaniauga the regiircnt did not ]iar- ticipate in the first da_\"s battle, but on Sun- day, September 20th, was in the thickest of the engagement, making several brilliant I charges. From this time until the expiration of their term of service the regiment was on engineer- ! ing duty, and on October 20, 1864, was or- j dered to Camp Chase, to be mustered out, and 1 on November 9th it was mustered out. Nearly 100 men re-enlisted as veterans, and with those whose time had not expired numbered 225 men. Upon re-enlisting, the h'irst. Second, Eight- eenth, Twenty-fourth and Thirt\--tifth Ohio regiments were consolidated under the name of the Eighteenth Ohio, commanded by Lieut. Col. C. H. Grosvenor. The re.giment took 650 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, part in the battle of Xashville, December 6, 1864. losing four officers out of seven, and 75 men in killed and wounded, out of less than 200. The regiment was engaged from this time to the end of the war in garrison duty. In July, 1865, the regiment was stationed at Au- gusta, Georgia, and Colonel (now general) Grosvenor was assigned to duty as provost marshal general of the department, where they remained until October 9th, when they were ordered to Columbus, Ohio, to be mus- tered out. and were there honorably dis- charged October 22, 1865. Companies A, F. and G, Thirty-si.vtli Ohio I olimtecrs. RF.GIMENTAL OFFICERS. Colonel George Crook, mustered .September 12, 1861, appointed brigadier general September 7, 1862; Colonel Melvin Clarke, September 7. 1862. killed at An- tietam September 17, 1862 : Colonel Ebenezer B. An- drews. September 17, 1862, resigned April 9, 1863 ; Colo- nel William G. Jones, April 13, 1863, killed September tg, 1863, at Chickamaiiga : Colonel Hiram F. Devol, September ig, 1863. appointed brevet brigadier general July 20. 1865 ; Lieutenant Colonel Melvin Clarke, July 30, 1861. promoted to colonel September 16. 1862; Lieutenant Colonel E. B. Andrews. September 7. 1862, promoted to colonel September 17, 1862: Lieutenant Colonel Hiram F. Devol. September 17, 1862, promoted to colonel ; Lieutenant Colonel William H. G. Adney, May g. 1864. mustered out ; Lieutenant Colonel William S. Wilson, March 8, 1865, mustered out with regiment; Major E. B. Andrews. July 28. 1861, promoted to lieu- tenant colonel September 16. 1862: Major Hiram F. Devol. September 7. 1862. promoted to lieutenant colo- nel; Major William H. G. .A.dney. September 17. 1862, promoted to lieutenant colonel; Major Jewett Palmer, Jr.. May Q, 1864. resigned November 29, 1864; Major William S. Wilson, December 30, 1864, mustered out; Major Benjamin J. Ricker, Jr.. February 3. 1865, trans- ferred from Thirty-fourth Ohio volunteer infantry ; Surgeon Robert N. Barr, August 22, 1861. resigned Feb- ruary 26. 1862; Surgeon J. H. Whitford. March 8. 1862, mustered out with regiment ; Assistant Surgeon J. H. Whitford, August 23, 1861, promoted to surgeon; As- sistan*^ Surgeon Colin Mackenzie. March 8, 1862. re- signed May ig. 1863 ; Assistant Surgeon John Dicker- son, July 4, T862, promoted to surgeon of new regiment ; Assistant Surgeon James P. Welch, July 24, 11862, re- signed September 18, 1864; Assistant Surgeon B. F. Holcomb, March 14, 1865, mustered out with regiment; Assistant Surgeon A. M. Beers. June 26. 1865. did'not accept; Chaplain George V. Fry. .August. 1861, resignecl January 31, 1862; Chaplain J. G. Blair, July 25, 1864, mustered out; Chaplain G. W. Collier, August 30, i86l, mustered out ; Chaplain William S. Taylor, February I, 1862, -esigned April ,30. 1862; Quartermaster First Lieutenant Levi Barber, August 31, 1861, resigned No- vember '29, 1862; Quartermaster Captain Thomas M. Turner. December 30, 1864, declined promotion, pro- moted to captain December i, 1862, from first lieutenant mustered out with regiment as regimental quarter- luaster; Quartermester First LieiUenant John M. Wood- bridge, July 31, i86t, resigned; Chief Musician Eben- ezer Cory. August, 1861, mustered out at expiration of three years: Chief Musician John Tenney, September, 1864. mustered out with regiment. COMr.\NY OFFICERS. Captain H. F. Devol, mustered August i, 1861, promoted to major September 7, 1862; Captain Thomas W. Moore, August 24. 1861, resigned March 5, 1862; Captain Jewett Palmer. Jr., August 24, 1861, promoted to major; Captain Reuben L. Nye, March 3. 1862, mus- tered out with regiment; Captain Joseph Kelly. March 5, 1862. mustered out with regiment ; Captain James Stanley, June 6, 1S62, honorably discharged November 25. 1864; Captain Augustus T. Ward. December .30, 1864, mustered out with regiment ; Captain James Gage Barker. September 7, 1862. mustered out November 4, 1864; Captain James C. Selby. October 3, 1862, died of wounds September 14, 1864; Captain Wallace S. Stan- ley. December ,-?o. 1864, mustered out with regiment; Captain James Haddow, December 30, 1864, mustered out with regiment ; Captain Miles A. Stacy. December 30. 1864. resigned as first lieutenant December I. 18C14: Captain Jesse Morrow. December 30. 1864. mustered out with regiment ; First Lieutenant James Gage Bar- ker. .\ugust 13, 1861, promoted to captain; First Lieu- tenant Joseph Kelly, August 24. 1861, promoted to captain ; First Lieutenant James Stanley, August 24, 1861, promoted to captain; First Lieutenant James C. Selby, March 5, 1S62. promoted to captain; First Lieu- tenant A. F. Tiffany, September 17, 1862, resigned No- vember 18, 1863; First Lieutenant O. J. Wood. Novem- ber 20, 1862. resigned August 27. 1863 ; First Lieutenant Jesse Morrow. February 22, 1863, promoted to captain ; First Lieutenant Miles A. Stacy. January 17. 1863. pro- moted to captain ; First Lieutenant Augustus T. Ward, April 21. 1S64. promoted to captain ; First Lieutenant James Haddow, May 9, 1864. promoted to captain; First Lieutenant Samuel S. Grosvenor, December 30, 1864, honorably discharged as second lieutenant ; First Lieutenani: George W. Putnam. December 30. 1864, honorably discharged as second lieutenant; First Lieu- tenant S. W. Harvey, December 30, 1864, mr.stcred out with regiment : First Li'eutenant John A. Palmer, Sep- tember I, 1862. resigned June 18. 1863: Second Lieu- tenant James C. Selby, August 13, 1861, promoted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieutenant A. F. Tiffany, August 24, 1861, promoted to first lieutenant; Second Lieutenant Ernst Lindner, August 24, 1861, resigned J'une 28. 1862; Second Lieutenant Reuben L. Nye, July 30, 1861, pro-; moted to captain March 3. iSfe ; Second Lieutenant John A. Palmer, March 5, 1S62, promoted to first lieu- tenant; Second Lieutenant O. J. Wood, February 5, 1862, promoted to first lieutenant: Second Lieutenant Miles A. Stacy, June 28, 1862, promoted to first lieuten- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 65 » ant; Second Lienttnant Wallace S. Stanley, June 28, 1862, promoted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieutenant Augustus T. Ward, September 17, 1862, promoted to first lieutenant; Second Lieutenant Jesse Morrow, July 28. 1862. promoted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieuten- ant James Haddow, September 17, 1862, promoted to first lieutenant; Second Lieutenant Satnuel L. Gros- venor, October 24, 1863, promoted to first lieutenant; Second Lieutenant George W. Putnam. October 24, 1862. promoted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieutenant Ransom C. Wyatt. March 8, ^865, mustered out at expiration of service: Second Lieutenant Benjamin Bragg, March 8, 1865; Ttiustered out with regiment; Second Lieutenant Sanmel W. Harvey, April 21, 1864, promoted to first lieutenant. Under the call of President Lincoln, July 22, 1 86 1, for 500,000 men. Lieutenant Colonel !Melvin Clarke was authorized to organize a regiment at Camp Putnam, Marietta, Ohio. He at once set about it, and hearing that a company was being formed at Lowell for the Thirty- ninth Ohio — Colonel Groesbeck — he met that company on its organization, August ist, and made known his purpose, asking that the com- pany report at Camp Putnam to form a nucleus for his regiment. He solicited the forming of companies in this and other counties, and the following reported and were mustered in : August 13th, Company A: August 14th, Com- pany B; August 14th, Company C; August 22nd, Company D ; August 22nd, Company E; August 24th, Company F; August 24th, Com- pany G ; August 24th, Company H : August 24th. Company I; August 31st, Company K. Xearlv the maximum number being mus- tered in. the regiment was armed with the old United States muskets, and uniformed. Xot having a colonel, the line officers had a well- grounded notion that only a regular army of- equal to the ambition of its members. This wish being favorably regarded by the held of- ficers and the governor, efforts were made to seciu'e one through the Secretary of War. In this condition the regiment was ordered, .August 30, 1861, to the field, taking trans- ports at Marietta for Parkersburg. Si.x com- panies. .A. B, F, G, H and L under command of Maj. E. B. Andrews, were there met by Maj. A. J. Slemmer — at that time of General Rosecrans' staff — under the charge of Major Slemmer were transported by cars to Walker station — a few miles out. h'rom that point marched over the mountains. Company .\ had one man killed that day l)y the accidental discharge of a musket — Private Steward, from Pinchville. .\rri\-ed at Elizabeth after dark, foot-sore and wearw The object of this forced march was to clear the country of bands of guerrillas. The next morning the advance was fired on by a squad of these fellows from a hill fronting the turn of the road. One of the men was wounded in the shnulder. A com- pany was thrown forward as skirmishers and soon dislodged them. Camped at Reedy that night. The next day marched for Spencer, the county seat of Roane County. The place- was s'.irrounded by guerrillas and three of its loyal citizens had been killed by them. On the approach of the regiment they tied. The people were found in a truly pitiable condi- tion — nothing but cornmeal to subsist on. Ra- tions having given out the men were in much the same plight for two days. Scouts brought in a little beef, but salt tliere was none. This kind of diet was new, and on the whole it seemed as if the regiment was being roughly initiated. The supply train that three days later followed was surrounded at Reedy. A night march of two companies relieved and l.rcught it forward. Guerrillas seemed to be upon all the hills and frequently their signals could be heard. Like the foxes, they knew the woods and were never seen ;ii iheir houses during the day, so it seemed im|)ossible to catch tliem. Tliis was a new kind of warfare for the regular major, and when the regiment moved away — being reliexed bv another com- mand — he ordered flanking parties as skir- mishers in advance of t!ic column. The day before leaving Sjjcncer it was thought best to unload the muskets. .A tar- get at fifty yards was j^laced and the men in turn tried their skill. The small men at every discharge would be either upset or faced about. The recoil of those old muskets with their heavy charge of powder, ball and three buck- shot was about as fatal at thei'ear as in front. The target was not hit. Loud was the cursing- 652 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, of the men. Thev saw their guns were useless, which accounted for their never hringing down a - single bushwhacker, despite their many chances. Tlie march lay through Arnolds- burg. Bulltown, Sutton to Summerville, Nicho- las County. Lieutenant-Colonel Clarke, with the other four companies, C, D, E and K, soon joined the regiment, and in a few days Col. George Crook, who