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GEOGRAPHY 
 
 ^ n u t V ©onntff; 
 
 FOR YOUNG CHILDREN 
 
 EMBRACING 
 
 1. A short Topographical and Historical Sketch of every 
 
 Town : 
 
 2. A general View of the County, and the Employments of 
 
 the People: 
 
 3. A Glossary, explaining the Geographical and other Diffi- 
 
 cult Terms, 
 
 BY JAMES G. CARTER AND WILLIAM H. BROOKS. 
 
 rto 
 
 WITH A NEW MAP OF THE COUNTY. 
 
 " Children are very early capable of describing the places, 
 mountains, and rivers, which pass under their inspection." 
 
 BOSTG N„: 
 
 CARTER AND HENDEE 
 
DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS— fom<: 
 
 District Clerk's Office. 
 
 Be it remembered, that on the thirtieth day of July, 
 A. D. 1830, in the fifty -fifth year of the Independence of 
 the United States of America, James G. Carter and 
 William H. Brooks, of the said district, have deposited in 
 this office the title of a book, the right whereof they claim as 
 authors, in the words following, to wit : 
 
 " A Geography of Essex County ; for Young Children ; 
 embracing 1. A short Topographical and Historical Sketch 
 of every Town. 2. A general View of the County, and the 
 Employments of the People. 3. A Glossary, explaining the 
 Geographicai and other Difficult Terms. By'James G. Car- 
 ter and William H. Brooks. With a new Map of the County. 
 ' Children are very early capable of describing the places, 
 mountains, and rivers, which pass under their inspection.' " 
 
 In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United 
 States, entitled, " An act for the encouragement of learning, 
 by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the 
 authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times 
 therein mentioned ;" and also to an act, entitled, " An act 
 supplementary to an act, entitled, an act for the encourage- 
 ment of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and 
 books to the authors and proprietors of such copies during 
 the times therein mentioned ; and extending the benefits 
 thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching 
 historical and other prints." 
 
 TNO W DAVIS I Clerk of the District of 
 Ji\U. W. DAVIS, ^ Massachusetts. 
 
 Press of Carter, Andrews, & Co Lancaster, Mass. 
 
 \^ 
 
 A 
 
PREFACE 
 
 To parents and guardians of children in the County of 
 Essex this geographical and historical account of that an- 
 cient and populous district of Massachusetts is presented, 
 in the belief that it is adapted to promote there the interests 
 of early education. Assuming the principle, that we need 
 to know most of the places which are nearest to us, and 
 that the amount of our knowledge of the various parts of 
 the earth's surface should be graduated, other things being 
 equal, by their distance from us, it is proposed that geo- 
 graphical education be conducted with a view to this result. 
 ■^t a very tender age, therefore, as soon as the young mind 
 -s power enough to understand the ideas conveyed to us 
 the terms hill, valley, plain y and sf ream, the child should 
 gin the study of geography, and begin it with his own 
 vn. Having fully acquainted himself with the geography 
 his own town, he should proceed to the remaining towns 
 his own county, and growing less and less particular as 
 2 advances, pass from towns to counties, and then in order, 
 ) states, countries, and continents. The pupil should also 
 examine on a map the situation of every place of which he 
 may be learning an account, and, for the sake of still greater 
 precision in his knowledge and for a useful mental discipline, 
 should draw the shape of each. 
 
 A particular view of Essex will be for the young children 
 of that County the appropriate introduction to their study of 
 the science of Geography. Having gained a full acquaintance 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 with their own County, their minds will be prepared for an 
 account somewhat less in detail of the remaining counties of 
 Massachusetts and of the state itself. In tliis part of their 
 course their wants will be supplied by a Geography of Massa- 
 chusetts, already before the publick. A treatise still less mi- 
 nute upon the geography of the United States and of the 
 earth in general, will complete the system, of which an out- 
 line has been just delineated. 
 
 Beginning, therefore, with their own town, children will 
 be gratified with learning a description of what it contains, 
 and will even be led to think what other information they 
 can add to the account themselves. And without doubt 
 they will feel a strong curiosity to know whether the streams, 
 hills, and fertile valleys of their own town extend into the 
 towns adjoining, and to compare the employments of the 
 respective inhabitants of the several places, their publick in- 
 stitutions, and their importance as indicated by their extent 
 and their population. Especially will their interest be roused 
 (the remark springs from long and various experience) on 
 finding themselves able to draw with neatness the shape of 
 their own towns and odier towns in their immediate neigh- 
 bourhood, to trace out the courses of streams and roads, and 
 to mark the actual position of churches, factories, hills, and 
 ponds. The child's interest in the study, being thus auspi- 
 ciously excited, will not fail to be sustained in his progress 
 through the county, if he have tolerably faithful and judicious 
 instruction. By the time he has completed this thorough 
 survey of his own county he will have gained an amount of 
 information, which is not only not now acquired by children^ 
 but is very rarely possessed even by men, respecting what it 
 most nearly concerns him to be familiar with, viz. the portion 
 of his own country immediately around him. He will have 
 had his memory exercised, as it ought always to be, in strict 
 alliance witli the understanding. He will have begun in due 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 season to try his judgment, and to educate it to activity and 
 accuracy by its numerous trials, in estimating tiie proportions 
 of lines and angles, and comparing the importance of towns. 
 He will also have obtained unconsciously an important control 
 over his power of attention. These fruits of the study are 
 predicted with confidence, because in repeated instances they 
 have already been produced. 
 
 DIRECTIONS TO PARENTS AND TEACHERS. 
 
 The pupil should be provided with a geography and map 
 of Essex County, and a small black board 18 inches long by 
 15 broad. If this cannot be easily procured, a slate and 
 pencil will very well answer the purpose. Let his attention 
 first be directed to the map, and inform him that the top is 
 north, the bottom south, the right hand east, and the left 
 hand west. Let him find on the map the town where he re- 
 sides, and observe carefully its shape, its ponds, its rivers, 
 and its mountains. All these he is to draw from the map 
 upon his small black board with chalk, and to draw them ov- 
 er and over again, till he can do it accurately from his mem- 
 cry alone. Next, the boundaries of the town are to be learn- 
 ed. The pupil may then leave the map and see what is said 
 of the town in the geography. He will find an account of it 
 in its alphabetical place among the towns of the county. To 
 show the pupil that he can understand the whole matter, and 
 that it is one of his own concern, he may be encouraged to 
 consider what things there may be worthy of notice in the 
 town besides those mentioned in the book, as mills or facto- 
 ries, ponds, streams, liills, or mountains. 
 
 a2 
 
VI NlKFACfi. 
 
 For recitations a large black board should be used at least 
 three feet wide and three feet and a half long. This should 
 be so placed that the pupil standing before it, may have his 
 face to the north 5 when, of course, his right hand will be to 
 the east, his back to the south, and his left hand to the west. 
 If the class consist of several, let one be directed to draw 
 the northern line of the town boundary. Another may be 
 invited to criticise the execution, and then another may give 
 his opinion. It may then with advantage be submitted to 
 the judgment of the whole class, that any one who can de- 
 tect an inaccuracy, may expose it. Let the eastern bound- 
 ary now be drawn and subjected to the same critical examin- 
 ation and amendment; and so of the other lines. A mem- 
 ber of the class may then name the towns on the borders, 
 marking tlie place of each, mentioning its direction from the 
 town drawn, and pointing to its actual position with refer- 
 ence to the place he stands in. The streams, ponds, and 
 roads being thus laid down, one of the pupils should be re- 
 quired to leave the drawing and point towards the ponds, 
 and signify also by pointing the actual direction of the 
 streams and roads as they pass through the town. Questions 
 may now be asked to elicit all other information that has 
 been obtained respecting the town. The facts as they are 
 elicited should be as much as possible connected with the 
 drawing. If there be churches, an academy, or factories in 
 the town, let their position be marked. 
 
 The second lesson may be one of the adjoining towns, or 
 two, if their lines can be easily drawn, and the matter to be 
 learned from the geography be small in amount. And in 
 this lesson also the personal knowledge of the pupil or the 
 teacher, or any other sources of information may be advanta- 
 geously applied to. At reciting this lesson, the shape of the 
 tovm or towns may be drawn on a vai'iety of scales. This 
 exercise will be exceedingly useful, as a severe discipline of 
 
I'REFACE. Vll 
 
 the mind is involved in producing accurate proportions. 
 And the class should be kept constantly on the alert in judg- 
 ing of the truth of the proportions betw^een the several lines 
 drawn by their companion. When greater ease has been 
 acquired in drawings and several tow^ns can be despatched 
 at a lesson^ there will be a wider field for this exercise in ad- 
 justing the relative size and shape of different towns. Let 
 the class thus pass through their county^ drawing from the 
 map for every lesson a group of contiguous towns, and learn- 
 ing accounts of them regularly from the geography. Their 
 exercises may be lengthened with their increasing ability, and 
 there should be a review for every four or five lessons. On 
 the completion of the county let the drawing of the whole 
 of it be assigned as a separate lesson ; or if this be too 
 much; let there be reviews of the towns till they can be 
 all drawn promptly, with the hills and streams, and an entire 
 map of the county be formed. Meanwhile the pupil may be 
 put upon the General View of the County, always connecting 
 his lessons with exercises in drawing for the benefit of direct 
 reference. Thus, when engaged upon the part relating to 
 Towns, he may mark the largest and most populous ; when 
 upon that part respecting Inhabitants, he may point out the 
 portions where the people are employed in manufactures ; 
 when upon the Rivers and Mountains, he may draw them ; 
 and when learning the History, he may mark whatever places 
 in the county may be there mentioned. 
 
 The pupil sliould be taught to turn to the list of definitions 
 at the end of the book for all difficult terms, and to apply to 
 his iAstructer if he do not find them there. Regular and 
 close examinations by the teacher into his pupil's knowledge 
 of the meaning of these terms will accomplish, in this re- 
 spect, all that is desirable. 
 
 Parents and teachers need not hesitate to undertake to 
 teach this system of geography to their children and pupils, 
 
 a3 
 
Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 merely because they have never been so taught tlicmsclves. 
 If they possess only a moderate interest in the subject of 
 education, or the progress of the children under their care, 
 they may begin according to the above directions, with per- 
 fect confidence that they will find themselves competent to 
 every essential duty, which will be required of them. 
 
PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 ESSEX COUNTY 
 
 Ameshury. There were no white people on 
 the west bank of Powow River for some time 
 after Salisbury was settled by them. Afterwards 
 a number of families having settled there asked 
 permission to form a parish themselves. Their 
 request was granted ; and as the place belonged 
 to Salisbury, it was called Salisbury New-town. 
 -It afterwards became a separate town. The 
 land here is not of the best kind, and the peo- 
 ple have engaged in other business as well as 
 in agriculture. There is a village at the point 
 where Powow River runs into the Merrimack. 
 The people of this village once found profitable 
 employment in ship building, but they build 
 very ^ew vessels now because they are not in 
 
 Draw the north line of Amesbury. Draw the east line. 
 South. We&t. How is the town bounded ? Draw the stream 
 which crosses the town. Mai-k the places of the ponds in 
 Amesbury. Which bank of Powow River was first settled 
 by white people ? What request was made by the first set- 
 tlers of Amesbury ? What was Amesbury once called ? 
 What is the quality of the land here ? Where is one village 
 situated ? How were the people of this village once cmploy- 
 a4 
 
10 PARTICUI-AR VIEW OF 
 
 demand. It was in an iron factory at Ames- 
 bury that Mr. Perkins' machine for cutting 
 nails was first used. Formerly nails were made 
 by blacksmiths with great labour and expense, 
 and called wrought nails. Now they are cut so 
 easily by machines, that cut nails are much the 
 cheapest and are used almost exclusively. The 
 iron factory, in which a great deal of business 
 was formerly done, is no longer in operation. 
 Many of the inhabitants of Amesbury are em- 
 ployed in factories, of which there are several 
 in the town round the falls of Powow River. 
 There is also a machine shop for making tools 
 and machinery, and a bleachery for whitening 
 cloth. Great quantities of woollen cloth have 
 been made here, and a large village has been 
 built near the mills. There is another consid- 
 erable village in Salisbury on the opposite side 
 of the river. Both villages together are called 
 Amesbury Mills. The Powow River is not 
 large but as it descends 100 feet in 50 rods 
 it comes down with force enough to set a great 
 
 ed ? Are many vessels now built there ? What machine was 
 used in this town first ? How were nails once made ? How 
 are they now generally made ? How are many of the inhabi- 
 tants of Amesbury employed ? Where are the factories ? 
 What other buildings are mentioned ? What article is man- 
 ufactured at the factories ? What is there near them ? What 
 ai-e the villages on both sides of the river called? What is 
 said of Powow River ? Of the prospect at the falls ? 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 11 
 
 deal of machinery in motion. Here a remark- 
 able prospect is afforded by the dams across 
 the river, the falling water and the numerous 
 mills and factories on the stream. 
 
 Andover is a very old tovi^n. White people 
 first begun to live here about 190 years ago, 
 nearly at the time vt^hen others first settled Ha- 
 verhill. The town was called by the Indians 
 Cochichawick. It was bought of the Sagamore 
 of Massachusetts for 26 or 27 dollars and a coat. 
 It was a place of resort for Indians, because 
 there was abundance of fish, and because the 
 land was easily cultivated. When the township 
 was sold by the Sagamore, four acres were re- 
 served for Roger, the Indian, and his company. 
 The Indians were friendly to the white people 
 for about 30 years till the time of Philip's war. 
 At the first attack they made, they took a boy 
 prisoner, wounded one man, murdered another, 
 burned a house, and killed some cattle but had 
 
 Draw the northern line of Andover. The eastern. South- 
 ern. Western. How is the town bounded ? Draw Shawshine 
 River. Mark the places of the cliief ponds in the town. Draw 
 Cochichewick Brook. Mark the place of the Institution and 
 Academy. Is Andover an old or a new town ? How longago^ 
 did white people first come here to live ? What was the Indian' 
 name of Andover ? How much did all the land in the town 
 'cost ? Why did the Indians like to live there ? How much 
 land was saved for them ? Were the Indians friendly at first 
 or not '/ Wliat harm did they do at the first attack on the 
 
12 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 only time to cut out their tongues before they 
 were fired upon by the white people. At an- 
 other time they took a boy prisoner, who pre- 
 tended to be lame and unable to keep up with 
 the Indians, who were going off and were afi-aid 
 of being chased. They hastened on, but the 
 boy turned, run back and escaped, though the 
 Indian who had taken him shot at hirn. Sev- 
 eral people of Andover were at different attacks 
 killed or wounded by the savages and some 
 property was destroyed. But the town suffered 
 most in 1698. It was then suddenly attacked 
 by 30 or 40 Indians, who killed 5 persons, burnt 
 two houses and two barns, with the cattle in 
 them, and set the meeting-house on fire, though 
 they did not succeed in burning it down. They 
 took Col. Bradstreet and his family prisoners, 
 carried them 50 rods and then let them go un^ 
 hurt. Old people in Andover used to say that 
 the Indian who showed the rest of the Indians 
 the way to Col. Bradstreet's house, would not 
 agree to do it till they had promised not to 
 kill or make prisoners any of the family, be- 
 cause he had a great friendship for Col. Brad- 
 town ? Give an account of the boy who was taken prisoner. 
 What injury did the people of the town suffer from the In- 
 dians at different times ? What happened in 1698 ? What was 
 done by the Indians to Col. Bradstreet's family ? Why did they 
 
BSS£X COUNTY. 13 
 
 Street. This was the reason that they let the 
 family go. The inhabitants used to be in great 
 fear of the Indians. They had fortified houses 
 in every neighbourhood, and carried their guns 
 with them when they went to work in the 
 fields. Throughout the war of the Revolution 
 Andover employed about 100 soldiers in the 
 army, paying and clothing them, and sometimes 
 giving provision to their families. 
 
 This is much the largest township in the 
 County. It is situated on the southeastern side 
 of Merrimack River and has the Shawshine 
 passing through it. There are several ponds 
 and brooks in the town so that it is well water- 
 ed. Great Pond contains 447 acres and is 7 or, 
 8 miles round ; it is clear and well supplied 
 with fish. Its waters pass into the Merrimack 
 through Cochichewick Brook. The north par- 
 ish presents a beautiful and fertile surface 
 swelling into large hills. The southwest part 
 of the town contains extensive plains. The 
 
 let them go ? What did the inhabitants use to do in their 
 fear of the Indians ? How much did the people of Andover 
 do for their country in the Revolution ? 
 
 Wliat is said of the size of Andover ? How is it situated ? 
 How is it watered ? What mention is made of Great Pond ? 
 What stream conveys its waters to the Merrimack ? Give 
 some account of the North Parish. Of the southwest part of 
 
14 r ARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 northwest part is stony and hilly. Fine mead 
 ows spread out on both sides of the Shawshine. 
 The air in this town is remarkably pure and 
 healthy, and many people in ill health come 
 here from other towns for the benefit of it. 
 Andover has some of the best farms and farmers 
 in the county or in the eastern part of the state. 
 About 350 people work in factories and make 
 a great deal of woollen cloth and some cotton 
 cloth, and paper. There are three woollen 
 factories and a mill on Cochichewick Brook, 
 and three woollen factories, a machine factory 
 and six mills on the Shawshine. 
 
 The north parish contains an academy called 
 Franklin Academy, and a private school of con- 
 siderable reputation under the care of two in- 
 structers byfthe names of Putnam and Pierce. 
 Phillips Academy in the south parish was the 
 first academy established by law in Massachu- 
 setts. A great deal of money and land was 
 given to it, by its founders, two gentlemen, who 
 were brothers of the name of Phillips. The 
 
 the town. Of the northwest part. Of the valley of the Shaw- 
 shine. Is Andover a healthy or ti sickly place ? What is said 
 of the farms and of the farmers ? How many persons work 
 in factories and what do they manufacture ? Mention the 
 number of factories in the town. 
 
 What seminaries are there in tlie North Parish? Has 
 Phillips Academy been long established ? Wiiy did the Acad- 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 15 
 
 Academy was named for them. It owns prop- 
 erty to the amount of more than fifty thousand 
 dollars. It has been very much celebrated for 
 the thorough manner, in which Latin and Greek 
 have been taught in it, and it has set a good 
 example to other schools. The oldest Theo- 
 logical Institution in the country is also in the 
 south parish. The part of the town where it is 
 situated is pleasant and very high, so that a per- 
 son there can see the country for many miles 
 around. The Institution has three large brick 
 buildings with handsome grounds in front. 
 Students live in two of the buildings ; the third 
 contains a chapel, lecture-rooms and a library 
 of six or seven thousand volumes. More than 
 100 students belong to the school. They study 
 here three years to prepare themselves for min- 
 isters under the instruction of four Professors, 
 one of whom is President of the Institution. 
 Instruction is given free of expense, and some 
 scholars are entirely supported, who cannot af- 
 ford to support themselves. The Institution is 
 
 emy receive the name it bears ? How much property belongs 
 to it? What has been the opinion of people concerning the 
 Academy ? What otlier seminary is there in the South Parish ? 
 How is it situated ? How many buildings belong to it, and 
 for what purposes are they used ? How many students are 
 there here l How are they employed ? How much is done 
 for the students ? How can the institution afford to do so 
 inuch for them ? 
 
16 PARTICULAR VIEW OP 
 
 very rich, having received in presents four hun- 
 dred thousand dollars. 
 
 Andover contains a bank and a printing office 
 which issues a weekly newspaper. Considera- 
 ble printing has also been executed here in the 
 English, Greek, and Hebrew languages. 
 
