^U' < " ^kM:. %• v^ 8 I A "* ^^ ■V/ '^^-^, ^ -^ «v <. s -A^ ^oo^ ^^ C' \^^ V ^ -^^ v^ ^°.. '"'^* a' -x^ <*^ ' * . V ' « , ^<3.^ ^ IlLTOH "^ Ca %^ Garden Flowers: How TO Cultivate Them. A TREATISE ON THE CULTURE OF HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ANNUALS, HERBACEOUS AND BEDDING PLANTS. BY Edward Sprague Rand, Jr. AUTHOR OF FLOWERS FOR THE PARLOR AND GARDEN. BOSTON: J. E. TILTON AND COMPANY. 1866. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by EDWARD SPRAGUE RAND, Jr., In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. Stereotyped by C. J. Peters & Son, 13 Washington St., Boston. Y f\ -^ Press of Geo. C. Rand & Avery. TO DR. J. P. KIRTLAND, OF CLEVELAND, OHIO, THE PIONEER OF HORTICULTURE IN THE GREAT WEST. INTRODUCTION. In presenting the present volume, the author can lay but little claim to originality. The work was un- dertaken to supply the want, which has long been felt, of a trustworthy handbook of garden-flowers ; one which should comprise a short treatise on the culture of hardy perennials, biennials, and annuals, as well as the more showy family of bedding-plants. In a work of a few hundred pages, it is manifestly impossible to give minute directions for the successful cultivation of every plant. The volume is not intended to teach gardening ; but, a knowledge of the several principles of gardening — the preparation of the soil, the appli- cation of manures, the sowing of seed, the formation of hot-beds — being presupposed, it is proposed to teach the peculiar culture each plant may require, to give the soil in which it best succeeds, and to furnish a condensed Hst of species and varieties best adapted to garden culture, with the height, color of flowers, season of bloom, native country, and date of intro- VI INTRODUCTION. duction of each. This first plan has been somewhat amphfied ; and all hardy plants, comprising trees and shrubs, have been included, until the present volume comprises short and concise directions for the culture of every plant usually met with in the garden, includ- ing trees, shrubs, and climbers. The labor of compilation has been greatly lessened by adaptations from two English works of somewhat similar character, Glenny's " Handbook of the Gar- den," and Johnson's "Cottage Gardener's Dictionary," books of great value, but almost useless to the Amer- ican florist on account of the great difference in cli- mate between our own country and England, which renders, in many cases, entirely different treatment necessary in the culture of the same plant. Many plants which are hardy in England are not hardy with us, while, strange as it may seem, some plants which survive our severest winters uninjured require frame protection in England. While the heat of our summer's sun will forever prevent our raising such florists' flowers as Tansies, Auriculas, and Pinks, in perfection, the same warm summers enable us to bring many plants to a perfec- tion of bloom unknown in England. The directions for the culture of these florists' flowers are ample, and the list of species of trees will be found very complete. INTRODUCTION. VII The author has experienced great difficulty in the appUcation of the word "hardy" to the various plants. The extent of our country is so great, and the range of temperature so varied, that it is impossible to fix with certainty the exact locality where a plant ceases to be hardy. Much also depends on situation and exposure. Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, respectively, each have many hardy plants which are winter-killed farther north. The Liquidamber is hardy five miles south of Boston, but is killed to the ground each win- ter twenty-five miles north of the same city. Pyrus Japonica stands well as a hedge-plant in Massachu- setts, yet is winter-killed in western New York. These instances might be multiplied a hundred-fold. Again : neighborhood to the sea has much to do with the hardiness of plants, usually operating unfa- vorably ; as also has. the protection afforded by snow in each winter. Thus it will be seen no rule of gen- eral application can be laid down. Where a plant is called " hardy," it may be taken as hardy in Massa- chusetts, and, of course, southward ; though often some species of such a plant may require frame protection. In this the author has given the results of his own experience and observation ; and, while he cannot hope to have made no mistake, he trusts the experi- VIII INTRODUCTION. ence of others may confirm his near approximation to accuracy. The present volume omits entirely the hardy ferns, which it is proposed to embrace in a forthcoming vol- ume devoted entirely to cryptogamous plants. A companion volume to the present, classifying and describing "Greenhouse Plants" in the same manner, is already in press, which, with his previous work on " Parlor Gardening," and his forthcoming work on " Orchids," now far advanced towards completion, the author hopes will form indispensable companions both to the florist and amateur, and indeed to all, both old and young, who love the culture of flowers, the bright and beautiful gifts which the Author of all good has so lavishly strewn around our earthly path- way, and which, if we rightly read their silent teach- ings, cannot but ennoble and elevate the soul. Glen Ridge, January, 1866. Garden Flowers, AND HOW TO CULTIVATE THEM. ABIES. Spruce Fir. [Pinacese.] Hardy evergreen or- namental trees and shrubs, growing in common soil, and increased by seeds and by grafting. A numerous family. A. Ajonesis (Ajona) ; large tree ; Siberia. A. alba (white spruce); 50 feet ; May; North America ; 1700. A. alba nana (dwarf) ; May. A. aniabilis (lovely) ; 180 feet ; April ; New Cali- fornia ; 1 83 1. A. aroinatica (aromatic); loo feet; Oregon. A. balsamea (balsam-fir) ; 45 feet ; May ; North America. A. bracte- ata (bracted) ; 120 feet ; California. A. Bnmoniana (Brown's) ; 75 feet ; Nepaul. A. Canadensis {C2a-i2.d\2in', hemlock-spruce); 85 feet; May; North America ; 1736. A. Cephalonica {Qt'^\\2i- lonian) ; 60 feet; May; Cephalonia ; 1824. A. concoloK (one- colored); mountains of Mexico. A. Dotiglasii {jyo\i^2L%''^\ 170 feet ; May ; North America ; 1826. A. excelsa (lofty) ; 150 feet ; May ; north of Europe. Carpatica, Clanbrasiliana., gigantea., 7nonstrosa, mucronata^ na7ta, tenuifolia^ variegata,2ind vi?ninalis are all varieties of excelsa. A. falcata (sickle-leaved) ; 35 feet ; Oregon. A. fir ma (solid); mountains of Japan. A. Fraseri (Eraser's) ; 30 feet ; May ; 181 1. A. Fraseri nana (dwarf). A. 10 GARDEN FLOWERS. grandis (great); 170 feet; May^ New California; 1831. A. heterophylla {w?ir\o\is-\Q3Nt6)', 180 feet; Oregon. A. hoinolepis (equal-scaled); 25 feet; mountains of Japan. A.Jesoeiisis {]^zo\ spruce-fir); 55 feet; Japan. A. Khutrow (Khutrow) ; 50 feet; Himalayas. A. lasiocarpa (woolly-coned) ; North-west America ; A. Menziesii (Menzies') ; 60 feet; May; North-west America ; 1 83 1. A. Mertensiana (Merten's) ; Island of Sitcha. A. micro- phylla (small-leaved); 180 feet; Oregon. A. Morinda (Morin- da) ; 40 feet ; North India. ^. 7;/ z/(;r^««/^7 (sharp-pointed); 180 feet; Oregon. ^. ;?zVr^ (black-spruce) ; 60 feet ; May; North America; 1700. A. 7iobilis (noble); 65 feet; North America; 1 83 1. A. Noi'dmajuiiana i^Q>xdiVi\2irm!'&)\ 80 feet; Crimea. A. obovata (reversed-egg-coned) ; Siberia. A. oriejitalis (eastern) ; 30 feet ; May; Levant ; 1825. A. picea (pitchy) ; 160 feet ; May ; Germany; 1603. A. picea Apollinis {A^oWim); Greece. A. picea leioclada {smooth.-hr^.ncho.d) ; Levant. A. pichta (pitch); 50 feet; May; Siberia; 1820. A. Pindrow (Pindrow) ; 100 feet ; May ; Himalayas ; 1837. A. Pi7isapo (Pinsapo) ; 65 feet ; Spain; 1838. A. polita (neat); 50 feet; mountains of Japan. A. religiosa (sacred); 150 feet; Mexico. A. rubra (red-spruce); 50 feet; May; North America; 1755. ^- ^^^bra violacea (vio- let). A. rubra arctica (arctic). A. ScJirenkiana (Schrenk's) ; Siberia. A. Sitchensis {^\\s:\\?i\\)', Island of Sitcha. ■ A.trigona (three-angled) ; 300 feet ; Oregon. A. Tstiga (Tsugan) ; North of Japan. A. Tsiiga nana {^\y7vci). A. Webbiana {}Ntbh''s)', 90 feet; Himalayas; 1822. These are all now classed under Pinus. Abobra. [Cucurbitaceae.] A very ornamental climber, nearly allied to the ornamental gourds which have of late become so popular. The flowers are greenish and incon- spicuous ; the foliage finely cut, dark-green, and veiy orna- mental ; the fruit, which is the chief beauty, small, glossy scarlet, freely produced. The plant is dicecious. Raised from seeds, in hot-bed, in pots, and turned out in a rich sunny border, the plants grow rapidly, and before autumn are very showy. It also strikes freely from cuttings. GARDEN FLO\VERS. II We know of but one species. The plant is perennial, but succeeds best as an annual. A. viridiflora (green-flowered); tender perennial; 15 feet; flowers green, fruit scarlet, all summer ; South America; i860. Abronia. [Nyctaginaceae.] A very pretty genus of trail- ing plants, which, though properly frame perennials, succeed better with us treated as annuals. The flowers are in heads like a verbena, and cover the plant. Soil, a sandy peat and leaf-mould, though the plants suc- ceed in any good garden soil. Propagated by cuttings rooted in sand in spring, from plants wintered in the green- house ; or, better, by seeds sown in frame in May, and trans- planted to the garden after the weather has become warm. A. U7?ibellata^ with rosy-lilac flowers, is the best variety. A. 7nellifera (honey-bearing); flowers orange, from June to August; Cahfornia; 1826. A. piilchella (neat); flowers pink, from July to September ; California; 1848. A. rosea {jo?^^-z(A- ored); flowers rosy-red, July to September; California; 1847. A. iiDibellata (umbel-flowered); flowers rosy-lilac, all summer; Cahfornia ; 1825. All the varieties grow about six inches high. Acacia. [Mimoseae.] The only hardy species of this very extensive genus is A. yulibrissin, which succeeds well south of New York, as a hardy shrub or small tree, in any garden soil. Propagated by cuttings of year-old shoots, or by seeds. A. Julibrissin (silk-tree); hardy tree; lato 12 feet; flowers pinkish- white, in August; Levant; 1745. Acacia Pseudo. See Robinta. Acacia Rose. See Robinia. Acacia Three-Thorned. See Gleditschia. AcAENA. [Sanguisorbeae.] A family of not veiy show)^ perennials, growing in common garden soil, and propagated by seeds or division ; generally tender. 12 GARDEN FLOWERS. A. millefolium (thousand-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches; flowers greenish, in September ; south of Europe. A. latebrosa pinnatijida and sericea are other species. AcANTHOLiMON. Prickly Thrift. [Plumbaginaceas.] Dwarf hardy perennials, very pretty ornaments for rock-work. Soil, sandy loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings of the half- ripened shoots in a gentle heat, by division, or by seed. A. glumaceum (glumaceous). Hardy evergreen perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose-color, in June ; Armenia ; 1845. Acanthus. Beards-Breech. [Acanthaceas.] Hardy her- baceous perennials, somewhat coarse, but of stately appear- ance, the blooms being borne in a tall spike, white and pur- plish, protected by spiny bracts. They grow in any kind of soil, and propagate most readily by division of the root ; also by seeds. A. spiiiosissimus has beautifully divided leaves. A. Hispaniais (Spanish); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers white, in August ; Spain ; 1700. A. 7nollis (soft) ; hardy peren- nial ; 3 feet ; flowers white and purple, in summer ; Italy ; 1548. The leaves of this species, growing through an old basket, are said to have given the idea of the Corinthian style of architecture. A. niger (black) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in Au- gust ; Portugal; 1759. A. spinosissimiis (most spiny); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple and white, in summer ; south of Europe ; 1629. A. spinosiis (spiny) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in August; Italy; 1629. These plants, in the most northern States, need slight protection in winter. Acer. Maple. [Aceraceae.] Hardy trees and shrubs. Common soil. Propagated by seeds and layers. Cuttings will strike in the open ground, if inserted in spring and kept moderately moist. The usual method is by seeds, or, in va- riegated or dark-foliaged varieties, by budding, inarching, or grafting on the common maple. A. Austriaciun (Austrian maple); 40 feet ; flowers green, in GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 3 May ; Austria. A. barbatiwi (bearded-calyxed) ; 15 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in April ; North America ; 1812. A. campestre (common) ; 25 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May ; Britain. A. campestre Austriacum; 30 feet; flowers green and yellow, in June; Austria; 1812. ^. ir^z;/?/*?^//'^^^'/////?^;;? (hill-dwelling); 25 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in April ; France. A. campestre hebecarptun (downy- fruited) ; 25 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in June ; Britain. A. campestre Icevigatiun (smooth-leaved) ; 30 feet; flowers green and yellow, in June. A. campestre nanum (dwarf); 6 feet; flowers green and yellow, in June. A. ca7npes- tre variegatum (variegated) ; 25 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May; Britain. Must be grafted or budded. A. circinatum (round-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in April ; Columbia; 1827. A. Creticum (Cretan); 6 feet; flowers in May; Levant; 1752. A. dasycarpiim (hairy-fruited); flowers green and yellow, in April; North America; 1725. A. hetero- phylhim (various -leaved) ; flowers green and yellow, in May ; Levant; 1759; evergreen. A. Ibericum (Georgian); 40 feet; flowers green; Asiatic; Georgia; flowers yellow; 1826. A. lobatum (lobed-leaved) ; 20 feet; flowers green; Siberia; 1820. A. macrophylhujt (lortg-leaved) ; 25 feet ; flowers green, in May ; North America; 1812. A. i7ionta7ium (mountain); 25 feet; flowers green and yellow ; North America ; 1750. A. Monspes- sulatmm (Montpeher) ; 8 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May; France; 1739. ^- iiig^^i^Ji (black); 40 feet; flowers green and yellow, in April ; North America ; 1812. A.oblongiim (oblong-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers green and white ; Nepaul ; 1824. A. obtusatu7n (blunt-lobed-leaved) ; 40 feet; flowers green and yellow, in May; Hungary; 1825. This is the Nea- polita7iu77i of the Italians, and the hybridu77t of London nurseries. A. obtusifoliu77i (blunt-leaved); 4 feet; flowers green and yel- low, in May ; Crete. ^. ^/z////J?/z>/7;z (Guelder-rose-leaved); 20 feet; flowers green and yellow, in May; France; 1823. A. opalus (opal) ; 50 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May ; Italy; 1752. yi . /<2/<2;;/m/z/;;2 (palmate-leaved) ; 10 feet; flowers green; Japan; 1820. A. Pe7i7tsylva7ticu77i (Pennsylvanian or striped bark) ; 20 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May ; North 14 GARDEN FLOWERS. America ; 1755. A variety of this, striatum, must be increased by grafting or budding. A. platanoides (plane-like) ; 50 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in June ; Europe ; ,1683. A. plata- noides laciniatiim (cut-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers green and yel- low, in June ; Europe ; 1683. Must be grafted or budded. A. platanoides Lobelli (Lobels) ; 50 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May; Naples. A. platanoides variegatum (variegated); 30 feet; flowers green and yellow, in June ; Europe; 1683. Must be grafted or budded. A. psettdoplatanus (the sycamore); 50 feet; flowers green and yellow, in April; Britain. A. pseudo- plataims pitrpureuut (purple-leaved) ; flowers purple, in May ; 1828. A. pseudoplatamis subobtusiwi (slightly blunt-leaved) ; 50 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May. A. pseudoplatanus variegatum (variegated) ; 50 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in April ; Britain. Must be grafted or budded. A. rubrum (red-flowered or swamp-maple). There are two varieties, one with leaves variegated with white, and the other with yellow ; 20 feet; flowers red, in April ; North America ; 1656. A.sacchari- num (sugar-maple) ; 40 feet ; flowers yellow, in April ; North America; 1735. ^- Tartaricum (Tartarian); 20 feet; flowers green and yellow, in May ; Tartary ; 1759. Achillea. Milfoil. [Compositae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials ; many of the kinds weedy, but some very pretty. They are free-flowering, easily grown in common soil, and propagated by division of the plant, by cuttings, and by seed. A. Clave7iitcB (Clavennu's) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers white, in June and July ; Austria ; 1656. A. ptarmica flore pleno (double Sneezewort); hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July; gardens. A. toinentosa (woolly); hardy peren- nial ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; England. There are some thirty other species; all, except one {A. yEgyptiacce) hardy perennials. The flowers of all are white or yellow. AcHYRANTHES. See Iresine. Acis. [Amaryllidace^.] Hardy bulbs ; small, but very GARDEN FLOWERS. I5 pretty. Soil, light sandy loam. Propagated by offsets from the bulbs, which should be carefully separated, and planted where they may not be disturbed. In the Northern States, a slight winter protection will be found necessary. A. aiitiiinnalis (autumnal) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white and pink, in September; Portugal; 1629. A. graridi- fiorns (large-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in August; Numidia ; 1820. A. rosea (rosy); hardy bulb; 6 inches ; flowers rose-colored, in August and September ; Corsi- ca ; 1820. A. trichophyllus (hair-leaved); 6 inches; flowers white, in early spring ; Spain ; 1820. AcoNiTUM. Monkshood. [Ranunculacese.] Hardy per- ennials, with showy, curious hood-shaped flowers. Soil, any common loam. Propagated by parting the roots, which is best done after the bloom declines in the autumn. Divide the root into as many pieces as there are hearts to. the plant, with a portion, of root to each, and plant them in nursery- beds about a foot apart : the plants, however, need not be parted for several years ; for, the larger they spread, the more showy they»are. Once in three or four years is often enough to disturb the plant ; and even then, if it be too large, you may cut away some all round to lessen it, without digging the main plant up. Propagated also by seeds. Many of the species do well in partially shaded places. All species are poisonous, and possess powerful medical properties. There are about one hundred and thirty species, of which about ninety are tuberous-rooted, and the remainder fibrous- rooted. The following are good species : — A. mitiumiale (autumnal); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers deep-blue, in autumn; China; 1846. A. Chinense (Chinese); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in September ; China ; 1833. A. Japoniciun (Japanese); hardy perennial; 5 feet; flowers purple, in August; Japan. A. Napellus (Monkshood); 1 6 GARDEN FLOWERS. hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers blue, in June and July ; Europe ; 1596. A. ochroleticujn (yellowish-white); hardy perennial; 3 feet ; flowers yellowish-white, in June and July ; Caucasus ; 1794. A. speciostun (showy); hardy perennial ; 3 feet; flowers blue, in July ; 1804. A. variegatiun (variegated) ; hardy peren- nial ; 5 feet ; flowers blue and white, in July ; south of Europe. AcoRUS. [Orontiaceae.] A small genus of hardy peren- nials with gladiate leaves, which succeed well in moist gar- den soil. Easily propagated by division. A. cala7nus is the sweet-flag of druggists. A. calamus (sweet-flag) ; 2 feet ; flowers green, in June ; Eng- land. A. graffiifieits {gr2issy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers green, leaves very flagrant; China; 1796. A. terrestris (land) ; i foot ; flowers green, in June ; China ; 1822. AcROLiNiUM. [Compositae.] A beautiful half-hardy an- nual. Soil, sandy peat and loam. Propagated by seeds. A. roseiun (rosy) ; half-hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers rose- pink, in June ; Swan River ; 1853. ACT.^A. [Ranunculacece.] A family of hardy peren- nials, conspicuous for their white flowers and red or white berries, succeeding in any garden soil, but preferring a moist, half-shaded position. Propagated by division of the root in early spring and by seeds. A. alba (white); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers and berries white, in May and August; North America. A. rubra (red); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; berries bright- red, in August ; North America. These two have been consid- ered varieties of ^. spicata, but seem sufficiently distinct to con- stitute species. A. spicata {s^Wn^d) -, herb Christopher ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May ; England. AcTiNOMERis. [Compositae.] Half-hardy ornamental perennials, nearly allied to Coreopsis, and of easy culture in any good garden soil. Propagated by division of the root and by seed. GARDEN FLOWERS. 1/ A. alata (winged) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; Mexico; 1803. A. heliaiithoides (sunflower-like); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in July; Louisiana; 1825. A. procera (tall); hardy perennial; 8 feet; flowers yellow, in September; North America ; 1766. A. squarrosa (^'^x^z.d^xi^; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; North Ameri- ca ; 1640. Adam's Needle. See Yucca. Adenophora. [Campanulacese.] Hardy herbaceous plants related to and resembling Campanula, thriving in common garden 'soil, and easily propagated by division. A. denticiilata (denticulated); hardy perennial ; i foot; flow- ers blue, in June and July ; Siberia ; 181 7. A. mtermedia (inter- mediate); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers pale-blue, from July to September; Siberia; 1819. A.vrrticillata{\^\\Q)x\t6)', hardy perennial; 2 feet ; flowers pale-blue, in June ; Siberia; 1783. Adenostoma. [Sanguisorbaces.] A hardy shrub nearly allied to Alchimilla. Propagated by cuttings of the young shoots, rooted in sand under a bell-glass in spring. Soil, rich peaty loam. Requires protection in winter in more Northern States. A . fascicidata (fascicled) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; California; 1848. Adlumla.. [Fumariaceae.] A very pretty hardy biennial climber ; flowers white, tipped with pink ; foliage finely cut and very ornamental. Seeds sown in May produce plants w^hich climb and flower the following year. Propagated by seeds. As with all biennials, to insure bloom every year, seed must be sown each spring : in rich soil, however, the seed sows itself, and the plants come up without further trouble. The genus is nearly allied to Corydalis. A. drrhosa (tendril bearing); hardy biennial; 8 to 15 feet; flowers white, rose tipped, all summer ; North America ; 1778. Adonis. Pheasajifs Eye. [Ranunculaceae.] Hardy an- 1 8 GARDEN FLOWERS. nuals and perennials, with pretty poppy-like blooms. Com- mon garden soil. The annuals may be sown in pots in February, a few in a three-inch pot, and kept under glass until May, when, if planted out with their ball of earth entire in the borders, they will flower directly ; or they may be sown in patches in the open border or in beds, about May. The fault of the Flos Adonis as a garden plant is, that the bloom is scanty. The perennials like a cool situation, but require no peculiar culture : they are propagated by dividing the roots. There are several species. Annuals. A. aestivalis (summer) ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June; south of Europe; 1629. A. aittunuialis (autumnal; Flos Adonis, Pheasant's Eye); 18 inches; flowers crimson, in July ; England. Av citrina (citron-colored) ; i foot ; flowers orange, in June ; south of Europe ; 18 19. Perennials. A. Appetiiiia (Appenine) ; i foot ; flowers yel- low, in May ; Europe. A. Daiirica (D2X\\ix\(z?c(\)\ i foot; flow- ers yellow, in May ; Siberia; 1827. ^4. ^/V/^r/^ (distorted) ; i foot; flowers yellow, in spring; Naples; 1827. A. Pyrejiaica (Pyrenean) ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Pyrenees ; 1817. A. Siberica (Siberian) ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in May; Siberia ; 1827. A. vernalis (spring); i foot; flowers yellow, in April; Europe; 1629. A. Vo/gensis (Volga.); i foot ; flowers yellow, in May; Russia; 18 18. ^gochloa. [Polemoniaceae.] Dwarf hardy annuals, nearly allied to Gilia, and requiring the same management. They grow in ordinary light garden soil ; and seeds require to be sown about the middle of May in patches in the flower- borders, the young plants being thinned out while young, so that they may not grow up crowded. The genus is now called Navarrettia. ^. cotulo'folia (cotula-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June ; California ; 1833. Al. intertexta (inter- woven) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Califor- GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 9 nia; 1833. y£. pubescens {downy); hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- ers blue, in June ; California ; 1833. ^-E. sqiiarrosa (spreading) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in August ; Santa Cruz ; 1847. ^scuLUS. [Sapindacese.] The Horse-chestnut is too well known to need description. All the species are hardy orna- mental trees, flourishing in rich loam, of stately growth, alike desirable both for foliage and flower. Propagated by seed, layers, or by grafting. ^. glabra (smooth-leaved) ; 12 feet ; flowers greenish-yellow, in May; North America ; 1812. A£. hippocastaJiu7n (common Horse-chestnut); 40 feet; flowers white, in May; Asia; 1629. jE.hippocastanum flore-pleno {d.oxii!o\^-'^ov^^x^d)\ 40 feet; flowers white, in May ; gardens. AL. hippocastamim foliis argeiiteis (silver-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers white, in May ; gardens. jE. hippocastanu77t variegatum (commmon striped-leaved) ; 16 feet ; flowers white, in May; Asia; 1629; layers. ^. Ohiotensis (Ohio) ; 30 feet ; flowers white, in May ; North America. y£. pallida (pale-flowered) ; 1 2 feet ; flowers greenish-yellow, in June; North America; 1812; grafts or buds. Al. rubicimda (red-flowered); 12 feet; flowers red, in June; North America; grafts or buds ; 1820. The double-flowered variety is very desirable. ^THiON^MA. [Cruciferae.] Annuals and perennials of low growth succeeding in light soil. Propagated by summer cuttings, or by seed sown in spring. Annuals. ^. Buxbaiunii (Buxbaum's) ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-red, in June; Levant; 1823. jE. gracile (slender); 3 inches; flowers pale-red, in June ; Carniola ; 1823. j£.saxatile (rock) ; 6 inches ; flowers flesh-color, in June ; south of Europe ; 1759- Perennials. ^. heterocarpuin (various-podded) ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in July; Armenia; 1837. Al. ineuibrattacetmi (membranous); i foot; flowers lilac, in June; Persia; 1829. ^. monospermum (one-seeded) ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-purple, 20 GARDEN FLOWERS. in July; Spain; 1778. ^, j)arviflorum (small-flowered); 6 inches ; flowers lilac, in July; Persia ; 1830. African Marigold. See Tagetes. AGATHiEA. [Compositae.] Greenhouse sub-shrubby plants, useful for the summer decoration of the flower-garden. Good garden soil, or loam and leaf-mould. Propagated freely by cuttings in August or February, the young plants being kept in a frame or greenhouse, and planted out in May. A. ccslestis (heavenly); frame sub-shrub; 18 inches ; flowers pale-blue, from May onwards ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1753. A. linifolia (flax-leaved) ; frame sub-shrub ; 1 8 inches ; flowers blue, all summer ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1800. Ageratum. [Compositae.] Hardy or half-hardy annuals, which may, however, be kept as perennials, by cuttings or in pots, if not allowed to ripen seed. Light rich soil. Propa- gated by seeds, which should be sown in April, in a frame, and the plants pricked out in the open border in May, not less than six inches apart. The best is A. Mexicamwt. A. Mexicanu77t vel odoratimt (Mexican or fragrant) ; half-hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers blue, all summer; Mexico; 1822. A. a7igiistifolmm \ from Monte Video; has white flowers, in July. A. strictiun ; from Nepaul ; has white flowers, in June. A. coeruleurn ; from the West Indies ; has sky-blue flowers, in July. Agrimonia. [Rosaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials, easily propagated by division of the root, and growing in common garden soil. The genus is allied to Potentilla. A. Etipatoria (Eupatoria) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Great Britain. A. odorata (scented) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July and August ; Italy ; 1640. ^.JZ/^i/^^/^wj- (sweet-smelling); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Virginia ; 1820. Agrostemma. [Car}^ophyllaceas.] Hardy perennials. GARDEN FLOWERS. 21 with Lychnis-like flowers. They should be planted in a pre- pared rich loamy soil, and are increased by division. The species commonly known as Rose Campion (A. cor- onaria) is now referred to Lychnis. A. Bungeana (Bunge's) ; hardy perennial ; i8 inches ; flowers scarlet, in July ; Asiatic Russia ; 1834. A. Pyrenaica (P}Te- nean) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-rose, in June ; Py- renees ; 1819. A. Suecica (Swedish) ; i foot ; flowers pink, in August; Sweden; 1834. Agrostis. [Graminace^.] A very beautiful annual or- namental grass. Easily grown from seed sown in light loamy soil. If grown in a frame, in pots, the plants develop well and are very ornamental. A. pulchella (neat) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; apetalous, flower panicle slender, much branched ; Italy ; 1831. A. dulcis, ele- gans, laxiflora^ nebulosa^ phunosa^ and retrofracta are fine new varieties, all succeeding with similar treatment. AjUGA. Bugle. [Labiatas.] Hardy perennials or an- nuals, the latter of little interest in gardens ; some of the former are neat plants for damp rock-work, or for flower- borders in a cool situation. Common damp garden soil. Propagated by division. A. alpiiia (alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; England. A. Geitevejisis (Geneva) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, from May to July ; Switzerland ; 1656. A. pyramidalis (pyramidal) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers blue, in May and June ; Britain. A. reptans (common) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in May and June ; England. There are white-flowered and red-flowered varieties of this. AiLANTHUS. [Xanthoxylaceae.] Tree of Heaven. De- ciduous trees formerly extensively planted on account of their rapid growth and graceful foliage, but now generally 22 GARDEN FLOWERS. discarded on account of the vile smell of the blossoms. Cuttings and seed. Dry soil. A. glandiilosa (glanded) ; hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers green ; China ; 175 1. Alchemilla. Ladfs Mantle. [Sanguisorbaceae.] Har- dy perennials. Common soil. Propagated by division. The species have all insignificant flowers, but a pretty foliage. A. alpina^ conjimcta, and sericea are the most inter- esting. A. Capensis and sibbaldiccfolia are greenhouse plants. Some other hardy species are A.fissa 2iXiA pentaphylla. Alder. See Alnus. Aletris. Colic Root. [Liliaceae.] Curious hardy peren- nials, requiring a cool, moist situation and peaty soil, and to be in a shady place. Propagated by offsets. A. aicrea (golden-tipped) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July; North America; 181 1. A. farinosa (mealy); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1768. Alisma. Water Plantai7i. [Alismaceae.] Hardy water plants. The plants maybe planted in the muddy soil of the margins of ponds or lakes ; or potted into large pots, and the pots set into water deep enough to cover them. Propagated by seeds, or division of the roots. A. lanceolata (spear-leaved); hardy aquatic perennial; 18 inches ; flowers pinkish-white, in July ; England. A. plantago (plantain) ; hardy aquatic perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blush, in July; England. A. raiitmcidoides (ranunculus-like); hardy aquatic perennial ; i foot ; flowers purplish, in August ; Britain. A. trivialis ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 18 16. Allium. Garlic. [Liliaceae.] Hardy bulbs. Good loamy soil. Propagated by offsets. A. acumifiatum (sharp-pointed) ; half-hardy-bulb ; i foot ; flowers white and crimson, in March; California; 1847. A. GARDEN FLOWERS. 23 azureufn (azure) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers blue, in Septem- ber ; Siberia ; 1830. A. bisulciivi (jonquil-leaved) ; hardy bulb ; I foot; flowers purple, in June; south of Europe. A. Cowani (Cowan's) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Chili ; 1823. A. flavum (yellow) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June; Austria; 1759. A. longifolium (long-leaved); hardy bulb ; I foot ; flowers dark purplish-red, in September ; Mexico ; 1826. A. Moly (Moly) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in June ; south of Europe ; 1604. A. Neapolitanum (Neapolitan) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Italy ; 1824. There are about one hundred and twenty other species, some of which are ornamental ; but the above list com- prises the best. Almond. See Amygdalus. Alnus. [Betulaceae.] Hardy decjduous trees, with apeta- lous fliowers, growing freely in moist situations. The tree is short-lived, but very useful where a temporary shade is needed. Propagated by layers or seeds. A. barbata (bearded); flowers in March ; Russia ; 1838. A. Canadensis (Canadian) ; flowers in June ; Canada. A. cordifolia (heart-leaved); flowers in June; Naples; 1818. A. glauca (milky-green) ; flowers in June ; North America ; 1820. A. glu- tinosa {^\!\Qk^) \ flowers in April ; Britain. A. glutitiosa eniar- ginata (five-notched-leaved) ; flowers in April ; Britain. A. glu- tmosa foliis variegatis (variegated-leaved) ; flowers in April ; Britain. A. ghitinosa incisa (cut-leaved) ; flowers in April ; Bri- tain. A. ghitinosa laciniata (jagged-leaved) ; flowers in April ; Britain. A. glutinosa quercifolia (oak-leaved) ; flowers in April ; Britain; 1838. A. incana (hoary-leaved); 20 feet; flowers in June; Europe; 1780. A. ijicana angtilata (angular-leaved); 20 feet. A. incana pinnata (pinnate) ; 26 feet ; flowers in June ; Europe. A. Jorullensis (Jorulla) ; Mexico. A. viacrocarpa (long-fruited) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June. A. macrophylla (long- leaved) ; 20 feet; flowers in June ; Naples. A. obcordata (two- lobed) ; flowers in March ; Russia. A. oblongata (oblong-leaved); 24 GARDEN FLOWERS. 20 feet; flowers in June ; south of Europe ; 1730. A. oblongata elliptica (elliptic-lobed) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June. A. oxyacan- thifolia (oxycanth-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June. A. puntila (dwarf); 10 feet; flowers in June. A. rubra (red); 20 feet; flowers in June. A. riigosa (wrinkled) ; flowers in March ; North America. A. serrulata (saw-leaved); 20 feet; flowers in June ; North America ; 1769. A. Siberica (Siberian); Siberia; 1820. A. stibrotiinda (roundish-leaved); 23 feet; flowers in April. A. undiilata (wave-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June ; North Amer- ica; 1782. Alonsoa. [Scrophulariaceae.] Greenhouse or half-hardy evergreen sub-shrubs, with pretty scarlet flowers. Soil, sandy loam and leaf-mould, equal parts. Propagated by seeds sown in March in a hot-bed ; the seedlings pricked out when large enough, and by the end of April potted separately into small pots, and then hardened off in cold frames for planting out. Cuttings planted in sandy soil, and put in a hot-bed in spring, should be treated in the same way as soon as they are rooted : during summer they will root freely under a hand-glass, on a shady border. For pot blooming, strong young plants should be selected in March, and shifted into larger pots as they grow, the stronger branches being stopped to make the plants bushy ; they should be grown in a green- house, or a well-glazed frame. The plants require plenty of air, and to be kept from frost in winter. A. acutifolia (acute) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, from May to October ; Peru ; 1790. A. incisifolia (cut- leaved) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, from May to October ; Chili ; 1795. A. linearis (linear) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, from May to October ; Peru ; 1790. A. Warczewiczii J greenhouse perennial; 18 inches; flowers crimson scarlet, all summer ; Peruvian Andes ; 1854. Aloysia. [Verbenaceae.] A greenhouse shrub, which, kept in a cellar in winter, succeeds well in the border in GARDEN FLOWERS. 2$ summer. It is chiefly cultivated for the leaves, which pos- sess a pleasant lemon-like fragrance, whence the common name " Lemon verbena." The flowers are in spikes purplish- white and inconspicuous. Soil, sandy loam and leaf-mould. Propagated by cuttings, which root freely in sand in March from the old wood, in August from the new. A. citriodoi'-a (lemon-scented) ; greenhouse shrub ; i to 5 feet ; flowers purplish-white, in summer ; Chili ; 1784. Alsine. [Caryophyllaceae.] Hardy annuals, some of which are rather pretty. A. laricifolia, introduced from Si- beria in 1834, is a perennial; propagated by division. A. 7nucro7iafa, moUuginea^ piibescens^ and segetalis, are pretty an- nual species with white flowers. Propagated by seeds. Althaea. Marsh Mallow. [Malvaceae.] Hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials, but, excepting the Hollyhocks (A. rosea 2i\\dJidfolia), of little horticultural importance. Com- mon garden soil. Propagated, the annuals and biennials, by seeds ; the perennials, by division of the root. The Hollyhock {Althcea rosea) is a noble flower ; and the varieties are becoming so numerous, and so much improved, that it is an established favorite. It is raised from seed, and multiplied by parting the roots ; the former to produce new varieties, the latter to propagate old ones. In autumn the old plants must be dug up and parted, each heart being separated with a portion of root to it. These are to be planted out in a nursery-bed one foot apart, or they may be planted at once where they are to bloom. They will stand three years, or even more, if a large plant and a num- ber of spikes of flower be the object. Even in parting them, they need not be divided into single hearts, unless increase is desired. Choice varieties may be increased by cuttings of the flowering stems ; every leaf, with a portion of the old stem containing a bud, being capable of forming a plant if 26 GARDEN FLOWERS. treated as a cutting. They are best planted at the back of borders, or in the midst of shrubs, the plants being in no way interesting ; but the flower-spikes, which are produced at the upper part of the stem, are very noble objects. The variety of color afforded by this plant is now considerable, and some varieties are veiy rich and distinct. They bloom from the latter part of July to September. A.ficifolia (Antwerp Hollyhock); hardy biennial ; 6 feet; flow- ers various, in July; Levant; 1597. A. rosea (common holly- hock); hardy biennial, or perennial by culture; 8 to 10 feet; flowers various, in July ; Levant ; 1573. For the newest varieties of double Hollyhocks consult the florists' catalogues, where a large list may be found, with colors and habit described. Alyssum. Madwort. [Cruciferas.] Dwarf hardy peren- nials, or sub-shrubby plants, with cruciferous flowers. A. saxatile is very suitable for rock-work, or the front part of a flower-border, and forms a beautiful spring-bloomiing bed in the flower-garden. It is increased by cuttings. Good gar- den soil. The herbaceous species are propagated by divi- sion, the sub-shrubby ones by cuttings. Vigorous two-year- old plants are the best for blooming : the others are unim- portant. The plant commonly called Sweet Alyssum is not of this genus : it is Koniga ?naritima. A. saxatile (rock); hardy sub-shrubby perennial; i foot; flowers yellow, in April ; Candia ; 17 10. There are some twenty other species, all with white or yellow flowers. Amaranthus. Amamnth. [Amaranthaceae.] Hardy and half-hardy annuals, sometimes showy from the large masses of rich-colored flowers, as in A. caiidatiis, in which they droop, and A. hypochondriacus, in which they grow GARDEN FLOWERS. 2/ erect ; sometimes grown for the curiously-colored foliage, as in A. tricolor. Soil for the hardy sorts, rich garden mould. These are propagated by seeds sown in the open borders in April, the young plants thinned out to six inches apart. The tender sorts require a light and highly manured soil (equal parts light loam, leaf-mould, and decayed manure), and must be sown in a hot-bed in April, and carefully tended till the weather becomes settled, and then planted out. A. mel- ancholicus is a very dark-foliaged species, which is now very popular for massing. A. atroJfurpure7^s (d3.rk-pur-p\e) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; leaves and flowers purple, in September; East Indies; 1820. A. bi- color (two-colored) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; leaves red and green, in August; East Indies ; 1802. A. caitdatus (Love-Hes-bleed- ing) ; hardy annual ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in August ; East In- dies ; 1596. A. hypochondriac2is (Prince's feather); hardy an- nual ; 3 to 4 feet ; flowers crimson, in August ; Virginia ; 1684. A. speciosus (showy) ; hardy annual ; 6 feet ; flowers red, in July ; Nepaul ; 18 19. A. tricolor (three-colored); tender annual; 2 feet ; foliage variegated, — red, green, and yellow ; East Indies ; 1548. Amberboa. [Compositas.] Hardy annuals. Plant in rich garden soil. Propagated by seeds sown in the open border in May. A. moschata (Sweet-Sultan); hardy annual; 2 feet; flowers lilac-purple, in July; Persia; 1629. A. siiavolens {y^tVi.(y^-'&v\- tan) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Levant ; 1683. Amelanchier. [Rosaceae.] Hardy deciduous shrubs, sometimes attaining to the height of trees, bearing snowy- white flowers early in the season, followed by dark-purple edible berries. Propagated by seeds, layers, and grafting on thorn or quince. Called also June-berry and shad-bush. A. Botryapiu7n (snowy Mespilus) ; hardy tree ; 12 feet ; flow- 28 GARDEN FLOWERS. ers white, in May ; North America ; 1746. This a.nd A . j^orzWa, and variety parvifioraj ovalis, and varieties semi-integrifolia, subcordata, oblongifolia, rotundifolia, ahiifolia^ sangtiifiea, and oligocarpa^ — all seem varieties of one species, A. Canadensis^ to which all can readily be referred. All are natives of North America. A. vulgaris (common); 6 feet; south of Europe; 1596. American Cowslip. See Dodocatheon. Amblyolepis. [Compositae.] A pretty and fragrant hardy annual. Common garden soil. Propagated by seeds sown in May. A. setigera (bristly) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in August ; East Indies. Amethystea. [Lamiacece.] A pretty hardy annual. Sow the seeds in May in a light peaty soil, cover slightly, and thin out as they grow. Propagated by seeds. A. ccernlea (blue); hardy annual; 2 feet; flowers blue, in July; Siberia; 1759. Ammobium. [Compositas.] Half-hardy herbaceous plants, flourishing in common garden soil. Propagated by cuttings and seed. A. alatiim (winged); half-hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers white, in June ; New Holland ; 1822. A. pla^itagyneiwi (plan- tain-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in August; New Holland; 1827. / Ammyrsine. [Ericaceae.] Dwarf hardy evergreen shrubs, separated from Ledum; conspicuous for masses of white flowers in June, and for neat evergreen foliage. They suc- ceed well in a Rhododendron bed. A damp peaty soil will grow them in perfection, if well sheltered from the direct sun- light. Propagated by layers. A. buxifolium (box-leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May and June ; North America; 1736. A. ♦ GARDEN FLOWERS. 29 prostrata (flat-lying) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flow- ers white, in May and June ; North America. Ammogeton. [Compositae.] A hardy herbaceous per- ennial, thriving in sandy loam. Propagated by division of the root. A. scorzonerifolitmt (scorzonera-leaved) ; hardy herbaceous perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in May ; North America ; 1834. Amorpha. [Leguminosae.] Deciduous hardy shrubs, called also Bastard Indigo, natives of North America, thriv- ing in common garden soil. Propagated by seed or layers. The tips of the shoots are very liable to be winter-killed. A. hef'bacea, Leunsii, na7ia, and microphylla^ require winter protection in the Northern States. A.fragrans (fragrant) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in July; North America ; 1800. A.fniticosa{^\\xv^:)\iy)', hardy shrub; 6 feet; flowers purple, in July; Carolina; 1724. A. inicrophylla (small-leaved) ; half-hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in August; Missouri; 181 1. A. nana (dwarf); half- hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in August ; Missouri; 181 1. Ampelopsis. [Vitaceae.] Hardy deciduous climbing shrubs. The Virginian Creeper {A. hedei-acea) is one of the best of all plants, not evergreen, for covering a large space of bare wall or fence, thriving in the most confined situations : in autumn the leaves assume a rich crimson tint. Common garden soil. Propagated by layers, cuttings, and seeds. This plant is commonly known as Woodbine in the Northern States. A. bipi7i7iata (double-winged); half-hardy climber; 15 feet; flowers greenish, in August ; North America ; 1700. A. cordata (heart-leaved) ; half-hardy climber ; 20 feet ; flowers greenish, in May; North America; 1803. These two require winter pro- 30 GARDEN FLOWERS. tection in the Northern States. A. hederacea (Virginian creep- er) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 60 feet ; flowers greenish, in June ; North America; 1629. A. hirsnta (hairy); hardy climbing shrub ; 60 feet ; flowers greenish, in May ; North America ; 1806. Ampherephis. [Compositae.] A very pretty floriferous plant, of easy culture in good garden soil. Sow the seeds in May, in the open border, and thin out the plants. A. aristata (awned) ; hardy annual; i foot; flowers purple, in July ; Caraccas ; 1824. A. intermedia (intermediate); hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers purple or lavender, in August ; Bra- zil ; 1821. A. imitica (awnless) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July ; South America ; 1803. Amsonia. [Apocynacese.] Very neat pretty hardy per- ennials, thriving in common garden soil, propagated by divi- sion of the root, or by cuttings, in summer. A. angiistifolia (narrow-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June; North America; 1774. A. latifolia (broad-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; North America; 1759. A. salicifolia (willow-leaved); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; North America ; 181 2. Amygdalus. Almond. [Rosaceae.] Small deciduous flow- ering trees and shrubs. The double-flowered varieties are particularly beautiful. All grow freely in good loamy well- drained garden soil. Propagated by budding on plum- stocks ; the shrubs by transplanting the suckers, or by lay- ering. A. cojmmmis (common) ; hardy tree, 15 feet ; flowers pink, in April; Barbary ; 1548. A. incana (hoary); hardy shrub; 2 feet ; flowers red, in April ; Caucasus. A. nana (common dwarf) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in April ; Russia ; 1683. ^./?^w//<2 (double dwarf) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in April ; China ; 1683. There are about a dozen or more varieties of the common GARDEN FLOWERS. 3 1 almond. Most of these will survive the winter as far north as the peach-tree can live. They flower, but seldom fruit. The sweet almonds are more tender than the bitter vari- eties. To make the dwarf flowering-almond flower to great- est advantage, cut the plant off close to the ground as soon as the bloom has faded. Anacyclus. [Compositae.] A genus of hardy annuals, with rayed flowers of no special beauty. Easily grown in common garden soil. Propagated by seeds. A. Alexandrinus (Alexandrian); i foot; flowers yellow, in July; Egypt; 1828. A. aureus (golden); i foot; flowers yel- low, in August; Levant; 1570. A. davatus (clavate) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Barbary ; 18 10. A. pyrethriwi (like pyre th rum) ; 2 feet; flowers white, in August ; Barbary; 1837. A. radiatus (rayed) ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in August ; south of Europe; 1596. Anagallis. Pimpo-nel. [Primulaceae.] Hardy and half- hardy slender annuals and herbaceous perennials, of pros- trate habit. The hardy annuals are sown in May in the open border, and are propagated by seeds. The half-hardy sorts are increased by cuttings, planted in March in hot- beds, or in July or August under a hand-glass, and when potted off, should be grown in three parts loam and one part peat, and preserved during winter in a greenhouse. They all do well in beds and borders in the flower-garden. A. altertiifolia (alternate-leaved) ; perennial ; i foot; flowers yellow and pink, in May ; Rio Janeiro ; 1839. ^' carnea (flesh- colored) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers flesh-colored, in Au- gust ; Switzerland; 1819. A. Indica (Indian); hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers blue, in June; Nepaul ; 1824. A. MarryattcB (Mrs. Maryatt's) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers cop- per-colored, in June ; garden hybrid. A. Monelli (Monelli's) ; half-hardy herbaceous trailer ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Italy ; 1648. A. var. Brewerii has red flowers. A lilacina has 32 GARDEN FLOWERS. pale-lilac flowers. A. Phcsnecia has scarlet flowers ; inti-oduced from Morocco in 1803. A. Phillipsii has blue flowers. A. Wil- inoreana has purple flowers ; introduced from Madeira in 1834. A. Webbiana (Webb's) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July; Portugal; 1828. A. Wellsiana (Wells's); half- hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers copper-color, in July ; hybrid. There are numerous seeding varieties. Anantherix. [Asclepiadaceae.] A hardy herbaceous plant of no special beauty, growing in any garden soil, and readily increased by division. A vh'idis (green) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers green and yellow, in September ; North America ; 18 12. Anarrhinum. Very pretty half-hardy biennials, allied to Antirrhinum. Seed sown in summer wdll give bloom the following year. Common garden soil. May also be increased by cuttings. Winter in cold frame. A. bellidifoliutn (daisy-leaved) ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in July; France; 1629. A.fruticosujn{^^\\xv\ihy)\ 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1826. A. pubescens {dov^ny) -, 18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; south of Europe ; 181 8. Anastatica. [Cruciferae.] An annual plant of the Egyp- tian deserts, called Rose of Jericho. When full grown, it contracts its rigid branches into a ball, and is blown about by the wind ; when it alights upon a damp place the branch- es relax as if it came to life ; hence the name of Resurrec- tion Flower. Aside from this, it is a plant of no interest, the flowers being small and white. It grows readily from seed, but needs a warm exposure. A. HierocJnintina (Rose of Jericho); hardy annual; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; Levant ; 1597. Anchusa. Biigloss. [Boraginaceae.J A genus of orna- mental herbaceous plants, comprising perennials, biennials, and annuals. They all grow freely in common garden soil. GARDEN FLOWERS. 