had been appointed to com- mand it, arrived to the great joy of the men. At this period was laid the solid founda- tion which gave to the regiment confidence in the future, and securetl for it a place second to none in the service. Colonel Crook insti- tuted a perfect system of drill and a school in which officers were drilled, and recitations regularly held : and the officers drilled the men. A large drill house was erected that all could use at the same time. Leather stocks — called by the men "dog collars" — were worn under the chin to set the men up. The old muskets weie exchanged for new Enfield rifles. The entire regiment was quartered in the houses of people who left at the approach of the Union Army. This crowding in houses, change of diet — this seasoning process — caused sickness, typhoid fever, pneumonia and measles. This w^as a sad era. Fifty deaths was the fearful record. Expeditions were frequently sent out to hunt guerrillas and to forage mainly for cat- tle — all quite successful. There was some lively skirmishing with the bushwhackers ; but two men were seriously wounded. Early in the winter one company (A) was sent to Cross Lanes, eight miles distant, to hold that post and guard a ford over the Gauley River. There was but little intercourse with the people ; only a few were loyal to the flag ; but we respected both person and property where they showed no open acts of disloyalty. Thus the winter passed. Our numbers were kept full by recruits. May 12, 1862, the regiment — 1.000 strong — with cheerful hearts, took up its line of march in the direction of real busi- ness. Company B alone remained in charge of the train to come by another route. Forded Gauley River and marched much of the way by bridle paths. The march was a forced one. and the first two days were intensely hot, so that many gave out. The way led via Cold Knob and Frankfort, the object being to get in the rear of a Confederate force under Gen- eral Heath, at Lewisburg. At the same time a force under Colonel Gilbert approached from Gauley Bridge. General Heath was too wary and eluded the trap. The Union forces unit- ed at Lewisburg, and consisted of the Thirty- sixth and Forty-fourth regiments and a battal- ion of the Second Virginia Cavalry, all under command of Colonel Crook — about 1.200 strong. From Lewisburg, Colonel Crook, with this small force, marched through the mountains to White Sulphur Springs and Co\-- ington, to Jackson River depot, and destroyed the bridge at that point. The movement was so bold and rapid, and the enemy so surprised, they dare not leave their mountain fastnessc to essay an attack. A few days after the return of the expedi- tion to Lewisburg, May 23rd, early in the morning, General Heath, with from 2.500 to 3,000 men, drove in the pickets and took a strong position on a hill on the opposite side of the to'wn from where the Union forces were encamped, and commenced shelling the camp. The Thirty-sixth, under Colonel Clarke, and the Forty-fourth, under Colonel Gilbert, were ordered to charge the enemy in their position. Disappearing for a few moments in the streets of the town, the National forces suddenly emerged upon the rising ground in front of the Rebels — the Thirty-sixth on the left and the Forty-fourth on the right of the line of battle. The Rebel infantry was posted be- hind a rail fence, and between the lines was an open, clear field. Over this ground the Thirty-sixth charged with a yell, receiving a volley from the enemy. Reserving fire until at close range, and giving the Rebels scarcely time tO' reload, the men were upon them, and they broke in com- plete rout. They escaped down the mountain, and firing the bridge over the Greenbrier Ri- ver rendered further pursuit impossible. In this the maiden battle of the Thirtv-sixth Regiment, it was pitted against the Twenty- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 653 second Virginia, which was recruited in the rich country of Greenbrier County and the Kanawha Valley, and was armed with Missis- sippi rifles. The result of this victory was a loss to the Thirty-sixth of seven killed. 44 wounded, and five captured on picket. The Forty-fourth lost much less. Rebel loss. 60 killed and left on the field, 175 prisoners, four pieces of artillery and 300 stand of small arms. They carried off many of their slightly wounded. This being a fair stand-up fight, on ground of the Rebels' own choosing, the plan of attack also their own, it increased the men's confi- dence in the future. It being a Rebel town, the wounded who were straggling back were ill-treated : one was shot dead by a citizen. THie Union dead were buried in a beautiful grove, and their graves surnnindcd Ijy a picket fence by their comrades. This battle occurring near the homes of many of the Confederate soldiers, their friends came in to care for both dead and wounded. The scenes there witnessed were very affect- ing. Mothers with their dead or wounded sons, sisters with their brothers, wives with husbands. It was truly a sad picture of the realities of war. Added to this was the morti- fication of defeat in their own country. The Union wounded were sent to Charleston in ambulances. Some were met there by rela- tives and taken home. Dyar B. McClure, of Warren, Washington County, badly wounded, died soon after reaching home. After clearing up the wreck of battle and paroling the Rebel wounded. May 2gth. the regiment took up the line of march to !\Ieadow Bluffs to be more accessible to supplies. They were joined here by the Forty-seventh Ohio, ;md on June 22(1 the entire force, under com- mand of Colonel Crook, started to return Gen- eral Heath's early call on them at Lew-islmrg, bv a visit to his camps at Union, Monroe County. Marched via Salt Sulphur Springs, forded the Greenbrier River the second day. and reached Union in the afternoon. The general, not caring for further acquaintance, had left for the mountains. Tlie command then leisurely retracetl its steps, and as it was a very fine country foraged its way back by another route. At Meadow Blufts. drilling occupied most of the time until August 14th, when the regiment started for Camp Piatt, on the Kanawha River. Here, with most of the force under General Cox, they embarked on Iransjiorts tV>r Parkersburg, cii route to Wash- ington and the army of the Potomac. At Parkersburg recruits were added to tlie regiment, increasing its numbers to 1,020. .\ happy day was spent here, the regiment ming- ling with their friends, who came to meet them, and to many it was the last meeting on earth. Left Parkersburg on stock and freight cars, and went through without change. Through Washington, over the long bridge, through Alexandria, arriving at Warrenton junction August 25th, in advance of the rest of the Kanawha division, and were assigned by General Pope to duty at his headc[uarters. General "Stonewall" Jackson having broken in upon General Pope's rear pre\ented any more of the division coming forward. August 27th, in charge of headciuarters, train fell back with the rest of the army, and encamped that night near the battle ground of Bristow Station. Marched through Ma- nassas to Centreville. overlooking the second Bull Run battle. Company F was sent back to Bristow on special duty, joining the regi- ment next day. In the succeeding battle of Bull Run. the Thirty-sixth was held in reserve by General Pope, and on the evening of that defeat, per- formed signal scr\icc in arresting stragglers and fugitives from the battle, thus ])revcnting thousands from hurrying back to \\'ashing- ton and creating a jianic of dismay similar to that after the first battle of Bull Run. September 2nd the regiment fell back to Arlington heights, remaining there a few days. September "th. marched through Washington ; were reviewed by Secretary Chase and others from the balcony of the treasury dcnartmcnt. The men were proud of their regiment, as compared with any they had seen in the East- ern Armv, not merelv because of their num- 654 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, bers (for tliey were often hailed with "What brigade is that?") but in their marching and drill they knew thev were second to none. Colonel Strother, better known as "Porte Crayon." said of the regiment, after witness-' ing one of its dress parades, that it executed the most perfect manual of arms he had ever seen in his army experience. September jth, after being joined by the rest of the Kanawha division, left Washing- ton, the iibject Ijeing to repel Lee's invasion of Maryland. The Kanawha divisidu had the advance of the entire Federal force, now com- manded again by General McCIellan ; met the advance of Lee's army ( General Stewart's cavalry) on the _'nd, at Frederick, Maryland. They occupied the town. The Thirtv-sixth marched to the attack in line of liattle on the left of the pike, the Twenty-eighth Ohio on the right. C-ilonel Abiore, of the Twenty- eighth, commanding brigade, kept the pike leading directly into the town with a section of artillery. The moment he reached the town a rush l)y the enemy's cavalry captured the brave colonel and a few others ; then fell back without fighting. The cummand of the brigade de- volved lui Colnnel Crook, and that of the regi- ment on Lieutenant-Colonel Clarke. The regiment ne\-er afterward had its old colonel as its commander. Reached Middletown the 13th: here opened the battle of South Moun- tain. Early on the morning (.;f the 14th, Gen. J. D. Cox, commanding the in\ision, was ordere i to storm the mountain. The Tbiitv-sixlli had position in the center and its march lav tlirougb the only open ground, without cover of any kind. The enemy, first \\ith shell, and, as the line ad\-anced, with canister and grape, poured into them a destructive fire. The musketry followed. The line never wavered, although subjected to an enfilading fire from artiller\-, and musketry in front, posted behind a stone wall on the crest of the mountain, The regi- ment held its fire, the Rebels cursing and yell- ing "You can't come over here." With loaded guns and. fixed bayonets they reached the wall, then over it rattled the brave lads with a veil. Then followed a hand-to-hand fight with those^^ who would not surrender or run away. Among the former was a Confederate surgeon, who kept firing with his revoh'er until pierced with a bayonet. The regiment pursued the enemy into the woods beyond, killing and capturing a number, until ordered back in line with the right of our forces, wdro had not been cjuite so fortunate. The rest of the day was spent in repelling the efiforts of the enemy to retake that line. The Thirty-si.xth lost a number in killed and wounded. Corporal Coiirtland Shepherd,, from Washington County, one of the colored guard, was killed. That night the regiment bivouacked among the Rebel dead on their chosen ground. A detail^ rudely buried the Union dead at the rear near where they fell. In this, the second battle of the regiment, not a man was knowai to have failed in his duty. That night the enemy left the mountain, fall- ing back and across Antietam Creek. Early in the morning the L'nion Army was in ])ursuit. That day (the 15th) and the lOth little else was done, but as the army came on to take up position, driving in the Rebel skirmishers, the Rebels from the heights about Sharpsburg" commenced throwing with their cannon pieces of iron rails and sledge hammers as far as our line. General Burnside, the corps commander, gave his command to understand that it was to have an easy victory, as the enemy was out of ammunition. Alas, how fatal the delusion f About 10 A. M. on the 17th the Kanawha division was ordered to assault the stone bridge and carry it at all