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HARYEY'S ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 OUR COUNTRY, 
 
 WITH AN OUTLINE OF ITS 
 
 SOCIAL PROGRESS, POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT, 
 
 MATERIAL RESOURCES, 
 
 BEING AN 
 
 EPITOME OF A PART OF EIGHT LECTURES 
 
 WHICH THE ARTIST HAD THE HONOR OF DELIVERING BEFORE THE MEMBERS OF THE 
 
 Hmjal Unatitutinn of (Bint %x\k% 
 
 IN 1849, AND SUBSEQUENTLY BEFORE MANY OTHER LITERARY SOCIETIES OF 
 ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND, ENTITLED THE 
 
 DISCOVERY, RESOURCES, AND PROGRESS OF NORTH 
 AMERICA, NORTH OF VIRGINIA, 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY MORE THAN SIXTY PICTORIAL VIEWS. 
 
 The Forest JVilds and Uncidtivatcd Wastes of America, will be the subjects of a 
 
 future pamphlet, to which will be added other interesting information relative 
 
 thereto. Price each, 12^ Cents. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 PRINTED BY DUTTON k WENTWORTH, 
 
 185 1. 
 

 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, 
 
 By George Harvey, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 
 
OPENINOx ADDRESS 
 
 TO THE SERIES OF 
 
 PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PROGRESS AND RESOURCES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 It will be doubtless acceptable to my auditors, before showing the 
 various pictures set down in the programme for the evening's enter- 
 tainment, to precede them by a few introductory remarks. 
 
 It is well known that for many years, the artist, Mr. Harvey, has 
 been identified in the metropolis of New England with considerable 
 reputation as a professional artist. It will be, therefore, superfluous to 
 descant upon the commendations which have been liberally awarded 
 to him, both by the public and those occupying the highest reputation 
 as amateurs and connoisseurs. Mr. Harvey is, however, not a mere 
 painter ; his claims on your attention and respect, stand on a higher 
 ground than endeavoring to please by the exhibition of pretty pictures. 
 His art has been wedded to that of history. He has made his pencil 
 tell of the past and of the present ; and he has used his intelligence in 
 such a manner as to awaken in most minds, sentiments of gratitude for 
 those services our ancestors have achieved, in changing a wilderness 
 of gloom and desolation, into a land teeming with the fruits of civiliza- 
 tion and happiness. 
 
 The early pioneers of our country, English, German, French and 
 Dutch, were a body of men who shrunk not from toil and danger, but 
 went forth with heroic hearts and strong hands to do battle with wild neg- 
 lected nature. The conflict required an indomitable energy of purpose, 
 untiring industiy, and no small share of physical strength to insure the 
 results of victory. It must not be thought strange, consequently, that 
 if in this conflict with untamed and savage nature, they imbibed some 
 thing of her rudeness and adopted customs and manners more in unison 
 with the aspect of their new position. With change of circumstances, 
 manners changed, as witnessed in the present day in our large cities ; 
 
but with this change, let us not forget the great debt of gratitude we 
 owe their memory, for the good we enjoy, in making the wilderness to 
 blossom in beauty like a rose, fragrant and delightful to look on ; and 
 its barrenness to bring forth an increase like a wheat ear. Let not the 
 pampered sons of luxury and ease, who now in our eastern cities revel 
 in material splendor, despise the rude virtues of those early or recent 
 pioneers, nor forget the homage due to the great minds, whose intel- 
 lectual genius and worth have fashioned our country's career into one 
 of greatness ; neither let them permit an oblivious mood to erase from 
 their memory, when with lengthened journey they cross the eastern 
 slope of the Alleghanies and pass into the broad valley of the Missis- 
 sippi, — let them not forget to observe a due reverence for those 
 western sons, — those woodmen warriors, — who with peaceful weapons, 
 the axe and harrow, are now changing the dark recesses of a dense 
 forest, a howling wilderness, into the cheerful sunlight of an open 
 landscape, and a fruitful country of abundance. 
 
 Three generations since, and the whole length and breadth of the 
 country between the Alleghany and Rocky Mountains, knew nothing 
 of civilization,— nothing of humanity,— we may add, in the strict use of 
 language, for 
 
 There the Red men around the council fire. 
 Raised up the strife of murd'rous, hateful ire ; 
 With stealthy steps and in the gloom of night 
 Their victims sought, to wage the unequal fight ; 
 With savage yells the frighted sleeper woke, 
 And madly aimed the exterminating stroke. 
 The havoc done, content in devious way 
 The prowling hunt to share with beasts of prey. 
 
 The latent wealth of all the land was then 
 Unvvorked, unsought, by those Indian men, 
 Till Providence by acts did plainly say, 
 Thou slothful race thy homes 1 'II give away. 
 And lo their fate ! — The improvident mind 
 Seeks not the truth of living love to find; 
 For as you sow you reap the like again, 
 With increase great or good or evil gain. 
 ' Tis Holy Writ, which Inspiration gave, 
 That makes us great and just and true and brave, 
 
 The Indian tribes extinct, we take their place, 
 Prepared, ordained, the honored, chosen race. 
 Already note the good we 've done thus far; 
 Our flag includes many an emblem star. 
 A heavenly sign, that time we trust will show, 
 Where justice reigns and living truths shall glow. 
 Now look you West, and mark the scene how changed, 
 Where former years sad desolation reigned ; 
 There see the school, the sacred church, the shop, 
 The frugal inn where weary travellers stop ; 
 
And well-fenced fields ihe ripening grain enclose, 
 And all around the stores of wealth disclose ; 
 The maple groves, the sunny prairie plains, 
 Where competence is won by labor's gains ; 
 And household homes of human bliss the sum, 
 Enticing hosts of starving men to come; 
 For there the land, rich in alluvial mould, 
 Its culture pays with increase thousand fold. 
 Now cheerful toil, combined with prudent skill, 
 Hath stocked their farms and granaries doth fill ; 
 And onward still towards the rising sun 
 Intelligence and wealth their race will run ; 
 Till on the coast, the Pacific Western shore, 
 By English speech is taught true wisdom's lore. 
 
 Now the theme thus briefly versified, expresses in general terms the 
 progress of our country. 
 
 Let us continue the subject by particularizing in plain prose, a few of 
 the elements which go to make up the whole, whether physical, intel- 
 lectual or moral. But before entering on these subjects, it will be as 
 well to remark that the pictures now placed for public exhibition, arose 
 out of a series of Drawings on American Scenery, which Mr. Harvey 
 made some fifteen years since, when ill health compelled him to leave 
 Boston. These drawings had elicited so much commendation, that at 
 last Mr. Harvey listened to the counsel recommending their publication, 
 and for that purpose patrons were solicited. The proposal met with 
 much commendation from the press, and the task was entered upon 
 with an earnest purpose of giving to the American public a work that 
 should prove itself worthy the nation. 
 
 The first number was only just completed, when the monetary revo- 
 lution of 1838 prostrated every enterprise of the country. In this state 
 of things, it is almost unnecessary to remark, an expensive work of art, 
 costing one hundred dollars, was the foremost retrenchment in the 
 code of economy ; and consequently some of the patrons of the publi- 
 cation withdrew their names, while others recommended a suspension 
 till better times arrived. This suggestion was complied with. 
 
 After a lapse of seven years, prosperity again blessed our country, 
 and the task of completing the work was again entered upon from a 
 sense of duty. Mr. Harvey hereupon sold his property on the Hudson 
 River to obtain capital for the purpose, and again sailed for England. 
 He had not, However, been six weeks in the British metropolis, before 
 a monetary revolution conjoined with political disturbances, threatened 
 the parent country with bankruptcy and ruin. 
 
 The few subscribers, however, on Mr. Harvey's list were written to, 
 but they all declined to proceed with the work excepting Her Majesty 
 and the Duke of Rutland. 
 
This second dilemma caused Mr. Harvey some perplexity. Chance 
 led him to visit the Polytechnic Institution of London, where he wit- 
 nessed a most popular and fascinating mode of illustrating Lectures, 
 and subsequently learning the fact of there being nearly two thousand 
 Literary and Scientific Institutions in the country where professional 
 lecturers were employed, caused him to think of making the progress 
 of our country a subject of interest to their members, and at the same 
 time accomplish a beneficent mission. Mr. Harvey, therefore, arranged 
 the knowledge and information which he had prepared for his intended 
 pictorial publication, so as to make it suitable for a series of illustrated 
 lectures, and then solicited the honor of engagements. 
 
 The provinces were selected as the theatre of his first essays, and 
 these experiments proving satisfactory, Mr. Harvey returned to London 
 to enlarge his collection of illustrations, when he was called upon to 
 give eight lectures before the members of the Royal Institution of 
 Great Britain, an institution justly celebrated for the lead it takes in 
 promoting scientific and useful knowledge. During the three years 
 Mr. Harvey was absent, he addressed some eighty other audiences, 
 who uniformly listened to him with respect and manifested much 
 approbation. 
 
 " As there is a striking analogy between national and individual 
 offspring,' 1 Mr. Harvey was in the habit of remarking, " he could not 
 perceive why England should not look towards the United States with 
 sentiments similar to those which most parents love to entertain and 
 cherish towards their first descendant, for there was no divergence of 
 temporal interests in a true and enlarged understanding taught by 
 enlightened political economy. Certainly, in a moral point of view, 
 there can be no greater benefits accruing, than those which flow from 
 peace and good will towards each other, and to a dissemination of such 
 sentiments and opinions the artist has consecrated the best energies of 
 his nature and his life." 
 
 We are accused of living in an age of materialism ; that is, we seek 
 for such luxuries and wealth as administer to our bodily wants, or for 
 our love of display, rather than in unfolding those resources of a men- 
 tal and intellectual character which tend to ennoble a nation. 
 
 To a certain extent, in one department of intellectual culture, this 
 accusation may be admitted as applicable to the wealthy, in not using 
 a portion of their incomes for the due encouragement of art, but cer- 
 tainly it does not apply in the same degree, nationally, for in no country 
 has there been so much attention paid to general education, as in the 
 northern portion of the United States. 
 