33 The perennials are increased by division and seeds ; the bi- ennials and annuals by seed. As they transplant badly, they should be sown where they are to bloom. The flowers of most of the species — of which there are more than thirty — are blue ; but A. angustifolia, lep- tophylla, petiolatci, and zmdnlata, have purple flowers ; A. incaniata has flesh-colored, and A. ochroleiica and its vari- eties, have yellowish-white ; A. myosotifiora has pink flowers. A. Capensis and pidchella require greenhouse protection. The following are good species : — A . aggregata (cluster-flowered) ; hardy annual ; flowers blue, in June ; Levant; 1827. A. amana (pleasing) ; hardy annual ; flowers blue, in June ; south of Europe; 1817. A. Barrelieri (Barrelier's) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in May ; south of Europe ; 1820. A. Capensis (Cape) ; greenhouse bi- ennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1800. ^. i^/z7/^rz (Miller's) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches; flowers pink, in June ; Levant ; 1713. A. ochroleuca (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in July ; Mount Cauca- sus ; 1810. A. paiiiculata (panicled) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; Madeira; 1777. A. tinctoria (alkanet); hardy biennial, or perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers purple, in June ; Montpelier ; 1596. Andromeda. [Ericaceae.] Beautiful evergreen shrubs, principally hardy, but a few requiring a greenhouse or stove. Soil, good rich moist peat, or peat with a third, part loam. They are best propagated from layers, put down in Septem- ber, and taken off the following autumn. The seeds are very small, and require to be sown as soon as ripe, very lightly covered, and set in a cool close frame ;' but this is too tedious a process, except with very rare kinds. Perhaps A.Jloribimdamz.yhQ set down as one of the most useful of all dwarf shrubs ; for it looks well from the time the bloom- 3 34 GARDEN FLOWERS. buds first appear till they are dead, and that comprises one- half the entire year. There are some forty species, most of which are hardy ; the genus has, however, by later botanists been separated into Leucothoe, Cassandra, Oxydendrum, and Cassiope : of A. polifolia there are many garden varieties. The following are most ornamental : — A. (Leucothoe) axillaris (axil-flowering) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet; flowers white, in June ; North America; 1765. A. (Cassandra) calyailata (small-calyxed) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in March ; North America ; 1748. A. (Leucothoe) Catesbcei (Catesby's) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1793. A. floribunda (free- flowering) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May; North America ; 1812. ^ . ^^///i?//^ (poly-leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; i foot ; flowers pink, in July ; North America ; 1790. A. Mariana (stagger-bush); hardy deciduous shrub; 3 feet; flowers large white, in June; North America; 1763. Oxy- dendrum arboreuni (sorrel-tree) is a very ornamental tree of the second class, bearing in August large racemes of white flov/ers. Hardy south of Massachusetts. Androsace. [Primulaceae.] Elegant alpine plants, re- lated to the primroses ; the hardiest of them well adapted for sheltered rock-work, and all very interesting ; grown in pots. Soil, sandy peat and light turfy loam in about equal proportions. Their greatest risk is from excess of moisture about the crowns or roots ; and from dampness in winter they are much more liable to suffer injury than from the de- gree of cold. They ought to be kept in small pots, very well drained ; and, in the application of water, great care is neces- sary at all seasons, but especially in winter. In our sum- mers, they require a cool situation. The perennial, bien- nial, and annual species require the same kind of treatment, GARDEN FLOWERS. 35 differing only in the mode of propagation, which in the per- ennials is by division, and in the others by seeds. A. carmata (keeled) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; North America ; 1826. A. carnea (flesh-col- ored) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers flesh-color, in July ; Switzerland; 1768. A. C/^^;«^'^j-7;zi? (bastard-jasmine) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Austria ; 1768. A. lactea (milk-white) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June; Austria; 1752. A. lactiflora (milk-flowered); hardy biennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1806. A. lamiginosa (woolly) ; frame perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers rosy-lilac, in August ; Himalaya ; 1841. A linearis (linear) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America; 1826. A. maxima (greatest); hardy annual; 6 inches; flowers white, in May; Austria; 1797. A. septentri- onalis (northern) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May; Russia; 1755. A. villosa{y\S\.o\x^)\ hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Pyrenees ; 1790. ANDROSiEMUM, [HypericaceaE.] A woody-stemmed her- baceous perennial, growing in the shade in common soil, and increased by division. A. officinale (officinal) ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in August ; England. Andryala. [Compositse.] A genus of composite plants of little beauty, comprising annuals, biennials, perennials, and greenhouse plants. Soil, garden loam. Increased by seed or division. Anemone. [Ranunculaceae.] A fine genus of hardy and half-hardy herbaceous perennials, many having tuberous roots, flourishing in rich light loam. Propagated by offsets, division, or seed sown in July, from which plants will bloom the next year. A. Japonica, a fine autumnal blooming kind, makes a fine bed, and is propagated by every little fragment 36 GARDEN FLOWERS. of its roots, these being thickly set with Httle buds or bulb- lets. Some of the smaller-growing spring kinds are very pretty if grown in large patches, or planted about in shrub- beries : these propagate by separating their tubers when in a dormant state. A. narcissiflora is a very fine hardy species, blooming early in June. There are about twenty tuberous- rooted species and va- rieties, and about forty with herbaceous roots. The Anemone, the florist's flower of our gardens, is the offspring of A. coronaria (poppy anemone), and A. hortensis. Sprung from these are annually increased varieties. A vari- ety lasts about twelve years. Characteristics of a good single Anemone. — The stem strong, elastic, and erect, not less than nine inches high ; the flower at least two inches and a half in diameter, con- sisting of large, substantial, well-rounded petals, at first hor- izontally extended, and then turning a little upwards, so as to form a broad, shallow cup ; the color clear and distinct when diversified in the same flower, or brilliant and strik- ing if it consists only of one color, as blue, crimson, or scarlet. A double Anemone should have the outer petals quite flat; the second series a little shorter, the third shorter still, and so on till the centre is quite full, when the whole should form a rather flat hemisphere. Every double flower should be of one full color. Propagation. — Offsets from the root, and new varieties from seed. In propagating by offsets, all the best kinds should be taken up annually at the decay of the leaf, and the root divided at the time of taking up, to allow the wound to heal, into as many pieces or knobs as are furnished with an eye or bud ; observing, however, that, if they are divided very small, they flower very weak the first year. GARDEN FLOWERS. 3/ The time for taking up the roots is June, when the leaf and stalk are withered ; for then the roots cease to grow for a month or six weeks. Take them up in dry weather, spread in an airy place out of the sun for about a week, then clear from earth, and store in bags or boxes. In propagating by seed, sow from the best single or semi- double flowers. Double flowers produce none. The time for planting is October, or early in November, and the plants will come into flower in May or June. Make the beds in a sheltered part of your garden, facing the south ; remove the old soil from the beds to the depth of sixteen or eighteen inches. If it is low and swampy, with a wet, clay bottom, drain weU, and do not dig so deep ; if high and dry, or with a sandy or gravelly subsoil, you may go a little deeper. Then put in from four to six inches of unmixed cowdung, such as might be gathered up where cows feed. Upon this layer of dung, place as much good fresh loam as will raise the beds to their former level, or a little higher. During winter, cover the beds with an old frame, or with leaves and boughs. Any common, moderately light earth suits the Anemone ; overmoist and stiff soils rot the roots in winter. If neces- sary to make a soil, take maiden loam from the surface of a pasture, the top spit, turf and all ; to every load of this add one of cowdung, and half a load of sea or sharp sand : blend the whole together, and fonn it into a ridge, in which let it remain a year, at least, turning it over once in two or three months. But, in default of pasture-earth, a good compost may be formed of common light garden soil and rotted cow- dung, adding to every load of the former half a load of the latter, and about a quarter of a load of sharp sand ; and of either of the above composts the bed is to be formed. Make it about twelve or fifteen inches in depth, and three feet and a half broad. 38 GARDEN FLOWERS. A. Apennina (Apennine) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; England. A. Caroliniana (Carolina) ; hardy tu- ber ; I foot; flowers white, in May; North America; 1824. A. coro7zarm {poppy) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers various, in May; Levant; 1596. A. Halleri (Haller's) ; hardy peren- nial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in May : Switzerland ; 18 16. A. Jiorteiisis (garden) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers rose, in May; Italy; 1597. A. Hiidsoniana (Hudson's); hardy peren- nial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1827. A. Japonica (Japanese) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose, in September; Japan; 1844. A. iievwrosa (grove); hardy tu- ber ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in April and May ; England. A. palmata (palmate) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May; Portugal; 1597. A. pavoitia (peacock); hardy tuber ; I foot ; flowers red, in May ; France. A. Pemtsylvanica (Penn- sylvania) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; North America; 1766. A. Pulsatilla (pasque-flower); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers purple, in April ; England. A. rammcidoides (ranunculus-like) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flow- ers yellow, in May ; England. A. vernalis {^px'in^; hardy per- ennial ; 6 inches; flowers white, in May; Switzerland; 1752. A. vitifolia (vine-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in September; Nepaul ; 1829. There are many other species, all more or less desirable. Aniseed -Tree. See Illicium. Anisodus. [Solanaceae.] Coarse-growing perennials of little beauty, growing in common garden soil, and increased by division. A. luridits (lurid) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellowish- green, in July ; Nepaul ; 1823. Requires protection in the Northern States. Anodontea. [Cruciferae.] A genus of hardy plants allied to Alyssum, and requiring the same treatment. There are seven species, of no special interest. Anoda. [Malvaceae.] Hardy annuals, commonly called GARDEN FLOWERS. 39 Blue Hibiscus. Easily grown in common soil, and very pretty. Propagated by seed sown in open borders in May. A. Dillenia; hardy annual; i8 inches; flowers blue, in Au- gust ; Mexico; 1858. Anomatheca. [Iridaceae.] Pretty half-hardy bulbous perennials. Soil, light rich loam. Propagated readily by seeds or by offsets. A. criienia, planted out in a bed, makes a pretty show, the bloom lasting till September. The seed should be sown in wide-mouthed pots or seed-pans, very thinly ; and if the plants come up too thick, they must be thinned. The next season, they may be planted four or five in a pot, and the following year they may be bedded out in spring and the bulbs taken up in autumn. The flower is very bright, sparkling, and effective. The plants also do well in pot-culture, although very subject to red spider; and bloom all summer contrasting prettily in the greenhouse with Gloxineas and Achimenes. A.cruenta (blood-colored); half-hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers scarlet, in June ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1830. A. juncea (rush- leaved) ; half-hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers Hlac, in May ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1791. Antennaria. [Compositae.] Small hardy and half- hardy herbaceous perennials. The smaller kinds are suit- able for pot-culture. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by division. A. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Europe ; 1775. A. Carpatica (Carpathian); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Carpathian Moun- tains ; 1775. A. dioica (dioecious) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; England. A. margariticia (pearly) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July; England. A. plan- taginea (plantain-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Virginia, 1759. A. triplinervis (triple-nerved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in August ; Nepaul ; 1823. 40 GARDEN FLOWERS. Anthemis. [Compositas.] A genus of mostly hardy plants, of which about twenty-three are herbaceous peren- nials, twelve annuals, and three evergreens. The common Chamomile is a familiar example. None of the species are particularly interesting. All are of easy culture m common garden soil. Anthericum. [Liliaceae.] Greenhouse or hardy herbace- ous perennials, with fleshy bundled roots. They are rather pretty, and desirable in a large collection. Soil, sandy loam, with plenty of drainage. Propagated by suckers, offsets, and seeds. A. liliastrtun (St. Bruno's Lily) is a fine hardy plant, with white flowers in May; Switzerland; 1629. A. albticoides (al- buca-like) ; greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July; Cape of Good Hope ; 1788. A.Jilifoluim (thread-leaved) ; greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; Cape of Good Hope; 1820. A. fioribundiwi (free-flowering); green- house perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in March ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1774. A.fragrans (sweet) ; greenhouse perennial ; I foot ; flowers white, in April ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1795. A. sulphureum (sulphur) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale- yellow, in May; Hungary; 1823. A. vespertimini (evening); greenhouse perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1803. There are some twenty other species. Antirrhinum. Snapdragon. [Scrophulariaceae.] Har- dy herbaceous plants, mostly perennials. The common Snapdragon (A. inajtis), with its varieties, is the most im- portant. It grows well in a common border, and seeds free- ly. The seeds may be sown in July or August in a pan or wide-mouthed pot, to be planted out, when large enough, in a bed, which, in the Northern States, should be protected by a frame during winter. Striking varieties, such as the double-flowered and the striped-flowered, may be propa- GARDEN FLOWERS. 4 1 gated by cuttings of the small unblooming shoots, inserted in sandy soil under a hand-glass. When rooted, they may be potted singly into pots and presented in frames during winter, ready to plant out in the following April. They bloom very well in six-inch pots. The annuals may be sown in pots in a frame in March, and planted out in May. A. asarina (asarina) ; half-hardy trailing herb ; flowers white, in July ; Italy ; 1699. A. glandulosum (glandulous) ; hardy an- nual ; 2 feet ; flowers red and yellow, in August ; California ; 1834. A. niajus (common); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers various, in July; England. A. molle (soft); half-hardy trailing herb; flowers white, in July; Spain; 1752, A. Montevidense (Monte Videan) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers red, in July ; Monte Video; 1829. A. seiiipervirens (evergreen); hardy per- ennial ; 2 feet; flowers pink, in June ; Pyrenees ; 1821. Most of the species require frame protection during win- ter in the Northern States. Antwerp Hollyhock. See Althaea ficifolia. Apargia. [Composit2e.] The only species worth culti- vating is A. aiirajitiaca, a hardy herbaceous perennial, grow- ing one foot high, with orange-colored flowers in June ; in- troduced from Hungary in 1816. Apios. [Leguminosae.] A tuberous-rooted hardy climb- ing perennial. The tubers have been recommended as a substitute for potatoes. Rich loamy soil. The plants flower better if left undisturbed. Propagated by division of the tubers. A. tuberosa (tuberous); hardy cHmbing perennial; 6 feet; flowers purple, in August; very fragrant and pretty; North America; 1640, Apocynum. Dog's-bane. [Apocynace^e.] Acrid hardy herbaceous perennials, of rambling growth, with small cup- shaped flowers, not very showy. Common soil. Increased by division. 42 GARDEN FLOWERS. A. androscemifolium (tutsan-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; North America ; 1688. A. caftnabhmm (hemp-like) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellowish, in July ; North America ; 1699. y^ . ^y/^rzayb/zV^?;? (hypericum-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1758. A. Venetum (Venetian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers white, in July ; Adriatic Islands ; 1690. Aponogeton. [Fluviales.] Curious and elegant peren- nial water-plants ; one or tw^o require a stove temperature, others a greenhouse. A. distachyon is easily grown and flowered in the open air in summer, and may be preserved in a cellar during winter ; the tender kinds in pots set into a tank or tub. Soil, peat and loam. Propagated by seeds, which should be sown in spring in the same kind of soil, and the pots set under water : they also increase by offsets. A. distachyon (two-spiked) ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Cape of Good Hope; 1788. A. angiistifoliuni (narrow-leaved); greenhouse aquatic ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1788. A. jimcifolinvi {xm'&\\-\q2mq.^ \ greenhouse aquatic ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; 1847. Aquilegia. Columbijie. [Ranunculaceae.] Handsome hardy perennials. Common garden soil ; good turfy loam for the choicer sorts. Propagated by seeds, or by division. The seed of the common kinds may be sown in beds thinly in May ; the young plants, when strong enough, planted out six inches apart every way. If they are to bloom in beds, they should be nine inches apart and eighteen inches from row to row. When they bloom, pull out and destroy all the single and ugly ones, and, if desirable, propagate the better ones. The common Columbine has sported into a variety of colors ; and some of its double varieties are very beautiful. A. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in May ; Switzerland ; 1731. A. atropiirpurea (dark purple) ; har- dy perennial; i foot; flowers purple, in May; Siberia; 1827. GARDEN FLOWERS. 43 A. Canadensis {C2Lna.d\3.n) ; hardy perennial; i foot; flowers orange-red, in May ; North America ; 1640. A. formosa (beau- tiful) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers reddish-orange, in June ; Kamtschatka ; 1822. A. fragrans (fragrant) ; hardy per- ennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-yellow, in May ; Himalayas ; 1839. ^- gldndidosa (glandular) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white and blue, in June; Siberia; 1822. A. glatica (glaucous) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in May ; Himalaya ; 1839. A.juctmda (joyous) ; hardy perennial ; I foot; flowers blue and white, in June; Siberia; 1844. A. Kanaoriensis (Kanaor) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers violet with blue spurs, in May ; Himalaya. A. leptoccsras (slender- horned) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue and cream- color, in July; Siberia; 1846. A. 7nacranf/ia (\3.Tge-^owered) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers cream-colored tinged with pink; North America; 1847. ^- Siberica (Siberian); hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue and white, in June ; Siberia ; 1806. A. 6^/'/;/;?^^/ (Skinner's) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers red and green, in May; Guatimala ; 1841. A. viUgai^is (common) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers various, in June ; Britain. A. blanda is a fine hybrid with white and blue flowers. A. ccerulea is a Rocky- Mountain species erect flowered with long spurs. A. spectabilis is a Siberian species with dark-purple flowers with yellow centre. A variety of vulgaris^ A. caryphyl- loides, has double variegated flowers : the seeds are dark -green instead of black. Arabis. Wall-cress. [Cruciferae.J Dwarf evergreen hardy perennials, with cruciferous flowers, particularly adapted for rock-work. Common soil. Propagated by cut- tings, planted in a shady border, under hand-glasses, any time during summer. The annuals, which are insignificant, are raised from seeds sown in Ma}^ A. albida (whitish) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in April ; Caucasus ; 1798. A. Alpestris (Alpine) ; hardy bien- nial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; Switzerland ; 1819. A. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in 44 GARDEN FLOWERS. May; Switzerland; 1596. A. cccrulea (blue); hardy perennial; 6 inches; flowers pale-blue, in June; Switzerland; 1793. A. lucida (shining) ; hardy joerennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June; Hungary; 1790. A. petrcza (rock); hardy perennial; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; Austria ; 1800. A. rosea (rosy) ; hardy biennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose, in April ; Calabria ; 1832. A. undidata (wavy) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May; south of Europe ; 18 10. A. verna (spring); hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May; France; 17 10. There are pretty variegated varieties of A. albida, pmcox^ and lucida. There are some twenty other species. Aralia. [Araliaceae.] Hardy deciduous shrubs, and tall-growing herbaceous perennials. They grow with erect stems, and leaves comparatively large and very compound ; the herbaceous kinds being smaller. All desirable as speci- men plants for the lawn or shrubbery. Common soil. Propagated by cuttings of the matured stems, planted in sandy soil under hand-glasses. There are some stove and greenhouse kinds. Soil, loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings. A. hi spida (^nsi\y) ', hardy deciduous shrub; 8 feet : flowers white, in July; North America; 1799. A. midicaulis (naked stemmed) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1731. A. Miihlenbergii (Muhlenberg's) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. race7nosa (raceme-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in June; North America; 1658. A. spiiiosa (thorny); hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in September ; Virginia ; 1688^ There are fifteen other species, mostly greenhouse plants. Araucaria. [PinacecE.] A genus of magnificent ever- green trees, hardy south of Philadelphia. The best-known species is A. imbricata, the Chili Pine. A. excelsa^ the Nor- folk-Island Pine, requires greenhouse protection. GARDEN FLOWERS. 45 Arbor-Vit^. See Thuja. Arbutus. [Ericacese.] A beautiful genus of evergreen shrubs, flourishing in loamy garden soil or peat. Flowers bell-shaped, white or pink. Increased by seeds or layers, the rarer species by inarching on the more common. The fruit resembles a strawberry, and is very ornamental. They are not hardy north of Philadelphia. Of the eighteen species seven are greenhouse evergreens. A . ant^rac/me {2indra.chne) ; lo feet; flowers white, in April; Levant; 1724. A. andrachnioides (andrachne-hke) ; 8 feet; flowers whitish-green, in April. A. Canariensis (Canary); greenhouse evergreen ; 8 feet ; flowers whitish-green, in June ; Canaries; 1796. A. deiisijlora (thickly-flowered); greenhouse evergreen ; 20 feet ; flowers white ; Mexico ; 1826. A. hybrida (hybrid). A. laurifolia (laurel-leaved) ; greenhouse evergreen ; 20 feet; flowers white; Mexico; 1825. A. Meiisiesii (Men- zie's) ; flowers white ; North America ; 1827. A. Milleri (Mil- ler's) ; hybrid ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in September ; 1825. A. inucronata (sharp-pointed-leaved) ; greenhouse evergreen trail- er ; I foot; flowers white ; Magellan; 1828. A. pilosa (hairy- branched).; I foot; flowers white, in May; Mexico ; 1829. A. phillyrecBfolia (phillyrea-leaved) ; greenhouse evergreen ; i foot ; flowers white ; Peru ; 1812. A. procei^a (tall) ; 15 feet ; flowers white ; North America; 1825. A. piimila (dwarf); greenhouse evergreen ; 4 feet ; flowers white ; Magellan ; 1825. A. serrati- folia (saw-edged-leaved) ; greenhouse evergreen ; 6 feet ; flowers whitish-green. A. speciosa (showy) ; Mexico ; 1837. A. touien- tosa (woolly-branched) ; 4 feet ; flowers white ; California; 1826. A. tomeiitosa nuda (smooth-branched.) A. nnedo (unedo) ; 10 feet; flowers white, in October; Ireland. A. wiedo crispa (curled) ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in October, A. uiiedo integrifo- lia (entire-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers pink, in October. A. imedo plena (double-flowered) ; 5 feet ; flowers white, in October, A. unedo salicifolia (willow-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in Octo- ber. A. schizopetala (cut-petalled) ; 7 feet ; flowers white, in October. A. schizopetala ritbra (red-flowered) ; 10 feet ; flowers pink, in October, 46 GARDEN FLOWERS. The shrub called Strawberry-tree in the Northern United States is Euonymus. Arctostaphylos. [Ericaceae.] Dwarf evergreen shrubs, ornamental in foliage, flowers, and berr}^, succeeding in sandy peat. Increased by layers and seed. A. Alpina is deciduous. A. Alpina (Alpine); deciduous trailer; i foot; flowers flesh- colored, in May; Scotland. A. lo7igifolia (long-leaved); half- hardy evergreen under-shrub ; Mexico; 1847. A. nitida (shin- ing) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Mexico; 1836. A. pungens (stinging); half-hardy evergreen shrub; i foot; flowers white, in February; Mexico ; 1839. A. tomeiitosa (downy) ; evergreen shrub ; flowers white ; North America ; 1826. A. uva iirsi (bear's-grape) ; evergreen trailer; I foot ; flowers white, in April ; Britain. Arctotis. Bear's-ear. [Compositae.] Greenhouse per- ennial herbs, with showy composite flowers. Soil, sandy loam and leaf-mould. Propagated by division. Many of the species are remarkable for having the under surface of their leaves covered with a close white wool ; and this, to- gether with the form of the leaves, gives them a distinct appearance among other plants. Many of the species form good bedding plants, and give a mass of bloom all summer. Treated as annuals, they bloom the first year. A. acaulis (stemless); greenhouse perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers yellow, in May ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1759. ^- arboresce?ts (arborescent); greenhouse perennial; 18 inches ; flowers white and pink, in June; Cape of Good Hope; 1818. A. aspera (rough) ; greenhouse perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in June ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1710. A. aiircola (golden) ; green- house perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers orange, in April ; Cape of Good Hope; 17 10. A. breviscarpa (short-podded); hardy an- nual ; I foot ; flowers orange with dark centre, in July ; Cape of Good Hope. A. grajidijiora (\:AxgQ.-?iC\NQ.XQ.^; greenhouse per- ennial ; 18 inches; flowers yelloW, in April; Cape of Good GARDEN FLOWERS. 47 Hope; 1774. A.speciosa (showy); greenhouse perennial; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1812. Arenaria. [Caryophyllaceae.] Small herbaceous per- ennials and annuals, suitable for rock-work. The peren- nials increased by division, the annuals by seed. All grow in good garden soil. A. Balerica (Balerian) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in July ; Majorca ; 1787. A. biflora (two-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Switzerland ; 1818. A. ccBspitosa (tufted) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June; Switzerland; 1826. A. glandidosa (having glands); hardy annual ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in June ; Europe ; 1820. A. nardifolia (spikenard-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1827. There are about seventy other species. Arethusa. [Orchidacese.] A genus of only two spe- cies, of which only one is hardy. The plants are very diffi- cult of cultivation, but their beauty richly repays any care. The root is a small tuber, about the size of a large pea. Soil, peat, very wet. A. bulbosa (bulbous) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pur- ple and white, in June ; North America ; in low peaty swamps. This plant is dying out in many localities where it was once very plenty. Aretia. [Primulaceae.] Pretty little perennials, of easy culture in loam and peat. Propagated by division. A. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Switzerland ; 1775. A. Helvetica (Swiss) ; hardy per- ennial ; 3 inches; flowers white, in June; Switzerland; 1775. A.pubescens (downy) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Switzerland ; 1824. A. Vitaliana (Vital's) ; hardy peren- nial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Pyrenees ; 1787. A. arge7itea is half-hardy. All the species are very impatient of standing water at the roots. 48 GARDEN FLOWERS. Argemone. [Papaveraceae.] Annuals and perennials, with white and yellow poppy-Hke flowers. Common garden soil. They will not bear transplanting. The ar.nuals are propagated by seed, the perennials by suckers. The latter require winter protection in the Northern States. A. grandijlora (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet j flowers white, in July ; Mexico : 1827. A. intei'media (interme- diate) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers white, in July ; Mexico ; 1827. A. Mexicana (Mexican) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet; flowers yellow, in July ; Mexico; 1592. A . oc/n^oleuca {yt\- lowish) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers cream-colored, in July : Mexico ; 1827. Aris^ma. [Araceae.] Hardy and half-hardy tuberous- rooted perennials, with a curious and spathaceous inflores- cence. Soil, peat and loam. Propagated by division. A. dracontiiim (dragon) ; hardy tuber ; 2 feet ; flowers green, in June; North America; 1759. ^- ^'i^igc^^s (gaping); half- hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers in May ; Japan ; 1800. A. ter- natum (ternate) ; half-hardy tuber ; 9 inches ; flowers purple, in May; Japan; 1774. 'A. triphyllum (three-leaved); hardy tuber ; 9 inches ; flowers brown, white, purple, and green, in May ; North America ; 1664. This latter species is commonly- known as " Indian Tur- nip," "Jack in the Pulpit," or " Wild Arum." In cultivadon, it grows very large, and is very curious in flower, and orna- mental in fruit. Aristolochia. Birthivort. [Aristolochiaceae.] (Dutch- man's Pipe.) Hardy greenhouse or stove herbs or shrubs, often with twining stems. Soil for the hardy sorts, rich loam and sand ; plenty of root-room. Propagated by layers. The twining species are rampant climbers, often growing thirty feet high : they should have plenty of room, to appear to advantage. They are increased by layers and division. The following are the hardy and half-hardy species, of GARDEN FLOWERS. 49 which A. sipho and toinentosa are the best. There are also six greenhouse and about twenty stove species. The flow- ers of all are more curious than beautiful. A. BcEtica (Spanish); deciduous climber; 6 feet; flowers purple, in June; Spain; 1596. A. Chilensis (Chilian); decid- uous half-hardy ; 6 feet ; flowers purple and green, in Septem- ber ; West Indies; 1832. A. dematitis (clematis-like); herba- ceous perennial; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; Britain. A. longa (long-rooted) ; deciduous trailer ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July; south of Europe; 1548. A. pallida (pale-flowered); herbaceous perennial; 2 feet ; flowers white and purple ; Italy; 1640. A. pistolochia (pistolochia) ; deciduous trailer; 2 feet; flowers purple, in July; south of Europe; 1597. A. sagittata (arrow-shaped) ; herbaceous perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July; North America; 18 19. A. serpentaria (snakeroot) ; deciduous trailer ; i foot ; flowers dark-purple, in July ; North America; 1632. A. sipho (tube-bearing); deciduous climber; 30 feet ; flowers yellow and brown, in July ; North America ; 1763. A. tomentosa (downy) ; deciduous climber ; 20 feet ; flow- ers purple, in July ; North America ; 1799. Armeria. Thi-ift. [Plumbaginaceae.] Dwarf herba- ceous plants, nearly all hardy. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by dividing the crown, and planting the separate pieces as cuttings under hand-glasses. They are fine rock-plants, and also do well in pots; and some varieties of the com- mon thrift, especially a deep rose and a white one, make pretty edging to flower-beds. A. cephalote:^ i^\^-3.A^6)\ hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers deep rose-pink, in August; Europe; 1800. A. dianthoides (pink-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale red, in May; Europe; 18 10. A. latifolia (broad-leaved); hardy per- ennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-red, in June ; Portugal; 1740. A. plantaginea (plantain-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-red, in June ; Jersey. A. vitlgaris (common) ; hardy per- ennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; England. There is a pretty white-flowered variety of this, called alba. 4 50 GARDEN FLOWERS. Aronicum. [Composite.] A hardy herbaceous plant aUied to Doronicum, flourishing in garden soil, and propa- gated by division. A. Altaictun (Altaic); hardy perennial ; i foot; flowers yel- low, in July ; Siberia; 1783. Arrow-Head. See Sagittaria. Artemisia. Hardy and greenhouse herbs and shrubs, with a few annuals, remarkable in many cases for a strong heavy odor. A. Abrotajuwi, the Southernwood, is a favor- ite in cottage gardens ; the, rest are unimportant. Common soil. Propagated by cuttings. A. Abrotamun (Southernwood) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flow- ers greenish, in August ; Europe ; 1548. There are about forty other species. Arum. [Araces.] Curious perennials. The majority hardy, but some requiring a greenhouse, others a stove. It is the floral sheath or spathe of these plants that forms the conspicuous part of the inflorescence. The tender kinds should have rich loam, and plenty of water while growing. For the hardy sorts, any common soil that is deep. Propa- gated by suckers. A. dracunatlus (dragon); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers brown, in July ;. south of Europe ; 1548. A. Italicum (Italian) ; hardy perennial; i foot; flowers yellowish, in June; Italy; 1683. A. tenuifoliiim (slender-leaved); hardy perennial; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; south of Europe ; 1750. Many plants formerly belonging to Arum have been re- ferred to Arisaema. Arundo. [Gramineae.] Hardy perennials, flourishing in rich damp soil. Propagated by division. A. Donax ; hardy perennial; 10 feet; flowers apetalous ; south of Europe ; 1648 A. Donax versicolor; a pretty striped variety. GARDEN FLOWERS. 5 I AsARUM. Asarabacca. [Aristolocliiacete.] Dwarf hardy perennials, more remarkable for the curious structure of their flowers than for their beauty. Cool moist common soil. Propagated by division. A. Ca7ta(fense (C3.n3.dmn) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers brown, in April; Canada; 17 13. A. EiiropcBiuji (European); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers brown, in April ; England. A. Virginicuin (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers brown, in April ; Virginia; 1759. AscLEPiAS. Swallow-wort. [Asclepiadaceae.] Herba- ceous perennials, including stove, greenhouse, and hardy kinds. For the tender kinds, rich loam and leaf-mould in equal parts. They are best raised from seeds, which are generally produced freely, and the plants should be often renewed : they may also be raised by cuttings in sand in a hot-bed. The seed should be sown in pots in the spring, and the plants pricked out as soon as large enough, aftei'- wards potted singly, and shifted into larger pots as they grow. Most of the hardy sorts grow in good deep garden soil ; but A. tiiherosa should have good loam, but will thrive in garden soil. These are increased by division. A. amcBna (pleasing); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers pur- ple, in July; North America ; 1732. A. Curassavica (Curas- soa) ; stove perennial ; 3 feet 5 flowers orange, in June ; South America; 1692. A white variety is called alba; a long-leaved deep-red variety is called rubra : these are very desirable stove plants, and do well as bedding plants in summer. A. decuinbens (decumbent) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers orange, in July ; North America; 1731. A. exaltata (tall); hardy per- ennial; 6 feet; flowers purple, in July; North America; 1800. A. nivea (snowy); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers white, in July; North America; 1730. A. pnlchra {idar); hardy peren- nial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; North America. A. rubra (red) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red, in July ; Virginia ; 1825. A. Syriaca (Syrian); hardy perennial; 4 feet; flowers 52 GARDEN FLOWERS. purple, in July ; North America ; 1629. A. t2ibe7'osa{i\xheYO\is) ; liardy tuberous perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers orange-scarlet, in July ; North America ; 1690. Ash. See Fraxinus. Aspen. See Populus. AsPERULA. [Galiaceae.] Veiy pretty hardy perennials. Grow in cool moist soil ; and increased by division. A. Aparine (marsh) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July; south of Europe; 1818. A. galeoides (gahum-like) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; south of* Europe; 17 10. A. longifolia (long-leaved); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red, in July ; south of Europe ; 1820. A. odorata (sweet) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May. A. tinctoria (dyer's) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pink, in July ; Europe ; 1764. A. trichodes (hairy) ; hardy annual ; propagated by seeds ; flowers white, in July ; 1838. AsPHODELUS. [Liliacese.] Hardy herbaceous perenni- als, growing in common garden soil. Increased by division A. albus (white) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; south of Europe ; 1820. A. luteus (yellow); hardy per- ennial; 18 inches; flowers" yellow, in June ; Sicily; 1596. A. proliferous (prolific) ; hardy annual ; propagated by seed ; flowers white, in August; Armenia; 1824. A. raniosus (branching); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; south of Eu- rope ; 1 55 1 • A. tenuior (more slender) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Siberia ; 1824. Aster. [Composit^e.] Hardy composite perennials. Common garden soil. Propagated by seed and by division. A veiy large family, of which we enumerate a very small selection. See also Callistephus and Felicia. A. AlpiiUis (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blu- ish-purple, in July; Europe; 1658. A. Amelhis (Amellus); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers ptrrple, in August ; Italy ; 1596. A. ^^j-j-^r^^zV?/.? (Bessarabian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in September; Bessarabia; 1834. A. Nov(2 Anglit^ GARDEN FLOWERS. 53 (New England) ; hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers purple, in Sep- tember ; North America ; 1710. A. pidcherrimus (prettiest); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers purple, in August ; North America ; 1800. There are more than a hundred and fifty other species. As'iEROCEPHALUS. Hardy annuals and perennials, in- cluding the well-known Sweet Scabious, or Mourning Bride. The seeds of this are sown in the flower-borders in May, and merely thinned out when the plants come up, or in a hot-bed, and transplanted. The perennial species are of easy culture in common garden soil, and increase by di- vision. A. atropm-'p-areiLs (Sweet Scabious); hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers various colors, in July ; India. A . gramiiiifoliiis (grass- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; S\Titzer- land ; 1683. A. incana (hoary) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flow- ers red, in June ; Europe; 1826. A. ochroleticus (yellowish); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale yellow, in July ; Germany ; 1517. There are many other species. Astragalus. Milk Vetch. [Legaminosae.] Perennials and annuals, mostly hardy, bearing papiUonaceous flowers. The large species are suitable for the common borders, and the smaller ones for rock-work. They are increased by seeds, by division, or by cuttings, according to their habit. It is a very numerous family, containing many species of merely botanical interest. A. alopecitroides (fox~tail) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flow- ers yellow, in June ; Spain ; 1738. A. Atistriacus (Austrian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-blue, in June ; Austria ; 1640. A. hypoglottis (under-tongue) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inch- es ; flowers purplish-blue and white, in June ; England. A. leontiims (lion's tail) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; Austria ; 1816. A. leptophy litis (fine-leaved) ; hardy per- 54 GARDEN FLOWERS. ennial; 6 inches; flowers white, in June ; Barbary; 1811. A. Monspessulanus (Montpelier) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July; France; 1710. A. odoratus (sweet); hardy perennial; i foot ; flowers yellow, in June ; Levant; 1820. A. onobrychis (Saintfoin); hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers pur- ple or white, in June ; Austria ; 1640. A. Ponticus (Pontic) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Tauria ; 1820. A. stipidatiis (stipuled) ; hardy perennial; i foot; flowers yel- low, in June ; Nepaul ; 1822. There are more than a hundred other species. AsTRANTiA. [Umbelliferae.] Elegant herbaceous plants, qnite hardy. Common garden soil. Increased by division. A. Carm'oh'ca (Csirmolmn) ; hardy perennial ; i foot; flowers striped, in May; Carniolia; 18 12. A . Caticasz'ca {C2iUca.si2Ln) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Caucasus ; 18 1 8. A. ;/7<7y^r (greater) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers striped, in June ; Europe ; 1596. A. maxima (greatest) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; Caucasus ; 1804. Atragene. [Ranmiculaceae.] Hardy deciduotis climb- ers, resembling Clematis. Soil, rich garden loam. Prop- agated by cuttings in sand under a bell-glass, or by layers. A. Am.cricana (American); hardy climbing shrub; 10 feet; flowers purple, in June ; North America ; 1797. A. Austriaca (Austrian); hardy climbing shrub; 12 feet; flowers blue, in June; Austria; 1792. A. Sibej^ca (Siberian); hardy climbing shrub ; 12 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1753. Aubergine. See Solanum, Egg-Plant. AuBRiETiA. [Cruciferae.] Veiy pretty dwarf evergreen herbaceous perennials, growing in common garden soil, and well suited to rock-work. Propagated by seeds and division, or by cuttings under a bell-glass in sand. A. deltoidca (tlu^ee-angled) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flow- ers purple, in May; Levant ; 1710. A. hcsperidifiora (hesperis- flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in May ; GARDEN FLOWERS. 55 south of Europe ; 1823. A. purpurea (purple); hardy peren- nial ; 3 inches ; flowers lilac-purple, in May ; Levant ; 1820. There are varieties with variegated foliage. AcuBA. [Cornaceas.] A fine evergreen shrub, conspicu- ous for its variegated foliage ; hardy south of Philadelphia. Common soil. Propagated by cuttings and layers. A. Japonica (Japan) ; hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers chocolate, in May ; Japan ; 1783. The plant is dioecious. Auricula. See Primula. AvENS. See Geum. AvENA. [Graminese.] Oat. Too well known to need description. A. sterilis is the common animated oats of the garden. All the species are ornamental in a collection of grasses. Azalea. [Ericaceae.] Handsome, low, hardy, and greenhouse shrubs. The American or hardy Azaleas (A. pontica, calendiilacea, niidifloray and viscosa, with hosts of garden varieties bred from them) are inhabitants of all our best shrubberies, and have been so wonderfully improved by seedling culture as to throw into the shade the original species : there are now to be selected twenty or thirty varieties better than the very best of the original species. Ever}^ year, too, adds to the diversity of sorts, and to the size of the flowers, which is one of the characteristics of the improved kinds. In many places they thrive in the common soil of the gar- den, but, in general, they require peat earth to be dug in with the natural soil ; and where there is to be any quantity grown, or a nursery of them made, beds of peat earth, or compounds of the greatest part of turfy-peat earth, must be made up. They are raised from seed sown in beds in the open air ; but, from its extreme diminutiveness, many prefer 56 GARDEN FLOWERS. sowing in pans and wide-mouthed pots. When they are large enough, they should be planted out in peat-beds six inches apart : the second year every alternate plant may be taken out and planted elsewhere, to make room ; and, as they increase in size, they should have more room. They are propagated chiefly by layers ; but cuttings of the last year's wood will root readily in sand. The following are some of the hardy species : — A. arborescens (tree-like) ; lo feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America ; 1818. A. bicolor (two-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers scar- let, in June; North America; 1734. A canescens (hoary); 3 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America ; 1812. A. calendii- lacea (marigold-like) ; 4 feet ; flowers orange, in June ; North America; 1806. A. calendulacea chrysolecta (fine-golden); 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; North America. A. calendulacea crocea (saffron-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers saffron, in June ; North America. A. calendulacea cuprea (copper-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers copper, in June ; North America. A calendulacea fla7nmea (flame-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America; 181 2. A. calendulacea grajidifiora (large-flowered) ; 4 feet; flowers orange, in June; North America. A. calendu- lacea ignescens (fire-colored) ; i foot ; flowers red, in June ; North America. A. calendulacea splendens (shining); 4 feet; flowers orange, in June ; North America. A. calendulacea tri- uinphans (triumphant) ; 4 feet ; flowers orange, in June ; North America. ^ . ^/(3:?/r^z (dwarf-glaucous) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June; North America; 1734. A. hispida (bristly); 5 feet; flowers white, in June; North America; 1734. A. ledifolium (ledum-leaved) ; 2 feet; flowers white, in April; China; 1824. A. nitida (shining-leaved); 4 feet; flowers white, in April; North America ; 18 12. A. nudifiora (naked-flowered) ; 3 feet ; flowers deep pink, in June ; North America ; 1734. A. nudijlora alba (early-white) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North Amer- ica. A. nudifiora alba-plena (double-white); 4 feet; flowers white, in June; North America. A. nudifiora blanda (soft); 4 feet ; flowers blush, in June; North America. A. nudijlora GARDEN FLOWERS. 