hazard. It could not be done till Colonel Crook by a skillful manoeuvre with a battery cleared the heights of the ene- my at the opposite end. When a crossing was effected the di\ision was' rapidly deployed in line of battle and a charge at once ordered. The ground being clear, excepting fences, and the regiment about the center of the line, it drew a terrible fire from the enemy's artillery. In this charge Colonel Clarke fell, shot through the body by a large shell. The regiment drove the Rebel infantry from their first line and was then halted. This part of the field AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 655 being vital to the enemy they massed a heavy force on the left of the Union line and donhled it back. Colonel Crook drew his brigade with the rest of the division a short distance back under cover of rolling ground. In this move- ment the regiment did not forget its beloved commander, Colonel Clarke, but carried his remains with them in a blanket. It is but just to say here that Colonel Clarke, by unexam- pled bearing, even temper and gentlemanly de- portment, had steadily won for himself the confidence and a warm place in the hearts of the entire regiment. His remains were for- warded tO' his home at Marietta, where they now rest in the beautiful cemetery, and his grave is marked by a monument erected by his fellow officers. The command of the regiment nmv de- volved upon Major Andrews. That night the groans and cries of the helpless wounded of both armies between the two lines could be heard, but no- help could safely reach them. The 1 8th passed with an occasional shot, but 3. vigilant watch was kept over the enemy. The following night Lee with his entire army escaped, fording the Potomac. After the bat- tle the regiment was moved down near the mouth of Antietam Creek, where it remained initil October 6th, when the Kanawha division was ordered back to West Virginia. The march lay via Hagerstown to Hancock, then over the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad to Clarks- burg. The regiment and brigade left this town the last of October for Charleston. The march lay through Summer\dlle, the old fa- miliar quarters of the regiment. Reached Charleston about the middle of November. After the active work of the summer and fall .it was supposed that here on the lower bank of the Elk River the regiment would winter. Accordingly all actively set about making quarters out of such material as was at hand. Some were completed and all nearly so when, January 25th, transports came up the Kana- ^vha River to convey General Crook with his command to the Army of the Cumberland at Nashville, Tennessee. The men regretted to leave their newly constructed quarters, but such are the uncertainties of army life. Crowded on steamers the trip was exceedingly uncomfortable. Remained near Nashville till February 22nd, when the Thirty-sixth. Elev- enth, Eighty-ninth and Ninety-second Ohio, and Eighteenth Kentucky regiments, and Twenty-first Indiana Battery, under command of General Crook, re-embarked for Carthage, Tennessee. At this place a good deal of im- portant scouting occupied the time till early in June, when General Crook with his com- mand marched to Murfreesborough. In the meantime Colonel Andrews resigned and Will- iam G. Jones was commissioned colonel of the regiment. General Crook's brigade was as- signed to Major-General Reynolds's division, Fourteenth Army Corps, commanded by 3ilaj. Gen. George H. Tliomas. June 24th, General Crook with his (Third) brigade, in advance of the corps, took up the line of march on the Manchester pike southward. Late in the day the Thirty-si.xth had a few men wounded at Hoover's Gap. Next day moved to the left, to flank the enemy's position at TullaliDma. Found him g-one in the direction of Bridge- port, the railroad crossing over the Tennessee River. The pursuit was necessarily and aggravat- ingly slow, owing to the wretched condition of the roads, it having rained incessantly since the command left Murfreesborough. At Big Springs, a day's march further on, General Crook was relieved of the command of the bri- gade and given a division of cavalry. Gen. J. B. Turchin taking his place. In July moved up to University Place, a beautiful place on a mountain, remained there some two weeks, with little else to do but fight jiggers (a little insect thick on the bushes ) and look out for rattlesnakes. In August moved down the southeastern slope into Sweeden's Cove: stopped a few days at Blue Springs, on Battle Creek; marched on through the Se- quatchie Valley to Jasper. Tennessee. This land abounded in very delicious peaches, of which many a heaping hatful was appropri- ated by the soldiers. September 2nd. crossed the river at Shell Mound in Flats. From this 656 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, puint the march lay over Sand Mountain into l^ockout V'aUey ; niuved on in the direction of Trenton, Georgia. Further up the regiment and command performed the task of pulhng both artillery and baggage train to the top of Lookout Alountain, crossing immediately down the (jther side into McLemore's Cove. Here, on the 17th, the enemy made some dem- onstrations from Catlett's Gap. Some ma- iiceuvring was done to mystify the enemy, and on the night of the i8th, after issuing a few rations, the entire command moved. General Crittenden was being pressed in the direction of Rossville, northeast. This compelled a wearisome all-night march. At daylight, on the 19th, the regiment was at Crawlish Springs, and a little further on went into its place in line of battle. Soon the work pf death commenced — the terrific battle of Chickamauga. Fierce cannonading for miles up and down the valley — a short lull — then the murderous work of the infantry began. The battlefield being largely in the woods seemed to impart a sentiment of awe to the work that was going on. Tlie Thirty-sixth in position seemed a little toi the left center. Sud- denly on the right the firing grew nearer and ■nearer. Many wounded were passing to the rear, the front holding its ground. General Reynolds, division commander, ordered the brigade to change front to the right. Barely was this manoeuvre accomplished when through the ranks rushed some National troops closely pursued by the enemy. The solid front pre- sented checked them, and their broken masses took cover behind trees and logs, giving them great advantage. Not a man of the regiment was known to* have turned back unless wound- ed. Tbe slaughter was fearful, especially on the right of the regiment. The brave Capt. James Stanley's men. Company D, were fall- ing right and left. Something must be done. General Turchin was not there. Colonel Jones was mortally wounded ; Major Adney was wounded. .\t this critical moment Lieu- tenant-Colonel Devol ordered a charge. With an inspiring yell the men rushed forward and drove the enemv back and be- yond their artillery. They had driven them se\'eral hundred yards when an aide was dis- patched ordering the brigade back. Had the enemy closed that gap in the rear, the subse- quent history of the Thirty-sixth and Eleventh Ohio and Eighteenth Kentucky Regiments would have had a different reading. There was but little fighting on that part of the line the rest of the day. Exhausted, the regiment lay on its arms, keeping a skirmish line in front. Early the next morning, the 20th, Gen- eral Rosecrans caused word to- be passed along the line that as it was the Sabbath fighting should not be prov(jked. General Bragg, being reinforced by Long- street's corps, was confident, and early opened the battle. The regiment was moved to the left and front. The enemy ni.ide repeated charges and as often were repulMd. Major General Thomas, in his official report of these charges, says : "The enemy attacked John- son, Palmer, and Reynolds with fierceness which was continued at least two hours, making assault after assault with fresh troops, which was met by our troops with a most determined coolness and deliberation. Having exhausted his utmost energies to dislodge us, he appar- ently fell back entirely from our front, and we were not distur!)ed again till towards night." About four o'clock the enemy made a desper- ate effort and succeeded in forcing the lines back on the right and left of Reynolds' di- vision, where, from the front and both flanks,, the enemy poured their missiles of death. General Reynolds and other officers thought the entire division would have to surrender, and as evidence of their fears took oH their shouklerstraps to conceal their rank. At this- moment General Thomas, the "Rock of Chick- amauga," ran the gauntlet and ordered a "change of front to the left of the enemy's flank, and get out, if possible." Like a statue he coolly sat on his horse, witnessed the execu- tion of liis order and then galloped back. The charge was a success. Many prisoners and a battery of artillery were captured. The latter cc.nild not be brought oH. The day closed with 70 dead officers and AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 657 men of the Tliirl)-sixtli Regiment lying in tliose woods. The night was spent in with- drawing to Ross\-ille, next day (21st) iield the gap through tlie ritige covering Chatta- nooga. The 22nd of September fell back into Chattanooga, and with the rest of the army vigorously set about fortifying. From this time to the first of November the army was in a state of siege on half rations. Early during the siege lost a dozen men on a reconnoisance. October 26th, Twrchin's and Hayen's brigades were elected to take Brown's Ferry below Lookout Mountain and thus co-operate with General Hooker in relieving the beleaguered army. This was successfully accomplished by selecting experienced boatmen from the Thirty- sixth and Ninety-second Regiments. Quietly in the darkness of night they flf)ated down in pontoons past the Rebel pickets, landing and storming the heights at the ferry. Hooker's arrival brought the first sound crackers and meat the regiment had had for a month. Parched corn had been the only good diet that could be had. The regiment returned to Chat- tanooga in a few days, Hooker holding the ferry and starting from it on his famous charge up Lookout Mountain. November 25th, on the e.xtreiue left of the Fourteenth Corps and army, the Thirty-sixth and Ninety-second, side by side, with the battle cry of "Chickamauga." charged Missionary Ridge. The miles in length of the charging line of the blue, dotted here and there with the soldier's priile — his country's flag — was an in- spiring sight, though the belching line of can- non and musketry from the enemy on the crest told fearfully on that column. The crest was reached, the breastworks taken — in many in- stances by a hand-to-hand fight. The regi- ment captured two pieces of artillery and many prisoners. Generals Grant and Thomas hav- ing followed closely, were cheered by the men as they passed by. The regiment lost in this charge 83 of its brave members. The follow- ing day pursued the enemy to Ringgold, Georgia, after which it returned to its tents in Chattanooga. 