 Beverly was settled very early ; a fort was 
 built here before Governor Endicott arrived at 
 Salem. The town was for many years a part 
 of Salem. The land was given to the white 
 settlers by an Indian named Sagamore John. 
 Three of Sagamore John's grand children ask- 
 ed pay for the land, and though they had no 
 right to it, received from the inhabitants nearly 
 30 dollars. Captain Lathrop belonged to this 
 town, who, with most of his company of eighty 
 men, was killed by the Indians in the western 
 part of this state. Near the close of the Revo- 
 lution Beverly was very flourishing, and her 
 privateers took some valuable British vessels. 
 
 What is there in Andover besides what has been mention- 
 ed 1 What kinds of printing are executed here ? 
 
 Draw the north line of Beverly. The east line. South. 
 West. How is Beverly bounded 1 Draw Bass River. Mark 
 and name the pond on the north line of the town. Is Beverly 
 an old or a new town ? To what town did it once belong ? 
 How was the land obtained from the Indians 1 How came 
 any thing to be paid for it ? What mention is made of Capt. 
 Lathrop, of this town ? What was the situation of Beverly 
 near the close of the Revolution 1 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 17 
 
 The town has Woolston or Porter's River 
 and Bass River on its western side, separating 
 it from Dan vers and Salem. On the south it is 
 washed by Massachusetts Bay. There is some 
 rocky and unproductive pasture-land, but there 
 is much valuable and well cultivated soil. The 
 most thickly settled part of Beverly is the 
 southwest, where it approaches Salem. It is 
 connected with that town by an expensive 
 bridge about one third of a mile long. At the 
 bridge begins a long and closely built street, 
 containing many handsome houses and extend- 
 ing towards the north part of the town. At the 
 lower part of it near Salem, is presented a fine 
 view of the harbours of Salem and Beverly. 
 Here live many mechanicks, and traders, and 
 people who go to sea for their living. There 
 are other settlements, in different parts of the 
 township, such as the Upper Parish and Beverly 
 Farms, in which the people are chiefly engaged 
 in cultivating their lands. Some vessels em- 
 
 What rivers are there on the west side of the town ? How 
 is Beverly bounded on the south? Of what quality are the 
 lands in this town ? In what part of the town are the houses 
 built nearest to each other ? How can people pass from this 
 town to Salem ? What is said of the street which begins near 
 the bridge 1 What prospect is there from the lower part of 
 it ? What people live in this part of the town? What is the 
 chief employment of people in other parts of Beverly ? What 
 
18 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 ployed in commerce are owned in the town, and 
 some seamen, belonging to Beverly, sail to dis- 
 tant countries from other seaports, as Salem 
 and Boston. Beverly has however been most 
 celebrated for sending out a great many vessels 
 and men to catch cod fish and bring them home 
 to be dried and afterwards sold. The town 
 contains a bank and five churches. 
 
 Boxford was once the western part of the 
 township of Rowley. The bodies of several 
 Indians were found buried in this town some 
 years ago. Great numbers of flint arrow heads 
 and a pestle and mortar of stone, were found 
 with them. The town contains several ponds. 
 Two on the boundary line between Boxford 
 and Bradford are connected by a brook and 
 send forth a small but useful stream to the 
 Merrimack. From several other ponds in the 
 town spring the head waters of Rowley and 
 Parker Rivers. A branch of Ipswich River 
 
 concern has the town in commerce ? For what business has 
 it been most celebrated ? What does the town contain ? 
 
 Draw the north line of Boxford. The east line. South. 
 West. How is the town bounded ? Mark the places of the 
 ponds in Boxford. Draw the streams. To what town did 
 Boxford once belong ? What discovery was made in the 
 town some years ago 1 What articles were found with the 
 bodies ? What is said of the two ponds on the boundary line 
 between Boxford and Bradford ? Where do Rowley and 
 Parker Rivers rise ? What mention is made of a branch of 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 
 
 19 
 
 also has its sources in Boxford, and running in- 
 to Topsfield, unites with the main stream. 
 Though there is some plain and meadow land 
 in the township the surface is generally une- 
 ven. The soil, though not naturally very fertile, 
 is made productive by industrious cultivation. 
 The inhabitants are mostly farmers, but many 
 find employment in making shoes, which are 
 sent to Salem and to other places for sale. 
 
 Bradford. The land in this township was 
 given by the General rCourt to the Rev. Mr. 
 Rogers and some other persons belonging to 
 Rowley, for the convenience of that town. A 
 great many years ago, when the Indians were 
 numerous, they became enemies to the white 
 people. The inhabitants of Bradford were so 
 much alarmed on their account that they had 
 three fortified houses, in which they passed the 
 night in times of danger. The surface of the 
 township varies a great deal from high ground to 
 
 Ipswich River X Is the surface of tlie town level or uneven ? 
 Is the soil good or is it bai-ren? What is the business of the 
 people ? 
 
 Draw that part of Merrimack Eiver which bounds Brad- 
 ford on the north. Draw the east line. Tlie South. West. 
 How is the township of Bradford bounded ? Mark the places 
 of the ponds in the town. Draw the stream which runs across 
 Bradford into the Merrimack. To whom did the General 
 Court give the land in Bradford 1 What is said of the dispo- 
 sition of the Indians towards the white people ? How much 
 were the white people alarmed ? Is the surface of the towor 
 R 
 
20 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 ]o\v, and from low to high. The land is gener- 
 ally good, though not all alike in goodness. 
 Some of it is excellent, especially some interval 
 land on the bank of the Merrimack. From 
 one or two high hills in this town can be seen 
 the course of the Merrimack, here a beautiful 
 stream, the fine town of Haverhill beyond it, 
 and some of the neighbouring towns. John- 
 son's Creek, a small stream running out of a 
 pond on the southern border of the town, flows 
 across Bradford to the Merrimack and sets the 
 wheels of several mills in motion in its course. 
 A handsome bridge, covered with a low roof, 
 like the roof of a house, to prevent decay from 
 the weather, connects this town with Haverhill. 
 In the east parish there is a ferry, or a place on 
 the river where a boat is kept to carry people 
 across to the east parish of Flaverhill. As in other 
 towns on the Merrimack, a great many vessels 
 were once built in Bradford ; but none are built 
 there now. The business, of tanning leather is 
 carried on here very extensively. One or two 
 
 ship level ? What is the quality of the lands ? Where is some 
 of the best land in the town ? What is the prospect from some 
 of the hills ? What account can you give of Johnson's Creek ? 
 How can travellers pass from this town to Haverhill ? How 
 can they cross the river from the east parish ? What branch 
 of business was once pursued in this town ? What business 
 is now extensively carried on ? How many persons are em- 
 ployed in making shoes ? How many pairs of shoes are sent 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 21 
 
 hundred men are employed in making shoes. 
 There are sent every year to New- York and to 
 other places, one hundred and fifty thousand 
 pairs of shoes, or nearly enough to supply every 
 person in Essex County with two pairs. In 
 Merrimack River are caught salmon, shad, bass, 
 sturgeon, and alewives. In spring people set a 
 great many seines or nets to catch the fish, but 
 have not so much success now as they once had. 
 Bradford Academy, in the west parish, has been 
 extensively known, and is generally attended by 
 a large number of pupils. There is also an 
 academy in the east parish. 
 
 Danvers was originally a part of Salem, and 
 was called Salem Village. At this place began 
 the trouble and distress caused both in and out 
 of Essex County nearly 140 years ago by the 
 terrors of supposed witchcraft. An Indian 
 woman was first charged with being a witch. 
 She was a servant in the family of the Rev. Mr. 
 
 away every year to be sold ? What kinds of fish does Merri- 
 mack River afford ? When and hovv^ do people catch the fish 1 
 Are there as many fish as there once were ? What has been 
 the success of Bradford Academy ? Is there any other acad- 
 emy in the town ? 
 
 Draw the north line of Danvers. The east line. South. 
 West. How is Danvers bounded ? Draw the streams in the 
 town. Mark the places of the ponds. To what town did 
 Danvers once belong, and what was its name ? What great 
 •alamity begun liere ? How did it begin ? To what family 
 
22 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 Paris, minister of this place, whose house is still 
 standing. Soon many other persons in this 
 village and in the neighbouring towns were 
 accused of the same crime. Men's minds were 
 alarmed and deceived, and great misery was 
 produced. 
 
 Though there is considerable plain land in 
 Danvers, the surface is generally uneven. The 
 lands are well cultivated, and yield abundance 
 of fruits and vegetables. These are sent to Salem 
 market in great quantities, and they bring high 
 prices. A great many of the butchers and market- 
 men, who supply Salem with fresh and salted pro- 
 visions and vegetables, live in this town. Danvers 
 has also considerable trade with the interior 
 towns of Essex County, supplying them from its 
 stores with many of the necessities and conven- 
 iences of life, and taking in return the produce 
 of their lands and sending it to the Salem market. 
 The manufacture of shoes and earthen ware 
 forms an important part of the business of the 
 people. Chocolate is made here, and cotton and 
 woollen cloth are also manufactured. There 
 
 did slie belong ? What happened afterwards ? What -was the 
 state of men's minds ? Has Danvers an even or an 
 uneven surface ? What are the productions of the lands ? 
 Where are they sent ? What persons do business in Salem, 
 but live in this town 1 Give some account of the trade of 
 Danvers with the interior towns. What articles are man- 
 ufactured here to considerable extent ? What are the other 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 
 
 23 
 
 are, besides, two iron factories. By these, nails 
 are cut in great quantities, anchors are made, 
 and iron is slit into small rods or pressed between 
 two heavy rollers into flat strips. But the chief 
 article of manufacture in the town is leather. 
 Numerous and extensive tanneries cover and 
 redden with ground bark considerable tracts of 
 land. They are supplied with hundreds of 
 cords of hemldck bark from the Salem wharves, 
 to which it is brought in vessels from the state 
 of Maine. The tanning and dressing of leather 
 have enriched a great many of the citizens of 
 Danvers, and been of immense advantage to the 
 town. 
 
 At the head of the river forming the boundary 
 line between this town and Beverly, there is a 
 considerable village, in which much business is 
 done. Essex Bridge, between Salem and Bev- 
 erly, is in the way of vessels coming up the river 
 to this village, and the owners of the bridge 
 pay thirty or forty dollars every year to 
 the town of Danvers on that account. The 
 
 manufactures of the town ? What is done in the two iron 
 factories ? What is the chief manufacture of Danvers ? What 
 is the appearance of the tanneries? Where is the supply of 
 bark obtained ? In what way had the town been much en- 
 riched ? Where is one important village of the town ? Why 
 should the owners of a bridge between Salem and Beverly 
 pay money to the town of Danvers ? What is said of the 
 
 b2 . 
 
24 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 chief village of the town is large and thickly 
 settled. The principal street of it is long and 
 joins the main street in Salem, as if it belonged 
 to the same town. The numerous manufactures, 
 an active business, and the enterprise of the 
 people of Dan vers have given success to the bank 
 lately established in the place, and make the 
 town one of the most flourishing in Essex 
 County. 
 
 Essex was for 121 years a parish of the an- 
 cient town of Ipswich and was called Chebacco. 
 Essex and West-Newbury both became towns 
 the same year, 1819 ; and they are the youngest 
 in the county. In the eastern part of the town- 
 ship and on both sides of the stream flowing 
 through the town, there are extensive marsh- 
 lands yielding great quantities of salt hay. This 
 town has engaged actively, like almost all the 
 towns on the coast of Essex County, in sending 
 out men and vessels to pursue the fishing busi- 
 ness. It is well situated for shipbuilding on ac- 
 
 principal village of Dauvers 1 Of the chief streeft in it ? To 
 what causes does the town owe its prosperity ? 
 
 Draw the north line of Essex. The east line. South. 
 West. How is the town bounded ? Draw Cheljacco River. 
 Mark Chebacco Pond. Mariv the islands in Oiebacco Bay. 
 To what town did Essex formerly belong ? How old are the 
 towns of Essex and West Newbury ? From what parts of 
 the town is salt hay obtained ? In what business has this tovvn 
 engaged; with other towns on the coast of Essex County ? 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 25 
 
 count of the river, which flows through it conve- 
 niently, in a winding course, and affording ample 
 room. No less than forty vessels were building 
 in 1828, and there are several building in 1830. 
 Employment is furnished by shipbuilding to a 
 great many men. Probably more vessels are 
 built here than in any other town in the state. 
 Timber and plank are brought down from Mer- 
 rimack River in rafts. They pass from the 
 river into Plumb Island Sound, and thence 
 through a canal which has been dug across to 
 a stream on the north border of the town. 
 There is a line and twine manufactory in the 
 town. 
 
 Gloucester'. Fishing vessels used to come 
 every year from England to the coast about 
 Cape Ann, on which Gloucester is situated. 
 The men brought their fish ashore on the Cape 
 and dried them and then returned home. In 
 
 Why is Essex well situated for shipbuilding ? How many 
 vessels are built here ? Of what advantage is ship-building to 
 the town ? To what extent is the business probably carried on 
 in Essex, compared with other towns in the state ? From 
 what river are the timber and plank brought ? How do they 
 pass to this town ? What manufactory is there in the town ? 
 Draw the north and east lines of Gloucester. Draw the 
 south line. The West. How is Gloucester bounded? 
 Draw the streams in the town. Mark the places of the 
 ponds. Mark, the islands near Cape Ann. What use was 
 made of Cape Ann at first by people from England ? At 
 
 a3 
 
26 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 1624, only four years after white men had 
 first settled in New-England, some persons were 
 sent over from Dorchester in England to make 
 a settlement here. They were joined by certain 
 people who had before settled in this country 
 at Nantasket, now the town of Hull ; among 
 them was Roger Conant. The settlement was 
 soon given up, and Mr, Conant and others went 
 to Salem. Gloucester was created a town by 
 the General Court in 1642. 
 
 Cape Ann, on which Gloucester is situated,, 
 projects far into the sea ; it is the most easterly 
 part of the county of Essex, and the extreme 
 northern boundary of Massachusetts Bay. The 
 town is therefore almost surrounded by the sea, 
 of which it presents many fine views. A part 
 of the township is an island, being separated 
 from the rest by Gloucester and Squam harbours, 
 and by a canal which was dug to connect 
 them. This is a very rough and rocky town- 
 ship, and exhibits rude and wild scenery. 
 There is however a considerable extent of flat 
 marsh-land, which presents a strong contrast 
 
 what time was an attempt made to settle it ? By whom were 
 the settlers joined? When the settlement was driven up, 
 where did some of the people go ? When was Gloucester 
 created a town ? Where is Cane Ann ? What is the situation 
 of the town ? How did part of the township become an 
 island ? Give some account of the surface of the township. 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 27 
 
 with the broken ground and high rocks around. 
 There are three or four important villages, which 
 together form the town of Gloucester, On the 
 north side of the Cape is the village of Squam. 
 Opposite to Squam is the sand beach, which 
 once supplied with sand all the towns on the 
 seacoast from Portsmouth in New-Hampshire 
 to Boston. At that time floors were covered 
 with sand instead of carpets or paint. The vill- 
 ao-e of Sandy-Bay, on the eastern end of the Cape, 
 had no harbour naturally ; but a place to shelter 
 vessels has been made there by piling up great 
 walls of stone. The people of Squam and Sandy- 
 Bay engage actively in the fishing business. 
 
 The principal village, called the Harbour, 
 is on the south side of the Cape., It presents a 
 pretty appearance as you approach it. On en- 
 tering, you find the settlement compact and 
 adorned with a number of handsome buildings. 
 Here are several streets, some running the same 
 way with the shore, and some across from the 
 back part of the town down to the harbour and 
 
 Is it all rocky and rough ? How many villages are there in 
 the town ? Where is Squam ? What mention is made of the 
 beach opposite to Squam ? What old custom is noticed ? 
 Where is Sandy-Bay '/ What have the people done for want 
 of a harbour ? Hovv are the inhabitants of Squam aud Sandy- 
 Bav employed ? Where is the principal village of the Cape ? 
 How does it appear on approaching and on entering it ? How 
 
 b4 
 
28 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 the wharves. They are not very smooth nor 
 straight. The tops of rocks frequently appear 
 in them, and rocks are seen in the fields also, 
 and between the houses. There are many stores 
 and mechanics' shops in the place. Some 
 trade is carried on between this town and the 
 West-Indies ; but the chief business of the place 
 is produced by the cod and mackerel fishery. 
 The cod fishery is described in the account of 
 Marblehead. Those who fish for mackerel go 
 away six or eight times in the season and stay 
 two or three weeks each time. They salt the 
 mackerel they catch, and bring them home. 
 They are then put into barrels, and pickle, or 
 water made very salt, is poured into the barrel. 
 Some mackerel are sold to people from the 
 country, and some are sent to Philadelphia, 
 New- York, and other places. There is a fort 
 at the Harbour, with a number of large cannon 
 in it, to keep people off who are at war with 
 this country, and to prevent them from injuring 
 the town. But as there is no nation now at war 
 
 do the streetsjlie '? What is said of them ? How numerous are 
 the rocks in the town ? For what purpose are some of the 
 buildings used ? What trade is pursued from the place ? 
 What is the principal business ? (rive an account of those 
 who fish for mackerel. What is done with the fish when 
 they are brought home ? To wliom are they sold ? What 
 protection has the town from an enemy ? Why is the fort 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 29 
 
 with this country, the fort is not kept in good 
 order. East of the town lies Thatcher's Island, 
 on which are two high but slender buildings 
 called lighthouses. Great lights are placed at 
 the top of these every night, so that vessels near 
 the Cape may not run ashore in the dark. 
 There are in Gloucester quarries of stone, which 
 is very valuable for building, and is split out and 
 sent to Boston and other places for that purpose. ' 
 
 Gloucester contains several churches, a cus- 
 tom-house, and a printing office issuing a weekly 
 paper. The inhabitants are very industrious 
 and enterprising. No town on the seacoast of 
 Essex has been more spirited and successful in 
 bearing up against the general decrease of busi- 
 ness and the pressure of the times. It is the 
 third town in the county in regard to the number 
 and size of its vessels taken together. 
 
 Hamilton was once a part of Ipswich, and 
 continued to belong to that town eighty years 
 
 neglected ? What buildings are there on Thatcher's Island ? 
 What is their use ? What building material is found at 
 Gloucester 1 
 
 What does Gloucester contain ? What is the character of 
 the inhabitants ? Compare Gloucester with other towns on 
 the seacoast of Essex County. 
 
 Draw the north line of Hamilton. The East. South. West. 
 How is Hamilton bounded ? Draw the branch of Ipswich 
 River which crosses the town. Mark the places of the ponds. 
 To what town did Hamilton once belong 1 What was once 
 
30 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 after it became a parish. It was called Ipswich- 
 Hamlet. Ipswich River runs some distance 
 along the western border of the town partly 
 separating it from Topsfield, and forms a still 
 greater part of the boundary line between Ham- 
 ilton and Ipswich. Wenham Swamp reaches 
 into the south part of this town, and a pond in 
 the swamp lies on the boundary line between 
 Hamilton and Wenham. Chebacco Pond, ly- 
 ing partly in this town and partly in Essex, and 
 several smaller ponds in the southeast corner of 
 the town, give rise to the head waters of Che- 
 bacco River. The surface of the township, 
 though by no means a plain, has not many high 
 hills. The inhabitants are generally farmers. 
 Their houses are upon their farms and scattered 
 over the town, so that there is not a large num- 
 ber of them together at any one place. 
 
 Haverliill White people first came to live 
 at this place about 190 years since. The Indians, 
 called it Pentucket. Two of them, with the 
 
 the name of Haixiiiton ? What towns are partly separated 
 from this town by Ipswich River. Where is Wenham Swamp ? 
 Where does Chebacco River rise ? Is the land in Hamilton 
 level ? What is the business of the people 1 Is there any 
 large village in the place ? 
 