5/ carnea (flesh) ; 4 feet ; flowers pale-red, in June ; North America ; 1734. A. nudiflora Caroliiiiana (Carolina); 4 feet; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. niidifiora Coburghii (Co- burg's) ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora coccinea (scarlet) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North Ame- rica. A. nudiflora corynibosa (corymbose) ; 4 feet; flowers scar- let, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora crispa (curled); 4 feet; flowers pink, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora cumulata (bundled) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, pink, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora discolor (two-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, scarlet, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora fastigiata (pyramidal) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink, in June ; North America. A. luidiflora florida (m^any-flowered) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink, n June ; North America. A. nudiflora globosa (globe- like) ; feet; flowers pink, in June ; North America. A. nudi- flora glomerata (round-headed) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink in June ; North America. A. nudiflora incana (hoary) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora incarnata (flesh- colored) ; 4 feet; flowers flesh, in June; North America. A. nudiflora mirabilis (wonderful) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora magniflca (magnificent) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora montaua (mountain) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora pallida (pale-flowered) ; 4 feet ; flowers pale-red, in June ; North America. A. 7iudiflora paludosa (marsh); 4 feet ; flowers pale-red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora papi- lionacea (butterfly) ; 4 feet ; flowers striped, in June ; North America. A. 7iudiflora pa7'tita {fwQ-^2Lritdi) ; 4 feet ; flowers white and red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora pai'vi- flora (small-flowered); 4 feet; flowers in June; North America. A. midiflora prolifera (proliferous) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North America. A . nudiflora pufnila {&\N2ir£) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America. A. 7iudiflora purpU7'asce7is (purplish) ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; North America. A. ?iudiflo7'a purpurea (purple) ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora pU7pureo-pletio (double-purple) ; 4 feet; flowers purple, in June ; North America. A. nudiflo7'a 58 GARDEN FLOWERS. I'osea (rosy) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America. A. iiudiflora ruberriina (reddest); 4 feet; flowers dark-red, in June ; North America. A. midiflora rubescejis (reddish) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America. A. midiflora rubi- nmda (ruddy) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America. A. nicdiflora rubra (red) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora ;7////rt;^j- (shining-red) ; 4 feet ; flowers dark-red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora semi-dicplex (semi-double) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora staniinea (long-stamened) ; 4 feet; flowers red, in June; North America. A. nudiflora stellata (starry); 4 feet; flowers red, in June; North America. A. nudiflora tricolor (three-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, white, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora iiariabilis (variable); 4 feet; flowers red, in June; North America. A. nudiflora variegata (varie- gated) ; 4 feet ; flowers red and white, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora versicolor (party-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers red and white, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora violacea (violet- colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers violet, in June ; North America. A. Pontica (Pontic) ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Turkey; 1793. A. Pontica albiflora (white-flowered) ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Turkey. A. Pontica coronariiun (garland) ; 7 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in June ; Holland ; 1832. A. Pontica cuprea (cop- per-colored-) ; 6 feet; flowers copper, in June; Turkey. A. Pontica glauca (milky-green-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Turkey. A. Pontica pallida (pale) ; 6 feet ; flowers pale- yellow, in April ; Turkey. A. Pontica tricolor (three-colored) ; 6 feet ; flowers pale-red, in April ; Turkey. A. speciosa (showy) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. speciosa acutifolia (pointed-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North America. A. speciosa aurantia (orange); 4 feet; flowers orange, in June ; North America. A. speciosa ciliata (fringed) ; 4 feet; flowers in June; North America. A. speciosa ci'ispa (curled); 4 feet; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. speciosa cucullata (hooded) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North America. A. speciosa 7;z<2;"6'r (larger-scarlet) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. speciosa obliqua (unequal- GARDEN FLOWERS. 59 sided); 4 feet; flowers in June ; North America. A. speciosa prunifolia (plum-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North Ame- rica. A. speciosa revoluta (rolled-back-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North America. A. speciosa tortulifolia (twisted- leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North America. A. speciosa undulata (waved-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North Ame- rica. A. viscosa (clammy) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa crispa (curled) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa dealbata (whitened) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa fissa (cleft) ; 4 feet; flowers white, in July; North America. A. viscosa odorata (scented) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North Ameri- ca. A. viscosa pencillata (pencilled); 4 feet ; flowers white, in July; North America. A. viscosa pubesceiis (downy); 4 feet; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa riibescens (reddish) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa variegata (variegated) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa vittata (banded) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. a?nce?ia (bright-flowered) ; I foot ; flowers crimson and purple, in April ; Shanghae. This beautiful little species is hardy as far north as Massachusetts, if planted in peat and sand, and protected from the winter's sun by an evergreen bough thrown over it. The foliage is evergreen. BABY'S BREATH. See Muscari. Baeria. [Compositae.] A pretty hardy annual, thriv- ing in any garden soil, from seeds sown in May. B. chrysostoma (golden-mouthed); hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- ers yellow, in June ; California ; 1835. Balm. See Melissa. Balsamina. Balsam. [Balsaminacece.] Tender annu- als. The garden Balsam, of which numerous handsome va- rieties are grown, is B. hortensis. This requires a rich com- post of loam and vegetable mould. Sow the seeds in pots, about March, and put them in a cucumber-frame or melon- bed. As soon as they are up, and before they have time to draw, let them be potted out, one in a pot three inches across, and put in a declining or very moderate hot-bed, where they must have air to prevent their being drawn up, and must be so placed that the tops shall be near the glass, and the plants must be shifted every time the pots fill with roots ; and in this way you go on moving them from one pot to another as they fill with roots. The heat of the bed must not be neglected ; and the pots will have to be lowered, or the frame raised, as the plants increase in size. Some of the plants may be hardened off in May, and in June turned into the borders, where, if the soil be rich, and the situation sheltered, they make a very pretty show, and seed freely. Those in pots have to be put into the greenhouse when they have grown too large for the frames ; and, if the house is a lean-to, they should be turned every day, that 60 GARDEN FLOWERS. 6 1 one side may not be drawn more than another. By con- stant shifting, as the plants fill the pots, and keeping them near the glass, they can be grown very large, much branched, and the flowers will cover the branches. Compared with the double varieties of the common Balsam, the other species are unimportant, though some of the stove species, when well grown, are very beautiful. Balsams also do well if sown in a hot-bed and planted out after the weather has become settled. B. hortensis (garden) ; tender annual ; 3 feet ; flowers various, in July ; East Indies ; 1596. There seems to be no reason for making this new genus from Lnpatiens. The plant is better named Impatiens bal- saminea. Baneberry. See Act^a. Banksian Rose. See Rosa. Baptisia. [Leguminosae.] Hardy perennials, with pa- pilionaceous blossoms. Common loamy soil. Multiplied by division and seed. B. alba (white); hardy perennial-; 2 feet; flowers white, in June; North America; 1724. B. Atistralis {sou^h^Yn); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; 'North America ; 1758. B. lanceolata (lanceolate) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yel- low, in July; North America; 18 18. B. mollis {?,o(\.) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; North America ; 1824. B. villosa (villous) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; North America ; 181 1. Barrenwort. See Epimedium. Barbarea. [Cruciferae.] Hardy herbaceous plants, al- lied to Arabis, readily increased by seed and division, grow- ing in garden soil ; not ornamental. The species are B. araiata, orthocerus, precox, strida, Tau- rica, and vulgaris ; all with yellow flowers. 62 GARDEN FLOWERS. Bartonia. [Loasaceae.] Half-hardy annuals and bien- nials. Soil peaty and rather cool. Propagated by seeds : the annuals sown in March in a mild hot-bed, and planted out in May, or sown in the open ground in May ; the bi- ennials sown in July, and kept in frames during winter. B. aurea, which is the principal sort cultivated, is very pretty. B. albescens (white) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July; Chili; 183 1. B. aurea (golden); half-hardy annual; 2 feet; flowers yellow, in July; California; 1834. B.ornata (ornate) ; half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Missouri ; 1811. B. nuda (naked) ; half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Missouri ; 181 1. Bastard Indigo. See Amorpha. Batschia. Hardy perennials. Good loamy garden soil. Increased either by seeds or by division. B. canesce7is (hoary); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in July; North America; 1826. B. longijiora (long- flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; Missouri ; 1812. B. sericea (silky) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; North America ; 1825. Bead-Tree. See Melia. Bear's Breech. See Acanthus. Bear's Ear. See Arctotis. Bear's Ear Sanicle. See Cortusa. Bear's Grape. See Arctostaphylos. Bedstraw. See Galium. Beech. See Fagus. Belladonna Lily. A beautiful species of Amaryllis (A. Belladonna)^ occasionally used as a bedding plant. The foliage dies in July, and the spike of pink lily-like flow- ers is produced on a tall stem in September. After bloom- ing, the bulb should be potted, and the growth of foliage encouraged, as on this depends the bloom of the next year. The bulb is tender, and must not be exposed to frost. GARDEN FLOWERS. 63 Bell-Flower. See Campanula. Bellwort. See Uvularia. Bellidiastrum. [Composite.] Dwarf hardy perennials, with daisy-Hke flowers. Soil, loam and peat. Increased by division. B. Michelii (Micheli's) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Austria ; 1570. Requires protection in the Northern States. Bellis. [Compositae.] A genus of very pretty half-hardy perennials, growing in common garden soil, and increased by division. The usual mode is to plant them in a frame, and bring them into the house to bloom, or to bloom them in the frame. The flowers are double and single, of various colors. Some have variegated foliage. B. hybrida (hybrid) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in spring ; Italy; 1824. B. mtegrifolia (entire-le^ived) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white and pink, in July ; Texas ; 1801. B. peremiis (perennial) ; half-hardy perennial ; flowers white, in June ; the common Daisy of England. Variety hortensis, the garden double red Daisy ; variety Jistulosa, the garden double red quilled Daisy ; variety prolifera, the garden variety, pink and white, with small flower-heads round the larger one. B. sylvestris (wood) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Portugal ; 1797. This plant offers a wide field for improvement by careful hybridization. All the species require to be shaded from our summer's sun. Bellium. [Composite.] A genus of small pretty half- hardy herbaceous perennials, with daisy-like flowers, and grown in sandy peat : the perennials increased by division ; the annuals, by seed. B. bellidioides (daisy-like) ; hardy annual ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June; Italy; 1796. B. crassifoluun (thick-leaved); half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Sar- 64 GARDEN FLOWERS. dinia ; 1831. B. i7itermediu7ii (intermediate); half-hardy peren- nial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in August ; hybrid. B. inimttufn (small) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in July ; Levant; 1772. Berberis. Barberry. [Berberiaceae.] A genus of ever- green and deciduous shrubs, ornamental in foliage, flower, and fruit. The common Barberiy ( B. Canadensis ) is a very ornamental but neglected shrub. Although there is not a shrub more decidedly shrubby, it can be formed into a pretty standard. Young suckers may be supported with Staines until they run up to the height required, all their side shoots being removed before they advance much in growth : the top may then be taken off, and a few of the lateral branches encouraged close to the top ; these, shortened be- fore they grow much, cause other laterals to grow, and a good head may be formed in a short time. Generally a deep sandy loam is desirable. Propagated by cuttings in autumn, by grafting in the case of rare sorts, and by seeds where large quantities are raised. One group of the Berberries have been called Mahonias. These are beautiful dwarf evergreen shrubs, with bright shiny foliage, growing thick and rich, and bearing beautiful close bunches of bright yellow flowers in the spring, suc- ceeded by rich purple fruit. There is hardly a prettier set of evergreens in cultivation : they afford a very striking va- riety in the foliage of a mixed clump ; but, as the plants feather down to the ground, there should be nothing to hide them : on this account they make excellent lawn jDlants. They bear round, bright, purple fruit, which looks as well as the flowers ; and the plants, which do not grow higher than three or four feet in general, and are a good while reaching that height, are handsome without either flowers or fruit. They are multiplied by suckers, which may be taken GARDEN FLOWERS. 65 off in the autumn : they also strike freely, and may therefore be raised from cuttings ; but, of late, they have been chiefly raised from seeds, which yield a much greater variety of fo- liage than the several enumerated sorts exhibit. The seed should be washed out of the soft berries and dried ; then a bed, with a portion of turfy peat dug among the ordinary soil, should be prepared, and the seed sown very thinly in- deed upon it, and raked in. When it comes up let it be cleared of weeds, and, in very diy weather, occasionally watered. They may remain until large enough to plant out a foot apart ; for, if they have not room, they soon become drawn. Here they have only to be kept clean till they are large enough to plant where they are to stand. Except where otherwise specified, those named below are evergreen. B. aquifoliiun (holly-leaved) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in May ; North America ; 1823. B. Beali (Beal's) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in March ; China ; 1852. B. Darwi7ni {T)2ir\Nm's) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flow- ers deep orange, in May ; Chili ; 1847. S- dealbata (whitened) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; Mexico ; 1833. B. dzdcis {svfQet) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet; flowers yel- low, in May; Magellan; 1830. B. empetrifolia (empetrum- leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in May; Magellan; 1827. B. fasicularis (^\m^^d^\ half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; California ; 1820. B. For^miz (Fortune^ s) ; evergreen shrub ; 8 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in July; China ; 1846. B.ghwiacea (glumaceous) ; evergreen shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; North America; 1822. B. ilicifolia (holly-leaved); evergreen shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers orange-yellow, in July ; Terra del Fuego ; 1843. B. Jai7iieso7ii (Jameson's) ; evergreen shrub ; flowers yellow ; Peru ; 1847. B. Loxensis (Loxa) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow ; Loxa ; 1848. B. macrophylla (large- leaved) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow ; Japan ; 1847. B. Nepaleiisis (Nepaul) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 5 66 GARDEN FLOWERS. 5 feet; flowers yellow, in March; north of India; 1850. B. repeiis (creeping) ; evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; North America ; 1822. B. trifoliata (trifoliate) ; half- hardy deciduous shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Mex- ico ; 1839. B- trifurca (three-forked) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub; 5 feet; flowers unknown; China; 1852. B. vulgaris (common) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, in May; England. i5. J^^//zV//2(2;2^ (WaUich's) ; evergreen shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers yellow ; East Indies ; 1820. Most of the evergreen species require a winter protection of evergreen boughs in the Northern States. Bergia. [Elatinacese.] Hardy annual, of no great beauty. Sandy soil. Propagated by seeds. B. verticillata (whorled) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white and red, in June ; Egypt ; 1820. Berteroa. [Cruciferse.] A small family of herbaceous half-hardy plants, allied to Arabis, grown in common garden soil, and increased by division, seed, and cuttings. The species all have whitish flowers and are B. incana, muta- bilis, and obliqua. The former is also known as Alyssum incanum. Betckia. [Valerianaceae.] A genus of hardy annuals, allied to Valerian. Propagated by seeds sown in a hot-bed, and transplanted to the border. ^. ;;m^/j- (larger) ; hardy annual; 18 inches ; flowers rose, in August; California; 1836. j5. j-«;/2^///'^/// (common) ; hardy sub- shrub ; 18 inches; flowers yellow or brown, in May; Europe. C. Marshallii (Marshall's) ; hardy herbaceous perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers deep-orange, in June and August ; Scotch hy- brid. C. ntiitabilis (changeable) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, changeable, in March ; Madeira; 1777. C. och- roleiicus (pale-yellow) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pale- yellow, in May ; Switzerland ; 1822. Chelidonium. Celandine. [Papaveracese.] Harcly her- baceous well-known perennials, some of which are rather pretty, and desirable from their early flowering. Propagated by seeds and division. C. grandifloriun (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; Dahuria ; 1820. C. lacmatum (jagged) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; south of Eu- rope. C. 7najus fiore-pleno (large-double-flowered) ; hardy per- ennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in summer ; Hybrid. Chelone. [Scrophulariaceae.] Beautiful herbaceous perennials, closely allied to Pentstemon, and requiring sim- ilar treatment. C barbata (bearded) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in July; Mexico; 1794. ' Varieties carnea and major have flesh- colored and orange-striped flowers. C. glabra (smooth) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in August ; North America ; 1730. C. Lyoni (Lyon's) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers pur- ple, in August ; North America; 181 2. C. obliqna (oblique); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose-purple, in August ; North America; 1752. Chenopodium. [Chenopodiaceae.] A few plants of this family, which consists mainly of weeds, have of late been introduced into gardens for dark or elegant foliage. They are generally hardy annuals. C. album and atriplicis are good species. Cherry. See Cerasus. 104 GARDEN FLOWERS, Chili-Pepper. See Capsicum. Chestnut. See Castanea. Chimaphila. [Pyrolaceas.] Hardy herbaceous ever- greens, of difficult culture. Soil, forest-loam and sand. C. maculata is one of our finest native foliaged plants. C. umbellata (umbelled) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers pinkish-white, in June; North America; 1752. C. macu- lata (spotted) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; North America ; 1752. Chimonanthus. [Calycanthaceae.] Half-hardy decidu- ous shrub, thriving in the Southern States, but tender in the Northern. The flowers of all the varieties are deliciously fragrant, and are produced on the leafless branches in winter. C. fragrans (fragrant) ; shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow and red, in December; Japan; 1766. Y2ir\tiy grand ifioms (large- flowered) ; flowers yellow ; 8 feet ; China. Variety parviflo- r//j (small-flowered) ; 8 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, Japan; 1818. China Aster. See Callistephus. Chinese Hollyhock. See Althaea. Chinese Pink. See Dianthus. Chionanthus. Fringe-tree. [Oleaceae.] Fine hardy de- ciduous small trees or shrubs. Soil, peat-earth in damp situations. Propagated by seeds or layers. C. maritima (marine) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in May; North America; 1736. C. Virginica (Virginian); hardy tree ; 30 feet ; North America ; 1736. There is a narrow-leaved and broad-leaved variety. Chloris. [Gramineae.] A family of tropical ornamental grasses, thriving in common soil ; all half-hardy annuals. The species are C. barbata, polydactyla, Jimbriata, and ra- diata. Christmas Rose. See Helleborus. GARDEN FLOWERS. • IO5 Chlora. [Gentianacese.] A family of hardy annuals, succeeding from seeds sown in May in the open border. C. imperfoliata J flowers yellow, in June; Italy; 1823. C. perfoliata; flowers yellow, in June ; England. C serotina (late) ; flowers yellow, in September ; south of Europe ; 1832. Chrysanthemum. [Compositae.] Hardy annuals, per- ennials, and greenhouse shrubs. The annuals, though free- growing plants, have a strong chamomile smell, and are poor in their flowers, though often grown among collections of annuals. They should be sown in patches for planting out in the borders when large enough, about three in a clump, at equal distances. Sown in heat, and forwarded for planting out in May, the bloom is much earlier than when sown in the open air. Besides being abundant flowerers, these Chrysanthemums continue their bloom until the frost cuts the plant down, and are chiefly useful in large borders where variety is wanted. The greenhouse kinds are strag- gling shrubs, with deeply jagged leaves, and flowers a good deal resembling those of Ma3^weed. The annuals are in- creased by seeds ; but the shrubby kinds may be renewed by cuttings, which take root readily. A light loamy soil suits the latter, of which young vigorous plants should be con- stantly reared. Many of the Pompon varieties are very good ; but as new ones are constantly introduced, the flor- ists' latest catalogues will show the best. C. Arctiaim (Arctic) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white and purple, in June ; Kamtschatka ; 1801. C. argenteian (silvery leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; Le- vant ; 1731. C. carinatiim (keeled) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers white, yellow, and purple, in June ; Barbary ; 1796. C. coronariu7}i (garland) ; hardy annual ; i\ feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Sicily ; 1629. C. coronopifolium (buck's-horn-leaved) ; greenhouse shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in April ; Madeira ; 1815. C. niontanu7n (mountain) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- I06 GARDEN FLOWERS. ers white, in June ; France ; 1752. C. pinnatifidum (pinnati- fid) ; greenhouse shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in April ; Ma- deira ; 1777. C. Ruthenicum (Russian); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in June ; Russia ; 1827. Chryseis. See Eschscholtzia. Chyrsocoma. Goldy-locks. [Compositae.] A genus of hardy herbaceous and greenhouse evergreen species. The former grow in common soil, and are increased by division ; die latter prefer light sandy loam, and are increased by cut- tings. They are not very showy. C. bijlora (two-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, in August ; Siberia; 1741. C. cernua (drooping); green- house sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, i;i July; Cape; 171 2. C. coinaurea (golden-hair) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in July; Cape; 1731. C. virgata {X.\€) \ hardy peren- nial; 2 feet; flowers deep-blue, in July; Tartary ; 18 18. D. consolida (branching) ; hardy annual ; i\ feet ; flowers blue, pink, or white, in June ; England. D. divaricatum (stragghng) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; Asia ; 1836. D. grandijioriun (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers deep-blue, in July; Siberia; 1816. D. grandiflorum flord-pleno J hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers deep-blue, double, in July ; gardens. D. speciosiuu (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet; flowers blue, in July ; Caucasus ; 18 16. There are numerous other showy species, among which D. HeiidersoJti and fonnoswn^ garden varieties, are conspicu- ous. For common cultivation, we should select as the best, D. formosiim^ sinense (white, light, and deep blue), sinmse GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 37 plenum, Hendersoni, elatum, varieties C(2lestimcm, grandiflorimi, bicolor plenum, azureum grandiflorum, bicolor 2in& plenu?n. Desert Rod. See Eremostachys. Dentaria. [Cruciferae.] A family of hardy herbaceous plants, comprising some dozen species, easily propagated by seeds and division. They are of little horticultural impor- tance. Deutzia. [Philadelphaceae.] Handsome hardy decid- uous shrubs, very ornamental in both garden and shrubbery. Propagated by suckers and layers. The smaller species, especially D. gracilis, are valuable for forcing in the green- house. D. corymbosa (corymbed) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Himalayas ; 1838. D. gracilis (graceful) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Japan ; 1850. D. scabra (rough) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers w^hite, in June ; Japan ; 1 833. D. sta77iiitea (broad-stamened) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Himalayas ; 1831. The double-flowered species are desirable. D. crenata flore-pleno is a fine species, introduced from Japan in 1863 Devil in a Bush. See Nigella. DiANTHOiDis, See Fenzlia. DiANTHUS. Pink. [Caiyophyllaceae.] The majority of the Pinks are highly ornamental hardy perennials, particu- larly suited for rock-work, and almost all the species are alike desirable in such situations. All the hardy perennials prefer a light, dryish soil, and are increased by cuttings or pipings, and also by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe. There are a few half-hardy, sub-shrubby kinds, which may be kept in a dry frame or greenhouse, and should be potted in sandy loam and peat : they propagate by cuttings. The Indian pink ( D. Chinetisis) is a richly colored hardy biennial, and does well treated as an annual. 138 GARDEN FLOWERS. Pi7ik (Dia?it/iiis plumarius, vars.). — The fancy or florist's race of pinks is extensive : they require every year to be struck from pipings, which are the shoots that spring out round the base of the stem ; these are taken off at blooming time, or rather later, and each shoot is cut across just be- low the third joint ; the lov/er pair of leaves from the heart being cut clean away. A bed is made of rich sandy loam and dung, and the surface is made quite soft with water, in which state pipings or shoots are inserted all over it not more than an inch apart. After drying for an hour or two, it is covered with a hand-glass, which is not disturbed for some days, and then only to water the pipings if they require it. A good deal can be done towards moistening them by watering outside the glass. In three weeks they will have struck root, and the glass may then be tilted a little to admit some air, and in a few days more may be taken away, that they may have full benefit of the air. After a few days, they may be taken up, and planted out in four-feet beds : six inches apart every way will be the proper distance for the plants. The soil in which they grow should be the loam from rotted turfs ; or, if ordinary garden soil be used of necessity, a good dressing of dung should be forked in be- fore the pinks are planted. In May, when they send up their bloom-stalks, remove all but the best from each plant, and, as these advance, take off all but two or three buds from each stalk ; and when these have swelled almost to burst- ing, but not quite, tie them fast round the middle with a piece of bass-matting, and tear the bud-cover down to the tie at its five natural divisions. After the bloom is over, the grass, as it is called, — that is, the young shoots, — will be ready to strike for the next year. The best double Pmks do not seed freely, but they do occasionally ; and such seed should be prized as a means towards obtaining new vari- GARDEN FLOWERS. 139 eties of merit. The seed should be sown in wide-mouthed pots or seed-pans, not too thick, and placed in a cold frame : if not too much crowded when they come up, the plants may remain there till they are large enough to plant out, in like manner with the pipings or cuttings, and the treatment is the same throughout. As they bloom, throv/ away instantly every one that is semi-double or single, and all that are not as good or better than the varieties already in cultivation. A very few of the seedlings may be worth trying again, and of these a few cuttings should be reared. The flowers of seedlings should be examined daily, almost hourly, in order to destroy at once those that are good for nothing ; for single and semi-double kinds can only spoil the seed of the better sorts. It is not to be expected, with every care and advantage in seed-saving, to get one improved variety out of fifty, or even a larger number of seedlings. For list of the best varieties see the latest trade catalogues. Carnation and Picotee ( Dianthus Caryophyllus, vars.J. — These superb and highly scented flowers are precisely sim- ilar as to the requirements of their cultivation. They are propagated chiefly by layering. The shoots at the bottom of the stems, being longer than those of the pink, can be pegged under the surface to strike root, which they do when half divided from the parent ; for by cutting them ' half-way through, and pegging the cut part firmly under the surface, the supply of nourishment from the parent plant being di- minished, they endeavor to compensate for their loss by forming roots. The shoots in this case do not droop, be- cause the connection with the old plant is not cut off, as in the removal of a piping ; consequently, there is not so much risk of losing any of them. In cutting these stems, the knife should go in slanting just under a joint (about the third joint from the top) ; and, when nearly half through, they should 140 GARDEN FLOWERS. be split up half an inch above the joint, the sloping piece below the joint being cut off even. The half-joint thus sep- arated, will, when pegged down, send forth roots. These layers, as they are called, may be all cut off in September, and potted in four-inch pots, two in a pot, with nothing but clean good loam from rotted turfs, no dung. In February, prepare rich mould to bloom them in, — half loam from rotted turfs, a fourth decomposed dung, and the other fourth turfy peat and silver, or other very clean sand, mixed well and left in a heap. In the beginning of April, get twelve-inch pots ; fill one-third with sherds of broken pots, then a third of the proper soil, then turn out the ball of earth with the pair of plants in it ; and, having placed it in the middle at the proper depth, fill up all round, press the soil to the ball of earth, and after adjusting it properly, and fill- ing up to within half-an-inch of the top edge, place the pot on a dry hard flooring, the object being twofold, — to pre- vent worms entering at the bottom hole and disarranging the soil, and to keep this hole, which is essential for drain- age, from getting filled up, or in any way stopped, to prevent the egress of whatever superfluous water may reach the soil. Go through the whole in this way, and then water freely, taking all possible precaution to prevent vermin from get- ting to the pots : one plan is to raise shelves, with their supports standing in pans of water. When the stems rise for bloom, treat them in the same way as Pinks, in every respect, even to the flowering. The Carnation differs from the Picotee only in the disposition of the coloring ; the Car- nation is striped or ribboned outwards, the Picotee is edged or feathered inwards. It is a prevalent practice to put cards on the buds of the flowers, that the petals may be displayed on them as they open. For a list of the best varieties of these flowers, see the latest trade-lists. GARDEN FLOWERS. I4I Sweetwilliam (D. harhatus). — This hardy perennial is best treated as a biennial, and raised annually from seeds, except in the case of distinct and particularly handsome va- rieties, which can only be increased by propagating from the shoots produced from the root, and which may be either treated as cuttings or layers. The seeds should be sown in June in a bed of light open soil ; and, when the seedlings have formed a pair or two of leaves, they may be pricked out three inches apart on a bed of Hght rich earth, in which they may grow till autumn, and will gain strength for flower- ing. In September or early in October, remove them with good balls of earth to the borders or beds where they are to flower. For beds, this should be done annually j the old roots being either destroyed after seed is secured, or trans- planted to the borders, or, in the case of new and striking varieties, removed and carefully propagated. In borders, the old roots, if vigorous enough, may be left to bloom again. Young plants reared from cuttings or layers may be treated exactly like seedlings. The best soil for the bloom- ing plants is a sandy loam well manured with decayed leaf- mould and stable-dung. The varieties of different colors of Svveetwilliam are now numerous : but they are hardly ad- vanced enough for selection by name. D. arboreus (tree) ; half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in July; Greece; 1820. D. ai'hisaila (small tree) ; half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers red, in July; China; 1824. D. barbatiis (Sweetwilliam) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers various, in July; Germany; 1573. D. caryophyllus (clove-pink); hardy perennial; 2 feet ; flowers flesh-color, in June ; England D. Chinensis (Indian pink) ; half-hardy biennial ; i foot : flowers various, in July ; China; 17 13. D. Heddewigii'is a gigantic form of D. Chmen- sis, introduced from Japan in 1859. D. fruticosus (shrubby) ; half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; 142 GARDEN FLOWERS. Greece; 1815. D. Heiidersoiiianus (Henderson's); hardy per- ennial ; I foot ; flowers crimson, in July ; gardens. D. phuna- rius (garden pink) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white and purple, in June ; England. D. suffmticosus (half-shrubby); half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub; 18 inches; flowers pink, in August; Siberia; 1804. There are about one hundred hardy perennial kinds, varying in height from 6 to 18 inches, and with flowers usually white, pink, or flesh-colored. All of these are more or less ornamental. D. deltoides is a fine plant for rock- work : D. cruentus has brilliant red flow^ers ; D. Verscha- feldtii and Veitchii are very showy species if carefully grown. DiAPENSiA. [Polemoneaceas.] A dwarf Alpine ever- green, of diflicult culture. D. Lappoiiica (Lapland) ; hardy shrub ; 4 inches ; flowers white, in July ; Lapland ; North America ; 1801. DiCTAMNUS. Fraxinella. [Rutaceae.] Showy hardy per- ennials, with leaves something like those of an ash-tree; hence the nAVCiO. fraxinella, or little Fraxinus, the latter being the name of the Ash. They grow in common garden soil, preferring loam. Propagated slowly by dividing the roots ; or more readily by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe, in open beds. D. albus (white) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June; Germany; 1596. D. angtistifpliiis (narrow-leaved); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers lilac, in June; Altai; 1821. D. fraxinella (fraxinella) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; Germany ; 1596. Dmiscus. [Umbelliferae.] A very pretty half-hardy an- nual. Sow in April in a hot-bed, and plant out in the border in May. Rich light soil. Propagated by seed. D. ccencleus (sky-blue) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-blue, in July ; New South Wales ; 1827. GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 43 DiELYTRA. [Fumariacese.] Hardy herbaceous peren- nials, with showy flowers, formerly called " Fumaria." Rich garden soil. Increased by division. D. spectabilis the most showy of all, is propagated readily by cuttings of the young shoots in spring, managed as dahlia cuttings, or by dividing its tuberous roots. D. bracteosa (bracted) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June; North America; 1823. D. Canadensis (Can- adian) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; North America; 18 19. D. cucidlaria (hooded); hardy perennial; 9 inches; flowers whitish, in May; North America; 1731. D. eximia (choice) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red, in June ; North America; 18 12. D.forinosa (handsome); hardy peren- nial ; I foot; flowers red, in June ; North America ; 1796. D. speciosa (showy) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers flesh-color, in June ; 18 10. D. spectabilis (!^^2^^!(\iv^)•, hardy tuberous per- ennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in April ; north of China ; 1846. D. temiifolia (slender-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in June ; Kamtschatka ; 1820. There is a white variety of D. spectabilis. DiERViLLA. [Caprifoliacese.] A hardy native shrub, growing freely anywhere, and increasing rapidly by suckers. D. lutea (yellow) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in June; North America ; 1739. Digitalis. Foxglove. [Scrophulariaceae.] Hardy peren- nials, with a few biennial species, mostly showy or pretty plants for the borders. The common Foxglove ( D. pur- pw-ea) is much esteemed as a garden flower, and is a very handsome plant. They are all increased readily by seeds. Sow in August if the seeds are ripe j if not, in April, on moderately good ground, and rather thinly ; thin the plants to six inches apart ; those taken up, if required, may be planted elsewhere six inches apart ; but those not removed will be the strongest. The autumn-sown ones may be re- 144 GARDEN FLOWERS. moved in spring, with good balls of earth, to the places where they are to flower : the summer-sown crop are better transplanted early in autmnn. If the object is to improve the common or any other sorts, sow in beds, and thin out the plants as before, but leave the rest to bloom : when they come into flower, pull up and destroy every thing com- mon-place and mark the best for seed. D. ambigua (ambiguous) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers light-yellow, in July; Switzerland; 1596. D. aurea (golden); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Greece ; 18 16. D. eriostachya (woolly-spiked) ; hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers brown and yellow, in July; Russia; 1827. D. femiginea (rusty); hardy biennial; 4 feet; flowers red-brown, in July; Italy; 1597. D. fiicescens (tawny); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers red, in July ; Hungary ; 1823. D. laciniata (cut- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Spain; 1827. D. lanata (woolly); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers white and brown, in June ; Hungary; 1789. D. ochro- lenca (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers light-yel- low, in July ; Europe ; 1816. D. Orientalis (Eastern) ; hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers white, in June; Levant; 1820. D. purpurea (common) ; hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose-pur- ple or white, in June ; England. D. Thapsi (mullein) ; hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers purple, in June; Spain; 1752. D. tomentosa (woolly) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in July; Portugal; 18 18. DiNETUS. [Convolvulace^.] A pretty little convolvu- lus-like twiner, thriving in light rich soil in summer. Pro- pagated by seeds. D. race2?tosa (branched); annual climber; 12 feet; flowers white, in August ; Nepaul ; 1823. D. paiiicidata is a greenhouse evergreen climber. DioscoREA. [Dioscoriacese.] Tuberous-rooted peren- nials, mostly stove plants, but including two hardy species. GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 45 D. batatas (the Chinese Yam) is a very ornamental climber with cinnamon-scented flowers and neat glossy foliage. Propagated by offsets from root and bulblets produced on branches. D. batatas (Chinese Yam); hardy perennial herbaceous climber ; 20 feet ; flowers greenish-white, in July ; China. D. villosa (wild Yam) ; hardy perennial herbaceous climber ; 6 feet ; flowers greenish-yellow, in July ; North America. DiosPYROS. [Ebenaceae.] The Persimmon of the Middle and Southern States, useful as an ornamental tree, and of some value for fruit. The trees differ much in the quality of the fruit, and this tree offers much opportunity for im- provement to the culturist ; and the time may come when ' the Persimmon will be a market-fruit. Rich deep soil. In- creased by seed. D. Virgmia7za{Y\rgmi2i) ; hardy tree ; 25 feet ; flowers green- ish-yellow, in June. The family is dioecious. There are many tender species. DiPHYLLEiA. [Berberidaceae] A pretty hardy herba- ceous perennial, allied to Jeffersonia. Soil, sandy peat. Increased by division. Requires a shady situation., D. cymosa (cyme-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers white, in May ; North America ; 18 12. DiPLACUs. [Scrophulariaces.] Greenhouse or half-hardy showy shrubs, related to Mimulus, and blooming tolerably well in the borders during summer if well established, or if old plants are employed. Cuttings root readily in sandy soil, put in a frame or hand-glass, and the striking is hastened by a little warmth. They may be potted in com- post of loam, lightened with turfy soil, or leaf-mould and sand. Like other free-growing subjects, the young plants must be shifted on, and frequently topped to keep them bushy, until they get to a blooming size, or as large as may 10 146 GARDEN FLOWERS. be required. If good plants are required, strong young plants should be prepared through one summer for bloom- ing the following spring. Smaller plants, to bloom the same year, may be raised in spring. D. ghitmostts (clammy) ; greenhouse sub-evergreen shrub ; 4 feet; flowers orange-yellow, in summer ; California; 1794. D. pimiceiLs (scarlet) ; greenhouse sub-evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers deep crimson, in summer; California ; 1837. DiPLOPAPPUs. [Compositse.] Hardy or half-hardy per- ennials, some of them sub-shrubby, related to Aster. Com- mon loamy soil. Increased by cuttings or by division. DiRCA. [Thymelacese.] A hardy deciduous shrub, com- monly called Leatherwood, valuable for its early blooming. Common damp soil. Increased by layers. D. pahistris (marsh) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in early spring ; North America ; 1750. DisPORUM. [Melanthaceae.] Half-hardy perennial, re- quiring winter protection. Soil, sandy peat. Propagated by division and seed. D. fulviini (tawny) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers brown, in autumn; China; 1801. D. parvijlonun (small-flow- ered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Nepaul; 1820. Dittany. See Origanum. DoDECATHEON. Ainericaii Cowslip. [Primulaceae.] Very pretty, early flowering, dwarf, perennial, herbaceous plants, quite hardy ; preferring to be planted in a soil where there is a good proportion of loam and peat earth, and requiring a cool situation. The flowers are in shape like a half- opened inverted parasol. They are increased without diffi- culty by dividing the roots. Seeds are also produced, from which young plants may be raised by the same process as in raising seedlings of the Auricula, except that, when large GARDEN FL0V7ERS. 147 enough, these may be planted out in the open ground. There are several varieties of the Common or Mead's Vir- ginian Cowslip, differing in the size and color of their flowers. D. integrifoliiim (entire-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-purple, in May; North America; 1829. D. Media (Mead's) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers rose-lilac, in May ; Virginia; 1744. Dog's-Bane. See Apocynum. Dog's -Tooth Violet. See Erythronium. DoRONicuM. Leopard' s-B am. [Compositae.] Showy hardy herbaceous plants, with large yellow flowers. They are propagated easily by dividing the roots in autumn or spring, and grow in any ordinary garden soil. Except for the variation of the blooming season, there is scarcely dif- ference enough in their appearance to render it necessary to cultivate more than one species. D. Altaicuin (Altaic) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1783. D. Austriacum (Austrian) ; hardy per- ennial ; I foot ; flowers yellow in May ; Austria ; 1816. D. Caii- casicum (Caucasian) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in June ; Caucasus ; 1815. D. cordifoliiuit (heart-leaved); hardy perennial; 1 foot; flowers yellow, in May; Russia; 1838. D. niacrophyllum (large-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; Caucasus; 1828. D. PardaliancJies (great); hardy perennial ; 2^ feet ; flowers yellow, in May; England. D. plantagineitjji (plantain-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in May; south of Europe ; 1570. DoRYCNiUM. [Leguminosas.] Hardy and half-hardy per- ennial and sub-shrubby plants, of little beauty. Soil, com- mon loam. Propagated by seeds. D. herbaceiim (herbaceous) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flow- ers white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1802. D. hirsiUiun (hairy) ; hardy evergreen sub- shrub ; 3 feet; flowers red and white, in July; south of Europe; 1682. D. siiffnUicosuj?i (sub-shrubby); 148 GARDEN FLOWERS. half-hardy sub-shrub ; 18 inches; flowers white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1640. D. tojueiitosiwi (woolly) ; hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers red and white, in July ; south of Europe ; 18 17. Draba. [Cruciferos.] Hardy perennials, of low growth and easy culture, well suited for rock-work. Increased by division. There are about forty perennial species, all dwarf, mostly with white flowers. Dracocephalum. Dragon' s-Head. [Labiatae.] The hardy perennial species of this genus are pretty border flow- ers, not particular as to soil. They are propagated by di- vision of the root. The hardy annual species may be sown in the open border in May. D. Altaicnse (Altaian); hardy perennial; 6 inches; flowers purple, in July; Georgia; 1787. D. Argimense (Fischer's); hardy perennial; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in July; Siberia; 1822. D. Atistriaciim (Austrian); hardy perennial ; i foot; flowers blue, July; Austria; 1547. D. canescens (hoary); hardy annual; 2 feet; flowers blue, in July; Levant; 171 1. D. grandifloriiDi (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; Siberia; 1759. ^- Mexicanuni (Mexican); hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers blue, in June; Mexico; 1832. D. Moldavicum (Moldavian Balm) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers blue or white, in July ; Moldavia ; 1596. D. peregrimim (foreign) ; hardy per- ennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Siberia; 1759. D.pi7i- natiwi (pinnate-leaved) ; hardy perennial, prostrate ; flowers blue, in June; Siberia; 1822. D. Ruyschianum (Ruysch's) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; north of Europe ; 1699. Dracopis. [Compositae.] A hardy annual, allied to Rud- beckia. Propagated by seeds sown in May in good garden soil. D, a7nplexicai{lis (stem-clasping) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in July ; Louisiana ; 1793. Dracunculus. [Araceae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 49 nials, with a very curious-looking inflorescence. Loamy soil. Propagated by division of the roots. D. crinituin (hairy) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers brownish-purple, in April; Minorca; 1777. D. vulgare (com- mon Dragon ; hardy perennial) ; 2 feet ; flowers brownish-pur- ple, in June ; south of Europe ; 1548. Dragon's-Head. See Dracocephalum. Drosera. Sundew. [Droseraceae.] Curious little her- baceous plants, seldom seen in cultivation. There are four native species, and numerous others inhabiting various parts of the world. They should be planted in chopped sphag- num moss mixed with a third part of sandy peat soil, and should always be kept wet. Propagated by seeds. Drummondia. [Saxifragaceae.] A hardy herbaceous perennial, suitable for rock-work. Soil, dryish sandy loam. Increased by division of the plant. D. 7)iitelloides (mitella-like) ; hardy herbaceous perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellowish, in July; Rocky Mountains ; 1827. Also called Metellopsis. Dryas. [Rosaceae.] Small hardy or half-hardy sub-her- baceous plants, with white flowers. Peat soil, with slight protection in winter. Propagated by cuttings under a hand- glass, by division, or by seeds. ECHINACEA. [Compositae.] Large-growing, half-hardy perennials, of the habit of Rudbeckia, and requiring similar treatment. Common garden soil. Propagated by division. E. Dicksoni (Dickson's); hardy perennial; i foot; flowers hlac, in August; Mexico; 1836. E. heterophylla (various- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in October ; Mexico ; 1829. E. intermedia (intermediate) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose-purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1826. E. purpu- rea (purple) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in Septem- ber ; North America, 1699. EccREMOCARPUS. See Calampelis. EcHiNOPS. Globe Thistle. [Composite.] Coarse hardy perennials or biennials, remarkable for their spheroidal this- tle-like flower-heads. Common soil. The perennials in- creased by division ; the biennials by seeds. E. Barmaticus albus (Hungarian white) ; hardy biennial ; 4 feet; flowers white, in August; Hungary; 1832. E. exaltatus (tall) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Austria ; 1817. E. Persicus (Persian); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in August; Persia; 1821. E. Ritro (small); hardy per- ennial ; 3 feet; flowers blue, in July; Europe; 1570. E. Ru- theuicus (Russian); hardy perennial ; 3 feet; flowers blue, in July; Russia; 18 16. E. spinosus (spiny); hardy perennial; 4 feet; flowers white, in July; Egypt; 1597. E. tenuifolius (slender- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in August ; Rus- sia ; 1820. There are many other species. 