REV. SOLOMON WEAVER Virtual Founder of the Western College and First President 1856-1864. WESTERN- LEANDER-CLARK COLLEGE 1856—1911^ By * / \ Professor Henry W.'Ward. A. M. 1911 Otterbein Press Dayton, Ohio Vl3 'TnO the great-hearted pioneers who, seeing from afar -■- the vision of a cultured Christian citizenship, fifty years ago planted Western College on the open prairies of Iowa; to the men and women who with parental solicitude watched over the Institution through its infancy and youth ; to all the loyal-hearted host who have given unstintedly of their means, of their service, of their devoted tears and prayers that the College might live and become a power for righteousness ; and especially to Major Leander Clark, who made possible the greater things of the present and the future, this volume is, with reverent appreciation, inscribed. Foreword FOREWORD. /■frjjuj'HE life story of noble fathers should always be 11 treasured by their children, both as a family heri- ^^ tage of priceless worth and as an inspiration to them and their sons in turn to add to the luster of so fair a name, scorning ignoble deeds. The life story of a Christian College, begotten of the desire to bless mankind, nurtured in benevolence, and matured in selfless service, should be, nay must be, en- shrined in the heart of every son and daughter who has felt the benign touch of a foster mother so patient and so gentle. There is something peculiarly sacred and worthy of adoration in the life of such an institution ; it is so far removed from worldly or vulgar aims and ideals, and yet so delightfully inwrought with warm human affections and genial human associations; it is the essence of a thousand personalities, of a thousand friendships, all refined and hallowed by the breath of angels. The spot, too, that shelters such a college must claim its due of grateful remembrance, just as the home that gave him birth and sheltered his infancy draws the heart of every true son with a love that only increases with the lengthening years. Life's larger scenes and stern de- mands may lead his footsteps far away ; a new home may enwrap his life with ever-widening tendrils of affection, and still the old spot retains its preeminence among his purest, tenderest memories. The present volume has sprung primarily from the conviction that the history of Western College would 5 Western — Leander-Clark College enrich all her children, and, secondly, from the discovery that the pioneers who knew the early history were fast passing away and that a few more years would make im- possible any lifelike story of those early days. Formal records of the pioneer period are extremely meager, and personal recollections are the only adequate source of information. An effort has been made to present not only the tangi- ble, visible framework of external facts that usually passes as history, but also that intangible, unseen, but very real inner essence of history made up of spirit and personality. To that end much space has been given to the personal story of the men and women whose lives have gone into the making of the College; the life of the College is, in fact, but the composite of such personal lives with the accidents of earth and time refined away. So far as expedient, the authentic record, the account of an eye witness, written while the occurrence was still a fresh experience, and the personal recollections of some one who has lived through the old scenes, have been pre- sented just as the historian found them, in order to give the many-sided points of view that add worth to history. The writing of any history is a difficult task — ^the writ- ing of a history such as the one here undertaken fain would have been, is all but impossible. The priceless things are those of soul, the finer fleeting sensibilities, the ''mysterious deeps of personality," and the myriad mani- festations of ever-lovable human nature. These things having no earthly shell leave no fossil print to mark the way they went. The historian must glean from a hint here and a delicate influence there, and must infer the rest. Even in the case of material fact, it is often im- possible to secure adequate information. 6 Foreword The compiler of this history, therefore, pleads for indulgence for omissions and mis judgments. He has been torn between the desire to name all who contributed in a characteristic way to the sum we prize as our history, and the fear to name any lest the more significant act and the more truly representative spirit should escape notice and thus seem to have been underprized. The best he has been able to do is to present only those names and deeds of which some happy fortune left traces and sent them down to him, or that by lucky chance linger in his own memory. Grateful acknowledgement is made to Captain E. B. Soper, Mrs. S. J. Staves, Honorable T. G. Smith, Dr. W. T. Jackson, Professor A. W. Drury, Dr. Lewis Book- waiter, Dr. W. I. Beatty, Mr. J. L. Drury, and many others for valuable data supplied and for numerous rem- iniscences furnished. Files of the Western College Advocate, the Western College Reporter, and Western College Light, ih^ Religions Telescope, the Toledo Chron- icle, the Western College Catalogue, and the minutes of the Board of Trustees and of the Executive Commit- tee, have also been of much service. H. W. W. Tole'do, lowa^ April, 1911. CD^otttentfl CHAPTER I. Interest in the Work of Higher Education. Founding of a College Recommended by the General Conference of 1845. Action by the Iowa Conference 1855 13 CHAPTER II. Preliminary Steps in Selecting a Site. Securing Donations. The Town of Western. Erection of a College Building. The Western College Advocate 23 CHAPTER III. Opening Day at Western. Small Beginnings. First "Exhi- bition." Manual Labor. Social and Religious Life. . . 41 -CHAPTER IV. Early Founders. Early Teachers. Early Students 55 CHAPTER V. Early Finances. Agents. Financial Difficulties 98 CHAPTER VI. The Patriotism of Western. First Enlistment. In War Times. When the War was Over. Western's Roll of Honor 110 CHAPTER VII. Dawn of a New Era. President E. B. Kephart. Larger Attendance. Increasing Financial Embarrassments.. 125 9 CHAPTER VIII. Agitation for Relocation. Causes Leading Thereto. Pro- viding for the Old Debt. Seeking a new Location. Proposition from Toledo. The Empty Nest 147 CHAPTER IX. Reorganization of Faculty. Opening of School at Toledo. Financial Affairs. M. S. Drury. L. H. Bufkin. Teachers and Students. President Beardshear 161 CHAPTER X. Third Crisal Period. Burning of Main Building. Grow- ing Financial Embarrassments. Internal Life. Crisis of 1893-94 186 CHAPTER XL President Bookwalter Elected. Plan of Operation. Faculty Secured. Financial Situation. Internal Growth. Debt Paying Campaign 213 CHAPTER XII. The Next Step. Leander Clark's Proposition. Delayed Hopes. Inauguration of President Kephart. Endow- ment Campaign. Major Leander Clark. Semicen- tennial Celebration. Internal Affairs 278 CHAPTER XIII. Another Preliminary Step. President F. E. Brooke. Burn- ing of Notes and Mortgages. Internal Affairs. Quad- rennial Celebration 312 CHAPTER XIV. A Chapter of Miscellany. Coeducation. College Publi- cations. Organizations. Missionaries. Transporta- tion. Material Equipment ' 332 Appendix 349 10 iUufitratinttB Rev. Solomon Weaver, Frontispiece. Capt. W. H. Shuey. Adam Perry. Jacob A. Shuey. Rev. J. E. Bowersox. First College Building at Western. First College Building at Toledo After the Fire of 1889 Professor Sylvester S. Dillman. Mrs. Emily L. Dillman. Professor M. W. Bartlett. W. T. Jackson. Mrs. S. J. Staves. E. R. Smith, M. D. Hon. W. F. Johnston. Faculty of 1877. President E. B. Kephart, D, D. Rev. M. S. Drury. President W. M. Beardshear. President J. S. Mills. President A. M. Beal. Hon. E. C. Ebersole, Rev. George Miller. D. D. President Lewis Bookwalter. John Dodds. Major Leander Clark. President C. J. Kephart. Rev. W. T. Beatty. Professor E. F. Warren. Professor W. S. Reese. Professor B. F. McClelland. 11 Rev. L. H. Bufkin. Rev. N. F. Hicks. Rev. R. E. Graves. Rev. O. G. Mason. Jacob Gutshall. A. H. Dolph. J. K. Hobaugh. Jennie Mclntyre Fletcher. S. R. Lichtenwalter. Adam Shambaugh. Hon. John Shambaugh. Hon. H. J. Stiger. President Franklin E. Brooke. Burning the Last Notes and Mortgages, February 1, 1910. Professor Henry W. Ward. Dr. W. O. Krohn. Professor E. F. Buchner. Judge U. S. Guyer. Rev. Willis A. Warren. Austia Patterson Shumaker. Rev. I. N Cain. Mrs. T. N. Cain. Dr. Mary Archer. Administration Building. President's Office. 12 Chapter I. INTEREST IN THE WORK OF HIGHER EDUCATION. THE UNITED BRETHREN CHURCH LATE IN AWAKEN- ING, FOUNDING OF A COLLEGE RECOMMENDED BY THE GENERAL CONFERENCE OF 1845. AGITATION IN SEVERAL CONFERENCES. ACTION BY THE IOWA CONFERENCE, 1855. Although Philip William Otterbein, founder of the United Brethren Church, had been profoundly educated in Germany, both in general letters and in theology, and many of his associates were men of learning and culture, it seems not to have occurred to these fathers that higher education was any part of the work designed by God for the newly organized church. It is even doubtful whether at first there was any thought of a new and separate church organization, the fathers feeling that their mission was to preach the flaming gospel of personal repentance and intense religious experience within established churches that had grown lifeless and formal. To them the all-important thing seemed to be the call- ing of men and women to repentance through deep con- viction for sin, and when this was accomplished they seemed to think their work was done, and the newly- quickened believers, whether within the old churches or from the world, were left to find fellowship wherever they might. Only after years of dissatisfaction with the religious life about them, and of positive persecutions on the part of the churches, did these holders of common religious convictions drift together into a new religious fellowship. Then at last the fathers saw the necessity 13 Western — Leander-CIark College of forming a new church organization and providing spiritual shepherding for these flocks. Even then so little importance was attached to mere church member- ship and so much stress laid upon personal salvation that, after more than half a century of life as a church, during which time sweeping revivals won converts by multiplied thousands, the actual membership of the church barely reached 30,000. If the early leaders of the Church gave any thought at all to higher education in connection with church life, it was with a feeling of misgiving or positive mistrust, since the wealthier and most cultured of the old churches were notoriously the most worldly and spiritually lifeless. Many devout rr^en feared that education would beget pride and would tend to lessen the ''unction of the spirit," which to them was the all-comprehensive qualification of the gospel preacher. Besides, the appeal of the United Brethren Church throughout its early history was almost wholly to an uneducated, hard-headed rural folk, who cared only that their religious teachings should move them mightily by its fervor. After the Church had been in existence for nearly fifty years a new consciousness began to take hold of the more thoughtful, both in the ministry and the laity. It began to be felt that mere church membership as part of a defi- nite organization needed to be more emphasized, and that church loyalty and even a degree of church pride could be made effective in spreading the gospel message. It was further seen, partly from the example of other churches, that institutions of learning furnish centers around which whole districts can rally, drawn together by the bond of a common interest. The final consideration that led the United Brethren 14 Interest in the Work Church to espouse higher education as a definite depart- ment of church activity was the instinct of self-preserva- tion. All movements in human society experience periods of special impetus in a given direction. At this particular time for the Protestant churches of America — especially in Ohio where the United Brethren Church was strongest — there was an unbounded zeal for education, a zeal that expended itself in eagerly founding schools and colleges. To these schools and colleges children from United Brethren homes went for their education, and many of them entered the church that fostered the particular college they had learned to love. Young men educated in those colleges naturally found their way into the min- istry of those churches. To meet the needs of the times, and especially the demands of the future, the Church saw that it must provide institutions of its own for the higher education of its youth. The first official step toward founding an institution of learning for the denomination was taken by the ninth General Conference in the history of the Church, then in session at Circleville, Ohio, in May, 1845. Rev. E. Vandemark, of the Scioto Conference, introduced the subject of higher education to the attention of the Gen- eral Conference by offering the following resolutions : "Resolved, That proper measures be adopted to estab- lish an institution of learning." "Resolved, That it be recommended to the annual con- ferences, avoiding, however, irredeemable debts." After long and earnest discussion the resolutions were adopted by a vote of nineteen yeas to five nays. The agitation that at once began in various annual con- ferences shows that many local leaders w^ere impatiently waiting for just such authoritative sanction. What 15 First College Building at Western. First College Building at Toledo after the fire of LS89. Interest in the Work ington, In that State, but the college did not materialize. In February of the same year the Allegheny Conference resolved to build a college in Mt. Pleasant, Pa., or Johns- town, Pa. The resolution was carried into effect. The college was located in Mt. Pleasant, and in 1850 Mt. Pleasant College opened its doors for the reception of students. In 1849 the Indiana Conference resolved to open a seminary in Hartsville, Indiana. Subsequently the White River Conference indorsed the project, and later the St. Joseph and Wabash conferences for a time gave it nominal support. This flattering success so in- spired the friends of the seminary that they changed the name of the school to Hartsville University. In 1853 the Illinois Conference established Blandinville Seminary, in Blandinville, Illinois. Also about the same time the Michigan Conference accepted a transfer of the Michigan Union College, located at Leoni, Michigan, from the Wesleyan Methodist Church. Thus, in quick succession, came the different schools in our educational beginnings. The location of many of these schools was as equally un- wise as their number." The ten years that followed the General Conference of 1845 witnessed an epoch of expansion for the United Brethren Church, as well as for the whole region lying in the central Mississippi Valley. Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois were rapidly becoming populous, and a tidal wave of im- migration was pouring into the region beyond the Missis- sippi greatly increased by the discovery of gold in Cali- fornia. Ohio had already become the seat of United Brethrenism, with the center at Circleville, and from this center operations were directed with a view to possessing and holding for the Church a share of the adjoining terri- tory, especially toward the west. Almost the whole story 17 Western — Leander-Clark College of the frontier in those days could be told by relating in full the lives of the pioneer preachers, either sent out by the various Protestant churches, or themselves hurrying forward in their eagerness to extend the outposts of Zion. When that complete and honorable story is told, it will be found that the pioneer preachers of the United Breth- ren Church deserve by no means the last share of com- mendation and praise. The circuit rider went every- where looking after both the temporal and the spiritual welfare of his widely-scattered flock. The presiding elder traversed larger districts at less frequent intervals to map out plans of campaigns, to select strategic points in which to plant churches, and, like a good general, to direct all the operations of his extended line of battle. Following, and often leading, the tide of immigration, these devout and sturdy pioneers, traversed and occupied large sections of Indiana and Illinois, and then pushed on across the Mississippi into Iowa and the region still farther west. In the early fifties the tide set in strong toward Iowa, drawn by the irresistible lure of the rolling prairies with their fringes of woodland and stream. The Church of the United Brethren in Christ had already been planted in many places in Iowa, and many earnest ministers were laboring zealously in behalf of the chosen denomination. Among the later arrivals were a few men who had been members of the annual conferences farther east that responded most promptly to the recommendations of the General Conference of 1845 at Circleville, urging the founding of an institution of learning under the auspices of the Church. A leader among these was Rev. Solomon Weaver, who came to Iowa in 1855, direct from the financial agency of Otterbein University, a position to 18 Interest in the Work which he could have been drawn only by a burning zeal In behalf of higher education as a means of furthering the kingdom of God on earth. Mostly self-educated and keenly conscious of the ham- pering effects of the lack of learning upon the progress of the Church, these good men occasionally indulged in dreams of some day starting a high school or college west of the Mississippi, but the majority of churchmen in Iowa thought that such dreams must remain idle and vis- sionary for many years to come. In the presence of grave doubts on the part of the few advocates of a church school and indifference or hostility on the part of the majority, no attempt was made to crystallize sentiment in favor of such an undertaking until 1855. In that year. Rev. Solomon Weaver came to Benton County, Iowa, and took up work in the Iowa Conference. Having been intensely interested in the early years of Otterbein Uni- versity, and having served for a short time as its financial agent, Mr. Weaver came to Iowa with a burning zeal for education by the Church and an abiding conviction that the time for action was at hand. His faith in a possible kingdom of enlightened Christian ideals was almost as sublime as that of Abraham, who, when his children were few and wanderers in the land of promise, believed the word of Jehovah that his seed should become as numer- ous as the stars of heaven, and should possess all the land they now trod upon, and should fill it with a nation destined to be a blessing to all mankind. So vital a part did Rev. Solomon Weaver take in establishing and main- taining a church school in Iowa that he merits the honor of being regarded as the founder of Western College, and for that deserves the grateful remembrance of posterity. 19 IV est em — L eander-Clark Collegr At the session of the Iowa Conference, held in Musca- tine, in August, 1855, the sentiment in favor of taking up educational work in the west at once began to take on more unity and strength. A majority of the members of the conference looked upon the proposal to build a college in the west, under the auspices of the United Brethren in Christ, as wholly visionary. Some of the more progressive were inclined to look with favor upon the establishment of a high school at some future time, but thought action now would be premature. A very few believed that the time was at hand "to launch the ship." These friends of the movement presented to the conference a resolution to set aside a certain hour in which to consider the educational interests of the Church in Iowa and plead the cause so earnestly that the resolu- tions were passed without strenuous opposition. At the same time a committee of three, consisting of Solomon Weaver, J. J. Huber, and M. G. Miller, was appointed to prepare a plan whereby the cause of education might be promoted within the jurisdiction of the conference. At the hour appointed by the previous resolution a long and earnest discussion was precipitated by the con- cise, practical report of the committee that had been charged with the duty of presenting a plan for promoting the educational interests of the Church in Iowa. The committee, with characteristic directness, recommended, first, the election of a Board of Trustees, whose duty it should be to select a site for the location of a college within or near the bounds of the Iowa Conference; and, second, the appointment of a traveling agent to solicit funds for the erection of a primary building. All this was a bold proposal, and many cautious hearts recoiled 20 Interest in the Work. from the undertaking, and some hostile ones opposed it. Solomon Weaver, J. C. Bright, Martin Bowman, and others used their powers of persuasion so effectively that the recommendations were adopted by a decisive vote. The election of a Board of Trustees resulted in the choice of Solomon Weaver, president; Martin G. Miller, secre- tary; Joseph Miller, Daniel Runkle, and Jonathan Neidig. George Miller was elected traveling agent. A committee was then appointed to define more fully the duty of the Board of Trustees. The committee named was : J. C. Bright, chairman, Martin Bowman, and Solomon Weaver. When the report of the committee was presented the latent enthusiasm for the new college had risen to such a pitch that the report was promptly adopted by a unani- mous vote. The report, somewhat imperatively, recom- mended that the Board of Trustees be required, as soon as possible, to select a site for the location of the college in as convenient a place as possible for the whole Church in Iowa ; and in the selection of the site, that the Board of Trustees be further required to extend an invitation to the following members of the Des Moines Conference to meet the Iowa Board in selecting a site: J. DeMoss, George Bonebrake, Henry Bonebrake, A. A. Sellers, and J. Hopkins. The conference, by resolution, voted that the institution be known by the name of the Western College of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, a name appropriate enough at that time, as the college was then the farthest west of the institutions of the Church. Thus the "ship was launched," to the satisfaction of all concerned, and the members of the conference went to their fields of labor ready to champion the new enter- prise. The fact that they did not fully realize the vast- 21 Western— Leander-Clark College ness of the task to which they were committing them- selves, as compared with the meagerness of their re- sources, need not lessen the sublimity of their faith nor the loyalty and purity of their motives. 