 Draw the north line of Haverhill. The east line. The 
 South. West. How is the town bounded ? Draw the streams- 
 crossing the town. Mark the chief ponds in Haverhill. How 
 old is Haverhill ? What was its Indian name ? How did the 
 
ESSEX COtJNTY. 31 
 
 consent of Passaconnaway, who lived here and 
 was the Chief of the Indians in this part of the 
 country, sold the land in Haverhill to the white 
 strangers for 15 or 16 dollars. It then contained 
 the town of Plaistow and part of the towns of 
 Salem and Atkinson in New-Hampshire, and 
 part of Methaen in Essex County. The white 
 people named it Haverhill, from Haverhill in 
 England, the birth place of Mr. Ward, their 
 first minister. The settlement here was for 
 fifty years one of those farthest back in the In- 
 dian country, and was often troubled by the 
 savages. For twenty years scarcely one went 
 by in which they did not kill some person or 
 plunder property. Two boys being taken pris- 
 oners by the Indians and carried into New- 
 Hampshire, made their escape in the night, and 
 following the course of the first river they met 
 with, because it would lead them to the seacoast, 
 they arrived safe at a fort. In one year fourteen 
 persons were killed, 8 of whom were children. 
 In an attack in 1698 the Indians burned 
 nine houses and killed or captured about forty 
 
 white people obtain the land ? How large was the place at 
 that time ? Why was it called Haverhill ? What was its 
 situation for fifty years H How often did the Indians attack 
 the town ? Give an account of two boys, who were taken 
 prisoners. How many persons were killed in one year ? 
 What happened in 1^98 ? What mention is made of Mrs. 
 
32 PARTICULAR VIEW OF' 
 
 of the inhabitants. A Mrs. Duston was confin- 
 ed to her bed at the time with her nurse and 
 eight children about her, one of them an infant 
 six days old. Her husband hearing the alarm 
 sent seven of the children towards a fortified 
 house. By this time he saw the Indians near 
 him and giving up all hope of saving his wife 
 and infant, hastened on horseback after his 
 children. The Indians fired at him. He fired 
 at them, and kept between the children and the 
 savages till he had brought the former to a safe 
 place. The Indians carried off Mrs. Duston, 
 with her nurse and child, which they soon 
 dashed against a tree and killed. Twelve of 
 the savages forced the two women and a boy to 
 go with them 150 miles into the wilderness of 
 New-Hampshire, as it then was. One morning 
 just before day break, Mrs. Duston finding the 
 Indians fast asleep waked up the other prison- 
 ers. They seized the tomahawks of the Indi- 
 ans and killed ten out of the twelve, leaving on- 
 ly a woman and a boy alive. They then scalped 
 them, and cut holes in all their boats but one 
 to prevent pursuit, and taking that one fled down 
 the Merrimack in safety to Haverhill. 
 
 Duston ? What did her husband do ? What became of Mrs. 
 Duston ? 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 
 
 33 
 
 At another time a great company of Indians 
 fell upon the town at day break. They attack- 
 ed the house of Mr. Rolfe, the minister of the 
 place, and killed him, while he was boldly de- 
 fending it. The servant maid of Mr. Rolfe 
 hearing the alarm ran into the cellar with his 
 two daughters and concealed them under two 
 tubs. The Indians searched the cellar but did 
 not find the children. While they were busy 
 in the house a man went behind it and struck 
 upon it with a large club, crying " come on, 
 come on, we will have them." The Indians 
 being very much frightened cried " the English 
 are come," and ran away with all speed. The 
 rest of them in the town were also alarmed, and 
 they all hastened away, having burned several 
 houses, taken some prisoners, and killed nearly 
 fifty of the inhabitants. They were pursued and 
 were forced to give up most of the plunder and 
 many of the prisoners, but they cruelly killed 
 several to prevent their escape. The door of Mr. 
 Rolfe's house is still preserved here in the meet- 
 inghouse, pierced with the bullets of the savages 
 
 Whose house did the Indians attack the next time they 
 came ? What became of Mr. Rolte's two daughters ? What 
 happened while the Indians were in the house ? What did 
 the Indians do ? What injury had been done by them before 
 they fled ? What were they forced to do on being pursued ? 
 What is there in Haverhill to remind people of this attack ? 
 
34 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 and gashed by their hatchets. For 100 years 
 there was no bell in this town to call the people 
 to church. A man used to blow a horn every 
 Sunday and lecture-day half an hour before 
 meeting, and received one pound of pork annu- 
 ally from each family in payment. 
 
 Haverhill is situated on the north side of 
 Merrimack River, 18 miles from its mouth. 
 When the tide is coming in from the sea it meets 
 the river and raises the water here five or six 
 feet, but never makes it salt. In the spring the 
 Merrimack abounds with bass, alewives, and 
 shad. Salmon are also caught, but not in such 
 numbers as formerly. Little Hiver flows across 
 the town into the Merrimack and carries several 
 mills. Great Pond in Haverhill is a large and 
 very beautiful sheet of water with an abundance 
 offish. There are also three other ponds of con- 
 siderable size. From one of them logs, made hol- 
 low by boring, are laid to the town, and supply the 
 inhabitants with water. There are many very 
 good farms and orchards in the town, and the 
 soil is generally productive. Houses have been 
 
 How i.s the town situated ? What is the effect of the tide 
 at this place ? What fish are there in the Merrimack ? What 
 is said of Little River ? of Great Pond ? How is the town 
 supplied with water? What account can you give of the 
 farms and orchards and of the land generally ? Where is the 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 35 
 
 built in various parts of the township, but the 
 principal village is on the bank of the Merri- 
 mack, as far up the river as sloops ascend. It 
 is situated on the side of a hill, sloping from a 
 considerable height down to the river ; and it 
 presents a fine appearance as seen from the 
 other bank of the Merrimack. It contains four 
 large blocks of stores and some beautiful houses, 
 which give an appearance of elegance and impor- 
 tance to the town. Some vessels are built here, 
 but they are few compared with those built in 
 former times. There is a number of stores in 
 the town, and considerable business is done here. 
 Many of the people find employment in manu- 
 factures. Haverhill Bridge, connecting the 
 town with Bradford, rests upon strong abut- 
 ments at the ends, and upon three piles of stones 
 called piers, lying in the river. It is covered 
 with a low roof like the roof of a house, and has 
 three arches. In the spring the ice breaks up 
 in the river with great violence ; and many 
 people thought it would carry away any bridge 
 that could be built. This bridge is very strong 
 
 largest village ? Wliat is its situation ? How does it appear 
 from the other side of the Merrimack ? What buildings are 
 there in the village ? Are any vessels now built here ? In 
 what business are the people employed ? How is Haverhill 
 Bridge supported ? In what does it resemble a house ? In 
 
36 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 and withstands the ice, though it sometimes 
 trembles. The town contains a bank, an acad- 
 emy, and a printing press, which issues a week- 
 ly newspaper. 
 
 Ipsioich. As early as 1633, only five years 
 after the settlement of Salem, the oldest town 
 in the county, thirteen persons were sent to take 
 possession of this place by the governor of Mas- 
 sachusetts. It was feared that the French, some 
 of whom had been sent to this country, would 
 sieze it if it were not immediately occupied, 
 because the land was excellent for cattle and 
 tillage. Great numbers soon joined the settle- 
 ment. The town was peopled by very respec- 
 table men, many of whom owned large estates 
 in England. A great many Indians used to live 
 in this place. Articles used by them, such as 
 pestles and mortars of stone, are found here. 
 They liked the situation because they could 
 catch abundance of fish in the river of many 
 different kinds. The wigwam of the sagamore 
 
 spring does the ice break up violently or gently 1 Does it 
 move the bridge 1 What does Haverhill contain ? 
 
 Draw the north line of Ipswich. The east line. South. 
 West. How is the town bounded ? Draw Ipswich River. 
 Mark the place of the islands near the to\\Ti. When was 
 Ipswich settled 1 Why was it settled at that time ? What 
 was the character of the settlers ? Who lived in the place 
 before white people came there 1 Wliy did they choose this 
 situation? What attack is mentioned ? What injury was done 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 37 
 
 Masconomo was attacked one night by nearly 
 1 00 Indians from the eastern country. Several of 
 the Sagamore's rnen were killed, wounded, or 
 taken prisoners. He had himself, however, 
 killed some of the families of the eastern Indi- 
 ans before, so that the white people did not 
 much pity him. The Indian name of the place 
 was Agawam. The white people called it Ips- 
 wich, after Ipswich in England, because they 
 had been kindly treated there before they came 
 to this country. The town was so prosperous 
 that soon after its settlement it paid a greater 
 tax than Salem. 
 
 The surface of the township is uneven, 
 changing from hill to valley and from valley 
 to plain. Ipswich River passes through the 
 town between banks descending rather steeply 
 to the stream. Vessels can ascend the stream 
 to the lower part of the town. The river 
 passes over a fall three and a quarter miles 
 from its mouth, and a quarter of a mile below, 
 over another. These falls supply a great deal 
 
 by those who made the attack ? What feelings had the white 
 people towards the Sagaajore 1 What was this town called 
 by the Indians ? Mention the reason of its receiving the 
 name of Ipswich. What was the success of the settlement ? 
 Is the surface of the town level or uneven 1 What stream 
 passes through Ipswich ? How high can vessels go up the 
 river ? How is the river obstructed ? Of what use are the 
 
^ PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 of water power. The seacoast of Ipswich is 
 well known among sportsmen, who go there to 
 shoot the shore-birds which frequent the place. 
 The land in Ipswich is very good ; and a great 
 part of the inhabitants labour upon it. Many of 
 them live in the principal village, but have farms 
 at a distance. The farmers of this place are 
 famous for the quantities of hay which they raise 
 and send to Salem market. A large and hand- 
 some stone factory has been built at the falls of 
 the river for the purpose of making cotton and 
 woollen cloth. Ipswich has long been celebra- 
 ted for the manufacture of lace. Silk and thread 
 lace was formerly made by hand, in great quan- 
 tities, by women and children. It is no longer 
 made so, because within a few years a factory 
 has been established with machinery which, by 
 the aid of a few persons, manufactures it much 
 faster and cheaper than it was made before. A 
 very large number of women and girls now find 
 employment in ornamentmg the lace with their 
 needles, after it has been manufactured. 
 
 falls ? Why is the seashore of Ipswich celebrated ? What 
 is said of the land in this to^vTi ? What is the business of 
 many of the people ? Where do many of the farmers live ? 
 For what are the farmers in this place famous '? Wliat factory 
 has been built here ? For what manufacture has this town 
 been celebrated ? How was lace formerly made ? WTiy is it 
 not made so now ? What employment does the lace now 
 furnish to females ? 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 39 
 
 The chief village of Ipswich is composed of 
 two settlements directly opposite to each other 
 on the banks of the river and united together 
 by a bridge. A great part of the village is built 
 on the side of a high and rocky hill. The cost- 
 ly and excellent bridge connecting the two parts 
 of the village has been built 66 years ; it has 
 two arches for its support and for the passage 
 of the river. Ipswich is one of the three shire 
 towns of Essex County, and gains some advan- 
 tage from the meeting of the courts in the place. 
 It has lost, however, in some degree the impor- 
 tance which it once enjoyed, and has an ancient 
 and somewhat decayed appearance. It contains 
 a neat white court house, and a house of cor- 
 rection. There are also in the town an aca- 
 demical school, and a female academy which is 
 now very flourishing, and in which a great num- 
 ber of young ladies are receiving their education. 
 
 Lynn. A little more than 200 years ago the 
 only inhabitants of Lynn were Indians or red 
 
 What is the situation of the principal village of Ipswich ? 
 Where is a large part of it built? Give an account of the 
 bridge uniting the two parts of the town. What advantage 
 has Ipswich which most other towns in the county have not ? 
 What is the present condition of the town ? What buildings 
 are there in the town ? What schools arc there ? 
 
 Draw the north and east linea of Lynn. The south line. 
 West. How is Lynn bounded? Draw the streams in the 
 town Mark the places of the ponds. Who were the inhabi- 
 
40 PAKTICLI.AR VIEW OF 
 
 men. They called tlie place Saugus, and the 
 eastern part of it Svvanipscot, which is its pres- 
 ent name. Montowanipate, Sagamore of these 
 Indians, ruled over both this town and Marble- 
 head. On Lynn Beach, which joins Nahant to 
 this town, Indians of different tribes used to 
 assemble and engage in friendly sports and 
 games. They first drew a mark across the 
 sand beach and shook hands over it to show 
 that they were all friends. They then tried 
 with great zeal which should excel in running, 
 leaping, shooting, foot bail, and other sports. 
 Those who were victorious gained prizes of 
 beaver skins, ornaments, or money. At that 
 time, foxes, deer, bears, and wolves abounded in^ 
 the forests ; and in the Lynn woods, pits then 
 dug in the earth to catch wolves, are still to be 
 seen. There were also great flocks of wild 
 fowls. Pigeons flew over in such numbers that 
 they darkened the air. In 1629, some white 
 people came to live here among the Indians and 
 were kindly received by them. One of them, 
 
 tauts of Lynn a little more than 200 years ago ? What was 
 the Indian name of the place ? Hov/ large were the domin- 
 ions of Montowampate ? What use did the Indians make of 
 Lynn Beach ? How did they begin tlieir games ? What were 
 their sports ? What were the rewards of the conquerors ? 
 What animals were then numerous in Lynn ? How large 
 were the flocks of pi;;;Gons ? Hf.vv were the white people 
 received who came to live amunathe Indians in 1629? U(,'w 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 41 
 
 named Black William, owned Nahant, which he 
 sold and gave away to the white people several 
 times over. Lynn anciently contained the land 
 now belonging to Lynn, Saugus ,and Lynnfield, 
 in Essex County, and to Reading and South 
 Reading, in the county of Middlesex. In four 
 years from its first settlement Lynn had become 
 a town of more importance than Salem, and so 
 it for some time continued. 
 
 The town lies on Lynn and Nahant Bays, 
 which are only small portions of Massachusetts 
 Bay. The waves of the sea sometimes spread 
 over a smooth hard beach, sometimes break up- 
 on a rocky shore, and towards the west are met 
 by an extensive marsh. The principal village 
 is built on a broad plain. This is succeeded 
 on one side by hills composed of rough rocks 
 and sometimes covered with bushes and trees, 
 and on the other side by the salt marshes on 
 Saugus River and on the seacoast. There is 
 a great deal of good land in the town. The 
 turnpike. road from Boston to Salem passes 
 
 did they get possession of Nahant ? How large was Lynn at 
 first ? Has Salem always been a larger town than this ? 
 
 Howls the town situated? Give some account of the 
 seashore. Is the ground on which the chief village is built 
 level or hilly ? Describe the surface of the rest of the town- 
 ship. What is said of the turnpike road from Boston to 
 Salem ? 
 
 c2 
 
42 PARTICULAR VIEW OP 
 
 through Lynn. In the eastern part of the town 
 it crosses a bridge which floats upon the surface 
 of a pond, being fastened only at the ends. 
 
 Nahant is the Indian name of a long peninsula 
 which projects from Lynn shore directly into 
 the sea. First there is a low and narrow neck 
 of land, which is rough with stones, but presents, 
 when the tide has gone down, a smooth, hard 
 beach of sand, one mile and a half long. This 
 leads to a tract of land which spreads out to 
 some extent and joins on the outer side another 
 beach. This beach is finer than the first, but 
 is only 90 rods in length. It bends inward from 
 the sea like a bow, and terminates in another 
 tract of land^ much larger than the first. The 
 two tracts greatly resemble islands, and would 
 be so were it not for the beaches. The sand 
 beach is so hard that a carriage may pass over 
 it and leave scarcely a mark from the wheels or 
 the hoofs of the horses. On the farther extrem- 
 ity of the peninsula a fine building has been 
 erected for a hotel. Great numbers of fashion- 
 able people from Boston, Salem, and other 
 
 What is Nahant? Give on account of the first beach. Of 
 the tract of land at the end of it. Of the second beach. What 
 do the two tracts of land resemble ? How hard is the sand- 
 beach ? Where has a hotel been built ? What people visit 
 
ESSEX COUNTY, 43 
 
 towns in the vicinity, visit Nahant in the sultry 
 months of summer to enjoy the beautiful ride 
 over the beaches, and breathe the cool air which 
 generally comes in from the sea, even when it 
 is calm in the country. Invalids also sometimes 
 spend several weeks here for the improvement 
 of their health. Persons travelling for pleasure 
 into Massachusetts, from distant parts of the 
 country, are eager to see Nahant because they 
 have heard of its celebrity. 
 
 Some of the inhabitants of Lynn are employ- 
 ed in fishing, some in agriculture, others in 
 manufacturing leather, glue, and chocolate. 
 Of chocolate great quantities are made. Here 
 is also a dye-house in which great quantities of 
 cloths and silks are coloured. But the town is 
 most famous for the manufacture of women's 
 shoes. In this employment almost all the peo- 
 ple are engaged. They make one million two 
 hundred thousand pairs annually, enough to 
 supply every vv^oraan and girl in this county with 
 thirty pairs, and all those in the state of Massa- 
 chusetts with two pairs each, A newspaper is 
 
 Nahant, and what is their object ? What other persons resort 
 tliere ? What mention is made of travellers from distant 
 parts of the country? 
 
 How are some of the people of Lynn em.ployed ? For 
 ■what is the town most known ? How many of the inhabitants 
 
44 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 published in this place. Lynn contains a bank,, 
 an academy, and seven churches. 
 
 Lynnjield. This township of land was grant- 
 ed by the General Court to the inhabitants of 
 Lynn soon after that town was settled. It was 
 formerly called Lynn-End. The inhabitants 
 were farmers, and used to attend public worship 
 in Lynn, at the church then standing on the 
 common. A meeting-house having been built 
 here after many years, Lynnfield became the 
 second parish in Lynn and so continued 67- 
 years, when it was set off as a separate town- 
 The main branch of Ipswich River flows along 
 the north border of Lynnfield, separating this 
 town from Reading in Middlesex County. The 
 western boundary is formed chiefly by Saugus 
 River, which runs southeasterly between this 
 town and South-Reading. The inhabitants are 
 generally employed in labouring upon their 
 lands, which are not however very productive. 
 
 are engaged in the manufacture of shoes ? How many pairs 
 are annually made ? What buildings does the town contain ? 
 Draw the north line of Lynnfield. The east line. South. 
 West. How is the town bounded ? Mark Humphrey's Pond. 
 How did the people of Lynn obtain the land in Lynnfield ? 
 What was once the name of this town ? At what place did 
 the inhabitants anciently attend publick worship ? How long 
 was Lynnfield a parish of Lynn ? What river bounds the 
 town on the north ? How is this town separated from South- 
 Reading ? Wliat is the business of the inhabitants ? 
 
ESSEX COUNTV. 45 
 
 Manchester is a very old town, though it does 
 not contain a great many inhabitants. It was 
 once called Jeffrey's Creek, and formed a part 
 of Salem. It is situated on the north side of 
 Massachusetts Bay ; and the town is built close 
 down upon the head of Manchester Harbour. 
 The surface of the township is rocky and une- 
 ven, and is covered in manj places with exten- 
 sive woods. These abound in snakes, and are 
 celebrated for producing the magnolia, a low 
 tree bearing many beautiful and sweet-scented 
 flowers. This tree is rarely found in Massa- 
 chusetts. A number of vessels are sent out from 
 this place to engage in the fisheries. The fish 
 are brought home and sold. The business of 
 making cabinet furniture is carried on here with 
 great activity. There is some valuable machine- 
 ry for sawing out veneers. Veneers are very 
 thin strips of mahogany or other fine wood, with 
 Vvhich the outside of some pieces of furniture, 
 such as bureaus and sideboards, is covered, so 
 that although the main part is of some cheap 
 
 Draw the north line of Manchester. The east line. South. 
 West. How is the town bounded ? What can you say of 
 the age and population of r>Ianc]]ester ? To what town did it 
 once^belong 1 Wiiat is its situation 'I (jive an account of 
 thvi surface of the town ? What do the woods produce 1 Is 
 the magnolia common in tliis state ? Wliat Ijusiness is pur- 
 sued by means of vessels 1 Vv'hat otlier business is cavriod 
 
 c4 
 
i() 
 
 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 wood, the whole appears to be of an elegant and 
 costly kind. For the best veneers mahogany 
 1 inch thick is divided into 7 or 3 thicknesses, 
 but for common furniture into many more. 
 Marhlehcad was once inhabited by Indians, 
 who paid obedience to the Sagamore of the 
 Saugus or Lynn Indians. The first white peo- 
 ple who came here to live thought there were 
 great rocks of marble in the place ; they called 
 it therefore Marble- Harbour, and afterwards 
 Marblehead. They formed a settlement here very 
 early, and soon after that at Salem had been es- 
 tablished. They were chiefly fishermen, with 
 some traders, and so have been their descen- 
 dants. Some lands were once reserved here 
 for a college, but after the establishment of one 
 at Cambridge, the design was abandoned. A 
 few years before the Revolution Marblehead 
 was a very flourishing town. It paid the great- 
 est tax, and was thought to contain the most 
 inhabitants of any town in Massachusetts, ex- 
 
 on here ? What are veneers 1 Into how many thicknesses is 
 mahogany an inch thick divided ? 
 