150 GARDEN FLOWERS 1 hardly j.iu\uals, bjciujiuib. aiv ai^, aud <..;' ouse evergreen slirubs: The ; .:ts ,$,'rr,v > •mmon garden soil, and are all best propagated b i he greenhouse species require sandy loam and pcai, and arf increased by seeds or cutdngs, and require to he ^.e:^' atmosphere during winter. Some ,. .v-tv 11. .;,;>(.; r.iiuS are Sh-^"" '' ' ■ ■ ' ' 'j; the hardv kinds are of lit GARDEN FLOWERS. I5I EcHiUM. Vipet^s Bugloss. [Boraginaceae.] A large ge- nus of hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials, and of greenhouse evergreen shrubs. The hardy sorts grow in common garden soil, and are all best propagated by seeds. The greenhouse species require sandy loam and peat, and are increased by seeds or cuttings, and require to be kept in a rather dry atmosphere during winter. Some of the greenhouse kinds are showy, though not of good habit ; but the hardy kinds are of little value for ornamental purposes. Hardy Annuals. — E. angiistifolimn (narrow-leaved) ; flow- ers blush, in July ; Spain; 1826. E. arenarium (sand-inhabit- ing); flowers purple, in July; Calabria; 1826. E. calycimwi (large-calyxed) ; flowers blue and yellow, in July ; south of Eu- rope ; 1829. E. inacranthiun (large-flowered); i foot; flowers violet, in July; Barbary ; 1818. E. Siinsii (Sims'); flowers red and blue, in August ; south of Europe ; 18 16. Hardy Biennials. — E. amcenum (agreeable); flowers blue, in July ; Caucasus ; 1826. E. asperrimiun (very rough) ; flowers blue, in July; Caucasus; 1826. E. Dahitric2iin (Dahurian) ; flowers blue, in July; Dahuria; 1827. E. Italicum (Italian); 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Jersey. E. Sibthorpii (Sib- thorp's) ; I foot ; flowers red, in June ; Europe ; 1824. E. tenue (slender) ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; Sicily ; 1824. E. tiiber- adatiun (pimpled) ; i foot ; flowers violet, in August ; Spain ; 1820. E.violaccum (violet-flowered); 3 feet; flowers blue, in June; Austria; 1658. E. 'vulgare flore-albo (common white- flowered) ; I foot ; flowers white, in July ; Britain. Egg-Plant. See Solanum. Eglantine. See Rosa. El^agnus. Oleaster. [Elseagnacese.] A genus of shrubs with silvery foHage, consisting chiefly of hardy deciduous species, with a few greenhouse evergreens. For the former, which are useful in shrubberies, the common garden soil will suffice ; and they are increased by seeds, cuttings, or layers. The latter should have loam, with a third peat or 152 GARDEN FLOWERS. leaf-mould, and a portion of sand, and are increased by cuttings. E. argentetis (silvery) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; North Ameri- ca; 1813. Elder. See Sambucus. Elecampane. See Inula. Elm. See Ulmus. Enchanter's Nightshade. See Circ^a. Epig^a. [Ericaceae.] A lovely little procumbent ever- green shrub. The plant has a creeping stem, which spreads by degrees over the ground, rooting as it extends. It re- quires a bed of peat soil, and a cool, shady, somewhat moist situation. If planted between Rhododendrons, in situations where these thrive, if they do not too far shade the surface, the Epigaea would flourish. E. repe7is (creeping) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flow- ers white, in April; North America ; 1736. The variety 7-ubi- cunda has flowers of a beautiful rose-red, and blooms in April. Epilobium. See Chamcenerium. Epimedium. Barrenwort. [Berberidaceae.] Dwarf hardy perennials, suitable for rock-work or for pot culture. They like a soil of mellow loam and peat, in equal proportions, mixed with an eighth of sand. On rock-work, they should be planted in similar soil. They are quite hardy. Division of the root is the most ready means of propagating them, and this should be attended to soon after they have done flowering, that the plants may get well established before winter. E. Aipimcm (Alpine) ; hardy perennial, 9 inches ; flowers red and yellow, in May ; England. E. diphyllum (two-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May; Japan ; 1830. E. hexandrwn (six-anthered) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flow- ers lilac, in May; North America; 1827. E. macra?tthum GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 53 (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers whitish, in May; Japan; 1835. E. Musschiaimm (Mussch's) ; hardy per- ennial ; I foot ; flowers white, in May ; Japan ; 1838. E. piruta- tiim (pinnate) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in May; Persia; 1848. E. violaceimi (violet); hardy perennial; 9 inches ; flowers violet-color, in May ; Japan ; 1835. Equisetum. Horsetail. [Equisetaceae.] Hardy herba- ceous perennials of singular appearance, associating well with Ferns and Lycopodiums about damp, shady rock-work. They mostly prefer peaty soil and a damp situation, and are increased by division of the root. Eragrostis. [Graminaces.] A family of ornamental grasses, succeeding in common garden soil. E. elegans^ Namaqueiisis, cylmdrifolia^ and megastachya are the species. Eranthis. Winter Acoiiite. [Ranunculacese.] The Winter Aconite is one of those simple flowers which please more on account of the season of their appearance than their beauty. It begins to bloom in earliest spring, often amidst frost and snow, and for a long time continues to decorate the garden and shrubbery. It is altogether not more than three inches high, the flowers being seated one on each pair of flat-lobed leaves, which terminate the stalk. They look like little yellow cups with their bases surrounded by green frills. It is tuberous, and only requires to be planted in the soil and left to itself. Planted just within the margin of a flower-bed, it interferes with nothing ; and, if placed thick enough, makes a conspicuous edging for some time. It is also very well placed in patches among shrubs, or in any other wilderness scenery, which it serves to enliven at a dreary season. E. hiemalis (winter) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in April; England. E. Siberica (Siberian); hardy tuberous perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; Siberia; 1826. 154 GARDEN FLOWERS. Eremostachys. Desert Rod. [Labiatse.] Hardy her- baceous perennial, requiring protection from wet in winter, and a sandy loamy soil. It is best to preserve some plants in pots in a dry frame during winter. Increased only by seeds. E. laciniata (jagged) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers sul- phur-yellow and orange-brown, in July ; Caucasus ; 1731. Erigeron. [Compositae.] Hardy plants, comprising annuals, biennials, and perennials. Some of the latter may be grown in borders or on rock-work, but they are not very important. All grow freely in common garden soil. The perennials are increased by division, the annuals and bien- nials by seeds. E. anno'icefolmm (thrift-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in June ; Dahuria ; 1829. E. aspcnun (rough); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in August ; North Amer- ica ; 1828. E. Chinensis (Chinese) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- ers white, in July; China; 181 8. E. glabelhtni (smoothish) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers bluish, in July ; North Amer- ica ; 1825. E. humile (dwarf) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flow- ers flesh-color, in August ; North America; 1828. E. LeJwianni (Lehmann's); hardy annual; 2 feet ; flowers hlac, in July; Egypt; 1828. E. pubescens (downy); hardy perennial ; i foot; flowers white, in July ; Mexico ; 1827. E. Villarsii (Attic) ; hardy per- ennial ; 18 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; Attica ; 18 16. Erinosma. [Amaryllidaceae.] A beautiful little hardy bulb. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by offsets. More com- monly called Leucojum. E. verna (spring) ;. hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in February; Germany; 1596. There are two varieties, called Carpatica and multiplex. Erinus. [Scrophulariacege.] This genus contains some dwarf hardy perennials, which form beautiful objects for pot-culture among alpine plants, as well as for rock-work. GARDEN FLOWERS. 155 They prefer light and rather sandy 'soil. When grown in pots, they should have the protection usually given to al- pines, which consists mainly in plunging the pots to prevent frosts from acting on the roots, and in shielding off heavy rains, which saturate the soil, and sometimes, if the drainage gets deranged, become conducive to the decay of the plants by rotting the roots and root-stocks. They are increased by division, which should be done about July or August, or by seeds sown as soon as they ripen. The greenhouse sub- shrubby species are referred to Nycterinia. E.Alpimis (smooth); hardy perennial; 3 inches; flowers rose- purple, in April ; Pyrenees ; 1739. ^- Hispanicus (hairy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose-color, in March ; Spain ; 1739. These plants are half-hardy in the Northern States. Eriogonum. [Polygonaceae.] Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, increased by division and seed. Soil, peat}' loam. E. composition (compound) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellowish-white, in May ; North America. E. longi- foliiwi (long-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June; North America; 1824. E. sericeiim (silky); hardy perennial; i foot; flowers yellow, in July; Missouri; 181 1. E. to?nentosuin (downy) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Carolina ; 1 8 1 1 . Eriophorum. Cotton-grass. [Cyperaceae.] Very pretty hardy herbaceous perennials, producing heads of silvery white plumes, which might be effective planted in low ground. Increased by division and seed. Soil, wet loamy peat. Erophila. [Cruciferae.] Hardy annuals, allied to Draba, growing from seed, in. garden soil. Flowers white. The species are E. Americana^, precox, and vulgaris. Eryngium. [Umbelliferse.] A curious genus of peren- 156 GARDEN FLOWERS. nials, generally hardy, remarkable for the colored bracts of the involucre, which constitute the showy part of their in- florescence. They are desirable among hardy herbaceous subjects, the prevailing color being blue. They belong, in truth, to the umbelliferous order, without having any ex- ternal resemblance to that class of forms so familiar in the Parsley, the Celery, the Carrot, and the Fennel. They are raised from seeds, which, like those of other perennials, may be sown in May either in pots or in a bed. ' The young plants, if nursed into strength, will bloom the following year ; but, usually, the old plants are the best if they are kept in vigor. They are not very particular as to soil ; but a deep sandy loam is best. E. Alpiimm (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flower-heads blue, in July ; Switzerland ; 1597. E. aviethysthuim (ame- thystine) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flower-heads blue, in July ; Styria ; 1648. E. Bourgati (Bourgati's) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flower-heads blue, in July; south of France; 1731. E. c(Bruleu7n (sky-blue) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flower-heads blue, in July; Caspian; 18 16. E. giganteiwi (giant); hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flower-heads blue, in July ; Caucasus ; 1820. E. plaimin (flat-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flower-heads blue, in July ; Europe; 1596. There are numerous other hardy perennial species. Erysimum. Hedge Mustard. [Cruciferae.] Hardy plants, chiefly biennial, those which are cultivated being treated as annuals : the majority are uninteresting objects. E. Peroff- skianuin is, however, a very brilliant-flowered plant, well adapted for beds in gardens : indeed, there is hardly any other plant which furnishes the color, — an intense orange. It is perfectly hardy, and, if sown in the spring, will bloom in June and July. It will bloom much earlier if sown in pots like a half-hardy annual, and turned out in May ; for it will then begin flowering in the pots in May. The plant is GARDEN FLOWERS. 157 too small for planting out, but should be sown where it is to flower. If it comes up too thick, let it be properly thinned ; but, unless it is tolerably close, it makes no show, and would fail as a bed plant. It looks well in patches round a bor- der, and in pots among other dwarf blooming plants, be- cause its color is uncommon : indeed, but for its color, it would not be cultivated ; for its habit is weed-like. E. Peroffskiamwi (Peroffski's) ; hardy annual; i8 inches; flowers orange, in May; Palestine; 1838. Erythrina. Coral-tree. [Leguminosae.] These showy stove shrubs will bloom well if planted in a rich sunny bor- der in spring. On the approach of frosty weather, place the plants in the cellar, or under a greenhouse stage. E. Bidivillii (Bidwill's) ; greenhouse or stove perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers crimson, in June ; Sydney ; 1840. E. crista- ^^/// (cock's-comb) ; stove shrub; 10 feet; flowers crimson, in June; Brazil; 1771. jE". /zq.x's)', 18 inches; flowers white, in August ; Carolina; 1820. E.hyssopi- folunii (hyssop-leaved) ; i foot ; flowers white, in August ; •North America; 1699. E. laiiceolatiun (spear-head-leaved); 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1819. E. niac- ulatuin (spotted-stalked) ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; North America ; 1656. E. perfoliatmn (pierced-leaved) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July; North America; 1699. E. pubescens (downy) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 18 19. E. purpiireum (purple-stalked) ; 5 feet ; flowers pink, in August; North America; 16 10. E. rotiuidifolium (round-leaved); i foot ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1699. E.sessili- folium (stalkless-leaved) ; i foot ; flowers white, in September ; North America ; 1777. E. Syriacum (Syrian); 4 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; Syria ; 1807. E trifoliatum (three-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers purple, in August; North America; 1768. E truncation (cut-off); 18 inches; flowers white, in September; North America ; 1800. E.verticillatum{vj\\0Y\-\Q2XQdi) ; 5 feet; flowers purple, in August ; North America ; 181 1. Euphorbia. [Euphorbiaceae.] A very large family, in- cluding some hardy herbaceous perennials, and a few hardy annuals. They thrive in common garden soil, and are in- creased by seed or division, but are not very desirable. E. varkgata is a showy annual. Euphrasia. Eye Bright. [Scrophulariaceae.] Hardy annuals, thriving in the border, from seeds sown in May. E. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in GARDEN FLOWERS. l6l July ; Europe ; 1827. E. linifolia (flax-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers purple, in August; France; 1826. E. lutea (yellow) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers purple, in August ; south of Europe ; 1818. EusTOMA. [Gentianacese.] A genus comprising a green- house herbaceous plant, a border half-hardy biennial, and an annual ; growing in loamy soil, and propagated by division and seeds. E. exaltatttmj greenhouse herbaceous plant. E. Rtisselleamwi (Russell's) ; half-hardy biennial ; flowers purple, in August ; Texas ; 1835. ^- silenefolia (catchfly-leaved) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers white, in July ; Isle of Providence ; 1804. EuTOCA. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Hardy annual plants, of easy culture. Sow in April on a slight hot-bed, for trans- planting, and in May in the open borders. E. divaricata (straggling) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers bluish-lilac, in June; California; 1834. E. Afenziesu (Men- zies') ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers bluish-lilac, in May ; North America; 1826. E. viscida (clammy); hardy annual; 2 feet; flowers blue, in June ; California ; 1834. E. Wrangeliaiia (Wrangel's) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers dark bluish-lilac, in June ; California ; 1835. Evening Primrose. See CEnothera. Everlasting Flower. See Gnaphalium and Heli- CHRYSUM. Everlasting Pea. See Lathyrus. ExACUM. [Gentian acese.] A family of hardy annuals, allied to Chironia, flourishing in peat}' moist soil, and pro- pagated by seed sown in May. The species are E. macran- t/iu7n, piilcheilum, tetragomim^ and bicolor. ExOGONiUM. [Convolvulace^.] A division of the old family Ipomoea. E. purga^ a very handsome slender climber, bearing rosy-purplish blossoms through the autumn months, is the source of the drug Jalap. The plant has a II 1 62 GARDEN FLOWERS. fleshy root, which is very liable to decay in winter, if kept too damp. The best place to keep the root is in a cool part of the greenhouse, in the soil, which should be nearly, but not quite, 'dry. In the spring, the crown may be excited slowly in a greenhouse, or close frame ; but, as the summer draws on, the plant will grow freely enough in the open air, where it should have a branchy stake, or a trellis six or eight feet high. It may be kept in a pot trained around stakes, cylin- der-fashion, and may be increased by cuttings. The flowers of this kind are less funnel-shaped than is usual among the plants of this order. uE'._/f/{/27r;;^^ (thread-shaped) ; stove twining perennial, lo feet ; flowers purple, in October; West Indies; 1823. E. purga (purgative) ; jalap ; tuberous twining perennial ; 10 feet ; flowers rose-color, in September ; Mexico ; 1838. E. repandum (wavy- edged) ; stove twining perennial ; flowers red, in August ; West Indies; 1793. TRAGUS. Beech. [Corylaceae.] A family of well-known -■- ornamental trees, propagated by seed, and the varieties by grafting. They thrive in any good soil. The species and varieties are — Evergreens. — F. betuloides (birch-like) ; hardy ; 50 feet ; Magellan ; 1830. F. C2nmmgha7nu {Cunnmghdim.' s) ; half-hardy; New Zealand ; 1843. Hardy Deciduous. — F. aiitarctica (antarctic); 50 feet; Ma- gellan; 1830. F. castancEfolia (chestnut-leaved); flowers in June ; North America ; F. comptoiiiasfolia (comptonia-leaved) ; flowers in May. F. ferruginea (American rusty) ; 30 feet ; flowers in June ; North America ; 1766. F. ferruginea Caroli- niana (Carolina) ; Carolina. F. purpurea (purple) ; flowers in April ; Germany. F. sylvatica (common wood) ; 70 feet ; flowers in June ; Britain. F. sylvatica A7ner'icana (American) ; 100 feet ; flowers in May ; North America. F. sylvatica atrorubens (dark-red-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers in June. F. sylvatica cristata (crested-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May. F. sylvatica cuprea (copper-colored-leaved) ; 70 feet ; flowers in May. F. sylvatica foliis argeiiteis (silver-leaved) ; flowers in May. F. sylvatica foliis aureis (golden-leaved) ; flowers in June. F. sylvatica heterophylla (various-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers in April and May. F. sylvatica incis a {zMi-\t2iN^6.) ; 10 feet; flowers in June. F. sylvatica pejtdula (pendulous) ; flowers in May ; gardens. Feather-Grass. See Stipa. Fedia. [Valerianaceae.] A genus of hardy annuals, allied to Centranthus, which are rather pretty garden plants. Sown in pots about April, and planted out subsequently, the 163 164 GARDEN FLOWERS. plants bloom in June ; but if sown in the open ground, in May, they bloom in July : in either case continuing in flower for some time. Planted moderately thick, they form good bedding-plants. Light, rich garden soil. F. graciliflora (slender-flowered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers pinkish, in June ; Algiers ; 1845. F. cormicopice (cornu- copia) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers red, in July ; south of Europe ; 1 796. Felicia. [Compositae.] A small genus, containing a neat dwarf half-hardy annual. Soil, rich light garden mould. Increased by seeds. Sow in April, in pots, in a frame, and in May in the borders. It is known as Aster tenellus. F. tenella (slender) ; half-hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers bluish-hlac, in June ; Cape ; 1769. Fennel-Flower. See Nigella. Fenzlia. [Polemoniaceae.] A pretty hardy annual from California, sometimes called Dianthoidis. Soil, sandy loam. The plants may be sown in a hot-bed in April, and trans- planted to the border, or in the open border in May. Pro- pagated by seed. F. dianthijlora (pink-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 4 inches ; flowers purple and yellow, in June ; California ; 1833. Ferula. Giant Femiel. [Umbelliferae.] Large-growing hardy perennials, not often seen in cultivation, but, on account of their noble appearance, well adapted for conspicuous positions in mixed borders, or even as specimen jDlants on a lawn. The foliage of several of the kinds is very large, and is made up of an immense number of little parts, varying in width and shape in different kinds. The flower-stems rise from a large tuft of these leaves to the height of six to eight feet, and bear numerous umbels of yellow flowers. The species especially alluded to as deserving of cultivation are F. Tingita?ia, Ferulago, and glauca, the former having the GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 65 divisions of the leaf small but egg-shaped, with notched mar- gins, and a shining surface ; the two latter, smaller and nar- rower. They like a dryish deep soil, the roots being large, fleshy, and penetrating deeply, and abounding moreover in a gum-resinous matter, which, in several of the species, is employed medicinally. F. Feritlago (Ferulago) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; south of Europe. F. glauca (glaucous) ; hardy perennial; 8 feet; flowers yellow, in June; Italy; 1596. F. Tingitana (Tangiers) ; hardy perennial ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Barbary ; 1680. There are some twenty other species. Feverfew. See Pyrethrum. FiCARiA. [Ranunculaceae.] A genus of pretty little early-flowering plants, allied to Ranunculus. Easily propa- gated by division of the tuberous roots in spring. A moist shady situation is best adapted for them. F. vema (spring) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yeHow in May ; England. F. vema pallida (pale-flowered) ; has pale yellow flowers. F. vema plena (double-flowered) ; has double flowers. Filbert. See Corylus. Fir. See Abies, Pinus, Picea. Fitzroya. [Coniferae.] Fine hardy evergreen trees. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by seeds or cuttings. F. Patagonica (Patagonian) ; hardy evergreen tree ; Patagonia; 1849. Flax. See Linum. Flos Adonis. See Adonis. Flower (Fleur) de Luce. See Iris. Flowering Fern. See Osmunda. Flowering Rush. See Butomus. Forget-me-not. See Myosotis. l66 GARDEN FLOWERS. FoRSYTHiA. [Oleaceae.] Beautiful hardy deciduous shrubs. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by layers or cut- tings. F. viridissima is a valuable shrub for early forcing ; but, from its early blooming habit, it requires to be in a shel- tered position, or its blossoms become disfigured. F. viridissi}fia (very green) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in May; north of China; 1845. F. suspensa (pendulous) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; grafted high, it is pretty ; flowers yellow, in May ; Japan ; 1858. FoTHERGiLLA. [HamamclidaceaE.] Pretty little hardy shrubs, with white flowers. Soil, sandy peat. Propagated by seeds and layers. All are natives of North America. F. alnifolia (alder-leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers in May; 1765. The varieties actita, inajor^ abtiisa, and seroima, differ only in foliage and season of flowering. Foxglove. See Digitalis. Fraxinella. See Dictamnus. Fraxinus. Ash. [Oleaceae.] Hardy deciduous trees, of which many of the varieties are desirable. Those with cut or variegated foliage, or of weeping habit, are ornamen- tal on the lawn or in the shrubbery. F. aaiminata (pointed ; green) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1723. F. alba (white) ; 30 feet ; flowers green, in May; North America ; 1823. F. amarissima (bitterest); 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. Americana (American-white) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1723. F. Americaita latifolia (broad-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. aiigustifolia (nar- row-leaved) ; flowers in May; Spain; 1825. F. append! c a {z.-^- pendaged) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. appendicidata (appen- diculate) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. argentea (silvery); 15 feet ; flowers in June ; Corsica; 1825. F. atro-virens (dark -green) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. atro-virens aurca (golden); flowers in April. F. Caroliniana (CaroHna) ; 30 feet ; flowers in June; North America; 1783. F. cinerea (gray); 30 feet; GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 6/ flowers in May; North America; 1824. F. elliptica (oval); 30 feet; flowers in May; North America; 1825. F. epiptera (dotted stalked) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1823. F. excelsior {{.■aWtr ; common Ash) ; 80 feet; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior argentea (silver-barked) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior aurea (golden-barked) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior a2irea pendiila (yellow-pendulous) ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior erosa (gnawed) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior fungosa ; 26 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior Jior- izontalis (horizontal) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. ex- celsior jaspidea (jasper-like ; yellow-barked) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May. F. excelsior KincairnicE (Kincairney) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; Kincairney. F. excelsior lutea (yellow-edged) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May; Britain. F. exxelsior nana (dwarf); 10 feet; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior pendula (pendulous) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. excelsior striata (streaked) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May; Britain. F. excelsior verrucosa (warted-barked); 60 feet ; flowers in May ; England. F. excelsior verrucosa pen- dula (pendulous-warted) ; flowers in May ; England. F. excel- sior verticillaris (whorled) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. expansa (expanded) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North Amer- ica ; 1824. F. fusca (dark-brown); 30 feet; flowers in May; North America; 1823. F. heterophylla (various-leaved); 30 feet ; flowers in May ; England. F. heterophylla variegata (va- rieagated-leaved) ; 12 feet; flowers in May; Ireland; 1836. F. jicglandi folia (walnut-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1783. F. juglattdifolia s^ibintegerrima (nearly entire); 40 feet ; flowers in May. F. lacitiiata (jagged-leaved) ; flowers in May ; North America. F. lancea (lance-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May; North America; 1820. F. lentiscifolia (lentis- cus-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers in May ; Aleppo ; 1710. F. letisci- folia pendula (pendulous) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June ; Germany; 1833. F. longifolia (long-leaved); 30 feet; flowers in May; North America; 1824. F. hccida (shining); 20 feet; flowers in May. F. macrophylla (large-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May; 1823. F. mixta (mixed); 30 feet; flowers in May; 1 68 GARDEN FLOWERS. North America; 1824. F. 7nonstrosa (monstrous); flowers in July ; Britain. F. nana (dwarf) ; 6 feet ; flowers in June. F. nigra (black-branched) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North Amer- ica ; 1825. F. ovata (egg-shaped); 30 feet; flowers in May; North America. F. oxycarpa (sharp-fruited) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Caucasus ; 1815. F. oxycarpa oxyphylla (sharp-leaved); 20 feet; south of Europe; 1821. F. pallida (pale); 30 feet; flowers in May ; North America. F. pannosa (cloth-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; Carolina ; 1820. F. parvi folia (small- leaved) ; 20 feet; flowers in May; Levant; 1822. F. platycarpa (broad-fruited) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1820. F. poleino7tifolia (great-valerian-leaved) ; flowers in April ; North America ; 1 8 1 2. F. pubesce}i5 (downy); 20 feet ; flowers in April ; North America; 181 1. F. pitbesceiis latifolia (broad-leaved); 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. piibescens longifolia (long-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. pulvendenta (powdery) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May; North America; 1824. F. qiiadrangiilata (four-angled, blue) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1822. F. quadrangiUata nervosa (nerved); 30 feet ; flowers in May. F. rubiamda (ruddy-veined) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America; 1824. F. riifa (rusty); 30 feet; flowers in May; North America; 1822. F. sainhicifolia (elder-leaved); 30 feet; flowers in May; North America; 1800. F. sanibuci- folia crispa (curled); 30 feet; flowers in May. F. versicolor (many-colored) ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. virens (green) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. virens variegata (variegated) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. viridis (green) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May; North America; 1824. All of the above species are seldom found in any collec- tion ; but all the larger species are fine trees for street- planting. French Marigold. See Tagetis. Fringe-Tree. See Chionanthus. Fritillaria. Fritillary. [Liliaceae.] A genus of hardy bulbs, of easy culture, propagated without difficulty by GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 69 means of offsets. The bulbs should be planted in sandy, loamy soil ; when taken up for transplanting, it should be about August. All the species propagate by offsets, and grow freely in the open ground, without protection. They mostly flower in May, and are thus very useful in gardens as spring flowers. The most stately species is the Crown Im- perial, which bears a whorl of drooping flowers, surmounted by a tuft, or crown, of leaves. The smaller species bear one or two drooping cup-shaped flowers. The bulbs of the Fritillarias are scaly, and of a soft texture, Hke those of lilies, consequently they must not be dried by being left long exposed at the period of replanting. F. alba (white) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America. F. ctiprea (coppery) ; half-hardy bulb ; 18 inches ; flowers copper-colored, in July ; Mexico; 1834. F. imperialis (Crown-imperial) ; hardy bulb ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow or red, in May; Persia; 1596. F. lanceolata (spear-leaved); hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers dark-purple, in May ; Kamts- chatka ; 1759. ^. '^^^?/'^/z^ (broad-leaved) ; hardy bulb; i foot ; flowers reddish -purple, in May ; Caucasus; 1604. F. leucantha (white-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; Siberia; 1822. F. hitea (yellow); hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in May; Caucasus; 181 2. F. jneleagris (guinea-fowl- hke) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers purple- checkered or white, in May ; England. F. minor (small) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers dark-purple, in April ; Altai ; 1830. F. nervosa (nerved- leaved) ; hardy bulb ; 18 inches ; flowers dark-purple, in May ; Caucasus ; 1826. F. obliqiia (oblique-leaved) ; hardy bulb ; i foot; flowers brown-purple, in April; Caucasus; 1596. F. Persica (Persian) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers brown-purple, in May; Persia; 1596. F. prcecox (early); hardy bulb; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; Europe . F. piidica (chaste) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers pale-yellow, in May ; North Amer- ica ; 1824. F. Pyretiaica (Pyrenaean) ; hardy bulb ; 18 inches ; flowers dark-purple, in June ; Spain ; 1605. F. Ruthcnica I/O GARDEN FLOWERS. (Russian) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May ; Cau- casus ; 1826. F. tenella (slender); hardy bulb ; i foot ; flow- ers purple, in May ; Caucasus ; 1826. F. verticillata (whorled) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May ; Crimea ; 1823. FuMARiA. See Dielytra. FuNKiA. [Liliaceae.] Very pretty hardy herbaceous per- ennials. They grow freely in any light common soil, and require no particular culture ; but they must have a warm and rather dry situation to induce them to bloom freely. Increased by division of the roots. F. albo-inarginata (white-margined) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers lilac, in July ; Japan ; 1837. F. lancifolia (lance- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers lilac, in July ; Japan ; 1824. F. ovata (ovate-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers bluish-lilac, in June ; Japan ; 1790. F. Sieboldiana (Siebold's) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers lilac, in June ; Japan; 1830. F. sub-cordata (sub-cordate-leaved); hardy per- ennial ; I foot r flowers white, in August; Japan; 1790. F. 7indulata (wavy-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers lilac, in August ; Japan ; 1834. GAGEA. [Liliaceae.] Hardy bulbs, closely related to Ornithogalum. Light sandy soil. Increased by offsets. G. Bohemica (Bohemian) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yel- low, in April ; Bohemia ; 1825. G. bracteolaris (bracteolate) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; Europe ; 18 17. G. chlorantha (yeUow-flowered) ;. hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in April; Siberia; 1819. G. glauca (glaucous); hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in March ; Switzerland ; 1825. G. Liotardi (Liotard's) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May; south of Europe; 1825. G. hitea (yellow); hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; England. G. 7nini7Jia (least) ; hardy bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; Switzer- land ; 1826. G. Podalica (Podahan) ; hardy bulb; 6 inches ; flowers yellow,, in May; Podalia ; 1827. G. pusilla (small); hardy bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; Bohemia ; 1825. G. spathacea (sheathed);- hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May; Germany; 1759. G. uiiiflora (one-flowered); hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; Siberia ; 1781. G. villosa (shaggy) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; Caucasus ; 1825. Gaillardia. [Compositae. J Showy hardy and half-hardy perennials. Soil, sandy loam,' or light garden soil. In- creased by division. G. pida, a soft-stemmed plant, used for flower-garden decoration, requires protection from frost in a dry frame during winter, and is raised from seeds or cuttings in autumn, for planting out in the following May. G. aristata (awned) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers deep- yellow, in July; North America; 1,8 L2'. G. bicolor (two-col- 171 1/2 GARDEN FLOWERS.* oired) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers deep-yellow, in August ; North America; 1787. G. picta (painted); half-hardy peren- nial ; 18 inches; flowers yellow and red, in July; Louisiana; 1833. G. Richardsoni (Richardson's); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers deep-yellow, in July; North America; 1827. G. grandijlora is a garden hybrid ; flowers rich red, with yellow border, very large ; 1855. Galanthus. Snowdrop. [Amaryllidaceas.] Well-known hardy bulbs, dwarf, pretty, and very general favorites, partly perhaps from the season at which they appear, as the her- alds of spring. G. plicatus is the finest species, but is rare. The bulbs require planting in October, in common soil,, and should be left undisturbed for several years ; they then form thick patches, and are more showy when in flower. They should be planted in patches, instead of single rows along the edging of borders. G. nivalis (common) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers white and green, in March ; England. G. plicatus (plaited) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers white and green, in March ; Crimea ; 18 1 8. G. refiex'us (reflexed) ; hardy bulb; 6 inches; flowers white and green, in Mar-ch ; Mount Gargarus ; 1844. Galax. [Pyrolaceae.] Hardy perennials. Soil, peat, kept rather damp. Increased by division. G. aphylla (leafless) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1786. Galega. Goafs-Rue. [Leguminosae.] Large growing hardy or half-hardy perennials. Common soil. Increased by division or by seeds. G. biloba (two-lobed) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, in July; native country uncertain ; 1823. G. officinalis {of^cx- nal) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue or white, in July ; Spain; 1568. G. Orientalis (Eastern); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers blue, in July; Levant; 1801. G. Persica {Vqv- sian) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Persia ; 1826. GARDEN FLOWERS. 1/3 Galium. [Galiaceae.] A genus of coarse, not very showy plants, thriving in any soil, and propagated by di- vision. G. suavolens is an annual : the rest of those we mention are herbaceous perennials, generally hardy. G. campamdaticm (bell-flowered) ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; south of Europe ; 1821. G. capillipes (hairy-stalked) ; I foot; flowers white, in October; Russia; 1838. G. Grcecuin (Grecian); 6 inches; flowers purple, in July; Candia ; 1798. G. Persiawi {^^xsv3iVL)\ flowers yellow, in July ; Persia; 1837. G. pitrpureum (^Mxy^\€)\ i foot; flowers purple, in July; Swit- zerland; 1 83 1. G. 7'iibni?n (red); i foot; flowers purple, in July; Italy; 1597. 6^. j'?/^'Z/6'/^;/j' (sweet-scented) ; i foot ; flow- ers white, in July ; north of Europe ; 1821, G. Taiiricitm {^2i\x- rian) ; 6 inches; flowers yellow, in July; Tauria ; 1818. G. Vaillantii (Vaillant's) ; 2 feet ; flowers green, in May ; England. Gaultheria. [Ericaceae.] Pretty dwarf, procumbent, hardy evergreens, growing in moist peaty soil, and increased by layers and seeds. G. prociunbens (procumbent) ; hardy trailing evergreen shrub ; flowers white, in July; North America; 1762. G. Shalloft (Shallon) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; i foot ; flowers white, in May; North America ; 1826. ' There are evergreen greenhouse species. Gaura. [Onagraceae.] Showy plants, mostly biennials. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by seeds. G. Lind/ize?nenana is a very elegantly branched free-blooming plant, and, though perennial, is perhaps best treated as a biennial : it blooms freely, however, the first year from the seed, if sown in May with the half-hardy annuals. The species are not hardy in the Northern States. G. biennis (biennial) ; hardy biennial ; 6 feet ; flowers white and red, in September; North America; 1762. G. coccinea (scarlet) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers scarlet, in August ; Louisiana; 181 1. G. Lindhiemeriana (Lindheimer's) ; half- 174 GARDEN FLOWERS. hardy perennial ^ 2 feet ; flowers white and pink, in July ; Texas; 1851. G. inutabilis (changeable); half-hardy peren- nial ; 2 feet; flowers yellow, in July; North America; 1795. G. miothercBfolia (oenothera-leaved) ; hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; South America ; 18 16. Gazania. [Corapositae.] Greenhouse herbaceous plants, producing large and very showy yellow or orange-colored composite flowers. Soil, loam, leaf-mould, and sand. In- creased by division or by cuttings. They require little care beyond ordinary routine greenhouse management, and to be occasionally repotted as they become thickly rooted. G. uniflora is of a different habit from the rest, producing nu- merous branching stems, and forms a good bedding-out plant for the flower-garden in summer if planted in a dry- ish situation. Cuttings struck about August in one season, form good blooming plants for the next summer : they should be frequently stopped while young. G. pavonia (peacock) ; greenhouse perennial ; i foot j flowers orange and black, in June; Cape; 1804. G. rigens (stiff); greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers orange and black, in June; Cape; 1735. G. splendeiis (showy); greenhouse peren- nial ; I foot ; flowers orange wdth black centre, in August. This species is a flne bedding plant, and is a hybrid between G. 21m- flora a.nd rigens ; gardens ; i860. G. iiniflora (one-flowered) ; greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-yeflow, in June ; Cape; 1816. Genista. Broom. [Leguminoseae.] A large genus, of which some are hardy. They do well in common soil, and are very conspicuous for their bright yellow flowers in June. Propagated by seeds. ' G. aphylla (leafless) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers violet, in July; Siberia; 1800. G. diffusa (spreading); hardy shrub ; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in June; Hungary; 18 16. G. Siberica (Siberian) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Si- GARDEN FLOWERS. 1/5 beria; 1785. G.tinctoria (dyer's); hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in June ; England. There are double-flowered varieties. Gentiana. [Gentianaceae.] Beautiful hardy herbaceous plants. They should be planted in good rich soil, and most of them prefer a considerable proportion of peat earth. They are propagated readily by dividing the plant in autumn or spring. The hardy annual and biennial species are of much less horticultural importance. G. acaulis (Gentianella) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; Wales. G. algida (cold) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches; flowers white, in June; Siberia; 1808. G. Altaica (Altaic) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May ; Si- beria ; 1824. G. asclepiadea (asclepias-like) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers blue or white, in July ; Austria ; 1629. G. aiirea (golden) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in August; Norway; 1823. G. Bavarica (Bavarian); hardy per- ennial ; 3 inches; flowers blue, in July; Germany; 1775. G. Catesbcri {C^iitsby^s) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in June; North America; 1803. G. ciliata (hair-fringed); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Germany ; 1759. G. crinita (fringed) ; hardy perennial ; flowers sky-blue, in October; North America; 1804. G. cruciata (crossed); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Austria ; 1 596. G.fimbriata (fringed) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in August; Caucasus; 1818. G. Fortiuii (Fortune's); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers deep-blue, spotted with white, in July; north of China; 1852. G.frigida (frigid); hardy peren- nial ; I foot ; flowers white, in July ; Carpathian Mountains ; 1 817. G. glacialis (icy); hardy biennial ; i foot; flowers blue, in August; north of Europe; 1819. G. lutea (yellow); hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers yello^c, in July ; Alps ; 1 596. G. macrophylla (large-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; Siberia ; 1796. G. Paimonica (Pannonian); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July ; Alps. G. piieumo- lyS GARDEN FLOWERS. najithe (Calathian-violet) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue or white, in August ; England. G. piunila (dwarf) ; hardy per- ennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; Switzerland ; 1817. G. punctata (spotted) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; Alps; 1795. G. saponaria (soapwort-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue or white, in August ; North America; 1796. G. septeinfida (seven-cleft); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Persia ; 1804. G. verna (vernal) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in April ; England. There are many other showy species. Geranium. Crane's-bill. [ Geraniaceae. ] Ornamental herbaceous plants. Common garden soil. Increased readily by division or by seeds. G. aconitifolumi (aconite-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Switzerland ; 1775. G. cristatum (crested) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers veined with red, in July ; Iberia ; 1820. G. DaJniricum (Dahurian) ; hardy per- ennial ; I foot; flowers purple, in June; Dahuria; 1820. G. Iberiaun {\h^x\7m) \ hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers blue, in July; Levant; 1802. G. Lancastriense (Lancaster); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers striped, in June ; Britain. G. Mexkamwi (Mexican) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale purple,^ in August; Mexico; 1832. G. p7'atense (meadow); hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue or white, or blue and white striped, single or double, in June ; Britain. G. riibifoliimt (bramble-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in July; Himalayas; 1839. G. sanguineum (bloody); hardy per- ennial ; I foot ; flowers crimson, in July ; Britain. There are many other species. Gerardia. [Scrophulariaceae.] A family of annuals, biennials, and perennials, mostly natives of North America, and of difficult culture. Soil, leaf-mould and sand. G.fiava (yellow) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in August ; North America; 1796. G. quercifolia (oak-leaved); GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 7/ hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in August ; North America; 1812. G. purpurea (purple); hardy annual ; flowers purple, in August ; North America ; 1772. Geum. Avms. [Rosaceae.] Hardy perennials, some of which are ornamental. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by division or by seeds. G. album (white) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July; North America; 1730. G. Canadeiise {Q2Xi2i6X2iVi)\ hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in July; Canada; 18 10. G. Chilense (Chili) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers copper- color, in July ; Chili; 1826. The v?Lx\^ty atro-sanguineum has the flowers dark blood-colored ; variety grandiflorum, scarlet. G. inacrophylhim (large-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in July; Kamtschatka ; 1804. G. Pyrenaicu?n (Py- ^en^an) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Pyrenees ; 1804. G. Virginianujn (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1730. Giant-Fennel. See Ferula. GiLiA. [ Polemoniacae. ] Favorite hardy annuals, with small cup-like, but very pretty simple flowers. There are several varieties, and but little to distinguish them from each other save the different shades of color. G. tricolor is the best for general purposes ; it is neat, dwarf, and free flower- ing. Being as hardy as most of the annuals, it may be sown in May where it is to bloom, and should not be too much crowded. It will bloom from June onwards in succession. G. achillecE folia (milfoil-leaved) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple-blue, in June ; Cahfornia ; 1833. G. capitata (round- headed) ; hardy annual ; 2^ feet ; flowers gray-blue or white, in June; Columbia; 1826. G. gracilis (slender); hardy annual; 6 inches; flowers pink, in July; North America; 1826. G. tenuiflora (slender-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers rose and violet, in July ; California. G. tricolor (three-colored); hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers lilac, yellow, and black, in June ; California; 1833. Of this there are the varieties ^^zT/^/Zi-, white, 12 1 78 GARDEN FLOWERS. with yellow throat ; albiflora, white, with yellow and black ; and splendens^ pink, with yellow and black. GiLLENiA. [Rosaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials. Peaty soil, rather moist. Propagated by division. G. stipulacea (large-stipuled) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers white and red, in July; North America ; 1803. G. trifoliata (three-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white and red, in July; North America ; 1713. Gladiolus. [Iridaceas.] A large family of show}^ bulbs, mostly tender. The hybrids of G. Ga7idavensis have of late attracted much attention. Though less delicate, they are not excelled in beauty by any of the rarer species. They will often endure the winter in the open air as far north as Massachusetts ; but the safest and best way is take up the bulbs after the leaves are killed by the frost, dry them rapidly in the sun, and preserve them in a dry, cool, frost-proof cel- lar until spring. Seeds ripen freely, but produce new varie- ties, the older being propagated by division of the bulbs and by bulblets. Seedlings bloom the second year. For a list of varieties consult the florists' newest catalo- gues. Some of the best, however, are : Light — El Dorado, Penelope, Madame Leseble, Junon, Madame Binder, Ceres, Vesta, Calypso, Queen Victoria, Canari, Samuel Walker, Rebecca, and Imperatrice. Da?'k — Pluton, Napoleon III., Mars, Brenchleyensis, Anatole Levanneur, Premice de Mont- Rouge, Vulcain, Mrs. Basseville, La Poussin, Count de Morny. G. communis and Byzanthiiim are hardy bulbs, requiring to be treated like crocuses. Glaucium. [Papavaracese.] A family of annuals and biennials, grown from seed sown in the open borders in May. The chief species are G. Arabicuni, Persicu?n^ Phoeni- ciu?n, rubrum, and tricolor, all annuals ; and G. Jlavum and fulvum biennials. GARDEN FLOWERS. 1/9 Gleditschia. [Leguminoseae.] Hardy ornamental de- ciduous trees. Common soil. Propagated by seed. G. Jiorridaj hardy tree; lo feet; flowers green, in July; China; 1774. G.sineiisisj hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers green, in June ; China ; 18 12. The varieties are inermis, major, nana, and pejidula. G. tricanthos (three-thorned) ; Honey Locust ; hardy tree; 30 feet; flowers green, in July; 1700. Variety inennis differs in having no thorns. Globe-Amaranth. See Gomphrena. Globe-Flower. See Trollius. Globe-Thistle. See Echinops. Globularia. [Selaginaceae.] Dwarf herbaceous plants, nearly or quite hardy, except in the Northern States. Soil, sandy loam and peat. Increased by cuttings of the young shoots under a hand-glass in summer. G. Alypiun (three-toothed) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers pale-red, in August ; south of Europe ; 1640. G. bellidifolia (daisy-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers red, in July ; Italy; 1825. G. co?'difolia (heart-leaved); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Germany ; 1683. G. vulgaris (common) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Europe; 1640. Glossocomia. [Campanulaceas.] Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Common soil. Increased by seeds or division. G. lurida (lurid) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers green and purple, in May; North India; 1838. G. ovata (ovate); half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North India; 1839. Gnaphalium. [Compositae.] A pretty family of plants commonly known as Everlastings, comprising greenhouse perennials and hardy annuals and biennials. Soil, sandy loam and leaf-mould. Propagated by seeds. The annual species are G. obtusifolium and undulatum. Goat's Beard. See Spirea aruncus. l80 GARDEN FLOWERS. Goat's Rue. See Galega. GoDETiA. [Onagraceae.] Showy hardy annuals, nearly related to CEnothera. Sow in the open beds or borders in May, to flower in June, July, and August. As soon as the plants come up, they should be thinned ; for, if crowded, they grow weakly, and do not flower so well. Six or eight plants may be left in a patch. If they are required early, they may be sown in pots in April, to be forwarded in frames, and turned out in May. In this case, the pots must be kept near the light, and beyond the reach of frost, which, while the plants are young and tender, will injure them. Several of the species are too much alike. When vigorous, the plants remain some time in bloom. G. albescens (whitish); hardy annual; 1 8 inches ; flowers pinkish-purple, in June; Columbia; 1841. G. grandijtora (large-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white and red, in July; Columbia; 1841. G. lepida (pretty); hardy annual; 18 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; California; 1835. ^- Lmd- leyana (Lindley's) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers pale-rose and crimson, in June; North America; 1826. G. qiiadriv2il- nera (four-spotted) ; hardy annual; 18 inches ; flowers pink, in July; North America; 1826. G. Romajizovii {^om-AHzows); hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers bluish-purple, in June ; North America; 181 7. G. rosea-alba (red and white) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers red and and white, in June ; Nepaul ; 1827. G. I'ubicimda (ruddy) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers rosy-lilac, in June ; California; 1834. 