 The fault, then, if applicable to any class, lies at the door of those 
 
with whom Providence has entrusted the distribution of large wealth, 
 in not fostering a due development of the higher branches of artistic 
 labor ; for it must be confessed by every person who has given the 
 subject a thought, that intellectual art has not met with the encourage- 
 ment its ennobling and refining tendencies deserves. 
 
 We are somewhat in the position, as regards the value or utility of 
 the fine arts, of a Scotch Highlander, who in rifling the pockets of an 
 English officer found dead on the field of battle, secured, with other 
 booty, a watch. When the shadows of night, hushed all the elements 
 of strife, and the weary warriors sought repose around many a bivouac 
 fire, which was kindled on the field of battle, the Highland soldier 
 availed himself of an opportunity to inspect his booty, when he discov- 
 ered the watch to have motion, and holding it to his ear, like a child, 
 was pleased with its ceaseless tick, and ignorantly thought it a thing of 
 life. With great care he placed it near his bosom to keep it warm, 
 and during the stillness of the night many times listened to its gentle 
 noise, as one might to the cheerful chirp of a cricket. He slept, and 
 when the morning sun dawned, he awoke and discovered his watch to 
 be silent. He aroused his comrade, and in accents of pity complained 
 that the " puir wee thing was deead," and cast it away as useless. 
 
 Thus it is in civilized life ; all things are useless till education has 
 done its appointed work. When we are taught the use of a time-piece 
 and have engagements to keep, then do we know the value of a watch. 
 
 We have Mechanics, Literary and Scientific Institutions, Schools, 
 Academies and Universities, Libraries and Reading Rooms, but no 
 Galleries nor Public Gardens, nor have we public taste, duly to ap- 
 preciate them, nor artists by which they could be filled with credit. 
 
 These are wants we as a nation would do well to attend to, for the 
 Great Creator has not given to man, and to man alone on earth, a 
 capacity to find great pleasure in the beautiful, and at the same time 
 strewed the earth with flowers, and clothed all natui'e in loveliness, 
 without designing them for an ennobling usefulness. 
 
 Artists, therefore, may be considered as standing somewhat in a 
 similar relationship to physical nature, as does the minister of our re- 
 ligion to that of morals ; both must be educated and ordained from on 
 high, to be able, satisfactorily to unfold their mysteries either wit 
 profit to themselves or others. 
 
 It was for the purpose of furthering the aims and object of art that 
 patriotic individuals have awakened public attention to Art Unions. 
 The one bearing the name of the New England Art Union has peculiar 
 claims on Bostonians, and as such it is recommended to your attention 
 and support. 
 
8 
 
 Leaving the discussion of such introductory topics, we will proceed 
 to take a rapid survey of the early history of our country, and then 
 proceed with the more interesting portion of our evening's entertain- 
 ment, by the exhibition of the illustrations 
 
 We will commence at the time when Henry the Seventh, in 1497, 
 gave permission to John Cabot, to take six caravels, under two hundred 
 tons burthen, for the purpose of making the first voyage of English 
 maritime discovery. 
 
 John Cabot, and his son Sebastian, with great modesty, selected only 
 two, which they manned with 300 sailors ; and thinking the voyage 
 might be turned to profit, these small vessels were freighted with goods 
 as commercial ventures, by London and Bristol merchants. At the 
 time the English nation undertook this enterprise, no one could have 
 formed the remotest idea of the grand result which would ensue, and 
 which we now perceive has taken place. How wonderful and grand 
 has been the issue. European and our own civilization is attributed to 
 the action and reaction bi'ought about by the commerce and settlement 
 of this country. It would be, however, foreign to the subject before 
 us to enlarge on the theme. 
 
 In May, the two Cabots set sail, and on the 24th June they discovered 
 Newfoundland, which they named Nova Vista, — New View. They 
 then pursued their voyage in search of the northwest passage to Cathay 
 and India, the great desiderata of the age. They arrived at Cape 
 Florida, whence they returned without attempting to make a conquest 
 or settlement. 
 
 By virtue of this voyage, England in after years claimed her posses- 
 sions in the New World, and in accordance with the customs of the 
 age the claim was considered valid. 
 
 Through a singular succession of causes, 61 years was suffered to 
 pass without any attempt being made to turn these important discoveries 
 to account. No movement, however, of any decisive character, took 
 place till 1578, when Sir Humphrey Gilbert, half brother of Sir Walter 
 Raleigh, wasted his fortune in attempting to settle Newfoundland. 
 
 Six years after, Sir Walter Raleigh himself, perceiving that the 
 Spaniards were successful in the South, digested a plan for forming a 
 colony, which he laid before Queen Elizabeth, who granted him an 
 extensive patent for lands in the New World, and in honor of Her 
 Majesty the colony was named Virginia. His first and four succeeding 
 attempts miserably failed. 
 
 In 1609, the London Company of Merchants hired their vessel, the 
 Half Moon, to the Dutch East India Company, having in two previous 
 years failed in effecting any discovery of importance. When the Dutch 
 
hired the vessel, Hudson still retained the command, and in this voyage 
 he made the celebrated discovery of the beautiful river, that to this 
 day retains his name. By certain patent rights and privileges, which 
 the charter granted by Queen Elizabeth gave to the London Company, 
 and of which Hudson was a member, he sold to the Dutch fifty miles of 
 territory along the entire length of that majestic stream, and also Mar- 
 tha's Vineyard, now part of Massachusetts. 
 
 By virtue of this bargain, the Dutch claimed jurisdiction in the New 
 Netherlands, as New York was then called ; and it was not disputed 
 till in after years they complained that the English in Connecticut were 
 encroaching on their territory. The claim was investigated, when it 
 was discovered that the Dutch had no valid title, whereby they could 
 claim jurisdiction ; so that at the termination of the war, in which the 
 parent country and the Dutch were engaged, it was stipulated in the 
 articles of peace, that territorial jurisdiction should belong to the Eng- 
 lish, but that the Dutch settlers might retain their lands by a transfer 
 of allegiance. 
 
 To resume. When Hudson published his description of the country, 
 and the magnificence of the river, he painted the whole in such glowing 
 colors, describing its beauties and its advantages with so much earnest- 
 ness, that the Dutch Company were eager to take possession. As the 
 Half Moon had returned with a profitable cargo of peltry, the possession 
 of the country was entered upon in a mercantile spirit. Manhattan Island 
 was chosen as the place of settlement, and in a few years after they 
 established a trading post at Fort Orange, since changed to Albany. 
 
 Now a few English nonconformists, the Puritans, had for some 
 fourteen years been residents at Leyden, in Holland, whither they had 
 fled to escape from Star-Chamber persecution. They were, however, 
 tired of living in a foreign country, and thinking that the New World 
 afforded them an excellent opportunity of carrying out their designs of 
 social and religious policy, determined them to emigrate. They for 
 some time failed in obtaining a vessel for the voyage, till finally they 
 sent an agent to England, who chartered the never-to-be-forgotten 
 May Flower for the purpose, but still the emigrants were compelled to 
 join the vessel at Plymouth ; and at the appointed time, August, 1620, 
 sailed for the Hudson River. 
 
 On the 11th November, my authority says, they made land, which 
 they discovered to be considerably north of their chosen locality ; but 
 from some cause, which history does not give, they determined upon 
 taking possession at the place subsequently named New Plymouth, 
 where they debarked on the 12th December. 
 
 It has been said that the captain of the May Flower was bribed thus 
 2 
 
10 
 
 to deceive them. Whatever the truth may be, there is a strong proba- 
 bility that such might have been the case. 
 
 This settlement, after a few years of privation and suffering, became 
 eminently prosperous. It was only when they forgot to practice the 
 principles of religious toleration, that any serious danger or difficulty 
 occurred. Difference of religious opinion was, in former times, met 
 by persecution ; and continued dissent at last so maddened and aroused 
 the dominant party, that they proceeded to the cruel extremity of sen- 
 tencing a quakeress to have her tongue bored by a red hot iron, for ut- 
 tering, what they were pleased to term, blasphemous heresy. 
 
 In 1631, Roger Williams, a Welchman, entered his protest against 
 this tyrannous dogmatism of the clergy. He was banished and fled 
 into the wilderness, where he made friendship with the natives, and 
 stealthily held communication with those inclining to his views. He 
 soon had so many followers, that the authorities determined to send 
 him to England, in a vessel they detained for the purpose. He escaped 
 the pursuit of those sent in quest of him. After various wanderings he 
 organized a branch colony, which he settled on land purchased from 
 the Narragansett Indians, and in acknowledgment of God's goodness, 
 named it Providence. 
 
 The persons composing this new society, entered into a voluntary 
 association and formed a government that in after years became a 
 model, from which certain elementary principles have been taken, 
 whereby our Federal Union has been formed. The history of little 
 Rhode Island is, therefore, full of interest, and may be compared to a 
 little gushing rill, welling up in the forest ; and the United States to a 
 mighty river. The rill is insignificant in its first meanderings, but as 
 it passes on and is joined by other tributaries, it becomes important. 
 Stream after stream swells its onward course, till finally it is enlarged 
 to a mighty river, bearing an honored name ; and those who perchance 
 may float on its majestic surface, become desirous of tracing it to its 
 fountain source. With excited interest they enter on the task, and 
 thread the devious windings of its way. They come at last within the 
 precincts of its native country, and then to the hill-side, where gushing 
 from amidst smooth pebbles, it discourses in sweet soft tones the tale 
 of its sparkling birth. 
 
 This simile might be carried further, but let us bear in mind a 
 truth of Hudibras, 
 
 Thnt brevity is very good, 
 Whether it is or 'tisn't understood. 
 
 and in accordance with this sentiment, we will change to the exhibition 
 of the Pictures, as being the more interesting portion of the evening's 
 -entertainment 
 
PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 The May Flower on mid Ocean. 
 