 Draw the north line of Marblehead? The east. South. 
 West. How is the town bounded ? Mark Tinker's Island. 
 What people once lived in Marblehead ? Why was it called 
 Marble-Harbour ? How early was this town settled 1 What 
 was the business of the settlers ? What institution was 
 thought of fcr this place ? What was the condition of the 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 47 
 
 cept Boston. During the Revolution three 
 lads belonging to this place were put as prison- 
 ers on board of an English vessel at duebec to 
 be carried to England ; after being a few days 
 at sea they took the vessel away from the officers 
 and crew and brought her to Marblehead. The 
 people of the town bore their part cheerfully in 
 the losses and expenses of the war of the Revo- 
 lution. They offered the merchants of Boston 
 their buildings and wharves, when the latter 
 were not permitted by the English to make use of 
 their own. They furnished an entire regiment 
 for the publick service the first year of the Rev- 
 olution. The war put a stop to the fisheries, 
 and a great many were killed in it who were 
 once fishermen. Those who outlived the war 
 were in great poverty and distress, especially 
 the widows and children of those who had been 
 killed. Business afterwards revived. But the 
 town again suffered severely by the late war. 
 Marblehead is more than three miles long 
 
 town just before the Revolution ? What bold deed was done 
 by three boys ? What was the conduct of the people of Mar- 
 blehead in the Revolution '( What offer did they make to 
 the merchants of Boston ? What did they do the first year 
 of the war ? How did the war eftect the fisheries ? In what 
 state did it leave the inhabitants. What other evil has 
 Jiapoenod to the town ? 
 
 What is the extent of Marbleliead ? How is the town sit- 
 
48 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 and between one and two in breadth. It reaches 
 so far out into Massachusetts Bay that the in- 
 habitants are very much by themselves; and 
 the people of the vicinity are never obliged to 
 travel through this town to arrive at any other. 
 The township has a hilly surface, abounding in 
 a remarkable degree with rocks, which are of- 
 ten bare, but sometimes partly covered with a 
 thin soil. The harbour, which is of good depth 
 and well defended by a strong fort^ is formed 
 by a very narrow neck of land and a wider 
 tract to which this neck leads. Great pains 
 were once taken and much money laid out tc«! 
 prevent the neck from being washed away by^ 
 the sea, which was very much feared. 
 
 This town is celebrated for its fisheries, far 
 more so indeed than any other town in the Uni- 
 ted States. A great many vessels sail away 
 twice every year to a place in the ocean called 
 the Grand Bank of Newfoundland. Here the 
 ground at the bottom of the ocean in some pla- 
 ces comes near the top of the water, like the 
 summit of a great mountain in the sea. Im- 
 
 uated 1 Is the surface of the town smooth or is it rough ?' 
 Give an account of the harbour. What misfortune has been 
 feared I 
 
 How is this town distinguished? Where do the vessels of 
 this town go every year ? Give some account of tlie place V 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 49 
 
 mense multitudes of cod-fishes swim to this 
 place every year to eat the small fishes and 
 worms, which swarm on the sand banks, and of 
 which they are very fond. The fisherman lets 
 down his line very deep with a lead at the end 
 to sink it and a hook baited with a piece of 
 mackerel or other fish and, sometimes, even 
 with a part of the cod fish. The fishes take 
 the bait very greedily as quick as it comes 
 down, and a good fisherman can catch two or 
 three hundred in a day. It is very hard and 
 severe labour to pull up from so deep a place so 
 many heavy fishes, which are often a yard long 
 or longer. It is very cold there also, and the 
 men are wet a great deal of the time. They all 
 catch the fish as fast as they can, till they have 
 taken a large number ; they then stop, and split 
 them open and clean them, and stow them away 
 in the vessel in layers, with salt between the 
 tiers. When a vessel has stayed on the bank 
 till it has as many on board as it can bring, 
 it returns home. The cod-fishes are so numer- 
 ous, that though there are hundreds and hund- 
 reds of vessels from America and from other 
 
 What fishes are found here ? How are they caught ? When 
 a considerable quantity are caught, what is done with them ? 
 How numerous are these fishes ? When a vessel returns, 
 
50 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 countries, each of which carries away twenty 
 or thirty thousand or even more every year, still 
 there are as many as ever. Their young ones 
 are so numerous that each pair has several mil- 
 lions. When a fishing vessel has arrived with 
 her cargo, the fish are taken out and spread 
 upon fish-flakes to dry. Fish-flakes are made 
 of faggots, or brush wood, spread upon poles, 
 which are laid straight along about three feet 
 from the ground upon stakes. They cover a 
 considerable extent of land in Marblehead. 
 When the fish are dry, they are called salt fish, 
 and are put into stores. Once they were all or 
 nearly all carried away in vessels to distant 
 countries and there sold ; now the sale of them 
 depends chiefly on the use of fish in the back 
 country. A few of the people of Marblehead 
 cultivate the land, and some are traders ; but 
 far the greater part find their support in the 
 fishing business, which now for their misfor- 
 tune yields but a slender profit. After the 
 hard labour of fishing is over for the season, the 
 fishermen spend their winters very pleasantly at 
 home. A small commerce only now belongs to 
 
 what is to be done with the fish ? What are fish-flakes ? 
 What becomes of the fish after they are dried ? How are 
 the people of Marblehead employed ? What is said of the 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 51 
 
 the place, and that is chiefly carried on from 
 Boston and other ports. The town is the fourth 
 in Essex County, in the number and size of 
 its vessels taken together. 
 
 Marblehead is large and compactly built, but 
 the streets are crooked and irregular. Several 
 private houses, the new stone church, and the 
 custom-house are highly ornamental to the town- 
 In addition to the free schools of the place, an 
 Academy and private schools are supported by 
 individuals. Here are two manufactories of 
 cordage, and one of twine and lines. There 
 are also five churches, and a printing press is- 
 suing a weekly newspaper. 
 
 Methuen once belonged in part to Haverhill. 
 The portion taken from Haverhill was bought of 
 the Indians together with the rest of that town 
 for 15 or 16 dollars. The country has a poor 
 appearance near the Merrimack, but improves 
 
 commerce of the place ? Of its importance as to the number 
 and size of it|S vessels. 
 
 How is the town built ? What buildings are particularly 
 mentioned ? What is done here for the education of chil- 
 dren ? What manufactories are there in the place ? What 
 number of churches is there. 
 
 Draw the north line of Methuen. The east line. South. 
 West. How is tlie town bounded ? Draw Spicket River, 
 Draw the other streams in the town. Mark the places of 
 the ponds. What is the history of a part of Methuen ? What 
 is the appearance of the land in the town ? Is the surface 
 
52 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 very much at a greater distance from the river. 
 The surface of the township is uneven, and pre- 
 sents some very elevated land. The church of 
 the first society stands on the top of a high hill 
 which commands an extensive and beautiful 
 prospect. The Merrimack flows in a northeas- 
 terly course along the border of the town, separ- 
 ating it from Andover. Spicket River, a fine 
 stream from New-Hampshire, runs across Me- 
 thuen and falls into the Merrimack nearly oppo- 
 site the mouth of the Shawshine. In its course 
 through the town it suddenly pitches about 
 thirty feet over steep and rough rocks. The 
 view of the falls is lively and agreeable. The 
 Spicket furnishes water power of great impor- 
 tance ; and it has been so well used as to make 
 Methuen a considerable manufacturing town. 
 There is one cotton factory here of five stories 
 in height. The people however are generally 
 farmers. 
 
 Middleton. It is 102 years since Middleton 
 became a town. It was formed of the united 
 
 uneven or level 1 What place is particularly mentioned t 
 What is the course of the Merrimack ? Of Spicket River ? 
 Describe the falls of the Spicket? What use is made of the 
 falls ? What is the chief business of the people ? 
 
 Draw the north line of Middleton. The east line. South. 
 West. How is Middleton bounded 1 Draw the streams run- 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 53 
 
 corners of several of the neighbouring towns. 
 Three small streams run from this town into 
 the main branch of Ipswich River, which passes 
 for some distance through Middleton and along 
 its borders. There are several ponds in the 
 town, which discharge themselves by small mill 
 streams into Ipswich River. Hills and valleys, 
 often succeeding each other, vary the surface of 
 the township. The land is not naturally very 
 fruitful, and requires good management and great 
 industry to render it productive. The inhabi- 
 tants labour upon their lands and live scattered 
 over the town in small neighbourhoods ; and 
 there is no large village in the place. 
 
 Nnchm-y. At the falls of the river in this 
 town, there was once a famous settlement of 
 Indians, who collected at that place on account 
 of the great abundance of fish found there at 
 almost all seasons of the year. The Indian 
 
 ning across the town into Ipswich River. How old is the 
 town of Middleton ? Of what lands was it composed 1 What 
 streams are mentioned ? Where do the waters of the ponds 
 flow ? Is the surface of the township smooth or uneven ? 
 What is the quality of the land ? How are the people em- 
 ployed ? Do they live in a thick settled village, or are they 
 scattered ? 
 
 Draw the north line of Newbury. The east line. South. 
 West. How is the town bounded ? Draw Parker River. 
 Draw Little River. What inhabitants once lived at the falls 
 in Newbury, and why did they choose that place ? Whatwas 
 
54 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 name of the place was Quascacunquen. The 
 inhabitants of Ipswich increased so fast in num- 
 bers after it became a town, that within a year, 
 or 195 years ago, many of the principal people 
 removed to this place. Sixty years after, the 
 Indians attacked the town, and took all of one 
 family prisoners except a girl, who ran away to 
 some houses standing where Newburyport now 
 stands. Captain Greenleaf chased the Indians 
 and took their prisoners from them. When 
 Captain Greenleaf came upon them, the savages 
 tried to kill the captives, and wounded them so 
 severely with their tomahawks that they all died 
 except a boy, who only received a gash in the 
 shoulder. This town once contained West- 
 Newbury and Newburyport. 
 
 The land in this town is generally good, and 
 well rewards the industry of the farmers by its 
 fine crops. Near the Merrimack the soil is ex- 
 cellent, and is also remarkably well cultivated. 
 An extensive salt marsh spreads out on both 
 sides of Parker River, and over the eastern part 
 of the town ; it produces large quantities of salt 
 
 Newbury called by the Indians ? From what place did the 
 first settlers of this town come ? What happened sixty years 
 after the settlement ? Wliat was done by Captain Greenleaf? 
 Of what cruelty were the Indians guilty? How large has 
 this town ever been ? « 
 
 Is the land in Newbury barren or fruitful ? What mention 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 55 
 
 grass. Parker River, in the distance of one mile 
 and a half, falls nearly 50 feet. There are mills 
 at the upper falls, and at the lower falls stands 
 the first woollen factory ever built in Massachu- 
 setts. Vessels can pass up Parker River three 
 and a half miles above Plum-Island Sound. 
 Marble has been found in the town of various 
 beautiful colours. In the same neighbourhood 
 with the marble is a quarry of limestone. A 
 great deal of lime was once made here, and the 
 excavation dug for the purpose of procuring the 
 limestone is called the Devil's Den. Interest- 
 ing specimens of minerals are found here, es- 
 pecially asbestos. Cloth is sometimes made of 
 asbestos, which will not burn in the hottest fire. 
 A part of Newbury is so built as directly to join 
 Newburyport, and some fine buildings in this 
 town give beauty to that. In the parish of 
 Belleville, in this town, is a church belonging to 
 a small society of Friends or Quakers. The 
 
 is made of the soil near the Merrimack 1 Give some account 
 of the banks of Parker River and of the east end of the town ? 
 How great is the fall of Parker River in this town ? What 
 buildings are there at the falls ? How far can vessels ascend 
 Parker River ] What valuable kind of stone has been found 
 here ? What quarry ? What use was once made of the lime- 
 stone quarry ? What kind of a mineral is asbestos ? What 
 ^vantage does Wewburyport gain from the nearness of a 
 part of Newbury ? What religious society in this town is 
 mentioned ? What kinds of business are extensively pursued 
 
 D 
 
56 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 town has long contained several manufactories, 
 producing cordage every year to a large amount. 
 Chaise-making and the tanning business are 
 also carried on to a considerable extent. Dum- 
 mer Academy in this town was in operation 
 long before any other school of the kind in the 
 state. It has been a very celebrated seminary 
 and many eminent men have attended this school 
 when they were boys. It received its name in 
 honour of Lieutenant Governor Dummer, who 
 established it and gave a large and valuable farm 
 for its support. 
 
 Plum-Island lies east of Newbury, Rowley, 
 and Ipswich, and reaches from the mouth of the 
 Merrimack to the mouth of Ipswich River. It 
 is nine miles long, and nearly a mile across. 
 This island looks very strangely as a person ap- 
 proaches it, and when he is upon it. He sees 
 heaps, hollows, and plains of yellowish sand 
 which is drifted by the wind into all kinds of 
 curious shapes, generally much resembling snow 
 banks. Scattered over the sand grow abund- 
 ance of bushes bearing great quantities of plums, 
 
 in this town ? What account can you give of Dummer Acad- 
 emy ? For -whom was it named, and why ? 
 
 W here is Plum-Island ? How large is it ? What is its ap- 
 peai-ance to a person near it or upon it? What fruit grows 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 57 
 
 which are very good, and nearly as large as 
 cherries. In the autumn when the plums are 
 ripe, numerous pleasure parties pass over in 
 boats from the neighbouring towns, and some 
 over the bridge not far from Newburyport. 
 There is a hotel on the island, but it does not 
 receive much company. The west side of the 
 island is bordered by salt meadows. The eas- 
 tern side is entirely exposed to the sea, and in 
 storms vessels are sometimes driven up high on 
 the shore. A few years ago there was a vessel 
 here that had been lodged almost in the middle of 
 the island ; it was bedded half its depth in the 
 sand, which was as deep in the inside of the 
 vessel as it was on the outside. On the north- 
 ern end o the island there are two lighthouses, 
 at the tops of which lights are kept burning in 
 the night to show sailors their way over New- 
 buryport bar, at the mouth of Merrimack River 
 About half of Plum-Island belongs to Newbury, 
 and the rest to Rowley and Ipswich. 
 
 here ? What happens here in autumn 1 Give some account 
 of the west and east sides of Plum-[sland. Mention the fate 
 of one vessel. What is the use of the lighthouses at the 
 north end of the island ? To what towns does Plum-Island 
 belong ? 
 
58 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 Newburyport was once the port of Newbury, 
 or the place to which the vessels belonging to 
 that town came up ; and here the merchants, 
 traders, and mechanics lived, while the rest of 
 the people were farmers. It became a separate 
 town 66 years ago, having continued to be a 
 part of Newbury for 120 years after it was first 
 laid out for a new settlement. For many years 
 the town was rapidly enriched by a prosperous 
 commerce with the West-Indies, and other parts 
 of the world. At length its trade was lessened and 
 permanently hurt, because for a long time the 
 owners of vessels were not allowed by govern- 
 ment to send them away at what time and to what 
 place they chose. To increase the evil, a great fire 
 in 1811 burnt down a large portion of the town. 
 It broke out in that part where the business of 
 the place was chiefly done, and spread swiftly 
 and furiously over the most valuable portion of 
 Newburyport, destroying great quantities' of 
 goods, with nearly 250 buildings, and among 
 them almost all the dry-goods stores, one church, 
 
 Draw the nortli line of Newburyport. The east and south 
 lines. The west line. How is the town bounded ? To 
 what tov/n did Kewburyport once belong 1 What were the 
 employments of the people in the two pai-ts of the town ? 
 How long has it been a separate town ? How did the town 
 grow rich ? How was its trade hurt ? What other misfortune 
 happened to the town ? Describe the fire. What was done 
 
ITSSEX COUNTY. 59 
 
 and the custom-house. The^fire was raging on 
 both sides of one of the principal streets at the 
 same time. The rising flames met together 
 over the street, forming a broad fiery arch, 
 through which the spectators could see] for a 
 great distance. Muchjtindness was shown to 
 the sufferers by the inhabitants of other towns, 
 and Boston collected and gave to them twenty- 
 four thousand dollars. Soon after the terrible 
 calamity by the fire, the war with ^England 
 completely destroyed for the time the commerce 
 and business of the place. 
 
 Newburyport is on the south side of the Mer- 
 rimack, three miles from its mouth. It has the 
 town of Newbury on three sides and is bound- 
 ed on the other side by the river. It is the 
 smallest township in Massachusetts and contains 
 only 647 acres. The town is finely situated on 
 the side of a low hill, sloping gently to the Mer- 
 rimack. The harbour, though large and safe, 
 unfortunately cannot be easily entered on ac- 
 count of a shifting bar of sand at the mouth of 
 the river. It stands next to Salem in Essex 
 
 to assist the inhabitants ? What new evil soon fell upon the 
 town 1 
 
 How is Newburyport situated ? How is it bounded ? How 
 large is the township ? Where is the town built ? Give some 
 account of tlie harbour. What is the importance of the 
 
 d2 
 
60 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 County in the number and size of its vessels. 
 For many years the town took a part in 
 the cod fishery, but within a few years it has 
 entered with spirit into both the mackerel and 
 cod fisheries, and has derived important advan- 
 tage from the business. This business has been 
 increasing while the commerce of the town, or 
 its trade with distant places, has been lessening. 
 Besides the injuries this once flourishing town 
 has suffered from other causes, it has mainly 
 lost the natural advantages of its situation at the 
 mouth of a large river by the opening of the 
 Middlesex Canal, which furnishes a conveyance 
 to Boston for the chief part of the exported 
 produce of the valley of the Merrimack. 
 
 As Newburyport enjoys a fine natural situa- 
 tion, so it is beautifully built ; the streets are 
 generally wide and straight, and bordered with 
 neat, and in very many cases with elegant, build- 
 ings. High Street, on the summit of the ris- 
 ing ground on which the town is built, is par- 
 ticularly beautiful. In the lower part of the 
 town, are numerous stores, which supply with 
 
 town as to the number and size of its vessels ? Give some 
 account of the fisheries of Newburyport. How has the 
 town lost the advantages of its natural situation ? 
 