6^. /^«^//« (slender) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in May; Chili; 1822. G. tentti folia (fine-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers pinkish, in June ; Chili; 1828. G, viminea (twiggy); hardy annual; 2^ feet; flowers purple, in June; California; 1826. G. vinosa (wine- stained) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers bluish, in June ; Cahfornia ; 1835. Golden Flower. See Chrysanthemum. Golden-Rod. See Solidago. GARDEN FLOWERS. l8l GoLDYLOCKS. See Chrysocoma. GoMPHRENA. Globe Amaranth. [Amaranthaceae.] Pretty plants, usually grown as annuals. The chief kind is G. glo- bosa commonly called Globe Amaranth. The seeds should be thinly sown in a hot-bed in April. As soon as the young plants are large enough to be handled, they should be trans- planted to a frame, and set four inches apart, or into pots, where they may grow until all danger of frost is over, when they may be transplanted to the garden. They seed freely ; and the flowers continue beautiful a long time after they are gathered and dried, the petals being chaffy, or scaly, like those of Everlasting flowers. G. pulchella^ another pretty annual kind, though not as yet very commonly grown, de- serves to be so. G. globosa (globe); stove annual; i8 inches; flowers purple or white, in July; India; 1714. G. pulchella (pretty); stove annual ; 18 inches ; flowers rose-red, in July ; Brazil ; 1843. There are varieties with white, pink, and orange flowers. GooDYERA. [Orchidaceas.] A genus of pretty terres- trial orchids, with pretty variegated foliage. They need a sandy peat or leaf-mould, and a shady situation. Propa- gated by offsets. G. piibescens (downy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in July; North America; 1802. G. repens (creeping); hardy perennial ; 4 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North America. Gourd Ornamental. See Cucurbita. Grape Hyacinth. See Muscarl Grammanthes. [Crassulaceae.] Pretty annual plants with starry flowers, flourishing in warm sunny situations. Propagated by seed sown in sandy loam, and transplanted to garden. G. chlorceflora (yellow-flowered) ; half-hardy annual ; 6 inch- l82 GARDEN FLOWERS. es ; flowers yellow and red, in July ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1774. G. gentianoides (gentian-like) ; half-hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers pinkish-red, in July ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1848. Other varieties are reflexa^ dmiabarma, lUacina, and lutea. Greek Valerian. See Polemonium. Gratiola. [Scrophulariaceae.] A family of low-growing plants of but little beauty, but useful in rich moist soil. Propagated by division. The best species are G. aiirea, megalocm'pa, officinalis, pilosa, quadridentata, and Virginica. Gromwell. See Lithospermum. Groundsel. See Senicio. Ground Ivy. See Nepeta. Guelder-Rose. See Viburnum. GuizoTiA. [Compositae.] Hardy annual. Cultivated in southern Europe as an oil plant. Soil, light rich loam. Increased by seeds. G. oleifera (oil-yielding) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers yel- low, in July ; Abyssinia ; 1775. Gymnocladus. [Leguminoseae.] A fine hardy orna- mental tree, very conspicuous in summer for its plumes of foliage. It thrives in any good soil, but in deep mellow loam it grows with great rapidity. Propagated by seeds and cuttings of the root. G. Canadensis (Canadian) ; hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America. Gymnodiscus. [Composite.] A hardy annual, growing in common garden soil, and propagated by seeds sown in the open border in May. G. capillaris (hair-like) ; hardy annual ; flowers yellow, in June; Cape of Good Hope ; 1822. Gynandropsis. [Capparidaceae.] Hardy and stove an- nuals and biennials, allied to Cleome. The hardy species GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 83 should be sown in a gentle hot-bed in April, and transplanted to the border in May. G. candelabrufn (chandelier) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers red, in July; South America; 1824. G. sessiliflora (sessile- flowered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; West Indies; 1820. G. triphylla (three-leaved); hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white in July ; West Indies ; 18 16. Gynerium. Pampas Grass. [ Graminese. ] A noble plant from the Pampas of South America. The plumes of nodding feathers are very ornamental. The plant is half- hardy, needing a cold frame or cellar protection during win- ter, but thrives well planted out in summer. Soil, rich loam. Propagated by division and seed. G. argenteum (silvery) ; half-hardy perennial ; 1 5 feet ; flowers apetalous, in August ; South America ; 1852. Gypsocallis. [Ericaceae. ] Beautiful little evergreen half-hardy shrubs, formerly known as Ericas. They recLuire to be planted in a bed of peat earth, with Rhododendrons, Ledums, and like plants, and should occupy the outer parts. If the situation is rather moist, it is preferable ; otherwise they require to be abundantly watered in spring, while making their new growth. Increased by layers. G. carnea (flesh-colored) ; evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ;, flowers pinkish, in January; Germany; 1763. G. Mediterrattea {Mtdi- terranean) ; evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in April ; Portugal ; 1648. G. multiflora (many-flowered) ; evergreen shrub ; i foot ; flowers flesh-color, in June; France ; 1731. G, vagans (wandering) ; evergreen shrub ; i foot ; flo /ers red or pink, or white, in July. Britain. These plants are tender in the Northern States. Gypsophila. [Caryophyllaceae.] Hardy herbaceous per- ennials, with one or two exceptions. Some of them are pretty, producing a number of small flowers, usually while, 184 GARDEN FLOWERS. on much-branched stems. All the smaller species of the genus, which is rather extensive, are well adapted for rock- work. They like a dryish soil, especially if intermixed with calcareous matter, or old lime or brigk rubbish. They must be propagated by seeds or cuttings, their tap-rooted habit not generally admitting of safe increase by division. G. acutifolia (sharp-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Siberia ; 1820. G. collina (hill) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches ; flowers pink, in July ; Odessa ; 1821. G. elegatis (elegant) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Crimea; 1828. G. fastigiata (fastigiate) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Germany; 1759. G grammea {'^^xdissy); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers red, in July ; Morea ; 1810. G. grajidiflora (large-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; 1800. G. latifolia (broad-leaved) ; hardy peren- nial ; flowers white, in June; Siberia; 1834. G. paniculata (panicled) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Si- beria ; 1759. ^- prostrata (prostrate) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in August ; Siberia ; 1759. G. pubescens (downy) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1829. G. repeiis (creeping) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in July ; Siberia ; 1774. G. saligna (willow) ; hardy perennial ; I foot; flowers pink, in June; Europe; 1837. G. saxifraga (saxifrage) ; hardy trailing perennial ; flowers pink, in July ; Germany ; 1 774. G. teniiifolia (fine-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; I foot; flowers rose, in July; Caucasus; 1824. ^^^^^^ P^iM^^rB^^!te^^ mm !^^^^^ '^m . ^^^^w3 ■^ m§mm ^-§ ^ m^ff^M^^J^ HABEN ARIA. [Orchidaceae.] A genus of herbaceous perennials, containing one or two hardy species. Soil, moist peat. Propagated by division. H. procera (tall) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers green, in August; North America ; 1822. There are many stove and tender species. Hacquetia. [Umbelliferae.] A small hardy herbaceous perennial. Soil, sandy loam and peat. Increased by division. H. epipactisj hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in April; Alps ; 1823. Halesia. Snowdrop-Tree. [Styracaceae.] Hardy decid- uous shrubs, ornamental in flower and foliage, thriving best in deep, rich, rather moist loam. Propagated by layers, seeds, and cuttings. H. diptera is not hardy north of Mas- sachusetts. H. tetraptera (four- winged) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in June; North America ; 1756. H. parviflora (small- flowered); hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers white ; North America ; 1827. H. diptera (two-winged); hardy shrub; 8 feet; flowers white, in May; North America ; 1758. Halimodendron. [ Leguminosae. ] Hardy deciduous shrubs, usually grafted as standards on Laburnum, thus form- ing a graceful drooping tree. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by seeds, cuttings, and layers. 185 1 86 GARDEN FLOWERS. H. argentewn (silvery) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers pink, in June ; Siberia ; 1779. The varieties brachysema and subvirescens, both with pink flowers, are desirable. Hamamelis. Witch-Hazel. [Hamamelidacese.] Hardy deciduous shrubs, very showy from the abundance of yellow^ flowers produced in November after the leaves have fallen, and imparting a gay appearance to the shrubbery at that dreary season. Propagated by root cuttings, layers, and seeds, the latter requiring two years to vegetate. Soil, moist loam. The female flowers are the more showy. H. Virginica (Virginian) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers yel- low, in November; North America; 1812. Harebell. See Campanula. Hare's Ear. See Bupleurum. Hawthorn. See Crataegus. Hawkweed. See Tolpis. Hazel-Nut. See Corylus. Heather. See Calluna. Heart's Ease. See Pansy, Viola. Hedeoma. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy annuals, growmg readily from seed sown in spring in common garden soil. H. puligioides (pennyroyal-like) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; North America, H. thymoides (thyme- like) ; hardy annual ; 3 inches ; flowers red, in July ; France. Hedera. Ivy. [Araliaceae.] A well-known hardy ever- green climber, of which there are several varieties. The tender Ivies are of little interest. Common garden soil suits the Ivy, but it grows quicker if it be rich and deep. In- creased by cuttings in autumn, in a moist sandy soil. The best of the varieties for general purposes are the Irish and H. RcBgneriana, the latter with large heart-shaped leaves. H. Helix (common). The principal varieties are, arbores- GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 8/ cens (tree-like); Caiiariensis (Irish) ; chrysocarpa (yellow-berried); digitata (finger-leaved) ; foliis argenteis (silver-striped) ; foliis aiireis (gold-striped) ; Ragneriana (Raegner's). Hedge-Hyssop. See Gratiola. Hedge-Mustard. See Erysimum. Hedge-Nettle. See Stachys. Hedysarum. [Leguminosse.] Hardy or half-hardy her- baceous plants, including annuals, biennials, and perennials. Common garden soil. Increased by seeds or division. H. Altaiciun (Altaic); hardy perennial ; 6 inches; flowers purple, in July; Siberia; 1818. H. Caucasicum (Caucasian); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July ; Caucasus ; 1820. H. coronari2i7n (French honeysuckle); hardy biennial; 3 feet; flowers scarlet, in June ; Italy; 1596. H. grandifiorum (large-flowered); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers purple, in June ; Tauria ; 1821. H. Ibericum (Iberian); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; Iberia ; 1818. H. lasiocarpuift (woolly-podded) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July; Siberia; 1816. H. rosetim (rosy); hardy perennial; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in August ; Caucasus ; 1803. H. spleiidens (shining) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers cream-color, in July; Siberia; 18 19. H. varium (variable); hardy perennial; I foot; flowers white, in July; south of Europe; 1820. H. vetmstum (lovely) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in June; Attica; 1828. Helenium. [Compositae.] Hardy, herbaceous, yellow- flowered perennials, growing in common soil, and increased by division. H. aiitiumiale (autumnal) ; 3 feet ; flowers in September ; North America ; 1729. H.atropurptireum {^^xV-'^mx^X^); hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers, orange, black, and yellow, in August ; Texas; 1845. H. cariiculatum (channelled); 3 feet; flowers in August ; North America ; 1800. H. pubesccns (downy) ; 3 feet ; flowers in August ; North America ; 1776. H. pumilum (dwarf); I foot; flowers in August; 18 18. 1/6 GARDEN FLOWERS. iianthe (Calathian-violet) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue or white, in August ; England. G. pumila (dwarf) ; hardy per- ennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; Switzerland ; 1817. G. punctata (spotted) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; Alps; 1795. G. saponaria (soapwort-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue or white, in August ; North America; 1796. G. septemfida (seven-cleft); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Persia ; 1804. G. veriia (vernal) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in April ; England. There are many other showy species. Geranium. Crane's-bill. [ Geraniaceae. ] Ornamental herbaceous plants. Common garden soil. Increased readily by division or by seeds. G. aconitifolhmi (aconite-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Switzerland ; 1775. G. cristatmn (crested) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers veined with red, in July ; Iberia; 1820. G. Dalmricinn (DdhuYidin); hardy per- ennial ; I foot; flowers purple, in June; Dahuria; 1820. G. Ibericiijn {IhenTin) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers blue, in July; Levant; 1802. G. Lancastriense (Lancaster); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers striped, in June ; Britain. G. Mexicamnn (Mexican) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale purple," in August; Mexico; 1832. G. pratense (meadow); hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue or white, or blue and white striped, single or double, in June ; Britain. G. rubifolium (bramble-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in July; Himalayas; 1839. ^- sanguiiieum (bloody); hardy per- ennial ; I foot ; flowers crimson, in July ; Britain. There are many other species. Gerardia. [Scrophulariaceae.] A family of annuals, biennials, and perennials, mostly natives of North America, and of difficult culture. Soil, leaf-mould and sand. G.fiava (yellow) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in August ; North America ; 1796. G. qitercifoUa {o2k-\Q2.\Q^); GARDEN FLOWERS. I// hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in August ; North America; 1812. G. purpurea (purple); hardy annual ; flowers purple, in August ; North America ; 1772. Geum. Avens. [Rosaceae.] Hardy perennials, some of which are ornamental. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by division or by seeds, G. album (white) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July; North America ; 1730. G. Canadoise {Q2iT\.2id\2iVL)\ hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in July; Canada; 18 10. G. Chilense (Chili) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers copper- color, in July ; Chili ; 1826. The variety atro-sanguineuin has the flowers dark blood-colored ; variety grandiflorujn, scarlet. G. 7nacrophyllum (large-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in July; Kamtschatka ; 1804. G. Pyrenaiciwi (Py- ren^an) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Pyrenees ; 1804. G. Virginianum (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1730. Giant-Fennel. See Ferula. GiLiA. [ Polemoniacae. ] Favorite hardy annuals, with small cup-like, but very pretty simple flowers. There are several varieties, and but little to distinguish them from each other save the different shades of color. G. tricolor is the best for general purposes ; it is neat, dwarf, and free flower- ing. Being as hardy as most of the annuals, it may be sown in May where it is to bloom, and should not be too much crowded. It will bloom from June onwards in succession. G. achillecEfolia (milfoil-leaved) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple-blue, in June; California; 1833. G. capitata (round- headed) ; hardy annual ; 2^ feet ; flowers gray-blue or white, in June; Columbia; 1826. G. gracilis (slender); hardy annual; 6 inches; flowers pink, in July; North America; 1826. G. ienuijiora (slender-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers rose and violet, in July ; California. G. tricolor (three-colored); hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers lilac, yellow, and black, in June ; California ; 1833. Of this there are the varieties nivalis^ white, 12 IQO GARDEN FLOWERS. blue, in June ; Cape ; 1 768. H. pilosa (hairy) ; hardy annual ; I foot; flowers blue, in July; Cape ; 1768. H. stricta (erect); hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Cape ; 1823. H. trifida (three-cleft) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Cape ; 1819. Heliotrope. See Heliotropium. Heliotropium. Heliotrope. [Boragineae.] A genus comprising stove and hardy annuals, and stove and green- house shrubs, of little importance, except the Peruvian Heliotrope ( H. Periivia?iiim), which is a great favorite in flower-gardens, and bears very fragrant blossoms, prized chiefly for their perfume. This species is, strictly speaking, a greenhouse low shrub. The young shoots will strike freely in light sandy soil during summer, under a frame or hand- glass, but more readily with slight warmth. When well rooted, they may be potted into small pots, and placed in a frame or in the greenhouse, where they may grow till their roots show through the bottom of the pots, and then be changed into those of the next larger size. Top the leading shoots to produce laterals. They must be wintered in a dryish part of the greenhouse. If intended for beds and borders, they must be hardened in cold frames in the spring, and planted out in May after danger from frost is over. It is sometimes preferred to keep an old plant or two through the winter, and to put them into a hot-bed or warm house about February, when they will produce plenty of young shoots, the tops of which are quickly struck in a hot-bed ; and, if potted and gradually hardened, make good plants for turning out in May. Where there are no such conveniences, the plants may be kept in a warm part of the greenhouse in spring, and the young shoots taken off as soon as they grow, planted in sandy soil, and covered by a glass. When rooted, they may be potted, or at once planted out, according GARDEN FLOWERS. 191 to the season. There are now several varieties of the Peru- vian Heliotrope ; the principal variations consisting in the larger size of the blossoms, and the deepening of the color, which, in the variety Voltaireanum, is of a deep purple. H. corymboswn, and many other varieties, are worth growing. Both for flower-beds and for bouquets, the Heliotrope may be considered indispensable. Seed of the annual kinds may be sown in March, in a frame or greenhouse; the plants, when large enough, may be pricked out three or four in a pot, and, as they advance, potted singly, or planted out where they are to remain. H. corymbositin (corymbose) ; greenhouse shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers lilac, in July; Peru; 1800. H. Peruvianu7?t (Peru- vian); greenhouse shrub; 18 inches; flowers lilac or purple, in July ; Peru ; 1757. Hellebore. See Helleborus. Helleborus. Hellebore. [Ranunculacese.] Showy hardy perennials, of easy culture, growing in good garden soil, and a rather shady situation, and increasing by dividing the roots in the dormant season. It is a desirable family. H. niger, called the Christmas Rose, is a favorite dwarf species, which flowers all through the winter. H. Olympicus, and some others of the Oriental species, are the better for slight protection ; their early blossoms being otherwise disfigured. These, and H. atrorubens, with purple flowers, are the most desirable. H. atrorub-ns (dark-red) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May; Hungary; 1820. H, fcetidus (bear's-foot) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flowers green, in May; England. H. lividics (livid) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purplish, in May; Corsica; 1710. H.niger (Christmas Rose); hardy per- ennial ; I foot; flowers white, in January; Austria; 1596. H, <7^tfr2Qtdiedi) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1770. Hemerocallis. Day-lily. [Liliacece.] Hardy, coarse- looking, but gay, herbaceous perennials, producing showy flowers that last but one day; hence the common name. They are of the simplest culture, growing readily in ordi- nary garden soil, and are propagated by dividing the plants. The flowers are pretty, and freely produced from June to August. H. disticha (two-rowed) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers orange, in May ; China ; 1 798. H. flava (yellow) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in summer. Hemlock. See Abies. Hemp. See Cannabis. Henbane. See Hyoscyamus. Hepatica. [Ranunculaceae.] Pretty dwarf hardy herba- ceous perennials. The common Hepatica ( H. trilola) is one of the earliestof the spring flowers. These plants require a well-drained border, — sandy loam with one-third peat is preferable, — and never succeed well in soil where there is GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 93 Stagnant moistifre. They deserve a place in every choice garden for their dwarf habit, bright colors, and early flowers. The plants increase by side-shoots, which spread into a moderate-sized tuft in a season or two if undisturbed ; they are increased in number by separating these tufts, so that each heart, or side-shoot, with roots attached, may become a plant. This is done in spring, the roots being separated into pieces not too small ; for, although the smallest bit would in time spread, they would be two or three seasons before they were fit to plant in the borders : these should be planted in nursery-beds, about six inches apart, and, after one season's growth, they will be large enough to plant out where they are to remain. The beds must be kept clear from M'eeds. These plants are rather impatient of extreme drought. The double varieties are superior to the single, and therefore are mostly cultivated ; but the double white is very scarce, if not altogether lost, and therefore the single white is grown. The single varieties are natives of our woods, and are among the first flowers of spring. The double varieties must be imported from England or Germany. H. acutiloba is only a variety of H. triloba. H. acutiloba (acute-lobed) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers blue, in March; North America; 1818. H. triloba (three- lobed) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, white, or pink, single or double, in April ; Europe ; 1573. H. angulosa is a fine species from Hungary, with blue flowers twice as large as the common species, on tall footstalks, in May ; 1864. Heracleum. Cow Parsfiip. [Umbelliferse.] Large coarse-growing hardy perennials and biennials, bearing large umbels of white flowers. The larger sorts are admirable plants for rough borders, rock-work on a large scale, wilder- ness scener)^, or wherever a bold, . striking, picturesque effect 13 194 GARDEN FLOWERS. is required. Soil, deep rich loam. Incre^ed abundantly by seeds. H. giganteum and Fersiawi are some of the best for these purposes. Hesperis. Rocket. [Cruciferae.] A genus of hardy plants, annual, biennial, and perennial. Some of the vari- eties of the common Rocket (H. matronalis), especially the double white and double purple, are very great favorites in the flower-gardens. They are rather difficult to manage, es- pecially in old gardens or in confined situations ; for they love fresh soil and an open situation. A light rich loam is the best for them ; but if an artificial compost has to be made up, as it should be if they are required in perfection, a third part of sandy peat mixed with two-thirds of mellow loam will grow them very well. Next to soil, the great se- cret of success is, not to let them stand too long in a place, for under such circumstances they are sure to dwindle. They ought to be taken up and divided every second year, soon after they have done flowering, — that is, early in autumn, — and replanted in fresh soil. To have a display of healthy plants every year, they should be divided into two sets : those plants respectively which have bloomed in their sec- ond year, if taken up in each successive autumn and di- vided, will furnish a constant supply of young plants, the flowering of which should be prevented in the following summer, and they will then bloom vigorously in the second year from their transplantation. One reason why this con- stant transplantation is necessary is, that the plant, in its original state, is naturally a biennial, perishing after it has produced flowers. The other species, most of which are also biennials, are unimportant compared with the varieties above alluded to. H. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flow- ers white and purple, in July ; native country not known; 1820. GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 95 H. matronalis (matronly) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white or purple, single or double, in June; Europe; 1597. H. speciosa (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose-pur- ple, in April ; Siberia; 1829. Heuchera. [Saxifragaceae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- nials, with simple-looking flowers. Common soil. Increased by division. The species are H. Americana, cylmdracea, glabra, hispida^ Menziesii, pubescens, Richardsonii, and villosa. Hibiscus. [Malvaceae.] A very large genus, comprising hardy and stove annuals, hardy herbaceous perennials, and hardy greenhouse and stove shrubs. The hardy annuals may be sown in the border in May. They do well in any garden soil, and only require to be thinned properly after they are up. The plants taken up to thin the others may be planted out carefully in other places. The hardy shrubs are splendid objects toward the end of summer when planted in dryish soil. They are increased by layers. The hardy perennials requre peaty soil and a moist, sheltered situation. H. Africamis (African) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers cream- color and black, in June ; Africa ; 1826. H. graiidifioriis (large- flowered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers flame-color, in July; Georgia; 18 16. H. mcamis (hoary); half-hardy peren- nial; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in September; CaroHna ; 1806. H. 7noschatus (mallow-rose) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers white and pink, in August ; North America ; 1759. H. pahistris (marsh) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet; flowers pink, in July ; North America; 1759. H. roseus (rosy); hardy perennial; 4 feet; flowers pink, in July; France; 1827. H, speciosus (showy); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in July ; North Amer- ica ; 1804. H. Syriaciis (Syrian); hardy deciduous shrub; 8 feet ; flowers white or purple spotted, single or double, in Au- gust ; Syria; 1596. H. Triomwi (bladder ketmia) ; hardy an- nual ; 2 feet ; flowers cream-color and black, in July ; Italy ; 1596. H. Virginicus (Virginian); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers yellow, in July ; Virginia ; 1798. 196 GARDEN FLOWERS. Hickory. See Carya. HiERACEUM. [Compositae.] A large genus of yellow- flowered composite plants, none of which are of much hor- ticultural importance. Common soil. Increased by divis- ion or by seeds. HiPPOPHAE. Sea Buckthorn. [Elaeagnaceae.] Hardy shrubs, allied to Shepherdia, doing well in sandy soil, and propagated by layers and suckers. The species is H. rhani- noides^ with the varieties angustifolia and Siberica. Holly. See Ilex. Hollyhock. See Alth^a. Hologymne. See Lasthenia. Honesty. See Lunaria. Honey-Locust. See Gleditschia. Honeysuckle. See Lonicera and Caprifolium. Honeywort. See Cerinthe. Hoop-Petticoat. See Corbularia. Hop. See Humulus. HoRMiNUM. [Labiatse.] A showy dwarf hardy herba- ceous perennial, requiring a dry situation and a sandy soil, or else to be kept in a dry cool frame in winter. Increased by seeds or division. Not hardy in the Northern States. H. Pyrenaicitm (Pyrenean) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue-purple, in June ; Pyrenees ; 1820. Hornbeam. See Carpinus. Horn-Poppy. See Glaucium. Horse-chestnut. See tEsculus. Horse-Tail. See Equisetum. HoTEiA. [Saxifragaceae.] A very kandsome hardy per- ennial, formerly called Spircza Japonica. Soil, sandy loam and peat. Increased by division. H. Japonica (Japan) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May; Japan ; 1835. GARDEN FLOWERS. IQ7 Hound's -Tongue. See Cynoglossum. House-Leek. See Sempervivum. HousTONiA. [Cinchonaceae.] Pretty little tufted peren- nial herbs. Soil, a sandy mixture of three parts peat to one of loam. Increased by division. H. caridea (blue) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers bluish- lilac, in May; North America; 1785. H. purpurea (purple); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May ; North Amer- ica ; 1800. H. serpyllifolia (thyme-leaved); tender perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May; North America; 1826. These plants are now called Oldenlandia, and are rather insignificant singly, but in the mass are showy. H. c(£rulea is the species which in spring almost whitens the pastures. H. serpyllifolia, a Southern species, is tender and of little value. Hagelia. [Polemoniaceas.] Dwarf hardy annuals, allied to Gilea, and thriving under the same treatment. Sow in light border soil in May. H. densiflora (dense-flowered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- ers blue, in July ; California ; 1833. H. eloiigata (lengthened) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers deep-blue, in July ; California ; 1833. H. laiiata (woolly) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers lio-ht- blue, in July; California; 1847. H. hi tea (yellow); hardy an- nual; 6 inches; flowers yellow, in July; California; 1833. H. virgata (twiggy) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers deep-blue, in July; Cahfornia ; 1933. Humea. [Compositae.] A greenhouse biennial of sin- gular grace and beauty. The seeds should be sown in May, and for a year potted from smaller to larger pots, win- tered in a cold frame, and in May turned into the border in a sheltered situation. They will grow from eight to ten feet high. Others may be potted in twelve-inch pots, with loam and dung in equal parts for the compost. Those in pots must be regularly supplied with water, because they will iqS garden flowers. grow fast, and take a good deal : indeed, if weak manure- water is given twice a week, when they have nearly reached their full growth, they will be benefited. The plant looks richer when not overgrown. H. elegans (elegant) ; greenhouse biennial ; 8 feet ; flowers reddish-brown, in June ; New South Wales ; 1800. HuMULUS. Hop. [Cannabinace^e.] Hardy perennial twiner, stem herbaceous ; a useful plant for covering unsight- ly objects, as it grows very rapidly, and in fruit is ornamen- tal. Propagated by divisions of the root. Soil deep loam. H. hipidus; 15 feet ; flowers greenish-yellow, in July. A va- riety has foliage striped. HuNNEMANiA. [Papavcraccae.] A half-hardy herbaceous perennial, with the habit and appearance of Eschscholtzia. Soil, rich sandy loam. Increased by seeds. H. fiunaricBfolia (fumitory-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; Mexico ; 1827. Hyacinthus. Hyacinth. [Liliacese.] Beautiful and well-known bulbs. H. amethystinus is a charming little hardy species, which should be planted in sandy loam. The cultivated varieties of Hyacinth are the progeny of H. Ori- entalis. Immense numbers of the bulbs of these odoriferous and showy plants are annually imported from Holland, and, after having been once bloomed, are thrown by, or planted in common borders to degenerate from neglect. To grow the Hyacinth properly, the soil should be composed of one- half turfy loam of mellow texture, one-fourth old cow-dung, or cow-dung mixed with leaf-mould, and one-fourth clean but coarse sand. For beds, loam, sand, and dung, rotted to mould, in equal quantities, may be used. In soil such as this, the offsets of the Hyacinth will grow, till, in two or three seasons, they come to full size and perfection ; and bulbs thus grown annually will not degenerate. They must be GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 99 planted in October, and be taken up when the leaves die down. The beds must be protected against severe frosts and heavy rains in winter, and against all that may damage the foliage in spring. Hyacinths flower beautifully in pots as well as in glasses for the greenhouse and window. Deep pots, five inches in diameter, should be used, the soil made very firm beneath the bulb, and the top of the bulb about level with the surface. The medium-sized, plump-looking, full-crowned bulbs should be chosen, and potted early in October. After potting, plunge the pots in old tan or coal- ashes, so as to cover them two or three inches, and let them remain until removed in succession to a warm room or house to forward the blooms. When grown in glasses of water, the dark-colored glasses should be preferred, and the more opaque the better. November is soon enough to put the bulbs in the glasses. First keep them a week or so in damp sand or moss, then put them in the hollowed top of the glass, and at first allow the water but just to touch their base. Rain-water, quite clean, should be used, and this changed once a week. The glasses should be set in the dark until the roots have grown an inch or two in length. When the flower-stem is advancing, two drops of spirits of hartshorn may be put into the water each time it is changed, with advantage. Tye's hyacinth-glasses are the best, and these are provided with an elegant support for the stem. Bulbs grown in water should be put in the ground when their flowers have decayed ; for they derive considerable strength from it, and, besides that, perfect their offsets, if they have any. Hyacinths will grow well in wet sand, and when it is covered with moss the plants look very pretty. H. ainethystijius (amethyst -colored) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers bright-blue, in April ; south of Europe ; 1759. H. Orien- calis (Oriental) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers blue, white, red, or yellowish; single or double, in April ; Levant; 1596. 200 GARDEN FLOWERS. Florists' Varieties. — The following are superior varie- ties : Double Red — Acteur, Prince of Wales, Sans Souci, Waterloo. Double Blush — Bouquet Royah, Comtesse de la Coste, Grootvoorst. Dotible Blue — Bonaparte, Bouquet Pour- pre, Grand Sultan, Laurens Koster, Lord Wellington, Oronda- tus. Double White — Anna Maria, Don Gratuit, La Deesse, Nannette, Ne Plus Ultra, Prince of Waterloo. Double yellow — Bouquet Orange, La Grandeur, Louis d'Or, Ophir. Single Red — Aimable Rosette, Appelius, L'A.mi du Coeur, Mars, Paix d' Amiens, Panorama, Temple d'Apollon. Single Blue — Belle- rophon, Grande Vidette, L'Ami du Coeur, Nimrod, Orondatus, Othello, Prince Albert, Vulcan. Single White — Grand Vain- queur, Grande Vidette, La Candeur, Queen Victoria, Triomph Blandina, Virgo. Single Yellow — Heroine, La Belle Jaune, Ida, Due de Malakoff, San Francisco. Hydrangea. [Saxifragaceae.] Hardy or half-hardy de- ciduous shrubs, most of them showy plants. H. hortensis, the most popular of this family, has been long familiar as one of the commonest of market plants. Grown in the or- dinary way it is very showy, but with pains it may be made a very noble object. There are two very different ways of growing it, — the one to form a shrubby plant ; the other a single stem, and a large flower-head. The latter is the fa- vorite mode of growing it for show, the aim being to produce as large a head as possible. For this purpose, take cuttings in July of the strongest shoots, and plant them in sandy soil under a hand-glass ; when rooted, pot them in five-inch pots, in a compost of one-third loam, one-third dung, and one- third peat, well mixed together, and passed through a very coarse sieve. Such of them as branch out will make pretty little shrubby plants ; whilst those whose growth is confined to a single stem, will, in all probability, form a large flower- head. When the general set of plants drop their leaves, and indicate by their terminal buds the strongest heads, some of the most promising cuttings may be taken oflj and GARDEN FLOWERS. 201 Struck in slight bottom-heat, under a bell-glass, and grown in the stove at once. This will give a change of season, as well as a difference in growth ; but all will be fine. The plants may be grown into good-sized bushes by shifting every season into large pots or tubs, which may be wintered in a cold house free from frost. When growing as an out- door shrub, the Hydrangea must be protected in some way, either by matting, or covering with litter ; otherwise the points of the shoots will be killed, and with them the incipient bloom-buds. It is, indeed, sometimes, in severe winters, killed down close to the ground ; but it will spring up from the roots, and grow vigorously to make up for its lost wood. It should have a moist sheltered situation. The potted plants struck in July should be bloomed in the greenhouse ; but any of them may be turned out into the borders in May. The Hydrangea, like many other plants, blooms finer when young than when it has grown three or four years ; for though the plant is larger, and has more heads of flowers, the heads and the individual flowers also are smaller. The plant forces well, and is one of the prettiest forced flowers in spring. The H. jfaponica is very distinct, and, though it does not bloom in such large heads as the other, its appear- ance is more picturesque, especially when grown as a bush. H. hortensis is not hardy in the Northern States. H. Belzoiiii (Belzoni's) ; half-hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white and blue, in July; Japan; 1848. //. hortensis (garden); half-hardy shrub; 3 feet; flowers pink, in July; China; 1740. H. Japonica (Japan) ; half-hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white and blue, in July ; Japan ; 1843. ^. ?2^V^^ (snow-white-leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Carolina; 1786. Hydrastis. [Ranunculaceae.] A hardy herbaceous pe- rennial, not very showy. Increased by division of the root. Soil, moist peaty loam. 202 GARDEN FLOWERS. H. Canadensis (Canadian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers greenish, in May ; North America; 1759. Hydropeltis. [Podophylleae.] A very pretty hardy aquatic, useful for the edges of ponds. Propagated by di- visions. H. purpurea (purple) ; hardy aquatic perennial ; flowers dull- purple, in July ; North America ; 1798. Now called Brasenia peltata. Hydrophyllum. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials, of easy culture in moist peaty loam. Increased by division. H. appendicidatiim (appendaged) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in May; North America; 1812. H. Canadeiise (Canadian) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1759. H. Virginicum (}J\xg\m2iXi) \ hardy per- ennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; North America ; 1739. Hymenoxys. [Compositse.] A simple dwarf yellow- flowered annual. Common soil. Increased by seeds. H. Californica (Californian) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flow- ers yellow, in June ; California ; 1838. Hyoscyamus. Henbane. [Solanaceae.] Annuals and sub-shrubby plants, not very showy. Common light dry- soil. Increased by seeds. H. Camerarii (Camerarus's) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow and purple, in July ; south of Europe. H. Canariensis (Canary) ; half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yel- low and brown, in September; Canaries; 1816. H. niger (black) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, with purple veins, in July ; Europe. Hypecoum. [Fumariaceoe.] Hardy annuals, increased by seeds sown in the open border in May. H. erectiun (erect) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July; Siberia; 1759. H. pejiduhim (pendulous); hardy an- GARDEN FLOWERS. 203 nual ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; France ; 1640. H. proawtbeiis (lying down) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; south of Europe ; 1596. Hypericum. St. JoJm's Wort. [Hypericaceae.] A large genus, containing many hardy species, both perennial herbs and shrubs, as well as some greenhouse species. The hardy perennials and shrubs all grow readily in common sandy soil, and are increased, the former by division, the latter by layers. Yellow is almost universally the color of the flowers in this genus. H. Ascyron (St. Peter's Wort) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in June ; Siberia ; 1774. H. calycinum (large-calyxed); half-hardy shrub ; i foot ; flowers large, yellow, in June ; Ireland. H. elatum (tall) ; hardy sub-evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; North America ; 1762. H. e7npetnfoliu7n (em- petrum-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yel- low, in June ; south of Europe ; 1820. H. Kalmiamim (Kalm's) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; North America; 1759. H . macrocarpu77i (long-seeded); hardy peren- nial ; 2 teet; flowers yellow, in August; North America; 1828. H. pidchru77i (pretty) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yel- low, in July ; England. There are many other species. Hyssopus. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy perennials, flourishing in garden soil, and increased by division and seeds. H. discolor (two-colored) ; hardy perennial ; flowers blue, in June ; Siberia ; 1818. H. offici7ialis (oflicinal) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; south of Europe ; 1548. There are varieties a7igustifolia^ ca7iesce7is, fiore-rubro, and variegatus ; the two last being garden hybrids. IBERIS. Candytuft. [Cruciferae.] A genus containing some well-known hardy annuals, and a few greenhouse and hardy sub-shrubs. The annuals are showy and useful border plants, perfectly hardy, growing in any kind of soil, and need only to be sown where they are to flower. They will sometimes shed the seed in the borders ; and the plants come up in autumn, and stand the winter if it be not too severe. Candytuft makes a good clump-plant for a geometrical gar- den, because it does not grow higher than six or nine inches, and forms a complete mass of flowers in its season, being literally covered with bloom. The natural blooming season may be prolonged by sowing some in pots as early as Feb- ruary, thinning them as they come up, and nursing them in the greenhouse or frames till May, when they will be almost in flower. The seed sown in the borders will be a month or six weeks later before it flowers ; and a later sowing toward the end of May will carry on the succession. The sub-shrubby evergreen species thrive in light soil, and the hardy ones are very beautiful for rock-work, or, for early blooming small groups in the flower-garden. They are propagated freely by cuttings in sandy soil under hand- glasses, in a shady place, early in the summer. /. corifolia (coris-leaved) ; hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; south of Europe ; 1739. ^- '^^^~ onaria (garland) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; gardens. /. Gibraltarica (Gibraltar) ; frame evergreen sub- shrub ; I foot; flowers whitish-pink, in June; Gibraltar; 1732. 204 GARDEN FLOWERS. 205 /. odorata (sweet-scented) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, in June; Crete; 1806. /. saxatilis (rock); hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; south of Europe ; 1739. ^' sempervirens (evergreen) ; hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in April ; Candia ; 1731. /. Tenoreana (Tenore's) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pale purple, in June; Naples; 1802. /. lunbellata (common); hardy annual; I foot ; flowers purple, rose, crimson, or white, in June ; south of Europe ; 1596. There are several other species. Ilex. Holly. [Aquifoliaceae.] Beautiful evergreen trees, with prickly foliage and red berries. The English Holly in its many beautiful varieties is not hardy in the Northern States. The American Holly, although found native as far north as Maine, is often winter-killed in the New England States : to the southward, it forms a splendid tree. Soil, moist loam, sandy. Propagated by berries, which do not vegetate for two years. /. opaca (dark); American Holly; hardy trees; 10 to 30 feet ; flowers greenish, in June. 1. Cassine^ 7nyrtifolid, Da/won, are Southern species. / verticillata and Icevigata (Black Alder), and I. glabra (Ink Berry), are fine ornamental shrubs, perfectly hardy, which are worthy of general cultivation. The latter is evergreen. These latter are often called Prinos. Illicium. Aniseed-tree. [Magnoliaceae.] Half-hardy evergreen shrubs, with good foliage and curious flowers. Soil, peat and loamy. Increased by cuttings of young ripened shoots in sand, or by layers, which take two years to get well established. /. anisatujn (Star Anise) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers red, in May; Japan; 1790. I. Florida7m7?i {Ylorid^) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers red, in May ; Flor- 206 GARDEN FLOWERS. ida; 1766. I. religiosinn (ho\y) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers green, in May ; Japan ; 1842. Impatiens. Touch-me-not. [Balsaminaceae.] Annual or perennial fleshy-stemmed plants, mostly requiring the assist- ance of artificial heat, and a moist sheltered climate. The tender annuals should be raised in hot-frames, from seeds, in February on March, and grown on until summer, near the glass, in hot-frames or hot-houses, and may then be bloomed in a greenhouse after its usual occupants are placed out doors. Most of these may be raised from cuttings, or made biennial by removing all flower-buds the first year. Some of them, if reared in a mild heat, and carefully inured to exposure, will flower out doors in a moderately sheltered situation ; but they require a moist atmosphere, and moisture at the roots, as well as a warm exposure. / glanduligera, macrochila, and Candida are the best for this treatment : these have a fine pyramidal habit, and bloom abundantly. The hardy annuals may be sown in the open border, in a dampish sheltered place ; and there they will spring up abun- dantly from scattered seeds. See Balsamina for culture of the annual kinds. /. Candida (white) ; half-hardy (or tender) annual ; 6 feet ; flow- ers white, in July ; Himalayas ; 1839. Lfidva (tawny, spotted) ; hardy sub-aquatic annual ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; North America. /. glanduligej^a (gland-bearing) ; half-hardy (or ten- der) annual ; 6 feet ; flowers rose-color, in July ; Himalayas ; 1839. ^- inacrochila (large-lipped) ; half-hardy (or tender) an- nual ; flowers pale-purple, in August ; India ; 1839. Indian-Cress. See Trop^olum. Indian-Pink. See Dianthus. Indian-Shot. See Canna. Ink-berry. See Ilex. Inula. [Compositae.] A genus containing many hardy GARDEN FLOWERS. 20/ perennials and annuals : the latter are not worth cultivating; the former are of coarse habit, and of little horticultural im- portance. The flowers are yellow.. Common soil. In- creased by division. loxopsiDUM. Violet Cress, [Cruciferae.] A pretty dwarf, half-hardy annual, forming a beautiful plant for rock- work in a shady situation, or an undergrowth for a peat bor- der, or for pot-culture. It forms close to the soil a compact tuft, studded with numerous lilac, cross-shaped flowers. /. acmde (stemless) ; half-hardy annual; \^ inches; flowers lilac, at various seasons ; Portugal ; 1845. JPOMCEA. [Convolvulaceae,] A large genus of showy convolvulus-like plants, consisting mostly of climbing spe- cies, of which the greater number require a stove tempera- ture. The sub-shrubby and perennial kinds are increased by cuttings of the short lateral shoots in sandy soil, under glasses. Those which have fleshy roots are more difficult to propagate, unless cuttings of the young shoots, which break from the crown of the tuber are taken : they require brisk bottom-heat. The tuberous, fleshy-rooted sorts may sometimes be increased by division, but not readily : por- tions of the roots, however, of the commoner sorts serve as stocks on which the rarer and more difficult may be grafted with success by what is called herbaceous grafting ; a good heat and a close frame being indispensable. The annuals are raised by seeds sown in a hot-bed in early spring. The soil for them should be turfy peat and sandy loam, with plenty of gritty sand added, and the roots well drained. The fleshy-rooted kinds require to be kept moderately dry in winter. Their habit is various. Some bloom in the axils along the branches ; and others, including / Horsfallix which is one of the best, bloom only at the end of the shoots. With these latter, it is a practice to top the shoots 208 GARDEN FLOWERS. when five or six feet long, to cause several laterals to branch out ; and the result is, that, though the blossoming is re- tarded, there are many more flowers produced in the end. Stopped in this way, and trained over the roof, or the wall of a stove, this is one of the finest of all creepers. Many of the tender species do well in a warm sunny exposure in the garden. I. ficifolia (fig-leaved); twining perennial; 15 feet; flowers rosy-purple, in August; Buenos Ayres ; 1840. /. lactmosa (starry); hardy twining perennial ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America; 1640. I. Michauxii (^Wok^sMx!