 The first picture selected for the evening's exhibition, is a sea view, 
 with the May Flower under a threatening sky, near sun-rise. The au- 
 thority for the form and rig of the vessel represented, is derived from 
 a wood engraving which Mr. Harvey met with while searching among 
 that overwhelming collection of books and other documents, preserved 
 in the British Museum. The name of the vessel was not given, but 
 the date, 1624, made it cotemporary, with that of the celebrated vessel 
 which brought out the first settlers to New England. In the absence 
 of an identical or authentic portrait, Mr. Harvey concluded, that one of 
 a family resemblance might serve as a substitute, he therefore made a 
 copy, the result of which is before you. 
 
 The May Flower was only of 180 tons burthen, yet it braved the 
 perils of the sea without loss of life, and landed in safety the 120 pas- 
 sengers for which it was chartered, but as before observed, not at the 
 original place of destination, — the Hudson river, — but on the coast 
 subsequently named New Plymouth. 
 
 The Landing of " The Pilgrims:' 
 It is a matter of record, that the snows of winter covered the earth, 
 when the founders of New England first took possession of their fu- 
 ture country. 
 
 The May Flower is represented with furled sails at anchor, and a 
 party from the vessel about to land on the rock, which in after years 
 has been held in such cherished remembrance, as to make it almost 
 sacred. If the country had been Catholic it would doubtless have been 
 canonized. A wag of the Emerald Isle designates it as the Blarney 
 Stone of New England. 
 
 It is stated in history that the May Flower was on the coast for more 
 than a week without seeing any inhabitants, at last the strange vessel 
 attracted attention, and brought several of the Indians to the shore, 
 with whom a friendly understanding took place, but no treaty was en- 
 
12 
 
 tered into, for the simple reason, no language, other than that of pan- 
 tomime could be understood. It would be wrong, therefore, to suppose 
 more occurred, than amicable manifestations from both parties. 
 
 The Indian standing on the rock, is holding out the calumet, or pipe 
 of peace ; and the white flag flutters on the prow of the boat, both are 
 tokens of amity recognized in the present day, but it is questionable 
 whether either of the opposite party understood the emblems when 
 they were first used. 
 
 The groups in the foreground, are evidently in council. The au- 
 thority for the costume is merely traditionary, for the artist is not 
 aware that there was any authentic drawing taken at the time. The 
 robe of yellow tanned deer skin forming the costumes of the squaws, 
 and the mode of carrying their children have been recorded, so that in 
 these particulars the representation is matter or fact. 
 
 A New York Packet Ship amidst Icebergs. 
 This illustration has been painted for the purpose of exhibiting in 
 strong contrast, the majestic packet ship of the present day, with that 
 of the small vessel which brought over the first emigrants. The ship 
 represents the Victoria, from a sketch the artist made, when on a re- 
 turn voyage and on a calm day, the Captain ordered the boat to be low- 
 ered for the purpose. The vessel looked a thing of life, but the artist 
 has in this picture preferred representing her in a stiff breeze, amidst 
 icebergs, which for three days made the position of the ship somewhat 
 perilous. These icebergs are formed in the Hudson's Bay or farther 
 north. Succeeding winters increase their bulk to such an enormous 
 size, as to cause their weight to detach them from the precipitous 
 mountain cliff, on the sides of which they were once frozen fast. They 
 then drift with the current setting out of Davis's Straits, in the direc- 
 tion of the Banks of Newfoundland, and thence into the Gulf Stream, 
 where the warmth thus brought from the Equator, soon melts them 
 away. If westerly winds prevail, they are then driven so far East, 
 as to be carried by the southern current sometimes as far as the Ma- 
 deira Islands. The icebergs represented in the view are nearly two 
 hundred feet out of the water, their depth, below, consequently can- 
 not be less than 1,000 feet. The warm waters of the Gulf Stream 
 mingling with the cold current from the North, causes the fogs common 
 to the vicinity. 
 
 A Forest Scene. — Settler's ?naking Maple Sugar. 
 At what period the early settlers became acquainted with the saccha- 
 rine properties of the sap of the maple tree, or whether the Indians 
 
13 
 
 knew and taught them, the artist never heard. In the present day the 
 maple tree is much prized for its sugar yielding wealth, particularly in 
 the Western States, where many farmers depend solely on this tree for 
 their supply of sugar. 
 
 The only time when the maple tree yields its sap, is in the spring of 
 the year, during the alternation of thaw and frost. The process is to 
 bore a shallow hole with an auger into the trunk of the tree at a con- 
 venient height, and then to insert a hollow spiggot, or to cut an incision 
 with an axe, and then with a large gouge, prepare a place just under 
 it, for the insertion of a piece of shingle. This done, on the first 
 warm sunny day, a complete stream of sap will flow, which is collected 
 in wooden troughs, holding about a gallon each. These are frequently 
 emptied by periodical visits of a boy with a horse and "jumper" (a 
 rude kind of sleigh), on which is fastened a barrel. The sap is then 
 carried to the boiling place and converted into syrup, which is kept till 
 the close of the season, when it is either granulated or cast into moulds, 
 for it is necessary to economize time during the short season of the sap 
 gathering. Wherever the maple tree abounds, settlers generally fence 
 off a tract, which is called a sugar orchard. It is necessary that cattle 
 should be excluded at the time of sugar making, or otherwise they 
 would drink the sap, of which they are inordinately fond. This, 
 however, is but the smallest item of loss. The cattle become so weak, 
 and lose flesh so rapidly afterwards, as to cause their death. It has 
 the same effect on men, but not when converted into sugar. 
 
 The season is earnestly longed for by children, that they may 
 enjoy the luscious treats which sugar making alone regales them with. 
 The work is however somewhat exhausting, on account of the melting 
 snow keeping their feet continually wet, no shoe leather being impervi- 
 ous to the soaking penetration of snow water. 
 
 During spring, particularly at the time of sugar making, frequent 
 showers of snow occur, and therefore, to make the illustration more 
 veritable, a dioramic effect in the picture is now taking place, the deep- 
 ening gloom betokens a storm, — see, snow begins to fall. 
 
 When such storms threaten, it is usual to make the rounds, empty 
 the troughs, and lean them against trees, to prevent the snow from 
 lodging within, to remove which would occasion some trouble, espe- 
 cially if the snow falls in a moist state, and should freeze. The boy is 
 represented in the act. The pools of water, and the dark tracts of feet 
 and of the " jumper," show that the snow is in a very " slushy " state. 
 
14 
 
 The Sand Hills on the Coast. — A Thunder Storm. 
 
 Nearly the whole coast of North America, from Santa Cruz to Cape 
 Cod, consists of low sand hills, similar to those represented in the 
 view before us. The dark clouds, indicate an approaching thun- 
 der-storm, and the flashing lightning, somewhat assist the mimic scene. 
 This illustration was painted for the purpose of exemplifying a geo- 
 graphical feature, and at the same time to admit a few remarks to be 
 made upon the phenomena of thunder storms, as witnessed by us dur- 
 ing the summer months. 
 
 It is a common remark, that John Bull is slow to admit the superi- 
 ority of anything we possess, but in the loudness of our summer's 
 crashing thunder, and the frequent and vivid corruscations of its light- 
 ning, there is a terrific contrast, with such as is common to the North- 
 ern Islands or high latitudes. 
 
 A Log Farm House and Door Yard. 
 
 This view was painted as a creditable representation of the more 
 humble description of farm buildings common to the Northern and 
 Western States. If there is no indication here of luxury, there is 
 much of industrious thrift and homely comfort. The cleanly white- 
 washed log-house, the oven, with the two stacks of cut firewood ready 
 for use ; the picketed garden beyond, filled with garden " truck;" the 
 leach tub near the well, the timber "snaked" in for firewood, the 
 geese, chickens, and turkeys, and stacks of grain, all indicate prosper- 
 ous industry and comfort. 
 
 The turkey is a well known native bird, and frequently met with in 
 its wild state in the West. Mr. Harvey knew a gentleman who was de- 
 sirous of raising a great quantity of these birds, and gave instructions 
 to his farmer ; — for the gentleman was both wealthy and fashionable, — 
 to save all the turkey eggs for hatching. After much fruitless perse- 
 verance, and meeting with no compensating success, they were left to 
 their own care. During the summer but little was seen of them in the 
 barn yard, and the gentleman began to entertain the idea, that this deli- 
 cious bird would be a rarity on the family table during the ensuing 
 winter. In this he was agreeably mistaken, for no sooner had the first 
 snow fallen, which was at night, when a message was brought to him 
 on the following morning, that the old turkeys had returned to the barn 
 yard, bringing with them more than one hundred young ones. The 
 success was owing to the suitable food they picked up in the wild 
 woods, enabling the tender chick to grow up in health and strength, 
 and thus resist a premature death, 
 
15 
 
 The Interior of a Log House. 
 
 The sketch from which this scene was taken, was made in the west- 
 ern part of Pennsylvania, and at a time when the artist claimed shelter 
 from a passing thunder storm. Mr. Harvey was so pleased with the 
 cleanliness and good housewifery that he requested permission to make a 
 sketch. The request was most politely granted, and during the whole 
 time he was thus employed, there was not the slightest manifestation of 
 an impertinent curiosity. He marvelled at this, because ever since 
 Dr. Franklin gave utterance to his pleasantries, about Yankee curi- 
 osity, we have had the reputation of being a very inquisitive people, and 
 as the good lady hailed from the land of steady habits, he did not ex- 
 pect so much self control and respect. 
 
 Wishing to test the absence of all curiosity, the artist when he had 
 finished his task, deliberately placed it in his port-folio, but he had 
 scarcely done so before a modest desire was expressed to see it. The 
 request was of course most cheerfully complied with, and ended with a 
 neat compliment, worthy of the most polished society. The memory of 
 this incident of good breeding, has filled Mr. Harvey's mind with a 
 strong argument, proving that there are many persons whom nature, 
 and not education, has made true ladies and gentlemen. There is much 
 goodness and many sources of happiness in this world, if we are only 
 careful to cherish a correct and genial temper. 
 