'i'hus cnclcd what commenced in the forests of Chickamauga am! niighl l)c termed a continuation of the same battle. As soon as possible the regiment made coffins and went out to Chickamauga (eight miles) to bring in its dead; only ^y could be recognized, however — they having jjcen cov- ered with a shovelful of earth where tliey fell. Tlie rest had been gathered ])romiscuousIy with others and buried in rows, with only earth enough to partially cover them; near the widow Glen's house were long rows of the dead of both armies. How the nation's destroyers gloated o\-er their temporary success at Chickamauga, while like vultures they looked down from Missitin- ary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, on its de- fenders! The men of the Thirty-sixth killed in these battles now rest in a lot selected by their comrades in the beautiful National Ceme- tery at Chattanooga. In February, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted, and March loth started for home on veteran furlough. At Cincinnati they separated for 30 days. At the expiration of that time were ordered to General Crook at Charleston, West Virginia — he having been sent there to take command of the Third Division, department of West Virginia. On reaching Charlestfin the regiment was assigned to the First brigade, commanded by Col. R. B. Hayes. May 1st General Crook with his division started on a raid to the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad. Several attempts on it had been made, but had failed. The march lay via Falls of Kanawha, Raleigh and Princeton. Had a slight skirmish at Princeton, and a few miles further on found the enemy in strong position at Cloyd's farm. Their position was at once charged and a severe engagement ensued, which resulted in driving the enemy from their works, capturing two pieces of artillery and mortally wounding and capturing the no- torious Rebel general, Jenkins. Being rein- forced, they made a stand a mile to the rear of their first position, but were easily routed. They retreated through Dublin depot and across New fxiver. .\t the depot a large 658 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, amount of wagons and other quartermaster and commissary stores were captured. De- stroyed all that were not available, and burned the railroad bridge. This severed the railroad connection of Richmond with the Tennessee Rebel forces. Being so' far fr(ini the base of his supplies. General Crocjk was obliged to return — over Salt Pond Mountain, through Union to Mea- dow Bluffs. Near Union, Lyman Perrin, from Rainbow, Washington County, was shot dead in the road by a bushwhacker. ' On reaching- Meadow Bluffs, orders were received to join General Hunter in the Shenan- doah Valley. As soon as the bare and foot- sore men could be cared for, and the expedition otherwise fitted up, the march began. It lay over old familiar ground in part — through Lewisburg, White and Warm Sulphur Springs, and Goshen. At the latter place, a bridge spanning Calf Pasture River was burned and the railroad track destroyed nearly to Cranes- ville, where the mountain was crossed and a junction effected with General Hunter at Staunton. The march had been opposed by ^'Mudwall" Jackson, with a small force, which caused but little delay. . June loth the Na- tional forces left Staunton for Lynchburg, skirmishing most of the way, "Mudwall" Jackson retreating across the No'rth River intO' Lexington. After firing the bridge he took courage and with the help of the students at the military institute delivered himself of a brisk little fight. He soon gave way. On entering Lexington, by order of Gen- eral Hunter, the military institute and ex-Gov- ernor Letcher's house were burned. The loss of the Thirty-sixth was three killed and five wounded. From Lexington the army moved by way of Buchanan, thence across the Blue Ridge, between the Peaks of Otter, to Liberty. From this place bridges were burned and the railroad destroyed to within a short distance of Lynchburg. At the old stone church, on the Liberty pike, the Rebels were encountered ^nd driven inside their fortifications. Night coming on, operations were suspended. By morning, June i8th, affairs had assumed a different aspect. The Rebel general. Early, had arrived from Richmond with a heavy force, and at daylight opened with his artillery. It was evident that a greater than "Mudwall" was at hand. Heavy skirmishing was kept up by the infantry till about noon, when the Union force was most furiously assailed, but stootl its ground, and in turn drove the enemy back within their works. General Hunter decided to withdraw, Init effected to keep up appear- ances till after dark. The Thirty-sixth was deployed in fnmt of the enemy, and an occa- sional shot delivered, giving time for the troops to get well under way ; then quietly withdrawing, briskly marched until the rear of the column was reached. Then commenced one of the hardest marches of the war. Sup- plies were nearly exhausted, and foraging had to be resorted to, with an active enemy hanging on the rear. The retreat was continued via Liberty, Buford's Gap, Salem, Newcastle, Sweet and White Sulphur Springs, Lewisburg, and Meadow Bluffs, to- Charleston, on the Kanawha. Chapters might be written of the sufferings of the soldiers, marching from within hearing of the guns at Richmond across all the mountain ranges to the Ohio River. Many men, exhausted, fell out, and never were heard of again. Night and day without sleep or rest, it was march, march — that or starva- tion. During the last nine days the average was 20 miles per day. From June 27th to July loth the starving, worn-out arm}' rested — ate, slept, and was reclothed. They then embarked for Parkersburg. en route east, Gen- eral Crook having been ordered with his com- mand east, to repel General Early in his in- vasion of Maryland. They reached Martins- burgh, by railroad, July 15th; thence marched to Halltown, near Harper's Ferry. General Crook was at Snicker's Gap, having followed and driven General Early across to the west side of the Shenandoah. Colonel Hayes' bri- gade (the Tiwenty-third and Thirty-sixth reg- iments) was ordered to form a junction with General Crook. They found the enemy in full force, and no possibility of communicating. After heavy skirmishing the little command AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 659 found itself entirely suiTDundcd by two divi- sions of the enemy's ca\alry, and fought its way out towards Harper's Ferry. The Thir- ty-sixth lost three men killed and four wounded. July 22nd they joined General Crook at \\'inchester. Two days later a battle was fought at Kernstown, three miles above Winchester, in which the Union troops were forced to retire, the enemy getting in on the flank in o\er- whelming numbers. The fighting continued till nine o'clock at night. The regiment lost in killed and wounded 127 men and of^cers. The army moved next day towards Martins- burg, the enemy pursuing closely. At mar- tinsburg the Rebel cavalry charged into town, when General Crook turned on them and drove them back, cajituring a few prisoners. The Thirty-sixth had two men wounded. Under cover of this feint General Crook moved on quietly that night to a ford over the Potomac, at W'illiamsport, and marched dow^n to Har- per's Ferry. The enemy's cavalry having passed through Maryland into Pennsyh-ania, General Crook's division was ordered to in- tercept them, and moved up through Middle- town. That day, July 28th, the regiment suf- fered terribly with the heat. Many, including its colonel, were stricken with sunstroke. Hear- ing that the aiemy had burned Chambersburg and gone back. General Crook turned back to Harper's Ferry. August 7th General Sheridan took com- mand of the army, having added to it the Sixth Corps, and followed the Confederate forces up to Cedar Creek, but at once fell back to Halltown, followed by General Early, re-en- forced from Lee's arm)-. August 23rd the enemy attacked early in the morning but did not follow it up. Colonel Hayes' brigade (Twenty-third and Thirty-sixth Ohio and Fifth \Vest Virginia, sallied out, and drove in the enemy's skirmishers, capturing a num- ber. August 26th another sortie was made; in this they were successful in cai)turing a number of officers and men. all from Ker- shaw's division. Nothing: more of interest occurred until September Tid. General Crr>ok with his troops reached Berryville, halted, and were in the act of making coffee when rapid firing was heard in the direction of a regiment that had been sent forward on picket. At once the reg- iment started on the double-quick, but did not reach them till they were being driven l)ack on the run, closely followed by the enemy. Tak- ing advantage of a little embankment the reg- iment lay down until our jjickets passed through. The enemy came on until within a few rods, wdien the men, with fixed bayonets, rose up and rushed forward to meet them, fir- ing as they ran. The enemy was driven back on his main force and behind his artillery. Taking cover behind rocks and trees, firing- was kept up till late in the night. General Sheridan, not wishing to bring on a general engagement here, the brigade was withdrawn. Captured a number of prisoners. The regi- ment's loss was 25 men. Capt. J. C. Selby, a brave and true soldier, was mortally w-ounded. Much marching and counter-marching w-as gone through with up to September 19th. The Nineteenth Corps having come up. General Sheridan attacked General Early in his forti- fied position in front of Winchester, across the Opecpian Creek. The Sixth and Nineteenth corps were ordered to attack the enemy in front. General Crook's forces were held in reserve, but were soon ordered to the right of the line and to fall upon the enemy's left flank. On reachinig that point Colonel Hayes' bri- gade was formed in the first line and moved to the attack. The enemy discovering this moven-ient turned their artillery upon it with vigor. The brigade hurried forw-ard and soon came upon an impassable swamp, and were mo\-ed by the right flank a short distance where fording w-as possible. The enemy's skirmishers were dri\-en in. .\ short delay ensued until all the forces could come up, when a rush was made — the enemy -was doubled up and l)ack and completely routed. General Crook's little cimimand of about 4,000 now became the front, and pursued the fleeing Re- bels. Passing many pieces of artillery, seven 66o HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY. battle-flags were captured, the blue-coats and the "gray-backs" mingling together. A large number of prisoners Avere left to the rear. The pursuit continued through and beyond Win- chester, till dark. The regiment's loss was 35 in killed and wounded. In this battle the division commander was wounded and Col. R. B. Hayes assumed command; Col. H. F. De- vol, of the brigade; Lieutenant-Colonel Ad- nev, of the reguuent. Following the enemy up the valley they found him, September 22nd, in position at Fisher's Hill, his right resting against Massanutten Mountain, his left at the foot of North Mountain — a very strong posi- tion. As at Opequan, the Sixth and Nine- teenth corps confronted the enemy. General Crook with his command wended his way, through gulch and brush, by the flank, to the foot and up the side of North ;Mountain, unperceived by the enemy. When well on their flank, overlooking them, he halted, his orders were to "quietly move down on the en- emv till within range, then raise the yell and go for them.'" At the command, "Forward," the men broke in utter disorder, and like an avalanche, and yelling like demons, fell upon the enemy. Piece after piece of their artillery was aban- doned. Tlie Union forces not being able to overtake them, they fled on up the valley. Four men of the regiment were wounded. The reg- iment followed the fugitive armv to Harrison- burg. Soon after, the army fell back to Ce- dar Creek. The creek crosses at right angles to the valley , from the foot of Massanutten Mountain to North Mountain. On the lower bank of this ci'eek the army took up its posi- tion. The Nineteenth Corps on the right, the Sixth Corps in the center. Army of Western Virginia (General Crook's command), on the left — ]\Iajor-General Wright, the ranking of- ficer, in