22 Chapter II. SOME PRELIMINARY STEPS IN SELECTING A SITE. SECURING DONATIONS. THE TOWN OF WESTERN. ERECTION OF A BUILDING. PLANS FOR OPENING SCHOOL. WESTERN COLLEGE ADVOCATE. The first meeting of the Board of Trustees of Western College was held at Vinton, Benton County, Iowa, Octo- ber 15, 1855. There were present, Solomon Weaver, Martin G. Miller, Daniel Runkle, and Jonathan Neidig; absent, Joseph Miller. Rev. Asa Coho, being present, was invited to sit as an advisory member of the Board. The propriety of attempting to build a college was dis- cussed at considerable length, and then, on the motion of M. G. Miller, the Board voted unanimously to proceed in accordance with the instructions of the conference to select a site for the College. The Board passed a resolu- tion that a manual labor department be connected with the College; it was then decided to locate two hundred acres for the college buildings, town, and farm. Rev. Geo. Miller, in consequence of ill health, tendered his resigna- tion as traveling agent, which resignation was accepted. As several offers of a college site from as many localities were presented, the Board adjourned to allow the mem- bers to examine the sites proposed; one of these sites was in Benton County, one in Poweshiek County, one in Linn County. The second meeting of the Board was held in Lisbon, Linn County, November 12, 1855. Representatives from the various local communities bidding for the site of the College were present with the proposals of said commu- 23 Western — Leander-Clark College nities. Several representatives requested that selection of the site, be deferred a month or two, promising that their offers could in that time be swelled to double the present amount. The Board accordingly set Monday, December 24, as the time for a final hearing of proposals for a site. Before adjournment the Board elected its secretary, Rev. Martin G. Miller, as traveling agent of the College to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rev. George Miller; the salary of the agent was fixed at three hundred dollars a year. It was also decided that immediately after the location should be chosen a resident agent should be appointed, whose duty it should be to proceed at once with the erection of a substantial brick building, not less than sixty-two feet long, thirty-six feet wide, and three stories high. During the intervals between the adjournment of the Board and the next meeting the communities interested in securing the location of the college bestirred themselves to make as good a showing as possible. The people of Shueyville and vicinity were especially earnest in their efforts. Father Jacob Shuey and his sons, all laymen in the United Brethren Church, generous-hearted men and devotedly attached to their Church, took the lead in making donations toward the enterprise and in soliciting the help of their neighbors. Adam Perry, John W Henderson, and W. A. Wherry, none of them -at the time members of the Church, were almost equally active and generous, giving freely gifts of land and money, and aidmg by their interest and earnest advocacy. Among the mmisters, Rev. Solomon Weaver and Rev. J E Bowersox engaged actively in the securing of the loca- tion for Shueyville. Donations to the amount of six thousand dollars in cash and lands were secured, and 34 Some Preliminary Steps Captain William H. Shuey and Jacob A. Shuey, sons of Father Jacob Shuey, chief donor, were commissioned to carry the proposition of the community to the Board at its session, to be held in the Sugar Creek schoolhouse, December 24, 1855. As the journey of these brothers is characteristic of the difficulties encountered in founding Western College, and of the spirit by which those difficul- ties were met and conquered, it deserves fuller narration. The distance from Shueyville to Sugar Creek was about thirty miles, and that distance the brothers were constrained to traverse on foot, as the snow was very deep and the roads all but impassable for teams. The winter of 1855-56 was unusually severe, and when the journey began the mercury registered thirty-three degrees below zero. After a day of hard struggling through snowdrifts and exposure to biting winds and bitter cold, the Shueys stopped at a new frame hotel and were put into an unplastered room without a fire. In the morn- ing Jacob found that his nose had been severely frozen. That day, December 24, the journey was continued to the Sugar Creek schoolhouse where the proposition of the Shueyville community was laid before the Board. In the minutes of this, the third regular session of the Board, appears the following entry : "Inasmuch as William H. Shuey has presented a proposition to this Board of a donation of six thousand dollars, provided the college be located in the neighbor- hood of Shueyville, near the southwest corner of Linn County, Iowa ; therefore, ''Resolved, That we locate Western College near the southwest corner of Linn County." Whether other propositions were presented to the Board ^t this session does not appear from the records. At the 25 Western — Leander-Clark College same session the Board authorized Father Jacob Shuey to go to Virginia to borrow $10,000 for the use of Western College. Jacob Miller, on account of ill health, sent in his resignation as a member of the Board, and W. H. Shuey was elected in his stead. Solomon Weaver was appointed a committee to procure articles of incor- poration for the College in accordance with the Code of Iowa. The location thus chosen was on the open prairie, one mile north of Shueyville. It lay in Section 34, Putnam Township, Linn County. The site consisted of 240 acres, and was intended to furnish land for the College buildings and grounds, the town that was expected to spring up around the College, and the College nursery. Jacob Shuey donated 160 acres, Adam Perry 40 acres, and W. A. Wherry 40 acres. In addition, Jacob Shuey gave 40 acres of timber land some miles away. The motive that led to the choice of such a location for a church college was probably twofold. In common with many churches, the founders of the College assumed that Christian education could best be secured in the quiet of the country, or the country village away from the tempta- tions and distractions of the city. Another, and perhaps stronger motive, was the hope that friends of the enter- prise would flock in and build homes in the proposed town, or buy up the adjacent farm lands and then give the college a thoroughly friendly environment and a strong local support. This hope was only partially realized. At a session of the Board, held at Shueyville, February 11, 1856, plans for pushing the College were advanced in several important particulars. All members were present, and besides nearly all the leading citizens met with the Board, drawn together by the deep interest the 26 "" Some Preliminary Steps undertaking was arousing. All such citizens and friends were, by vote, made advisory members of the Board. Solomon Weaver, previously appointed for that purpose, presented articles of incorporation, the corporation cre- ated to go into eflfect March 1, 1856. The report was adopted, signed by the proper officers, and ordered re- corded in the recorder's office of Linn County. Solomon Weaver was elected resident agent of the College, the Board defining his duties as follows : To take charge of all the property belonging to the College, procuring material for a primary building, and superintending the erection of said building; to hold all bonds, articles, and deeds ; to sell town lots and the property belonging to the College ; to make deeds and receive purchase money, and report in full to the treasurer every three months, his books to be open at all times to the inspection of the Executive Committee. Rev. J. E. Bowersox, Captain William H. Shuey, and Rev. Solomon Weaver were elected the first Executive Committee, all of whom served loyally for many years. Those present at this meeting, both members of the Board of Trustees and visitors, walked north from Shuey- ville one mile to Section 34, Putnam Township, the proposed location of the College, to make the formal selection of a site for buildings and grounds. As Jacob A. Shuey remembers, there were nineteen persons present on this memorable occasion, some of the names recalled being Solomon Weaver, Martin G. Miller, Captain W. H. Shuey, Adam Runkle, and Jonathan Neidig, members of the Board of Trustees; Father Jacob Shuey, Adam Perry, W. A. Wherry, Robert G. Shuey, Jason H. Shuey, J. E. Bowersox, and J. A. Shuey, interested spectators. Of this entire company only two 27 Western — Leander-Clark College are living, R. G. Shuey and J. A. Shuey. To that band of earnest men there must have come some glimmering sense of the great work in which they were engaged, one stage of which this day marked, a work not so great in itself as in the reliant faith on which it was based and the unworldly purity of its aims and ideals. Like the Pilgrim Fathers, these Iowa pioneers felt the solemn obligations of the future resting upon the small beginning of the present. The particular plot of ground chosen for college pur- poses was an elevated prairie commanding a view of the surrounding country. Near the center of this plot a campus of seventeen acres was located, and one of the highest points on the campus was selected as the site of the first college building. When this choice had been made, J. A. Shuey, then a lad in his teens, went to a fence, some forty rods away, secured a stake and set it up in a snowdrift to mark the place where the build- ing was to be erected. This done, one stage of the plant- ing of the College was completed. Posterity must not only reverence the spirit of the founders of Western College, but must also hold their judgment in high esteem when the whole situation is looked at through their eyes and from their point of view. The hopes built upon the advantages of the location chosen may be seen from the following, taken from the second issue of the Western College Advocate, dated August, 1856: "No city, town, or village in Iowa can boast of a finer surrounding agricultural region than Western College. This in itself is sufficient to build up a prosperous and thriving village; and the large bodies of fine timber, so convenient to the town, will bear us out in the opinion 28 Some Preliminary Steps that this must, eventually, be one of the wealthiest farm- ing communities in the State. Its location, on nearly a direct line between the thriving towns of Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, is another great advantage to the College. To Iowa City there is a railroad in successful operation ; by next year there will be one, if not two, railroads com- pleted to Cedar Rapids from the east. It seems to be a settled point that Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, at no distant day, will be connected by railroad, and there is a strong probability that Western College will be a point on that connection. To Iowa City there is a good wagon road through Shueyville, Robert's Ferry, North Bend, and Clark's Mills ; and a more direct road is now in con- templation to Cedar Rapids. ''The material for manufacturing a superior quality of brick is convenient, and stone for lime kilns can be had in great abundance. In the grove south of the College, Henderson, Howard, and Myers have in success- ful operation one of the best saw mills in the country; they are now connecting with it a flouring mill. In the same grove is Foremaster's mill, which turns out large quantities of fine lumber. At Shueyville, close by, Evans, Shuey and Company are erecting mills for the manufacture of lumber and flour. Hoosier Branch on the north and Shuey's Branch on the south furnish fresh, pure water for stock, and our wells furnish good, cold water for man. "To the enterprising farmer and mechanic our town and vicinity offer rare inducements. Lands, improved and unimproved, can be bought on reasonable terms. Mechanics of all kinds are much in demand here. A rich reward will most certainly crown their honest toil. "We do not think that a better location for a college could have been selected than this; and we do hope the 29 IV est em — Leander-Clark College indenture shall be void and without effect and with all singular to fall back into the hands of the grantor of the deed, otherwise to be of full force and virtue.' " July, 1857: "There are now forty buildings in the place, with a population of about three hundred. It is only about one year since the town commenced building." In the meantime the resident agent and the Executive Committee, under instructions from the Board, were push- ing the work of erecting a building in which to open school. It had been decided that the first to be erected should be the Primary Building, a brick structure 36 by 62 feet, and three stories high. Actual work on the building was begun in June, 1856. The first load of brick was hauled by Robert Shuey. Leonard Hill had charge of the mason and brick work, and J. Berger of the carpenter work. It was hoped to have the building ready for opening school in the late rautumn, but unavoidable delays prolonged the work, and then a winter of great severity set in early, and at one time led even the stout- hearted almost to despair of being able to open school with the new year. However, by dint of persistent labor and no little expense, the work was so far advanced that the triumphant announcement could be made that school would open January 1, 1857. The Cedar Valley Times, published at Cedar Rapids, gives the following excellent description of the College, the town, and the surrounding country : "A few days since we stood upon the top of the College building — a large three-story brick — and looked down upon a village of forty-three dwelling houses and more tlian three hundred inhabitants. It stands in a yard containing seventeen acres, and is designed eventually for the Primary Department, but until the other buildings 32 PROFESSOR SYLVESTER S. DILLMAN, A.M. First Professor of Mathematics in Western College, 1857 to 1860. MRS. EMILY L. DILLMAN First Lady Principal of Western College, Some Preliminary Steps are erected, this will be used for the College proper. It is built of brick, in a plain, neat style, and everything about it indicates that the workmen thoroughly under- stood their business. The first story is occupied by four recitation rooms, each eighteen by twenty-two feet, a library, and a room for apparatus. The whole of the second story is taken up by a very pleasant chapel, which can comfortably seat five hundred persons. It is used for religious service on Sabbath. The fact that it is generally filled on these occasions speaks well for the morals of the town and the community. The third story is occupied by twelve students' rooms. It is designed next summer to build a ladies' boarding hall of the same dimensions as the building just described, and a year from next summer the main College building, which is to be fifty by eighty feet. The project of making the place an educational center now seems likely to realize the most sanguine expectations of its friends. The second college season opens to-day (August 20), at which time a great number of students are expected. Besides a large amount of town property, the College corporation owns a valuable tract adjoining the plat, which is intended for the College farm, as the manual labor system is to be adopted. No small share of the success thus far is due to the untiring energy and zeal of the president of the corporation, Rev. S. Weaver. "The top of the College building affords one of the most glorious views of prairie scenery it has ever been our lot to witness. To the westward and the northward, almost as far as the eye could reach, is the magnificent, rich, wild prairie, stretching away into an endless expanse, but for the low, blue outline of the forest belts of the Cedar and Iowa rivers. In the other directions the 33 Western — Leander-Clark College country is more broken by low lines of hills or ridges, running north and south, and the landscape is varied by numerous groves and forests which limit the view. One of the finest and most interesting features of this beautiful scenery was a field of nine hundred acres of wheat and corn belonging to Mr. Shuey. We believe many an eastern farmer would feel himself well paid for a journey to Iowa by such a view as this. "The Iowa Union Railroad, from Iowa City to Cedar Rapids, will pass through Western, giving the place a good market and making it convenient of access. The preliminary survey of this road was completed about a month ago. It will undoubtedly be built, and at no distant day. "No one expects or predicts that Western will ever be- come a large city, but with the superior educational ad- vantages she already possesses, her intelligent, go-ahead class of citizens, the splendid surrounding country, which is rapidly settling up, and a good prospect of railroad communication, she cannot fail to become a large, flour- ishing country town." In the month of June, W. H. Shuey and Solomon Weaver associated themselves together for the purpose of publishing a monthly magazine in the interests of Western College, they assuming all responsibility for the publication. In the initial number, published in July, 1856, the editors make the following manly statements of their motives and aims : "Before the reading public we place the first number of the Western College Advocate and Miscellaneous Magazine, and in asking for our enterprise a small share of its generous patronage and good wishes, it may be proper for us to say a few words by way of introduction. 34 Some Preliminary Steps **At the last session of the Iowa Annual Conference of the United Brethren in Christ measures were taken to establish, near or within the limits of that Conference, an institution of learning. A Board of Trustees was appointed and Western College has been located at West- ern, Linn County, Iowa. As to the progress that has already been made toward building up a college that will be an honor to the Church and meet fully the wants of this age of scientific and educational progress and reform, reference is made in one or two articles in this issue. "Although there is every reason for the friends of the College to rejoice at the success that has already crowned the efforts made in its behalf, yet much remains to be done. An organ through which to speak to the friends of the institution, seems to be absolutely necessary; its speedy completion should be the desire of all its well wishers, but to do this will require a strong, a mighty effort. In the Advocate we propose to furnish the organ desired, and when we ask for support, it is not through any motives of personal pecuniary profit ; we pledge our- selves to give the net proceeds to the enterprise as an appropriation to a college library. Our readers now have a brief statement of the circumstances that have induced us to assume the responsibility of an editorial capacity. "As to the character we intend to give our sheet, our readers may form some general opinions from the cir- cumstances that induce us to go into the enterprise, and from the issue before them. We do not deem it neces- sary to make any promises. To gratify the virtuous tastes of our readers, and to present to them a readable magazine, scrupulously moral in its tone, shall be our aim." 35 Western — Leander-Clark College The publication was in magazine form, and filled with selected readings, original contributions, news notes, and editorials. Both in mechanical makeup and in subject matter the magazine was not only a credit to early days, but would compare favorably with many college publica- tions of to-day. The excellence of the magazine demands the greater admiration when it is learned that the editors received no remuneration except the satisfaction of con- tributing to a worthy cause, and that both were overbur- dened with other duties, Mr. Shuey being so immersed in business that he could give little attention to the Advocate, and Mr. Weaver being president of the Board, and later of the College, resident agent, and business manager of the College, member of the Executive Committee, besides caring for a large presiding elder's district in a new country. He has intimated that his editorial duties were performed when the multitude was hushed in sleep; that then with weary limb and mind he seated himself beside the dim taper to force out a few reluctant thoughts. One year after the Advocate was started, the Board, at its first annual session in June, 1857, took over the con- trol of the magazine and made it the official organ of the College, retaining, however, the same editors as before. This arrangement continued until 1859, at which time the College bought a press, changed the name of the paper to the Western College Reporter, and the form to a news- paper folio. At a meeting of the Board, held in July, 1856, Solomon Weaver was appointed a delegate to the Des Moines Conference to solicit it to cooperate with Western College. Mr. Weaver visited the conference, in session at Polk City, and secured its cooperation. A few passages from his report will be of interest, especially that part which Z6 Some Preliminary Steps shows how narrowly the Church escaped having two rival colleges in Iowa. "There is considerable talk about building a college in Polk City, yet we believe that if the impropriety of build- ing up such a host of one-horse, half-starved schools is properly presented that this conference will most heartily cooperate with the Iowa Conference in building up a school that will be an ornament to the church of our choice. A resolution passed the house setting apart Fri- day, three o'clock, to consider their educational interests. ''Thursday afternoon. The idea of building a college in this place is still fondly cherished by a number of the brethren. Mr. Bennet, M. D., though not a member of the Brethren Church, has made the brethren a liberal offer, provided they would locate their college there. "Thursday evening. Brother Manning preached a clear and practical discourse. He very appropriately gave the peculiar institution a broadside, as he passed along, but none too broad we think. "Friday, three o'clock. A resolution to cooperate with the Iowa Annual Conference in building a college at Western, Linn County, Iowa, was offered by Brothers Dencops and Eckles, and discussed by Brothers Shuler, Carr, Harcourt, Glossbrenner, and myself, on the affirma- tive, and Doctor Bennet, Brothers Hopkins, and Brooks, on the negative ; after which the question was called for, and, when put, the conference almost unanimously passed the resolution. "The following brethren were then elected trustees for Western College: J. Hopkins, H. Bonebrake, G. Bone- brake, C. Witt, A. A. Sellers. "The Board of Trustees organized by acquiescing with the Iowa Annual Conference in the election of S. Weaver, 37 Western — Leander-Clark College president of the Board and resident agent, and W. R. Miller, secretary. R. Logan was elected traveling agent." Rock River Conference came into cooperation soon after, followed some time later by Minnesota, and still later by Wisconsin. The next meeting of the Board, the first in which the Des Moines Conference participated, was held at West- ern, October 9, 1856. At this session, Solomon Weaver was elected president of the College, and the Executive Committee and the resident agent were instructed to em- ploy a competent teacher and open the school as soon as a part of the building could be made ready for the purpose. So far as the Board was concerned, this ended the preliminary stages of its work; when next it met it was in the first annual session, June, 1857, at the close of the first term of actual school work. In the December issue of the Western College Advo- cate appears the following announcement and statement of rules, all most interesting, both as showing the condi- tion of the time, and proving that the fathers took the undertaking very seriously: "The first session of the school commences at Western, January 1, 1857, and will continue until some time in June. Students are requested to be present, if possible, at the opening of the session. They can be received at any time afterwards, yet it is desirable for them to be present in the commencement. "Note — This session will be longer than an ordinary one. "sessions and vacations. "The collegiate year will be divided into two sessions, each twenty weeks in length. The regular time for com- mencing sessions, etc., will be determined by the faculty 38 Some Preliminary Steps and Executive Committee immediately after the organi- zation of the former. "expenses. Tuition, per session — Geography, EngHsh Gram- mar, and Arithmetic $ 7.00 Higher Branches, inchiding Mathematics and Natural Science 10.00 Languages and Mental and Moral Science 12.00 Boarding, per week, including room rent, fuel, etc 2.50 "Young ladies and gentlemen are respectfully solicited to avail themselves of the privileges of Western College. "Note. — Text-books can be had at the institution. "Tuition invariably in advance, unless special arrange- ments are made with the agent. No deduction will be made for absence, except in case of protracted sickness. "rules. "The students of this institution are expected to observe the following rules: 1. To be diligent in study, punctual and prompt at prayers and recitations and not to leave town during the term, unless for a short walk or ride for recreation, without permission from some member of the faculty. "2. To use no profane or unbecoming language; to abstain from all games of chance, the carrying of arms, and the use of intoxicating liquors ; to conduct themselves orderly on all occasions; and to be kind and obliging, one toward another. "3. To be present at their rooms at night, unless absent at religious meetings, or some other meeting ap- proved by the faculty; and then not to be absent later than ten o'clock. 