^); greenhouse twining tuberous perennial ; 15 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Georgia; 181 5. I. pandiirata (Virginian); hardy twining per- ennial; 12 feet; flowers white and purple; North America; 1732. /. riibra-cceridea (reddish-blue); half-hardy twining an- nual ; 10 feet ; flowers blue, fading red, in September ; Mexico ; 1833. /. Tweedici (Tweedie's) ; stove twining perennial; 10 feet ; flowers reddish-purple, in July ; Parana ; 1838. There are numerous other species in cultivation. Ipomopsis. [Polemoniacese.] Splendid-flowered bien- nials, of rather difiicult culture. The seeds should be sown in July, thinly, in small pots set into a cold diy frame ; the plants are to be thinned to three or four, and removed to a shelf in the greenhouse, near the glass, where they remain during winter, being very moderately and carefully watered. In spring, they are shifted into five-inch pots with as little disturbance to their roots as possible ; but one or two of the plants should be cut away, leaving the strongest. They re- quire throughout very careful watering, being very impatient of moisture. A compost of equal proportions of sandy peat and sandy loam, mixed with lumps of charcoal to keep it open and porous, suits them ; and they are multiplied by seeds only. /. elegans (elegant) ; half-hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scar- GARDEN FLOWERS. 2O9 let, in July; North America; 1826. /. picta (painted); half- hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, blotched white, in July ; CaroHna ; 1726. Iresine. [Amarantaceae.] A very fine dark-foliaged plant, more hardy than Qoleus and brighter than Perilla, very useful for summer bedding, and easily propagated by cuttings. As a decorative plant it has no rival. Achyran- thes of French florists. /. Hej'bstii (Herbst's) ; soft- wooded shrub ; i foot ; not yet flowered in cultivation ; Peru and La Plata ; 1863. Iris. Flower de Luce. [Iridacese.] Beautiful hardy pe- rennials, of very simple culture. They prefer a loamy soil somewhat moist, and thrive best when not too frequently disturbed, as they then spread into good-sized patches, and produce a greater abundance of flowers. They are propa- gated without the least difficulty by dividing the plants. There are one or t\vo bulbous-rooted species, /. Xiphium and Xiphioides, the latter commonly called English, and the for- mer Spanish Iris, the varieties of which are extensively cul- tivated as florists' flowers. The varieties of color among these bulbous kinds is very great, including white, yellow, blue, purple, and many indescribable tints. These should be planted a foot apart, in a rich bed of loam, dung, and sand, and should be removed only once in tw^o years ; the trans- planting taking place in September. They are increased by offsets. /. amceiia (pleasing) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white and purple, in June ; Europe ; 1821. /. cristata (crested); har- dy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pale-blue, in May ; North Amer- ica ; 1756. /. Floretitiiia (Florentine) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; south of Europe ; 1 596. /. GerDiaiiica (German) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers dark-blue, in May ; Germany; 1573. /. hitesceiis (yellowish); hardy perennial; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; Germany ; 1 748. /. notha 14 210 GARDEN FLOWERS. (hybrid); hardy perennial; i8 inches; flowers blue, in June; Italy ; 1820. /. ochroleuca (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in July; Levant; 1757. I. pallida {^2X€)\ hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers pale-blue, in June ; Turkey ; 1596. /. Persica (Persian) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers pale- blue, orange and black, in May ; Persia; 1629. I . pumila {A\M2iXi) \ hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, yellow, or white, in May; Austria; 1596. /. Ruthenica (Russian); hardy peren- nial; I foot ; flowers blue, in May; Siberia; 1804. I. sambu- cina (elder-scented) ; hardy perennial ; 2\ feet ; flowers purple and white, in June ; south of Europe ; 1658. /. Sibirica (Sibe- rian) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue or white, in June ; Siberia; 1596. I. siib-biflora (sub-two-flowered); hardy peren- nial; I foot; flowers blue, in May; Portugal; 1596. I. Susi- ana (Susian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers striped, in May ; Levant ;' 1596. /. Swertii (^^^xl^€)\ hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers white, in May; Hungary; 18 19. I. Xiphioides (groat bulbous); hardy bulb; 18 inches; flowers various, in June ; Spain ; 1571. /. Xiphin7n (small bulbous) ; hardy bulb ; 18 inches ; flowers various, in June ; Spain ; 1596. Many other species are in cultivation, and many very fine named varieties may be obtained of florists. The last few years have witnessed a great improvement in this plant /. Persica is one of the most beautiful early-flowering spring bulbs. The flowers are of a most delicate texture, bright purple and yellow, with pearl-colored ground. They only require to be planted in a rich soil in the autumn, and may remain for years undisturbed. IsANTHUS. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy annual. Propagated by seeds sown in the border in May, or earlier in a frame, and transplanted. /. caeriUetis (blue) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July; North America ; 181 8. IsoTOMA. [Lobeliaceae.] A pretty dwarf blue flowering plant, resembling a Lobelia, requiring greenhouse protec- GARDEN FLOWERS. 211 tion in winter, but blossoming freely as a bedding-plant in summer. Soil, sandy loam, in a warm exposure. The plants should be raised from seed in summer, and wintered in the greenhouse ready to plant out the following May. /. axillaris; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; New South Wales ; 1824. Itea. [Escalloniaceae.] A pretty white-flowering native shrub, not hardy in the Northern States. Soil, moist sandy peat. Propagated by suckers and layers. /. Virginica (Virginian) ; hardy shrub j 6 feet ; flowers white, in July. Ivy, See Hedera. m^m Wm liiig^f mMb^k^^ ti^'mM^-ith^^i:^*^''^ ] ["ACOBEA. See Senicio. ' Jacobean Lily. See Sprekelia. Jacob's Ladder. See Polemonium. Japan Allspice. See Chimonanthus. Japan Cedar. See Cryptomerea. Japan Yew. See Cephalotaxus. Jasione. Sheep' s-scabious. [Campanulaceae.] Pretty dwarf herbs, bearing blue flowers collected in heads. The annuals may be sown in the borders in May, and require no other care than thinning if the plants come up too thick. The perennials are increased by seeds, or by division, and require but to be planted in a warm border, in sandy soil, and winter protection in the Northern States. J. montana (mountain) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers pale- blue, in June ; England. J. perenjiis (perennial) ; half-hardy per- ennial ; I foot ; flowers blue, in June ; France ; 1787. Jeffersonia. [Podophyllaceae.] A neat hardy herba- ceous perennial. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by division of the plant, which should be done in spring, or by seeds. y. diphylla (two-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1792. Job's Tears. See Coix. 'Jonquil. See Narcissus. Judas-Tree. See Circis. JuGLANS. [Juglandaceae.] Hardy or half-hardy decidu- ous ornamental trees. Soil, deep loam. Propagated by seed ; the rarer sorts by grafting and budding. 212 GARDEN FLOWERS. 213 7. cinerea (gray ; Butternut) ; 30 feet ; North America ; 1656. J.fraxijiifolia (ash-leaved) ; 40 feet ; North America. J. nigra (black) ; 30 feet ; North America ; 1629. J. pterocarpa (winged- fruited) ; 40 feet ; North America. J. regia (common ; royal) ; 50 feet ; Persia ; 1562. J. regia laciniata (cut-leaved) ; 50 feet ; Persia. J. regia maxima (largest-fruited) ; 50 feet ; Persia. y. regia pendida (weeping). J. regia serotina (late-vegetating) ; 50 feet ; Persia. J. regia tenera (thin-shelled) ; 50 feet ; Persia. JuNiPERUS. Jimiper. [Pinace^.] Evergreens, many of which are remarkably ornamental in habit, forming light, spreading, more or less pendulous, bushes or low trees. The Junipers prefer a light, loamy soil, but are not difficult of culture in any that is moderately good, and not wet or heavy. Increased with most facility by seeds ; but the rarer kinds may be propagated by grafting, or by cuttings of the firm young shoots, planted in sandy soil, on a shady border, and covered by a hand-glass. Most of the species are hardy as far north as Massachusetts, though often requiring protec- tion from the winter's sun and cutting winds. J. Chinensis (Chinese) ; 10 feet ; flowers in May; China ; 1804. J. comiminis (common) ; 5 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. J. communis Canadensis (Canadian) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Canada; 1820. J. commimis nana (dwarf); 2 feet; flowers in May ; Siberia. J. connmtnis oblonga (oblong-fruited) ; flowers in June. J. commimis oblonga pendula (oblong-weeping); 5 feet; flowers in May; Britain. J. Suecica (Swedish); 12 feet; flowers in May ; North of Europe. J. Cracovia (Cracovian) ; 4 feet; flowers in May; Poland; 1820. J. Daurica (Dahurian) ; 8 feet; flowers in July; Dahuria ; 1791. J. dntpacea (drupe- fruited) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May ; Syria ; 1820. J. excelsa (tall) ; 20 feet ; Siberia ; 1806. J. glauca (milky-green) ; flowers in May ; China ; 1814. J. heinisphcerica (half-globe-headed) ; flow- ers in May; Mount Etna; 1844. J. Hermanni (Hermann's); flowers in May. J. Lycia (Lycian) ; 10 feet; flowers in May; south of Europe ; 1759. 7- macrocarpa (large-fruited) ; flowers 214 GARDEN FLOWERS. in May; Greece. J.obloiiga (oblong); flowers in May; Ameri- ca ; 18,29. J. oxycednis (sharp-cedar) ; 15 feet ; flowers in May ; Spain; 1739. J. Phcrnicea (Phoenician) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May; south of Europe; 1683. J. recurva (curved); 4 feet; flowers in May; Nepaul ; 1817. J. religiosa (religious); flowers in May. J. sabina (common savin) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May ; south of Europe ; 1548. J. sabina Alpina (Alpine) ; 18 inches ; flow- ers in May ; Britain. J. sabina ctipressifolia (cypr£ss-leaved) ; 4 feet; flowers in May; south of Europe; 1548. J. sabina foliis variegatis (variegated-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May ; Europe, J. prostrata (prostrate) ; 9 inches ; flowers in May ; North America. J. ta7nariscifolia (tamarisk-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May ; south of Europe ; 1562. J. tainariscifolia va- riegata (variegated) ; 5 feet ; flowers in May ; south of Europe. J. Smithii (Smith's) ; flowers in May ; Nepaul. J. sqiiamata (scaly); 4 feet ; flowers in May; Nepaul; 1824. J.tJmrifera (incense-bearing); 10 feet; flowers in May; Spain; 1572. J. uvifera (grape-bearing) ; Cape Horn. J. Virginiajta (Virginian); Red Cedar; 30 feet; flowers in May; North America; 1664. J. Virginiana Caroliniana (Carohnian) ; flowers in May ; Caro- lina. 7. Virginiafta Jmmilis (humble) ; 12 feet ; flowers in May; North America; 1800. JuRiNEA. [Composite.] Hardy herbaceous perennials. Common soil. Increased by division of the root. J. spectabilis (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pur- ple, in June; Europe; 1837. J. subacaiilis (short-stemmed); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in June ; Caucasus ; 1837. "IV^ALMIA. [Ericaceae.] Beautiful evergreen shrubs, -^^ readily forced into early blossom by the stimulus of artificial heat. The proper soil for them is sandy peat earth. It is, in fact, the usual and the best practice to plant Kalmias, together with Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and other plants of like nature, in separate beds or patches, prepared with peat-soil. They are usually increased by layers made at the end of summer, but may also be raised from seeds, in which case the seeds require to be sown in shallow pans of sandy peat, and kept close in a frame : the seedlings are transplanted to other pans as soon as large enough to be handled, and again kept close for a time until established, when they are gradually inured to exposure. K. aiigustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet; flowers red, in June; North America ; 1736. K. glauca (glaucous) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in May; North America; 1767. K. hirsuta([\2i\ry) -, hardy ever- green shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers red, in August ; North Amer- ica ; 1786. K. latifolia (broad-leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers pink, in June ; North America ; 1734. There are many garden varieties of angiistifolia. K, ros- marinifolia is a variety of K. glauca, and K. myrtifolia of K. latifolia. Kaulfussia. [Composite.] A pretty dwarf hardy an- nual. Sow the seeds in May on finely pulverized soil, or in a frame in April, and transplant. If late-flowering plants are required, the seed may be sown during the summer. 215 2l6 GARDEN FLOWERS. K. amelloides (amellus-like) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July; Cape of Good Hope; 1819. K. cesmlifolia (horse-chestnut-leaved) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers brown and yellow, in July. Kentrophyllum. [Compositae.] Hardy annuals of lit- tle importance. Common soil. Increased by seeds, or, in the case of a half-hardy evergreen shrubby species, by cut- tings. The species are K. arborescens (half-hardy, shrubby), Cretica, laiiata, and Taiirica. Kentucky Coffee-Tree. See Gymnocladus. Kerria. [Rosaceae.] A hardy deciduous shrub, with green stems and yellow flowers, often seen against walls and fences in old gardens. It is a free-growing plant, adapted for such situations ; growing best in light soils. Readily in- creased by suckers, or by cuttings, under a hand-light. The double-flowered variety is the most ornamental. There is a fine variety with beautifully white variegated foliage. K. Japonica (Japan) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in May; Japan; 1700. Kidney-Bean. See Phaseolus. Kcelreuteria. [Sapindaceae.] A small hardy deciduous tree, with elegant pinnate foliage, and upright panicles of yellow blossoms. It is suitable for a pleasure-ground or shrubbery. Will grow in ordinary garden soil, and is in- creased by seeds, or by cuttings of the roots or branches. K.paniculata (panicled) ; hardy tree ; 12 feet ; flowers yellow, in August; China; 1763. KoNiGA. [Cruciferae.] A simple, but useful dwarf hardy annual. Sow the seeds in spring in the borders where the plants are to bloom. The flowers have a rather peculiar, strong, but not disagreeable scent, resembling that of honey. K. maritiina (sea-side, or Sweet Alyssum) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; England. LABRADOR-TEA. See Ledum. Laburnum. See Cytisus. Lady's Mantle. See Alchimilla. Lady's Slipper. See Cypripedium. Lady's Smock. See Cardamine. Lagenaria. Bottle Gourd. [Cucurbitaceae.] Annual trailing plants, requiring to be raised in heat in spring, and hardened off previously to their being planted out about the end of May in sheltered places, such as against walls and palings, or on a raised beds in a warm corner of the garden. Rich light soil. Increased by seeds. The curious bottle- shaped fruits are the objects for which they are cultivated; but the white flowers are also very pretty. L. idolatrica (idol-like, pear-fruited) ; flowers white, in June. Z. vittata -(banded) ; flowers white, in June. L. vulgaris (com- mon) ; ID feet; flowers in August; 1597. L. vulgaris clavata (club-shaped); 10 feet; flowers in August; 1597. L. vulga- ris depressa (depressed); 10 feet; flowers in August; 1597. L. vulgaris courgourda (courgourde) ; 10 feet; flowers in Au- gust ; 1597. L. vulgaris turbiiiata (top-shaped) ; 10 feet ; flow- ers in August ; 1597. Lagerstrcemia. [Lythraceae.] A genus of handsome shrubs, containing some greenhouse species. Soil, peat and loam. Propagated by cuttings of the small half-ripened lateral shoots in sand, under bell-glasses in heat. These plants bloom finely, planted out, in the flower border in sum- mer, and wintered in a cool frost-proof cellar. 217 2l8 GARDEN FLOWERS. L. Indica (Indian); warm greenhouse evergreen shrub; I2 feet; flowers white or rose-colored, in August; China; 1816. L. speciosa (showy) ; warm greenhouse evergreen shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers rose-colored, in August ; China; 1826. Lagurus. [Graminese.] A hardy annual ornamental grass, growing in any garden soil. L. ovatus (ovate) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; apetalous, August ; Guernsey. Lamium. [Labiaceae.] Hardy plants, of which some of the dwarf perennial varieties, and Z. maculatum, with varie- gated foliage and white or red blossoms, are pretty subjects for rock-work. Common soil. Increased by division. Lantana. [Verbenaceae.] Stove shrubs, many of the more shov^y of which, however, may be considered as green- house plants, if they can be started in spring, in a frame or warmer house. The larger species should be kept rather dry in winter, when they will be induced to rest, and will lose their foliage ; but, if they are excited at that season, they con- tinue growing, and remain evergreen. In spring, or in Febru- ary, thdy are to be pruned ^lose back, and started tO; grow in a stove or warm pit. They are free growers, and require to be shifted into larger pots as their roots become numerous. They should have a free rich loamy soil, consisting of loam, peat, and leaf-mould, equal parts, with sand added if neces- sary. The young shoots in spring should be freely stopped, to produce bushy growth. Z. Sellowiana should have three parts sandy peat-earth in the compost, and, though rested by comparative dryness and coolness in winter, ought not to be dried so much as the larger sorts. They do not require the temperature of the stove : that of an intermediate house suits them best. In warm and dry sitations, where the soil is rather sandy, Z. Sellowiana forms good beds in the flower- garden, looking like a purple verbena ; and most of the lar- GARDEN FLOWERS. 219 ger species succeed under the same treatment. Cuttings root very readily in sand, planted in the usual way, and set in a hot-bed. Young plants should be raised from cuttings during summer, to be shifted on for flowering the following spring. The following are selected from the numerous kinds as being the most useful. L. actileata (prickly) ; stove shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, changing to deep orange-red, in May; West Indies; 1692. L. Cainara (Camara) ; stove shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers golden, chan- ging to deep-orange or vermilion; South America; 1691. L. crocea (saffron) ; stove shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, changing to saffron, in May ; West Indies ; 1691. L. imitabilis (change- able) ; stove shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac, changing to rose, in May ; East Indies. L. nivea (white) ; stove shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May; East Indies; 1732. L. purpurea {^uy- ple) ; stove shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-rose, changing to rosy lilac; South America; 1820. L. Sellowiaiia (Sellow's); cool stove shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, all summer ; Monte Video ; 1828. Larix. Larch. [Pinacese.] A family of hardy well- known trees, flourishing in any soil. Propagated by seeds. L. G7nelini (Gmelin's) ; Northern Siberia. L. Griffithi (Grif- fith's) ; 50 feet; Nepaul ; 1854. L. Katntschatika {K2LV[i\.sQh2X- ka). L. larix (larch) ; 100 feet ; Alps. L. larix rcpe7is (creep- ing). L. larix pejtdula {diYOO^mg). L. Ledeboi^rii {Le.&Qhowc'' s). L. leptolepis (slender-scaled) ; north of Japan. L. 7nicrocarpa (small-coned); 100 feet; North America. L. peTtdula {droo^- ing) ; North America. L. Sibirica (Siberian) ; Siberia. Larkspur. See Delphineum. Lasthenia. [Compositae.] Hardy annuals ; thriving in poor soil, and increased by seed. L. Californica (Californian) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; California ; 1834. Z. glabrata (smooth) ; hardy annual; i foot; flowers yellow, in July; California; 1834. L. 220 GARDEN FLOWERS. obtusifolia (blunt-leaved) ; hardy annual ; i foot : flowers yellow, in July ; Chili ; 1833. Lathyrus. [Leguminosas.] A genus of showy hardy plants, annual and perennial, mostly climbers. The best of them is the Sweet-pea ( L. odoratus) ; and there is not among the annuals a better nosegay flower than this, nor, now that there are many varieties, is there a more lively garden orna- ment. It has been attempted to grow the different colored varieties separate, and a majority will sometimes prove like the parent, but they do not look so well any way as mixed. They maybe sown in pots, in a warmish frame, in March, for early bloom ; and two months afterwards they may be sown in the borders of th6 open ground : others may be sown in May and June if a succession is desired. They grow in any good light soil, and all the attention they require is to be furnished with a few bushy branches stuck in the ground for them to cling to. If they are not allowed to seed, and the decayed blooms are removed as fast as they decline, the bloom will continue some time ; but, if they are allowed to swell their pods, the bloom goes off much sooner. The per- ennials may be raised by seeds or by division, and merely require to be planted in the position they are to occupy per- manently, and to have pea-stakes put to them annually for their branches to climb over. L. Altaicus (Altaic) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers violet, in June; Altai; 1832. L. Annitageaniis (Armitage's) ; hardy climbing perennial ; 8 feet ; flowers purple-blue, in May ; Bra- zil ; 1824. L. decaphyllus (ten-leaved); hardy climbing peren- nial ; 4 feet ; flowers red and lilac, in June ; North America ; 1827. L. grandijlorus (large-flowered); hardy climbing peren- nial ; 4 feet ; flowers pale and deep rose, in July ; south of Eu- rope ; 1 8 14. L. /(3:/{)^^//wj- (broad-leaved) ; hardy perennial; 5 feet ; flowers pink, in August ; England. L. ^/^^r^/(McRae's) ; hardy climbing perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple and white, in GARDEN FLOWERS. 221 October; Chili; 1824. Z. Magellanicus (Magellan); hardy climbing perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; Cape Horn ; 1744. L. odoratiis (sweet-pea); hardy annual; 4 feet ; flowers various, in July ; Sicily; 1700. L. Tingitaims (T^Lagitr)', hardy annual ; 4 feet ; flowers dark rose-purple, in July ; Barbary ; 1680. Lavandula. Lavender. [Labiaceae.] Evergreen shrubs, well known from the fragrance of their flowers. Some of the species require greenhouse protection. Sandy loam for the hardy kinds, and light loamy soil for the tender ones. Increased by cuttings. L. dentata (tooth-leaved); greenhouse evergreen shrub; 18 inches; flowers lilac, in August ; south of Europe ; 1597. L. spica (common spike) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers hlac, in July ; south of Europe ; 1568. L. Stcechas (Staechas) ; hardy evergreen shrub; 18 inches; flowers lilac, in June; south of Europe ; 1568. L. vera (true) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers gray-blue, in July; south of Europe; 1568. Z. viridis (green); greenhouse evergreen shrub ; 18 inches; flowers pur- ple, in June ; Madeira ; 1777. Lavatera. [Malvaceae.] Hardy and half-hardy plants of the Mallow tribe. The annuals should be sown in the borders in March, and are increased by seeds. The others are increased by seeds, and require to be planted in a shel- tered situation, in which they are sometimes destroyed, some- times uninjured by the winter. The shrubby kinds may also be propagated by cuttings. A light dry soil suits all of them. There are several species, but, excepting those named below, they are not of much interest, being coarse. Z. arborea (tree) ; hardy biennial ; 6 feet ; flowers pale rose- purple, in August ; Britain. Z. Neapolita7ia (Neapolitan) ; har- dy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers purple, in July; Italy; 1818. Z. phoenicea (red); half-hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; Canaries; 1816. Z. Thiiringiaca (Thuringian) ; hardy peren- 222 GARDEN FLOWERS. nial; 4 feet; flowers pale-blue, in July; Germany; 1731. L. trimestris (three-month) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers flesh- color, in June ; Spain ; 1633. Lavender. See Lavandula. Laurel Mountain. See Kalmia. Leadwort. See Plumbago. Leatherwood. See Dirca. Ledum. See Ammyrsine. Ledum. Labrador Tea. [Ericaceae.] Pretty hardy ever- green American plants. Soil, a rather sandy peat. In- creased by layers. They are well suited for the margins of peat-beds. L. Canadefise {Qz,n-3i6i2in) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 18 inches; flowers white, in April; Canada; 1763. L. latifolm7n (brodid- leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in April ; North America; 1763. L. palustre (marsh); hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in April ; Europe ; 1762. Lemon Verbena. See Aloysia. Leonotis. Lio7i's-Ear. [Labiacea.] A genus contain- ing some annual species, and some soft-wooded greenhouse shrubs. L. leojiurus^ one of the latter, and the most com- mon is, when grown vigorously, very ornamental ; rich or- ange-colored flowers being produced in profusiori in the axils of the leaves. Cuttings may be planted early in spring, and root readily in bottom-heat. When rooted, they should be potted into a light, rich, loamy, soil, hardened off as soon as possible to the greenhouse temperature ; continually stopped to induce bushiness of growth, and shifted, as fast as the pots fill with roots, to give strength to the plants. By the beginning of May, they may be transferred to cold frames ; and during the summer they are quite as well grown exposed in the open air, so that care be taken that they do not be- come parched, which destroys their foliage. After the be- GARDEN FLOWERS. 223 ginning of August, the shoots should not be topped, but al- lowed to grow tall for blooming ; or, if stronger spikes of bloom are required, the stopping may be discontinued earlier. The object of stopping is, however, to produce a very bushy plant, that may yield a large number of flowering shoots. There is no difficulty in cultivating the plant, which, when established, should be grown in rich loam. With this, and other similar free-growing plants, it is better to raise young ones annually than to attempt to prune back or otherwise renovate the old specimens, which are chiefly to be pre- served to furnish cuttings in the spring. Z. leonurus (lion's-tail) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flow- ers deep-orange, in October ; Cape ; 181 2. Leonurus. Motherwort. [Labiaces.] Hardy peren- nials and biennials. Common soil. Increased by seeds. L. cardiaca (common) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in July; England. There are varieties crispus and villosus. L. lanatiis (woolly) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Siberia ; 1752. Z. Siberictts (Siberian) ; hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in June ; Siberia ; 1759. Leopard's Bane. See Doronicum. Lepechinia. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- nial, comprising one Siberian and one Mexican species, of which the latter is not hardy. Common soil. Increased by division. Z. chenopodifolia (chenopodium-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches; flowers red, in July; Siberia; 1818. Z. spicata, the Mexican species, has pale-yellow flowers. Leptanthus. [Pontedereae.] A hardy aquatic plant, with grassy leaves, useful in a small pond. Called also Schollera. L.grajnineus (grassy) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yel- low, in July ; North America ; 1823. 224 GARDEN FLOWERS. Leptandra. See Veronica. Leptosiphon. [Polemoniaceae.] Beautiful dwarf annu- als, forming very pretty objects in clumps and beds, but not very long lived ; and, moreover, the blooms look untidy as soon as they begin to decline. The seeds may be sown in the open air in May, and should be sown thinly, because they then grow much more vigorously. They will grow in poor soil, and do as well as any of the annuals in the com- mon borders ; but, to have them in perfection, they should be grown in a very light rich soil, such as one-half very rot- ten cow-dung mixed with good garden earth. In the beds of geometrical gardens, where they have to show a mass of flowers, they should be thinned very evenly to about two inches apart all over the space, because in beds which form parts of a connected figure, there must not be vacancies, nor must the plants be too much drawn by being close together. In patches, the least quantity is about what could be sown in a pot. Many adopt the very good plan of sowing annu- als in pots, and bedding them out afterwards for the sake of having the patches uniform. L. androsaceus (androsace-like) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers bluish-lilac, or white, in June ; California ; 1833. L. densiflorus (cluster-flowered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers rosy-lilac, or white, in June; California; 1833. L. gra7idiJiorus (large-flow- ered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue and gold, in July ; Cahfornia ; 1833. L. luteus (yellow); hardy annual; i foot; flowers deep-yellow, in July; California; 1833. L. pallidiis (pale-yellow) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers pale-yellow, in Ju- ly ; California ; 1833. Z. parviflorus (small-flowered) ; hardy annual; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; California; 1833. Leucojum. Snow-flake. [Amaryllidaceae.] Pretty hardy bulbs, in foliage much like a Narcissus, in the flowers like a Snow-drop, as the name Snow-flake suggests. They multi- ply by offsets in spring, and prefer sandy loam, though they GARDEN FLOWERS. 225 may be planted in ordinary garden soil, like common Nar- cissus and Hyacindis. L. cestivum (summer); hardy bulb ; i8 inches ; flowers white, in May; Europe. L. pulchellum (pretty); hardy bulb; i8 inches ; flowers white, in April ; England. Leucothoe. [Ericaceae.] Hardy evergreen shrubs, form- ing part of the old genus Andromeda, which see. Leuzea. [Compositae.] Hardy herbaceous purple-flow- ered perennials, allied to Serratula. Common soil. In- creased by division or by seeds. Lewisia. [Crassulace^.] Hardy perennial. Sandy loam. Propagated by seeds and division. Z. rediviva (revived) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1827. Leycesteria. [Caprifoliaceae.] Half-hardy sub-ever- green shrub. Sandy loam. Increased by cuttings of the young shoots in spring under a hand-glass, or by seeds. Tender in the Northern States. The bark being bright green, forms a good winter contrast to Cornus sanguineus. Z. formosa (handsome), half-hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers wliite, with purple bracts, in August ; Nepaul ; 1824. LiATRis. [Compositae.] Elegant hardy or half-hardy her- baceous perennials, of easy culture. Soil, sandy loam and peat. Increased by division. The half-hardy kinds require slight protection against wet in winter. Z. beUidifolia (daisy-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers pink, in August ; North America. Z. corymbosa (corym- bose) ; half-hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers purple, in August • Carohna; 1825. Z. ^/^^-^;^,> (elegant) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ;' flowers purple, in September ; North America ; 1787. Z P-r^«- //i- (slender) ; half-hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers purple, m August; Carolina; 1818. Z. /;//.^r;//^^/« (intermediate) ; har- dy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in August; North Amer- 226 GARDEN FLOWERS. ica ; 1823. L. panictdata (panicled) ; half-hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers purple, in August; Carolina; 1826. L. spicata (spiked) ; hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; North America; 1732. L. sqtiarrosa (rough-cupped) ; hardy per- ennial; 3 feet; flowers purple, in July ; North America; 1732. L. tenuifolia (flne-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers purple in August ; Carolina; 1820. L. tiirbinata {\.\xxh\- nate) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; North America ; 1823. There are several other species. LiBOCEDRUs. See Thuya. LiGULARiA. [Compositae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials, allied to Cineraria. Common soil. Increased by division. L. Caucasia (Caucasian); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flow- ers yellow, in June; Caucasus; 1816. L. Sibirica (Siberian); hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Siberia ; 1784, L. speciosa (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in June; Siberia; 181 5. L. thyrsoidea (thyrsoid) ; hardy peren- nial ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Russia ; 1832. LiGUSTRUM. Privet. [Oleaceae.] Hardy evergreen or sub-evergreen shrubs. The common sort, L. vulgare, is a valuable hedge-plant ; the rarer sorts require a sheltered situation, and are very handsome plants for conservatory walls. Privet-hedges should be kept cut back very closely while young, and require to be clipped at least twice a year. Soil, sandy or chalky loam. Increased abundantly by seeds or cuttings ; the rarer sorts, by grafting on the common. L. Japoiiicinn (Japan) ; hardy sub-evergreen shrub ; 6 feet flowers white, in July; Japan; 1845. ^- i^icidum (shining) hardy evergreen shrub; 12 feet; flowers white, in August China; 1794. L. spicatiim {^^xV^^ ; hardy evergreen shrub 8 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Nepaul ; 1823. L. vulgare (com- mon) ; hardy sub-evergreen shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Britain. The variety se7npervirens is the best. GARDEN FLOWERS. 22/ Lilac. See Syringa. LiLiUM. Lily. [Liliacese.] Beautiful hardy or half-hardy bulbous-rooted perennials, containing many distinct species, nearly, perhaps quite, all of which are sufficiently hardy to admit of their being cultivated in the open garden. The most beautiful of all is the Lilium speciosum, and its superb varieties, pundatum, roseum, rubrujn, and album, some of which are variegated as if rubies were strewn all over their petals. To cultivate these in pots, a compost of one-half turfy peat, one-third turfy loam, and one-third decayed cow- dung, with sand, one-sixth of the whole, added, is suitable. Pot them in February ; use large pots ; and choose very strong double-crowned bulbs, two or three of which may go in a pot a foot in diameter : drain them well, and plant the bulbs three or four inches below the rims ; place them in a cold frame, and cover them from frost and heavy rains, but otherwise give all the air possible. When the stems are five or six inches long, fill up the pots with the compost, which will cause them to root up the covered part of their stems. As they rise too high for the frame, remove them to the green- house, where they will flower in great perfection, and retain their beauty a long time if shaded from the heat of the sun. Plants are easily raised from seeds sown an inch apart in pans, and placed in heat ; when up, let them be removed to the greenhouse, and be undisturbed two seasons : they may then be placed in three-inch pots, and removed to larger, as they grow, until they flower. They are more generally mul- tiplied by offsets, which form round the old roots, and such plants sooner reach a flowering size. These Japan lilies are, however, sufficiently hardy to be grown in prepared beds in the open air if the beds are covered with some light com- post in winter ; and, grown thus, they form fine autumn- blooming subjects. The hardy European and North-Asian 228 GARDEN FLOWERS. kinds grow generally well in a rich sandy loam ; but the American, Uke the Japanese kinds, prefer a compost con- taining a considerable proportion of peat. They are all in- creased from offsets, which are generally produced abundant- ly, or by separating the scales of the bulbs, and planting them as offsets. Some propagate from little bulb-buds which are formed in the axils of their leaves ; and most of them may be multiplied from seeds, when it is worth while to raise them by this more tedious process. The seeds should be sown as soon as ripe. The bulbs of lilies should not be suf- fered to dry when they are taken out of the ground for transplanting. One of the most striking modern additions to this family is the Indian L. giganteum, a stately plant eight to ten feet high, with large heart-shaped leaves. It may be grown as directed for L. speciosiim, requiring that each bulb, if of flowering size, should have a separate pot of from twelve to eighteen inches diameter. L. atrosaiiguineiDu (dark-red) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers dark-red, in July ; Japan ; 1835. ^' aurantmin (orange) ; hardy bulb ; 3 feet \ flowers dark-orange, in July ; Italy ; 1596. This spe- cies readily produces varieties from seed. Z. Canadense (Cana- dian) ; hardy bulb ; 4 feet ; flowers light-orange, in July ; North America ; 1629. L. caiididiim (white) ; hardy bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Levant; 1596. L. Caroliniamifn {CTiroYimTm) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers orange, in July ; North America ; 1 8 19. L. CatesbcEi {C2LtQ.sby''s,) ; hardy bulb; i foot; flowers scarlet-spotted, in July; Carohna; 1787. L. Chalcedonicttm (Chalcedonian) ; hardy bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in July ; Levant ; 1596. L. concolor (one-colored) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in July ; China; 1806. ' L. croceum {^2&rovi) \ hardy bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers saflron ; in July ; Italy ; 1596. L. exiju- iiini (splendid) ; hardy bulb ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Ne- paul ; 1824. L. gtganU7im (gig^intic) ; half-hardy bulb ; 8 to lo feet ; flowers red and white, in June ; Nepaul ; 1851. L. Japon- icum (Japanese) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; GARDEN FLOWERS. 229 Japan ; 1804. Z. lojigifoliuin (long-leaved) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet \ flowers white, in June; China; 1820. L. Martago?i (Turk's- cap) ; hardy bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac or white, in July ; Ger- many ; 1596. L. 7?i07iadelphuui (monadelphous) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet; flowers yellow, in July ; Caucasus; 1820. L.Pomponmm (Pompone) ; hardy bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in May ; Sibe- ria ; 1659. L.picmilum (dwarf) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers scar- let, in July ; Russia ; 1 8 1 6. L. Sibiricum (Siberian) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet; flowers yellow, in July; Siberia; 1829. L. speciosicm (showy) ; hardy bulb ; 3 to 4 feet ; flowers crimson, in August ; Japan ; 1833. The V2iY\tt\ts pimctahan, riibrum, and Kcsinpferi are rose, spotted with crimson ; album is white. L. spectabile (showy) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers light-orange, in June ; Dahuria; 1754. L. tenuifolium (fme-leaved) ; hardy bulb; 2 feet; flowers scarlet, in June; Siberia; 1820. L. testaceiun (testaceous) ; half-hardy bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers pale yellow, in June; Japan; 1841. L. Thunbergiamun (Thunberg's) ; hardy bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers orange-scarlet, in July ; Japan ; 1835. L. tigrinu7n (tiger) ; hardy bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers red, with black spots, in July ; China; 1804. Z. mcratiimj this superb lily is doubtless the finest of the family ; .the flowers are white, banded with orange, and often a foot in diameter. In England, it has been grown with twenty-seven flowers on a plant. It requires the same treatment as the Japan Lilies, and is probably as hardy. Introduced from Japan in 1864. Lily of the Valley. See Convallaria. LiMNANTHES. [Tropseolace^.] Hardy annuals, of trail- ing habit, with neat but not showy flowers. They may be sown in the open borders in May, and again in June, for succession. They are not very particular as to soil, but pre- fer a moist situation. They flower in about six weeks from the time of sowing. Z. alba (white) ; hardy annual, 9 inches ; flowers white, in June; California; 1848. Z. Z'^z^^/^i-// (Douglas's) ; hardy an- nual, 9 inches ; flowers white and yellow, in June ; California ; 230 GARDEN FLOWERS. 1833 ; L. rosea (rosy) ; hardy annual, 9 inches ; flowers pale rose, in June ; California ; 1848. LiMNOCHARis. [Butomaceae.] Stove aquatics, one of which, L. ffumboldtii, succeeds in the open air, in ponds or tanks. It bears beautiful yellow flowers all the summer. Propagated by its runners, which strike root in the muddy soil. LiNANTHUS. [Polemoniaceae.] A hardy annual, growing in garden soil from spring-sown seeds. L. dichotomiis (forked) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers pink, in July ; California; 1838. LiNARiA. Toad-flax. [Scrophulariaceae.'J Hardy annual and perennial herbs, the numerous species of which display considerable diversity of character and habit : about half are annuals, and a few require protection. L. Alpina and tristis are pretty minute plants for pot-culture; L. cymha- laria and pilosa are suitable for rock-work. They all grow best in a dryish sandy loam, and are propagated, the per- ennials by cuttings in summer, or division of the plants in spring, and the annuals by seeds. Most of them are suita- ble for rock -work, especially the smaller growers. The half- hardy sorts should be grown in pots, and protected in cold frames in winter. L. oequitriloba (equal three-lobed); hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in June ; Sardinia ; 1829. L Alpina (Alpine) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Austria ; 1750. Z. <52^(2r///^ (two-parted) ; hardy annual ; i foot; flowers purple, in June; north of Africa; 18 15; sometimes known as L. spcciosa. L. cytnbalaria (ivy-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers lilac, in May ; England. Z. Dahnatica (Dal- matian) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Levant ; 1731. L. delphinioides (larkspur-like) ; hardy biennial ; 18 inches; flowers blue, in August; Russia; 1838. L. genis- tcefolia (genista-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yel- GARDEN FLOWERS. 23 I low, in July ; Austria ; 1704. L. Monspessulana (Montpelier) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; France. L. Pelisseriana (Pelisser's); hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in June; south of Europe ; 1640. L. Perezzi {V^rtz's); hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in June ; Italy. L.pilosa (hairy); hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers lilac, in June ; Pyrenees ; 1800. L. piii'pzirea (purple) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers purple, in July ; south of Europe ; 1648. L. reticulata (net- veined) ; half-hardy biennial ; 18 inches ; flowers brown and purple, in July ; Portugal and Algiers ; 1 788. L. spar tea (broom); hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in June ; Spain; 1772. L. triornithoplioi^a (three-birds); half-hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers purple, in July; Portugal; 17 10. L. /r/j/2> (sad) ; half- hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers brown, in July ; Spain ; 1727. L. villosa (shaggy); half-hardy perennial; i foot; flow- ers blue, in July; Spain ; 1786. L. vulgaris Peloria (Peloria) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; England. The other species are numerous. LiNN.EA. [Caprifoliaceae.] A hardy trailing sub-shrubby plant, commemorating the name of Linnaeus. Soil moist peat, in a shady sheltered situation. Increased by separat- ing portions of its rooting trailing stems. L. borealis (northern) ; hardy sub-shrub, trailing ; flowers flesh- color, in June ; North America and Europe. LiNUM. Flax. [Linaceae.] A showy genus, consisting principally of annual or perennial herbs, which grow freely in ordinar}^ garden soil, preferring sandy loam, and are prop- agated by seeds, which are readily perfected. There are some shrubby greenhouse kinds, which should be grown in a compost of two parts peat and one of loam, with enough sand added to make it open ; and are propagated by cut- tings put in a hot-bed. The common cultivated flax is L. iisitatissimuni. L. Alpiiium (Alpine); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, 232 GARDEN FLOWERS. in July ; Austria ; 1739. ^- Altaicum (Altaic) ; liardy perennial ; I foot; flowers blue, in July; Altai ; 1829. L. angustfolhun (nar- row-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale blue, in July ; England. L. Aiistriaciim {KviS\x\2iVi); hardy perennial; i foot ; flowers blue, in June; Austria; 1775. L. Bereiidieri (Beren- dier's) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow and orange, in September; Texas; 1835. ^- bicolor (two-colored); hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow and blue, in June ; Morocco ; 1820. L. fiavuvi (yellow); half-hardy sub-shrub; 3 inches; flowers yellow, in June ; Austria ; 1793. L. grajidifloruj/i (large- flowered) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers crimson, in July ; Algiers; 1852. Z. ///i^w^^^w/w (one-styled) ; half-hardy peren- nial; 18 inches; flowers white, in July; New Zealand; 1832. L. 7Tionta7iuni (mountain) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Switzerland ; 1817. Z. N^arbonense (Narbonne); half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in May ; south of France; 1759. Z. nervosum (nerved); hardy perennial; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Hungary ; 1822. Z. Sibiricuin (Siberian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; Si- beria ; 1775. L. siiffruticosui}i {^^x^-s\ix\)hhy) \ greenhouse sub- shrub ; I foot ; flowers pink, in August ; Spain ; 1759. Z. Taiir- icum (Taurian) ; hardy sub-shrub ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in June; Tauria ; 1818. Z. temiifoliujn (slender-leaved); hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Europe ; 1789. Z. trigynum (three-styled) ; greenhouse shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yel- low, in June ; India; 1799. Z. usitatissiiniun (common); hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; England. There are several other species in cultivation. Lion's Ear. See Leonotis. LisiANTHUS. See Eustoma. LiQuiDAMBER. Gum-tree. [Hamamelaceae.] A hardy well-known deciduous tree, very ornamental and desirable. Rich loamy soil. Propagated by seeds. Hardy as far north as Massachusetts. Z. styracifera (styrax-flowing) ; hardy tree ; 50 feet ; North America ; 1863. Z. iinberbe is a species from the Levant. GARDEN FLOWERS. 233 LiRiODENDRON. TuHp-tree. [Magnoliaceae.] A fine hardy ornamental tree. Flowers yellow and red, in May. Propagated by seed, layers, grafting, or budding. Deep, moist, loamy soil. L. tulip/era (tulip-bearing) ; hardy tree ; 60 feet ; North America ; 1663. Variety obtiisifolia has blunt leaves. LiTHOSPERMUM. Gromwell. [Boraginaceae.] Hardy an- nuals and perennials. Dryish sandy loam. Increased by division, cuttings, or seeds. L. Orientate (Eastern) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yel- low, in June ; Levant ; 17 13. L. piirpiireo-coertdeiun (purplish- blue) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple-blue, in May ; England. Z. rosmarinifolhun (rosemary-leaved) ; half-hardy sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flov/ers bright blue, in September ; Italy ; 1833. L. villosa (shaggy); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July; south of France ; 18 17. Lloydia. [Liliace^.] Hardy perennial. Dry sandy loam. Division. L. striata (streaked) ; hardy biennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white striped, in May ; Siberia ; 1789. LoASA. [Loasaceae.] Hardy annuals, with pretty flowers, the stems and leaves invested with poisonous stinging hairs. They may be sown in the borders about the middle of April, and again, if necessary, at the end of May. Increased by seeds. Z. alba (white) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Chih ; 1 831. Z.^r^;/<^z/7(!?r<2 (large-flowered) ; hardy annual; 2 feet; flowers yellow, in July; Peru; 1825. Z. lucida (clear); greenhouse perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white and red, in June. Z. nitida (shining) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow and red, in June ; ChiU ; 1822. Z. picta (painted) ; half-hardy an- nual ; 2 feet ; flowers white, yellow and red, in June ; South America; 1848. L.-F/acei {Fl3.ce's) ; hardy annual; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in June ; Chili ; 1822.* 234 GARDEN FLOWERS. Lobelia. [Lobeliaceae.] An extensive genus of very showy plants, comprising stove, greenhouse, and hardy spe- cies, and consisting principally of perennial herbs, with a few annuals and biennials. Peat and loam in equal quan- tities, with a sixth part sand, form a good compost for the smaller and more delicate species. The strong-growing perennial kinds flourish best in rich moist loam ; but they must be wintered in a dry cold frame. The annuals should be raised in a slight heat in March, and pricked off into small pots, hardened, and planted out in May : they are better for a liberal mixture of peat-earth. The shrubby and sub-shrubby kinds are increased by cutdngs, planted in sand, and put in a hot-bed ; the perennials by division in early spring, the shoots being first excited into growth in a mild heat, and then separated into single pots of the smallest size, and put in a warm frame until they are well established, when they may be hardened to bear the open air. For blooming in pots, the herbaceous kinds must be shifted into larger pots progressively : a very rich loamy compost should be used, with abundance of moisture. The more tender of these are best kept nearly dry, under a greenhouse stage, during winter, being very liable to rot from exposure to damp. L. gracilis is a dwarf kind, bearing a profusion of small blue flowers throughout the summer, if treated like a half-hardy annual, and planted in the open ground in May. Of the same habit are L. erinus and its varieties, grandiflora^ coinpacta^ and L. decumhcns, perennials employed for the summer decoration of flower-gardens, all bearing blue flow- ers in profusion, and suitable from their dwarf habit for planting close by the edges of flower-beds and borders. The perennial kinds are annually augmented by cross-bred varie- des, which are constantly giving place to new variations. The New-Holland perennial species enumerated below are GARDEN FLOWERS. 235 beautiful plants, most convenient!)