command of the entire force. After this disposition General Sheridan left for W'ashington. General Early, re-enforced, came down and confronted the National forc- es, and from Massanutten Mountain could ov- erlook the entire line, antl from that point l^lanned his attack. Early in the morning of the 18th, the entire Rebel Infantry was moved down the stream to a ford, which, by neglect of General Wright, was not properly guarded, and captured the picket without alarm. Af- ter crossing their forces, under cover of dark- ness and a dense fog, about 4 o'clock on the morning of the 19th, they attacked Colonel Thoburn (First division, which was to the left and front), with a hea\-y force, completely surprising him, capturing a battery, and put- ting to flight the entire division. The main force of the enemy, at the same time, in doub- le column, moved partly to the rear of Hayes' (Second) division. At the first firing at the front, tents were struck, all packed, and lines were formed as the First division men came back. It was now light enough to see the ene- my in large force. The Second division commenced firing and falling back held the enemy in check till General Crook's headquarters train was out of the way. Captain Beir, General Crook's ad- jutant general, and Colonel Thoburn were "killed at this point. We were still forcqd back by weight of numbers and overlapping. A little further back in some woods the First Brigade turned and charged the enemy, tvhci had extended his line, driving that part of the line back which had the effect to check the pursuit and gave time for the reforming of the entire line at a new position about one and a half miles from the camps. Skirmish- ers were thrown forward. The enemy was contented with throwing an occasional shell and plundering the deserted camps. The men of the regiment were furiously angry, and eager to wipe out the stain of the inorning. In this new line the Second division was on the left and near the Winchester pike. About 10 o'clock General Sheridan came galloping up the pike, having heard the firing. He stopped in tlie rear of the Thirty-sixth Regiment, dismounted and hear'd from General Crook the story of the morning'. Remounting, he lode along the line to the right and was cheered, all feeliqg that now there was an ef- ficient head mer all. Connng back, he again dismounted and lay down among the weeds AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 66 1 in consultation with General Crook — sent aides directing the formation of the Nineteenth Corps which had not been engaged in the morning. They reported all in position, then he sent orders to be in readiness to move for- ward. General Custer, commanding cavalry, was posted on the right of the infantry. iVbout half-past 2 P. M. the e:itire line ad- vanced and drove the enemy at every point. As the Rebels could not cross their forces rap- idly over the ford many were captured, and the cavalry swinging round in their rear took many more. These, with 49 pieces of ar- tillery and most of the enemy's train, were the trophies of the last battle in which the Thirty-sixth Regiment participated, and the finale of Gen. Jubal Early's army. The reg- iment's loss in this battle was 30. Tlie dead of the morning were stripped of their clothing. The regiment remained in the valley at and above Winchester. Marched to Martinsburg, in a cold rain, and January i, 1865, embarked on railroad trains for Cumberland. In that ride, lastinig most of two days and nights, the men suffered greatly from cold. While' .at Cumberland was consolidated with the Thirty- fourth Ohio, retaining its number, Thirty- sixth. In April was sent back to Winchester and thence to Staunton, the object being to head ofY any of the Rebel forces which might flee that way out of Richmond. At Winches- ter, April 15th, the news of the assassination of President Lincoln was received, and this was perhaps the saddest day in the experience of the regiment. Then soldier looked at sol- dier in silent wonder. It was truly the hush of death. The colors were draped, which em- blem of respect never was removed. Tlie reg- iment was at Staunton when General Lee sur- rendered and the Confederacy collapsed. In June was ordered bacM to Cumberland and thence to Wheeling. Perceiving there was no more need for soldiers in the tield they made application at once to be mustered out. This took place at W'heelinig, West Virginia, July 27th ; went to Columbus, Ohio, were paid off and disbanded August i. 1S65. To the above account of the Thirtv-sixth Regiment by Gen. H. F. Devol, which is brief- ly and modestly put considering the value of the service rendered, we take pleasure in add- ing the following farewell address by Gen. R. B. Hayes: He.\uquartsrs Sf.co.vd Brigade. First Division, Dei'art.ment West Virginia, New Creek, West Virginia, April 6. 1865. To the officers and men of the First Brigade, first Di- vision, Department IVest p'irginia _■ It IS with very great regret that 1 have been com- pelled to part with the officers and men of the First Brigade. With many of you I have been associated in the service almost four years; with three of the regi- ments of the brigade more than two years, and with all the regiments during the memorable campaign of 1864, the battle of 'Cloyd Mount,iin, the burning of \ew River Bridge, and the night march over Salt Pond Mountain under General Crook in May, the days and nights of marching, fighting and starving on the Lynch- burg raid in June, the defeat at Winchester and the re- treat on the 24th and 25th of July, the skirmishing, marching and countermarching in the Shenandoah valley in .-Vugust, the bloody and brilliant victories in September, the night battle of Berryville, the turning of the enemy's left at Sheridan's battle of Winchester, the avalanche that swept down North Mountain upon the Rebel stronghold at Fisher's Hill, the final conflict in October, the surprise and defeat of the morning and the victory of the evening at Cedar Creek. These and a thousand other events and scenes in the cam- paign form part of our common recollections which we are not likely ever to forget. As long as they are remembered we shall be reminded of each other, and of the friendly and agreeable relations whicli so long existed between us. It is very gratifying to me that I was allowed to serve with you until we received to- gether the tidings of the great victory which ends the Rebellion. Whatever may be your 'future, 1 shall not cease to feel a lively interest in everything which con- cerns your welfare and your reputation. Under the able and gallant officer who succeeds me — under whom we have served together with so much satisfaction — I am confident that your future will be worthy of your past. .A.S an organization and PS individuals, you have mv most fervent wishes for vour happiness and success. R. B. Haves. Brigadier-General. The] regiment during its entire term of service, had a most excellent drum corps. The first half of the time in charge of Chief Mu- sician Ebenezer Corey, the remainder in charge of Chief Musician John Tenney. If space would permit, an individual men- tion of every officer would be but justice: each one having an honorable record of patriotic deeds, which was wrought out with great ■662 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, personal sacrifice, not one havino- the slightest stain. They cherished toward each other throughout only the kindest feelings; no jeal- ousy, no rivalry, or anything that ever marred the fellowship of the true and noble brother- hood. Coinl^auics B ainf F. Tliirty-iiiiitJi Ohio Tol- ■iiiifccrs. REGIMENT.\L OFFICERS. Colonel John Groesbeck. mustered August 24, 1861, resigned Ju'v 8, 1862: Colonel A. W. Gilbert. July 8. 1862, resigned October i, 1862: Colonel Edward F. Nov'es October i. 1862, honorably discharged April 22. "1865; Colonel Daniel Webber. May 18, 1865, mus- tered out with regiment; Lieutenant Coionel A. W. Gilbert. July 27, 1861. promoted to colonel July 8. 1862; I^ieutenant (::olonel Edward F. Noyes, July 8. 1862. pro- moted to colonel Octolier I. 1862: Lieutenant Colonel Henry T McDowell. October i. 1862. mustered out; Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Webber, February 10, 1865 promoted to colonel; Lieutenant Colonel Will- iam ' C. Buck, Mav 18. 1865. mustered out as cap- tain May 18, 1865; Lieutenant Colonel Henry A. Babbitt June 6. i86^. mustered out with regiment; Major Edward F. Noyes. July 27. 1861. promoted to lieutenant colonel; Major Henry T. McDo%yelI. July 8 1862 promoted to lieutenant colonel : Major Will- iam H. Lalhrop. October i. 1862. colonel Third Ala- bama colored regiment April 20. 1864; Major John S. Jenkins. April 25. 1864. mustered; Maior Dan- iel Webber. January 11. 1865, promoted to lieutenant colonel; Maior Henry A. Babbitt, May 18, 1865. pro- moted to lieutenant colonel: Major George T. Rice. June 6. 1865; mustered out with regiment; Surgeon Oliver W. Nixon. August 20. 1861. resigned May .^i. 1862; Surg-eon Thomas W. McArthur. May 31. 1862. resigned September 3, 1862; Surgeon John A. Follett. September 3, 1862. mustered out with regiment; Assist- ant Surgeon Thomas W. McArthur. August 20. 1861, promoted to surgeon ; Assistant Surgeon Christian Forrester, May 31. 1862, promoted to surgeon Septem- ber 3. 1862: Assistant Surgeon Pierre S. Starr, Decem- ber 'n- 186. mustered out with regiment; Assistant Surgeon Lionel J. Smith. September 5. 1862; Assist- ant Surgeon William J. Andrews. May 18. 1865, mus- tered out with regiment; Chaplain Benjamin W. Chil- daw, August 20, 1861, resigned April 9. 1862. COMPANY OFFICERS FROM WASHINGTON COUNTY. Captain John C. Fell, mustered July 31, 1861, re- signed April 12, 1862; Captain Jacob Koenig. July 31, i86i, died; Captain William H. Pittinger, May 18, 1862, mustered out with regiment; Captain Ethsii O. Hurd. July 3. 1862. reisgned March 3, 1864; Captain William C. Buck. May 9. 1864. promoted to lieutenant colonel: Captain George T. Rice, January 11, 1862, pro- moted to major; Captain William H. Mintun, January II, 1862, mustered out with regiment; Captain William Ben7e. January 11, iS^'u. mu-tered out: First Lieutenant William Edgerton. July 31, 1861. resigned June 25, 1862: First Lieutenant Ethan O. Hurd. July 31. 1S61, promoted to Captain ; First Lieutenant Henry W. Shep- pard. February 8. 1862, resigned June 10, 1862 ; First Lieutenant William C. Buck, June 25. 1862. promoted to captain ; First Lieutenant .August Kropp, July 3. 1862. resigned April i. 1864; First I.-ieutenant George T. Rice. May 9. 1864, promoted to captain : First Lieu- tenant Ely Steen. January 11, 1865, mustered out with regiment ; FiTst Lieutenant Ale.Kander McTaggert, Feb- ruary 10, 1865. resigned June 20. 1865; First Lieutenant William Snodgrass. May iS. 1865. discharged July I, !86.i ; First Lieutenant Frank Fortman, July 20, 1862. resigned September 15, 1862; First Lieutenant William Benze. May 25, 1862. promoted to captain ; First Lieu- tenant William H. Pittinger. January 11. 1865. pro- moted to captain ; First Lieutenant Barney Shultz. Feliruary 10, 1865. mustered out with regiment ; Second Lieutenant Henry W. Sheppard, July 31. 1861. promoted to first lieutenant : Second Lieutenant Will- iam C. Buck. March 19. 1862. promoted to first lieu- tenant ; Second Lieutenant George T. Rice. June 25. 1862. promoted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieu- tenant Alexander McTaggart. July 11. 1865. pro- moted to first lieutenant; Second Lieutenant Will- iam Snodgrass. February 14, 1865, promoted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieutenant Daniel Otterbein, May 18, 1865, mustered out with regiment ; Second Lieu- tenant Buell Congdon. May 18. 