39 Western' — Leander-Clark College "4. To observe the Sabbath and attend church in the College Chapel every Sabbath at such times as the Board of Trustees and faculty may, from time to time, direct. It is also required that the students attend all lectures designed for the general interest of the College. "5. At no time to engage in scuffling, running, jump- ing, or hallooing in the halls of the building. "6. Not to throw dirt, or ashes, or water from the windows ; not to spit tobacco spittle upon the floors ; not to mark the walls, nor in any way injure the property of the University. "7. Not unnecessarily to visit each other's rooms dur- ing study, or in any way disturb students when studying. "8. The sexes not to visit each other's rooms or halls in any case whatever. "9. Ladies not to receive the visits of young gentle- men, nor go into company without special permission. "Study hours from 5 to 7, and from half past 8 to half past 11 a.m. ; and from 1 to 4, and from 7 to 9 p.m. "Some oral rules may, from time to time, be given to the students. These will be considered as binding as written or printed ones." 40 Chapter III. OPENING DAY AT WESTERN. SMALL BEGINNINGS. FIRST "exhibition." MANUAL LABOR. SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS LIFE. New Year's Day, 1857, was a red-letter day for the United Brethren Church in Iowa in general and in par- ticular for the two or three hundred, who, as a Pilgrim band seeking a promised land, had already established themselves in, and near Western. The long looked-for day had come, their dreams had become realities, the opening day of college had actually arrived. What cared they that a winter of unusual severity was upon them with some of the most sweeping snow storms ever ex- perienced on those prairies. From every direction they came for the opening exercises — from Western, from Shueyville, from the prairies — all Jerusalem, all Judea, and all the region round about Jordan. There was not wanting the inspiration of music. The Shueyville Band — that necessity in a frontier community — was present in force and did the occasion justice. The Western Choir — fitting prophecy of the musical 'culture to center here — "frequently regaled us by appropriate airs and songs." Several addresses were delivered, the principal one being by President Weaver. This address so pleased the people that at its close the following resolution was offered and heartily passed : ''Resolved, That we, the citizens of this community, earnestly solicit Rev. S. Weaver to publish the address to which we have just listened in the Western College Advocate." 41 opening Day at Western As a tribute to the man and to the occasion and spirit in which the College began its life, that address is worthy of a place in this history; consequently we give the open- ing portion as it appeared in the Advocate of January, 1857. "Ladies and Gentlemen : For the last several months we looked forward to this day with great anxiety. With thrilling interest we watched our faithful masons handling the trowel and the brick. Every course laid up by them was a source of encouragement to us. With equal inter- est have we watched every progressive step of our untir- ing carpenters. "At length we are permitted to see this capacious edifice enclosed and the work almost completed. Greater harmony, perhaps, never prevailed among workmen and employers than among us. Not a single jarring string has been heard; one heart and one aim has prevailed throughout. "True, we, like all others engaged in enterprises of a benevolent and philanthropic character, have waded through many discouragements. Difficulties and dis- heartening circumstances have crowded upon us all along the way, yet God, in whom we trust, has not suffered us to sink. "A short time since, dark clouds overspread our moral horizon, wickedness prevailed predominant, our strongest men grew weak, the very heavens appeared like brass. Then we were ready to say, 'Lord, we cannot go unless thou go with us' ; but at this crisis the Lord favored us with a general outpouring of his spirit. Scarcely a lady or gentleman of the place escaped the overpowering in- fluence of the spirit of God. This possessed us with new courage; we could most clearly see the hand of the Lord 42 Western — Leander-Clark College in the work. Since that time, until now, we have gone forward with buoyant spirits, prosecuting the work as- signed us. "In looking at our present condition it would be im- possible for us to tell what we may be in the future. It is certain, however, that as long as we labor, trusting in God, the work will go forward; but to depart from this is to die. "Our success thus far, in view of the circumstances, is almost unparalleled ; our most sanguine hopes have been more than realized. "But a few months since the Board met in Shueyville, and then and there determined to commence the erection of an institution of learning on this beautiful prairie, though without one dollar in the treasury. Then that old, wind-shaken house, now occupied by the speaker, was the only house within the precincts of the village plat. Not a single brick was moulded toward the erection of this building ; all was in embryo. But with a firm reliance upon God the Board resolved to commence the work. Since then a beautiful little village of some two hundred inhabitants has grown up, and this building, at a cost of nearly eleven thousand dollars, has been erected. It is true that a part of the money invested in this building was secured by loan, yet, notwithstanding this, every claim against this school can be easily met by next sum- mer, after which the actual value of the school property will be not less than thirty thousand dollars. "But the erection of buildings is only a preparatory step toward the great work before us. The training and developing of immortal minds for usefulness is the prin- cipal object aimed at. Should we fail in this, even after we succeed in erecting splendid buildings, furnishing 43 opening Day at Western them with fine apparatus, and adding to this, a learned facuhy, all our efforts would be lost. The student generally enters college at an age when the mind is more susceptible of receiving instruction and adopting principles than at any other period of human life ; hence, the impressions made upon the mind at college usually follow him through life." The faculty for the first term consisted of Rev. Solo- mon Weaver, president (he, however, did no teaching, except a Bible class on Monday) ; Sylvester S. Dillman, principal of the Male Department; J. C. Shrader, assist- ant; and Emily L. Dillman, principal of the Female Department. Thirty-eight students were enrolled in the regular classes, mainly in the common school branches. In addi- tion, twenty children were taught in the College building, presumably by the College teachers, a temporary provision brought about by the fact that Western did not yet have a public school, and by the peculiarly intimate, almost organic, relation existing between College and town. These were small beginnings, to be sure, but many great institutions have sprung from conditions quite as humble. An editorial in the Advocate, dated March, 1857, showed the hopeful spirit in which the little community looked upon the progress of her undertaking. Two items of special interest are : The ever-elusive hope of a rail- road in the near future, and the assuring reference to the College farm with its possibilities for student labor. "Since the weather has become moderate, it is all stir among our citizens. Our mechanics have whetted their tools and the welcome sound of the hammer is again heard throughout the village. Teamsters have hitched to their rolling vehicles instead of their sliding ones, 44 Western — Leander-Clark College and there is more talk about putting up houses, fencing lots, etc., than there is about Buchanan and Fremont. "Present prospects indicate extensive improvements in our town this season. We predict that not less than fifty buildings will be erected this year, and many of them superior in style and size to any of their predecessors. Our friends are coming in from every direction. This is as it should be. It is to their interest to come. A more beautiful and healthful location can not be found on this side of the Rocky Mountains ; and as to the quality of the soil, it cannot be surpassed. It is just as good as any man need desire. Our citizens are sanguine in the opinion that in less than two years our ears will be saluted by the whistle of the iron horse. Stock is now being taken up for the Iowa Union Railroad, which, when built, must pass through our place, as it is on the direct route from Iowa City to Cedar Rapids. "Our College is now in sucessful operation, affording rare facilities for educating our youth, and will be greatly improved the present season. "The plan upon which our village is laid out offers in- ducements to persons wishing to come here with families. Lots containing one or more acres can be had on good terms. These lots are adapted to private residences. As the education of our sons and daughters is a great part of the work of the parent, we think it would be to the interest of our friends to crowd around this school and liberally educate their children and assist us by their means and influence in building up an institution that, in the true sense of the word, will be a nursery of piety and a blessing to our race. Our friends who are accus- tomed to daily labor, and desire to rear their children to habits of industry, need entertain no fears in this direc- 45 opening Day at Western tion, for we are as well convinced of the importance of manual labor, in order -to .the student's well-being, as you possibly can be ; and, in order to do this, we are now engaged in enclosing a farm of one hundred and sixty acres, eighty of which will be cultivated the present sum- mer, commencing the first of April. This will afford a considerable amount of labor for the students, nearly as much, perhaps, as will be necessary for them to do." At the end of the first term of school, in lieu of com- mencement exercises, the College gave what is called an "Exhibition." As this was the first public exercise pre- sented by the school itself, the Advocate's account of the occasion will be read with interest. It will be noted that even then a play was part of the closing exercises. "The Exhibition of Western College, which took place on the last evening of the closing exercises of the first session, was of an interesting character and did credit to the students of the school. "Essays were read in the following order: 'Female Education,' Miss V. H. Perry, Western; Tombs,' Miss Orrel M. HoUan, Cedar Rapids; 'Memories of Child- hood,' Miss E. S. DeMoss, Western. The orations were: 'Responsibilities of Youth,' J. T. Aleman, Western ; 'Edu- cation,' Isaac Berger, Western ; 'Power of Thought,' Wm. O. Beam, Western ; 'Progressive Spirit of Our Country,' A. C. Weaver, Western; and 'Time,' S. R. Pearce, Providence, R. I. "The twenty-two characters in the colloquy — 'The Miser's Reform' — were most appropriately personified by the young ladies and gentlemen who participated. "The largest concourse of people that ever assembled on any occasion in this community was perfectly en- raptured with the performance of the Western Choir. 46 Western — Leander-Clark College *'We think the large concourse of people present dis- persed with very favorable opinions of the success of the first session of the College, and we hope they will have the privilege, in the progress of the school, to witness many such occasions." Similar "exhibitions" seem to have been given at the close of each year until real commencement exercises could be given with the graduates of the first class, in June, 1864. Through the thoughtfulness of Mr. T. G. Smith, of Huntington, Indiana, who preserved his program of the "Exhibition" given at the close of the first full year, we are able to give our readers a facsimile of that document, as shown on page 49. The first years of the College were years of sturdy and steady growth. Students came in increasing numbers, some of them men and women of rare talent. The friends of the College were active and full of hope. The teachers were conscientious men and women with high standards of scholarship and lofty ideals of their calling. As a consequence the College soon found itself with a wide-spread and well-deserved reputation. In the spring of 1859 the enrollment reached one hundred and twenty, a high-water mark maintained until the breaking out of the Civil War threatened to close the institution alto- gether. Advertisements (of which a facsimile is presented on the following page) issued during the summer vacation of 1857 will show that the teaching force was being enlarged, and that an effort was being made to differen- tiate the work of the departments of the College. Later in the year, M. W. Bartlett was secured as professor of Latin and Greek. 47 Western — Leander Clark College RESIDENT AGENT'S DEPARTMENT ^n^JirovjrcEjrEjTT Fon time p^ul ^jrn u^ijitter terjv. Tlie next Se<«ian «l tliU CoUege will opmon THURSDAY, A.XJGUST 20, 1857, AND iriLL COXTIN'fE IX SESSION TWENTY WEEKS. ••* RATES OF TUITION AND OTHER EXPENSES. Primary Engll'li liranclii;*, ix-r Session _^ T.Od Hifher Fn;(lish hranches, p^r 8e«BioD„ „ „ 10.00 l^alin anil Orcek L.in£uage«, per Session - _. 14.09 Boam!ngp<'r wock _ from $i.00 hed io private famUiei. ■ *♦* FACILITIES FOR INSTRUCTION. Prar. S. S. niT.I.MAN uill give iattrnctlon Id MiTiti Mines, and vfll aI., will give a courte ql Lecturea od A.VATOirr aod rorsioiocY duflftt^k* latt half 01 the Tcnii. A PraraiiMar of I.aasnaseft *!n give instmctloa in ibe'I.a foagea baa t«fD (.oaitlrely engaged up lo t)ie tiin* wr go to | ttrr. lut eveiy effiut i> being made to cccora • ««■>• ii«tent oiao tor tliat department br Ihe opening of Ihe next terra, ftaoold no ProfesKir b« otCAL DlUwrsra. Sir* J.4l'. $HR ADER will give Instrnctioji in Oeociui'UV nnd ilic PkisaM' CK.t.vcHcs. FEMALE DEPARTMENT. MrM. eMII>Y A. UILI.MA.N, frinclpiU. | Mm. H. B. PABBtENTER, AtOmnt. Laiiien will reritc In the i*me cl&ssee as gcnilemen nben pursuicg tht taioe tta^^eu- XiWUea trvoLabntA wUB be * fu.-iiiilied with con:fort«tile boarding placm iu private bmilin. I «•»■ — — APPARATUS. Tte Cefifcc ia furjiblird <• UJi an csteiiaive aaiptVef Cbe&icaf ApMiWn* ■Rd CAeiitrcal^, wb'ich, togctter wfiii tha arproprtatiaD r«c*ntlv made, wUfWard ample meaiia for UIoafraliOBr Id Chemistry. Tb« IXparlioenI vf An'siomy and I'hjelology will be furnlibed vUb a Eke'.eton, Cbari^ctc. MANUAL LAJ5 0R. Tbe ManixJ LabohMfato hsa not been fullr matured.. Aryat»MmenU wilt, hoverer, be made (o° ntpply ftoilccta w Uk kib«r iSiviog iberaUmootb^ CoofiOerable lebac.itUl olaolie fortiished during Ota Winter uootb*. DESIGN OF THE INSTITUTION. Thia InititalioD ha« been la nperatien one MMion, and though of recKr.t origin. It !< twOered U will, hr ibe rptniDg of the iMtt Eenaiop; tfStrd (arilities for hiFtruction equal to any C^lCpg* ia-tfie Stidft/ l^e 1>iutrea and ncuity arc-detnmlMd to apcie-no p^na or expense to Uiild up a tir*t dan Callege. . ' AN(idar«(ran>eor atudy w41lbead«pl«dby the opt'iiiugof wxttern^asd Coljeaa flaataaarranirrd ta room aa Ua waatf oi tbe ivMitutien tsay demand tbem. S. WH-W^B, B«aI4cW AacM. 48 %'■ J .^i PROFESSOR M. W. BARTLETT, A.M. Professor in Western College from 1858 to 1867 and Acting President one year. W. T. JACKSON, Ph.D. First Classical Graduate of Western Col- lege, 1864. MRS. S. J. STAVES Early Student at Western : Instrumental in securing the Memorial Tablet to West- ern's Soldier Boys. E. R. SMITH, M.D. Member of the Executive Committee ever since the College came to Toledo in 1881. HON. W. F. JOHNSTON Member of the Executive Committee for thirty years since 1881. i^\^^\ ANNUAL EXHIBITION J ORDER OF EXERCISES; MUSIC. PRAVER, MUSIC. ESSAYS: Moroing, Noon and Night, Tho Present Age ..Ml., t. .\. (-.H-k. WvHlcni. . M,r» ^:..r. \j\«vcr, vv.,t.r... MUSIC. Life's Spring, Mi-i.J. l'.O...u«>. \Vi-«tii<^ MuuiC, Mj»k C. -.\. tt'Mkvr. Bdiiiitr Vnlky. Reality Of Life. Mw t- J- 'Si'faJ'"'. Ohio. orations: Plea for I he Bible, ... ...iW.IC;. McCiuioii, X.» York. Sell' B.steeiu T. O. Smith, Indian*. No Man without influence, ... ' B. F. Bii-in>, Wwtcni- ^MmtMim: The Present Condition of Our Countrjr, K B .Soix-r, Jonci C». Mystories of Nature, C Hijr)choldoi-,Ci"diii U»pids. Catholicism. ' ^' f Wnjrer. t\',!rti.rn. »IXTSIO. Keligton tin Chief Concern of Moh, The Tfc>vili,a)ul iho South." i>. B. B..bb. Ill>< I I «l„l..v IJ MUSIC. DISCXTSSIOJN' . liesoivcU That Iho tendencies of our Qovernnieiit ore -tc- 1 ..,!), 1 Il-l. l-.ll. ;-.\. ilVli^ilC;. • •<' COI. LOQI' V. OHARACTEI .. 111.. Mwl,;...! •• i Kr, 1- ••! A..I ., CHARACTERS REPRESENTED. thikviif \V<>«'< I' ^ Itivina. .Virtoiii''. It"- >t<-T«l'f""' ^^ f ilcfaiii'ii. Oroilimo, f .., ..... ... 1.,..,. ^ |i..u(.'b- iSabrinn. ) K W . Ki— Sliyjiik. Tl«- Jr* . W. I). Biiv> I l-dhis. TlKa).c»i.r..f I..-.. , «' W.t'edefti.k V«rt>«i;,Tlu' Uxliu-V t'k'fk T. (i. Htii:i'< (M.-rk of tlK- ('."in. U. V OHiliil .tr..nileiiu i Musir (!r.NLl>J[CTfON ? j/^^l, 49 Western — Leander-Clark College As has already been intimated, the founders of the College undertook at the very beginning to incorporate a manual labor system as an organic part of their institu- tion "of equal importance with the other departments of the school." In that day manual labor departments seem to have been thought by the founders of colleges a necessary provision, not as in the present day to train young people for intelligent success in agriculture, me- chanic arts, or domestic science, but to furnish the sys- tematic exercise necessary for the health of the students, and, above all, to counteract that supposed tendency of college education to make young men haughty and indo- lent. For a vigorous statement of the hopes and fears entertained by the advocates of the movement nothing could be better than the following page from the resident agent's department, taken from the Western College Advocate for August, 1857. (See page 51.) In addition to the 160-acre farm mentioned in the agent's statement, the College laid out a nursery on the edge of its town tract, and for many years seems to have conducted a good business in all kinds of nursery stock. The farm, merely as a farm enterprise, seems to have been reasonably profitable during the five years that the College operated it, but it sadly disappointed the hopes of those who strove so earnestly to make farm work a constituent part of the College course. No doubt the failure of the plan was inherent in the plan itself; it was an attempt to impose an artificial condition on student life. True, students were paid for their labor, but not many students find it either congenial or profitable to drop school work for several hours each day in order to work on a farm a mile away — and walking bad at that. The experiment was kept up for five years and then abandoned, and the farm was sold at a very low price. 50 opening Day at Western RESIDENT AGENT'S DEPARTMENT. Manttal Labor Collkges have been pronounced by high authority one of the humbugs of the age ; by some they are classed with the exploded humbugs ; and there is enough in the history of Western colleges to justify these opinions. Very few in- stitutions of learning have been established, within the last thirty years, west of the Alleghanies, that have not at their commencement claimed to bo manual labor schools- and, yet, wo do not know of a single college in successful operation, that can, in any true sense of the terra, bo called &. Manttal Labor College. These are facts* and these facts were staring the founders of Western College in the face when they decided that manual labor should be connected with this institution. It may then be interest- ing to the friends of this enterprise to learn what stops have already been "taken, and what plan is proposed for the future to avoid what seems to have been the inevitable fate of our predecessois in attempting to connect labor with study. 1st. We have a farm of one hundred and sixty acres of most .excellent land under fence — one hundred and twenty is broken up, and will bo croped next summer. The The soil of this farm is a rich sandy muck, from three to four feet deep» with a clay subsoil, and possesses every natural facility for making a first class" farm at a compara- tively small expense. 2d. A Professor of Agriculture and Agricultural Chemistry has becmeniDtoyed, who will live on the farm, and give his undivided attention to it and to ttsHafEtog the col- lateral branches of Botany and Geology. It is" designed lo make Ihe-jaf m a model farm — to conduct it in a systematic manner, and to make it tot mcE^y^i.placo where students will be furnished work to eke out a subsistence, but where tBey will be taught both the theory and practice of scientific agriculture. While it is not proposed' to make this an experimental farm, some attention will be given to testing the advantages of diflfcrent relation of crops — the comparative value of the various manures, both organic and inorganic, to different-crops — the best manner of applying fertilizers, and so forth; and students will be particularly instructed in the best methods of conduct- ing farm experiments so as to make them profitable, and to aid in perfecting a Science of Agriculture. 3d. An Analytical Laboratory will be connected with the farm where students, can be taught Analytic Chemistry, and especially the application of Chemistry to Agricul- ture. It is not expected that all or oven a majority of our students will become analytic chemists, but all will be taught so much of chemistry as to bo able to make an intelligent use of chemical analyses, and to comprehend the principles which affect his daily life and business. 4th. Students will be required to labor just as much as they will be req^uired to study, and delinquencies in labor will be as much subjects for discipline as delinquencies in study. The Professor of Agriculture will hold students to as strict an account for failure to attend to the prescribed duties of his department, as will the Professor of any other department. Lastly — All connected with the College must work. No Professor or Teach«r will be employed in any department, who is unwilling to wort, and who does not worJr«. The theory that it is advantageous for stti'dents to labor to promote physical health, and thereby sharpen his mental powers, is just as applicable to the teacher, and tnll be treated accOl-dingly. In short, it is intended to give to the -manual labor deparb ment sucih a prominence a' should be formed is in itself a testimony to the ardor of student patriotism. As the war dragged out its dreadful length and the heart of the nation grew sick with longing for the deso- lation to cease, the people at home gave more and more of their solicitude and of their means to relieve war's cursed aftermath — the pain of wounds, the distress of crippled bodies, the ravages of disease, and the destitution of widows and orphans. Citizens of Western responded again and again to the calls of the vSanitary Commission for medicines, lint, bandages, and jellies for the sick and wounded, and often collected and sent forward clothing, blankets. Bibles, and other good literature to the boys both in the hospitals and in the field. Contributions for these purposes were always in order; occasionally money was raised by entertainments. One such was a mush and milk social; the mush was made at the home of Doctor Wagner, the milk was donated by other citizens, and the people gladly paid twenty-five cents each to help swell the funds of the Commission. Once only was the generosity of the good people imposed upon. The inci- dent is told by Mrs. S. J. Staves. "A rebel spy, or rather impostor, came to town one day, claiming to be a Union man from Mobile, Alabama, who had been forced to leave home because of his Union sentiments. He was raising money to assist others situated as he had been, and to get his, wife and family away from there to a place of safety. He was a glib talker and a fiery patriot, and at last, calling loudly on all to sing 'Rally Round the Flag, Boys,' he led the singing wildly gesticulating, and when the people were wrought up to a frenzy of patriotism he called for a collection. Fifty dollars was the amount con- tributed, if my memory serves me rightly. He was appre- 116 The Patriotism of Western hended at Clinton just before getting out of the State, and rather than be taken, shot himself, so the newspapers said." Finally the cheering news came that Lee had sur- rendered and that the awful struggle was near its end. Naturally there was great rejoicing and devout thanks- giving among a people who had given so freely and suf- fered so severely as had the people at Western. Then one April day, almost exactly four years after that other April day made memorable by the first enlistment of Western students, the hack came in from Cedar Rapids, draped in mourning, and soon the word was passed in awed undertones from lip to lip that Lincoln had been assassinated. As the rumor spread, men and women crowded around the post office or filled the streets in ex- cited groups, most of them openly weeping either from uncontrollable anger or from hopeless sorrow. The first tidal wave of feeling was one of fiery indignation and resentment against the South and against those in the North who had opposed Lincoln and thus helped to make the present calamity possible, and the impulse was to rise as one man and help grind to powder all the enemies of Lincoln. In a few days, however, after it became evident that the assassination was not the result of a conspiracy on the part of the South and their sympathizers to gain by