 The various items of household furniture, must be so familiar to 
 most of you, that it is scarcely worth the time to point them out. We 
 will therefore proceed to the next illustration. 
 
 Farm Buildings near the South line of Michigan. 
 
 The open landscape now before us, is a coriect type of Western 
 scenery. You may pass over thousands of miles, along roads, where 
 a similarity of such objects, as here present themselves, are the com- 
 mon features of the country. A log hut, the first abode of the settler. 
 A log building carefully squared and dovetailed together, which after 
 two years seasoning, is finished and made neat and comfortable within. 
 The trees growing in the wood lot at the back of the house, give a 
 correct idea of the beauty that may be expected, when forest trees 
 are left standing for ornament. There is but little comeliness, or 
 beauty in their tall naked trunks, with little tufts of foliage aloft. 
 Their great height and shallow roots, make them liable to be blown 
 down by the first high wind, therefore trees are seldom left in clearing 
 land. This statement, will exonerate the pioneers of the wilderness 
 
16 
 
 from the oft repeated charge of barbarism, in indiscriminately clear- 
 ing their land. Besides, trees that have matured themselves in the 
 shade of the forest, seldom thrive after exposure to the sun and air. 
 
 In the distance, on the top of the hill, is a girdled clearing, a very 
 common feature in the landscape of the West. Girdling trees is a 
 very expeditious mode of getting forest lands speedily into cultivation. 
 The process is very simple. A rim of the bark, about two inches 
 broad, is cut out entirely surrounding the tree. In consequence no 
 sap can ascend and the tree dies. The absence of foliage, there- 
 fore, permits sufficient sun to penetrate below, as warrants the culti- 
 vation of the soil. This is speedily done by a harrow, with wooden 
 teeth, being dragged over the accumulation of dead leaves rotting on 
 the ground. The seed is then scattered, and again harrowed, and 
 nothing more is required till harvest. 
 
 A Logging Frolic. — A Scene of the fertile West. 
 
 The present view gives an animated representation of the final pro- 
 cess of clearing land. It may be characterized, by calling it the last act 
 of the drama in the Forest Wilds, and according to established usage of 
 the playhouse, it is made a gay scene by the assemblage of the many act- 
 ors, who for some time have been performing their various parts, such as 
 building log huts, making maple sugar, chopping and lopping ; piling the 
 tops of the trees into huge heaps, and afterwards setting fire to them ; 
 making a " bon-fire " where gigantic flames will dart their forked edges 
 into the air a hundred feet or more, and the burning mass will crackle 
 and roar with its very intensity, till the towering pile is reduced to a 
 mere handful of ashes, and a great part of the leaves that once strewed 
 the land have been charred with the fire that has overrun them. Then 
 come the splitting suitable timber into rails wherewith to enclose the 
 field, and finally the " logging. 11 This, as before observed, may be called 
 the last act of the play, for the lofty monarchs of the forest are made to 
 " bite the dust, 11 and are gathered together, as it were into funeral piles, 
 and when burned, their ashes are treasured up as spoils belonging right- 
 fully to the woodmen warriors. These relics, converted into pot or pearl 
 ash, will mostly repay all the expenses of the forces employed in over- 
 coming the savage character of the gloomy wilderness. 
 
 This description may be thought somewhat fanciful, but it is not 
 therefore the less true. We will however finish what is further to be 
 said on the subject, in a plain matter of fact manner. 
 
 The isolation of families, and the almost hermit like seclusion of those 
 who follow clearing land as a trade, make the gathering of large num- 
 bers together for the purpose of expeditiously terminating some task, 
 
17 
 
 •a matter of holiday, a pastime as it were, when the loud laugh and jo- 
 cund jibe, give to their minds a cheerful and exhilarating tone. Neigh- 
 borly feeling, even to those living ten miles distant, and the rites of hos- 
 pitality are, at these gatherings, duly observed. If the frolic is given 
 by a settler, who is a married man, the wife will proudly exhibit her 
 skill in making pot-pies and many other gastronomical stimulants, all of 
 which are sure to be much relished by these hardy sons of toil, for 
 there is no sauce equal to that which labor gives to hunger. 
 
 The picture before us requires but little explanation. The log piles ; 
 the stumps ; the endless confusion of prostrate trees, cut into suitable 
 lengths for being dragged by oxen, and piled into heaps ; the mode of 
 sliding them on skids where they are to occupy the second and third 
 tiers in the pile, and the use of the handspike in the operation, are all 
 duly depicted, so that those who have witnessed a similar scene, will 
 perceive the faithfulness of the representation. 
 
 Before dismissing the illustration, it will be as well to remark, that 
 the opening in the forest, seen in the centre of the picture, is the future 
 street or public highway. In parts of Western Canada, and, in fact, 
 throughout all the West, the roads ai'e laid out in straight lines, and at 
 right angles with each other, so that in a level country, the wall-like 
 vista of trees sometimes extends to a mere speck in the blue distance. 
 The lofty, straight, crowded growth of the primeval forest, in rich 
 alluvial districts, crowned with a dense canopy of leaves, as shown in 
 the picture, effectually excludes the sun's rays, so that in summer 
 time there reigns only a twilight gloom. 
 
 The Entrance into a Coal Mine. 
 Nature has been most lavish, in distributing her gifts on this conti- 
 nent, and with a bounteousness, no where else paralleled in the world. 
 We have spoken hitherto of the exuberant fertility of the Western 
 soil ; we will now say a few words relating to its mineral treasures. 
 Lead, copper, gold, iron and coal, are all to be obtained without much 
 outlay of capital or labor. We have an illustration here of the truth of 
 this remark, a rude shed, just sufficient to prevent the crumbling earth of 
 the hill side from obstructing the entrance of the coal strata, and the 
 mine is ready for working operations. How great a contrast does this 
 present, with the mineral treasures of the old world, where a fortune 
 has to be expended, in sinking a shaft deep into the bowels of the 
 earth, and then, oftentimes, the treasures expected are illusive, or the 
 vein, if of coal, is so thin as to compel the workmen to pursue their 
 mining operations in the most painful attitudes, and subject to all the 
 casualties of foul air, suffocating gases, or explosions. 
 3 
 
18 
 
 With us, the coal fields are to be seen, " cropping out, 11 as the 
 miners phrase it, strata above strata, on the sides of hills, varying from 
 five to ten feet in thickness, and often so level as to permit horses and 
 carts to be used. In some instances, the strata has been worked 
 through the entire hill, and thus ventilation became easy. 
 
 The coal mine here represented, is near Wheeling, in Virginia, on 
 the Ohio River. At Pittsburg there are five strata, three of which are 
 above high water mark. The topmost one, which Mr. Harvey explor- 
 ed, is not less than ten feet in thickness. The one before us was about 
 seven feet high. A singular geological feature presents itself. All 
 the coal on the western side of the Alleghany Mountains is bituminous, 
 while that on the Eastern slope in Pennsylvania is anthracite or hard 
 coal. 
 
 A Torrent in a Rocky Ravine, Autumn. 
 
 We have here a view of one of those numerous streams, which 
 abound in many parts of a hilly country. They are valuable for mill 
 purposes. The wild holiday life they pursue amidst their native hills, 
 is tamed down by a cheap and expeditiously constructed dam, and thus 
 converted into little lakelets, where the winds of heaven ripple their 
 surfaces as they sweep over the environed margins of trees. Such 
 portions of water, which the miller has no need of, is permitted to rush 
 headlong, in a foaming fury, across the level barrier of the dam, and 
 is lost or overwhelmed in the bosom of some mighty river. 
 
 To the meditative mind, how full of suggestive thought are the 
 streams " which wind their devious way along earth's rugged plain." 
 There is no type in the material world so full of similitude to the moral 
 and spiritual life of man, as water. Often has the artist mused, when 
 studying on the banks of rivulet and brook, and read their discourse 
 like a printed page. It would be foreign, however, to our object, were 
 we to recite further passages. The theme is replete with sentiment, 
 and therefore abounds with the elements for endless discourse. 
 
 The rich livery in which Autumn has clothed the trees fringing the 
 stream, needs no apology in this country, to enforce its truth. We are 
 all of us aware, that no skill or color the artist possesses, can come up 
 to the intense brilliancy and gorgeousness our forests assume on the 
 first appearance of frost. The crimson of the dogwood, the scarlets, 
 yellows, and orange hues of the maples, are colors unknown in the 
 woods of the British Isles, for the reason that those trees are seldom 
 seen there, except as ornamental copses in parks, and then, owing to 
 the coolness of their summers, the leaves do not mature to that degree 
 
19 
 
 of ripeness, which permits the alchemy of frost, suddenly as with us, 
 to transmute them into a gorgeous assemblage of brilliant colors. 
 
 Lighthouses on the Highland of Neversink, N. Y. 
 
 The hill on which these beacons are erected, lies within the juris- 
 diction of New Jersey, and at the entrance of the Hudson River. The 
 hill does not exceed 350 feet in height, but nevertheless it is the high- 
 est ground from Maine to Vera Cruz. The City of New York can be 
 seen from the Lighthouses, and the splendid bay, which has been 
 thought equal to the celebrated Bay of Naples, is here seen in all its 
 extended and varied beauty. The number of lighthouses claiming 
 attention of Congress, already amount to near 500. 
 
 Since Jersey City has been admitted a port of entry, the authorities 
 have claimed the right to grant licenses to pilots, so that the competi- 
 tion with those of New York, produces an activity very beneficial to 
 ship owners. Those pilots who venture furthest to sea, and are the 
 most diligent in quest of approaching vessels, obtain the greatest share 
 of employment. 
 
 The Palisade Rocks on the Hudson River, from Hastings^ Landing. 
 
 The delightful scenery on this river, combined with its straight, 
 deep, navigable waters, make it unrivalled. It is here nearly two 
 miles wide, but it soon expands into a bay, more than twice the 
 breadth ; and thus is formed, throughout the principal part of its 
 coui'se, a succession of beautiful lakes. It is a tidal river to Albany, 
 below which place it is not subject to floods, or to much change in the 
 swiftness of its current, but glides with a slow, majestic grandeur to 
 the Ocean, bearing on its surface the most elegant steamboats and 
 deeply laden vessels, rich in the surplus wealth of the West and " far 
 West" country. 
 