1865; Second Lieu- tenant Charles Miller, July 31. 1861. re.'^igned June 16, 1862; .Second Lieutenant Frank 'Fortman, July 18, 1862, promoted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieutenant Will- iam Benze. June 20, 1863, promoted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieutenant Barney Shultz, July 11, 1865, pro- moted to first lieutenant. The regimental organization was perfected August 16. 1861, at Camp Dennison, Ohio; ordered to St. Louis. Missouri, where they arrived August 19th ; moved up the North Missouri Railroad September 7th. September 12th, the regiment was divided. Companies A. B. E. I and K, going toward St. Joseph. This detachment remained in Noirtharn Missoulri until February, 1862. Companies A and I marched from St. Joseph to Libertv in pursuit of the enemy and back to St. Joseph, in September, then moved by rail to Chillicothe. when they rejoined B, E and K. These five companies marched from Chillicothe to Macon City, thence to St. Jo- seph and Chillicothe and back to Macon City and St. Joseph, at which latter place they ar- rived December 4. 1861. On the 5th of De- cember they marched under Brigadier-General Prentiss toward the Missouri River, reach- ing it at Lexington; proceeded to Carrolton AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 66j. and returned to Utica December 8, 1861. De- cember 20th, moved to Pahnyra, Missouri, and remained there until the middle of Feb- ruary, 1862, when the detachment moved by rail to St. Louis. Companies C, D, F, G and H. moved from Utica, Missouri, as i>art of the command of Brigadier-General Sturgess to the relief of Lexington, which place was then besieged by the enemy under General Price. Arrived in sight of Lexington September 19th, but finding it impossible to cross the river, and ■ having no artillery, the relieving force di- verged and marched to Liberty, when they embarked on steamers for Kansas City, Mis- souri, October 15th, still under General Stur- gess, took up line of march for Springfield, Missouri, by way of Osceola. Bolivar and . Greenfield. Arrived at Springfield November 1st, having marched on that day 39 miles, to re-enforce General Fremont's grand army, which was reported to be in the presence of the enemy. On the 9th of November marched towards the Missouri River, reaching Sedalia by way of Warsaw November i6th. and by December i8th, reached Syracuse. February 2. 1862, took up line of march for St. Louis, by way of Boonville, Columbia, Fulton and St. Charles, and arri\-ed at St. Louis February 19, 1862, when the entire regiment was re-- united. The regiment embarked nn steamer Feb- ruary 22d, and arrived' at Commerce, Mis- souri, on the 24th. and at New Madrid March 3d, when the regiment formed a part of Groes- beck"s brigade, Stanley's division of General Pope's Army of the ^Mississippi. During the next 10 days made several reconnoissances and took part in the siege of New ^[adrid. March 13th and 14th. Assisted in the cap- ture of the place March 14th crossed the Mis- sissippi April 7th. and on the 8th, in conjunc- tion with other troops, captured 5,500 prison- ers at Tiptonville. being the Rebel force from Lsland No. 10. On the same day marched to Island No. 10, and on the 9th returned to New Madrid. A])ril 13th embarked on steamer to go down the river, arrived near Fort Pillow on the i^th, started fnr Pittsburgh Landine: on the 17111, where the command arrived on the 23rd. and disembarked. During the siege of Corinth from April 23rd to May 29th, the regiment made many reconnoissances and was frequently engaged in skirmishes with the en- emy. On the 30th they ad\-anced upon the Rebel works, found them deserted, and the Thirty-ninth was the first regiment to enter the entrenchments. For several davs they pursued the Rebels, and on the 12th of June .returned to Clear Creek, four miles south of Corinth, and went intO' camp, where the reg- iment was armed with the \\'hitney rifle with sabre bayonet. August 20th, marched to luka under General Rosecrans and returned on September 12th. On September 14th the movement against General Price, who had oc- cupied luka, began, and on the 19th they were engaged in the battle of luka, which was a bloody contest, resulting in a defeat to the ene- my. They pursued the Rebel forces several days and then turned back and reached Cor- inth October 3rd. The Thirty-ninth, in the dispositions for the great battle impending at that point, was stationed near Fort Robi- net. After dark the Ohio brigade, which con- sisted of the Twenty-seventh. Thirty-ninth, Forty-third and Sixty-third Ohio regimentSv marched to relieve one of the brigades of Gen- eral Davie's division, which had been resist- ing the enemy's advance in front. The Ohio brigade was ordered to occupy the high ground near Battery Robinet. Near the crest was formed the line of battle. Directly on the right of the earthwork covering the battery and stretching across the Chewalla road, stood the men of the Sixty-third, next came the Twenty-seventh and farther still to the right was the Thirty-ninth Regiment. On the left of the battery facing to the left and nearlv at right angles with the main line, rested the Fort\'-third. The locality above-mentioned was the scene of the desperate charge of October 4th, in . which the Twenty-seventh, and especially the Sixty-third Regiment, lost heavily, the Thirty- ninth escaping with slight loss, and the enemy were terriljly punished and routed. The Thir- 664 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, ty-nlntli followed in pursuit of \'an Doni and Price for four days, and on October 12th re- turned to Corinth, where they remained un- til XoA'ember 2d. and marched southward to a point five miles south of Oxford, Mississip- pi. On December i8th they moved, by rail to Jackson, Tennessee, to re-enforce General Sullivan, who was hard pressed by General Forrest's command. They then, on Decem- ber 20th, moved toward the Tennessee River, and took part in the Jiattle of Parker's Cross Roads, defeating- Forrest there on Decem- ber 31st. General Fuller says of this engage- ment, which was so overshadowed by the great battle of Stone River, in progress at the same time, that it never received adequate no- tice: Colonel Dunham, of Indiana, was^sent ahead with a brigade to intercept Forrest's march at Parker's Cross Roads, and the Ohio brigade was to follow the next morning. At four o'clock we started, and marched until daylight, when a halt was made for breakfast. That over, we moved on. and soon the sound of cannon in oi'.r front advised us that Forrest was attacking Dunham's brigade, and then began a struggle in which, legs told. Within an hour and a half they marched seven miles without a halt, with ranks well closed; and when a hill was reached whence Forrest's men ar.d guns were seen, the Ohio brigade formed in line of battle on the double-quick, and went down for them with such good will that every Rebel gun unlinAered and in action was ours in five minutes, and Forrest's forces were galloping away — not all, however, for many had disiTiountcd in the fight, and their horses ■ left in the rear were captured and their riders surrendered. Six guns, 400 horses, and 360 officers and men were captured. This was quite an achievement, for Forrest was not beaten every day. January 8, 1863. the regiment returned to Corinth, having marched over 200 miles in three weeks, without government rations, transportation, or ambulances. The regi- ment remained at Corinth until April 20th, when it moved with the expedition under Gen- eral Dodge to the Tuscumbia Valley, for the purpose of keepinig the Rebels busy in that direction while another expedition cut the rail- roads in the rear of General Bragg's army. General Dodge was confronted by the Rebel forces under Forrest and Roddy, and on the 28th the regiment was engaged in the battle near Tuscumbia, defeating the Rebels. They then marched 16 miles beyond Tuscumbia, re- turned to Corinth May 2nd, and marched to Memphis, Tennessee, on May loth. Here the regiment was allowed to rest and recuper- ate. General Fuller says : "Wdien Grant directed everything at ]Mem- phis to come to him at Vicksburg, the Ohio brigade was ordered to march and garrison the former city. This was your single 'soft spot' of the war. Excepting this, your lot was al- ways at the front; but here for some months you lounged in camp, guarded the gardens, flirted with the ladies, and seldom missed a 'good scjuare meal.' " The regiment up to this time had lost, in killed and wounded and discharged, since its organization, about 300 men, and had recruit- ed about 200, and had an aggregate of 830 ready for duty. The regiment remained in [Memphis until October i8th. when they went ta Prospect, Tennessee, marching a distance of 250 miles, and arriving there N.ovember 13th. Here they lay encamped until the 27th of Decem- ber, when the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and returned home on furlough for 30 days. "The measured tread- of an army, keeping step, is heard ; and that wondrous scene un- folds, which the whole world behoJds — the marshaling of the \-eteran hosts ! The sol- diers of the ranks stand forth! '•= ''' 'Mus- ter us again! for all the war muster us ir\!' From that patriotic hour was the doom of the Rebellion sealed.""^ The Thirty-ninth Regiment furnished more veterans than any other Ohio regiment. The Ohio brigade stood as follows: Thirty- ninth, 534 men ; Sixty-third, 455 ; Forty-third, 436; and the Twenty-seventh, 437 men. At the expiration of the furlough, the reg- iment returned to its former camp at Pros- pect, Tennessee, and from thence they moved on Decatur, Alalrama. The town was cap- tured by a night movement. Tlie brigade was embarked above in 70 boats, which, with mufiied oars, silently stole down until oppo- *General Fuller's address before the Ohio Brigade. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 665 site, when, by the left flank, they were soun on shore, up tlie bank, and in Hue. The Rebels, after exchanging a few shots, retired, completely surprised and defeated. On May i, 1864. the regiment marched to join General Sherman's grand army at Chat- tanooga. Here the great Atlanta campaign was commenced. Meeting the enemy at Res- aca, the Thirty-ninth was, on May 13th, 14th, and 15th, in the front line of battle driving the Rebels to their trenches with a loss of two men. At Dallas, Georgia, on the -'jth. they again met the enemy, driving him from his position, in which engagement the loss bv the regiment was severe. The Rebel army was next en- countered at the base of Kenesaw Mountain. Heavy skirmishing began on the 13th of June, in which the Thirty-ninth was constantly en- gaged during the several days' fighting, los- ing severely in killed and wounded. The Rebels were finally compelled to leave their stronghold. On July 4th the enemy was again encoun- tered at Ruff's Mills, when the Thirty-ninth, together with the Twenty-seventh, made a gallant charge on the enemy's works, driving them out in confusion, and not giving them time to remove their dead and wounded, and capturing quite a number of prisoners. This engagement is known also by the name of Xic- ojack Creek. The colonel of the regiment, E. F. Noyes, lost a foot in this action and never joined the regiment afterwards. Company B lost four severely wounded. The Rebels retreated, and the National Army pursued until they were finally driven into their devoted city, Atlanta, around which scenes of terrible slaughter were soon to be enacted. On July 22, 1864, the regiment together with the Twenty-seventh Ohio, was ordered to a responsible position in the