treachery what they had failed to gain by force, but was the work of a half-crazed actor and a few irrespon- sible accomplices, feeling at Western as all over the North quieted down into a calm of settled sorrow. After the war closed and the soldier boys returned home, so many of them flocked to school at Western that town and College suddenly experienced a great trans- formation. Classes that had been composed of yotrng 117 Western — Leander-Clark College ii' women and two or three striplings, were now made up largely of bronze-cheeked men who walked with military precision. One or two teachers, having completed their term of enlistment, returned and took up the work of instruction. Masculine voices again dominated about the hallways and campus and in song at the chapel hour. Joy that the war was over and that the soldier boys were back in school led the officers of the College for a time to forget the distressed condition of college finances and the slight prospect of adequate relief in the near future. There was som_e apprehension at first lest the boys from the army should bring to the school the rude manners and vicious practices of the camp and thus prove a con- tamination. Quite the contrary, however, occurred, as a more earnest and orderly body of young men could not have been found anywhere. Furthermore, in the winter of 1866, occurred the greatest religious awakening that Western ever experienced. President William Davis, the "Old Man Eloquent" of Iowa, was pastor at the time, perhaps the most powerful preacher in the Church in the West. The revival started on a certain quarterly meet- ing occasion ; it seemed to spring up spontaneously among the young men in their rooms one evening. When the time for service arrived, they formed a procession and marched singing to the chapel ; then two and two up the aisle and filled the altar, still singing until the presiding elder, remarking, "There is no need of preaching to- night," gave the invitation at once. Numbers dropped at the altar where they stood, and others rushed forward until thirty were kneeling, most of whom were converted that night. On the fourth of May, following the great religious awakening, came the saddest possible ending to a day 11$ The Patriotism of Western begun in merrymaking, an accident that brought crushing grief to three homes and cast a deeper gloom over the whole community than even the most serious events of the war had produced. A merry party of students went out from Western for a day's fishing in the Cedar River at a point near Esquire Snyder's, four miles below Cedar Rapids. Four of the party, Ezra Davis, lately returned from the war, and his sister, Mary, son and daughter of President Davis, Miss Anna Risinger, an only daughter from Forreston, Illinois, and John C. Chamberlain, a returned soldier from North Bend, Iowa, got into a skiff and rowed out into the stream. The skiff was very light and a slight movement caused it to dip water, thereby sinking the hinder part and throwing the occupants into the water. All four were drowned. The bodies of Ezra Davis and Miss Risinger were recovered that day, but the other two were not found for several days. A messenger carried the news to President Davis at Western, and he started in haste to meet the sorrowful procession. The first wagon he met contained the body of his son, his living daughter, Lou, hysterical with grief and utterly uncontrollable, and others of the party. Though almost crushed, and with tears streaming down his kindly face, he reached out his hand to his daughter and exclaimed, "Well, Lucina, the Lord gave and the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord." That day is not likely to be forgotten by any who experienced its sad occurrence. Soon after the close of the war the trustees of the College tried repeatedly to give due recognition to services rendered by the students in the nation's hour of need. At one time it was a resolution of thankfulness that the College "has lived through the fiery ordeal of our nation's m Western — Leander-Clark College affliction, and has not only witnessed, but to an unpre- cedented extent aided in her triumph over secession and rebelHon, having furnished more soldiers for the Union cause in proportion to the number of her students than any other institution of learning in the United States, as we learn from their published statistics, and not one soldier for the rebellion." Again, and more to the point, the trustees started a fund for educating wounded and indigent soldiers, and the children of such soldiers, and this they did when the College needed every dollar it could get for the paying of the pressing debts of the institution. It has been left, however, till the present day for the College to erect a permanent memorial to the memory of those of her sons who enlisted in their country's service. The movement was started a few years ago by President C. J. Kephart, seconded by Col. A. D. Collier and Mrs. S. J. Staves. Now, through the generous gifts of Mrs. Adam Shambaugh, Mrs. S. J. Staves, and Mrs. John Shambaugh, and special favors from the manufacturers, Krebs Brothers, of Cedar Rapids, a beautiful bronze tablet, inscribed with the name and regiment of each Western College teacher and student who served in any part of the war, has been placed on the wall of the chapel among the pictures of former presidents of the College, and side by side with a tablet commemorating the magnifi- cent gifts of Major Clark, Andrew Carnegie, and other donors. Thus the College pays the tribute of grateful recognition not only to its material benefactors, but as well to those who have bequeathed it a sacred heritage of patriotism. The names inscribed upon this distinguished roll of honor, collected with infinite pains by Mrs. Staves,' are as follows : 120 The Patriotism of Western CIVIL WAR SOLDIERS WHO WERE STUDENTS OF WESTERN COLLEGE. Erastus B. Soper Co. K, 1st la. Edwin E. McKee Co. K, 1st la. George C. Fuhrmeister Co. K, 1st la. Benjamin F. Whistler Co. K, 1st la. John R. Vanarsdale Co. K, 1st la. Daniel Dernes Co. K, 1st la. A. B. Reeves Co. K, 1st la. Joseph Van Meter Co. K, 1st la. William Walt Co. K, 1st la. Alfred D. Collier Co. K, 1st la. David Secor Co. C, 2d la. John F. Hemperly Co. G, 2d la. Thomas F. Cochran Co. F, 4th la. F. W. Scott Co. F, 4th la. W. B. Thompson 7th la. Thomas S. Free. Co. C Gillum S. Tolliver Co. K Madison C. Staves Co. K Miller Tallman Co. K Warren W. Meeker Co. A Martin Shellabarger Co. A P. B. Zuver Co. D Allen M. Blanchard Co. D John H. Weaver Co. D Charks E. Putnam • • -Co. G Wallace W. Watkins Co. H Joseph Legore Co. F Isaac Berger Co. F William G. Berger Co. F Alvin Baker Co. F 121 10th la. 10th la. 11th la. 11th la. 11th la. 11th la. 12th la. 12th la. 12th la. 13th la. 13th la. 14th la. 14th la. 14th la. 14th la. Western — Leander-Clark Colleze &' Samuel Ehrhart Co. F, 14th la. George Richardson Co. F, 14th la. Benjamin Rainford Co. F, 14th la. William Weaver Co. F, 14th la. Uriah Wumbaugh .Co. F, 14th la. Silas W. M. Grove Co. E, 15th la. Henry Ingham 16th la. William P. Henderson Co. H, 18th la. Manson R. Jordan Co. F, 20th la. Alcinus Weaver Co. H, 20th la. A. M. Menson 20th la. Aaron Rucker Co. A, 20th la. John C. Shrader Co. H, 22d la. James L. Perry Co. H, 22d la. Adam Leibernecht Co. H, 22d la. William O. Beam Co. H, 22d la. William H. Stiles Co. H, 22d la. WilHam H. Hastings Co. H, 22d la. Robert G. Shuey Co. H, 22d la. Jacob Bollenbaugh Co. H, 22d la. George Shockley Co. H, 22d la. Joseph Chandler Co. H, 22d la. Gabriel M. Huffman Co. H, 22d la. Charles H. Weed Co. H, 22d la. Edward Goodison Co. H, 22d la. John Lamm Co. H, 22d la. Henry Lamm Co. H, 22d la. Alex. E. Stewart Co. H, 22d la. Mathias W. Stover Co. K, 22d la. Sylvester S. Dillman. Co. E, 24th la. John C. Chamberlain Co. E, 28th la. Jeremiah W. Hook Co. F, 30th la. Joseph Blakeslee Co. G, 31st la, 122 The Patriotism of Western James Blakeslee Co. G, 31st la. Isaac Anderson Co. A, 31st la. George L. Burdick Co. A, 33d la. Oliver Schee Co. A, 33d la. George Burmeister Co. E, 35th la. Abram A. Snyder Co. E, 35th la. James S. Kelley Co. F, 35th la. John C. Eckles Co. F, 35th la. James C. Lowery Co. G, 36th la. Benjamin B. Griffith 40th la. Ezra C. Ebersole Co. D, 44th la. Daniel McKellar Co. D, 44th la. Robert F. Townley Co. D, 44th la. William R. Horn Co. D, 44th la. M. A. Baumgardner Co. D, 44th la. James M. Hartley Co. D, 44th la. Benjamin H. Heminger Co. D, 44th la. John H. Jenkins Co. D, 44th la. Benjamin F. Manbeck Co. D, 44th la. Abram H. Neidig Co. D, 44th la. John H. Sniveley Co. D, 44th la. James H. Stewart Co. D, 44th la. Leander Darling Co. D, 44th la. James H. Vandever Co. D, 44th la. William Willey Co. D, 44th la. Edwin H. Smith Co. D, 44th la. Martin B. Weaver Co. D, 44th la. John G. Rittgers Co. I, 44th la. Silas W. Hopkins Co. H, 44th la. Sylvester Kinney Co. K, 44th la. James P. Meredith Co, F, 44th la. Homer R. Page Co. B, 46th I^. H. B. Watters Co. G, 2d la. Cav. 123 Western — Leander-Clark Colleger &' Jacob Haight Co. G, 2d la. Cav. William S. Perry Co. H, 2d la. Cav. Jacob K. Wagner Co. H, 2d la. Cav. Ellis W. Lamm Co. H, 2d la. Cav. J. N. W. Rumple Co. H, 2d la. Cav. E. J. Boget Co. H, 2d la. Cav. John I. Johnson Co. E, 4th la. Cav. George H. Bollenbaugh .... Co. E, 4th la. Cav. Oliver P. Cohoe Co. B, 8th 111. Ezra C. Davis Co. I, 54th 111. John H. Henry .Co. H, 93d 111. I. L. Kephart 21st Pa. Henry Sheak Co. I, 19th Ohio. Regiments Unknown. John H. Shea. John Allison. Edward Little. Henry Coleman. 124 Chapter VIL DAWN OF A NEW ERA. PRESIDENT E. B. KEPHART. LARGER ATTENDANCE. INCREASING FINANCIAL EM- BARRASSMENT. The year 1868 has already been characterized as a period of transition. Up to that time the College had not been able to escape from the feeling that perhaps the institution itself was still an experiment, and each new year and each new experiment a kind of temporary makeshift to be superseded by something more perma- nent as soon as that better thing could be attained. The sense of uncertainty and change was greatly aggravated during the trying times of the Civil War and the two or three years following. Teachers and officers changed frequently and the College was forced to practice a hand- to-mouth policy in financial matters. In a moment of desperation, in 1866, the executive committee had issued a kind of ultimatum to the citizens that they must raise four thousand dollars, suggesting by implication, at least, that if this were not done the College would be com- pelled to move to a more favorable location. Though the people of Western rallied gallantly, as they had so often done before, and were destined to do again, they felt much aggrieved at the suggestion of removal, and were pacified only when the Board, at its next meeting, gave positive assurance that the College should remain at Western. By the end of 1868 a firmer courage and a surer hope began to take possession of the friends of the Col- lege. They had seen their institution pass through a 125 Western — Leander-Clark College severe crisis and begin to show signs of reviving vigor. Students home from the war returned to school in larger numbers, bringing other students with them. The inter- nal affairs of school seem to have been more satisfactory now than at any other time since the "golden days" before the war. The first resolution in a long list offered at the board meeting, in June, 1868, is : "Resolved, That we are filled with delight in witnessing the greatly improved condition of the College buildings, and that we are not now ashamed to have strangers visit our institution, and can, with confidence, invite students to make it a place for the procurement of useful knowl- edge." Other resolutions commended the present faculty, es- pecially in the matter of discipline. It will be remem- bered that this is the year in which Principal Ebersole tried the experiment of dispensing with formal rules. Finally it was resolved, "That we remember the mis- takes of the past only to avoid them in the future, and that we begin anew the work of building Western College, and that in the undertaking we aim at nothing less than an institution equal and, if possible, superior to any in the northwest." ''Resolved, That we proceed to elect a permanent fac- ulty consisting of : "1. A president, who shall also be Professor of Mental and Moral Science. "2. A professor of Latin and Greek. "3. A professor of Natural Science. "4. A principal of the Ladies' Department. "5. A musical teacher." 126 Dawn of a New Eta The fact to note in the above is the new thought of permanency and the dawning sense of needing a contin- uous poHcy. The summer vacation of 1868 began thus with rising courage and growing hope. In the meantime, President Ebersole found it expedient to accept the offer of the State University; not, however, until he had helped to secure a suitable successor for the work at Western. For three years, that is since the resignation of President William Davis, in 1865, to June, 1868, the College had been without a president, the teachers placed in charge during that time being officially known as principals. Now it was felt that the time had come to revive the office of president with all the prerogatives and prestige that go with that office, and Professor Ebersole was elected to the presidency. When, during the summer, he decided to lay down the duties of the office, another man was sought who would bring to the work steadfastness of purpose, weighty personality, and sound business judg- ment. President Ebersole's mind naturally turned to one who had been his fellow-student at Mount Pleasant College and later at Otterbein University, one who had shown sturdy persistence and nobleness of purpose in his own struggles to secure an education, and who possessed the qualities that would strengthen the new feeling of permanency at Western, Rev. E. B. Kephart, pastor of the United Brethren Church at Mount Pleasant, Pennsyl- vania. At the suggestion of President Ebersole the presi- dency was offered to Mr. Kephart, and after devout deliberation on his part, was accepted. As a large part of the history of Western College for thirteen years centers about the life of President Kephart, it will be necessary to give some aspects of that life in considerable detail. 127 Western — Leander-Clark College Ezekiel Boring Kephart, the son of hardy pioneers in the mountains of Pennsylvania, inherited to some extent the racial characteristics of his Swiss, German, English, and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors. His biographer, Rev. L. F. John, says: "In him were happily combined the Swiss love of freedom and hatred of tyranny, whether in state or church, class or individual ; the German philoso- phical and theological bent; the common sense and prac- tical solidity of the English; and the frugal industry of the Pennsylvania Dutch." Among the pioneers of those days, especially of the mountain districts, school privileges were very meager. The Kephart children were first taught at home by their mother and were then sent to school whenever opportunity offered, at best only a few months out of the year, and then the schools were usually poorly taught and lacking wholly the power to inspire. The influence of that home, aided by that of an intelligent Scotch neighbor, kept the worth of learning at least dimly before the mind of young Ezekiel, and, above all, inculcated principles of inflexible morality and sturdy devotion. At the age of seventeen, with his conversion at a camp meeting, came the spiritual awakening that touched his whole life with a hallowing though quiet flame. Then at twenty-one came the great intellectual awakening, such as comes in some degree to every life that counts for much in the service of man- kind. At that particular time providence saw fit to send into the neighborhood two aspiring young school teachers, ardent students and school chums. One took the Kephart School and the other taught in the adjoining district. That winter work was scarce and the two young Kep- harts, E. B., twenty-one, and I. L., somewhat older, were 128 TRKslDhM J s MILLs I) I) President of Western College through the Time of the Fire and Rebuilding, 1889-1892. PRESIDENT A. M. BEAL, M.D. President of Western College one year and Member of the Faculty twelve years. Dazvn of a New Era at a loss as to what to do ; a suggestion from their father determined them to go to school, a suggestion heeded all the more readily because they had begun to realize their serious lack of education. As they were over age, the school authorities had first to be convinced of their good intentions. The schools . taught by the two chums from Cassville Academy were revelations to the neighborhood. The usual subjects of the country school of that day were presented with freshness and inspiration and additional classes in English grammar and geography were intro- duced, and even English literature and public speaking received attention. Two small papers were published by the schools and the Kephart brothers were the editors. One school celebrated Washington's birthday — a thing unheard of in that region — and the other school took part. Both schools joined in a grand closing exhibition. After siich a taste of the joys of learning and stimu- lating mental activity it was inevitable that great longings should stir in the depths of the two newly-awakened minds. The momentous decision that turned the tide of destiny for two lives, and largely influenced the future of the whole Church, came one Sunday morning as the two brothers sat on the bed earnestly debating the college question. They knew something of what an education would cost them and what hardships they must endure to secure it. Finally E. B.'s jaw closed with a fixedness that left no room for change, and he said with great delib- eration, "Well, I'm going to school." And I. L., with more sprightliness, but with no less finality, answered, *Tf you go, I'm going too." That was in 1856, the very 3^ear that saw the birth of Western College. So E. B. Kephart entered upon the long, arduous road to learning, first at Dickinson Academy, then at Mount 129 Western — Leander-Clark Collep-e 6.' Pleasant College, later at Otterbein University, with inter- vals out for earning money — now teaching school, now rafting logs, and later, after deciding to enter the min- istry as his life's work, preaching, a method of earning money so slow in those days, especially for a young man who married in the meantime and had a home to provide for, that years slipped away before he was able to return and complete his college course. It was characteristic of him that the purpose of completing his education once formed he should not lose sight of it for a moment until the purpose could be fulfilled. After his graduation in 1865, he served one year as president of Collegiate Institute, a school of the Church at Leoni, Michigan, and then, convinced that the attempt to maintain the school was a mistake, he returned to Alle- gheny Conference and accepted work at Mount Pleasant, from which he was called, in 1868, to the presidency of Western College. Here a task of peculiar difficulty and complexity await- ed President Kephart. Among the friends of the College a feeling was springing up that a better day was at hand, but that feeling awaited a leader to turn it to account. Finances were in a chaotic state and needed to be reduced to a system, a task requiring years to accomplish even partially. The internal affairs of the College were in need of a well-ordered policy administered by a firm hand directed by a warm heart. The College buildings, and even the village had begun to wear an air of unpainted neglect, an air temporarily removed by strenuous effort, but destined afterward to increase with the years. Fortunately President Kephart was blessed with a large share of saving common sense, a rich store of homely humor, a rare vein of human kindness, and a sensitive 130 Dazvn of a Nezv Era faith in the Unseen Power that supports a righteous cause, a faith cultivated by his years in the ministry, and consecrated when he and his young bride accepted ap- pointment to the then distant mission post in the Territory of Washington, from which, even after the journey was begun, they were recalled by the Board because of the approaching Civil War. In order to bring themselves into close touch with the every-day life of the school, the president and his family, for the first two years of his administration, occupied rooms in Lane Hall, one of the College buildings used for a ladies' dormitory. After that they occupied their own home, a home that became the real center of college life and influence. Here again it will be appropriate to quote from the "Life of Ezekiel Boring Kephart," by his son- in-law, Dr. L. F. John: "His administration is known for its mingling of kind- ness and firmness. He always sought to ally the best students with himself by taking them into his confidence and counsel, so as to make them feel personally respon- sible. At one time when there was some commotion in the dormitory, he called in a young man, now prominent as a scholar in the Church, and said to him in substance, 'Now how can we best succeed in bettering conditions and preserving order in the dormitories?' The student says that he always afterward felt that he ought to help the president in every way possible. This is an illustration of his methods of governing men. He never drove where possible to lead. "As a teacher, he stimulated manhood and womanhood. He did not underestimate the value of language, science, and philosophy, but he cared more for character. One of his predominant traits through life was his charity for 131 Western — Lcander-Clark College the erring who really desired to do right. Only eternity can reveal how many were stimulated to noble endeavor for pure living by the fact that Bishop Kephart trusted them. One who was his student in Western says of him : 'I was sometimes rude, he was always patient; discour- aged, he would bear me up ; and when I did wrong, he forgot it. As time goes on, I realize more and more how his influence in the earlier years has entered into the shap- ing of my life in these later years.' " Because of the lofty integrity of his character and the qualities of heart and personality indicated above, Presi- dent Kephart gradually won the confidence and esteem of the students, townspeople, church constituency, and the larger citizenship of the State. A student in trouble or perplexed by the baffling problems of life knew where to go for wise and sympathetic counsel, and not long afterward statesmen were ready to invite him to their deliberations. The following extract, from a letter written by Rev. M. R. Drury in response to a request for personal impres- sions of the College and its teachers, characterizes in brief the closing years of the preceding period and the first four years of President Kephart's term: ''Entering college at an early age, with only the prepara- tion which a village school of the times afforded, I was most susceptible to the impressions and influences which the new life in the college world afrorded. Among my first teachers none so touched my life as to give me vision and purpose as did Prof. M. W. Bartlett, then acting president of the College, a tall, spare man, with an intelli- gent and kindly face, prominent cheek bones and a decid- edly Roman nose and raven black straight hair. He was such a man in bearing and character as at once com- 132 Dazvn of a New Era manded my esteem and confidence. I remember him as distinctly as a teacher of reHgion and as a spiritual guide as I do as a teacher in the College. He was not a min- ister, but his activity in the Church and Bible school gave him a profound influence over the young lives coming in touch with him in those early days of the College. ''Next to President Bartlett, the one whose life and teachings most impressed me, was Miss Hester A. Hillis, then the lady principal in the College. She was her- self not only a thorough student and a good and popular teacher, but her interest in the social and religious welfare of the students was such that she became a personal friend and helper of all. She was most self-denying and self- sacrificing. She used also to go out into the coun- try to schoolhouses adjacent to the College and hold religious services and conduct Sunday schools. On leav- ing the College, in 1867, she became a missionary to India Vv^here she spent many years in heroic and useful service. Her death occurred a few years ago and her brother, Doctor Hillis, of Brooklyn, New York, has written a worthy memorial tribute to her beautiful and noble life. *'In speaking thus of first teachers, I would not be understood as speaking disparagingl}^ of other and later teachers. President Kephart was a teacher greatly be- loved by his students, not so much for his scholarship as his manly character and devotion to his work. "I cannot now speak of other teachers whose memory I cherish with sincere affection and gratitude. The College had in its faculty in the early days noble men and women whose work, though done under conditions that would now be regarded as hard and discouraging, was most effective in mental discipline and in character building. Their names may be forgotten, but their work will abide. 