 The rocks seen on the opposite side of the river are basaltic, and 
 are somewhat similar to the Giant's Causeway in Ireland ; the struc- 
 ture, however, is not so perfect, but more resembling the crvstalization 
 of starch. They are in some places nearly 800 feet in height. The 
 sloping part at their base is composed of the fragments thrown down 
 by the action of rain and frost, and overgrown by forest trees. A few 
 years since, and these rocks were considered valueless ; they now 
 yield a large income, being in great demand for the construction of 
 wharves, thereby giving employment to many vessels, which are 
 freighted with them, even for New Orleans. 
 
 Within fifty years, nearly the whole district was sold for less than 
 
20 
 
 one hundred dollars. It now brings the proprietor many thousands per 
 year, merely for quarry fees. 
 
 On the eastern side of the river, being the side from which the 
 view is taken, white marble extends for thirty miles ; a block is seen 
 in the foreground. 
 
 The Military Academy, West Point, N. Y. 
 
 The Hudson River here winds amongst high hills, from one of 
 which, called " the crow's nest, 1 ' the present view is taken. After 
 leaving this point, it emerges into Newburgh Bay, and like an honest 
 man, temporarily compelled by circumstances to pursue a tortuous 
 course, resumes its former straight forward career of usefulness and 
 grandeur. 
 
 The Military Academy is an institution under the patronage of the 
 Federal Government, and occupies a piece of table land commanded 
 by the heights on Fort Putnam. This was a military post of great im- 
 portance in the revolutionary struggle, and as such, the commander of 
 the British forces in New York thought it desirable to negotiate with 
 the traitor, Ai'nold, who had command of it, for a shameful surrender. 
 Major Andre, who is represented as the soul of chivalry and honor, 
 was selected as the messenger. The plot was nearly consummated, 
 and Andre was returning to the city, with the agreement appointing 
 the time for taking possession, when he was stopped by three men, 
 near Tarrytown, and searched. The papers, which he had concealed 
 in his boots, being discovered, he was forced to accompany his captors 
 to the American camp, but Arnold made his escape to Canada ; poor 
 Andre's fate proved a sad one, for he was detained a prisoner, tried by 
 a Court Martial as a spy, found guilty and hung. 
 
 Pittsford, on the Erie Canal, N. Y. 
 
 Pittsford is situated in one of the most productive agricultural dis- 
 tricts in the State, and is but a few miles from Rochester, celebrated 
 for its immense water power and flouring mills. The Erie Canal has 
 been the primary cause of giving to the City of New York the exten- 
 sive commercial importance which she enjoys, and causes her to be 
 looked upon as the commercial metropolis of the United States. 
 
 The great statesman, Governor De Witt Clinton, was the first pro- 
 jector of the canal. For many years, he labored most assiduously to 
 bring those in legislative authority, to sanction its construction, until at 
 last an act was passed for the purpose, and money raised accordingly. 
 During those years, when it was only partially completed, the governor 
 
21 
 
 became the subject of many jeers and jibes from his political enemies, 
 who nicknamed the canal — Clinton's big ditch, Clinton's folly. They 
 also wrote many epigrams, and perpetrated some quizical jokes, at the 
 great man's expense. 
 
 There has been also, during these late years, great strife as to the 
 policy of enlarging it to twice its original width and depth, and supply- 
 ing it with a double set of locks. The advocates maintain, that within 
 one generation, the increase of business would be such as to repay the 
 first cost, and afterwards, the revenue from tolls would be so great, as 
 to defray the general expenses of government, and thus do away with 
 the necessity of taxes. However doubtful this assertion may be, one 
 thing is certain, the canal in passing through a wilderness, has given 
 great value to tbe neighborhood throughout its entire length, more than 
 three hundred miles ; and made that which was almost valueless, in- 
 valuable : enough so as to build a hundred such canals. De Witt 
 Clinton's name in New York, stands next to that of Washington, as the 
 benefactor of his country. 
 
 Portland Pier, Lake Erie. 
 
 These inland seas, dividing British and United States territory, are 
 very important geographical features of the country. It has been com- 
 puted that they contain nearly half of the fresh water of the entire 
 globe. Lake Erie is not more than between two and three hundred 
 feet deep, consequently future ages may see it a mere river, should the 
 Falls of Niagara ever recede as far as Black Rock. The Lake is 300 
 miles long by about 50 wide, and in cold winters is frequently frozen 
 over. 
 
 The commerce on this and the upper lakes, is every year increasing. 
 It is carried on by steamers, schooners and ships, of 300 tons burthen, 
 which frequently make voyages of fifteen or sixteen hundred miles, 
 before returning to the port of departure. 
 
 The few harbors found on Lake Erie are mostly on the Canada side. 
 In consequence of this deficiency on the American shores, the Federal 
 Government has erected many piers, which are used mostly as steam- 
 boat landings. The one here represented is a type of all the rest. It 
 is situated at Portland. 
 
 The thunder cloud which looms up so magnificently in the middle 
 of the view, forms the most picturesque part of the composition. 
 
 A Slack water Canal amongst the Mountains. 
 The Pennsylvania canal, on the western side of the Alleghanies, 
 as here illustrated, is made by damming up the natural stream, and at 
 
22 
 
 the same place constructing a lock for the passage of boats from one 
 level to the other. The impetuosity of the stream being thus rendered 
 a gentle current, the term slack water navigation is peculiarly appro- 
 priate. 
 
 The cost of constructing these works is trifling compared to such as 
 are excavated. 
 
 The termini of this canal are at Pittsburgh and at Johnstown. At the 
 latter place, railroads on inclined planes over the mountains, connect it 
 with the Pennsylvania canal at Hollidaysburgh, of which the next view 
 will be an illustration. 
 
 An Aqueduct on the Pennsylvania Canal. 
 
 The statesmen of Pennsylvania, emulous of the reputation and pros- 
 perity which internal improvements have achieved in the adjoining 
 Commonwealth, by bringing the increasing stores of wealth from the 
 West, within the borders of New York, conceived the idea that they 
 also might come in for a share, if they constructed the canal. 
 
 Nature, however, has interposed an unbroken barrier of mountains. 
 To overcome these, 14 inclined planes have been constructed, in order 
 to transport freight and passengers from this canal, on the eastern side, 
 to the other one on the west. The expense of construction, and cost of 
 steam power in working these inclined planes, have hitherto prevented 
 the revenue from the tolls proving as profitable as at first anticipated. 
 
 It was for the construction of this, and kindred works, that the gov- 
 ernment of the State pledged its credit, and obtained a loan. The 
 monetary revolution, which took place shortly after, prevented a fulfil- 
 ment of the conditions of the bonds, and for some years the interest 
 remained unpaid, much to the discredit of the State. Great efforts 
 were made at the time, to save the honor of her people, and to pre- 
 serve good faith with her creditors, but with little success. Happily, 
 in the present day, Pennsylvania bonds are no longer a by-word and a 
 reproach. The repudiation was brought about through the instru- 
 mentality of some demagogues, who used their influence with the 
 German population, to induce them to return members to the Legisla- 
 ture, opposed to the policy of raising taxes for the purpose, unless a 
 law was passed allowing them to have German school teachers paid 
 out of the school fund. This has always been denied to them, with 
 great wisdom, for it is desirable, to ensure peace and harmony in the 
 republic, that there should be no distinctions of race, which foreign 
 languages serve to perpetuate, but that the country should be an entire 
 people, with one tongue, and that we all should glory in the proud dis- 
 
23 
 
 tinction which unity confers, but which could not exist, if Babel-like, 
 we were confounded, — as we read of in the Bible, — by a jargon of 
 lanfniacres. 
 
 The latent wealth of Pennsylvania is unsurpassed by that of any 
 other State in the Union, and fully justifies her statesmen in using those 
 resources and appliances, which the genius of the age permits them 
 to employ for its development. 
 
 The present view is a wooden aqueduct resting on stone abutments, 
 which continues the canal over the Juniata seen flowing under it. 
 The banks of the canal being above the line of vision prevents the spec- 
 tator seeing the water. 
 
 The time is near sunrise. 
 
 A Railroad Scene near Harper's Ferry. 
 
 When the mind takes a comprehensive survey of our vast country, 
 where the coherence with which its political and social interests are 
 dependent on a reciprocation of mutual benefits, the railways necesa- 
 rily claim an important consideration. No vexatious passport sys- 
 tem exists, no inquisitorial examination of baggage arouses the ire of 
 the traveller in our ever to be cherished union, for we can pass from 
 Maine to Texas, from ocean to ocean, free from all the annoyances 
 inflicted on those who journey from place to place in Europe. Rail- 
 ways are every year extending their ramifications east and west, and 
 north and south, binding the wide Union together in a net- work of iron ; 
 strengthening a far seeing sytem of mutual interests, which we trust will 
 defy all the trucculent outpouring of our political demagogues, and at 
 the same time prove to the world, that self government, as it is termed, 
 a government based on the public opinion of an intelligent people, is 
 superior to the dictates of partisan strife or intemperate counsel. 
 
 The extent of railways, now in operation, exceeds twelve hundred 
 miles, and in all probability before ten years shall have passed away, 
 it will be at least twice that length. 
 
 The present view was taken about ten years since near Harper's 
 Ferry. The old Swedish mill on the right was then in good working 
 order. It is now in disuse, and consequently it is getting into a ruin- 
 ous condition. 
 
 The Rui?i at Newport, R. I. 
 