 Give an account of the way in which the town is built. 
 What buildings aie there in the lower part of Newburyport 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 
 
 61 
 
 goods the inhabitants of Newburyport and its 
 vicinity. There are many large buildings and 
 some containing five or six separate stores. 
 Many wharves are built out from the shore into 
 the stream, and receive cargoes of goods from 
 vessels or for them as they lie at their sides. 
 There are generally some vessels lying in the 
 stream or at the wharves. Boots and shoes, 
 hats and cigars, are extensively manufactured 
 in the place. Here is also a hose manufactory, 
 in connexion with which 30 or 40 persons are 
 employed in weaving socks or stockings or in 
 sewing them up after they are woven. New- 
 buryport is one of the three shire towns of Essex 
 County, and contains a brick court house and 
 market house, a stone jail, seven churches, and a 
 printing press issuing a semi-weekly newspa- 
 per. A great number of persons pass through 
 the town on their way from Boston, Salem, 
 Portsmouth, and other places. A beautiful but 
 very singular bridge unites the parts of the great 
 eastern road on the opposite banks of the Mer- 
 rimack, and connects this town with Salisbury ; 
 i t is hung upon four sets of large chains, the 
 
 near the river ? What is the use of the wharves ? What arti- 
 cles are manufactured in the place ? What manuftictory is 
 there here? What account can vou sjive of Newburyport and 
 of what it contains ? How is Salisbury connected with INew- 
 
 d3 
 
62 PARTICULAR VIEW OP 
 
 ends of which are secured in four piers of stone 
 in the bed of the river. The Newburyport 
 Turnpike was built 24 years ago at the enor- 
 mous expense of four hundred and twenty thou- 
 sand dollars. It is very straight, and leads di- 
 rectly to Maiden Bridge, near Boston, but trav- 
 ellers prefer passing through Ipswich and Sa- 
 lem over the old road, which is not much farth- 
 er. Newburyport Academy is in Newbury, 
 but was established and has been supported 
 chiefly by the citizens of Newburyport. Fifty- 
 thousand dollars have been given by will, by a 
 gentleman of the name of Putnam, for the es- 
 tablishment of a high school in Newburyport j 
 this will probably be of great advantage to the 
 town. 
 
 Rowley is a very old town. It was named 
 after Rowley in England in honour of the Rev. 
 Mr. Rogers minister of that place, who came 
 over with about twenty worthy families and set- 
 tled in this town. The strangers bought some 
 
 buryport ? What is said of Newburyport Turnpike ? What 
 mention is made of Newburyport Academy ? What has been 
 done for the town by Mr. Putnam ? 
 
 Draw the north line of Rowley. The east line. South. 
 West. How is the town bounded ? Draw Rowley and Pai-- 
 ker Rivers. Mark the places of ponds in the towsj. Mark 
 the situation of Bald Pate. Is Rowley an old or new town ? 
 From what place did the first settlers come ? From what 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. G3 
 
 farms also of people belonging to Newbury and 
 Ipswich, that they might have more room in 
 their tflwn. They employed their children in spin- 
 ning cotton , while they themselves made cloth, 
 which was the first ever manufactured in the 
 country. The most easterly part of the town 
 consists of broad tracts of marsh-land, yielding 
 great quantities of salt grass. The people of 
 the upper part of the town go down every year 
 to make the salt grass into hay, and then carry 
 it home. The western part of the township 
 contains some very high land. This high land 
 was once thought of as a place for the theologi- 
 -cal school, which is now established at Andover. 
 The chief summit of this high ground is called 
 Bald Pate, and is the loftiest land in the county 
 of Essex. It is easily ascended, and presents a 
 fine view of the valley of Merrimack River, of 
 Haverhill, and other villages, and of much of 
 the surrounding country. The western part of 
 the town forms a separate parish, and is called 
 New-Rowley, where some business and several 
 
 towns were farms taken and added to Rowley ? What was 
 the business of the children and older people ? What kind of 
 land is there in the eastern part of the town ? What use is 
 made of it ? In what part of the town is there very high 
 land ? What use was once designed to have been made of 
 tliis land ? What is the name of the chiv^f heii^ht ? What 
 .view is there from its top ? What is the name of the western 
 
 d4 
 
64 PARTICULAR VIEW OP 
 
 trades are carried on. The houses in the east 
 parish of the town, called Old Rowley, are placed 
 round a level common with three sides. Here 
 vessels are sometimes built at a considerable 
 distance from the river, to which when finished 
 they are drawn. The business of tanning leath- 
 er is carried on in both parts of the town, and 
 shoes are made in great numbers and sent to 
 Salem and other places to be sold. The reo-ion 
 abounds in pear trees, which are as numer- 
 ous as apple trees are in many other towns. 
 
 Salem. This is the oldest town in the County 
 of Essex, and the oldest in the State of Massa- 
 chusetts, except Plymouth. In 1626 the first 
 white settlers came to this place, having desert* 
 ed an earlier settlement at Gloucester. ° But in 
 two years after there came over from England 
 a hundred persons with Governor Endicott; 
 these made the settlement sure and lasting,' 
 which might otherwise have soon been aban- 
 doned. The Ind ians called the place Naum- 
 
 KvW 5\VT t • ^^^ifS^^ situation of ilT village of"5id 
 Ko.viey ? V/hat can be done with vessels built at a distance 
 from the water ? What kinds of business are carried on in 
 the to^yn ? vVjiat trees abound in Rowley ? 
 vJi^t"^ u"" ""^'^i }''''' ,^^ ^^^^^"- ^^'^ east line. South. 
 town SZ ? ^"^T T^'t^ ■ ^'•^^ '^'^ '''^^^- i" the 
 nlv'p H-5 .^ Spring Pond. Hoav old is Salem ? From what 
 
 mPn? f ? .1 ''* 7^'^^. '^"'^'^ ^<^™« '■ K«w ^^asthe settle- 
 ment strengthened and made lasting? Give some account 
 
ESSEX COUNT r. 65 
 
 keag ; the white people named it Salem, the 
 meaning of which is Peace. While those that 
 arrived with Governor Endicott were still weak 
 and weary with their voyage, there was an 
 alarm that a thousand Indians from Saugus, now 
 Lynn, were coming upon them. Immediately 
 they loaded three pieces of cannon, carried them 
 into the woods, and fired them off upon hearing 
 the noise of the Indians, who were so terrified 
 that they fled back with great outcries. No 
 Indians, or scarcely any, were living in this 
 place when the white people came ; they hav- 
 ing been destroyed a few years before by a great 
 sickness or plague. They once had a town in 
 North-Salem, and a few of their graves have 
 been found in Salem in different places, where 
 they probably stayed for a time to fish. In 
 1829, as some labourers were slightly excavat- 
 ing the ground near the lead factory in South- 
 Salem, they met with several graves each con- 
 taining three or four Indians. They lay on 
 their right sides, facing the east, with their 
 knees bent up towards their breast. The town 
 
 of the names of the town ? What happened soon after Gov- 
 ernour Endicott arrived? What had become of the Indians 
 wlio once lived in the place ? Where was the Indian town ? 
 What remains of the Indians have been discovered ? What 
 
66 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 at the time of its settlement wore a very different 
 appearance from that which we now see. Instead 
 of streets of crowded buildings, fine gardens, 
 and fields with a few trees, the country was 
 covered with one great forest, except a few spots 
 cleared by the Indians. Even the islands in 
 the harbour were then shaded by trees. For a 
 time Salem increased slowly ; Ipswich and 
 Lynn were soon before it in importance. But 
 in fourteen or fifteen years from the first land- 
 ing of the settlers Salem had begun the fisheries 
 with success, had left all other towns behind in 
 commerce, and was so flourishing as to be spo- 
 ken of as a proper place for the seat of govern- 
 ment. It was a very large township in 1637, 
 and contained Danvers, Beverly, Manchester, 
 and Wenham, and part of Lynn, Middleton, 
 Topsfield, and Marblehead. Of the present 
 town the part on North-River was first settled. 
 The strip of land running out into the harbour, 
 now called the Neck, once contained a great 
 many houses and stores. Afterwards business 
 passed up South River, and there it has princi- 
 pally remained. 
 
 was the appearance of Salem at its settlement? Was the in- 
 crease of the town rapid or slow at first ? What was its situ- 
 ation in a few years ? How large has it ever been ? What part 
 of the town was first settled 'i In what part has the business 
 been ? 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 67 
 
 In 1692 Salem suffered vast injury, and its 
 inhabitants frightful alarm and distress on ac- 
 count of the belief in the existence of witches, 
 and of the accusation, trial, imprisonment, and 
 execution of suspected persons, who were really 
 innocent. From Danvers, then called Salem- 
 Village, where the madness began, it easily 
 passed into Salem. Children, and Indians, and 
 weak-minded women, accused people of witch- 
 craft, and were believed. Every one was liable 
 to be brought before the court, tried and exe- 
 cuted, and no one felt safe. Dismay was in 
 every heart and in every face. The frenzy at 
 length went down, but not before it had depriv- 
 ed Salem of one quarter of its population, all 
 within a year. 
 
 A short time before the American Revolution, 
 the British government prevented any vessel 
 from going into or out of the harbour of Boston, 
 because the town had been very independent, 
 and had offended that government. Some sup- 
 posed that Salem would embrace the opportunity 
 of drawing away the trade of that great com- 
 
 What was the calamity of 1692 ? From what town did it 
 spread into Salem ? What were the feelings of the people ? 
 What injury did Salem receive ? 
 
 Wliy did the British Government stop the commerce of 
 Boston ? What did some persons suppose might be done by 
 
h** PAUriCULAR ViEW OF 
 
 mercial place ; but in an address to tlie British 
 Governor, they declared that they scorned the 
 thought of rising themselves by the downfall of 
 their unfortunate neighbours. The first year of 
 the war, but before any battle was fought, a 
 British lieutenant-colonel and 140 soldiers were 
 sent from Boston to Salem, to sieze some can- 
 non which were said to be in the place. Hav- 
 ing arrived at Salem, they found the cannon 
 had been removed, and they marched to north 
 bridge in pursuit of them. Many people had 
 collected there, and Col. Pickering with thirty 
 or forty men, had hoisted the bridge, and was 
 standing on the opposite side. Col. Leslie 
 ordered the bridge to be lowered. It was refus- 
 ed. The soldiers were then on the point of 
 crossing the river in a gondola which was lying 
 on the shore, but the Americans leaped into it 
 and cut holes through the bottom with their 
 axes. The British officer stayed at the bridge 
 an hour and a half. At last, evening coming 
 on, he found it useless to wait longer and prom- 
 ised, that if the bridge were lowered he would 
 march only a few rods beyond it, and return. 
 
 Salem ? What did the inhabitants say ? For what purpose 
 did British soldiers come to this town? Where did they go 
 when they could not find ,the cannon ? Whom did they 
 find at the bridge ? What took place there ? How did the 
 affair end ? 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 69 
 
 The bridge was then let down. The soldiers 
 passed just beyond it, and immediately went 
 back without gaining their object. 
 
 In the last war, which began 18 years since, 
 the commerce of Salem was interrupted and all 
 business stood still. Numerous vessels lay in 
 North and South Rivers, stripped of their sails, 
 rigging, and spars, because they could not go to 
 sea without danger of being taken by the enemy. 
 Some were fitted for privateers, and setting sail 
 made prizes of whatever British vessels they 
 could find and conquer. A few of the inhabi- 
 tants in this way increased their money in the 
 war, but the citizens generally were great suf- 
 ferers. Labourers, traders, and mechanics found 
 slender means of support. British ships of war 
 could often be seen from the town, and some- 
 times in the act of burning American vessels. 
 It was feared and expected that an attack would 
 be made on the town, and soldiers be landed on 
 the shore to take it. The inhabitants furnished 
 themselves with arms and became soldiers. 
 Alarms were given once or twice and the militia 
 collected, but no enemy appeared. 
 
 What was the effect of the last war ? What was the situa- 
 tion of the vessels ? What was done with some of them ? 
 Were the people benefited or injured by the war ? ^Vhat 
 fears were felt, and why were they felt ? What was done by 
 the inhabitants. 
 
70 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 The peninsula on which the most thickly 
 settled part of the town is built, is washed on 
 each side by a salt-water stream, rising and 
 falling every twelve hours by the flowing and 
 ebbing of the tide. The land lies low and is 
 nearly level, scarcely any place being more than 
 20 or 24 feet above the surface of the water at 
 high tide. The soil is generally light, dry, and 
 sandy, and free from standing water. Wells 
 are numerous and afford pure water. But at 
 least one thousand families are supplied with 
 water by an aqueduct, which conveys it in 
 pipes from a collection formed by living springs 
 in the western end of the town. The pipes are 
 logs bored through and laid under ground with 
 their ends joined together, so that water will 
 pass from one into another. There are 20 or 25 
 miles of logs laid for pipes, and they extend into 
 nearly all the streets in town. The lower or 
 eastern part of the peninsula is called the Neck, 
 and has now but few houses upon it. Here 
 upon a farm owned by the town is a large alms- 
 house of brick, in which poor people, unable to 
 
 How is the most thickly settled part of the to^vn situated ? 
 Is the land level or uneven ? Describe the soil. How are 
 the people supplied with water ? What are the pipes ? How 
 extensively ai-e the logs laid ? Where is the Neck ? What 
 building is there upon it ? How many paupers are there 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 71 
 
 maintain themselves, are supported at the public 
 expense. There are generally two or three 
 hundred paupers in the almshouse. Those who 
 are able are made to work ; the weak and sick 
 are well treated. The paupers cultivate the 
 farm by their labour, blow rocks for cellar-walls 
 from a quarry upon the farm, manufacture 
 brooms, mats, and many other articles for sale, 
 and earn in this way a great part of their living. 
 This was one of the first institutions of the kind 
 in this country ; it has been exceedingly well 
 managed, and is much celebrated. There is a 
 fort on the Neck and one on Winter-Island 
 which joins the Neck by a causeway. They 
 are not now in good order, but in time of war 
 they are guarded by soldiers and have cannon in 
 them ready to be fired upon an enemy. There 
 are many islands in Salem Harbour, most of 
 them small and rocky, but others larger and 
 having some soil. The largest of them, the 
 Misery, has been used for a pasture, the animals 
 being carried there and brought off in boats or 
 vessels. Baker's Island has a dwellinghouse 
 upon it and two high but slender buildings, 
 
 generally ? What are the employments of those able to 
 work ? Was this institution begun early ? Give an account 
 of the two forts. What other parts of the town are there 
 besides the peninsula ? What use has been made of the 
 
72 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 called lighthouses. Each of these has a large 
 glass top, in which every night great lamps are 
 lighted, that are seen far off in the bay and put 
 vessels on their guard. Besides the body of the 
 town lying between the two rivers, there is a 
 considerable village on the opposite side of each 
 of these streams. One, called North-Salem, is 
 connected with the town by north bridge. It 
 was settled early and was prosperous while Sa- 
 lem carried on the fishery, but is now less flour- 
 ishing and popular than the other parts of the 
 town. Here is a laboratory, in which alum, 
 Roman vitriol, oil vitriol, and aquafortis are 
 manufactured, and saltpetre is refined. The 
 people of the other village, called South-Salem, 
 pass easily into and out of the town over the 
 river, by means of a draw-bridge and another 
 bridge, which serves also as a dam for a grist- 
 mill, a chocolate-mill, and a saw-mill. This 
 part of the town is pleasant and increasing. 
 Large vessels were formerly built here in great 
 numbers for the merchants of the town, but a 
 few only are now built. White lead is manu- 
 
 islands ? Describe the former and present situation of North- 
 Salem. What building is there in the place ? What means 
 have the people of South-Salem of passing the river ? Wlint 
 is said of ship-building ? What article is manuiactuied in 
 South-Saiem ? 
 
, ESSEX COUNTY. 73 
 
 factured in South-Salem at two factories, which 
 have been lately erected. 
 
 The main body of the town lying between 
 North and South Rivers is built very compactly. 
 Essex Street passes through the whole extent of 
 this part of the town, generally from west to 
 east, but frequently in some degree shifting its 
 direction. It contains the residences of many 
 of the principal inhabitants, the stores for dry 
 goods, most of the banks and insurance offices, 
 and a few of the churches. There are other 
 streets running nearly parallel with Essex 
 Street ; of these Chesnut Street, on the south 
 side of it, is the most beautiful, as it is indeed the 
 most elegant in town. There are numerous 
 cross streets opening a communication from one 
 side of the town to the other, and to the 
 wharves. These streets are filled with buildings 
 generally neat and at times of great beauty, 
 particularly some in the vicinity of the Common. 
 Within a few years much money has been ex- 
 pended by the town with good effect in render- 
 ing the streets more convenient for carriages, 
 
 Are the houses in the middle of the town built closely to- 
 gether or apart from each other ? What mention is made ot 
 Essex street? Of Chesnut street? Give an account of the 
 cross streets. What improvements have been made by the 
 
74 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 and the side-walks for foot passengers. The 
 military companies parade on a large, level, and 
 beautiful tract of land, called the Common, 
 which is neatly fenced, and surrounded by a 
 double row of trees. One regiment and two or 
 three companies of soldiers form the military 
 force of Salem. The town contains 16 church- 
 es, 6 banks and 6 insurance offices, a jail 
 of stone, a court house, theatre, and market- 
 house, all of brick, and a select athenceum or li- 
 brary with six thousand volumes. Three news- 
 papers are published in Salem, one weekly, the 
 others twice every week. The Salem papers 
 circulate in every part of the county. There 
 are several factories here for making lines and 
 twine, and a greater number for the manufac- 
 ture of cordage. Besides these, the mechanics, 
 who labour at the different trades, form a Mge 
 body of the citizens. 
 
 The inhabitants of Salem are so much and 
 so honourably concerned for the education of 
 tiie children of the town, that besides a large 
 number of private schools supported at great 
 
 town ? Where do the military companies parade ? What 
 buildings does the town contain 1 How many newspapers 
 are published and how far do they circulate ? What manu- 
 factures are mentioned ? What class of people are me- 
 chanics ? 
 
 How much are the people of Salem interested in regard 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. "^^ 
 
 cost, one quarter of all the expenses of the 
 town, or nearly nine thousand dollars, is paid 
 for public schools. These schools continue 
 open all the year round, and any parent has a 
 ricrht to send his children to them without ex- 
 pe^nse for instruction. The children are taught 
 reading, spelling, writing, arithmetick, and 
 geography. The High School also receives 
 without charge the boys of the town. It is de- 
 signed to prepare them for merchants, or tor 
 any active business, requiring an acquaintance 
 with the higher branches of an English educa- 
 tion, and particularly mathematics. This school 
 has been begun only a few years, but has thus 
 far accomplished the wishes of those who plan- 
 ned it, and has gained the favour of the people. 
 In the Grammar School boys are taught Latin, 
 Greek and Mathematics, and are fitted for 
 colleo-e free of expense. Many pupils educated 
 at this school have been admitted at College 
 with great praise for their good scholarship and 
 credit to their teac hers. 
 
 t'o schools 1 On wh'^rms can pleats sei^dlh^r children 
 to school? What branches of education are he children 
 taucTht? What account can you give of the High School . 
 How well has it succeeded ! What education do boys re- 
 ce^7e Ttthe Grammar School ? How have the boys been re- 
 ceived at College ? 
 