133 Western — Leander-Clark College **My impression is that the highest end of education, which is the development of a true manhood and a true womanhood, was quite as well realized in the early his- tory of the College with its meager buildings and equip- ment, as is the case to-day. Well appointed buildings, chemical and biological laboratories, libraries and athletic facihties, and other modern educational aids are all very well in their places, and are greatly to be prized, but all the same it takes the teacher and the student to produce scholarship and character. I rejoice that the students of the present have their superior advantages and oppor- tunities, and they should not forget that with these there are corresponding responsibilities." When President Kephart first came, the faculty con- sisted, in addition to the president, of William Langham, Professor of Ancient Languages; Homer R. Page, Pro- fessor of Natural Science and History ; and Miss Emma Guitner, Principal of the Ladies' Department, together with the teacher of penmanship and bookkeeping and one of instrumental music. Tutors were added from time to time, and soon a teacher of painting and drawing was appointed, and finally one of vocal music. Not until 1876 was a new chair, that of mathematics, created, and Professor R. E. Williams was chosen as its first incum- bent. Changes in the faculty remained all too frequent for the best interests of the school, the hopeful exceptions, in addition to the president, being Prof. L L. Kephart, a superior teacher and gifted writer, who filled the Chair of Natural Science and History for five years, 1871 to 1876, and Professor Lewis Bookwalter, who occupied the Chair of Ancient Languages and Literature for six years, 1873 to 1879. These three men, all educated in the schools of the Church and devoted to this school, aided much in 134 Dawn of a New Era giving a tone of continuity and permanency to the faculty organization and to the whole life of the school, and related the College to the civic life of the community and State by accepting offices themselves. Soon a more vigorous academic life became evident about the College. Literary societies took on new activity and others were organized. Debating and public speak- ing were emphasized with telling effect. Public rhetori- cals were the great events of each term ; they were partici- pated in by all the students in sections, each section in charge of a college professor. Such exercises were looked forward to with interested anticipations by both the participants and the audience, and were talked about afterwards, furnishing in a measure the student excite- ment now furnished by athletic contests. The improved internal life of the school soon began to tell on the student attendance, especially in the upper classes. The enrollment at the beginning of President Kephart's administration was about one hundred and forty, not more than a dozen of whom were above the preparatory department. The attendance worked up until it reached the high- water mark, in 1874, with an enrollment of two hundred and thirty, fifty-one of whom were of collegiate rank. After that, owing to a combina- tion of adverse circumstances, the attendance fell off until after the College was removed. In 1872, four years after the new order of things was inaugurated, the College graduated a class of ten, exactly as many as had been graduated in all the preceding years, a record approached in the years immediately following, but not excelled until the class of 1877 surpassed it by two. The student body of that day, however, is more remark- able for scholarship and strength of character than for 135 Western — Leander-Clark College numbers, as may be seen at a glance at the alumni roll of that period. It is seldom that any school can boast of a group of graduates, so large a proportion of whom have reached eminence both in the learned professions and in practical life. These go far toward proving an asser- tion recently made by an interested observer, that a larger percentage of Western graduates "make good" than other colleges can show. The period from 1868 to 1881 saw the graduation of sixty-nine men and women ; sixteen of these held professorships in Western College for longer or shorter periods, the aggregate being sixty-six years. Three of them filled the presidency of the College for fifteen years. Graduates of the same period, including the ones counted above, furnished six presidents and a proportionate number of professors for other colleges, besides a large number of eminent ministers, lawyers, doctors, editors, and business men. When these were students together the College could not help feeling the stirrings of awakening genius — or latent mischief. When the old boys meet now there are wonderful stories of the long-ago, stories of that enchanting distance where harsh outlines melt in a mist of romance. The sober-minded historian must not indulge in senti- ment or attempt to depict the delicate aura that surrounds personality ; and yet these are the real stuff of which the history of a college is made — the strange, unspoken inti- macy of teacher and learner, ''When one who loves and knows not, reaps a truth from one who loves and knows" ; the student fellowships that entwine heartstrings through stress of common struggle or mutual mirth. The stu- dents of the '70's will remember first of all among their teachers the grave kindly face of President Kephart, with the occasional twinkle of humor in his eye, the calm 136 Dawn of a New Era deliberation of his speech, the quiet dignity of his bear- ing, and, above all, the kindly heart that knew how to make allowances for them all. With somewhat different emotions they will recall Professor I. L. Kephart, with his vivacious wit, his quick perception, ready speech, and lucid presentation, his clear-cut advice and wise admoni- tion, his facile pen and poetic diction, later to stand him in good stead in his long service as editor of the Religious Telescope. Miss Emma Guitner, a graduate of Otterbein, gave the Ladies' Department splendid leadership four years, and then, as the wife of Professor Bookwalter, was in close touch with the life of the school. The other teachers from abroad stayed for shorter times and perhaps left less lasting impressions. Professor Lewis Bookwalter, keen, alert, and popular as a student, active, earnest, and aggressive as a financial agent for one year, took up the work of teaching, fully imbued with the spirit of the school, and gave the depart- ment of Ancient Languages a reputation for thoroughness and organization, a six years' service for his College surpassed only by his longer turn later as its president Miss Anna Shuey, another product of Western, is re- membered gratefully by scores of students who shared the benefits of her instruction both in the old days at Western and later at Toledo. For the students of the period under consideration, the bare mention of names will be sufficient to loosen floods of memories for all connected with those days. Few classes can boast of such a group of members as was made up of Lewis Bookwalter, Henry Custer, Waldo Drury, Marion Drury, Francis Fry, Sallie Perry, Lucy Strother, Sarah Surran, and Robert Williams, a class best remembered perhaps for its serious application and 137 Western — Leander-Clark College solid worth. The next few classes furnish many names for the ministry, with an occasional one later conspicuous in the law, in business, or in teaching — T. J. Bauder, Milo Booth, Henry Bowman, Enoch Light, Henry Sheak, Cyrus Kephart, Francis Washburn. Of a slightly diffep ent nature are the traditions that gather about a later group, traditions of genial comradeships, mingled with seriousness and mirth-making and a share of solid accom- plishment — Harry Albert, Milton Beal — the mild-man- nered, cherub-eyed plotter of innocent mischief — W. I. Beatty, the irrepressible; Frank Smith, Joe Bookwalter, A. R. Burkdol, W. J. Ham, Josie Johnson, the studious ; Abe Neidig, U. D. Runkle, Austie Patterson, the serious- minded; W. H. Klinefelter, Dan Miller, Eli Ridenour, Addie Dickman, J. L. Drury, G. M. Miller, and Rob Wilson, the solemn-faced mirth provoker. These, and many others like them, whose deeds and personalities must be unrecorded here, yet who went to swell the whole amount, make up an enduring chapter in the history of the College. But enough of these unsubstantial realities. The record must come to the unpoetic and tangible. At the begin- ning of President Kephart's administration the College was obligated for something over $12,CKX), mostly bor- rowed money. Against this it had assets consisting of notes aggregating $10,600, and lands in Illinois and Iowa valued at $1,200, and town lots valued at $1,250. Many of the notes held by the College were of old standing and of uncertain value, and probably none of them paid any interest; the notes against the College on the other hand were kept in force and accumulated interest regularly. The financial task, great as it was, was attacked cour- ageously. A general agent was appointed to attend the 138 Dawn of a New Era sittings of the conferences cooperating with the College and ask them each to appoint a soliciting agent within their own territory. As a step toward greater perma- nency of income, agents were instructed to solicit pledges to be paid in ten annual installments, the larger ones ten dollars a year, the smaller ones five dollars a year. All sums received from such annual payments and all amounts otherwise secured by the agents were to be applied to the liquidation of the debt. In addition, the cooperating conferences were asked to raise one dollar per member each year ; this sum was to be known as the Dollar Fund, and to be applied toward the current expenses. This plan was tried until June, 1870, with not very satisfactory results. It was then decided to adopt some new plans, all looking toward concentration of management and more continuous income. The president of the College was made the virtual superintendent of agents. It was resolved that all agents should be created and employed by the board. Dennis Gray was elected general financial agent, in which capacity he rendered faithful and efficient service for eight years. The previous plans for the liquidation of the debt were continued. To provide for salaries of the teachers and for current expenses, it was decided to create two new funds, one known as the Endowment Fund, and the other as the Scholarship Fund. For the first it was decided to solicit notes secured by real estate, personal security, or good names, all notes to draw interest payable annually. An agent, designated as Endowment Agent, was put into the field to solicit for this specific fund. Notes could be paid at any time, and the money thus coming into the treasury was loaned. Only a small portion of the notes seems ever to have been 139 Western — Leander-Clark College m paid in and much of the interest evidently was allowed to go by default. The treasurer's report to the board, June, 1878, probably the high-water mark, shows a total endowment of $19,215, made up of notes, bequests, and life insurance policies. The same report shows the total receipts from endowment interest $486.89, from which it is evident that only a small portion of the fund was really productive. In the end the fund seems to have practically disappeared. The Scholarship Fund was to be made up from two sources — notes of $250 at ten per cent., payable annually, and cash payments of $250 each, the donation in either case to entitle the donor to a perpetual scholarship in Western College good for the tuition of one student in the regular college classes. The report of 1878 shows a scholarship fund of $11,500, on which interest amounting to $397.06 was paid, indicating that the fund was not very productive. Later experience has shown that the issuing of such perpetual scholarships is an unfortunate mortgage on the future income of the institution granting them. The five or six years following the adoption of these new plans were reasonably prosperous. Attendance increased and a number of influential families moved to Western. By counting all the notes received during the year as good the treasurer was able a few times to report a small decrease in the debt total. It was soon found, however, that the debt was gradually gaining, and in the later '70's the gain was found to be about $1,500 a year, the total in 1881 reaching $25,000. In these latter years it became painfully evident that some change must be brought about; some deeply concerned in the College were coming to the conviction that the change most likely to bring permanent relief was a change of location. 140 Dawn of a Nezv Era Several men deserve special mention for their loyal services to the College during this period. First of all was President Kephart, who taught classes, looked after discipline, directed the business of the institution, visited the cooperating territory, and took an active part in church and civic affairs. By his solid qualities of char- acter and his large abilities he won distinction for the College within his Church and prestige for it in the State. During the agitation over the removal of the county seat of Linn County from Marion to Cedar Rapids, President Kephart cast his influence in favor of Marion, in grati- tude for which service a delegation of Marion citizens visited him at Western and offered him the nomination for State senator. He finally accepted, was elected, and served with distinction from 1872 to 1876, still, however, keeping up his duties as president of the College. While a member of the senate he was influential in securing the passage of the Iowa Prohibitory Law, and of most im- portant legislation affecting education in Iowa. It was also well known that the vote of Senator Kephart decided the choice for United States Senator in favor of William B. Allison. By that vote he gave Iowa one of her greatest honors, the nation one of the most conspicuous public servants, and Western College a life-long friend. After his term of office other and higher civic honors were offered him, from all of which he turned because he had chosen the cause of religion and religious educa- tion. In May, 1881, the General Conference of the United Brethren Church, in session at Lisbon, Iowa, honored itself and Western College by electing President Kephart to the bishopric, an office which he filled with great credit until his death. His long service as president of Western College — a length of service not yet equalled 141 Western — Lcander-Clark College by any other who has filled that office — convinced Bishop Kephart of two great truths: the Church must foster education, and educational institutions must be freed from debt and then must be kept free. Perhaps no other bishop did so much as he did toward reaching these two desired ends. Perhaps next to the president in arduous, and often thankless and even maligned service, stand the financial agents, without whom no Christian college could be built up, and certainly without whom Western College could not have survived the stormy period of its early history. Subjected to cold looks and colder rebuffs, to hardships of travel and inclemency of weather, often like homeless wanderers, and always with precarious compensation, either in material rewards or in recognition of services rendered, they nerved themselves daily anew for the day's new conflicts, and as fast as one fell another took his place. Dennis Gray continued in active service during the greater part of the period now under consideration, some years as sole agent, more often with one or more assistants; he will receive his just dues only when the closed volume of unwritten history shall be opened. W. S. DeMoss served for a shorter time, but accom- plished much by his earnestness and zeal. L. Book- waiter, I. L. Buchwalter, and M. Ful comer each lent a helping hand for a short period. No little credit, too, is due the keepers of the treasury, some of whom were active field agents at the same time. Lewis Bookwalter and I. L. Kephart deserve special mention for the accu- racy, neatness, and lucidity of their accounts. Their reports enabled the board to understand fully the financial condition of the school ; each was treasurer for three years. W. J. Hamm also kept excellent records for one year. 142 Dazvn of a New Era In 1878, M. S. Drury, who had moved his family to Western three years earHer that he might give his per- sonal services to the College more completely than he could do at a distance, was made general financial agent and treasurer. This was a period of increasing depres- sion for the College. Attendance had fallen off with a consequent loss in tuitions and a larger deficit in current expenses. Many in the cooperating territory were grow- ing indifferent, or discouraged, or even hostile, insomuch that donations were difficult to secure. Interest on the old debt was increasing at an alarming rate. Mr. Drury became wrapped up in the College, and so ardent for its success that he donated his time as agent and treasurer and made frequent gifts besides, the last one being a gift of $1,000 conditioned on the raising of the whole debt. He finally became convinced that the location of the College was the greatest hindrance to ultimate success, and so began to advocate a change, thereby bringing upon himself much severe censure. A later chapter must show more fully how his life story is interwoven with that of the College. Another group of men, not usually recognized in any degree commensurate with the amount and value of services rendered, is the Executive Committee, composed of business and professional men already burdened with work. The Executive Committee is called upon to spend many long hours periodically grappling with the knottiest of problems and facing the most trying situations. The Board meets once a year, keeps open house, and goes about its business; the Executive Committee must stand guard over the interests of the College the year around. It is the safety valve of the administration, the president's cabinet when he needs advice, his buffer when he needs 143 Western — Leander-Clark College a shield; and no one knows the hours these men spend and the tasks they meet. Usually, too, it is the Executive Committee that supplies the thread of continuity so nec- essary to the welfare of a College. Both at Western and at Toledo, members of the Execu- tive Committee have been in longer consecutive service than can be found in any other branch of administration. Dr. W. B. Wagner, conspicuous in all the early counsels of the College, extended well into this period as a member of the Executive Committee. J. W. Horn, Adam Perry, and Ransom Davis served for fifteen years or more, a large portion of a busy man's active career. The names of Homer Page, L. M. Healy, A. C. Gilmore, H. A. Dilling, John Kephart, Ralph Shatto, S. Dice, J. Speak, T. Halberson, David Silver, J. S. Rock, and Doctor Manning appear as members of the committee for less extended periods. The Board of Trustees, as the final authority of the College, exerts the largest influence in shaping general policies, supplying the spirit and tone of the enterprise as a whole, and in keeping the College in vital touch with the people. Names that appear most frequently in the minutes of the board during these years as present and taking part in legislation and on committees are : M. S. Drury, Martin Bowman, J. H. Vandever, C. H. Neidig, John Dorcas, W. S. DeMoss, S. R. Lichtenwalter, J. W. Eckles, T. D. Adams, George Miller, I. K. Statton, J. H. Grim, L. H. Bufkin, and A. M. Beal. These and many others, perhaps equally interested, did much to sustain the credit and prestige of the College throughout these years. An extract from a letter written by Dr. Lewis Book- waiter, in response to a request for the story of his con- 144 HON. E. C. EBERSOLE, LL.D. ("onnected with Western since 1863 as Professor, Acting President, Member of Execu- tive Committee, Endowment Secretary, and Legal Counsel. REV. GEORGE MILLER. D.D. President of the Board of Trustees twenty-eight years, and Member of the Board thirty-six years. Dawn of a New Era nection with the College and his estimate of men and measures, will close this chapter. "I registered first, Jan. 1, 1868, after the winter term was under way, entering the common branches of the academy. I was several days in coming from home in Blue Earth County, Wisconsin, no little of the distance being by stage — on runners. I reached Cedar Rapids on Saturday evening late, and rode out to Western with two Bohe- mian men in their wagon. They provided me a seat on an upended beer keg. Acting President or Principal E. C. Ebersole had just come to the head of the school and his cordial reception and subsequent kindly attentions I shall never forget. Returning in the fall, I found E. B. Kephart as new president. To this man you cannot give too high a place in the roll of the makers of the College. In fact, he made it — found it practically an academy and made it a college. The class of '72 was the first harvest of his sowing. He was a big man in body, brain, and heart, also a tireless, hopeful worker, and he actually got under the whole enterprise with his broad shoulders, lifted it up out of the mire, and carried it forward and upward. Through all his administration the struggle was to meet the financial needs. As a teacher under him for six years, I think I never settled with the College on salary without taking a note for a considerable bal- ance. Here, I may add, a larger part of these notes were finally settled by the holder forgiving the half. "My father became interested, first through my coming to the College and then by a desire especially to educate his children. Finally, renting his farm in Wisconsin, he removed to Western in the early fall of 1870 — coming by wagon. He had previously bought property in the town and a small farm near by. He threw himself enthusi- 145 Western — Leander-Clark Colle £•? astlcally into the work of building up the College, gave it money, was several years College pastor and also field agent. His work as pastor, three years, was specially successful. I remember that Austie Patterson was con- verted under his labors." 