 Benedict Arnold, an early settler of this Commonwealth, in one of 
 the first sales which he made of Narragansett lands, calls this an old 
 
24 
 
 stone mill. Consequently it is conjectured to have been built, — proba- 
 bly by Norwegians, — before the English settlement took place. Dr. 
 Wheaton, many years American minister at Copenhagen, discovered 
 strong evidence, proving that this country was known to the Scandi- 
 navians, and that two princes of that nation were born in Vinland, 
 the name they gave to this country. To confirm this statement, 
 a rock in the Bristol river, which was supposed to be covered with 
 Indian hieroglyphics, has been recently examined with more know- 
 ledge. It proves to be Runic, and records the landing of Thorfin, a 
 Danish prince. 
 
 The ruin, consequently, is supposed to have been erected by some of 
 these early voyagers, as a place of security. There are many rea- 
 sons for thinking the conjecture a right one. 
 
 Concord, on the Merrimac River, N. H. 
 
 The view before us was selected for the purpose of using it as an 
 illustration in Mr. Harvey's lectures, of the character and appearance 
 of many villages in the New England States. The artist thought 
 the scene combined those peculiar characteristics which cause the 
 northern towns and villages to be distinctive from those where New 
 England teaching and enterprise have had no influence 
 
 The numerous churches and comfortable dwellings here represented, 
 are indicative of a people in the enjoyment of a highly religious and 
 secular intelligence. 
 
 Tell me, says a shrewd English writer, of the company you keep, 
 and I will tell you your character. Thus it is universally, an observant 
 mind takes note of all things, and can predict even from the tie of a 
 shoe-string, something which tells of the wearer's disposition and 
 habits. Much more truly can he do this of a people, from the aspect 
 of their town or hamlet. 
 
 The founders of this place, during the time it was a frontier settle- 
 ment, passed through many perils when the single-mindedness of their 
 beneficence alone saved them. The following tale is to the point. The 
 first minister was rather a favorite with the red men. They used famil- 
 iarly to call at his house, and frequently enticed the eldest son into the 
 woods, where they would decorate and paint him in true Indian taste, 
 and then return him to his home. They once visited the pastor's stock- 
 ade for the purpose of enjoying in security a debauch of fire-water. 
 On this occasion they came with their jug of rum during the good 
 man's absence. It gave some alarm to the minister's wife, which 
 the Indians perceiving, caused them to surrender their weapons into 
 
25 
 
 her care, to be returned when they were sober. For two days and 
 a night the carousal continued, and finally terminated in a long sleep 
 after the fire-water was all gone. They then claimed some food and 
 the return of their weapons, and peaceably departed. The tall church 
 spire in the distance belongs to the oldest meeting-house in the town. 
 There, in olden times, the villagers were accustomed to assemble on 
 religious duties, bringing with them their fire-arms and carefully 
 stationing a sentinel in the belfry, to warn them of the approach 
 of danger. 
 
 The main street is very wide, and is planted with many beautiful 
 shade trees. It now enjoys the facilities of railroad communica- 
 tion and is very thriving. The numerous church steeples give the 
 scene a cheerful and picturesque effect, which otherwise would be 
 dull and common-place. The boys are bathing in the Merrimac river 
 which through its entire course is converted into water power. Lowell 
 and other manufacturing towns being dependent on it for mill purposes. 
 The original sources of this river are amidst the White Mountains. 
 
 A District School House on the Penobscot River, Me. 
 
 We have before adverted to the wide diffusion of education through- 
 out our common country, particularly in the Northern States. And, 
 here again, we have an opportunity of saying a few words more on 
 the subject, as the present view represents one of the buildings in which, 
 as the poet Thomson says, " The delightful task of teaching the young 
 idea how to shoot" is pursued, and the embryo mind reared for future 
 fortune. 
 
 This schoolhouse stands on a hill near the Penobscot River, between 
 Belfast and Camden, and, as far as its architecture is concerned, it is 
 a good type of a thousand other buildings, which are devoted to 
 the like purposes, and even the splendid tree casting its broken shad- 
 ows over shingle and roof, may pass as the portrait of many of the 
 same kind scattered over the country. 
 
 The bay in the distance lends enchantment to the view, as do most 
 of our capacious rivers ; and, as a parallel to its physical beauty, the 
 mental and moral one is no less interesting, for the training in the 
 school begun, gives a moral perspective in the mind's eye of the phi- 
 lanthropist, and fills it with radiant hope for the future well-being of 
 the republic. 
 
 The group of children here represented, would afford an opportu- 
 nity of introducing a story, overheard by the artist, on which occasion 
 some spicy banter passed between a son of toil, and a young scion of 
 
 4 
 
26 
 
 a wealthy man. If properly told, the episode would prove too long to 
 be appropriate, but it may be as well to remark, that, the youngster 
 paid back in current coin a Rowland for an Oliver. 
 
 Boston Common, from Charles Street Mall. 
 The present view must be so familiar, that little is required to eluci- 
 date its character. The State House with its lofty dome, the Park 
 Street Church with its tapering spire and the double towers of the Ma- 
 sonic Temple, are all duly represented in the distance, together with the 
 foot paths, the trees, and the hill. The little piece of meadow which the 
 men are mowing in the foreground, in former years used to be covered 
 with long grass, owing to the marshy state of the soil preventing it 
 from being trodden down. When Boston was only a small village, the 
 land now enclosed was a common pasture, where every one had a right 
 to send their cattle to graze. All that however is changed, for now it 
 wears more the aspect of a park than a field, and ofttimes it is a place 
 for military parade and healthy pastime. 
 
 Where glecsome youth to play inclined, 
 Sports the vagaries of his mind. 
 In summer time, it is ball play, 
 In winter, coasting bears the sway, 
 And to most country folks, the sight 
 Of fountaiu jets, give great delight, 
 Whose rainbow tints of sparkling power, 
 Mimics the arch in a sunny shower, 
 The like of which yon sec is glowing, 
 Over the Elm near the centre growing. 
 
 There is much of the history of our country associated with the 
 view before us, but which we will not attempt to epitomize. 
 
 Kenyon College, Ohio. 
 
 The view before us is a landscape with the buildings of one of those 
 institutions where i*eligious and secular education are both combined. 
 The college owes its being to the untiring and exalted patriotism of 
 -the Rev. Philander, now Bishop Chase, who some thirty years since 
 crossed the Alleghany mountains, and in the very centre of the State, 
 on the banks of Owl Creek, assumed the duties of a pioneer of civiliza- 
 tion. Here, in the most primitive and apostolic manner, he hewed 
 with his own hands a home in the far off wilderness ; here he sowed 
 and reaped, — physically and morally, — prepared young men for the 
 ministry of the gospel ; preached to the few scattered inhabitants the 
 glad tidings of peace and good will to men, thereby making the whole 
 
27 
 
 tenor of his life one of Christian usefulness. Most truly did he prac- 
 tice the precepts he taught. His appeals to the members of the Epis- 
 copal Church for pecuniary support to endow this College, were so 
 parsimoniously responded to, as compelled him to solicit aid of the 
 wealthy in the parent land. This, on several occasions, has been gen- 
 erously given. The government of the institution, owing to church 
 dissensions, finally passed from his rule, and within the last kw years 
 it has been alternating between the ecclesiastical and secular depart- 
 ments. 
 
 However mortifying this course of things would prove to ordinary 
 minds, yet with him it has had but little effect ; for in his old age, 
 undismayed by the privations and perils he had passed through in early 
 life, he again entered on a similar career of great beneficence, by lay- 
 ing the foundation of Jubilee College in Michigan. 
 
 The college, with pointed spires, stands on table land, overlooking 
 one of the celebrated fertile bottom lands, common to Owl Creek, 
 which little stream is seen near the foreground. The houses extending 
 in a straight line are the residences of the various professors. 
 
 St. Thomas's Church, Broadway, N. Y., at nightfall. 
 
 There was, originally, a two-fold object in the present illustration, 
 which made it interesting to a British audience, more so than it is 
 likely to possess with us. The first was, it enabled Mr. Harvey to 
 continue the theme of church education, briefly alluded to when the 
 last picture was before us ; and in the second place, it enabled him to 
 say a few words describing the bustle and wealth witnessed in the 
 great commercial metropolis of the new world ; all of which would be 
 as familiar to us as household words, and therefore prove as tedious as 
 a twice-told tale. 
 
 The church has recently been burned to the ground. The view is 
 taken looking down Houston Street and across Broadway at the time 
 of nightfall. 
 
 Flatbush, from Ocean Hill in Greemvood Cemetery, N. Y. 
 
 Every large town in the United States has now its cemetery ; and 
 from a spirit of pride, as well as a just tribute of respect to the memory 
 of those entombed in these grounds, they are kept in most excellent 
 order, and will compare with the most celebrated in Europe for the 
 good taste with which they are laid out. The present view is at sun- 
 rise, typical of our Christian hopes, for the sunrise of the soul is at the 
 boundarv of life. 
 
28 , 
 
 The grounds of this cemetery embrace nearly 500 acres of land 
 and lie within the corporation limits of the city of Brooklyn. They 
 were laid out most judiciously by the late Major Douglas, with wide 
 carriage roads, their united length measuring more than fifteen miles. 
 The number of elegant and tasteful monuments are multiplying in all 
 parts of the grounds ; these, combined with the beauties of nature, 
 consisting of picturesque copses of trees, winding avenues through 
 woody groves, shady dells where small natural lakes, reflect in their 
 clear mirror-like surface the objects near their banks ; the gradual 
 slopes of the hills, from one of which the present view is taken, all 
 conspire to make it a place much resorted to by those who have car- 
 riages, especially when visitors from distant parts make sight-seeing 
 an object. In fact, this place is one of the " lions " of the city of 
 New York and Brooklyn. 
 
 The plains in the distance are called Flatlands, and the village, Flat- 
 bush, — beyond these is the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Sunny Side, the residence of Washington Irving, Esq., on the Hudson 
 
 River. 
 
 The description of the scene before us, — the home of one who has 
 achieved distinguished reputation as a classical writer, will be by 
 an extract taken from Geoffrey Crayon's letter to the editor of the 
 Knickerbocker. The introduction itself is full of a delightful quiet 
 humor, and as it is short we will repeat it. 
 