76 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 Salem has gained its large population and its 
 wealth chiefly by commerce. From east to 
 west along the southern shore of the town 
 wharves have been built out into the stream ; and 
 there are many also in South-Salem and some 
 on the North River. They are less fully occupied 
 than formerly with goods taken from vessels ly- 
 ing at their sides, or ready to be put on board 
 of them ; still the principal wharves are now 
 extensively used. To the district of Salem and 
 Beverly, but nearly all to Salem, belong about 
 forty ships and barks, eighty-five brigs, and 
 ninety schooners and sloops ; in all more than 
 two hundred vessels. In the number and size 
 of its vessels taken together, or its tonnage, Sa- 
 lem is the third town in Massachusetts and by 
 far the first in Essex County. A great many of 
 the people of the town are absent at sea in these 
 vessels the chief part of their time. Some 
 stay from home only two or three months at 
 one time, others stay a year, and some even two 
 or three years. After so long an absence, they 
 and their friends at home rejoice at their return. 
 Many die away from their homes in distant 
 
 To what does Salem owe its size and wealth ? Where are 
 the wharves built ? For what are they used ? What number 
 of vessels belongs to the district of Salem and Beverly ? 
 How long are sailors absent from home ? Why do not their 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. ^^ 
 
 places, especially when they go to Havana, Ba- 
 tavia, and other unhealthy places, at the hot 
 season of the year. It is therefore much against 
 the wishes of their friends that they engage in 
 such voyages. While at sea on long voyages 
 they are obliged to live chiefly on salt beef and 
 biscuits baked very hard, called ship-bread ; 
 fresh meat could be kept but a short time, and 
 soft bread would very soon mould if brought 
 from home, and could not with any conveni- 
 ence be baked on board. The life of a sailor 
 is a very hard one. Some times in a great 
 storm he is swallowed up with the vessel by the 
 sea ; at other times vessels are cast ashore upon 
 the rocks, and perhaps go to pieces with the 
 loss of the crew, perhaps are got off with more 
 or less injury to themselves and their cargoes. 
 Ships seldom perform long voyages without 
 meeting with some bad and stormy weather. 
 But the^re is much less danger now than there 
 was formerly, because vessels are built betteis 
 and the way and the dangerous places are bet- 
 ter known. Many schooners and sloops, be- 
 
 once was ? In what way are many schooners and sloops em- 
 
 e2 
 
78 
 
 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 longing chiefly to the state of Maine, bring to 
 Salem great quantities of fire wood and lumber ; 
 while a smaller number fetch grain and flour 
 from New- York, Baltimore, and other places. 
 Many large schooners and brigs belonging to 
 the town take cargoes of flour, beef, pork, beans, 
 potatoes, lumber, and other articles, carry them 
 to the West Indies and sell them and then buy 
 and bring back, after an absence of two or three 
 months, molasses, sugar, oranges, and lemons. 
 Very often they carry their cargoes farther, 
 to South-America, and thence after staying 
 away four, five, or six months bring molasses 
 and sugar, or hides to be tanned into leather, 
 horns to be made into combs, or tallow for can- 
 dles and soap. The large brigs and ships go 
 chiefly to India, half way round the world or 
 more, and are gone at least ten or twelve 
 months. They carry silver dollars, furs, spars, 
 sandal wood, and other tilings and return with 
 tea, coflee, pepper, silk, or spices. The East 
 India trade has been the greatest and most 
 profitable part of the commerce of the Salem 
 merchants, has been pursued with great activity 
 
 ployed ? How are the large schooners and bri^s employed ? 
 What articles are brought from South America ? How far 
 off is India, where the large brigs and ships go ? What 
 articles do they carry there, and what do they bring honje ? 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 79 
 
 and enterprize, and has brought much wealth in- 
 to the town. The town owes more to it than 
 to any other trade, but it is now much less ad- 
 vantageous than it has been. Salem with all 
 the disadvantages of a shallow and inconveni- 
 ent harbour, of being near Boston which draws 
 away its trade, and of many misfortunes which 
 have befallen commerce, has sent its vessels 
 and still sends them to different parts of the 
 United States to trade with our own country- 
 men ; to Europe to trade with the English, 
 French, Russians, Spaniards, and Danes ; to 
 Africa to trade with the negroes ; to Canton to 
 trade with the Chinese ; to the northwest coast 
 to trade with the Indians, and to many other 
 places in the world beside. Its commerce is 
 not prevented by the distance of places, the 
 danger of voyages, nor by the numerous differ- 
 ences of language, customs, and religion among 
 foreign nations. The cargoes of goods brought 
 by vessels on their return are sold at Salem, 
 Boston, or New- York, and are sometimes sent 
 to distant parts of the world. They were once 
 almost all sold at Salem ; but this is not so 
 
 What can you say of the India trade ? Give an account of 
 the commerce of Salern. What is done with the cargoes of 
 goods brought by vessels^ when they return home ? What 
 
 e3 
 
80 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 much the case now. This change has exceeding- 
 ly lessened the active business of the place. 
 There are numerous stores in the place, how- 
 ever, filled with the cloths, wares, and produc- 
 tions of the soil of other countries and our own 
 country. These are sold to the inhabitants of 
 the town and to the people of the adjacent and 
 back country, who also bring large quantities 
 of the produce of their lands to the Salem Mar- 
 ket, especially in the winter season. This 
 town is and has long been an excellent nursery 
 for merchants and men of business. In the 
 stores and counting rooms of Salem young men 
 are taught habits of diligence and frugality, and 
 a thorough knowledge of modes of business. 
 Many merchants educated here have become 
 distinguished in their profession, not only in this 
 place, but many of them also in Boston, Phila- 
 phia and New- York. 
 
 The East-India Marine Hall, a beautiful build- 
 ing, contains a museum of curiosities, which is 
 extremely interesting to visiters and is highly 
 celebrated. Here are collected a variety 
 of dresses worn in different parts of the world, 
 
 injury has Salem received ? To whom are the goods in the 
 stores sold ? What is said of the town as a place for educating 
 merchants ? 
 
 What does the East- India Marine Hall contain ? What 
 
ESSEX COUNTiT. 81 
 
 rare minerals, coins, and medals, and va- 
 rious warlike instruments of many nations, the 
 Gods of pagan lands, a rich variety of birds of 
 almost every kind and some of exquisite plum- 
 age, thousands of insects, shells of every size 
 and of the most delicate colours, several fine 
 paintings and statues, and a multitude of the 
 most singular and curious specimens of the 
 works both of nature and of art. The society 
 by whose enterprize and personal exertions this 
 museum, surpassed for beauty and rarity by 
 scarcely any in the world, has been collected, 
 is composed of merchants and masters of vessels. 
 Salisbury is the oldest town on the north bank 
 of Merrimack River. The settlement was be- 
 gun here in 1638, or 192 years ago. Salisbury 
 formerly contained the township of Amesbury. 
 The General Court once assembled in this town 
 to settle the boundary line between Massachu- 
 setts and New-Hampshire, the Legislature of 
 New-Hampshire being at the same time at 
 
 are the curiosities ? By whom were the curiosities col- 
 lected 1 
 
 Draw the north line of .Salisbury. Draw Salisbury Beach. 
 Draw the south line of the town. Draw Powow River. 
 How is the town bounded ? Mark the factories on Powow 
 River. Draw the small streams in the town. Where was the 
 first settlement made on the north bank of the Merrimack ? 
 flow large has the townsliip of Salisbury been ? What event in 
 iLe history of tlie town is mentioueel ? Describe the town 
 
 e4 
 
82 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 Hampton in that state. , The town is bordered 
 on the river opposite to Newburyport by a salt 
 marsh one mile and a half in width. Beyond 
 that the land rises and is gently uneven. The 
 marsh grows narrower farther up the river, but 
 extends to a great width on the east side of the 
 town towards the sea. On the sea shore is a 
 fine beach of yellow sand called Salisbury Beach, 
 which is visited by many as a curiosity. It ex- 
 tends several miles, and is bounded on the land 
 side by broken sand hills, succeeded by flat, 
 broad marshes, over which in high tides the sea 
 sometimes rushes to a great extent. The sea 
 tumbles in upon the beach in huge waves, which 
 spread out thin far up over the sand. There are 
 three principal villages in Salisbury ; one oppo- 
 site Newburyport ; another called the Point, at 
 the mouth of Powow River, where vessels are 
 built, but in much less numbers than formerly ; 
 and the most important settlement, farther up 
 Powow River at the factories. The last is very 
 flourishing, being built around the woollen fac- 
 tories, which draw great profit from the manu- 
 
 as to its marsh-lands. What curiosity is there on the sea- 
 shore ? Give some account of that side of it next the town, 
 How does the water come up over the beach ? Where are the 
 three chief villages in Salisbury ? What account is given 
 of the village at the factories ? What is the quality of tlie 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 83 
 
 facture of flannels. These are excellent and 
 are sold throughout the United States under the 
 well known name of Salisbury Flannels. This 
 and the factory village on the opposite bank of 
 the river in Amesbury, are together called 
 Amesbury Mills. The business of tanning 
 leather is pursued to a great extent in Salisbury. 
 Saugus. This town belonged to Lynn till 
 the year 1815, when it was separated from it 
 and received the ancient Indian name of that 
 town, Saugus. Nearly 200 years ago an iron 
 mine was discovered on the west bank of Saugus 
 River. A foundery was soon built, and for a 
 time nearly enough iron was wrought for the 
 supply of the colony. Iron was manufactured 
 here for more than one hundred years, but sel- 
 dom in large quantities. Near the place of the 
 factory may still be seen heaps of scoria, or that 
 part of the ore which remains after the iron is 
 melted and taken away. These heaps a re cal- 
 
 flannels made in the factories ? What places does Amesbury 
 Mills contain 1 What business is extensively carried on 
 in Salisbury? ,. 0*1, 
 
 Draw the north line of Saugus. The east line. South. 
 West. How is the town bounded? Draw Saugus Kiver. 
 Draw the tributary to Saugus River, running across the north- 
 east corner of the town. Of what town was Saugus once a 
 part? Whence did it derive its name ? What discovery was 
 made nearly 200 years since 1 How extensively was iron once 
 wroutrht here? How long was the mine worked.' What 
 
84 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 led Cinder Banks. More than 100 years since 
 a vessel appeared one evening at the mouth of 
 Saugus River. Four men soon left her in a 
 boat, passed up the river, landed and went into 
 the woods. The vessel sailed and some time 
 afterwards the men were seen again. They 
 chose a lonely spot in the woods down between 
 lofty hills, concealed and darkened by gloomy 
 trees ; here they had a hut, a garden, and a. 
 well, the marks of which can still be seen. 
 They were pirates. After living there some 
 time, a vessel came after them, and three were 
 seized and carried to England. Some suppo- 
 sing that money was buried at the place dug for 
 it, but without success. The place has from 
 that time been called Pirates' Glen. The pi- 
 rate who escaped ran about two miles to a cav- 
 ern in a rock. Here he used to live and make 
 shoes and sometimes go into the village to ob- 
 tain food. At last a great earthquake shook 
 the rock so violently, that the top of it fell down 
 and shut him up fast within. The cave has 
 ever since gone by the name of the Pirate's 
 Dungeon, and is frequently visited. 
 
 marks of the iron works are left ? Relate the story of the 
 pirates. What became of the pirate that escaped when his 
 companions were taken ? 
 
ESSEX COUNTV. 
 
 85 
 
 Saugus is situated in the extreme southern 
 part of Essex County, and has Saugus River 
 winding through its whole length with numer- 
 ous and frequent bends. Meadows and marsh- 
 lands spread out on the banks of the river ; the 
 salt marshes near the sea especially are very 
 extensive. The remaining and the chief part 
 of the township is rough and uneven, and much 
 of it is still covered with wood. Some of the 
 land on the banks of the river is well cultivated 
 and productive. There is a bleachery in Sau- 
 gus, in which a considerable amount of money 
 is employed. 
 
 Topsjield. In 1639, when three villages 
 were q,bout to be settled, one at Danvers, an- 
 other at Wenham, and a third at Topsfield, the 
 General Court made a grant of a tract of land 
 to that one of the three which should first set- 
 tle a minister. This was done by Topsfield, 
 which was for some time called New-Meadows. 
 The village and church at this place were form- 
 
 What is the situation of Saugus ? Describe the banks of 
 the river. Is the surface of the rest of the township level or 
 rough t In what part of the town is there some good land ? 
 What establishment does Saugus contain ? 
 
 Draw the north line of Topsfield. The east line. South. 
 West. How is the town bounded ? Draw Ipswich River in 
 its course through the town. Draw the small streams flow- 
 ing into it. How did Topsfield obtain a tract of land from 
 the General Court ? What was Topsfield once called ? VVhy 
 
86 TARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 ed by farmers of Salem and Ipswich, because 
 they were too far from both those towns to 
 attend meeting regularly at either. Ipswich 
 River passes through the town and has two 
 bridges built over it on the principal roads. 
 The surface of the township is uneven, and 
 there are gome high hills in the place. The 
 plain in which the church stands and the sides 
 of the hills around it present a pleasant prospect, 
 adorned by some handsome buildings. An acad- 
 emy has recently been opened here with success. 
 There are some mechanics in the place, espe- 
 cially shoemakers, but the people generally 
 labour upon the land. 
 
 Wenha?n. The ancient town of Wenham 
 was once a part of Salem and was at first called 
 Enon. It contains a large and beautiful col- 
 lection of water, called Wenham Pond, which 
 is well known, for its pickerel and other 
 fish, to the lovers of angling in the neighbour- 
 hood. The waters of Wenham Pond find a 
 
 were a village and church formed here ? What river passed 
 through the town ? What is said of the surface of the town- 
 ship ? Of the plain in Avhich the church stands ? W^hat insti- 
 tution is there in the place ? How are the people employed ? 
 Draw the north line of ^Venham. The east line. South. 
 West. How is Wenham bounded ? Mark the place of Wen- 
 ham Pond. Draw the stream flowing from the pond into 
 Ipswich River. To what town did Wenham once belong and 
 what was it called? What mention is made of Wenham 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 87 
 
 passage through a small stream to Ipswich 
 River, and thence to the sea. In the northwest 
 part of the town is Wenham Swamp, which is 
 very large and extends into Hamilton. The 
 great Manchester Woods cover a considerable 
 part of the eastern end of this town. The peo- 
 ple have always been farmers. They live upon 
 their lands at some distance from each other, 
 so that there is no village of much importance. 
 The orchards in this town are annually attacked 
 by the canker worms, which effectually destroy 
 the fruit. 
 
 West-Newhurif became a town in 1819, 
 having been an ancient settlement in the still 
 more ancient town of Newbury. The town has 
 an elevated situation on the bank of the Merri- 
 mack ; but its large swells are divided from each 
 other by low and broad vallies. The town af- 
 fords specimens of iron ore. The soil is very 
 fruitful, and being well cultivated by skilful and 
 
 Pond ? Of Wenham Swamp ? In what part of the town are 
 there large woods ? What has always been the business of 
 the people ? Is there any large village in the town ? What 
 calamity do the famers in Wenham meet with every year ? 
 Draw the northern and western lines of West Newbury, 
 Draw the eastern and southern lines. How is the town 
 bounded ? Draw Indian and Artichoke Rivers. What men- 
 tion is made of the history of Newbury ? Describe tlie situa- 
 tion and the surface of the town. What metal is found 
 there ? What account is given of the soil, the farmers, aiid 
 
88 PARTICULAR VIEW OF 
 
 industrious farmers, yields fine crops of grain 
 and grass. Fruits are also abundant, and the 
 butter and cheese from the West-Newbury dai- 
 ries are highly praised. Chaises are annually 
 made here in considerable numbers, and shoes 
 are also extensively manufactured. But by far 
 the most important manufacture of the town is 
 that of horn and shell combs. Considerably 
 more than one hundred persons are employed in 
 this business, who make in a year about one 
 hundred thousand dozen combs, or to the value 
 of nearly two hundred thousand dollars. The 
 town is connected with Rocks Village in Ha- 
 verhill by a fine bridge one thousand feet in 
 length. 
 
 the crops ? What articles are manufactured in West-New- 
 bury ? How many combs are made here every yeai- ? How 
 can people pass from this town to Haverhill ? 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF ESSEX COUNTY. 
 
 Towns. Twenty-six towns together form 
 Essex County. Of all the towns, Salem con- 
 tains the most inhabitants, and Andover the 
 most land. Salem has thirteen thousand eight 
 hundred and eighty-six inhabitants ; with Salem 
 there are four towns each containing over six 
 thousand people ; and with these four there are 
 eight having each a population of more than 
 four thousand persons. Salem, Newburyport, 
 and Ipswich are the three shire towns of the 
 county. 
 
 Inhabitants. Ten years ago the inhabitants 
 of all the towns in Essex County together were 
 seventy-four thousand six hundred and fifty-five, 
 of whom six hundred and fifty-five were coloured 
 people. There are now probably eighty-four 
 or eighty-five thousand inhabitants. The peo- 
 
 How many towns does Essex County contain ? What town 
 has the most inhabitants ? Which has the most land 1 How 
 many people are therein Salem? How many towns have 
 more than six thousand inhabitants each ? How many towns 
 contain over four thousand each ? Name the shire towns of 
 the County. 
 
 What number of people were there in Essex County ten 
 years ago 1 How many are there now probably ? How have 
 
90 GENERAL VIEW OF 
 
 pie have from very early times engaged in the 
 different employments of agriculture, fishing, 
 commerce, and manufactures. The first white 
 men who arrived in this part of the country 
 with the design of living here, came for the 
 double purpose of fishing and of cultivating the 
 land. The early settlers immediately began to 
 labour upon the soil ; and there are now more 
 people thus employed than in any other way. 
 They raise grain, grass, fruit, and cattle, chiefly 
 for themselves ; but they also carry great quan- 
 tities of produce to Salem and other large towns 
 on the coast, whose inhabitants get their money 
 by trade and fishing, and in other ways, and, 
 not cultivating the land much themselves, are 
 compelled to buy provisions of the farmers. 
 The people of Essex soon became extensively 
 engaged in commerce and the fisheries and have 
 so continued. The county has more vessels 
 employed in fishing than any other county, and 
 more than any other except Suffolk engaged in 
 commerce. The first cloth ever manufactured 
 
 the people been employed for a long time ? For what purpose 
 did white men first come to live here ? Are there many per- 
 sons who labour upon the land? What articles does the 
 land produce ? What do the farmers do with these articles ? 
 In what other kinds of business have the inhabitants taken a 
 part ? Compare this county with otlier counties in tlie num- 
 ber of its vessels engaged in commerce and the fisheries ? 
 
fcifeSEX COUNTY, 9l 
 
 in this country wasi made at Rowley, nails were 
 first cut at Amesbury, and in Newbury the first 
 woollen factory in Massachusetts was erected* 
 The towns on the seacoast and on the Merri* 
 mack which once owed much of their business 
 to ship-building, have been obliged of late to 
 relinquish it almost entirely, as vessels are not 
 much wanted. In the interior, the people were 
 once all engaged in cultivating the land, except 
 a few mechanics, such as carpenters, black- 
 smiths, and masons. Now, many labour in 
 factories, as at Danvers, Andover, and Ames- 
 bury. Shoes are also made in very great num- 
 bers, especially in the north part of the county, 
 and are sent to various places for sale. 
 
 Rivers. Bass River begins its course in the 
 north parish of Beverly, and soon becomes a 
 wide stream. It runs south for some distance, 
 but shifts its course to the east between Beverly 
 and Salem, and falls into Beverly Harbour. It 
 has mills upon its course, and pleasant meadows 
 
 Where was woollen cloth lirstmade in this country ? Where 
 were nails first cut ? Where was a woollen factory first 
 built in Massachusetts? What is said of ship-building in thia 
 County ? How were the people in the interior once employ- 
 ed ? What do many of them now do ? What article is ex- 
 tensively manufactured in Essex County ? 
 
 Draw Bass River. Where are the head waters of Bass 
 River f What is its course ? What mention is made of its 
 banks ? Of its waters ? 
 
92 GENERAL VIEW OF 
 
 upon its banks. Its waters rise and fall with 
 the tide for a great part of its course, and have a 
 salt or brackish taste. 
 
 Chehacco River. This stream flows out of 
 a pond on the boundary line between Hamilton 
 and Essex. It takes a northeasterly course, and 
 passes through extensive salt meadows into Che- 
 bacco Bay. Vessels can pass up this river, or 
 creek as it is sometimes called, to the town of 
 Essex ; and great numbers of them are built on 
 its banks and launched into the stream. 
 