146 Chapter VIII. AGITATION FOU RELOCATION. CAUSES LEADING THERETO. PROVIDING FOR THE OLD DEBT. SEEKING A NEW LOCATION. PROPOSITION FROM TOLEDO, THE EMPTY NEST. The first suggestion of a possible removal of the Col- lege, at least from an official source, was contained in a recommendation of the Executive Committee to the Board, in June, 1866. Under stress of pressing need, the Committee had called on the citizens of Western and vicinity to raise a fund designated as the Four Thousand Dollar Fund, and recommended that in case the amount could not be raised, the school should be removed to an- other location. The recommendation provoked a most spirited discussion and finally called out a resolution from the Board to the effect that the recommendation was pre- mature and should not be considered farther at the pres- ent time. The matter then seems to have been dropped for a number of years, though, no doubt, it was occasion- ally discussed in private. That there was increased thought in that direction about 1875 is evident from an action of the Board in June of that year. In the minutes of that session is recorded a congratulatory resolution stating that "through the advice of the Committee on Finance, arrangements have been effected by which the institution is placed upon a permanent basis; and the people of Western may now look forward to the period at no distant day when a new and ample college building shall adorn the present beautiful campus ; and that the matter of moving the College to another locality has never been 147 Western — Leander-Clark College entertained by the Board of Trustees, but has simply been an outside rumor without official consideration." The question, however, was not so easily disposed of as the Board seemed to think. No later than November of the same year, the editor of the Lisbon Sun, in an argument for the removal of the College to Lisbon, writes : "The present buildings of the U. B. College at Western are in an unsuitable condition to meet the growing demand of the school and will soon have to be rebuilt. To re- place them at Western is a .conceded folly. Bishop Glossbrenner repudiates the idea, and the directors, fac- ulty, and friends of the school look upon such a project as disastrous and extremely unwise. Besides its isolation and wretched access, its surroundings are such as to pre- clude the hope of the growth and success which would surely follow its removal to Lisbon. The friends of the Church at large and the citizens of Lisbon, without re- gard to denomination, are interested in this change." That, of course, is a prejudiced view meant to create sentiment in favor of the change suggested, and yet it is probable that the opinions expressed in the editorial were shared in a measure by many of those concerned in the permanent welfare of the College. Early in 1876 the same paper contained the following : "The efforts of Western to raise the necessary amount for a railroad savors of no success. Good men who really intended to give from $500 to $1,000 now step back and decline to donate a dollar, upon the ground that the loca- tion of the College will ultimately be changed, railroad or no railroad, and they do not want to give toward a railroad for Western and still contribute their intended aid to the College. They will give, you see, to the College 148 Agitation for Relocation no matter where it may permanently be located, but have no surplus means to invest merely to give temporary aid to Western." For the next two or three years the agitation of the question of the removal of the College was intermittent and unofficial. Meanwhile, Western was grasping at every straw of hope for a railroad, and it was becoming more difficult to secure students and money for the Col- lege. Before the meeting of the Board of Trustees in June, 1880, discussion had become so widespread and so earnest, participated in by the financial agent and others immediately connected with the school, that it was evident that the matter would be brought officially to the notice of the Board. The columns of the Westtrn Light were filled with arguments pro and con, mostly, however, ardent pleas for leaving the College at Western — sentimental appeals in behalf of the spot consecrated by their fathers and adorned by their toils and sacrifices, arguments to prove that the present state of the College was due rather to the wilful neglect on the part of the ministers and church people than to the location, and, strongest argu- ment of all, the obligation of the College to those who had made repeated donations to the school because it was at their doors, and to those who had come to Western for the sake of the school and had built up homes prima- rily with a view to advancing the interests of the College. When the Board met, the whole matter was canvassed thoroughly and seriously. Finally the following pream- ble and resolutions were adopted with but little opposi- tion : "Whereas, New and commodious buildings must soon be afforded to Western College, and, 149 Western — Leander-Clark College "Whereas, It is the judgment of the friends of the school that the usefulness of Western College to the Church would be greatly augmented by its relocation at a point where it can enjoy better the advantages of modern equipment and railroad communication, and, "Whereas, It is the duty of the Trustees of said Col- lege to do the best in their power for the educational trust committed to their charge by the Church ; therefore, ''Resolved, That we recommend the appointment of a committee of three persons, which committee shall be instructed to secure grounds and subscriptions condi- tionally at two or three or more towns or cities in the State of Iowa, to the end that the town or city guaran- teeing the most help, with all advantages considered, shall receive said College, subject to the ratification of the proper authorities. "That said committee shall report the result of its work to the president of the Board of Trustees at the earliest practical day, who may thereupon call immediately an extra session of said Board, and the said Board may then determine upon the future location of said College." The Committee on Relocation, appointed according to_ the above resolution, consisted of M. S. Drury, W. J. Ham, and Daniel Runkle. It may not be amiss here to present a summary of the causes that led, after so long deliberation, to the final decision to change the location of the College. The cause universally admitted as most potent was the unfavorable location. The site at Western had been chosen, in the first place, because a larger donation was offered there than elsewhere; perhaps also the founders were influenced by the common mistake of their day that a sequestered spot offered the proper environment for a 150 Agitation for Relocation college. The site was nearly halfway between Iowa City on the south and Cedar Rapids on the north, both already growing young cities, to which railroads were either already built or were sure to be built soon. It was hoped that a north and south line connecting these two cities would soon be built, and Would pass through \Vestern. How these hopes seemed on the very eve of fulfillment, and how, when the road was finally built, Western was left three miles from the nearest station, has already been told in these pages. Later, desperate and repeated efforts were put forth to secure a road — efforts that sometimes raised high hopes, in the end to be dashed again to the ground. Finally, in 1879, an article in the Western Light, headed "Shall We Have a Rail- road? Western's Last Chance," voiced the general feel- ing. This hope also failed — the hope oft deferred that made the heart sick. Another unfavorable element in the matter of location, but one that could not have been foreseen when the College was established, was the coming of a Bohemian colony that spread until it possessed practically all the farming region round about the College. These were industrious, intelligent people, not averse to education, but with deeply ingrained social and religious customs and traditions utterly foreign to the ideals for which the Col- lege stood. So far as they had a leaning toward any par- ticular type of school, their preference was rather for the institutions conducted by the State. Of the Church, under whose auspices Western College was conducted, they knew little and naturally felt but slight obligation to support any of its institutions. While not necessarily constituting a hostile environment, their presence pre- cluded the fulfillment of the dream entertained by the 151 Western — Leander-Clark Colle^^r ii' founders of the College, the dream of a great community in all the region round about composed of families at- tached to the College by generations of church traditions and personal experiences, and kept in devotion to it through the warm sympathy of sons and daughters pass- ing to and from its halls. Still a third unfavorable consideration was the close proximity of the State University a few miles to the south and of Cornell College a few miles to the east. In point of early start and first prestige, Western had en- joyed an advantage over both of these, but lost it through the depressing period of the Civil War and the severe financial embarrassments that followed. Now the Col- lege was no longer able to compete successfully with the institutions in the same territory-. The immediate cause, however, of the decision was the state of affairs pertain- ing to the College at Western, a state made up partly of physical, partly of psychological conditions. The College buildings were wholly unsuitable and rapidly becoming more unfit; it was evident that new buildings must soon be erected at great expense. The friends of the College were already discouraged because of the excessive em- barrassments that seemed to be piling upon it. The Church had become despondent and almost hopeless over the outlook. In such a mood neither an individual nor a larger social mass has the heart for great undertakings: belief in failure perpetuates failure ; abiding faith in suc- cess invites success. As is the case with the individual, so, too, the public mind, laboring under the sense of fail- ure in a given place, feels that a fresh start in a new place would inspire new hope and courage. That psy- chological condition was one of the potent reasons why a change of location for Western College was needed. 152 Agitation for Relocation While the committee appointed for that purpose was seeking a new location, the question of the propriety of the move was thoroughly ventilated. It was still possible for the friends of the College to retain it there if they could secure larger donations for that place than other localities would offer. Discussion was heated and often acrimonious. Such moves as the one proposed necessa- rily entail painful consequences and often set brother against brother in unseemly strife, and fill history with a few unpleasant pages that the later historian would gladly pass over in silence. The Trustees were accused of put- ting the College up at auction, making of it a thing of merchandise, and peddling it about the country seeking the highest bidder. The motives of good Father Drury and others, most active in favor of relocation, were im- pugned, and many unkind things were said and felt. The situation itself made inevitable much personal loss and many heart burnings that only time can cure. Of the localities competing for the College, Toledo soon took the lead. Lisbon had long sought to bring the school to that place, and was able to offer a strong local support, but was open to the fatal objection of being within walking distance of Cornell College, already well established and prospering. Marion made several efforts to work up sentiment in favor of offering inducements at that place, but seemed unable to enlist the general com- munity very deeply. Cedar Rapids, Clarence, Wilton Junction, Muscatine, Independence, West Liberty, and Toledo were all considered by the committee. Conditions at Toledo were such as to incline her citizens favorably toward inviting the College. A beautiful county-seat town of much wealth and culture, with little prospect of building up large mercantile or manufacturing enter- 153 Western — Leander-Clark College prises, she needed something to give her distinction, and the College seemed to offer the thing needed. Besides, Mr. E. C. Ebersole and Mrs. Emily Dillman, among the early teachers of the College, had long been highly es- teemed and influential citizens of Toledo, and they natur- ally cast their influence in favor of securing the College. Under their leadership, warmly seconded by other citi- zenSj mass meetings were held, committees appointed, and the community canvassed. In due time a substantial subscription was secured, and Mr. E. C* Ebersole and Mr. J. B. Hedge were delegated to carry the proposition to the authorities at Western. An extra session of the Board of Trustees met at Western, December 29, 1880, to hear the report of the Committee on Relocation. As a matter of preliminary information, M. S. Drury, general agent, reported that the conferences cooperating in the support of Western College had passed resolutions at their last sessions author- izing the Board of Trustees to remove the College. When propositions concerning relocation were called for, the following was presented by the duly appointed committee : "To M. S. Drury, W. J. Ham, and D. Runkle, Com- mittee on the Relocating of Western College : "We, the undersigned, a comm.ittee appointed by the people of the town of Toledo, Tama County, Iowa, have in our possession subscriptions of the people of said town and vicinity to the amount of about $20,194, which we are authorized to present to the Board of Trustees of said College upon the condition that said College be per- manently located at said Toledo by the first day of Janu- ary, 1881, the money collected on said subscriptions to b^ 154 Agitation for Relocation used in erecting suitable buildings for said College at said Toledo. "Western, Iowa, December 29, 1880. "E. C. Ebersole, "Jas B. Hedge, ''Committee.'' The proposition of Toledo was accepted by a vote of eight yeas to one nay, and steps were taken looking toward the removal of the College and its belongings to Toledo the following summer. A building committee, consisting of M. S. Drury, D. Runkle, Maj. L. Clark, Hon. W. F. Johnson, and E. C. Ebersole, was appointed to proceed with the erection of a College building at Toledo. An- other committee was appointed to dispose of the College property at Western. The change of location now being officially settled, it remained to complete the present school year, wind up the affairs of the College at its old location, and transfer the institution to its new seat. The consummation devoutly to be wished in closing up the College business before removal was the canceling of the old debt in order to start in the new home with ac- counts balanced; the debt now amounted, in round num- bers, to $25,000. Financial Agent M. S. Drury had been working zealously for a number of years to reduce the debt, and the Board finally ordered an attempt to cover the whole amount by cash subscriptions and notes by June 25, 1881 ; donations were solicited on condition that the whole amount be provided for within the time speci- fied. At the Board meeting, June, 1880, the general agent reported $4,800 in such conditional pledges. With a view to making a united assault upon the debt the coming year, 155 Western — Leander-Clark College L. H. Bufkin, J. W. Smith, and later D. Miller were appointed soliciting agents to assist in the campaign. So vigorous was the work of these men and of the general agent that the report of the Board, June 18, 1881, showed $20,184, including $4,500 from the sale of lands belonging to the College, and a smaller amount collected on old notes. Here we may quote, from a personal letter of L. H. Bufkin, his experience being typical of what col- lege agents encounter. "At the meeting of the Board, June, 1880, I was elected soliciting agent, or field secretary. At that time there was a debt of $25,000 against the College, and it was my duty with the aid of the general agent to raise that amount by solicitation. The plan adopted was to take notes payable upon the condition that the whole amount be secured on or before the twenty-fifth day of June, 1881. I started out with the full expectation of success, but met v/ith many discouraging failures where I had entertained the brightest hopes of success. On one occasion a wealthy and influential member of the Church listened to my story with apparent interest, and v/hen I had finished he calmly informed me that he would not give anything, because when passing the window of his parlor one day he dis- covered one minister kissing another minister's wife. Upon another occasion I visited the home of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Hahn, in Fremont County, Iowa, and talked with them of Church and College afifairs until midnight without apparent effect, and went to bed with a sad heart, ior he was also wealthy and usually a generous giver. .The next morning I was called to breakfast at an early hour, arid going down stairs, feeling as forlorn as imag- ination could possibly paint, I was greeted by the host 156 Agitation for Relocation and hostess with beaming smiles, and at the breakfast table Mr. Hahn informed me that his wife had dreamed in the night that they had given the College a thousand dollars and woke up shouting happy, and after talking the matter over they had concluded to make the dream come to pass. That was breakfast enough for me, so I filled out a note for $1,000, payable in one year, and they both signed it. Time flew rapidly, and so did I from place to place, sometimes by rail, sometimes on foot, absent from home as long as six weeks at a time, until the first day of July, 1881, when, just before midnight, the $25,000 fund was completed, the last few hundred dollars being made up by friends in Western who had already contributed liberally." As soon as it was ascertained that the whole amount had been raised within the specified time, the secretary of the Board, Rev. T. D. Adams, in accordance with the previous instructions from that body, proclaimed that, the conditions on which the notes had been obtained having been met, the obligations therein stated were now in full force. During the summer the College and its portable effects and its officers were moved from Western to Toledo. Several other families not now officially connected with the College, including Bishop Kephart and his family, also removed to Toledo to assist in starting the new insti- tution. Others, either not choosing or unable to go, stayed behind with aching hearts amid the quiet and lone- someness of the deserted place. One who wandered back in the late autumn has left this record: 157 Western — Leander-Clark College **Not long since I passed a night in Western once more, where I had spent the happiest years of my Hfe. By some impulse I was led to stroll into the campus of old Western College, and as I was slowly threading my way along the beautiful avenue leading from the chapel, around which gathers so many precious memories, to Lane Hall, a feeling of lonesomeness stole over me such as I had never experienced before; memories of the past rushed through my brain like a sweeping current. I thought of the first time of visiting these grounds, before the hand of man had marred the face of nature. I seemed to see the sturdy workmen gather there with pick and spade and commence the work of excavation for the first building; the formal opening of the new college on the wild prairie; the first term of school, followed by more than three score and ten sessions without interrup- tion; the first commencement day, with its annual return with increasing interest and pleasure to the last. The first graduate, with the number of classes of interesting young ladies and gentlemen that followed as the years sped by; the seasons of grace enjoyed under the preaching of the Word in the chapel ; and the sweet fellowship in the social gatherings. I thought of those earnest men of God, who selected this spot, and retired from all that would distract or allure to vice, as a suitable place to build a college, and of the men who gathered around the infant school with their families to give it support, some of whom are now in heaven, while some are waiting on the near shore for the boatman to carry them over. I remembered that here once was located one among the best United Brethren societies in the Church, and that here once the General Conference met in quadrennial session. But oh, how changed! My grief was over- 158 Agitation for Relocation whelming when I rose from my revery, for I had been sitting about midway between the buildings, and turned my eyes involuntarily first to the chapel and then to the hall, to be met with black darkness where I was wont to see lights dancing in every v/indow, for I seemed to have forgotten for the moment that the school had been moved from these consecrated grounds to another place." The village of Western still retains its name and a mere place on the map, but is practically deserted, and so far as the College and its associations are concerned, the place is the most desolate and forsaken of all objects — a last year's bird's nest in the bleak chill of a January thaw. The remnants of the College building have fallen to decay, or have been desecrated to alien uses. The place is haunted only by the shadowy forms of other days. The halls where the young men held debates either are not, or preserve the silence of the grave ; the hurrying step, the ringing voice, the merry laugh, the swelling song, and the solemn prayer are heard no more ; the scenes of daily victory or defeat, of genial comradeships and tender whisperings of young love are gone with the ghosts of forgotten joys. To one returning after the lapse of years to these scenes of his ardent youth, the sadness is almost more than heart can bear ; it is akin to the experi- ence of one returning after thirty years to his childhood home. With quickening heart beats he approaches the spot, half cheated by the delusive hope that he is to taste again boyhood's keen thrill of pleasure. The first sight of the spot dispels his momentary illusion and fills him with a sadness indescribable, yet tender and half sweet. The house where he was born is forsaken and in ruins, haunted by the little creatures that love the solitude, and by the memories of past associations. He approaches the 159 Western — Leander-Clark College door, but no father and mother come forth with benedic- tions of joyful welcome. He listens in vain for the kindred voices that used to summon him to childish play. He visits the spring at the foot of the hill and tries to renew his youth by a taste of its sparkling water, but this somehow has lost its power to ravish the palate with delight. As a last forlorn hope, he crosses the meadow and loiters along the creek where as a boy with dog and gun, or hook and line, he so often experienced ecstasies of palpitating expectancy. But all in vain; the charm has fled, the spell has been broken. Somewhat is due to lost power to see and feel as in the sentient days of youth ; somewhat more to human associations now gone beyond recall. Oh, Western, lovely wild rose on the bosom of the prairie, "these were thy charms, but all these charms are fled." 160 Chapter IX. REORGANIZATION OF FACULTY. OPENING OF SCHOOL AT TOLEDO FINANCIAL AFFAIRS. M. S. DRURY. L. H. BUFKIN. TEACHERS AND STUDENTS. PRESIDENT BEARDSHEAR. Coincident with the removal of the College to Toledo, it was found necessary to reorganize the faculty and rearrange departments. The Ladies' Department was abandoned, the Department of History was given sepa- rate existence, and the Department of Modern Languages was created, though not filled until later. But two of the teachers at Western entered the actual work at Toledo — Miss Anna Shuey, who had most acceptably filled the principalship of the Ladies' Department, now transferred to the chair of mathematics for four years more of ex- cellent service, later known as Mrs. R. L. Swain, a noble woman of most wholesome influence; and Mr. T. H. Studebaker, teacher of bookkeeping, continued in the same position. Professor J. W. Robertson, teacher of Latin and Greek, was reelected, and moved to Toledo, but late in the autumn was compelled to go west in a vain search for health. The promotion of President Kephart by the General Conference in May, made it necessary to seek another to take the leadership in the affairs of the College. The Board, in June, called to the presidency a stalwart young scholar and rising preacher, of Dayton, Ohio, Rev. Wil- liam Miller Beardshear ; the choice proved most fortunate. President Beardshear, six feet three, broad shouldered and rugged of limb, a dynamo of mental and spiritual energy, was just ripening toward his prime and spread 161 Western — Leander-Clark College i>' the wholesome contagion of his own expanding person- ality and power into the life of the College. He re- mained with the school eight years, and then passed on to larger work, finally to find his true work as head of the great Iowa College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. As Professor of Natural Science, the Board at the same session selected Albert Milton Beal, already so well and favorably known in college circles as a student from the beginning of the preparatory department to the end of the classical course, and later as a trustee representing the Alumni Association. He was called from the law firm of Beal and Ham, at Tama, Iowa ; he remained as science professor ten years and as president one year. Later he took up the practice of medicine, a profession for which he was peculiarly well adapted both by nature and by training. Professor Beal was an enthusiastic scientist, a man of warm sympathies, genial personality, and purity of character, one of those sweeter souls whose influence remains among the treasured legacies of the College. When Professor Robertson was compelled to lay down his work as teacher of Ancient Languages, a successor was found in the person of Rev. James A. Weller, of Ohio, a graduate of Otterbein University. Professor Weller not only gave himself enthusiastically to building up the Department of Ancient Languages, but also estab- lished the Department of Elocution in the College. He held his position in the College for six years, and then became president of Lane University, and later of Central College. Urias D. Runkle, a graduate of W^estern, class of 77, was selected as Professor of History and teacher of Pen- manship, a position he filled for two years, and then went again to public school work. 162 Reorganisation of Faculty John L. Drury, class of '81, was teacher of the begm- ning branches for one year. The other teachers for the first year at Toledo were: Emma J. Howard, teacher of drawing and painting; Richard