line of battle of that memorable day, and they held it. "The men were directed to unsling knap- sacks, fix bayonets, and lie down on the crest of the ridge, where the line was formed, for protection from the fire of the enemy wliich came from the wood in front. The Second di- vision had formed a line conforming in the main to that of the Twenty-seventh and Thir- ty-ninth, on a parallel ridge to the left of the Thirty-ninth, but separated from that regi- ment by a deep transverse ravine. The ene- my charged the Second division within a few- minutes and were repulsed. "Immediately afterward his line of battle came out of the timber in front of the Thirty- ninth and Twenty-seventh regiments, achanc- ing in plain view and w'ithin easy range, when individual men of both regiments raised to their feet and taking deliberate aim discharged their pieces. No order could kee]> them down with such an opportunity to use their muskets effectually. In less time than it takes to re- late it, both regiments were on tlieir feet dis- charging their pieces with rapidity and tell- ing effect on the foe; yet on he came until the Thirty-ninth and Twenty-seventh chargeU him in turn, driving him from the field into the wood. Meanwhile another body of the enemy in line of battle came out of the wood to the right of the Twenty-seventh, bearing down on its flank and rear. General Fuller directed that the three right companies of the regiment be retired to face this second assault. This was done, but it soon became evident that a change of front to the rear of the entire line was necessary. This change was made under a hot fire. In executinig this movement nec- essarily made with celerity and under tr_\-ing conditi(jns, in the face of a defiant and rapidlv ad\-ancing foe, the Twenty-seventh became somewhat disordered : and my thanks are due to General Fuller for his timely assistance in forming the new line. He grasped the colors of the Twenty-seventh and with them desig- nated the ground he wished the new line to occupy. T]ie line was promptly formed there; several volleys fired by the Twenty-seventh and Thirty-ninth Ohio regiments. Eighteenth Missouri and Si.xty-fourth Illinois (the latter two regiments until then in reserve) . followed by a charge again dro\e the enemy from the field. The line now laid down fac- ing the wood which was on its right flank in the beginning of the battle, untler a raking fire from the timber 666 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, for an hour or more, when the enemy retreated and tlie greatest battle of the campaign was o\er. This was a stand up open field fight, with only such protection as the muskets and bayonets afforded. "''•' This stubborn resistance in this part of the field saved the left wing of Sherman's army from defeat; the old Thirty-ninth and Twenty-seventh stood as an impenetrable wall in front of the enemy, not giving an inch of ground and repelling se\'eral distinct charges Ijy the Rebels. Our artillery, supported by the Ohio brigade, pnured into the R^bel col- umns closed en nuissc. their deadly fire, mus- ketry, grape, and canister, causing them tO' melt away like dew before the morning sun, lea\-ing the National forces the victors of the field. The Thirty-ninth lost 144 killed and wounded. The regiment then mnved to the west side of Atlanta, forming the right wing, where on the 28th of July another severe battle was fought in wdiich the Thirty-ninth participated, repulsing the enemy with great loss. Thus almost every day the regiment w'as engaged in skirmishinig until the final evacuation of the city, which occurred on the 2nd of September, 1864, and in the meantime they marched to Jonesborough, 15 miles south of Atlanta, de- stroying 10 miles (if the Montgomery Railroad wdiile on the way. At the latter place we again met the enemy in force and repulsed him with great loss, driving him so far south as Lovejoy's Station. In all these move- ments the Thirty-ninth performed a conspic- uous part. They then returned to Atlanta, wdiere they enjoyed a rest of about 30 days. In the meantime Hood, with his army, had got in our rear, destroying our communica- tions with Chattanooga and investinig our stronghold at Altoona Pass. General Corse commanded at that point and had 1.944 men, the Rebel general, French, luany times that number. The Rebels came on in full force and charged the de\-ote(l garrison, ];>ut were *Address of Gcii. M. Clnnxhill, late colonel of the Twenty-seventh Regiment, at the reunion of the Ohio brigade. driven back with the loss of hundreds, still assault after assault was delivered with same result, while the Tw^enty-third corps under Gen. J. D. Cox were hastening to the rescue, and hags conveying from peak to peak, the message from General Sherman to General Corse to "hold the fort," and that he was "coming with re-enforcements." Sherman, on learning that Corse was there, exclaimed, "He will hold out! I know the man!" and he did hold out, though 707 (more than a third) of his men had fallen, when the enemy desisted, leaving 231 dead and 411 prisoners and 800 muskets on the field. The Thirty-ninth was in the front during the pursuit of Hood, being the first regiment in the Ohio brigade commanded Ijy Gen. T- W. Fuller. The Rebels w'ere driven across the Ten- nessee to be left to the tender mercies of Gen. George H. Tliomas, while Sherman made all haste to get readv for his "March to the Sea." The regiment now no longer in the Ohio bri- gade, but in the First Division of the Seven- teenth Army Corps, on the 15th of November, took up its line of march with that corps, down to the sea, with Sherman. Tliey destroyed the railroads as they went, meeting" with but little opposition until they arrived in front of Savannah, on the 9th of December, making a distance of 350 miles from Atlanta. Here they found the Rebels strongly fortified, with Hardee in his last ditch. After opening com- munication with the sea by way of St. Catha- rine Sound, taking Fort McAllister on the way, and having several days" hard fighting around the city of Savannah, in all of which the Thirty-ninth participated, the Rebels evac- uated the city on the 21st of December, and it was immediately occupied h\ the National Arni\-. About the middle of January, 1865, the Thirty-ninth embarked with other troops on transports, and went to Beaufort, South Car- olina, and assited in driving the Rebels from their stronghold at Pocotaligo Station, 25 miles northwest from Beaufort. On the 1st of Februarv the Thirtv-ninth. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 667 \vitli other forces of the grand army, took up its Hne of march through the Carolinas, wad- ing swamps and fighting the enemy from place to place. On the 4th of Fehruary they en- gaged the enemy at Rivers bridge, repulsing him with severe loss, the Thirty-ninth losing two killed and three wounded. Continuing the march, they struck the Au- gusta & Charleston Railroad at Midway sta- tion, moving on that road to Columbia, thence north to W'aynesborough, thence east to Che- raw, driving the enemy before them and cap- turing at that point a large amount of ammu- nition and artillery, thence marched to Fay- etteville. North Carolina, thence tO' Benton- \ille, where a severe battle was fought March 2 1 St, in which the First Division, Seventeenth Army Corps, was hotly engaged, the Thirty- ninth being in the center of the brigade on the right of the line of battle. They firmly held their ground, while those on the right and left gave way, leaving both flanks exposed to a raking fire. The brigade finally formed in the shape of a horse shoe and succeeded in re- pulsing the enemy. The brigade then moved to a stronger position, lay on their arms all night and in the morning were ready to re- sume the fight, but the enemy was gone. The next day they moved to Goldsborough. Our loss in this engagement was 2}, killed and wounded. Here they rested until April loth, when they resumed the line of march toward Ral- eigh, and arrived there on the 15th and went into cami> two miles west of the city, enjoying a few days of rest. We then joined in the pursuit of the Rebel forces under General Johnston. After marching 15 miles a pro- posal was received by General Sherman to surrender the Rebel forces, which was finally consummated, and we again returned to Ral- eigh. We then marched to Richmond, the late Rebel capital, a distance of 180 miles, in seven days, and from there to Washington City. .After participating in the grand re'view of all the armies by President Lincoln, the heads of departments, diplomatic corps, and a large number of distinguished ofticers of the army and navy, and an immense throng of rejoicing citizens, the Thirty-ninth moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where it was mustere.rd B. Cheatham, June 18, 1862, died July 18. 1863; First Lieutenant A. C. Tenner, August 11, 1862, pro- moted to captain ; First Lieutenant George B. Bartlett, July 18, 1863. promoted to captain ; First Lieutenant A. J. Howard, August 11, 1864, declined promotion; First Lieutenant M. A. Stewart. September 26, 1864, returned commission, mustered out ; First Lieutenant Angus McDonald, September 26, 1864, promoted to captain ; First Lieutenant Wallace S. Roach, iSeptember 26, 1S64, returned commission; First Lieutenant Madison Hoon, October 4, 1864, (promoted to captain ; First Lieutenant Alexander H. Brill. January 20, 1865. mus- tered out with regiment ; First Lieutenant Wallace C. Bay, January 20, 1865, resigned 'May 23, 1865 ; Second Lieutenant Robert Booth. October i. 1861, resigned June 28. 1862; Second Lieutenant Benjamin Knight, November 12, 1861, resigned September 3. 1862; Sec- ond Lieutenant Lewis L. Grubb, February 13, 1862, re- signed May 26, 1862 ; Second Lieutenant George B. Bartlett, May 26, 1862, promoted to first lieutenant; Second Lieutenant Winslow L. Bay. January 30, 1862, promoted to captain ; Second Lieutenant A. J. Howard, Januarv I. 1863, honorably discharged November 9, 1864; Second Lieutenant M. A. Stewart, January i, 1863. mustered out ; Second Lieutenant Angus McDon- ald, July 18, 1863, promoted to first lieutenant ; Second Lieiitenant Wallace S. Roach, June 30, 1863, mustered out; Second Lieutenant Alexander H. Brill. November 12. 1864. promoted to first lieutenant. The Sixty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry was formed by the consoHdation of a battaHon of six companies raised at Camji W'orthing, ChilHcothe, with a battahon of four compa- nies raised at Camp Putnam. Marietta.* It ~ *By this consolidation it became practical to trans- fer, and by order of the war department, the Thirteenth Missouri Regiment, composed mostly of Ohio men and officer-, was transferred to the credit of Ohio, and be- came the Twenty-second Ohio Volunteer Infantry. was originally intended for two regiments — the Twenty-second, to be raised under the di- rection of, and to be commanded by, Col. Will- iam E. Gilmore, and the Sixty-third, to be raised under the direction of, and to be com- manded by, Col. William Craig, then quar- termaster in charge at Marietta. In Decem- ber, 1 86 1, the call for troops to be sent to the front became so pressing that the order for consolidation came, and the two battalions were Junited; the Twenty-second furnishing companies A, B, E, H. I, and K; and the Sixty-third furnishing four companies raised in Washington County — Company C, com- manded by Capt. Christopher E. Smith ;- Com- pany B, commanded by Capt. John W. Fonts;' Company F, commanded by Capt. Charles J.