 It commences by observing, " that as a man advances in life, he is 
 subject to a kind of plethora of the mind, doubtless occasioned by the 
 vast accumulation of wisdom and experience upon the brain. Hence 
 he is apt to become narrative and admonitory ; that is to say, fond of 
 telling long stories and doling out advice, to the small profit and great 
 annoyance of his friends. As I have a great horror of becoming the 
 oracle, or, more technically speaking, the " bore " of the domestic cir- 
 cle, and would much rather bestow my wisdom and tediousness upon 
 the world at large. I have always sought to ease off this surcharge of 
 the intellect by means of my pen, and hence have inflicted divers gos- 
 siping volumes upon the patience of the public." 
 
 Further on he introduces the quizical historian of New York, the 
 veritable Diedrich Knickerbocker, and describes the incidents which 
 lead to their mutual acquaintance, and of his ransacking the archives 
 of one of the most ancient and historical mansions in the wizard regions 
 of Sleepy Hollow ; and then follows the description of the building 
 before you, which is most graphic and true. 
 
 " It was a lowly edifice and stood on a green bank overshadowed by 
 
29 
 
 trees, from which it peeped forth upon the great Tappan Zee, so famous 
 among early Dutch navigators. A bright pure spring welled up at the 
 foot of the green bank ; a wild brook came babbling down a neighbor- 
 ing ravine, and threw itself into a little woody cove in front of the man- 
 sion. It was, indeed, as quiet and sheltered a nook as the heart of man 
 could require in which to take refuge from the cares and troubles of 
 the world, and as such it had been chosen in old times." Then comes 
 a pedigree of Wolfert Acker and the Van Tapels, and several pages 
 full of the most agreeable romance ever penned by man. To resume. 
 
 " I have become possessor of the Roost ! (formerly rust or rest.) I 
 have repaired and renovated it with religious care, in the genuine 
 Dutch style, and have adorned and illustrated it with sundry relics of 
 the glorious days of the New Netherlands. A venerable weathercock, 
 of portly Dutch dimensions, which once battled wind on the top of the 
 Stadt-House of New Amsterdam, in the time of Peter Stuyvesant, now 
 erects its crest on the gable end of my edifice ; a gilded horse, in full 
 gallop , once the weathercock of the great Vander Heyden Palace, at 
 Albany, now glitters in the sunshine and veers with every breeze on 
 the peaked turret over my portal ; my sanctum sanctorum is the cham- 
 ber once honored by the illustrious Diedrich ; and it is from his elbow 
 chair, and his identical old Dutch writing desk, that I pen this rambling 
 epistle." 
 
 Since Mr. Irving's return from Madrid, where for many years he 
 filled the office of American minister to that court, he has added a 
 characteristic wing to the edifice, the belfry tower of which is seen 
 above the roof. The trees have now so completely shut in the house 
 as to prevent its being seen from the river. The present view was 
 taken many years since. 
 
 Boys Coasting ; a Composition on the Hudson River. 
 
 The delight with which boys enter on this pastime, in the coldest 
 weather, is a proof of its exhilarating influence on their spirits. The 
 exercise is somewhat robust and varied ; and to judge from the glow of 
 rosy cheeks of the youngsters, it is doubtless beneficial to health. 
 
 The idea of dragging a sleigh up a steep hill, in order to slide down 
 again, and still to keep repeating the operation for many hours together, 
 was a statement, which in England, was oftentimes received with in- 
 credulous laughter, and much pleasantry. Mr. Harvey on these occa- 
 sions, in order to enforce a belief in the statement, and to show that 
 great pleasure was often associated with great labor, referred to the 
 fact, that the first gentlemen of the land would toil for days together, 
 
30 
 
 with gun in hand, in search of sport as it is termed, and deem the ex- 
 citement an ample recompense. Then why was it asked, — in the pres- 
 ent instance, should youthful blood fail of deriving great delight from 
 the pastime of coasting. 
 
 A philosophic truth, recognized in the aphorism, that all happiness is 
 dependent on an active principle, is fully borne out, and the converse 
 of the argument confirms it, that the idle man is a miserable one. 
 
 This train of reasoning proved the absence of any poetic fiction in 
 the statement, and was satisfactory. 
 
 A Sleighing Party ; a bright Winter's Afternoon. 
 Wordsworth has justly stated that the child is father of the man, and 
 in this scene, we have an exemplification of the aphorism ; for boys, 
 as soon as they arrive at mans' estate, and have the means at com- 
 mand, seek to renew the pleasures of their youth, when winter's 
 snow covered the ground ; but their desires, how changed ! They no 
 longer content themselves with the hand sledge ; ambition fires their 
 souls, and with increase of years, new sentiments have sprung into 
 active being ; they must have a dashing equipage, a spirited horse, 
 and a companion whose bright eyes and fair form, have left deep im- 
 pressions on their budding sensibilities not easily to be resisted ; hence 
 we have these sleighing parties, where, sometimes fifty or sixty young 
 men will agree to certain preliminaries, and fix the day for the affair to 
 come off. No long interval is apt to occur, for youth is proverbially 
 impatient The place of rendezvous being fixed, the procession form- 
 * ed, a wild scamper over hill and dale, snow drifts and frozen ponds 
 ensue, whereby the speed and metal of their horses is tested. This 
 enjoyed, they arrive at the appointed house, where refreshments and 
 music have been provided, and 
 
 Then mirth and dance, rule through the night, 
 Its brimming bumper of delight. 
 This pleasure passed, night's starry train 
 Lights up their way to home again. 
 
 On these occasions, it is a general rule that the procession shall 
 not be broken ; we have here, however, a young blood, who, impatient 
 of following, has just taken the lead with his spirited horse, and hails 
 a kindred spirit in the rear. 
 
 Tremont House, Boston. 
 The first pecuniary recompense Mr. Harvey derived in Boston for 
 the exercise of his talents as an artist, arose from the perspective 
 
31 
 
 view now before us. The drawing was made at the request of William 
 H. Elliot, Esq., a gentleman of exalted patriotism, to whose memory, 
 Boston and the country at large, owe much for the lead lie took in such 
 objects, as tend to civilize and refine. Things we approve of we try 
 to imitate. The argument, therefore, for the erection of a model 
 hotel, being based on the fact, that as we have no acknowledged order 
 of nobility, wherefrom customs and fashions of a social nature should 
 emanate, he thought the influence of a well conducted hotel, with ele- 
 gant appointments, likely to prove highly beneficial ; as travellers 
 would largely diffuse into society an observance of the etiquette com- 
 mon to polished society, and which it was intended to establish here. 
 
 Besides the accomplishment of this good, in extending the refine- 
 ment of manners, an enlarged intercourse has been promoted from all 
 parts of the Union, which has done something to break down sectional 
 barriers, and thereby tend more rapidly to fuse into one people the 
 many races composing our population. 
 
 This hotel consequently claims an historic interest, and as such it 
 was painted. There are now scattered over the Union many such 
 hotels, every city having more or less, and in some of them there is a 
 great improvement to be observed, in architectural accommodations, 
 style and elegance of fittings up, and of quiet management. 
 
 The Catskill Mountain House, N. Y. ; a Day View. 
 
 This place has been for some years a favorite spot for a summer re- 
 sort, especially when the weather in the towns and cities is sultry and 
 oppressive. Then is a visit to this high region of pure air and pine 
 fir fragrance the most delicious. Here on the mountain top, the ener- 
 vated and languid system braces up, the sickened appetite revives, 
 and the mind becomes a participant in healthful emotions. 
 
 The view from this elevation is most extensive, for nearly the entire 
 valley of the Hudson lies before you, like a map, but no moving ob- 
 jects can be seen; the height is too great. One morning during the 
 artist's visit, the air was so delightfully calm, that a ploughman in the 
 nearest field at the base of the mountain, was heard singing in a loud, 
 merry strain. This attracted the attention of many persons, who in 
 vain attempted to find his whereabouts, till at last, discovering a long 
 line of recently upturned furrow, darker than the rest, there was then 
 perceived a little white speck which moved along, as the dark line ex- 
 tended itself. This object, a telescope revealed to be, a span of two 
 white horses, dragging a plough. 
 
 The hotel can accommodate two hundred persons. 
 
32 
 
 The Mountain House by Moonlight. 
 
 This view in nature, when sable night draws its dark veil over the 
 wide valley of the Hudson, and the stars are seen brightly twinkling in 
 the deep blue firmament of Heaven, is full of majesty and sublimity. 
 Then the hushed soul may listen to the deep voices that speak of hid- 
 den mysteries, which the dayspring on high alone can reveal. The 
 deep vale below, black in the recesses of night, has everywhere bewil- 
 dering marks, but the strained senses cannot make them out, whether 
 of woods or fields. The moon gently rises in the east, and with its 
 modest, borrowed light, faintly unfolds with dim uncertainty the per- 
 plexing maze. So is the world around an eternal type of the world 
 within ; how dark with vague imagining is every thought, till the bor- 
 rowed light of revelation shows the truth of hidden things, but even 
 then only in a twilight view ; but when the broad sun of day rises in 
 glory, then do all the hues and forms of objects and subjects stand out 
 in bright relief, and the clouds of the valley that once mantled around 
 them, melt away, causing us to stand forth arrayed in beatified 
 vision. 
 
 These are parables taught by our divine religion, and which the 
 voices of nature, when meditation leads the way, most fully confirms, 
 for the God of the human soul is the Great Author of all that is seen 
 or known. 
 
 Sunrise, above the Clouds, from the Catskill Mountains. 
 
 In the preceding view, we noticed some creeping clouds stretching 
 along near the horizon. These clouds have been poetically named the 
 earth-born stratus. As soon as the shadows of evening cast a deep 
 twilight over the landscape, in certain states of the atmosphere, when 
 
 The air in gentle stillness breathes, 
 Reposing droop, the aspen leaves, 
 And lake, and stream, are mirrors bright, 
 Soon to reflect the stars of night. 
 