L. Swain, teacher of vocal music; and Mrs. A. G. Smith, teacher of instrumental music. During the summer of 1881 preparations were pushed forward as vigorously as possible for the opening of school in the fall. Gangs of workmen were busy exca- vating for the large new College building ; later with lay- ing the foundation. Processions of teams passed through town to the College grounds on the south, bearing stone for the foundation and brick for the walls. College peo- ple were collecting at Toledo — renting property, pu^-chas- ing homes, or building new ones. From Western, in addi- tion to the teachers and Bishop Kephart previously men- tioned, came J. M. Horn and Sam Richardson, who became hosts of the Toledo House, Ralph Statto, who came a little later, and Financial Agent M. S. Drury, who at once invested in town property and next year built a new home much larger than his own needs demanded, and did so to show that the College enterprise had financial backing and was ready to take its share of social ceremo- nies. President Beardshear and Bishop Kephart started at once the building of new homes, both constructed with a view to the needs of the College community. Agent Bufkin and other friends of the College came and estab- lished themselves in Toledo. As it was impossible to have the new building ready for the opening of the school year, the public school build- ing, recently vacated by the transfer to the large new high school building, was secured for college purposes. In this classes were held for the first two years ; public exer- 163 Western — Leander-Clark College cises were held either in the United Brethren Church or in the courthouse. Formal opening exercises were held in the United Brethren Church before an audience that packed the house. W. F. Johnston spoke for the citizens and wel- comed the College and its students to the community. President Beardshear responded for the College, as only he could do. The ceremonies over, the College took up the regular work of the first year in its new home. Lect- ures, public rhetoricals, and an oratorical contest varied the routine of daily work. The oratorical contest was won by Miss Emma J. Howard; later she took sixth place in the State contest in Iowa City. The public rhetoricals soon became so popular that they were taken to the large room in the courthouse in order to accom- modate all who wanted to hear them. College opened at Toledo with an enrollment of about eighty, increased by the end of the year to one hundred and ninety-six. The number jumped to two hundred and thirty the following year, and then increased more gradu- ally until it passed the four hundred mark at the end of President Beardshear's term of office. All this time the internal life of the school was vigorous and expanding, due in a great measure to the large vision and stimulating personality of President Beardshear, and to the large mould of the men who supported him in the faculty and on the administrative boards. Old departments were enlarged and new ones organ- ized. The Chair of English Literature and Rhetoric was filled and that of Modern Language given more promin- ence. The old courses in bookkeeping were now organ- ized into a distinct Commercial Department with a capa- ble principal devoting his whole time to it ; the department 164 Reorganisation of Faculty was soon full to overflowing. The Music Department was given a new and separate organization as the John C. Bright Conservatory of Music. A superior director was placed at the head with a competent corps of in- structors, and soon the Conservatory was flourishing and adding both numbers and popularity to the College. A Department of Elocution was in the process of growth and the Department of Art was taking on larger propor- tions. The College was rapidly gaining standing among the colleges of the State, and gaining in favor with the people. As a large part of the history of the period has to do with material things, particularly with matters of finance, it will be advisable to give considerable attention to such things. It will be remembered that at the close of its stay at Western the College owed, in round numbers, $25,000, consisting about equally of accumulated deficits in the salaries of the teachers and agents, and of borrowed money, and that notes and pledges covering the entire amount were secured by June 25, 1881. Most of the pledges then given were finally paid, but some were not, and those amounts came up ultimately to add to the grow- ing burden at Toledo. The first great item of expense at Toledo was, of course, the providing of buildings and grounds, and the second was the necessary deficits in starting so large an enterprise on new soil with resources not yet worked up to their full productivity. The building planned was estimated to cost $40,000. As the people of Toledo pledged and paid half of that amount, the authorities of the College must provide a like amount while the build- ing was in process of erection. This they attempted to 165 Western — Leander-Clark College do, but at the end of the two years and more required to complete the work, it was found that the building, the furnishings, and the grading of grounds brought the cost up to $50,000, and that all the pledges taken for that purpose fell $15,000 short of the required amount. That amount and the shrinkage on pledges already taken formed the nucleus for the enormous debt that later piled upon the back of the College. In the matter of current expenses, it was soon found that the difference between the regular incomes for that purpose and the necessary outlay amounted to about two thousand dollars a year. It was also found that the difference between the interest on the obligations of the College and that paid on pledges — borrowed money exacts interest to the full, while dona- tions pay very little — amounted to nearly as much more. Ilcnce another source of increasing debt. The men charged with the responsibility of directing the finances of the College at this complicated period, h'dd burdens to bear that the world may never know — their days were full of pain, their nights devoid of ease. The ever-present sense of burden rested naturally with more constancy upon General Financial Agent M. S. Drury and his able lieutenant. Soliciting Agent L. H. Buf- kin, than upon others. Mr. Drury, especially, put himself heart and soul and property under the load. In 1883 he resigned the offices of financial agent and treasurer, and ]\Ir. Bufkin succeeded for many years of aggressive work. Closely identified with the agents was the president of the College, whose position made him, on the one hand, keenly alive to the great things that needed to be done in order to give the College prestige, and, on the other, to the harassments of finding the wherewithal to do them. m Reorganization of Faculty In the beginning, the Building Committee previously- named, to which II. S. Thompson and Stephen Stiger were soon added, carried a great share of the business worries incident to the task of making a minimum of resources cover a maximum of material and workman- ship. And both at the beginning and all the time the Executive Committee bore the brunt of all plannings and the responsibility of final decisions. The first Executive Committee at Toledo was composed of President Beardshear, by virtue of his office. Dr. E. R. Smith, W. F. Johnston, E. C. Ebersole, W. J. Ham, and H. S. Thompson. Doctor Smith and Mr. Johnston have served on the committee continuously from that day to the present, thirty years of time and thought given from pressing personal duties, a long consecutive official service surpassed only by Dr. George Miller's thirty-six years as a member of the Board of Trustees. E. C. Ebersole was on the committee for twenty-one years, and if other official and semi-official relations to the College should be counted, would hold the palm for length of service. These men, with S. R. Lichtenwalter, who has been but a little shorter time a member of the committee, deserve a very high place on the roll of the quiet workers in behalf of the College. Of the Board of Trustees many names appear in con- nection with occasional meetings, several in connection with a few annual sessions, and a few names occur con- stantly throughout the period under consideration with scarcely an absence from a single sitting. George Miller, President of the Board since 1881, except an interval of two years, undoubtedly holds the honors for long mem- bership and uninterrupted attendance; he has missed but few sittings since 1875. M. S. Drury, a member for a 167 Western — Leander-Clark College quarter of a century, was always at his post and took the deepest interest in all deliberations. Solomon Lichten- walter began meeting with the Board in 1874, and, though not quite always a member, has seldom missed a session since. W. I. Beatty began attending Board meetings in the later '70's, first as an interested listener, then as sec- retary, and after 1884 as a duly-qualified member. From that date to 1905 a session of the Board without W. I. Beatty would have been, like a wedding ceremony from which the groomsman was accidentally absent. T. D. Adams, too, was long a member, always in his place, and ever active. Others not quite so conspicuous for term of office or frequent attendance were equally zeal- ous in their guardianship of the school. During the latter part of President Beardshear's ad- ministration, General Agent Bufkin's time was taken up largely with the local business management, and the field work was turned over to soliciting agents L. B. Hix and A. M. Leichliter for three years, and to H. H. Maynard and M. S. Drury for two years. One of the first special financial plans adopted by the Beardshear administration was a formal request to the conferences cooperating with the College to levy an assessment upon their members sufficient to meet the annual deficit in the current expenses of the College, then amounting to about $2,000 a year. The conferences finally accepted the plan, and included Western College among the items on the regular collection sheet each year. The plan once in good working order gave the College a regular source of income equivalent to a moderate en- dowment. With a partial interruption immediately after the endowment was secured in 1906, the conference col- lections still remain as a helpful yearly income. 168 Reorganizatioh of Faculty Another plan was to secure $15,000 in Tama County to endow a Chair of Natural Science. As the plan was launched soon after the assassination of President Gar- field the proposed fund was designated as the Garfield Memorial Fund, and the chair as the Tama County Chair of Natural Science. J. L. Drury was made a special agent to solicit for this fund, and spent a year in the county securing something less than half the amount proposed. The regular College agents worked later toward completing the fund. At the meeting of the Board, in June, 1883, M. S. Drury proposed to give $10,000 toward an endowment of $50,000, provided the College secure for the same purpose $40,000 on or before Commencement Day, 1885. A serious eft'ort was made to meet this condition, the pledges amounting at one time to nearly $30,000, yet the goal could not quite be reached. In a supplement to his report, in June, 1884, the treas- urer reveals a most perplexing situation, one so typical of what the authorities had to face many times within the next twenty years that it should be given here : '*At the meeting of the Board one year ago the debt of the College was about the same that it is now — in round figures, $48,000. Within three months from that time at least three- fourths of that amount was due, a part of which was paid, and arrangements were made for an extension of time on the balance for one year. In addi- tion to this, $5,000 was borrowed to so far complete the buildings as to accommodate the College with recitation rooms, lecture room, cabinet room, and library and read- ing rooms. "Within three months from this time $40,000 of our debt will be due, a considerable part of which will be 169 Western — Leander-Clark College peremptorily demanded. How to meet this is the per- plexing question of the hour, which it is hoped the Board will be able to solve. ■'More than a year ago efforts were made to borrow $20,000 at a low rate of interest, for five years, by giving a mortgage on the College property for security. Wheti it was thought that the money was found, we discovered that our articles of incorporation were imperfect, and that it would be necessary, in order to effect a loan, to draft new articles of incorporation, present them to all the cooperating conferences for their approval, and then have them adopted by the Board in regular session. To accom.plish this would require more than a year, so that our opportunity to obtain money upon this plan was cut square off. The articles of incorporation have now been approved by all the cooperating conferences, and the action of the Board is all that is necessary to give us a solid footing in this respect. But now the money is not to be found in the hands of parties willing to loan such a large sum to an institution of this kind, so that we are in as bad a dilemma as before. "We have ransacked Cedar Rapids and Des Moines and have tried almost every loan and trust company in the land without success. "If it is universally true that the darkest hour is just before day, it is evident that the darkness which is so thick as to be forcibly felt will soon give way to the dawn of a glorious morning." The first years at Toledo were years of great things, a great building, great and growing enthusiasm, great financial prospects, and a great debt. The College was making a record, was building for future expansion, and so felt compelled to expend beyond its present incomes, 170 Reorganisation of Faculty trusting to the delusive future for payment. That the payment should be long delayed and should come only after a struggle, severe enough to wring drops of blood from the hearts of those who were forced to go through it, was perhaps inevitable, but veiled from present ken by the mists of future possibilities. If it is true that the history of a nation is but the lengthened shadow of a few great men, it is doubly true that the history of a college centers in successive periods around the lives of a few men who at that time have given themselves without limit to advance some of the College's vital interests. Because of their large share in the life of the College, three men — M. S. Drury, L. H. Bufkin, and W. M. Beardshear — deserve fuller and more per- sonal treatment than they have yet received, the first two for their close connection with the financial interests of the school and the last for his contributions to the mental and spiritual life of the institution. REV. M. S. DRURY. Morgan Shortridge Drury was of Quaker ancestry on his father's side and of Welch lineage and strong reli- gious tendencies on his mother's. He grew up under the severe hardships and struggles of pioneer life. Though having enjoyed but a few months of stimulating school- ing, and but short periods of schooling of any kind, he yet came to appreciate the benefits of learning most highly, and throughout his life was ready to do anything within his power to give the blessing of education to all, especially to his own children. Fully convinced, too, that education should be distinctly Christian in tone, he natur- ally took a deep interest in the efforts of his own Church to establish schools of higher learning. Just as naturally, m Western — Leander-Clark College too, he became enlisted in Western College, the school of the Church nearest his own home. In 1854, Mr. Drury, with his family, then consisting of wife, two sons, and one daughter, left his boyhood home in Indiana and settled in Winnesheik County, Iowa, locating on land, a part of which he purchased from the Government. . Here for twenty-one years he improved and managed successfully an excellent farm, thereby gathering some of the wealth he afterward used so freely for the College. In 1855, the year in which the Iowa Conference made the first move toward establishing the College, Mr. Drury was licensed to preach, and then for many years labored as itinerant preacher and as presiding elder, still, how- ever, retaining the management of his farm until 1875, at which time he removed to Western in order to be near the College. Mr. Drury's official connection with the College began with his election as trustee in 1865, from which time he served the school in one capacity or another for about thirty years, much of the time as solicitor, general agent, and treasurer. Much of his official life has already been presented. Some of his best service, however, was un- official and personal. He was quick to see the possibili- ties wrapped up in undeveloped boys and girls, and was ever on the alert to turn such toward the College, Many times he himself furnished the means whereby a promis- ing young man was started on a career. The great im- portance he attached to education is seen in his letting his own boys leave the farm at fifteen and sixteen, at a time when the farm was rapidly making money and the help of the boys was greatly needed. At one time all four of his children were in school. 172 Reorganization of Faculty The following paragraphs from the tribute prepared by the Executive Committee of the College and read at Mr. Drury's funeral in 1902, give an inner glimpse of his devotion to the school : "After years of almost fruitless effort, he was one of the first to conclude that the College could not reach ultimate success unless it was removed to a better loca- tion, and, when so convinced, he became an earnest advo- cate of its removal, and no one person was more influ- ential than he in securing its removal to Toledo. In this he incurred the life-long enmity of property-holders at the original site, the value of whose property was dependent upon the College ; but he himself cheerfully sacrificed his elegant home in order that the College might have a better location. "He came to Toledo with the College, and at once began to purchase and improve property; and what he did in this way proved contagious, and gave a distinct impetus to the improvement and beautifying of the homes of the town. He built a new home for himself, much in excess of his needs, and gave as a reason that there was no better way to help the College than by surrounding it with good homes. His house soon became the scene of m-^any elegant entertainments, whose purpose and effect were to give an uplift to society in general, and especially to introduce, in this pleasant way, the new-coming College people to the older citizens of the town. The delightful- ness of these entertainments must, in a great degree, be placed to the credit of his wife, who was in entire sym- pathy with him in his zeal for the College. "The financial crises through which the College passed while Mr. Drury was either its treasurer or its financial agent were known to only a few. He knew that to pub- 173 Western — Leander-Clark Colles^e t>' lish the facts would mean almost certain disaster, and, to meet the emergency, he more than once pledged his entire fortune (which was no small sum) to tide the College over a crisis. In the end, he gave practically all of that fortune to the College. Had he retained it, and devoted his splendid abilities to its increase, he must have died a rich man, leaving a magnificent sum for distribution to his widow and children. To each of his children he gave a good education in Western College, and, by virtue of their home and college training, they have gone forth in- fluential factors for good in the moral, social, and spirit- ual world. Who will say that, with such equipment, and with the just pride they must feel in the noble record left by their parents in such unselfish devotion to a good cause, they have not a richer legacy than wealth can give?" The following extracts from letters written to his son, Professor A. W. Drury, show how much Mr. Drury's thought and interest turned toward the College during the last months and weeks of his life. One reads also be- tween the lines a tender appeal to the children to judge charitably a devotion that led the father to lavish his wealth upon a public benefaction instead of reserving it for his own family. From a letter written from Pasadena, California, to A. W. Drury, March 12, 1902: "No one, dead or living, gave so much of money, time, and mental strain as I did to save the College to the Church. As I see it now, no one else likely would have gone through the terrible struggle to pay off the old debt and then meet the persecution and overcome all obstacles and move the school. To do this and then furnish the $5,000 cash to start the work at Toledo before any of the $20,000 subscription given could be collected or begun, 174 Reorganisation of Faculty was more than any other man would have done. I write these facts to you now, as I feel sure that you will not overestimate or underestimate the sacrifices your mother and I have made to prevent the death of Western College and thus save the Church in Iowa and bless it elsewhere. I have paid in money, donated in salary, and sacrificed on lands for the College more than any one else — ^$30,000 being too small an estimate. I need not mention the abuse endured — as it is past — and the extreme hardships your mother endured for the College and the strain that culminated in her paralysis. We do not write to you these things in a comiplaining way, but to call your atten- tion to them as a matter of history. We are glad that the school has survived and now promises much to the Church and to humanity." From a letter written from Pasadena, California, to A. W. Drury, March 2, 1898 : "If I had not become responsible for large College debts after selling the farm and giving my attention to the ministry, it would have been pleasant and perhaps better. I think, however, the College would have closed its doors at Western and the Toledo school would not have existed. As it is, however, may be it is well, but I would not again attempt to carry a burden others should have borne." From a letter written from Pasadena, California, to A. W. Drury, September 4, 1902 : "Seventy-six years of most arduous labors have passed and now the future is bright and hopeful. My life has not been what could have been desired, but under a merci- ful providence and good surroundings some good has been done. 