- Titus; and Company G, commanded by Capt. Rodney K. Shaw. The command of the reg- iment was given to Colonel Craig ; William E. Gilmore was made lieutenant-colonel, and Alexander L. Haskins, major. On the 2 1st of December, 1861, the regiment removed to Camp Dennison ; and on the 27th of the same month it returned to Mar- ietta, and encamped at Camp Tupper. On the 23rd of January, 1862, Colonel Craig resigned, and the command of the reg- iment was gi\-en to Col. John W. Sprague, formerly a captain in the Seventh Ohio. Col- onel Sprague immediately took command, and proceeded tO' fit his regiment to enter the field by perfecting its drill and discipline. On the 18th of February, 1862, Colonel Sprague with his regiment was ordered to- the field, and to report at Paducah, Kentucky. The regiment left Marietta late in the evening of the 1 8th: six companies under the com- mand nf Colonel Sprague, on the steamer "Bostona, Xo. 2," and four companies under ^comiuand of Major Haskins, on the steamer "T. J. Rattin." Marietta gave one of the best procjfs of her sympathy and interest for the success of the Union cause by turning out en masse at the landing to witness their depar- ture. On Saturday the 22nd of February, the ' command reached Paducah and reported for orders. Having been armed and drilled in AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 669 Camp ^Marietta, it was ordered to proceed to Commerce, ]\Iissouri, an.d report to General Pope, then organizing the Army of the I\Iis- sissippi at that point. The regiment reached Commerce, on Sunday morning, the 23rd of February, being the second regiment to ar- rive at tlie rendezvous. It immediately de- barked, and encamped and occupied the ceme- tery on the high ground in the rear of the town. Later in the day it was joined by the Tiwenty-seventh, Thirty-ninth, and Forty- third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, its companions in the organization known as the Ohio brigade. These four regiments were brigaded together, and were made the First Brigade in the First Division of the Army of the Mississippi. Gen. Schuyler Hamilton commanded the divi- sion one day ; the command was then given to Gen. David S. Stanley, one of Ohio's briga- dier-generals. From the 23rd to the 27th of February, the army was actually employed in the collec- tion of stores, and the organization of divi- sions. On the morning of the 28th the line of march was taken up for New ^Madrid, the Ohio brigade taking the advance. The armv arrived in sight of Xew Madrid on the thirtl day of March, and at two o'clock in the af- ternoon of that day the Sixty-third was hrst brought into action. It moved forward m line of battle with the same steadiness and pre- cision that it would in review. Its first ex- perience gave it the morale of veterans. For three hours it remained in its trying position, exposed to the artillery fire of the two forts and a fleet of six gunboats, without the oppor- tunity of using their arms. Late in the after- noon the army retired out of range, and went into camp. The day had been a cold raw March day, and in the afternoon it began to snow. En route the army had Jjeen restrained from using fences, or in any manner foraging. The cold and exposure brought from head- quarters the order to take the top rail, for campfires. In a short time the boys were com- forlaiile around the blazing campfires, and in the morning it was found tlie armv "was not fenced in." The Sixty-third shared in all the fights in and around New Madrid previous to its cap- ture. Inl the reconnoissance on the 7th of March it took an exposed position, and for a short time the upper fort had its range, and made its situation uncomfortaljle, fortunately without casualty. On the 13th of ]\Iarch the Ohio brigade was made the infantry support of the siege bat- teries. The Sixty-third on the right, the Thirty-ninth on the left, well up to the bat- teries, and the Twenty-seventh and Forty- third in reserve. The troops were exposed to a constant artillery fire from the dawn until sunset, when the cannonading ceased. The troops remained in the trenches at night, ex- posed to a most terrific thunderstorm, without shelter or fires, the ground flooded with wa- ter. The dawn revealed the fact that the ene- my had abandoned the forts, and retreated during the darkness. Tlie Ohio brigade was complimented in general orders for its gallantr>-, and was awarded the privilege to first enter and plant their banners on the captured forts. On the evening of the i8th of March, the Sixty-third was detailed to haul one of the heavy siege guns from the forts at New Madrid to Point Pleasant, 14 miles below, and opposite Tipton- \-iIle, in Tennessee. Tliis arduous labor was performed between dark and davlight, the reg- iment dragging its heavy load over roads im- ])assable for teams. The next morning the Rel:)el fleet were surprised to find a Ijatterv opposite Tiptonville, their only line of com- munication with their garrison at Island No. 10.* This severe labor and its attendant expo- sure permanently disabled many men.** The regiment returned to camp, and with the armv awaited the actinn of the engineers in rcmo\'- *Th(; first casualty in the Sixty-third occurred March 24th. the carelessness of a companion wounding Elish.-. Rolierts mortally and George \V. Esse.x seri- ously. **Janies W. Nye served during the Xew Madrid campaign with the Si.xty-tliird as acting quartermaster, and was present on the field during all the battles at that point, although never having been mustered : his name does not appear on the rolls. 6/0 HISTORY OF MARIETTA AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, ing the obstructions from tlie bayou, for the passage of the gunboat fleet, and the trans- ports. , , On the morning of the 7th of April. 1862, the regiment with Stanley's and Paine's divisions of the Army of the Missis- sippi, embarked on the transports to cross the IMississippi River, and were transported to the Tennessee shore, opposite the lower port. The expedition took up its line of march down the Mississippi for Tipton vile, to intercept the en- emy, if. they should attempt to letreat. The route lay through muddy corn and wheat fields with occasionally a strip of woods, having no semblance of roads. The marching was ted- ious, frequent halts were necessary, as the feet would gather nmre of Tennessee mud than a man was al;le to carry. Night came upon them in the fields, and they were compelled to bivouac in the field, and without campfires. The march was resumed at daybreak, and it reached Tiptonville in time to witness the sur- render of the army that had garrisoned IslaiKl No. 10, which had abandoned the forts, and attempted ta escape Ijy Tiptonville and the ri\er. The expedition had been successful in intercepting and capturing them. The Six- ty-third proceeded immediately to Island No. 10, and occupied the enemy's abandoned quar- ters for the night. The next morning the reg- iment returned on the transports to New Mad- rid and occupied its old quarters. It had borne a conspicuous part in all of the work of the Army of the ^lississippi. resulting in the cap- ture of all the forts nn the Mississippi above Fort Pillow.* (jn the 13th of A])ril. 1802. the regiment embarked on the transport "Siher Wave" and moved with the army of the Mississippi to Os- ceola, Arkansas, and thence to Fort Pillow, and was present during the bomliardment of that fort. On the 17th of April, 1862. the *The first slave ';\cr mamiinitted under the order of President Lincoln to manumit slaves escaping from the Rebel armies to the L'nion line.s. was a body ser- vant of Gen. Jeff Thompson, who came to the lines of the Sixty-third at New iV'Iadrid and was manumitted by order of Gen. David S. Stanley. The manumitted contraband was afterward taken to Ohio by General Sprague. Army of the Mississippi, having received or- ders to re-enforce the Arm_\- of tlie Tennes- see, under Halleck, in front of Corinth, pro- ceeded up the Mississippi and Tennessee riv- ers on the transports. On the 23rd of April, the Sixty-third landed at Hambi'rg, Tennes- see, four miles above the battle-ground of Shi- loh. Stanley's division was posted on the left flank of the army, moving to the capture of Corinth, and during all the movement for its capture, the Sixty-third held its position, as the flanking regiment. It actively participated in all the reconnoissances and engagements in tront of Corinth, including those at Monterey and Farmington. When the enemy mo\-ed out of Corinth on the 30tli of May, the Sixt}'- third moved out of the trenches in immetliate pursuit of the retreating arm_\'. The Thirty- ninth Ohio, of our brigade, being the first to enter the Rebel works, and Wallace Bruce, of Washington County, being the first to mount the woiks. The Si.xty-third was kept in pur- suit of Price's wing of the retreating army, six companies under Major Haskins proceed- ing to the Tuscumbia River on the Jacinto, road, where it found the bridges burned, and was then recalled, and proceeded witli the main body of the army in pursuit of Beauregard's, army, to Boonville, the Ohio brigade having the advance of the infantry in this movement. '■'From Boonville, wdiere the pm-suif was alian- doned, the regiment proceeded to Camp Clear Creek, near Corinth, and remained in camp at Clear Creek, Bear Creek, luka and Burns- ville. On the 17th ot"" September, with Stanley's, di\ision, it participated in the battle of luka. After a tedious and forced march it came upon the enemy at the beginning of dusk, immedi- ately formed in line of battle, advanced, and , opened "that steady fire that ahvays distin- guished it in action." It was just getting well into its work when darkness put an end to the fighting, and the two armies bivou- *During the time of the Sixty-third's service be- ' fore Corinth the Eighth Wisciaisin Regiment was at- tached to Stanley's division, and the eagle. "Old Abe,"" was a companion in arras, of the boys ol the Ohio bri- gade. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. 671 ackecl upon the held. The pickets of the two armies were posted so near as to be able to communicate by ordinary conversation ; and the pickets of the Ohio brigade were so far ad- vanced as to cover the captured guns of Xiel's Eleventh Ohio Battery, whicli the Rebels had been unable to remove. The mornmg's dawn revealed an abandoned Rebel camp, and Niel's Battery was restored to its gallant owners. An active pursuit was taken up, and from that time until the third of October, 1862, when it entered Corinth, the Sixty-third was with Rosecrans' army. Ideating the bush to find and engage the enemy. TIhe regiment took a most active and honor- able part in the battle of Corinth on the 3rd and 4th of October, 1862, antl it there proved itself worthy of a place in the history of a ■county named after the fatlier of our country, to know that she was well and ably represented by an organization performing its whole duty in every great contest during the war, that upon the group of colors of her regiments and batteries are found the names of every great battle of the war. In the battle of Corinth the Sixty-third did great service, and won for itself a place beside the Eighteenth, Thirty- sixth, Thirty-ninth, Seventy-seventh and Nine- ty-second, Buell's and Huntington's batteries, and the First, Seventh and Ninth cavalry. The Ohio brigade took so important a i^art in the battle of Corinth, which would jirobably have been lost but for their terrific fight, that it deserves to be described at length. We here copy the admirable description of Gen. John W . Fuller, read at the brigade reunion on the i6th anni\ersary of the battle: On the morning of October 3rd, just 16 years ago to-day, the enemy attacked the division of General Davie? at the outer line of worl