 Then do these low clouds begin to form, and throughout the deep- 
 ening stillness of the night, they stretch their horizontal, sheet-like 
 form, until the entire valley is covered in an impenetrable fog, and the 
 morning sun rises upon the curtained world, unattended by his gor- 
 geous followers of prismatic light ; no gold nor orange, crimson nor 
 purple nor heavenly blue, are to be seen above ; all nature wears a 
 prison-like aspect of gloom ; the ceiling and walls of mist enclose the 
 inhabitants of earth on every side ; but beyond the boundaries of the 
 
33 
 
 vapory walls, the sun, we perceive, as in the view before us, begins his 
 glorious career, surrounded by all the bright panoply of rainbow light. 
 How close is the analogy of the moral world within us ! Darkness and 
 clouds frequently shadow our souls, as typically represented in the 
 preceding and present view, but yet, if the heart is pure, we are assur- 
 ed that the God of light and life will again illume with his cheering 
 beams, the pathway of our pilgrimage. The flower cannot flourish 
 without rest and fertilizing dew, nor can our souls become strong and 
 great, without faith and discipline. 
 
 A Morning Rainbow. A Garden Landscape Composition on the 
 Grounds of Blythewood, on the Banks of the Hudson River. 
 
 All nature is filled with forms of endless complexity, and strewn 
 with flowers of infinite loveliness ; they are, however, but the types of 
 the spirit world, for the Eternal God, the ever-living spirit, has created 
 them ; and moreover he has given to man alone on earth, an under- 
 standing wherewith they shall impart instruction, and administer hap- 
 piness, if properly they are so enquired of. It is recorded in holy writ, 
 that man was placed in a garden, in a state of happiness, innocence 
 and purity, where nutritious fruits grew in the abundance of a delicious 
 climate, and where beauteous nature harmonized with heavenly bliss, 
 causing them to be ever hymning their gratitude and praise. They 
 fell ! but redemption has been proclaimed. Humanity has now to 
 labor with an earnest purpose, and pursue the pathway of progress to 
 regain his lost heirship of former happiness and bliss. Let us strive, 
 therefore, to learn the laws by which evil and imperfection pass away, 
 while goodness and beauty forever renewed are made for immortality. 
 
 The rainbow, in the morning of man's history, after his disobedience 
 was an early promise of hope, but discipline was ordained. There is, 
 consequently, a moral parallel in this emblem, stronger than at first 
 sight appears. To confirm the aptness of this remark, the artist has 
 seen throughout his life only one morning rainbow, and that ushered in 
 a day of storm ; while those in the afternoon are frequent and proceed, 
 generally, from transient showers passing off. So it is in life, the bow 
 of promise in the morning of youth speaks of trial and discipline, for 
 the distant clouds of our future are often dark ; but when age, like the 
 afternoon, has come on us, the rainbow is full of light and sunshine ; 
 the storm has gone leaving the clear heaven in view. The old 
 proverb is in confirmation, for 
 
 A rainbow in the morning, says sailors take warning 3 
 But the afternoon bow is a joy we well know. 
 
34 
 
 The Interior of a Draiving Room. 
 
 Mr. Harvey had the good fortune, while residing on the Hudson 
 River, to number amongst his friends, a gentleman of fortune, who, with 
 much general knowledge, combined a love for the fine arts. He pos- 
 sessed many excellent paintings, both of the old and modern school, 
 but they all hung in bad lights. It was during an afternoon conversa- 
 tion, that the artist suggested the conversion of the drawing room into 
 a picture gallery, by the construction of a lantern light through the 
 roof, as is here represented. 
 
 The idea was approved ; for it was thought that a gallery of paint- 
 ings was second only to a library of books, either for instruction or 
 ornament. The two in the same house, it was deemed, must be more 
 beneficial than a library without a gallery ; for books tended to a soli- 
 tary selfishness, while paintings promoted a genial sociality. When 
 we enjoy a thing of beauty, we always long to share the enjoyment 
 with another. Since the adoption of this plan, many gentlemen on the 
 Hudson have added galleries to their establishments. 
 
 The oval window at the end of the room, was reserved for the sake 
 of a fine view across the river, of the distant Catskill mountains. The 
 window consists of a single sheet of plate glass. 
 
 We have now passed through the inspection of many scenes, from 
 the time when the pilgrims sailed on the vasty deep to the present 
 period. The rude attempts at comfort the first settlers put forth, con- 
 trasts in its homely character with the refinement and elegance of the 
 present day, as indicated in the view before us. But let us be cautious 
 as to the conclusions we draw from sumptuous splendor or the unequal 
 distribution of wealth. We must not suppose that outward circum- 
 stances have as much to do with real happiness as modes of thought. 
 If we are wise, we will not unduly covet the stewardship of great 
 wealth ; for there is great responsibility attached to its employment. 
 Providence, however, has ordained since the world begun, unequal 
 gifts and also that the thing should be so, for a common good. Beware 
 then of envy. Remember the fate of Cain when he slew his brother 
 Abel. The time may come when less inequality may exist, but when 
 it does, it will be by slow progression, and by the exercise of honest 
 intelligence. The people themselves must study righteousness, and see 
 to it that it is pursued in the halls of the legislature, in the counting 
 house, in the shop and in the domestic circle. 
 
 In the meanwhile, we may imitate in thought, though not in action, 
 a poor Chinese philosopher, who having passed and repassed several 
 times a splendidly dressed mandarin, with a peacock's feather in his 
 
35 
 
 cap, made a polite bow each time and thanked him. At last the man- 
 darin's curiosity was aroused as to the cause of the poor man's grati- 
 tude, when he very gravely replied that it was for the pleasure the 
 sight of the rich man's dress afforded him, and again the poor man 
 thanked him for the trouble and anxiety he was saved in taking care 
 of it. 
 
 One word more. The mission of wealth is to give employment to 
 industry, either intellectually or bodily ; for it is ordained that when we 
 have plenty of honest labor to perform we are happy, and that idleness 
 is the parent of mischief and misery. 
 
 The West Front of the Capitol at Washingto7i. 
 
 The capitol, where the Federal Legislature of this republic is held, 
 stands on the brow of a hill sloping towards the west. To overcome 
 the difficulties of uneven ground, particularly when steep descents pre- 
 sent themselves, the architect of the building before us, has had 
 recourse to a series of terraces, placing in the centre of each terrace 
 a wide flight of steps, as here represented. The broad effect of the 
 building is, therefore, somewhat destroyed by the multiformity of these 
 and other architectural details, but still it is grand, though not to the 
 same degree as the east front, which will be the subject of the next view. 
 
 We hear it said, abroad and at home, that our government is a 
 democracy ; but this is not so in the true meaning of the term, for the 
 whole people do not assemble together to make laws. In such a vast 
 country the thing would be impossible. We have, therefore, adopted 
 the representative mode, and delegate the power to a few whom we 
 elect as legislators by universal suffrage. Our government is, there- 
 fore, a democratic republic, as that of the parent country is a monar- 
 chical republic. In both countries the constitutionally expressed public 
 opinion by legislative enactments is the supreme law of the land. 
 
 The East Front of the Capitol at Washington. 
 
 The architectural grandeur of this view is not exceeded by any 
 building we have in the country. The spacious collonade, the pedi- 
 ment, the lofty dome and the grand broad flight of steps, in fact, each 
 detail, bears a relative fitness of proportion and elegance which make 
 the building an object of much commendation by all who look upon it. 
 
 Every four years, when the president of this republic is inaugurated, 
 the steps in the middle of the building are covered over with a tem- 
 porary platform, where the ceremony of swearing into office takes 
 place before the congregated multitude assembled on the plain below. 
 When General Harrison was inaugurated, the weather was most un- 
 
36 
 
 pleasant, the air being very cold for the season, and a shower of 
 rain and snow made it more so, and tested the patience and good humor 
 of those who assembled for the purpose of witnessing the ceremony. 
 
 At the appointed hour, to the very minute, in fact, the president 
 elect and the officers of state presented themselves ; the former for the 
 purpose of taking the oath faithfully to observe the constitution, and 
 the latter to administer and to witness its administration. They no 
 sooner emerged from under the collonade, than there was one simul- 
 taneous uncovering of heads, out of respect, and at the same time, an 
 universal request that the venerable chief magistrate should put on his 
 hat to protect his bald head. This, however, in a clear, firm, manly 
 voice, he declined, for he remarked, with much earnest veneration, 
 that he was about to invoke the aid of the Almighty ruler and to swear 
 an oath sacredly to perform his duties. He therefore could not con- 
 sistently be so irreverent, but requested the people, who were his sove- 
 reigns, to protect their heads from the descending shower. An universal 
 cry arose of no, no, — do you put on your hat, &c, and for some min- 
 utes there was quite an altercation, till finally, the president good 
 humoredly remarked, that he was sorry to find his first act of authority 
 so slightingly regarded. Hereupon there was no longer any doubt as 
 to the propriety of the assembled multitude remaining with their hats 
 on, and they wore them accordingly. This little incident spoke vol- 
 umes for the loyalty of both parties. 
 
 We have now arrived at the close of our promised entertainment, 
 and, we trust, that what has been heard, seen and said, will leave on 
 our memories a due regard for the wisdom of our ancestors, which shall 
 produce grateful thoughts in our minds for their having achieved the 
 good we enjoy. May we ever manifest an emulative spirit, still fur- 
 ther to advance in political and social virtues, that we, in our turn, 
 may bequeath as great a legacy of benefits to our descendants as we 
 have derived from those who have preceded us ; for we must ever 
 bear in mind that children are born to the estates of their ancestors, 
 and that, in a like manner, nationally, our descendants will reap that 
 which we sow. 
 
 Since we have in the course of the evening frequently pursued a 
 meditative and moralizing strain, permit another remark to be made in 
 the same vein. Ingratitude, says the proverb, is the worst of crimes. 
 Beware then how we give a wrong return for a good received, and let 
 us cherish the remembrance that 
 
 We speak the tongue that Shakspeare spake, 
 The faith and morals hold that Milton held, 
 In every thing we've sprung from earth's best blood, 
 And old ancestral virtues manifold. 
 
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