 IpsioicJi River. Anciently this stream was 
 sometimes called Great River. It begins its 
 course in Wilmington, a town in Middlesex 
 County, and running across Essex County 
 generally in a northeasterly direction, empties 
 its waters into Ipswich Bay. Several small 
 streams run into it, especially from the north, so 
 that it drains off the waters from a great extent 
 of land in this county. The waters of Ipswich 
 River and its tributary streams pass considerable 
 falls in their passage to the sea, and thus afford 
 very valuable water power for numerous mills 
 
 Draw Chebacco River, and the branch of it. Where does 
 it begin its course ? Where does it empty its waters ? Of 
 what use is this stream 1 
 
 Draw Ipswich River. Draw its branches. What was it 
 sometimes called in former times ? Describe its course. 
 How are its wateis increased ? What use is made of Ipswich 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 93 
 
 and several factories. Vessels can come into 
 the river and pass up about three miles to Ips- 
 wich, but are there stopped by falls. The fine 
 meadows of Ipswich River have been celebrated 
 ever since the first settlement on its banks at 
 Ipswich about two hundred years ago ; they are 
 still fruitful and yield abundance of grass. 
 
 Little or West River begins to flow in New- 
 Hampshire, and running into Massachusetts at 
 Haverhill receives a branch from Great Pond in 
 that town and passes in a southeasterly course 
 into the Merrimack. 
 
 Little River rises in West-Newbury and runs 
 for some distance in Newbury in an easterly 
 course ; it then turns off to the southeast and 
 falls into Parker River. 
 
 Mc7'rimaeh River rises in New-Hampshire, 
 a state which lies north of this county just three 
 miles above the river. On leaving that state it 
 first runs into Middlesex County, and thence 
 across Essex northeasterly into the ocean. It 
 
 River, and its tributaries ? How far can vessels pass up 
 Ipswich River 1 What account is given of the meadows on 
 this stream ? 
 
 Draw Little, or West River, and its' branches. Describe 
 the course of the river. 
 
 Draw Little River. Describe its cours ;. 
 
 Draw MerriiDHck River. Where does the Merrimack 
 begin its course ? Describe its course in Massachusetts. 
 
94 GENERAL VIEW OF 
 
 passes down many falls or steep places in its 
 course, so that boats and rafts of lumber cannot 
 well be brought down, and vessels can sail up 
 no farther than Haverhill, about eighteen miles 
 from its mouth. A great deal of sand is set in 
 motion at the mouth of the river by the current 
 of the stream and by the tide, and is formed 
 into a bank not many feet under the top of the 
 water. This bar, as it is called, is always 
 changing its place^ so that the site of a fort 
 once built on Plum-Island, is now in Salisbury 
 on the other side of the river. Sailors not used 
 to the entrance are very much afraid of passing 
 over this bar. The Merrimack is a very long 
 and noble river, and runs a course of nearly two 
 hundred miles continually growing larger be- 
 cause it receives a great many other streams. 
 In Essex County the Spicket, Shawshine, Pow- 
 ow, and Little Rivers run into it. It is far the 
 largest stream in this county, and the second in 
 the state, being smaller than the Connecticut 
 only, which is a great way off from Essex 
 County toward the west. 
 
 What injures the use of the river for boats, rafts, and ves- 
 sels l How is a sand bank formed at the mouth of the river ? 
 How much does the phice of this bar change ? How long is 
 the Merrimack? flow is it increased in size ? How large is 
 
 it? 
 
£8S£X COUNTV. 96 
 
 North River receives some of its head waters 
 from Salem and some from Dan vers ; but the 
 main body of its waters is in Salem, coming up 
 from the sea with the rising tide and leaving 
 its bed almost entirely bare at low tide. It 
 empties its waters into Bass River between 
 Salem and Beverly. When the river is filled 
 by the tide, vessels can pass up the stream one 
 mile above Essex Bridge, which connects the 
 same towns. 
 
 Parker River begins its course in Boxford 
 and taking a direction somewhat north of east, 
 receives into its channel the waters of Rowley 
 and Little Rivers, and runs into Plum Island 
 Sound. In Newbury it descends almost fifty 
 feet in a course of one mile and a half, affording 
 valuable water power for factories and mills. 
 After passing these falls it unites with the 
 water flowing in from the sea with the tide, and 
 grows much wider and is deep enough for ves- 
 sels to float for three miles from its mouth. As 
 it draws near the sea, its banks spread out into 
 very extensive salt marshes. 
 
 Draw North River, and its branches. How is tlie bed of 
 North River filled with water 1 Where do the waters of the 
 river flow ? What use can be made of the river when it is 
 full of the water of the sea ? 
 
 Draw Parker River. Describe the course of Parker River. 
 What falls does it pass over 1 What change does it meet 
 
 f2 
 
96 GENERAL VIEW OF 
 
 Plum-Island Sound, generally called Pluni- 
 I.^land River, is a collection of water between 
 Plum-Island and the main land, formed by the 
 tide flowing in at each end of it over Newbury 
 and Ipswich bars, and by the currents of Row- 
 ley and Parker Rivers. It is f^om one quarter 
 of a mile to a mile wide, and at low tide a per- 
 son can ford it or wade across it in several 
 places. 
 
 Porter^s River has several branches, the 
 waters of which are chiefly in Danvers. The 
 fresh currents of the head branches do not run 
 far before they mix with the waters of the sea, 
 brought in by the tide, so that the main stream 
 is salt. Across the branches dams are built 
 which secure water enough to set the works of 
 several mills and factories in motion. At high 
 tide the water is sufficiently deep for vessels to 
 pass up the branches of the river, but they 
 must first go through Essex Bridge between 
 Salem and Beverly. This bridge, like many 
 
 with after passing the falls ? Give an account of its banks 
 near the sea. 
 
 Draw Plum-Island Sound. How is this collection of wa- 
 ter formed 1 How wide is it ? How deep at low water ? 
 
 Draw Porter's River and its branches. In what town chief- 
 ly are the head waters of Porter's River ? What part of the riv- 
 er is salt and what part fresh ? In what parts of this stream 
 are there mills and factories ? When can vessels pass up the 
 river ? How can they go through Essex Bridge ? 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 
 
 97 
 
 Others, has a draw, or part that can be raised 
 like a scuttle-door, to let the vessel's mast pass 
 through. 
 
 Powow River, rising in New-Hampshire, 
 runs into Massachusetts in Amesbury, but pass- 
 es again into New-Hampshire and then a second 
 time flowing into Massachusetts forms the boun- 
 dary line between Amesbury and Salisbury, and 
 empties its waters into Merrimack River. Its 
 waters descend several falls in their course ; in 
 Amesbury especially their channel, in the dis- 
 tance of fifty rods, becomes 100 feet lower than 
 before. 
 
 Rowley River. The head waters of this 
 stream flow from several ponds in Boxford. The 
 river runs in a northeasterly course towards the 
 sea and empties its waters into Parker River. It 
 affords water power for several mills, and in the 
 latter part of its course is bordered by salt marshes. 
 
 Saiigus River rises near Ipswich River, in 
 Reading, a town in Middlesex County, and 
 running in a southeasterly, but very winding 
 course flows into Ly nn Bay. Several small 
 
 Uraw Fowow River. Describe its course. How much 
 does the river fall in Amesbury. 
 
 Draw Rowley River. Where are the sources or head 
 waters of Rowley River 7 Describe its course. Ot what use 
 is it besides that of watering the land ? 
 
 Draw SaucTus River, and its branches. Describe its course. 
 
98 GENERAL VIEW OF 
 
 Streams empty their waters into it; and for 
 some distance from its mouth the tide comes in 
 from the sea and makes it deep enough to float 
 vessels. Immense tracts of salt marsh spread 
 out on both sides of it, as it approaches the sea. 
 
 SJiawsliine River begins its course in Lexing- 
 ton, a town in Middlesex County, runs into 
 Essex at Andover, and passing through that 
 town in a northeasterly direction flows into the 
 Merrimack. It is about three rods wide at its 
 mouth. It receives the waters of several brooks 
 and has fine meadows on each side of it. This 
 stream is very useful, because it moves by its 
 water power the works of a number of mills 
 and factories. 
 
 South River is formed by several brooks in 
 Salem, and, having run for a considerable part 
 of its course towards the northeast, turns to the 
 east and at last falls into Salem Harbour. For 
 a great part of its length toward the east, it is 
 filled and emptied every tide by the salt water 
 from the sea and is continually used by vessels, 
 
 .^^r!^ Shawshiue River. Describe the course of the Shav.-- 
 
 bordereH rof'^'l"/' '' ■ "'^f ^' '* '^^^re^^eA ; and how is it 
 uordered ? Of what use is it ? 
 
 Draw South River. Describe its course. How is it used? 
 
ESJsEX COUNTY. 99 
 
 which are approaching or leaving the wharves 
 in Salem, built on its banks. Sometimes the 
 tides are so high that the water rises above the 
 wharves and carries off many articles, such as 
 wood and lumber, lying upon them. 
 
 S])ickct River comes down from New-Hamp- 
 shire and enters Massachusetts at Methuen, 
 which it crosses in a southeasterly direction and 
 flows into the Merrimack. In one part of its 
 course in Methuen it rushes down its rocky bed 
 thirty feet perpendicularly, supplying water 
 power abundantly for factories and mills. 
 
 There are many other streams in the County 
 not so large as those that have been described, 
 but yet very important and useful to the land 
 and to the inhabitants. They are useful, be- 
 cause they drain very wet places and moisten 
 those that are too dry, and thus improve the soil. 
 Very often in their course they pass down steep 
 places with a great deal of force. This makes 
 water power and may set grist-mills and saw- 
 mills in motion, which are necessary for the 
 convenience of the people of every town. When 
 
 How much water sometimes comes in from the sea ? 
 
 Draw Spicket River, and its branches. Describe the course 
 of Spicket River. Give an accouut of the falls at Methuen. 
 
 Are there any other streams in Essex County beside those 
 "»iiHt have been mentioned ? Of what use are they ? Of what 
 
 f4 
 
100 GENERAL VIEW OF 
 
 several of these streams flow together they form^ 
 rivers. 
 
 Ponds. There are a great many ponds in 
 Essex County. The water in them generally 
 comes up from springs at the bottom ; but they 
 also catch that which comes down from the high 
 land around in the time of heavy rains, or of the 
 melting of the snow and ice. They beautify 
 the country very much, and in most cases water 
 it by sending forth a small stream,, often a mill- 
 stream, to some of the neighbouring rivers. 
 They also contain fish, such as perch, breams, 
 and pickerel, which may be caught in considera- 
 ble numbers by those fond of this amusement. 
 Some of the largest and most important ponds 
 in the county are Great Pond in Andover, 
 another of that name in Haverhill, and Wenham 
 Pond between Wenham and Beverly. 
 
 Surface of the County. Much of the sea- 
 shore is rough and rocky, but it has here and 
 there a sandy beach. The outline of the coast 
 is very uneven, and is interrupted by the mouths 
 
 advantage are they when they go down steep places 1 How 
 are rivers formed ? 
 
 Are there, or are there not, many ponds in this County ? 
 How are they filled with water ? What are the uses of ponds 1 
 
 What fish do they contain ? JName some of the largest in 
 the County. 
 
 What is said of the sea-shore ? Of its shape ? What kind 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 101 
 
 of several streams, and by harbours and points 
 of land running into the sea. Next the shore, 
 in a great part both of the east and south of the 
 county, are great tracts of salt marsh, which 
 produces large quantities of grass. People 
 come down every year to make salt hay, which 
 is very good for cattle, but not so useful for 
 horses. Leaving the coast and the marshes, 
 the traveller in passing over the County will meet 
 with hills, plains, and valleys rapidly succeeding 
 each other, sometimes covered with wood and 
 sometimes used for tillage or pasture-land, and 
 adorned by numerous ponds and streams of 
 water. There are a great many hills in the 
 county, but no mountains ; the highest elevation 
 is Bald Pate, in Rowley. The high lands admit 
 of cultivation to their summits. The soil is 
 generally hard to cultivate, but is made produc- 
 tive by the industry of the farmers, though not 
 then so fruitful as the land in some other coun- 
 ties of Massachusetts. The towns near Salem 
 and Boston have an advantage over others in 
 being so near a market to which they can send 
 the produce of their lands. 
 
 of land is next to the shore for much of its length ? 
 What is done with the salt grass ? Describe the general sur- 
 face of the County. What is the highest land in Essex 
 County ? Is it a mountain ? Give some account of the soil. 
 What advantage have the towns near Salem and Boston ? 
 
102 GENERAL VIEW OF 
 
 Turnpike Roads. When there is a great 
 deal of travel between certain towns, and the 
 road is crooked, a number of rich men obtain 
 permission from the General Court to make one 
 that will be straighter and shorter, and to take a 
 small sum of money from every one who chooses 
 to go over it rather than the old one. Such 
 a road is called a turnpike, and the money paid 
 by travellers is called toll. There are several 
 turnpikes lying partly or wholly in Essex County ; 
 among them are one leading from Andover to 
 Boston, another leading from Andover to Salem, 
 and the Salem and Newburyport Turnpikes 
 from Salem and Newburyport to Boston. Of 
 all the turnpikes in the county the Salem Turn- 
 pike has gained most money for its owners ; the 
 others have not been very good property for 
 those who caused them to be made. 
 
 History. A little more than 200 years ago 
 all Essex County, where there are now so many 
 towns, and schools, and white people, was a 
 great forest, except a few small spots cleared of 
 wood and cultivated by the Indians. It was 
 inhabited by these Indians, who were of a dark 
 
 What i^ a turapike, and what is tull ? ^.Vliat turnpikes are 
 mentioned ? Have they been profitable to their owners ? 
 What was the state of Essex County somewhat more than 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 103 
 
 red colour, and who used to stay only ajshort 
 time in one place, but lived chiefly at Haverhill, 
 Andover, Ipsvi^ich, Newbury, Lynn, Salem, and 
 Marblehead. The men were very idle, but 
 loved to fight and to hunt wild animals ; the 
 women performed the hardest work, such as 
 cultivating the ground and carrying heavy 
 things. Both men and women were very fond 
 of their children. They lived upon boiled corn, 
 sometimes mixed with beans, and frequently 
 cooked with fish or the flesh of wild animals. 
 Their clothes were made of the skins of foxes, 
 beavers, deer, and other beasts. They used to 
 paint their faces of different colours. They did 
 not know the true God, and some prayed to the 
 sun or moon, or to fire ; most of them worship- 
 ped one great being who, they thought, did 
 them good, and another who could do them 
 harm. A few y^ars before white people came 
 here to live, a great plague or deadly sickness 
 destroyed vast numbers of the Indians and left 
 the country almost without inhabitants. 
 
 two hundred years ago. Where did the Indians use to live ? 
 What was the disposition of the Indian men ? How did the 
 women differ in their habits from women at this time 1 What 
 was their food ? How did they dress themselves and alter 
 their appearance ? What did they know of a God ? What ca- 
 lamity happened to the Indians ? 
 
104 GENERAL VIEW OF 
 
 The first visit paid to this county by Europe- 
 ans seems to have taken place in 1611, when 
 Edward Harlie and Nicholas Hobson came to 
 Agawam, or Ipswich, and were kindly treated 
 by the Indians. The earliest lasting settlement 
 of white people in the County was made at 
 Salem two hundred and two years ago. The 
 settlers came from England to enjoy the liberty 
 of worshipping God as they thought right, not 
 being permitted to do so in their own country. 
 They were anxious for the education of children 
 and youths ; soon they had schools at which all 
 children might attend, and they had chosen a 
 place for a college before that at Cambridge 
 was established. In the course of ten years 
 great numbers had come over and settled the 
 towns of Lynn, Newbury, Ipswich, Salisbury, 
 and Marblehead. In fifteen years, or in 1643, 
 Essex County was formed ; it contained eight 
 towns. Salisbury and Haverhill for nearly forty 
 years belonged to another county, called the 
 County of Norfolk; but in 1680 were united to 
 Essex. 
 
 What happened in 1611 ? When did white people first 
 come to live in tEssex County ? Whence and why did they 
 come ? What did they socai do for the cause of learning ? 
 Name the towns settled in the course of ten years. How 
 feoon was Essex County formed ? What two towns once be- 
 longed to another county ? 
 
ESSEX COUNTY. 105 
 
 In J 692 Essex County was very much troub- 
 led, and suffered great injury from the unfound- 
 ed excitement about witchcraft. Many persons 
 were accused and tried, who belonged to vari- 
 ous towns in the County, and to several out of 
 the County. They were charged with being 
 the friends of the Devil, and with receiving 
 power from him to pass through the air without 
 going upon the ground, to torment people and 
 make them sick, and to do other strange things. 
 Trials were held in several places, but chiefly 
 in Salem. If the persons accused confessed 
 that they were guilty, they were released ; if 
 they did not, and were judged guilty by the 
 court, they were condemned to death. More 
 than one hundred were put in prison ; one was 
 pressed to death for refusing to say whether he 
 was guilty or not guilty ; and nineteen were 
 hung upon the gallows. 
 
 Essex County sent soldiers to fight in the wars 
 with the Indians at different times, especially 
 in the Pequod war, and the great war with King 
 
 What misfortune happened in 1692 ? Where did the accus- 
 ed persons live ? With what were they charged ? Where 
 were trials held ? What was done to those wlio confessed, and 
 to these who denied their guilt ? How many were punished ? 
 
 Give an account r>f tlie efl'orts of Kssex County in the wara 
 ^vith tlie Indians ? What was clone by the towns in the Fvcv- 
 
106 GENERAL VIEW OF 
 
 Philip, in which Captain Lathrop and about 
 seventy of the most promising young men of 
 the County were cut off in a single battle. In 
 the war of the Revolution great efforts were 
 made for their country by the towns of this 
 county. Four regiments of soldiers belonging 
 to Essex were in the field in the first part of the 
 war. Part of two of them fought in the battle 
 of Bunker Hill, and had many men killed and 
 wounded. Col. Little and Col. Frye of these 
 regiments fought very bravely and highly distin- 
 guished themselves. Col. Little's regiment had 
 come from Essex just before the battle. The 
 men heard the cannon begin to fire, and without 
 waiting for orders marched to Cambridge to 
 Gen. Ward and offered their services, and then 
 went into the battle. Essex County met with 
 severe hardships in the last war, which began 
 eighteen years ago. The towns on the sea-coast 
 suffered terribly ; they saw their commerce and 
 their fisheries utterly destroyed, and the numer- 
 ous families of those dependent on these bran- 
 ches of business, reduced to great distress. 
 
 olution 1 How many of their regiments were out in the first 
 part of the war ? In what battle did some of the soldiers 
 fight ? What two officers fought very boldly ? What did Col, 
 Little's regiment do '? In what otlier war did Essex County 
 
ESSEX COUNTY, 107 
 
 Very great efforts were made here, however, 
 for the defence of the country against the Brit- 
 ish, their enemies. 
 
 Though Essex does not contain so much land 
 as some other counties, it is very wealthy, and 
 has long been before all the rest in population. 
 It sends six senators to j;he General Court, and 
 may have about eighty representatives. 
 
 suffer severely ? What were the hardships of some of the 
 towns ? Who were their enemies ? 
 
 Compare Essex County with the other counties of this 
 state. How many senators and representatives may it send 
 to General Court ? 
 
REVIEW OE THE COUNTY 
 
 Draw the north line of Essex County. The east line, 
 South. West. How is the County bounded on the north I 
 Oil the east ? South ? West ? 
 
 Draw the shape of Salem. -In what part of the County is 
 it ? Vvl^.at do you recollect of the sufferings of this town in 
 the time of witchcraft? How did Salem obtain its wealth, 
 and its numerous inhabitants '/ What curiosities are there in 
 the Salem Museum ? 
 
 Draw the shape of jNewburyport. Which way is it from 
 Salem ? What do you recollect of the great fire in this place 1 
 What is the appearance of the town ? How much land has 
 this town^ compared with others in the County. 
 
 Draw the shape of x\ndover. Which way is it from Sa- 
 lem ? Which way from Newburyport ? Compare Andover 
 with other towns in Essex as to its size. Give some account 
 of the Institution in this town. 
 