^ grown as annuals, and suitable either for pots or beds ; raised in autumn, and win- tered near the glass in a cool greenhouse, they make beauti- ful pot-plants. Z. amcena (pleasing) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, in July; North America; 181 2. L. bellidifolia (daisy-leaved); half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in August ; Cape ; 1790. L. cardinalis (cardinal-flower) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in July ; Virginia ; 1629. Z. (Tc^/^j-Z/j- (heavenly); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pale blue, in May ; North America ; 1831. Z. coro?wpifolia{Q.Q)XQTiO^M%-\^-is.v^^ ; half-hardy perennial; 6 inches ; flowers pale blue, in July; Cape; 1752. Z. deciinibens (decumbent) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in August ; Cape ; 1^20. Z. densiflora (dense- flowered) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June. Z. erhms (ascending) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in June; Cape; 1752. Z. fidgetis (shining); half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers vivid scarlet, in June ; Mexico ; 1809. Z. o-r^^y/j- (slender) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; New South Wales ; 1801. Z. heterophylla (va- rious-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; New Holland ; 1837. Z. ignea (fiery) ; half-hardy peren- nial ; 3 feet; flowers orange-scarlet, in June; Mexico; 1838. Z. thapsoidea (mullein-like) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flow- ers rosy-purple, in July ; Organ Mountains ; 1843. Z. rauio- sa (branched); half-hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers blue, in May; New Holland; 1838. Z. jry^//?////*;^ (syphihtic) ; half- hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in September ; Virginia ; 1665. L. speciosa {^\vQi\M^)\ half-hardy perennial; 3 feet ; flow- ers purple, in June ; gardens. Z. splendens (shining) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; Mexico ; 18 14. There are many others in gardens. The tall-growing perennials are generally showy plants ; but many of the dwarf kinds are unimportant, and the annuals are often in- significant. Locust. See Robinia. 2l6 ■ GARDEN FLOWERS. IvONDON Pride. See Lychnis. LoNiCERA. [Caprifoliaceae.] Hardy deciduous shrubs, usually known as Tartarian Honeysuckle. Good garden soil. Increased by cuttings, layers, or seeds. L. Alpigena (Alpine) ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; south of Europe ;• 1596. L. Alpigeiia Sibirica (Siberian); 5 feet; flowers yellow, in May; Siberia; 18 10. L. angustifolia (nar- row-leaved) ; 5 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in May ; North India ; 1847. L. ccEVjilea (blue-berried) ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in May; Switzerland; 1629. L. Canadensis (Canadian); flowers yellow, in May ; Canada ; 1812. L. catiescejis (hoary) ; 10 feet ; May ; Europe. L. ciliata (hair- fringed) ; 4 feet ; flowers white and red, in May ; North America ; 1824. L. ciliata alba (white- berried) ; 4 feet ; flowers white and red, in May ; North Amer- ica ; 1824; Z. ^/j-<;^/(?r (two-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow and crimson, in June ; East Indies ; 1844. L. diversifolia (various- leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; Himalaya; 1843. L. fiexuosa (curved); 15 feet; flowers orange, in July; Japan; 1806. L. Iberica (Iberian) ; 6 feet ; flowers orange, in May ; Iberia ; 1824. L. involiicrata (involucred) ; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in May; Hudson's Bay; 1824. L. Ledebourii (Ledebour's) ; 3 feet; flowers yellow and red, in June; California; 1833. L. microphylla (small-leaved); 4 feet; Siberia; 18 18, Z. nigra (black) ; 4 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in May ; Switzerland ; 1597. Z. nig7'-a cainpanijlora (bell-flowered); 4 feet; flowers yellow, in May ; North America. Z. oblongifolia (oblong- leaved) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1823. Z. Orientalis (Eastern) ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Ibe- ria ; 1825. Z. Orientalis puniceus ioxviViSon) ; flowers crimson, in May; North America; 1822. Z. Pyrenaica (Pyrenean) ; 4 feet; flowers white ; Pyrenees; 1739. Z. Z^r/<2r/(;^ (Tartarian) ; 10 feet; flowers pink, in May; Russia; 1752. Z. Tartarica ^/(^{/7^r<3; (white-flowered) ; 10 feet; flowers white, in May; Py- renees ; 1739. ^' Tartarica latifolia (broad-leaved) ; 10 feet; flowers pink, in May. Z. Tartarica lutea (yellow-flowered) ; 10 feet ; flowers yellow, in May. Z. Tartarica rubriJio7'a (red-flow- GARDEN FLOWERS. ^17 ered) ; lo feet ; flowers red, in May ; Russia ; 1752. L. villosa (shaggy); 4 feet; flowers yellow, in May; Canada; 1820. Z- xylosteiim (fly) ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; England. L. xylosteiun leticocarptwi (white-berried) ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Britain. L. xylosteiun melanocarpzwi (black-berried) ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Britain. L. xylosteuin xantho- carpum (yellow-berried) ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Bri- tain. A fine new climber, with golden netted foliage, is known as L. brachypodafol. mireo reticulata. It is a very striking plant, but needs to be laid down in winter ; Japan ; i860. Loose-Strife. See Lysimachia. LoPEziA. [Onagraceae.] Hardy annuals of straggling growth, forming a pretty mass when in flower. They are increased by seeds, which may be sown in March, with the half-hardy annuals, for transplanting, and again in May where they are intended to bloom. The perennials are propagated by cuttings in summer. Common soil. L. ^<9r^^^;m?///// (Leschenault's) ; half-hardy sub-shrub; 18 inches ; flowers rose-colored, in June ; Neilgherries ; 1852. Z. lobelioides (lobeHa-like) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; North India ; 1840. Z. mun7mdaria (Moneywort) ; hardy trail- ing perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; England. Z. verticillata (whorled) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yel- low, in July ; Crimea; 1820. GARDEN FLOWERS. 243 Lythrum. [Lythraceae.] Hardy annuals or perennials ; the former of little interest, the latter ornamental; often thriving in damp and even wet situations. L. alatum is a showy half-hardy plant, with long slender scarcely branched stems, bearing purple flowers throughout the summer, and not unsuited for a good-sized bed. The hardy perennials grow in ordinary soil, and are increased by division ; the half-hardy ones grow from cuttings, and should be potted in a soil of three parts peat to one of loam. The annuals may be sown in the open border in May. L. alatiun (winged); half-hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers purple, in July ; Georgia ; 1812. L. Ii7ieare (linear) ; hardy per- ennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 18 12. L. inyrtifoliitm (myrtle-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers purple, in July; North America; 1820. Z. Pttrshianum (Pursh's) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; North America ; 1800. L. salicaria (willow-like) ; hardy peren- nial ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; England. L. tomentostmt (woolly) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; Cau- casus ; 1828. L. virgatum (twiggy); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers purple, in June ; Austria ; 1776. ^ <"^ 3^^ s>^ri!,"^=S5g5^S:;£it^-(&'" '^*r<^^>~V^- MACH^RANTHERA. [Compositae.] A very pretty tender biennial, but which succeeds in the border in summer. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by cuttings. M. tanacetifolia (tansy-leaved) ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1851. Macleaya. [PapaveraccEe.] Half-hardy herbaceous per- ennials. Good garden soil. Increased by division, in spring. M. cordata (heart-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers yellowish-pink, in June ; Chili ; 1795. Maclura. [Moraceae.] This small genus contains one hardy species, M. au7^antiaca^ which, under the name of the Osage-orange, is much used for hedges. Propagated by seeds. This tree is barely hardy in Massachusetts. M . auratitiaca J 20 feet ; North America ; 1828. Madia. See Madaria. Madaria. [Composite.] A family of show^ hardy an- nuals ; the flowers golden, with a brownish rim round the disk. May be sown in frames, and transplanted, or in the open border in May. Increased by seeds. Common soil. M. coryjnbosa (corymbed) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July; California; 1847. M. eleoans (elegant); hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; California ; 1831. M. sativaj flowers yellow, in July ; Chili ; 1794- Magnolia. [Magnoliaceas.] Noble and beautiful hardy and half-hardy shrubs and trees, some among the handsomest 244 GARDEN FLOWERS. 245 of evergreens, others deciduous, and all beautiful as flower- ing plants. The soil for these plants should be deep and good, of open texture, neither subject to parching, nor liable to excessive wet at any season. The Magnolias all grow finely in peat earth ; but this is not essential to them. They are greatly benefited, however, when planted in a young state, by having a bushel or so of good compost placed about their roots : this compost may be of equal parts light turfy loam and peat. Layering is the most usual mode of propagating the Magnolia, the layers being put down in au- tumn, and requiring a couple of seasons to get well estab- lished. Many of the species do not transplant well, except when quite young, unless they are kept in pots : on this ac- count, it is usual to keep them in pots ; but when this has been the case, the roots must be carefully uncoiled, and spread out in straight lines, when they are permanendy planted. Seeds may be often obtained ; and the plants raised from them are the most vigorous, but do not blossom so early. They should be sown in sandy loam, placed in a warm frame, potted as they appear, and kept for several years in a cold pit during winter until they get well estab- lished. The arboreous species are only suited for large gar- dens. M. g-randiflora^ and its varieties, are evergreen trees, which should find a place in every garden. Wherever there is a shrubbery, or a clump of peat-earth shrubs, one or two of the hardy deciduous species should also be grown for their large fragrant blossoms in the early spring months. M. fuscata, a small evergreen, something like a camellia in its foliage, is a greenhouse plant, and in May bears blossoms exquisitely fragrant, though not ver)^ conspicuous. This should be potted in turfy loam and peat, and is increased by grafting, or inarching on the commoner kinds, as M. obovafa, which mode of propagation is also resorted to with the other weaker and more tender kinds. 246 GARDEN FLOWERS. M. acuminata (pointed-leaved) ; hardy deciduous tree ; 40 feet ; flowers creamy, in June ; North America ; 1736. M. au- ricidata (ear-leaved) ; hardy deciduous tree ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in May ; North America; 1786. M. conspiaia (showy); hardy deciduous tree ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in April ; China ; 1789. Soulangeana iz a very beautiful variety of this, with the flowers tinged with purple. M. fuscata (brown) ; greenhouse evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers brown, in April ; China ; 1789. M. glaitca (glaucous); hardy deciduous tree; 15 feet; flowers whitish, in June ; North America ; 1688. M. grandiflora (large- flowered) ; hardy evergreen tree ; 1 5 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North Carolina; 1737. Of this there are several varieties, among which that known as Exoniensis is the most desirable, on account of its early and free blooming habit. M. inacrophylla (large-leaved) ; hardy deciduous tree ; 20 feet ; flowers white and purple, in June; North America; 1800. M. purpurea (purple) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers purple, in April ; Japan ; 1 790. M. tripetala (three-petalled) ; hardy de- ciduous tree ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1752. M. Tho7npsoniana {Thompson's); hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in June ; hybrid between M. glauca and tripetala. There are many varieties of M. conspicua, but they are not very distinct. M. Norhetiana is a very deep-colored variety. M. grandiflora and its varieties are not hardy north of Phila- delphia. M. Lenne is a fine hybrid between M. conspicua ^Yv^ purpurea ; color, deep reddish-purple; April, i860. MAHokiA. See Berberis. Maiden-Hair Tree. See Salisburia. Malcolmia. [Cruciferae.] Hardy annuals, of which one species — M. maritima, the Virginian stock — is a favorite dwarf ornament for the flower-border, very easily grown, but not durable : in good-sized patches, it forms a showy mass of simple flowers. If sown by the middle of May, it will, in favorable seasons, be in bloom early in June ; but, to have a good succession of flowers, it ought to be sown monthly, GARDEN FLOWERS. 247 from May to August. It is quite hardy, and forms a pretty edging-plant for large borders. The other species may be similarly cultivated. The best are M. maritwia, littorea, incrassata, and arenaria. M. are7iaria (sand) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers violet, in June , Algiers ; 1804. M. Chia (Chian) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in June ; Greece ; 1732. M. incrassata (thick- ened) ; hardy annual; 6 inches ; flowers purphsh, in June ; is- lands of the ^gean Sea ; 1820. M. littorea (shore) ; hardy an- nual, or half-hardy biennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in June ; south of Europe ; 1683. M. 77iariti7tia (sea-side) ; hardy annu- al ; I foot ; flowers rosy-lilac or white, all summer ; south of Europe; 17 13. M. triloba (three-lobed) ; hardy annual; 6 inches ; flowers yellowish, in June ; south of Europe ; 1780. Mallow. See Malva. Malope. [Malvaceae.] Showy mallow-like annuals, of very simple culture. The seeds may be sown in March, and again in April, in the open border ; the plants to be thinned out when large enough, leaving about three of the strongest in a patch. To get plants to bloom earlier than usual, they may be sown in pots along with half-hardy annuals, and planted out as early in May as the season will admit. M. 7Jialacoides (mallow-like) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; south of Europe ; 17 10. M. trifida (three- cleft) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers crimson, in July ; Barba- ry; 1808. Of this there is a variety with white flowers called alba^ and another with larger flowers called gra7idiflora. Malva. Mallow. [Malvaceae.] A large genus, of which the majority are weedy : a few, however, of which a selection is enumerated below, are ornamental. The half-hardy sorts will grow .during summer in the borders in good garden soil, or in a mixture of loam, leaf-mould, and sand, and are in- creased by cuttings in sand, in a frame, during summer. The greenhouse kinds also propagate by cuttings, and grow 248 GARDEN FLOWERS. in similar soil. The hardy annuals may be sown in patches, in the open border, in May. M. a7n<£na (pleasing) ; greenhouse shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers purplish, in May; Cape; 1796. M. Capeiisis (Cape); green- house shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in June ; Cape ; 1713. M. crispa (curled) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in J une ; Syria; 1573. M. fragrans (fragrant); greenhouse shrub; 3 feet; flowers red, in June; Cape; 1759. ^^' iateritia (brick- red) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red, in September ; Buenos Ayres ; 1840. M. Mauritiana (Mauritanian) ; hardy- annual ; 4 feet ; flowers rose-color or white, and purple striped, in July ; south of Europe and North Africa ; 1768. M. ininiaia (vermihon) ; half-hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers vermihon-red, in May; Mexico; 1798. In the borders, it blooms through the autumn. M. Mo7iroana (Monro's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers scarlet, in August ; Colombia; 1828. M.Morenii (Moreni's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in July ; Italy; 1820. M. inoschata (musk); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers flesh-color or white, in June ; Britain. M. purpurata (purple) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet : flowers dull-red, in July; Chili; 1825. Maple. See Acer. Marigold. See Calendula. Marjoram. See Origanum. Marsh-Mallow. See Alth^a. Marsh-Marigold. See Caltha. Martagon. See Lilium. Martynia. [Sesameae.] Greenhouse or half-hardy an- nuals, with a somewhat coarse habit and showy fliowers. The seeds should be sown in a hot-bed in March, and the young plants potted singly, and kept growing in heat near the glass, in the way balsams are managed. As they grow they must be shifted, and hardened off to bloom in a cool stove or greenhouse or frame. M. fragrans^ the best of the species, will also succeed in a sheltered place, planted out for the summer. They require rich light soil. GARDEN FLOWERS. 249 M. Craniolaria (white-flowered); greenhouse annual; 18 inches; flowers white spotted, in July; South America; 1733. M. diandra (two-stamened) ; greenhouse annual; 18 inches; flowers red, in July; Mexico; 1731. M. fragrans (fragrant); greenhouse, or half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers rose-purple, in July; Mexico; 1840. M. lutea (yellow); greenhouse annual; 18 inches; flowers yellowish, in July ; Brazil; 1824. M.probo- scidea (proboscis-like) ; greenhouse annual ; i foot ; flowers pale- violet, with saffron dots, in July ; Mexico ; 1738. Marvel of Peru. See Mirabilis. Mathiola. Stock. [Cruciferae.] A favorite genus of hardy plants, among the sweetest and gayest of garden flow- ers, of which one familiar species, M. a7i?iua, the Ten-weeks Stock, is an annual ; another, M. simplicicaiilis^ the Brompton, or Giant Stock, is a biennial ; and M. inca?ia, the Queen Stock, is a sub-shrubby kind, though best treated as a bien- nial. The varieties of these, especially of the first, are very numerous, and, as imported from Germany, very fine. Of the ordinary hoary-leaved Ten-weeks, or Annual Stock, there are a score or more diflerent colors, which the German seed- growers save distinct. Of the Ten-weeks Stock having smooth green, or wallflower-like leaves, there are also many varieties of color ; and, besides these, there are variations of habit which have become perpetuated by careful seed-saving. The biennial Stock, that is, those sown one year to bloom the next, varies as much as the annual, in regard to habit, but not in respect to color. The Brompton and the Queen Stock are well-known distinctions in this class. AVhen once pos- session is obtained of a good strain of Stock, which produces but few single-flowered ones out of a great number, there is not much difficulty in keeping it, for the Stock has a strong disposition to go double ; and, when a few single ones only escape this tendency, they may be expected to yield seed equally disposed to produce double flowers. On the other 250 GARDEN FLOWERS. hand, if we remove a single Stock from among hundreds of others equally single, and of a strain which has no dis- position to go double, that single one would not yield in its progeny one more double variety for being planted among a thousand double ones ; so that the common advice to save seed from such single-flowered plants as grow near many double ones is good for nothing, unless the single ones come from the same " strain," and have the same disposi- tion, as the double ones themselves ; that is to say, are of the same progeny. In other words, the planting of a thou- sand double stocks around a single one does not change the nature of its seed : but the tendency to produce double flowers is an inherent property brought about in certain plants by careful culture and seed-saving, as all other floral improvements have been ; and is not shared by other plants though of the very same kind, which have not been influ- enced in this manner. The single-flowered plants only bear seed. The tendency to produce double flowers is sometimes indicated by the production of flowers with more than the usual number of petals (four) : and, when this is observed, it may be taken as a favorable indication ; and such blossoms should be marked, and their seed kept separate. The Ten- weeks Stocks should be sown in March, April, and May, for summer and autumn blooming plants : they may be sown in boxes, in a frame, or on prepared sheltered beds ; when up, give plenty of air, and no more water than is just enough to keep them from flagging ; when they have formed six good leaves, plant them out in a bed of rich soil, or pot them ofl" in rich soil, and give plenty of water until they bloom. For earlier spring-bloom, they, as well as what is called the In- termediate Stock, should be sown in August and September, and wintered in pots in dry cold frames. The Brompton and Queen Stocks maybe sown in the open border, thinly, in GARDEN FLOWERS. 25 I June, and the plants, when large enough, planted out in sheltered places where they are to bloom, or some of them may be potted and kept in frames during winter, to be planted out in spring. They will bloom the following May and June. Cuttings may be struck from these two-year stocks, when they are* fine enough to be worth it, under a glass in the common borders, like Wallflowers. M. tristis^ the night-smelling stock, is a greenhouse shrub ; and though not showy, the flowers being of a dull livid color, yet it is desirable on account of its powerful evening fragrance : this grows in a. light sandy loamy compost, and is propagated by cuttings. M. mtnua (annual, or ten-weeks) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- ers scarlet, purple, white, yellow, and pink, all summer ; south of Europe ; 1731. M. glabrata (wall-flowered-leaved) ; hardy sub- shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, scarlet, or white, in June ; native country unknown. M. GrcBca (smooth-leaved annual) ; hardy an- nual ; I foot ; flowers purple, white, and pink, all summer; Greece. M. incana (hoary, or queen's) ; hardy sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flow- ers scarlet, purple, and white, in June ; south of Europe. M. odoratisswia (sweetest) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers cream-colored, changing to purplish-brown, sweet in the evening, in June; Tauria; 1795. M. simplicicaulis (single-stemmed or Brompton or Giant) ; half-hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers pur- ple, scarlet, or white, in July ; native country unknown. M. tris- tis (sad); greenhouse sub-shrub; 18 inches; flowers livid, in June ; south of Europe ; 1768. Matricaria. [Compositae.] Weedy hardy annuals for the most part, with single white daisy-like flowers. The only exception worth cultivating is a double-flowered variety of M. chamojnina, called grandiflora, which, as it does not bear seed, may, if frequently renewed, be continued as a peren- nial ; its double white blossoms render it deserving of being grown in a mixed border. The young shoots should be taken 252 GARDEN FLOWERS. oif from near the root, and treated like cuttings. Common garden soil. M. chamomilla grandiflora (double-flowered) ; hardy peren- nial ; I foot ; flowers white, in July ; gardens. Maurandia. [Scrophularinae.] Ornamental greenhouse climbers of slender habit, and also suitable for planting in the open air during the summer, for the purpose of covering wire-fences, and pillars. They are best raised from seeds, which, to insure strong-blooming plants, should be sown about June, and the young plants potted singly, and kept in small pots during winter in a greenhouse. These, if shifted into larger pots in February or March, will be strong and vigorous by the planting-out time, — May. For the green- house, they require shifting into large pots of rich soil, of which the basis is sandy loam, and training about pillars, short rafters, or suitable trellises. They grow to a consider- able size when their roots have free scope. They may be increased from cuttings, which root readily in sand, in a hot- bed. M. ajitirrhiniflora (snapdragon-flowered) ; greenhouse climb- ing perennial; lo feet; flowers purple, all summer; Mexico; 1 8 14. M. Barclay ana (Barclay's) ; greenhouse climbing peren- nial ; 12 feet; flowers purple, rose-color, or white, all summer; Mexico ; 1825, M. seinperjlorens (ever-flowering) ; greenhouse climbing perennial; 12 feet; flowers pale rose-color, all sum- mer; Mexico ; 1796. Mazus. [Scrophularinae.] Small-flowered half hardy an- nuals. Light sandy soil. Increased by seeds. M. pumihis (dwarf) ; half-hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-purplish, in June; Van Diemen's Land; 1823. M. ru- gosus (wrinkled) ; half-hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers white and yellow, in July ; China ; 1780. Meadow-Rue. See Thalictrum. GARDEN FLOWERS. 253 Meadow-Saffron. See Colchicum. Meconopsis. [Papaverace^.] Hardy poppy-like her- baceous perennials. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by seeds, sown in May, or by division. Af. Cambrica (Welsh) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers buff- yellow, in June ; England. M. crassifolia (thick-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers orange-red, in June ; California ; 1833. M. heterophylla' {v2inoViS-\Q2iVtdi)\ hardy perennial; i foot ; flowers orange-red, in June ; CaHfornia ; 1 833. M. Wal- lichii (Walhch's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale- blue, in June ; Sikkim ; 1851. Medeola. [Trilliaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennial. Soil, free turfy peat. Increased by division, in spring. M. Virginica (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Virginia ; 1759. Medicago. Medick. [Leguminosae.] A large genus of hardy plants, of no horticultural importance. Medlar. See Mespilus. Melia. [Meliaceae.] A genus of showy small trees, one of which succeeds well in the Southern States. M. Azedarachj flowers hlac, in June ; Syria ; 1656. Melilotus. Melilot. [Leguminosae.] A genus of hardy plants, of little importance as objects of ornament. They are, however, useful as food for bees. M. arborea, a shrubby kind, with white flowers ; M. kucantha, a biennial, also with white flowers ; and M. suaveolens^ a perennial, with yellow blossoms, — are the most desirable. Melissa. Balm. [Lamiacese.] Hardy herbaceous per- ennials. . Common soil. Increased by division. M. polyanthos (many-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; native country unknown. M. Pyre7iaica (Pyrenaean) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July ; Pyrenees ; 1800. 254 ' GARDEN FLOWERS. Melittis. Bastard Balm. [Lamiacese.] Hardy herba- ceous perennials, of easy culture, propagated by division, and growing in ordinary garden soil. They are rather pretty. M. graiidifiora (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers creamy-white and red, in May ; England. M. melisso- phylhmi (balm-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale reddish-purple, in June ; England. Meniocus. [Cruciferse.] Hardy annual. Common soil. Increased by seeds. M. Imifolius (flax-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Caucasus; 17 17. Menispermum. Moon-seed. [Menispermaceae.] The genus contains one or two hardy deciduous climbers, with orna- mental foliage. M. Caiiadense (Canadian) ; hardy climber ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1691. M. Carolimnn (Caroli- nian), otherwise called Coccidus Carolimis, is not hardy in the Northern States. M. lobatiun is a variety of Canadense. Mentha. Mint. [Lamiaceae.] A genus of hardy her- baceous perennials, thriving in any soil, and increased by division. There are some twenty species, of little horticul- tural importance. Mentzelia. [Loasaceae.] Half-hardy herbaceous per- ennials and annuals. Soil, sandy loam and peat. Increased by cuttings in sand, in a hot-bed, or by seeds in a slight heat. M. aspera (rough) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; America ; 1733. M. stipitata (stalked-flowered) ; half- hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in September ; Mexico ; 1835. Menyanthes. Buck-bean. [Gentianaceae.] Hardy aqua- tic perennial. Moist boggy soil, or in shallow water. In- creased by division. GARDEN FLOWERS. 255 M. trifoliata (three-leaved) ; hardy aquatic ; i foot ; flowers white and pink, in June ; Britain. M. var. Americana, our native variety, seems to differ but little from the European species. Menziesia. [Ericaceae.] Pretty dwarf hardy deciduous shrubs. Sandy peat soil. Increased by layers, or by cut- tings under a hand-glass. M.ferriiginea (rusty) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 3 feet ; flow- ers rust-color, in June ; North America; 181 1. M. globttlaris (globular) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellowish- brown, in June ; North America; 1806. Merendera. [Melanthaceae.] Hardy crocus-like bulb. Soil, peat and loam. Increased by offsets. M. Caucasica (Caucasian) ; hardy bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in August ; Caucasus ; 1823. Mespilus. Medlar. [Pomaces.] Hardy deciduous trees, with white flowers and worthless fruit. In^bloom, the tree is ornamental, and deserves a place in the shrubbery. Propagated by grafting on thorn, by seeds, and layers. M. Gemianica is the chief species, of which there are many varieties. Mezereon. See Daphne. Mignonette. See Reseda. MiKANiA. [Compositas.] A very neat climbing plant, with Eupatorium-like flowers, flourishing in rather damp, deep loam. This plant is very beautiful, and is covered with white blossoms in August, a season when few climbers bloom. It is a native of river banks. M. scandeiis (climbing); hardy climbing herbaceous perennial ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in August. There are other stove species. Milfoil. See Achillea. 256 GARDEN FLOWERS. Milk-Vetch. See Astragalus. Milkwort. See Polygala. Mimosa. This large family contains the sensitive plants, M. sensitiva and M. piidica^ two stove shrubs, the foliage of which is endowed with a very remarkable and interesting sensibility, for the sake of which they are cultivated. The flowers of both are purplish, — little globular balls of col- ored threads, — not at all showy ; but the leaves are very elegant. The peculiarity which obtains for them both their name and popularity is the shrinking of the branches, and folding-up of the leaves, at the slightest touch or disturbance. If a leaf be touched, it falls down, and the leaflets close ; and if the whole plant be shaken, or jerked, all the leaves immediately close, and hang down. The seeds are sown in a hot-bed in April, and potted off, as soon as they are large enough to handle, into small-sized three-inch pots, in a light soil of sandy peat and loam. They are best kept in a hot- frame till June, when they may be planted out in a warm ex- posure. They seed freely enough ; but, when they are grown for seed, they are sown in February, and potted off in March. They are also increased by cuttings in sand under bell-glasses, in heat. M. sensitiva is not so irritable as M. piidica. They are only grown as curiosities. There are many other Mimo- sas, chiefly shrubs of little interest. M. pudica (chaste or humble plant) ; stove shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers purplish-lilac, in June ; Brazil ; 1638. M. sensitiva (sen- sitive) ; stove shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers pinkish-lilac, in June ; Brazil; 1648. MiMULUS. Monkey-Jloive)'. [Scrophularinae.] Showy herbaceous plants, mostly perennial ; some ^ small musk plants are annuals. The ornamental garden Mimuluses are mostly seedling varieties raised by florists, the offspring of M. luteus, guttatus and variegatns on the one hand, and GARDEN FLOWERS. 25/ of M. cardinalis and roseus on the other ; and Httle trace of the originals now remains. These races are fugitive, the varieties of to-day continually giving place to others of some supposed superiority. Rich loamy soil, or, indeed, ordinary garden soil, if good, will grow them well ; but they like a damp, cool, and somewhat shady situation in summer. A supply should be kept in pots, protected in cold frames through the winter. M. moschatiis is a favorite pot-plant for the window : it is quite hardy in sheltered situations, and grows readily in pots of rich mould. The varieties are mul- tiplied by division, and new varieties are obtained from seeds, which, if sown in heat in March, and grown in frames, will come into bloom in the course of the summer. Seeds are freely produced. M. cardinalis (cardinal) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in July ; California ; 1835. M. ort^Uafus (spotted) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow-spotted, in June ; North Amer- ica ; 18 1 2. Af. Harrisonii (Harrison's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose, in June ; garden variety. M. luteus (yellow) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Chili ; 1826. M. McLainii (McLain's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose-crimson, in June ; garden variety. M. moschatus (musk) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Columbia ; 1826. iM. roseus (rose); half-hardy perennial; 2 feet ; flowers rose, in June; California; 1831. M. tricolor (three-colored); half-hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers pink, with yellow and crimson spots, in June ; California ; 1 848. M. variegatus (varie- gated) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white and purple, in June; Chili; 1831. The garden varieties are of two classes: I, with rosy-colored flowers, and a branching habit, from E. ro- seus^ and cardinalis ; 2, dwarfer, and more herbaceous, with yel- low flowers, variously blotched with rich brown-red, from M. gut- tatus, and liitens. Mint. See Mentha. MiRABiLis. Marvel of Peru. [Nyctaginaceas.J Showy 17 258 GARDEN FLOWERS. half-hardy perennials, with thick fusiform roots. These plants are deservedly great favorites in gardens, where they make towards autumn a splendid appearance. The branch- ing stems bear roundish flowers with rather a long tube ; and, as these come^at every joint, when fairly open they cover the plant. The individual blooms are in one respect like the Convolvulus, — they shut up on dull days, so that it is not a handsome plant in bad weather. In some kinds, the tubes of the flowers are two or three inches long ; in others they are shorter. The colors vary from yellow to red, white, and all shades between them, and sometimes two of the colors are disposed in stripes. To have choice varieties, sow the best seed that can be got, and select each year the best that are produced, for seed-bearing. Sow the seed in a hot-bed in March, and, as soon as the plants are large enough, pot them three or four, or half a dozen, in a pot, to grow until the middle of May, when they may be planted out in the beds or borders a foot apart. Here they will only require to be kept clear of weeds, and be watered in the event of the weather proving more than usually parching, but not if the weather be at ail seasonable. The foliage will be touched by the first frost, after which the roots may be dug up, and stored away amongst dry sand, where the frost can- not reach them. In May, they may be put in the ground where they are to flower, whether that be in beds or bor- ders ; or, if any good ones are worth propagating, put them in heat in March, and strike the shoots like those of the Dahlia. To effect improvements, a few seeds from the very best should be saved every year, and these plants are then best grown in beds, as they can then be more readily exam- ined, and the worthless ones destroyed. It is in the size, colors, and markings of the flowers, that improvements are chiefly to be effected. GARDEN FLOWERS. 259 M. Jalapa (Jalap) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers va- rious, in June; West Indies; 1596. M. longiflora (long-flow- ered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Mexico; 1759. M. suaveolens (sweet); half-hardy perennial; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Mexico ; 1823. MiTCHELLA. [Cinchonaceae.] A pretty little evergreen trailing plant, usually known as Checkerberry, ornamental in flower, foliage, and fruit. The whole plant has a rich aromatic taste. For covering the surface of Rhododendron- beds, this little plant is most suitable, as it delights in a soil of peat and leaf^mould. M. repeiis (creeping) ; 2 inches ; flowers pinkish-white, in June. MiTELLA. [Saxifragaceae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- nials, suitable for rock-work. Common soil. Increased by division. M. cordifolia (heart-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers white, in May; North America; 1812. M. diphylla (two- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America; 1731. M. pentaiidra (five-stamened) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; North America ; 1827. M. prostrata (prostrate) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1818. Mock-Orange. See Philadelphus. MoDiOLA. [Malvaceae.] Half-hardy annuals and peren- nials. Common soil. Increased by seeds or divisions. M. Caroliniaiia (Carolinian) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers red, in June ; Carolina ; 1723. M. decumbe7is (decumbent) ; half- hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red, in June ; South America ; 181 5. M. prostrata (prostr2.te) ; half-hardy perennial; i foot; flowers red, in June ; Monte Video ; 1806. MoMORDiCA. [Cucurbitaceae.] A genus of tender plants, for the most part uninteresting for garden culture. One or two of them are, however, elegant and curious, somewhat 260 GARDEN FLOWERS. slender, free-growing creepers, often grown in a greenhouse? or in sheltered places out doors in summer. The fruit is the remarkable part of the plant ; and this, which is highly col- ored orange, splits when ripe, and turns back like a Turk's- cap lily, the deep red seeds attached to its inner surface looking like crimson spots. Sow in a hot-bed in April, in light rich soil, and treat like a cucumber. They are desira- ble for rafters of a stove. The species referred to are M. balsamina and charantia, both growing ten or twelve feet in length, and covering a considerable surface. The flowers are yellow, small, and inconspicuous. Both are natives of India. MoNARDA. [Lamiaceae.] Handsome hardy herbaceous perennials, the plants having an odor compared to Berga- mot. They are increased by division of the root, and flour- ish in the ordinary soil of gardens, preferring a cool and rather moist situation. M. didyma (Oswego tea) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America ; 1752. M. Jistitlosa (hollow) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers purple or red, in June ; North America; 1656. M. Kalmiaiia (Kalm's) ; hardy perennial; 4 feet; flowers purple, in June ; North America ; 1813. M. punc- tata (dotted); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers yellowish, dotted with brown, in June; Virginia; 17 14. M. purpurea (purple) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; North America; 1789. Moneywort. See Lysimachia. Monkey-Flower. See Mimulus. Monkshood. See Aconitum. Monolopia. [Compositae.] Pretty hardy annuals. Good garden soil. Increased by seeds. M. major (greater) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; California; 1834. This plant was formerly called Helenium Douglasii. GARDEN FLOWERS. 26 1 MooNSEED. See Menispermum. MoNOPSis. [Lobeliaceae.] A pretty little annual, for- merly called Lobelia speculiwi. Seeds sown in a hot-bed in April, and pricked out in May, make a pretty summer show. M. conspicua (showy) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1812. MoRNA. [Compositae.] Showy greenhouse plants. The annual species should be raised from seeds in autumn, about September, and again in spring, about April ; the for- mer blooming the following spring, the latter during sum- mer and autumn. Prick out the seedlings, and pot when large enough, three or four in a pot. Shift them as required for blooming in pots in the greenhouse ; or a portion may be planted out in a warm situation towards the end of June. Light rich compost should be used, as loam, leaf-mould, and sand. The perennial kinds are increased by cuttings as well as by seeds. M. nitida (shining) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June; Swan River; 1835. ^^' '>^i'y^<^ (snowy); half- hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; New South Wales; 1836. MoRUS. Mulberry. [Moraceae.] Well-known hardy trees, valuable for fruit and flowers. Garden soil. Propagated by seed, cuttings, and layers. AI. alba (white) ; 30 feet ; flowers in June ; China ; 1 596. M. alba Italica (Italian) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June ; Italy ; 1817. M. alba viulticaiilis (many-stemmed) ; flowers in June ; China. M. Coiistantinopolitaiia (Constantinople) ; 1 5 feet ; flowers in June; Turkey; 1818. M. ;z?>r<2 (common-black) ; 20 feet; flow- ers in June ; Italy; 1548. M. nigra laciiiiata (cut-leaved); 30 feet ; flowers in June. M. rubra (red) ; 10 feet ; flowers in June ; North America ; 1629. M. scabra (rough) ; 20 feet; flowers in June; North America; 181 7. M. Tatarica (Tartarian); 20 feet ; flowers in June ; Tartary ; 1780. 262 GARDEN FLOWERS. Morning-Glory. See Contolvulus and Ipomea. Motherwort. See Leonurus. MouTAN. Tree Peony. [Ranunculaceae.] These are well-known and highly ornamental shrubs. Soil, peat and loam. They are multiplied by grafting on the fleshy roots of the herbaceous peonies, and also by layers. The plants are hardy ; but are suitable for growing as large pot plants, to be set in any effective sheltered position while they re- main in bloom. Any of the numerous varieties are worth cultivating. M. officinalis (common) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers various colored in the numerous varieties, in April; China; 1789. Among the most desirable are the varieties named atropnrpicrea (deep-purple), Bere?iice (white), Emperor of China (rosy-red), globosa{\y\i\\.€), Glory of Shanghae {yA\\\.€), lilacina (pale-purple), picta (rose-striped), pnnicea (crimson), Robert Fortune (bright- red), salmonea (pale-salmon), speciosa (pink), and sulplmrea (primrose). There are, besides, varieties with the flowers white, flesh- color, pale-pink, pale-rose, purple, and of mixed colors. For a longer list see Peonia. MuLGEDiUM. [Compositse.] A pretty half hardy peren- nial, suitable for dry rock-work, or a very dry border. Soil, sandy loam, well drained. Increased by seeds, cuttings, or division. M. inacrorhizon (large-rooted) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pale-blue, in August ; Cashmere ; 1844. Mulberry. See Morus. Mullein. See Verbascum. MuscARL Grape Hyacinth. [Liliacese.] Dwarf hardy bulbs, which multiply readily by means of offsets. The bulbs should remain in the soil from year to year, and not be taken up and dried ; but every fourth year, they may be taken up GARDEN FLOWERS. 263 and replanted in September, or early in October, before they begin to grow. Common garden soil ; but a sandy loam is most congenial to these, as to all other bulbs. M. botryoides (bunch-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers blue or white, in May ; Italy ; 1596. M, ciliatiwi (hair-fringed) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers brown-purple, in May ; Crimea ; 1822. M. co7}iinutatu7n (dark-purple); hardy bulb ; 6 inches; flowers dark-blue, in May; Italy; 1836. M. comosiun (feathered); hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in May ; south of Eu- rope • 1596. M. glaiicum (glaucous) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers purple and green, in May; Persia; 1825. M. inoscha- tiim (musky) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers pale dingy-brown- ish, in May; Levant; 1596. M. racemosum (racemed) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers dark-blue, in May ; Europe ; 1 780. Myosotis. [ScrophularinecE.] A genus of pretty annuals and herbaceous plants, many of them hardy. M. palustris is the true Forget-me-not ; a pretty well-known flower, deli- cate blue, with golden eye. It needs a moist soil, and, in a congenial situation, will become naturalized. Some of the species are not hardy in the Northern States. The peren- nials are increased by seed and division ; the annuals by seed. Hardy Herbaceous. — J/. Alpestris (Alpine); 6 inches; flowers blue, in July; Switzerland; 181 8. M. Azorica (Azo- rean) ; i foot ; flowers dark-blue, in August ; Azores ; 1846. M. aziirea (light-blue); flowers blue, in June; Corvo; 1842. M. ccBspitosa (tufted) ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Britain. M. coBspitosa macroca/yx {ld.rge-c2L[yxed) ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Britain. M. intenjtedia (intermediate) ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in April ; Britain. M. nana (dwarf) ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July; Europe; 1800. M. pahistris {m.2.x%\\); i foot ; flowers blue and yellow, in July ; Britain. M. repens (creeping) ; i foot ; flowers pale-blue, in June ; Britain. M. rupicola (rock) ; flowers blue ; Scotland. M. sparsijlora (scat- 264 GARDEN FLOWERS. tered-flowered) ; 18 inches; flowers blue, in May; south of France; 1822. Hardy Annuals. — M. arvensis alba (white corn-field) ; 6. inches ; flowers white, in June ; Britain. M. Australis (south- ern) ; flowers blue, in June ; New South Wales ; 1824. M. Cal- if ornica (Californian) ; 18 inches; flowers white, in August; California; 1837. M. clavata (club-leaved); flowers blue, in June ; Siberia ; 1829. M. collina (hill) ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; Britain. M. coumiutata (changed) ; flowers blue, in June ; Europe ; biennial. M. litoralis (sea-shore) ; flowers blue and yellow, in April; Caspian Sea; 1836. M. peduncularis (long-flowered-stalked); 18 inches; flowers blue, in June ; As- tracan ; 1824. M. ungiilata (clawed); flowers blue, in June; Siberia; 1822. Myrica. Wax Myrtle. [Myricaceae.] Hardy deciduous shrubs,, thriving in any soil, and increased by seeds and layers. M. cerifera (wax-bearing) ; 6 feet ; M. gale (sweet-gale) ; 4 feet ; M. latifolia (broad-leaved) ; 4 feet ; are all very ornamen- tal in the shrubbery. NARCISSUS. [Amaryllidaceae.] A very large genus of showy, hardy, well-known bulbous-rooted plants, all species of which are ornamental and desirable spring border flowers. Under the name of Polyanthus Narcissus, great numbers of some florists' varieties are imported annually, like the Hyacinth and early Tulips ; and these may be forced in pots, or bloomed in water, or planted in the borders. They require in every respect the same treatment as the Hyacinth. If grown in pots, they may be planted in any rich, light soil. If bloomed in glasses, they want a change of water once a week. When put out in the borders, they should be in patches of three, put in pretty close to each other, forming a triangle, with one in front and two behind : a sandy loam is preferable for them. They require no pro- tection except a covering of tan over the bed in the North- ern States, and will bear a good deal of frost without injury. The plant has grassy or leek-like leaves : the flower-stem comes up in the centre, and from a sheath at the top bursts on one side the bunch of flowers, which are white or yellow, with a yellow or orange cup in the centre. The Jonquil is a species of Narcissus, considerably smaller than the Polyan- thus Narcissus, and very sweet-scented : there are varieties with both double and single flowers. There is considerable variety among the other species of Narcissus, all of which are worth growing as border-flowers. The following very limited selection comprises a few of the most distinct plants. N. aurantius (orange) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers yellow, 265 266 GARDEN FLOWERS. in March ; south of Europe ; 1629. There is a double-flowered variety, with yellow and orange blossoms. N. bicolor (two-col- ored) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white and yellow, in April ; Spain; 1629. N. cernuus (drooping); hardy bulb; i foot; flowers creamy white, in March ; Spain ; 1818. N. incoinpara- bilis (incomparable) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in April ; France ; 1629. N. Italicus (Roman) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers pale-yellow, in March ; Italy. The double variety has ' creamy flowers. N. jonquilla (jonquil)'; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, single or double, in April; Spain; 1596. N. moiitanus (mountain) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, in April ; Spain. N. odonis (sweet) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in May ; south of Europe ; 1629. N. papyraceus (^2.'^^x)\ hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, in March ; Asia Minor. yV. poetiais (poet's) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, with orange eye, in May ; Europe. yV. pulchelhis (pretty) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; south of Europe. N. 7'ectirviis (recurved-leaved); hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, with orange eye, in May ; south of Europe. N. Tazetta (polyanthus) ; hardy bulb ; I foot ; flowers white and yellow, in March ; Spain ; 1759. N. Trewiamis (Trew's) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white and yellow, in March ; Spain. This is cultivated under the name of Bazelman major. Florists' Varieties. The following are superior kinds : Bazleinan niajor^ white and yellow ; Grand Monarque^ white and citron ; Grand Primo, white and citron ; Grand Prince.^ white and lemon ; Soleil d^or, yellow and orange ; Gloriosa, white and orange, the best for pot-culture. Nardosmia. [Compositse.] Hardy perennial. Common soil. Increased by division. Allied to Colt's-foot. N. fragrans (fragrant) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in very early spring, fragrant like Heliotrope ; south of Europe ; 1806. Nasturtium. The vulgar name often given to Troposo- lu?n, instead of the proper one of Indian Cress. Navarettia. See ^gochloa. GARDEN FLOWERS. 267 Neapolitan Violet ; Viola odorata pallida plena. Negundo. [Aceraceae.] Hardy deciduous trees, thriv. ing in sandy loam. Propagated by seed and layers. N. fraxinifoliuin (ash-leaved maple) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; 1688. N. fraxinifoliiwi crispum (curled-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers, in May ; 1688. N. fraxiitifolitim violacetwi {t^mx^Iq) -^ 30 feet ; flowers in May. N. fraxinifolium variegattim is a beautiful plant. Neja. [Compositae.] Half-hardy sub-shrub, suitable for summer beds. Light rich soil. Increased by cuttings. N. gracilis (slender) ; half-hardy sub-shrub ; i foot ; flowers yellow, all summer ; Mexico ; 1828. Nemesia. [Scrophularinese.] Half-hardy annuals or per- ennials. Sandy loamy soil. Increased by seeds or cuttings. N. Jloribiinda (many-flowered) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white and yellow, in July ; Cape ; 1837. Nemophila. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Hardy annuals. The best is N. insignis^ of which the flowers are very bright blue, with a white eye, and cover the plant : it is on this account a most beautiful plant for clumps and beds. N. maculata is another showy species For beds, the seedlings should be put out four inches apart, and the plants will then present a dense mass of flowers. The soil should not be too rich ; for, if the plants grow rank, they become straggling, and flower less abundantly. • N. atomaria (speckled) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers white, speckled with purple, in May ; California ; 1836. A variety called discoidalis has flowers very dark-brown, narrowly mar- gined with white. N. aurita (eared) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in June ; California. N. i^isignis {sho^y) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers blue and white, in May ; California ; 1833. There are seedling variations with larger, and with speckled flowers. N. uiaciclata (blotched) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers white and purple, in May ; Cahfornia ; 1848. 268 GARDEN FLOWERS. N. phaceloides (phacelia-like) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; f owers blue, in June ; North America. Neottia. [Orchidaceae.] . A genus containing seme hardy perennial, as well as tender species. Soil, peat aud loam. Increased by division. N. csstivaiis, autumnaUs^ and rermms are worth growing as curiosities. Nemopanthes. [Aquifoliaceae.] An ornamental, hardy, deciduous, upright-growing shrub, very little known, but very desirable. It was called Ilex Canadensis and Priiios lucida. The flowers are small and white ; but the berries are large, beautiful crimson, and very ornamental. Common shrub- bery soil ; but it will do better with an addition of sandy peat or leaf-mould. Propagated by layers and seeds in au- tumn, and by seeds in spring. N. Canadensis (Canadian) ; 3 feet ; flowers in May ; North America; 181 2, Nepeta. Catmint. [Lamiaceae.] A rather large genus of hardy perennials, few of which are ornamental. Sandy garden soil. Increased by division. A", grandifiora (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; Caucasus ; 1817. N. Sibirica (Siberian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; Siberia ; 1804. Nettle-Tree. See Celtis. New-Jersey Tea. See Ceanothus. NiCANDRA. [Solanaceae.] Robust half-hardy annual, with blue and white flowers ; pretty, but running too much to foliage. It should be sown in a mild hot-bed with other an- nuals towards the end of April, and the plants planted out in May ; or it may be sown in the border in May, and all the plants in each patch pulled away but the strongest. When a little stunted, it looks pretty in a large border ; the blossoms then being developed in a greater proportion to the leaves. GARDEN FLOWERS. 269 N. physaloides (physalis-like) ; hardy annual ; 4 feet ; flowers blue and white, in July ; Peru ; 1759. NicoTiANA. Tobacco. [Solanace^e.] An extensive genus, the species mostly hardy annuals. The most interesting is the N. Tabaciun, or Virginia tobacco, of which several varie- ties, all having rose-colored flowers, are pretty enough to be introduced sparingly into large miscellaneous flower-borders: they grow from three to six feet high, according to the soil and climate. N. Langsdorffii^ with green flowers and blue anthers, is rather pretty. Of the common annual species, the seeds may be scattered over the borders in May, and a single plant left here and there where there is room for them. The Virginian tobacco must be sown in a warm frame in April, and treated like a half-hardy annual, being planted out in May, to produce fine blooming plants. From the size to which these plants grow, with their ample foliage, they should always be planted singly. Seeds are produced in abundance, by wdiich they are increased. N. Z«;/^j-^. ^(9r)/;;z^^i-?/;;z (corymbose) ;, half-hardy bulb ; I foot ; flowers white, in April ; Peru ; 1823. O. exscap- U7n (stemless) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; GARDEN FLOWERS. 2// Italy; 1824. O. Iacteu7n (milk-wliite) ; half-hardy bolb ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Cape ; 1796. O. marginatinn (mar- gined) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers greenish-white, in May ; Asia ; 1843. O. 7noiitanujn (mountain) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; Naples ; 1824. O. A'arbonense (Nar- bonne) ; hardy bulb; 18 inches; flowers white, in July; south of Europe; 18 10. O. niveiim (snowy); half-hardy bulb; 6 inches; flowers white, in May; Cape; 1774. O. odoratuin (sweet); half-hardy bulb; 18 inches; flowers pale-yellow, in May ; Cape ; 1795. O. pyrajnidale (pyramidal) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Spain ; 1752. O. suaveolens (fra- grant) ; half-hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Cape ; 1826. O. uinbellatiim (umbelled) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; England. There are numerous other species deserving of cultivation. Orobus. Bitter Vetch. [Leguminosae.] An extensive family of hardy perennials. Common light deep gai'den soil. Increased by division. O. atropurpjweits (dark-purple) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers deep-purple, in May; Algiers; 1826. O. aurcuitms (orange) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Iberia ; 1818. O. fonnosiis (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers purple, in June ; Caucasus; 1818. (7. ■z/^;7//^>y (spring) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May ; Europe ; 1629. Osage Orange. See Maclura. Ornus. Flowering Ash. [Oleaceae.] Hardy deciduous trees, with white flowers. Common garden soil. Propa- gated by seeds. O. America7ia (American) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America; 1820. (9. ^z/r^/^« (European) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May; Italy; 1730. O. fioribimda (bundle-flowered); 30 feet; Nepaul ; 1822. O. rottmdifolia (round-leaved); 16 feet; flow- ers in May; Italy; 1697. O. striata (channelled); 30 feet; flowers in April ; North America ; 1818. OxYDENDRUM. See Andromeda 278 GAUDEN FLOWERS. OsTRYA. Hop Hornbeam. [Corylacese.] Hardy decidu- ous small trees^ with fine foliage and ornamental fruit. In- creased by seeds, and grafting on common Hornbeam. Rich deep moist soil. O. Virgmica (Virginian) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; North America; 1622. O. vulgaris (common); 20 feet; flowers in May; Italy; 1724. . Oswego Tea. Monarda didyma. OxYTROPis. [Leguminosse.] A family of mostly hardy plants from Siberia, allied to Astragalus. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by seeds sown where the plants are to remain, as they transplant badly. There are some forty species. OxYURA. [Compositae.] A pretty showy chrysanthemum- like annual. Sow in the open border in May, and thin out the plants. O. chrysanthemoides (chrysanthemum-like) ; hardy annual j 18 inches '-, flowers yellow and white, in July ; California ; 1834. P^ONI A. [Ranunculaceae.] Very showy plants, of easy culture in deep rich loam. Propagated by division, if herbaceous ; if tree, or Moutan, by division, grafting, cut- tings of the young shoots in spring, by layers and suckers, by layering the young shoots after ringing-round each bud so that each bud forms a plant. The shrubby species are sometimes called Moutan (which see). All the species are desirable, and few plants are more showy in the garden and shrubbery. Hardy Shrubs. — P. Moutan (Chinese-tree) ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; China ; 1 789. P. albida-plena (double-white) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; China. P. Anneslei (Annesley's) ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in May ; China. P. atropitrpicrea (dark- purple-flowered) ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in May; China; 1846. /*. Banksii (Banks's) ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; China ; .1794. P. carnea-plena (double-flesh-colored) ; 2 feet; flowers in May ; China. P. globosa (globular-flowered) ; 3 feet ; flesh-color, flowers white and purple, in May; Shanghae ; 1845. P- H^cic- ina (lilac-colored); 3 feet ; flowers lilac, in May ; China; 1845. P. Htimei (Hume's) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; China ; 1 817. P. papaveracea (poppy-hke) ; 3 feet; flowers white, in May; China; 1789. P. pai^viflora (small-flowered); 3 feet; flowers pale-rose, in May; Shanghae ; 1845. P- P^da (painted); 3 feet ; flowers pale and deep rose-striped, in May ; Canton ; 1845. P- Pawesii (Rawes's) ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-pink, in May ; China; 1820. P. rosea (rosy); 3 feet; flowers pink, in May; China. P. rosea-plena (double- rose) ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in May; China; 1804. P. rosea-sej?ti-p le7ta* {strm-douhlo^ rose); 279 280 GARDEN FLOWERS. 2 feet; flowers red, in May; China; 1794. P. salmonea (salmon- colored) ; 3 feet; flowers pale-salmon, in May; China; 1846. P. speciosa (showy) ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in May; China; 1825. P. Alexander II. is a very large rich rosy-red variety ; hybrid ; i860. P. glorie Belgarum is the largest Peony known ; flowers very double, crimson ; hybrid ; 1857. Hardy Herbaceous. — P. albifiora (white-flowered) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May; Siberia; 1548. P. albifiora Candida (white) ; 2 feet ; flowers flesh-color, in May ; Siberia. P. albi- fiora festa (pleasant) ; 2 feet ; flowers white and pink, in June. P. albifiora fragrafts (fragrant) ; 2 feet ; flowers, red in May ; China; 1805. P . albifiora Hiiinei (Hume's double-crimson); 2 feet; flowers red, in May; China; 1808. P. albifiora Pottsii (Potts's) ; 3 feet; flowers crimson, in June; China; 1822. P. albifiora Reevesii (Reeves's double) ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in June; China; 1822. P. albifiora riibescens (ruddy); 2 feet; flowers pink, in May ; Siberia. P. albifiora Siberica (Siberian) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Siberia. P. albifiora Tatarica 'Tartarian) ; 2 feet ; flowers flesh-color, in May ; Siberia. P. albifiora nnifiora (single-flowered) ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in May; Siberia. P. albifiora vestalis (virgin) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Siberia. P. albifiora Whitleji (Whitley's double-white) ; 2 feet ; flowers blush, in May; China ; 1808. P. anoinala (anom- alous) ; 18 inches; flowers crimson, in May; Siberia; 1788. P. arietina (ram) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple ; Levant. P. arietifta- Andersonii (Anderson's) ; flowers rose, in June. P. arietina Oxoiiiensis (Oxford) ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-blush, in June. P. Brownii (Brown's) ; flowers red, in May ; North America ; 1826. P. coralli7ta (coralline) ; 3 feet ; flowers crimson, in May ; Eng- land. P. Corsica (Corsican) ; flowers purple, in June ; Corsica. P. Cretica (Cretan) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Crete. P. decora (comely) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; Turkey. P. decora elatior (taller) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; Crimea. P. decora Pallasii (Pallas's) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; Crimea. P. hiiniilis (dwarf) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; Spain ; 1633. P. hybrida (hybrid) ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in May; Siberia. P. lobata (lobed) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; GARDEN FLOWERS. 28 1 Spain; 1821. P. mollis (soft); 18 inches; flowers purple, in May ; Siberia. P. officinalis (shop) ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in May ; Europe ; 1548. P. officinalis albicans (whitening) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May. P. officinalis aneinonijlora (anemone- flowered) ; 3 feet; flowers pink, in May; 1830. P. officinalis Baxteri (Baxter's) ; 3 feet ; flowers crimson ; Oxford. P. offici- nalis blanda (bland) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May. P. offici- nalis canescens (hoary) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May. P. offi- cinalis inultipctala (many-petaled) ; 3 feet ; flowers crimson, in May. P. officinalis rosea (rosy) ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in May. P. officinalis rubra (double-red) ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in May. P. officinalis variegata (variegated-leaved) ; 3 feet ; flowers crim- son, in June. P. paradoxa (paradoxical) ; 2 feet ; flowers pur- ple, in May ; Levant. P. paradoxa compacta (compact) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May. P. paradoxa fimbriata (double-fringed) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May. P. paradoxa Grevillii (Gre- ville's); 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May. P. paradoxa peregrina (straggling) ; 2 feet ; flowers dark-purple, in May. P. pubens (downy) ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in May. P. Reevesiana (Reeves's) 3 feet; flowers crimson, in May; China. P. Russi (Russ's); 2 feet ; flowers crimson, in May ; Sicily. P. siinpliciflora (sim- ple-flowered) ; flowers red, in May ; Levant. P. temufolia (fme-leaved) ; 18 inches; flowers red, in May; Siberia; 1765. P. teniiifolia fiore-pleno (double-flowered); 18 inches; flowers red, in May; Russia; 1831. P. tenuifolia latifolia (broad- leaved) ; 2 feet ; flowers crimson, in June. P. triternata (thrice- three-leafleted) ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; Siberia; 1790. P. villosa (shaggy) ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in May ; south of Eu- rope ; 1 8 16. P. Witmajiniana (Witmann's) ; 2 feet; flowers greenish-yellow, in May; Abcharia ; 1842. For new varieties, which are constantly produced, consult the latest florist catalogues. Palafoxia. [Compositai.] Annuals and herbaceous per- ennials, thriving in sandy loam, and propagated by seeds and division. P. linearis is tender. P. fastigiata (tapering) ; hardy perennial ; flowers white, in 282 GARDEN FLOWERS. August; North America; 1823. P. linearis (narrow-leaved); tender perennial ; flowers white, in June ; Mexico ; 1821. P. Jexana (Texan) ; hardy annual ; flowers brownish-red, in Au- gust ; Texas; 1850. Palma Christi. See Ricinus. Pansy. See Viola. Papaver. Poppy. [Papaveraceae.] A genus of hardy plants, containing many weeds and some showy species : it comprises perennials, biennials, and annuals. Of the latter, the double-flowered varieties, sometimes known as Carnation and Picotee Poppies, are the most worthy of cultivation, and these are really gay as well as stately plants : besides which, if colors have any charm in a garden, it is almost impossible to enumerate the different tints that a pinch of good seed will produce. These annual kinds will overrun a garden if the pods of seed are not removed before ripening. For mixed or shrubbery borders, this may be no objection, as plants can be left where there is space for them, and the rest hoed up ; but, in the more neatly kept parts of a garden, this scattering of the seed should be prevented, and a supply of plants raised by special sowing. The seeds may be sown in May, in patches where they are to grow, and thinned out to three or four strong plants in a patch ; or, if more convenient, they may be sown thinly in any open place out of the way, and, when large enough, planted in the borders and beds where they are wanted. Any plants which show flowers at all secondary in quality should be pulled up immediately, and none be left in the ground but very double and very pretty ones ; the seed from these, or from the most beauti- ful of them, will give good varieties another year. The per- ennials want no culture, but to be planted in good garden soil, and left undisturbed : they increase by seeds or by division. GARDEN FLOWERS. 283 P. Alpimun (Alpine); hardy perennial; 9 inches; flowers white, in July; Austria; 1759. P. ainosimm (lovely); hardy annual; 2 feet ; flowers red and white, in June; India; 1830. P. bracteatiun (bracted) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scar- let, very showy, in May ; Siberia ; 181 7. P. croceutji (saf- fron) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers copper-color, in May ; Altai ; 1829. P. nudicaule (naked-stemmed); hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Siberia ; 1730. P. Orientale (Eastern); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, very showy, in May ; Armenia ; 1714. P. Rhceas (common corn) ; hardy an- nual ; 2 feet. The garden double-flowered varieties of this plant are very gay, of almost every color, red predominating, and va- riously variegated, and with the petals smooth-edged. P\ somni- ferum (opium-bearing) ; hardy annual ; 3 to 4 feet. Of this the double varieties only are desirable for gardens. They are of stately aspect, and very handsome ; but differ from the last in being formed of a mass of small narrow petals or larger cut- edged ones. The colors are various, chiefly shades of red, pur- ple, white, and blotched. Paper Mulberry. See Broussonetia. Parnassia. [Hypericaceae.] Pretty dwarf herbaceous per- ennials. Damp peaty soil. Propagated by division or by seeds. P. asa^-ifolia (asarum-Ieaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in July; North America; 1812. P. Caroliniana (Carolina) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1802. P. pahcstris (marsh) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in July ;. Britain ;• North America- Pasque-Flower. See Anemone. Paulownia. [Scrophularineae.] A fine deciduous tree allied to Catalpa, scarcely hardy in New England, except in the most favored spots, in consequence of its producing very robust shoots, which seldom ripen ; but doing well south of New York. Its large bunches of trumpet-shaped purplish flowers are very handsome. It should be planted in a dry 284 GARDEN FLOWERS. soil, and in warm situations, where its vigorous shoots may be well ripened annually. Increased by layers, cuttings of the young shoots, and seeds. P. z'mperia/is {ImperiaX) ; hardy tree ; 25 feet ; flowers purplish, in May ; Japan ; 1840. Pavia. [Sapindaceae.] A small group of the Horse- chestnut family, consisting of handsome flowering trees of the smaller class. They grow in any deep lightish garden soil, and are usually increased by grafting on the common Horse-chestnut, or by layers. F. discolor (two-colored) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers red and yellow, in June ; North America ; 1812. P. inacrostachya (large-spiked) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1820. P. rubra (red); hardy shrub; 6 feet ; flowers red, in June; North America; 171 1. The varieties humilis and Junnilis pendttla, both red-flowered, are desirable. These are selected on account of their small size. Pea Sweet. See IvAthyrus. Peach. See Persica. Pedicularis. Loiiseivort. [Scrophularineae.] Hardy and half-hardy perennials, often very handsome, but not very easily grown. Damp peaty soil. Increased by seeds. Many species have been introduced. There are in all about thirty species, but the plants are not common in gardens. Pelargonium. [Geraniaceae.] A very large family of beautiful plants. The only ones however which call for our attention in connection with the flower-garden are the Scar- let Geraniums, so called, so popular for summer bedding. They require ordinary greenhouse treatment in the winter, or will survive in a warm, light cellar. The varieties are changing every year, and florists' catalogues will afford a fine collection of the various colors of red, pink, and white ; and also fine variegated-leaved kinds. These kinds have sprung GARDEN FLOWERS. 285 from P. Bentinckianum, inquinans^ zonale, and others of the same character. Pennisetum. [Graminese.] A family of ornamental grasses, succeeding in any soil from spring-sown seeds. P. villosum (hairy) ; hardy annual ; apetalous ; Brazil. Penthorum. [Crassulaceas.] Hardy succulent-leaved per- ennials. Common soil. Increased by division. P. sedoides (sedum-like) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July; North America; 1768.. Pentstemon. [Scrophularineae.] A large genus of hardy or half-hardy herbaceous perennials, sometimes sub-shrubby ; among the most ornamental of summer-flowering plants. The best kinds for the flower-garden are the varieties of P. Hartwegii, often called genfianoides^ which is sub-shrubby, propagates freely by cuttings, and blooms most profusely from August onwards till severe frost occurs. It should be wintered in cold frames, and planted out in spring. They may all be propagated by seeds or cuttings, less freely by division, according to their peculiar habits of growth ; and require to be planted in a moderately rich light loamy soil to attain their full beauty, which is very considerable. Most of those marked half-hardy perennials which are not sub- shrubby, survive over winters, in favorable situations, and protected against excessive wet. It is, however, safer to shelter them in cold frames. They also survive better where there is a keen pure air. P. atropurpureiis (dark-purple) ; half-hardy sub-shrubby pe- rennial ; 2 feet ; flowers deep rose-purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1827. P . aziiretts {2iZ\irQ) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; Mexico ; 1848. P. baccJiarifolius (baccharis- leaved) ; half-hardy perennial, or perhaps biennial; 18 inches; flowers scarlet, in August ; Texas ; 1851. P. barbatiis (bearded) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers light scarlet, in July ; Mexico ; 2S6 GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 794 ; often called Chelo7ie. P. campamdaHis (bell-flowered) ; half-hardy sub-shrubby perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers light rose- purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1794. P.ccjitra7ithifolius{(:Qnir2ini\\\ii5- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers deep scarlet, in July ; California ; 1 834 ; often called Chelone. P. coboea (coboea-flow- ered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white and rose, in August; Texas; 1835. P. crassifoliiis (thick-leaved); half- hardy sub-shrubby perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; North America ; P. cyaiianthiis (blue) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet; flowers deep-blue, in July ; Rocky Mountains; 1849, P. diffiisus (diiTuse) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers light-purple, in July ; North America ; 1826. P. digitalis (foxglove-like) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers whitish, in July ; Arkansas ; 1824. P. G^r<^(9;// (Gordon's) ; half-hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers light-blue, in June ; Rocky Mountains ; 1845. P- Hart- wegii (Hartweg's) ; half-hardy sub-shrubby perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers reddish-purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1825. Of this beauti- ful and useful plant, there are numerous garden varieties ; the most distinct are : albus, creamy white ; coccineus^ scarlet ; di- aphaiiiis, rosy ; McEiveni, rose ; Salteri, white, bordered with rose ; Verplankii, rose. P. heterophylhun (various-leaved) ; half-hardy sub-shrubby perennial ; flowers rose-color, in July ; California ; 1834. P. miiiiatns (vermilion) ; half-hardy sub- shrubby perennial ; i foot ; flowers vermihon, in July ; Mexico ; 1846, P. Murrayaniim (Murray's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet; flowers scarlet, in August; Texas; 1835. P- ovatus (ovate) ; hardy perennial ; 2^ feet ; flowers deep-blue, in July ; North America ; 1826. P. roseus (rosy) ; half-hardy sub-shrubby perennial; 2 feet; flowers rose, in July; Mexico; 1825. P. speciostis (showy) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers light blue, in July ; North America ; 1827. P. IVrighiii (yslnghi^s,)', half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers rich deep-rose, in June ; Texas ; 1851. All the other species are worth growing where there is space for them. Perilla. [Lamiaceae.] Half-hardy annuals, valuable GARDEN FLOWERS. 28/ for their dark foliage. Light garden soil. Increased by seeds. P. Na7ikine7isis (Nankin); half-hardy annual; i8 inches; purple leaves ; China ; 1852. P. ocymoides and fruticosa are not of much cultural value. Periploca. [Asclepiadacese.] Hardy deciduous climbers, with glossy ornamental foliage. Loamy soil. Increased by layers and cuttings. P. angustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; hardy twining shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers purplish, in July; south of Europe; 1800. P. Grceca (Greek); hardy twining shrub ; 12 feet; flowers purpHsh-brown, in July ; Syria ; 1597. Periwinkle. See Vinca. Persica. Peach. [Amygdalaceae.] A well-known genus, containing some beautiful flowering shrubs. Good garden soil. Propagated by budding. P. vulgaris (common) ; of this there are'*the following fine va- rieties, — flore pleno (double-flowered, white and pink) ; foliis variegatis (variegated-leaved) ; pendala (weeping) ; sangidnea plena (double red) ; camilliaflora (rich deep crimson double flowers, China, 1847); rosaejiora (deep rose double flowers, China, 1848). Persicaria. See Polygonum. Petasites. [Composite.] Hardy herbaceous perennial, growing in common soil, and increased by division. P. alba (white) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May ; Europe ; 1683. Petunia. [Solanaces.] Showy, soft-stemmed, shrubby perennials, closely allied to Nierembergia. The garden Pe- tunias have sprung from P. nyctaginiflora and violacea ; the latter, in its original form, one of the richest of all plants for bedding out in the flower-garden, owing to its brilliant color. Tliere are, however, few families in which cultivation 288 GARDEN FLOWKRS. has effected such a revohition as in this ; for from the flimsy flowers of the old white, and the pointed blossoms of the old purple, have been produced flowers of circular outline, with thick corollas, and fluctuating beautiful colors. Petu- nias are propagated either by seed or cuttings. Seeds may be sown in March, on a hot-bed, and the plants treated as half-hardy annuals. Cuttings strike freely placed in a frame, with bottom heat : they should be planted in March and April, being obtained from old plants placed in heat, and from the tops of the earlier-planted cuttings, if a supply of young plants was not provided the previous autumxn. The young plants require to be separately potted, hardened in a cold frame, and planted out in May, when the danger of frost is passed. A few plants should be kept in pots, rather stunted, for preservation through the winter in order to sup- ply cuttings in spring ; or young plants may be struck in August, and well hardened, and kept in the greenhouse on an airy shelf through the winter : such plants will, if vigor- ous and healthy, bloom earlier than spring cuttings. P'or this reason, a supply, more or less abundant, should always be struck at the end of the summer to keep over for plant- ing out in spring. P. ftyctaginifiora (large-flowered) ; half-hardy perennial ; i8 inches; flowers white, in June;. La Plata; 1823, P. violacea (violaceous) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers rose-pur- ple, in June ; Buenos Ayres ; 1831. This is sometimes called P. Ph(£iiicea. The names of the florists' varieties are arbitrary. Fine varieties may be selected from florists' catalogues. The double varieties are better fitted for the greenhouse than the garden. Phaca. [Leguminosae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials. Soil, sandy loam, Increased by seeds or division. The GARDEN FLOWERS. 289 species are Alpi?ia, arenaria, astragalifia^ exalfata, frigida, lutea, Lapponica, oroboides^ triangularis, and many others. Phacelia. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Pretty annuals, of the easiest cuUure in the open ground ; the seeds being sown in May. There are some unimportant perennials. P. congesta (crowded) ; hardy annual ;. i foot ; flowers purple, in June ; Texas ; 1835. P. fiinbriata (fringed) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers white and Hlac, in June ;: North America ; 1840. P. tanacetifolia (tansy-leaved); hardy annual; 18. in.ches ; flow- ers blue-lilac, in June; California; 1832. P. vinifolia vine- leaved) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers light-blue, in Sep- tember ; Texas ; 1834. Phalangium. [Liliaceae.] Half-hardy herbaceous per- ennials, with pretty blossoms. Common soiL. Increased by division. P. Liliago (grass-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flow- ers white, in May ; south of Europe ; 1 5,96.. Phalaris. [Graminaceae.] EUardy annuals. Common soil. Increased by seeds. P. Ca7iariensis produces the canary seed. The other species are P.. appendicidata and commutata. Pharbitis. Gay-bine. [Convolvulaceae.] Annual and perennial twiners of graceful habit, with extremely gay flow- ers. Some of the species are tender ; others may be treated as half-hardy annuals. The genus contains the well-known Convolvulus major, the plants commonly grown under that name including the varieties of F. hispida, Nil, hederacea, and perhaps some others. The colors of the Convolvulus major are varied : deep-purple, violet, light-blue, white, pale- rose, deep rose-crimson, and blue and white striped. This convolvulus should be sown in May, in patches, round a post or pillar, or at the foot of a stump of a tree, or where it can be provided with tall branchy stakes on which to 19 290 GARDEN FLOWERS. twine, for the plant will grow ten feet high, and in season be covered with bloom ; it is, however, characteristic of the plant to close its flowers during rains or in very cloudy weather, and at the approach of night. The varieties seed freely ; but as the seeds soon shed after ripening, a good look-out must be kept for the pods. They may also be sown in pots in March, and kept in frames till May, and then planted out. They like a light rich soil. The other annual species require exactly the same management. A strong growing, somewhat shrubby species, P. Learii, is too hand- some to be here omitted, though it requires a stove or warm greenhouse ; it is a plant which grows and flowers well, pro- vided it has room to extend its branches, and nourishment to support them. It likes a strong, rich, loamy compost. P. barbata (bearded) ; hardy twining annual ; 10 feet ; flow- ers blue, in July; Virginia; 1729. P. diversifolia (various- leaved) ; greenhouse twining annual ; 6 feet ; flowers blue, in June; Mexico; 1836. P. /zvaooX\\) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers blue or white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1804. V, grandis (grand) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in August ; Siberia; 1826. V. hybi^ida (hybrid); hardy peren- nial ; I foot ; flowers blue, in July ; England. V. i7icana (hoar}^); hardy perennial; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in July; Russia; 1759. V. incisa (cut-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in July; Siberia; 1739. V. /oHgi/o/ia {long-\ea.yed) ; hardy peren- nial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, white, or flesh-colored, in August ; south of Europe ; 1731. V. panictilata (panicled) ; hardy peren- nial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; Russia ; 1797. V. salicifo- lia (willow-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers Hlac, in September ; New Zealand; 1843. V. speciosa {^\\Qr^y)\ half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers purple or rose, in July; New Zealand; 1835. ^ Virgi7iica (Virginian); hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers white or flesh-colored, in July ; Vir- ginia ; 1 7 14. Vervain. See Verbena. Vesicaria. [Brassiceae.] Hardy annuals or perennials. Common soil. Multiplied by seeds, division, or cuttings, according to habit. V. utriculati is a beautiful rock plant. V. grandiflo?-a (large-flowered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- ers yellow, in July ; Texas ; 1835. ^ 7itric2{lata{h\2idd.er) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers sulphur-yellow, in May ; Levant ; 1730. Vetch. See Vicia. Viburnum. [Caprifoliaceae.] A genus consisting for the most part of hardy shrubs. The Guelder-rose, V. Opiihcs, is ver}^ familiar in shrubberies : the bloom is white, in bunches S72 GARDEN FLOWERS. that form complete balls, and, being abundant, is very effec- tive. This is generally propagated from suckers, which come up, like those of the Lilac, very freely. There is a great va- riet}. of species, but few are so handsome as the Guelder- rose. F. macrocephahwi and plkatum are, however, fine showy shrubs. Rich loamy soil. Increased by layers, cut- tings, or suckers. V. macroccphahun (large-headed) ; hardy shrub ; lo feet ; flowers white, in May; China; 1845. ^ Opuliis (Guelder- rose) ; hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Britain. V. p/icaium {p\3.ited) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in May; China ; 1845. Many of our native species, such as K prunifoliiim, Len- tago, dmtatum, and la?itanoides, are very handsome shrubs. ViciA. Vetch. [Leguminosae.] Hardy annuals or per- ennials. Common soil. Propagated by seeds or division. ViNCA. Perhainkk. [Apocynaceae.] Pretty, hardy, shrub- by plants, always dwarf and evergreen, generally of trailing habit, and well adapted for covering the surface of the ground in shady situations where little else will live. They are in- creased by separating the rooted trailing shoots. Common soil. V. rosea, and its variety alba, and octllata, are properly stove shrubs, but do finely as bedding plants in rich soil, in a warm exposure : they may be raised from seed in a hot-bed or from cuttings. They should not be planted out until all danger of cold weather is over. Natives of East Indies. V. herbacea (herbaceous) ; hardy evergreen trailing perennial ; 6 inches; flowers purple, in June ; Hungary; 1816. V. major (greater); hardy evergreen trailing shrub; 18 inches; flowers blue, in July ; England. V. minor (lesser) ; hardy evergreen trailing shrub ; i foot ; flowers blue, in May ; England. There is a variety with variegated leaves. Viola. Violet. [Violaceae.] A large genus of pretty GARDEX FLOWERS. 373 herbaceous plants, almost all of which are hardy. The first to be mentioned is the Sweet Violet, V. odofafa, of which the common wild forms should be planted in abundance in every shrubber}^ for the sake of their sweet blossoms. For general cultivation, the varieties known as the Neapolitan, the Russian, and the Tree-violet, are the best. The Russian is quite hardy, and requires only to be planted in rich soil, which must be renewed, in part at least, annually. The others need higher culture. To grow the Xeapolitan a bed of rich light soil must be made up ; and about the beginning of May, the old plants must be divided into t^vo, three, or more, according to their size. These young plants are put out, and carefully watered, when necessary, through the summer ; and are enher allowed to bloom in these beds, some protection being afforded them to keep off heavy rains and frost, or they are taken up about the end of September, potted, and die pots kept in a cold dr}' frame during winter, with such other protection as the season renders necessar}-. They may be forced in frames by the application of gentle heat : and by this means, it is no unusual thing, with the luxurious, to have violets all the winter. The Tree-violet is a double-flowered, dark variet}^, which, if kept trained to a single stem, acquires the appear- ance of a miniature tree. This requires to be gro^^^l as a hardy plant in frames ; the soil being turfy loam, decomposed cow-dung, and leaf-moukl in equal parts. To secure the tree-like habit, the crown of vigorous young plants must be encouraged to push upwards by the removal of all lateral growth ; otherwise this variet}' spreads out its runners just like other violets. There are several other varieties of the Sweet Violet ; but these are the best. The whole genus, with one or two tender exceptions, are worth cultivating as hardy perennials. They grow ver\' freely in good garden 374 GARDEN FLOWERS. soil, preferring loam moderately rich. Increased by divis- ion. Those which grow with stems, like the Heartsease, or Pansy, should be frequently renewed from cuttings, which should, moreover, be, as far as possible, the young shoots from the root, in preference to the tips of the older shoots. Pansy ( Viola tricolor). — The numerous varieties of this popular flower, frequently called Heartsease, originated from the common three-colored Violet. Like the varieties of the Pink, these require to be constantly renewed by striking cut- tings ; for, as may have been observed by many who have grown them, the blooms come smaller and out of character as the plants get larger and older. It is true, there are more flowers on the plants when they enlarge ; but there is a great alteration for the worse in their colors and forms. The ground in which they thrive most is good rich loam. They should be grown in beds six inches apart every way. The side-shoots make the best plants. They should be stripped off when they are two inches long ; and may be put into the ground half their length, and covered with a hand- glass : if the place be shady, so much the less trouble, but^ if not, the hand-glass must be covered so as to keep off the hot sun ; the cuttings must be kept well watered till rooted. To have the Heartsease in perfection, there should be a con- stant supply of cuttings ; and when they are struck, which will be seen by their beginning to grow, they should be very carefully lifted, so as to break none of their fibres, and planted out wherever they are to bloom, whether it be in the borders or in beds. After they are planted out, they should be well watered. When the plants get large, cut them down close ; and all the shoots that come will make excellent cut- tings. The Pansies, w^hich are of all sorts of colors, should be had in bloom all the year, except in winter, a succession of young plants being raised for this purpose. GARDEN FLOWERS. 375 V. Altaica (Altaic) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pur- ple, in May ; Siberia ; 1808. V. blanda (charming) ; hardy per- ennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1803. V. calcarata (spurred) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers bluish; in May; Switzerland; 1752. V. grandiflor-a (\2xg(t- flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Switzerland. V. hitea (yellow) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; England. V. ochrolenca (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers straw-colored, in June ; North America ; 1800. V. odorata (common) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue or white, in May ; England. V. Palma- oisu (Palmer) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple- hlac, in May; south of Europe; 1836. V. pahjiata (broad- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in May North America; 1752. V. parnassicefolia (parnassia-leaved) hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in winter and spring Patagonia; 1850. V. pedata (pedate) ; hardy perennial; 6 inches; flowers blue, in May; North America; 1759. V. Ro- thomagensis (Rouen) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; France ; 1783. V. stricta (upright) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers pale-blue, in May; Europe; 1822. V. tricolor (three-colored) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers various, all summer ; Britain. There are many other species. Viper's Bugloss. See Echium. ViRGiLiA. [Leguminosae.] A fine hardy tree, producing long racemes of locust-like flowers, and very ornamental in flower and leaf. Deep rich soil. Propagated by seeds and layers. V. hitea (yellow) ; hardy tree ; 30 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America. Virginian Creeper. See Ampelopsis. Virginian Stock. See Malcolmia. Virgin's Bower. See Clematis. Viscaria. [Caryoph3dlaceae.] A small genus, allied to 3/6 GARDEN FLOWERS. Lychnis, containing some neat small-growing perennials, as V. vulgaris, negkcta, Alpma, and Helvetica, forming pretty rock-plants. These perennials are increased by carefully dividing the dense tufts of branches which they form, re- taining a share of loots to each slip if possible, and treating the divisions rather as cuttings than as plants, by keeping them in a close frame until they begin to grow. These like a very open soil, containing pounded bricks or old mortar, or any substance of similar texture. The genus also con- tains two very showy hardy annuals, V. Cmli-rosa and oculata. These may be sown in the open borders with other hardy annuals in May. K ^/^/;z<3: (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches; flowers pink, in May ; Scotland. V. Cosli-rosa (Rose of Heaven) ; hardy an- nual ; 1 8 inches ; flowers rose, light eye, in June ; Levant ; 1713. V. Helvetica {Swiss) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches; flowers red, in June; Switzerland; 18 14. V. neglecta (neglected); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May ; England. V. ocu- lata (dark-eyed) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers rose, dark eye, in June; Algiers; 1843. V. Siiecica (Swedish); hardy perennial; 6 inches; flowers pink, in June; Sweden; 1824. V. vulgaris (common) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in May; England. ^- ^— X3t ^"-^^ :^r^^ E^M^ ^^^l u^^ ^^ ^^ '^^m ^^^^ %^l ^P ^f; wm ^Sm.^- ^ ^^^ ^^^1% WAHLENBERGIA. [Campanulaceae.] Hardy or half- hardy perennials and annuals. The latter should be sown in heat in March, and potted or planted out to flower ; the former increase by division or seeds. Soil, sandy loam. Wall-Cress. See Arabis. Wallflower. See Cheiranthus. Walnut. See Juglans. Water-Lily. See Nymph^a. Water-Plantain. See Alisma. Water-Reed. See Arundo. Weigela. [Caprifoliaceae.] Very' handsome hardy de- ciduous shrubs. They are free-growing, striking readily from cuttings or from layers, and grow vigorously in good garden soil. The blossoms, at first white, but changing to rose- pink, are produced, generally in great profusion, in spring. IV. amabilis (lovely) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in May; Japan; 1852. W. rosea (rosy); hardy shrub; 3 feet; flowers pink, in May; China; 1844. W. Middeiidorffiaiia ; hardy shrub ; flowers white, shading to pale-yellow, spotted with carmine ; south of Russia ; 1856. There are other species, and a variet}^ with variegated foliage. Washingtonia. [Coniferse.] A magnificent hardy ever- green tree. Soil, loam. Increased by seeds. This tree will survive as far north as Massachusetts. W. gigantea (gigantic) ; hardy evergreen tree ; 200 feet ; flow- ers deep purple, in July ; California ; 1844. Z17 S7^ GARDEN FLOWERS. Whitlavia. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Hardy annuals, of or- namental character. Rich light soil. Increased by seeds. IV. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flow- ers deep purple, in July ; Cahfornia ; 1853. Whitlow-Grass. See Drab a.. Whortle-Berry. See Vaccinum. Willow. See Salix. WiNDFLOWER. ScC AnEMONE. Winter Aconite. See Eranthis. Winter Cherry. See Physalis. Wistaria. [Leguminesae.] Hardy, vigorous-growing de- ciduous climbers. ^W. sinensis, formerly named Glycine sinen- sis, is a perfectly hardy, climbing shrub bearing long racemes of purplish-lilac flowers before the foliage is produced. Young plants, when newly planted, are often of slow growth ; but as soon as they get established they grow very rapidly. The flowers are, however, produced on spurs of the old wood. It is propagated by layers, which root freely if pegged under ground any time during autumn. W. fnitescens J hardy climbing shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers deep purple, in summer; North America ; 1724. W. sijiensis (Chi- nese) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 25 feet ; flowers lilac or white, in May ; China ; 1818 ; the white variety in 1846. Witch Hazel. See Hamamelis. Wolfsbane. See Aconitum. Woodbine. See Ampelopsis and Caprifolium. WuLFENiA. [Scrophularineae.] Hardy herbaceous plants, requiring a dry soil. Propagated by seeds and division. W. AmherstiancE (Amherst's); hardy perennial; 6 inches; flowers lilac, in July ; Chinese Tartary ; 1846. W. Carinthiaca (Corinthian) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; Carinthia; 1817. Wytch Elm. See Ulmus montanus. XANTHIUM. Small Burdock. [Compositae.] A genus of weedy plants of easy culture. The flowers are in- conspicuous, but the foliage may be effective in masses. The species are X. strumarium^ Orientate^ spinosum.^ and echi- natum. Easily propagated by seeds. Xanthorhiza. Yellow-root. [Ranunculaceae.] A hardy shrub, increasing rapidly by suckers. Soil, sandy loam, rather moist. The dark-purple flowers are very pretty in early spring, and the foliage is delicate and prett}^ X. apiifolia (parsley-leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in May; North America; 1766. Xanthoxylum. [Xanthoxylaceae.] A hardy tree, grow- ing in any garden soil, and very easily propagated by seeds X. f rax 171621771 (ash-like); hardy tree ; 15 feet; flowers white, in April ; North America ; 1759. There are other species, mostly tender. Xeranthemum. [Compositse.] Hardy annuals of the composite kind, now almost expelled from gardens by the ga3^er annuals from California and elsewhere. They must not be confounded with the showy yellow and white Everlasting flowers (as they are called), which have been, and indeed now are, sometimes named Xeranthemum. They are among the most easily cultivated of annuals, re- quiring only to be sown about May in the open border, and 379 380 GARDEN FLOWERS. thinned out for flowering. A succession may be sown a month later than the first sowing, if it is required. X. aiimium (annual) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers purple or white,- in July ; south of Europe ; 1570. Xerophyllum. [Melanthaceae.] A genus of pretty but rare half-hardy plants, with spikes of white flowers resem- bling Helonias. The foliage appears withered, whence the name. Good garden soil. Propagated by seeds. X. setifolium (bristle-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1823. This plant is also known as X. asphodeloides and X. tenax. Xylosteon. A subdivision of the Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae), including some of the shrubby Honeysuckles. See LoNiCERA. Xyris. Yellow-eyed Grass. [Xyridaceae.] A genus of very pretty yellow flowers, of which one species is very com- mon in open sandy or peat bogs. If cultivated in a mass, the flower would be effective. Soil, peaty sand. Propa- gated by seed. X. biilbosa (bulbous) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yel- low, aU summer ; North America. X. Caroliniana (Carolinian); hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in August; North America. X. fiinbriata is a Southern species. YAM, Chinese. See Dioscorea batatas. Yarrow. See Achillea. Yellow-eyed Grass. See Xyris. Yellow Lily. See Hemerocallis. Yellow Pond-Lily. See Nymph^a. Yellow-root. See Xanthorhiza. Yellow Sultan. See Centaurea suaveolens. Yew. See Taxus. Yucca. Adam's Needle. [Liliaceae.] Fine exotic-looking shrubs, some of them hardy ; others require some amount of protection. They are aloe-hke, with narrow leaves, some growing up with an erect stem, which, in time, becomes forked ; and others being almost stemless, the leaves grow- ing close to the ground. The flowering stem in all is erect, bearing a close panicle of large cream-colored, drooping, tulip-like blossoms. They all grow in loamy soil, and the hardy kinds have a fine effect planted sparingly in promi- nent positions on rock-work. Y. aloifolia (aloe-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers greenish-white, in August ; South America ; 1696. Y. an- gustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers greenish- white, in July; Missouri; 18 11. Y. draconis (dragon) ; half hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in August; South America; 1732. Y. Jilainentosa {ihvQdidiy) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers greenish-white, in September; Virginia; 1675. Y. glaucescens {g\2LMC0ViS) ; half-hardy evergreen perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July; North America ; 1819. 381 382 GARDEN FLOWERS. V. gloriosa (glorious) ; evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers green- ish white, in July; America; 1596. Y. reciirva (recurved); half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers greenish-white, in August ; Georgia ; 1 794. Y. superba (superb) ; half-hardy ever- green shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in August ; history un- known. The only species perfectly hardy in New England is K filamentosa^ though the others occasionally survive. There is no better plant for massing. The most effective manner of growing this plant is to set about a dozen strong plants in a large circular bed in a lawn, the soil being deep and well manured. The plants will display wonderful vigor of growth, and will often send up flower-spikes eight feet high, covered with hundreds of blossoms. These spikes of bloom are very effective by moonlight, and there is a foolish belief that the plant only blooms about the time of the full moon. The foliage should be protected by a slight covering of ever- green boughs from the winter's sun. Seedlings vary much in foliage. ^AUSCHNERIA. [Onagraceae.] A pretty plant for ^-^ bedding, though its blooming season is often shortened by the frost. It forms a dense bushy mass, covered with scarlet fuchsia or honeysuckle-like erect flowers. Garden soil. Propagated by cuttings and division. It requires greenhouse protection in winter in the Northern States. Z. Calif ornica (Californian) ; half-hardy perennial ; i8 inches; flowers scarlet, in August; California; 1847. Zenobia. See Andromeda. Zinnia. [Compositae.] A genus of Mexican annuals, bearing flowers of many different colors, seedling varieties having become numerous. The most ornamental species is Z. elegans^ which grows best in peaty soil, and in a cool sit- uation. The plant may be termed coarse, and is better- looking in moderate than in rich soil. The seed may be sown in the open ground, or in heat, according to the time it is desired to be in flower. When large enough, it may be planted out at once into beds a foot apart, or in the border three in a patch. When seed has been saved from a single plant, and none, other has been near, the plants have come pretty constant to the parent ; but, generally speaking, in the seed that is purchased we obtain all the colors from scarlet to light-pink and to dark-crimson, and all the shades from dark-chocolate to light-purple and lilac. It is a diffi- cult matter to produce, year after year, anything like con- 383 /t 384 GARDEN FLOWERS. stancy in annuals ; for the only way is to destroy all others that can cross the seed, or to isolate those for seeding, so that nothing can reach them. Muslin bags have been tried with some effect ; but it must be done very early. The double varieties are brilliant ornaments of the garden, and come true from seed. They were introduced from India in 1858. Z, elegans (elegant); half-hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers various, in July ; Mexico ; 1829. Z. imiltifiora (many-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers dull-red, in August ; Mexico ; 1770. Zygadenus. [Melanthaceae.] A family of herbaceous perennials, allied to Veratrum, natives of North America. Soil, moist peaty loam. Propagated by division. Flowers greenish-white. Z. glaucus, IdmantJioidcs^ and glaberrimiis are among the species.