 Draw the shape of Lynn. Which Avay is it from Marble- 
 head ? Give an account of the meetings of the Indians on 
 Lynn Beach. What do you recollect of JNahant ? What 
 business is extensively carried on in Lynn ? 
 
 Draw Haverhill. Give an account of the sufferincrs of 
 Mrs, Duston, and her escape from the Indians. What do 
 you i-ecollect of the attack, in which Mr. Rolfe.was killed ? 
 
 Draw Salisbury. Which way is it from Salem? How early 
 was it settled, compared with tlie other towns on tlie north 
 bank of the Merrimack ? What kind of cloth is manufactured 
 here ? 
 
 Draw Marblehead. Which way is it from Salem ? From 
 Newburyport ? From Lynn ? What generous offer was once 
 made by the people of this town to the merchants of Boston ? 
 For what is Marblehead celebrated ? Give an account of 
 the manner in which cod-fish are caught ? 
 
 Draw Ipswich. Give some account of an Indian battle in 
 this town. What article is manufactured here ? 
 
 Draw Gloucester. Which way is it from Andover ? From 
 Newburyport ? What do you recollect of the surface of the 
 town ? What is the business of the people of Gloucester ? 
 
REVIEW OF THE COUNTY. 109 
 
 Draw Dan vers. Which way is it from Snlem ? What un- 
 happy calamity began here ? What are the most important 
 articles nianufactured in Danvers ? 
 
 Draw Newbury. Which way is it from Andover ? Why 
 did the Indians choose this place for a town ? Draw Pium- 
 Island. Describe it. 
 
 [The teacher can exercise his discretion as to extending 
 the review of towns to any or all others in the County.] 
 
 What towns in the County contain academies ? What towns 
 have factories in them ? Name the three shire towns of this 
 County. In what town are vessels built in great numbers ? 
 Mark the place of Essex. What towns are celebrated for 
 the manufacture of shoes ? What do you recollect of tlie 
 number of shoes made in these towns ? 
 
 How many inhabitants are there in Essex County ? What 
 are the employments of the people ? 
 
 Draw Merrimack River in its course through the County. 
 How far can vessels pass up the river ? In what direction 
 does it run ? How is a sand bar formed at its mouth ? Name 
 the towns on the north bank of the river, and mark their pla- 
 ces. Name the towns on the south bank, and mark their 
 places. 
 
 Draw Powow River and its tributaries. In what direction 
 does it flow ? What mills and factories are there upon it ? 
 Mark their places. 
 
 [If the pupil do not recollect the places of falls, mills, and 
 factories upon a river, he may observe what towns border 
 that stream and turn back to the description of those towns 
 in the Geojjraphy.] 
 
 Draw Little River in Haverhill, and its branches. 
 
 Draw Spicket River. Draw its branches. Mark the 
 place of the falls upon the river. 
 
 Draw all the streams not yet drawn, which run into the 
 Merrimack on the north side. Draw those running into it 
 on the south side. 
 
 Draw Shawshine River. What mills and factories are 
 there upon it ? In what direction does it flow ? 
 
 Draw Cochichewick Brook. What factories are there up- 
 on it ? 
 
 Draw Indian River. Draw Artichoke River. 
 
 Draw Parker River. In what town are there mills and 
 a factory upon it ? In what direction does it flow ? How far 
 can vessels pass up the river ? 
 
 Draw Rowley River. In what direction does it flov ' 
 
 G 
 
110 REVIEW OF THE COUNTY. 
 
 JDraw Little River. What kind of land is there on the 
 borders of Rowley and Parker Rivers ? 
 
 Where is Plum-Island Sound. How is it filled with water? 
 
 Dra^v Ipswich River. What factory is there upon it in 
 Ipswich ? Draw the branches of Ipswich River running into 
 it on the north side. Draw those running into it on the 
 south side. 
 
 Draw Chebacco River. What business is pursued on its 
 banks ? 
 
 Draw Bass River. How is the lower part of it filled with 
 water ? 
 
 Draw Porter's River and its branches. What mills and 
 factories are there upon it ? 
 
 Draw North River and its branches. How is it chiefly 
 supplied with water ? 
 
 Draw South River. What mills are there upon it ? 
 
 Draw Saugus River and its branches. In what direction 
 does it flow ? What kind of land has it upon its banks ? 
 
 Are there any other streams of water in Essex County 
 besides those that have been mentioned ? Of what use are 
 they ? 
 
 Mark the situation of Wenham Pond. Of any other ponds 
 you can recollect. Of what use are they ? 
 
 What do you recollect of the surface of the County ? 
 Where is the highest land ? 
 
 Draw Newburyport Turnpike. What towns does it pass 
 through ? Draw Salem Turnpike. What towns does it pass 
 through 1 Draw Salem and Andover Turnpike. What towns 
 does it pass through 7 
 
 What people used to live in Essex County before white 
 men came here ? What do you recollect of their customs ? 
 What towns were first settled by white people ? Mark their 
 places ? What misfortune happened in 1692 ? 
 
 What was done by Essex County in the Indian wars ? In 
 the Revolution ? How much did it suffer in the last war ? 
 What do you recollect of the present importance of the 
 County ? 
 
DEFINITIONS 
 
 OF GEOGRAPHICAL AND. OTHER DIFFICULT TERMS 
 AS THEY ARE USED IN THIS BOOK. 
 
 Abandoned. Left, given up. 
 
 Abutments. Places built of earth and timber or stone to sup- 
 port the ends of bridges. 
 
 Accused. Having a fault or crime laid to them. 
 
 Adjacent. Very near, close by. 
 
 Agriculture. The tilling or cult^ation of the ground. 
 
 Anchors. Very large and heavy articles of iron shaped like 
 a pickaxe ; they are thrown from vessels and sticking in 
 the sand or mud at the bottom of the water hold the vessels 
 fast by a large rope or cable tied to them, as a halter holds 
 a horse. 
 
 Ancient. Very old. 
 
 Angling. Fishing for pleasure. 
 
 Aqueduct. A set of pipes, often hollow logs, joined togeth- 
 er for water to run through. 
 
 Ascend. To go up. 
 
 Assemble. To come together. 
 
 Attack. To rush upon, meaning to kill or to do hurt. 
 
 Bank. Tlie banks of a river are the sides of it, between 
 which the water runs. A bank in a town is a building in 
 which a great deal of money is kept; the owners of it are 
 generally rich people who pass for money printed pieces 
 of paper called bank bills, and return the money for them 
 if any one brings them to the bank. 
 
 Bark. A vessel with three masts, but different from a ship, 
 because it has one of them with rigging or ropes like those 
 of a schooner. 
 
 Beach. A part of the sea-shore where the sand is smooth and 
 
 t hard. 
 
 Blacksmiths. Those who work upon iron, and shoe horses 
 and oxen. 
 Bleachery. A building in which clothes are whitened, 
 
112 DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Blocks. Very large and long buildings, containing several 
 
 houses or stores. 
 Boundary. Where two towns or tAvo counties meet, the line 
 
 between them is called a boundary or boundary line. The 
 
 dotted lines on the maps which show the shapes of the 
 
 towns are boundaries. 
 Brig. A vessel with two masts, almost always larger than a 
 
 schooner, having also different ringing or ropes. 
 Brook. A small stieam of water, generally smaller than a 
 
 river. 
 Butchers. Those who kill cattle and sheep and prepare their 
 
 meat for the mai-ket. 
 Cabinet furniture. Pieces of furniture for houses, as sofas 
 
 and bureaus. 
 Canal. A long, broad trench or ditch dug in the earth and 
 
 filled with water to float boats or rafts upon. 
 Cargoes. The quantity of goods carried by a vessel. 
 Carpenters. Those who build or repair houses and barns. 
 Causeway. A road built ||p high over very low and wet 
 
 ground. 
 Celebrated. Known a great way off" and much talked about. 
 Celebrity, Great fame. 
 Chapel. A place in which people attend meeting or public 
 
 worship. 
 Circulate. Go round. 
 Civilized. Nations are civilized which are governed by laws 
 
 and have learning and the useful arts among them. 
 Coast. The shore t)r border of the sea. 
 Coins. Pieces of gold, silver, or copper, stamped and used 
 
 for money. 
 Commerce. The carrying of things away to distant places 
 
 for sale and the bringing of others back to be sold in 'this 
 
 country. 
 Common. A level, publick place in a town, oftefi one on 
 
 which companies parade. 
 Communication. A passage or way for people to go from 
 
 one place to another. 
 Compact. Having the houses near each other. 
 Connected. Joined. 
 
 Contrast. Complete difference or unlikeness, as that be- 
 tween white and black. 
 Cordage. The different kinds of rope. 
 County. Several towns united together by law. A county 
 
 consists of one or several towns having in them a court- 
 
DEFINITIONS. 1 13 
 
 house and a jail. Wicked persons who break the laws are 
 
 tried by the judges in the court houses and imprisoned in 
 
 the jails. 
 Crew. The men or sailors belonging to a vessel. 
 Crime. A wicked action against the law. 
 Crops. Things raised upon the land, such as hay and grain. 
 Cultivate. To plough and hoe land and raise crops from it. 
 Custom-hoicse. A building, in which duties or taxes on a 
 
 vessel's cargo are paid, and permission to land goods or to 
 
 sail from a port is given. 
 Dairies. Rooms or places where milk is kept to be made 
 
 into butter and cheese, or the milk and butter and cheese 
 
 themselves. 
 Demand. In demand means, wanted and asked for. 
 Descend. To go doAvn or fall down. We descend when we 
 
 go down a hill ; and water descends when it falls over a 
 
 dam or down any steep place. 
 Direction. The way in which any thing goes or lies. 
 Draw-bridge. A bridge with one part that can be lifted up 
 
 like the lid of a chest the whole width of the bridge, so as 
 
 to let vessels with masts pass through. 
 Eminent. Famous for doing great things. 
 Erected. Built. 
 
 Escape. To get away from danger. 
 Establish. To settle ; to fix for a long time in one place. 
 Excavating. Digging up. 
 Exclusively. Alone, without any beside. 
 Expense. Cost, what is paid for a thing. 
 Expensive. Costly, having cost a great deal of money. 
 Exported. Carried to distant places to be sold. 
 Factory. In a cotton factory cotton is made into^ cotton 
 
 cloth. In a woollen factory sheep's wool is made into 
 
 woollen cloth. In an iron factory iron is worked into dif- 
 ferent shapes and articles. 
 Falls. Places where a river goes down suddenly from one 
 
 place to another much lower. 
 Flourishing. Successful, having good luck. 
 Fort. A place with high banks or walls round it and made 
 
 strong against an enemy. 
 Fortified. A fortified house is one made strong and safe 
 
 against an enemy, and having guns in it. 
 Founders. The founders of an academy arc those who first 
 
 set it up. 
 Foundery. The house and tools used to cast metals. 
 Frenzy. Great madness or craziness 
 
114 DEFINITIONS. 
 
 General Court. A large number of persons are chosen by 
 ' the people every year, some for the towns of the state 
 and a few for the counties, to meet together and make laws 
 or rules to prevent people from doing wrong or to punish 
 them if they do ; just as the school-master or mistress makes 
 rules for the school. The persons chosen go to Boston 
 twice a year to meet together. Those chosen for counties 
 are called Senators and when they are together, form the 
 Senate. Those for the towns are called Representatives 
 and when collected form the House of Representatives. 
 Both together form the General Court. 
 
 Gondola. A large and broad flat bottomed boat. 
 
 Goods. Things bought and sold by merchants or shop 
 keepers. Dry goods are those made of linen, wool, cotton 
 or silk. 
 
 Grist-mill. A mill where corn and other grain is ground into 
 meal. 
 
 Harbour .A large place in the sea-shore where the sea comes 
 in and where the land round keeps the winds and waves 
 from being so high and violent as to injure vessels. 
 
 Hoisted. Raised up. 
 
 House of Correction. A place where bad people are kept. 
 
 Industrious. People constantly employed and not wasting 
 any of their time are industrious. 
 
 Tnhabitants. The people living in a place. 
 
 Institution. A theological institution is a great school or 
 seminary in which young men study so that they may be- 
 come ministers. 
 
 Interior. In the inner part, far from the outside or edge. 
 
 Interriipted. Stopped for a time, broken. ?i!, ? 
 
 Interval. Interval land is the low land in the valley of a 
 fresh water river. 
 
 Invalids. People who do not have good health. 
 
 Island. A piece of land surrounded by water. 
 
 Launched. Pushed or slid into the water. 
 
 Lecture-rooms. Large rooms or chambers, in which students 
 say or recite their lessons, or have things told them by their 
 teachers. 
 
 Library. A great collection of books, kept to be read and 
 not to be sold. 
 
 Manufactories. Buildings where cloths or other articles are 
 made for sale. 
 
 Manufactured. Made by hand or machinery. 
 
 Manufactures. Things made by hand or machinery, as hats 
 and cloths. 
 
DEFINITIONS. 115 
 
 Market. Places in large to%vns where things are constantly 
 bought and sold. 
 
 Markeimcji. Those who carry meat or other articles to mar- 
 ket. 
 
 Marsh-land. Watery and swampy land. 
 
 Mtadoin. Low, wet land. Meadow-lands are generally near 
 rivers and ponds. 
 
 Jilechanics. Those persons who work at trades with tools, as 
 carpenters, wheelwrisrhts. and saddlers. 
 
 3Iedals. Pieces of gold, silver or copper, stamped to re- 
 member some famous person or event by. 
 
 Merchants. Men who buy and sell things from distant coun- 
 tries. 
 
 Mineral. A stone or earthy substance ; generaUy it means 
 one of an uncommon or valuable kind. 
 
 Mottntain. ^'ery high land, higher than a hiU. 
 
 Operation. In operation means, having its business or works 
 going on. 
 
 Pasan. Pagan lands are those, where the people axe not 
 Christians. 
 
 Parallel. Running the same way without meeting ; so the 
 sides of a road or street may be said to be parallel. 
 
 Pari.^h. A part of a to%\-n where the people live who belong 
 to one church. 
 
 Paupers. Poor persons supported by charitv'. 
 
 Peninsula. A piece of land which is almost an island, being 
 nearly surroimded by water. 
 
 Perpendicular. Straight up or down, as a stick is when it 
 stands on one end and does not lean any way. 
 
 Piers. Great piles of stone in a river to hold up a bridge. 
 
 Plain. A large piece of level land. 
 
 Plunder. To" take violently without leave. 
 
 Pond. A small collection of water surrounded by land. 
 
 Popular. Liked by the people. 
 
 President. A person who has the chief management. 
 
 Privateers. Vessels made snug and light, which belong to 
 private persons and saU away \\"ith many guns and men on 
 board to take the vessels of a nation at war with this coun- 
 try. 
 
 Prizes. Things won and taken, whether in sports from a 
 friend, or in war from an enemy. 
 
 Productive. Fruitful, yielding good crops. 
 
 Profession. Any particular kind of business, as that of mer- 
 chants. 
 
il6 DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Professors. Those who teach any science or branch of 
 
 learning at a college or great seminary. 
 Property. Money, or any thing worth nioney, as land and 
 
 houses. 
 Prosperous. Fortunate, lucky. 
 Provisions. Victuals, food. 
 Quarry. A place where stone may be split or dug out of the 
 
 earth. 
 Rafts. A great quantity of logs, timber or boards fastened 
 
 together and floated upon water. 
 Requiring. Making necessary. 
 Reserved. Saved, kept for some purpose. 
 Residences. Houses. 
 Revolution. A change made violently by the people in their 
 
 form of government, or the war in which they do it. 
 Rigging. The ropes in a vessel." 
 River. A large stream of water flowing into another stream 
 
 or into the sea. 
 Sagamore. An Indian Chief. 
 Sails. Large pieces of coarse cloth, called duck, which 
 
 being fastened to a vessel's masts and spread open, catch 
 
 the wind and so move the vessel along. 
 Saio-mill. A mill for sawing boards and timber out of logs. 
 Scalped. Cut the skin from the top of the head with the 
 
 hair on it. 
 Schooner. A vessel with two masts not often so large as a 
 
 brig. 
 Seacoast. The border of the sea. 
 Seamen. Men who go to sea for a living. 
 Seaports. Towns on the sea-shore, with harbours. 
 Seminary. A school, generally an important one. 
 Semi-weekly. Appearing twice a week. 
 Settled. First taken by white people to live in. 
 Settlements. Places where people have cleared land and 
 
 built houses. 
 Settlers. Those who first take a place to live in. 
 Ship. A vessel with three masts. 
 Shire towns. Towns in which the courts of a county are 
 
 held. 
 Sloop. A vessel with one mast. 
 
 Society A number of people who have agreed to meet to- 
 gether at certain times and do other things together. 
 Soil. The dark earth on the top of the ground, out of which 
 
 plants grow. 
 
DEFINITIONS. 117 
 
 ^ound. A large but shallow collection of water nearly sur 
 rounded by land. 
 
 Source. The source of a river is the spring or pcnd whence 
 it first begins to run. 
 
 Spars. Long pieces of pine or spruce timber fastened above 
 the deck or top of a vessel to spread sails upon. 
 
 Specimen. One of many things of the same kind or one 
 piece of any thing by which the rest may be known. 
 
 Sportsmen. Men who are in the habit of hunting or fishing 
 for amusement. 
 
 Sp7-ings. Places where the water rises or bubbles up out of 
 the ground. 
 
 Students. Young persons belonging to a theological institu- 
 tion or to a college. 
 
 S^dtry. Very hot with a close air. 
 
 Surface. The top, the upper side. 
 
 Tanneries. Places in which skins of animals are made into 
 leather by being steeped in the juice of the bark of 
 trees, thus growing firmer and better able to keep out water. 
 
 Tide. On the seacoast the waters are continually rising or 
 falling. For six hours in succession they are swelling and 
 spreading over the shores. This is called the flowing of 
 the tide. For the next six hours they lessen and pass off" 
 This is called the ebbing of the tide. The two regularly 
 succeed each other. 
 
 Tillage. The ploughing and hoeing of land and raising crops 
 from it. 
 
 Tomahavjk. An Indian hatchet. 
 
 Town. A town is the land and water, the houses and 
 people within its boundaries ; sometimes it means the peo- 
 ple alone. 
 
 Toionship. The land and water in a town. 
 
 Tract. A piece of land of considerable extent. 
 
 Turnpike-road. A road which cannot be travelled by any 
 one without paying a small sum of money for using it. 
 
 Vegetables. Plants and roots used for food, as cabbages and 
 turnips. 
 
 Vicinity. Neighbourhood. 
 
 Village. A pretty large number of houses standing together. 
 
 Voyage. When a vessel goes from one place to another a 
 great way off and comes back, it performs a voyage. 
 
 War. When one nation fights with another, and the people 
 kill each other, this is war. 
 
 Wharves. Places built of earth and timber or stone out from 
 g2 
 
^ ^in.o 
 
 J 18 DEFINITIONS. y^ . V ^ ^ 
 
 the bank or shore into a river or harbour. Stores are often 
 
 built upon them 5 vessels lie at their sides and have their 
 
 cargoes taken out and receive -lew cargoes. 
 V/liite lead. A white powder made of common lead and used 
 
 by painters in mixing paint. 
 Wigtvam. An Indian hut or house. 
 Witchcraft. The use of power from the Devil, the actions 
 
 of witches. 
 Witches. People supposed to have power from the Devil to 
 
 do strange things. 
 
 Note. — The fort stated in page 16, on the high author- 
 ty of Dr. Bentley, to have been built in Beverly before the 
 arrival of Gov. Endicott in 1G28, has been lately proved to 
 have been in Marblehead by the testimony of several aged 
 people, given in 1690 and quoted by Mr. Felt in his Annals 
 of Salem from the Quarterly Court Records. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 ill II! I 
 
 014 076 361 5