'The Lord is my Shepherd.' " 175 Western — Leander-Clark College REV. L. H. BUFKIN. Rev. L. H. Bufkin, a member of Des Moines Confer- ence, became identified with the College in 1879, at which time his conference elected him as a trustee. Soon after he was elected a soliciting agent, in which capacity he was unusually successful. Then for thirteen years he was closely connected with the finances of the College, most of the time as general agent and treasurer. Mr. Bufkin was an indefatigable worker, fertile in resources, full of devices for surmounting difficulties and capable of large faith in a trying situation. He has already told of his share in raising the old debt at Western. For the first two years at Toledo he was the most active and successful of the soliciting agents. Of his work after he became general financial manager the reader will be pleased to learn from Mr. Bufkin's personal narrative. It is inter- esting to learn in this intimate confidential way how a college agent must sometimes chase delusive hopes in order to avoid missing any opportunity to obtain sub- stantial results. "At the meeting of the Board, in June, 1883, Rev. M. S. Drury, who had, for many years, been the financial man- ager, feeling the burden too heavy for him longer to carry, retired from the office and I was elected to the position of general manager and treasurer. This created some uneasiness upon the part of the creditors, and some predicted a crisis which would be disastrous to the Col- lege. A few days after I had assumed the duties of the office, I met a man on the street of Toledo of whom the College had borrowed $8,000. He informed me very positively that he wanted his m.oney. I knew that he did not need the money and would not know what to do with it if he had it, but I asked how soon he wanted it. 176 REV. LEWIS BOOKWALTER, D.D. President of Western College 1894 to 1904. including the Great Debt-raising Campaign. Member of the Faculty Sixteen years. JOHN DODDS The constant friend of the College during the days of sore trial. Reorganisation of Faculty He said within ten days or two weeks would do. I told him all right; he should have his money. I had not the least idea where any of it was to come from, but had full faith that providence would provide some way. A few days later I met him again and he told me that if I would make a new note with the same endorsers that he already had, we could have the money another year. This I did and we kept the money five years. "I continued in the office of general manager and treasurer for eight years, and in 1891 resigned and ac- cepted the pastorate of a charge at Perry, Iowa. Soon after I had moved and settled in Perry, President Mills visited me and pleaded so hard that I again accepted the office of field secretary, and held it for two years, making in all thirteen years of service for the College. "Associated with me in raising funds for the College were H. H. Maynard, Rev. A. M. Leichliter, and proba- bly some others whom I have forgotten. Mr. Leichliter worked mainly in Tama County in an efifort to raise an endowment fund. Mr. Maynard was a successful solici- tor and secured some fine donations. ''About 1885, Mrs. Mary Beatty, of Illinois, gave $10,000 to build Mary Beatty Hall, a boarding house for lady students, on condition that the College was to pay her six per cent, interest annually on that amount during her life. At her death the interest was to cease and the money was to become the property of the College. After her death the administrator sued the College for the $10,000, but the courts decided the case in favor of the College. "While attending an annual conference in Colorado, I was told by a member of the conference of a very poor man, who, with his family, were members of the Church 177 Western — Leander-Clark College in Pueblo, who was expecting about a million dollars from an estate in England. I went to see them, and, after several consultations with him, he agreed that as soon as he received his "windfall" he would make a dona- tion of $100,000 to the College. He had a brother living in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and when I came home and reported, the Executive Committee sent me to Pittsburg to see the brother. I hunted him up and he agreed with his brother that the estate was due, but said that there were some legal questions to be settled before they would receive it. I kept an eye on the matter tmtil two or three years later, when the brother in Pueblo died, then gave it up. While in Pittsburg I visited Andrew Car- negie, but received nothing from him at the time except good advice and encouraging words. "At one time there were ten conferences cooperating with Western College — Iowa, East Des Moines, West Des Moines, Rock River, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minne- sota, East Nebraska, West Nebraska, and Colorado. I attended the annual sessions of these conferences, and, without an exception, was always accorded a hearty reception, and on no occasion was made to feel that I was an unwelcome visitor at any Conference. I sometimes acted as temporary chairman, sometimes as secretary pro tern., usually preached one evening during the con- ference week, and always kept an eye open for students and two eyes open for money for the College. I generally dictated the report on education, and when the timQ came for its consideration, made a cracking good speech." PRESIDENT W. M. BEARDSHEAR. The eight years spent by William Miller Beardshear as the head of Western College form but a chapter — one of 178 Reorganization of Faculty the earlier chapters — in the career of a truly great man. For him personally that period was an important stage in his development, a period of unfolding for his great powers and of trying his strength ; for the College it was an epoch-making period of advancing standards and expanding hopes. Something of President Beardshear's share in the outside, material, and tangible affairs of the College has already been, given. It remains to give some- thing of his relation to the inner life of the institution, the more intimate touch of spirit, the impress of person- ality upon personality. We who were fortunate enough to be students in those days remember that towering form, those mighty limbs instinct with latent strength, and that rugged face, now fit to awe an empire into obedience and now suffused with tenderest sympathy or lit up with a glow of pleasure at the beauty of a rose or the song of a wren. We remem- ber still the touch of that hand and how it sent through us a current of hope and courage and let us know that our difficulties were fully understood. We remember the stimulating freshness and manly vigor of the ideals he brought us in his numerous chapel talks, brief talks into which he condensed the essence of his communion with nature and with books, and especially with the Unseen. Pleasing memories of these still linger about the chapel where many a needed admonition was lightly passed over with a sly smile and the old adage, "A hint to the wise is sufficient." President Beardshear was born and raised on a farm, a life from which he drew a kind of elemental strength and imbibed a love for nature with her myriads of beau- tiful forms and countless wee things, and acquired a quick, intuitive understanding of her vast processids. 179 Western — Leander-Clark College Aflame with the fires of patriotism, he enhsted as a boy of fourteen and carried his drum at the head of the column to the end of the war. Hungry for learning, he completed the course at Otterbein, and then spent three years in graduate study at Yale. Astir with spiritual ideals, he took up the work of a Christian minister, to turn from it only because his true calling was to be found in the field of education. When the presidency of Western College was offered him in 1881, he accepted, and, having found his work, went at it with his might. With him there could be no loitering, no half-hearted en- deavor. He lavished upon the school his splendid powers for organization, his boundless energies and great stores of human sympathy and tactful sway over growing lives. Often harassed by the material limitations and perplex- ing difficulties of his position, he would go for solace and refreshing back to the heart of nature, or to his loved poets, and, above all, to the Book. Often in the dusk of evening, and occasionally in the gray of morning, was he seen striding along the grove that skirts the campus, hands behind his back, head erect, eyes and ears alert for nature's many forms and countless voices and heart re- sponsive to her message, or standing with sudden halt, feet planted far apart, and eyes fixed beyond the bounds of time and space as some great thought or wave of emo- tion swept his soul. Many a time at evening after the lamps were lit, stretched at full length upon his study couch, with his favorite Browning or Whitman in his hand and the Bible open at his elbow, he drank in the inspiration that compelled men to listen when he spoke. This is the man a few knew and adored, the charm of whose personality many more felt without knowing why. The two years as superintendent of schools at Des 180 Reorganisation of Faculty Moines were but an interval, a kind of stepping stone. President Beardshear's true life work was found when he was placed at the head of Iowa State College. Here for eleven years all his talent for organization and all his gifts for moulding young lives were given fullest play. Here he used up his vast energies at such high rate that the end came August 5, 1902, when he was but fifty- two. On the wall of his private office at Ames there hung for years this poster, "1 expect to pass through this world but once; and any good that I can do or any kindness that I can show to any human fellow-being, let me do it now; let me not defer or neglect it, for I shall not pass this way again." The nozv was heavily underscored, the whole motto showing President Beardshear's ideal of living, and the underscored word his placing of life's emphasis. This tribute must close with two passages from the account of the memorial services held in the College chapel at Ames, September 5, 1902. "This dust was once the man, Gentle, plain, just, and resolute." "Upon the green hill, in a fresh-made grave, lie the mortal remains of one of the nobility of earth, whose friends gathered last Sunday almost in view of his rest- ing place to pay the last public service to his memory, though within many hearts remembrance will spring per- ennial. His body rests beneath the stalwart native trees, fit sepulchre for his stalwart frame, like them indigenous to the soil. For him was carved anew the epitaph of friendship and for him anew was shed the falling tear, and in each mournful breast was felt anew the grief of 181 Western — Leander-Clark College loss. Again the burden of sorrow pressed heavily against weary shoulders, and again was brought to mind the aw fulness of the conquest of death, and it was almost with the first poignancy of grief that here were gathered his friends and family, students and faculty, at the begin- ning of a new term and for the first Sunday chapel, greet- ing with tear-dimmed eyes the familiar surroundings while he, majestic in life, has now passed the portals of death. "The platform, beautiful in its banking of palms and flowers, was made conspicuous by a great bunch of American beauties at the right of the reading table, show- ing that loving hearts had again remembered his favorite, fit type of the blood of his manhood that had poured out in imperishable form its crimson tide on the altar of a common good for the school in all its departments. "The real center of a college's destiny-making activity is where faculty and students are busy with their daily tasks. It is here, in this sacred college home circle, that I like best to place, in memory, our beloved president. He moved among us as we might imagine some great- hearted, benevolent, masterful prince of a chivalrous age to have moved among his people. As a faculty, we worked with him, not under him. His commission as our leader needed no attestation of authority. It was never necessary to idealize him in order to make him great. He grew upon us as we came near him in the performance of our daily duties. His enormous capacity for work, his knowledge of men, his insight into motives, his quick grasp of the trend of things, his wise judgment of means, his confidence in his own decisions, and his faith in the final triumph of right commanded our ever- increasing respect ; and when, in his loftier moods, he rose 182 Reorganisation of Faculty to grander heights, the clearness of his vision, the mighty sweep of his thought, and his marvelous power of putting great truths into language that convinced and inspired, filled us with a regard that bordered on reverence." Around President Beardshear was gathered an unusu- ally strong faculty. Besides those already mentioned as constituting the first faculty at Toledo, several distin- guished for scholarship, strong personality, or special effi- ciency were afterward added. Professor I. A. Loos, who came in 1884 directly from graduate studies in Leipsic, Germany, preceded by some years at Yale, brought a quality of wide scholarship that helped greatly in giving prestige to the College. He remained until 1889, a force that touched all sides of college life, and then went to the State University of Iowa, one of many strong teachers Western sent to larger institutions. Professor C. J. Kephart gave his unlimited energies to the Department of Mathematics and his intense personality to the life of the school for two years. Professor Herbert Oldham, first Director of the Conservatory of Music, is still remembered for his superior skill in playing the piano and pipe-organ. Professor O. O. Runkle, first Principal of the Commercial Department, laid the broad foundations upon which his successor. Professor E. F. Warren, built the largest and most enthusiastic Commercial Department in the history of the institution. Professor A. L. DeLong, first dis- tinct Professor of English Literature and Rhetoric filled the chair but one year, 1883-84, after which the position was vacant until the coming of Professor J. S. Mills in the fall of 1887. Professor Mills brought logical schol- arship, large church prestige, and great personal dignity, qualities that gave him the presidency of the College upon the retirement of President Beardshear^ Considerable 183 Western — Leander-Clark College was added to the mental and spiritual life of the school through periodical lectures on assigned subjects by Bishop Jonathan Weaver, Bishop E. B. Kephart, Hon. L. G. Kinne, Hon. E. C. Ebersole, Dr. E. R. Smith, and Rev. B. M. Long. Mr. Long, as College pastor, came into very intimate touch with the lives of the students and exerted over them an influence that was sweet and whole- some and permanently elevating. Student activities multiplied during this period, and student organizations began to reach out and affiliate with like organizations in other colleges of the State. Students of Western took part in the State Oratorical Contest. A Y. M. C. A. was organized, and a Y. W. C. A. a little later. The Teacher and Student, the first paper edited and published by students, was conducted for a few years. The literary societies increased in numbers and enthusi- asm. The social life of the College community became more conscious, more unified, more mature. Many of the students who went far into or through the course at this period have gone out to fill positions of influence and importance in the professions or in busi- ness ; some of them, left a deep impress upon the slowly changing student ideals to which each generation contri- butes a share. W. C. Smith and T. PL Studebaker, com- posing the first graduating class at Toledo, belong rather to the days at old Western, though both, since graduation, have kept in close touch with the College. Josie Patter- son, a sunny influence in student circles, even yet has not lost her enthusiasm, and rarely misses a commencement season. J. F. Lefller and Cyrus Timmons, positive forces in literary society and other college activities, were early graduated into the life beyond. Dan Fulcomer has lived to become an authority on all the quaint and curious lore Reorganisation of Faculty relating to different races of mankind; he is now at the national Capital as Government expert in modern lan- guages. C. M. Brooke will be remembered for his activ- ity in his literary society and other phases of college life, and later for his prominence in connection with educa- tional interests of the Church. R. L. Swain has cast a long shadow behind him because of his thoughtful seri- ousness, and particularly because of his gift of song and his power in public speech. None who knew him can forget Jess Runkle, genial as a comrade, tenacious for his convictions, loyal to his friends and to his College, later cut down just as he was making a name and a place for himself in his profession. May Kephart and Fannie Thompson are remembered still for their large share in chapel song and Sabbath choir, and Geneve Lichtenwalter for her piano playing. Dan Filkins, fleet-footed, good-natured happy-go-lucky chaser of the flying sphere, with his spontaneous enthusiasm for baseball, did much toward establishing a wholesome ath- letic spirit in the school. Bennett, Bonebrake, Filkins, Patterson, Slessor, Wilcox, Zumbro, Esther Butler, Clara Cozad, Elnora Dickman, Gazelle Halstead, May Kephart, Geneve Lichtenwalter, Mary Louthan, Edna Thompson, classmates in the dear old college days — God bless them all ; and of a later class, Squire Beatty, Ed. Buchner, Ben Cokely, and Will Krohn, two of them already promoted to the higher life, have by their deeds helped to lay solid foundations upon which the College's future fame and greatness rests secure. These and many more, whom space forbids even to name, came, brought something to the common college life, took something away with them, and left much behind. 185 Chapter X. THIRD CRISAL PERIOD. BURNING OF MAIN BUILD- ING. BURDEN OF REBUILDING. GROWING FINANCIAL EMBARRASSMENTS. INTERNAL LIFE. FACULTY AND STUDENTS. CRISIS OF 1893-94. The period from the close of the year 1889 to 1894 may be designated as the third crisal period in the life of the College, a crisis that threatened colossal and over- whelming disaster compared with which the crisis just before the removal from Western and the one following the Civil War sink into insignificance. The period of expansion during the years immediately preceding had brought on what seems inevitable under the circumstances even in the hard-headed business world, namely, the reaching out far beyond present resources and the conse- quent incurring of large obligations with a more or less blind trust that a kind future will provide even larger means wherewith to meet those obligations. In the report of the Ways and Means Committee, in June, 1888, is found the following item : "That while the total expenditure of the College for the year seems large, it must be remembered that the work of the institution is also growing rapidly wider in extent and influence and higher in character, and that some schemes of magnitude have been undertaken and prose- cuted to some extent (not without hope) for placing the College upon a broad and permanent foundation. "This growth and these efforts have required the ex- penditure of large sums of money, but we find no evi- dence of any extravagance in any quarter. On the other hand, we think that the finances of the institution have 186 Third Crisal Period been admirably managed, and we are pleased to report that the credit of the College is unquestioned in business, both at home and abroad. Nevertheless, good credit should not lead to any of the carelessness that often attends prosperity; and we recommend that all expendi- tures be carefully guarded and that all dues be carefully and promptly collected, even to the smallest sums." The ''schemes of magnitude" referred to with hope- fulness by the report were those for raising the sum of $200,000, to be known as the "Fund of 1889." As that fund occupied the energies of the College authorities for some time, and served as an anchor of hope, the circular issued at the time is reproduced below. "plans for the securement OF $200,000. ADOPTED JANUARY IItH, 1888. "Western College hereby orders a canvass to be made for the securing of an additional fund of not less than $200,000, to be known as the Tund of 1889,' on the fol- lowing terms and conditions, to wit: "1. Said fund shall be invested or expended, at the discretion of the College, for endowment, building, or other purposes, as the best interests of the College may seem to require, unless otherwise designated by the donor. "2. No obligation for the said fund shall be valid or collectible until $200,000 is secured in cash, or such obli- gations as the College shall approve, unless such sum shall be secured on or before July 1, 1890, nor until notice that such sum has been secured shall be published by authority of the College in the Religious Telescope^ 187 Western — Leander-Clark College of Dayton, Ohio ; but after such sum has been so secured, and said notice has been given, such obligations shall be valid and collectible, and shall draw interest at the rate of six per cent, per annum, from January 1st, 1890, payable on the first day of January of each year there- after. "3. The name of the College may be changed, and shall be awarded to the person, or number of persons acting in concert to that end, who shall contribute to said fund in cash, or satisfactory securities, the sum of $100,- 000, provided that the name proposed meets the approval of the College. "4. Should the said $200,000 be secured, the College proposes to erect, in the near future, as the collection of the funds may justify, the following buildings: ''Observatory and Science Hall. "Museum and Art Building. "Library Building. "If any person or persons shall contribute, as a part of said fund, the sum of $25,000, and shall appropriate it for the erection, or the erection and equipment, of either of such buildings, the College will, upon the payment of such sum by such person or persons, in cash or available securities, proceed to the erection of such building, and will award the naming of the building to such person or persons, provided that the name proposed shall be ap- proved by the College. "5. Any person, or number of persons acting in con- cert, may appropriate their contributions to the endow- ment of a professorship in the College, and if the sum so appropriated'shall appear to the College to be adequate to the purpose, such person or persons shall be awarded the Third Crisal Period naming of such professorship, provided the name pro- posed be acceptable to the College. "6. The names of all persons who give $100 or more to said fund shall be published in the College catalogue as soon as practicable after the said fund is secured. "The names of the donors to said fund who give $5 or more shall be preserved, and each of such donors furnished a cut of the College. "The names of all donors to said fund shall be pub- lished in the Toledo Collegian. "7. All contributions less than $25 shall be payable in cash, on demand, as soon as the said fund is secured, and notice given thereof." The report of the treasurer, in June, 1889, shows some interesting figures. At that time the College still owed on the Building Fund, $30,852; on Contingent Fund, $25,710; and to teachers, $1,740; a total of $58,302. As an offset the College held building notes, $15,661, and Contingent Notes, $5,331.36. The expenses for the year ending June 1, 1889, amounted to $7,388.31 above the incomes for the same period, a high-water mark in defi- cits. As grounds of encouragement the College had buildings, real estate, and equipments estimated at $135,- 650 ; endowment notes, $98,490, including the old Western endowment, the Drury endowment, and the Tama County Garfield Memorial; and pledges aggregating $23,015 on the Fund of 1889. Summing up the situation, especially with reference to raising the $200,000, the report goes on to say: "We have launched out into the deep. A failure to reach the shore would be a sad calamity indeed. But we do not expect such a calamity. The fact that our honored captain has vacated his place should not be a cause for 189 Western — Leander-Clark College discouragement. Room is thereby made for some other great man who will doubtless lead us forward with as bright hopes of final victory as we ever cherished. It may also throw us upon our own resources, and bring into activity a large number whose united strength may far exceed the strength of the one upon whom we have depended so fully. We should now generate more steam, hang a sledge hammer on the safety valve, seek the aid of that mighty unseen engine which is controlled by the divine hand which directs in the promotion of every good cause, and shout with a ring that will echo and reecho throughout the full extent of our broad territory, Tull for the shore.' " Such, then, was the situation when President Beard- shear laid down the mantle of the presidency, and Pro- fessor J. S. Mills was chosen to succeed to the burdens of that office. President Mills accepted the position believ- ing that the College authorities understood the great re- sponsibilities that they were laying upon him, and assured by the Board in strongest terms that the warmest sym- pathy and the heartiest support were back of him in his great undertaking. The new administration started out hopefully, only to be overtaken in a few short months by a calamity that tried the souls of all the friends of the College and almost crushed President Mills — the calamity of a disastrous fire. The following account printed in the Tama County Democrat is a vivid description of the fire and the con- sternation its ravages brought to the community; the report gives also some hint of the grim resolve that fol- lowed the first dismay to rise in one united effort and repair the loss : 190 Third Crisal Period '*On the morning of December 26, after a beautiful Christmas day, at about 1 :30 a.m., the people of Toledo were aroused from their slumbers by the alarm of fire. If there is anything calculated to strike terror to the heart of man, it is a fire alarm in the dead of night. The cause of this alarm was a blaze discovered in the east end of the magnificent college building. In just what part the fire had originated can hardly be determined, but suffice it to say that it was near the east end. The fire department responded quickly to the alarm, the engine, hook and ladder, and both hose carts soon being on the grounds. The fire by this time had gained considerable headway, but it was thought that it could be extinguished. Imagine then the feeling, which well nigh struck dumb the assembled multitude, when it was discovered that the cisterns in the vicinity of the College, and which were the only source from which water could be obtained, were all dry, or nearly so. It was evident then that no water could be thrown, and at the same time became apparent that the grand building with all its contents, the pride of Toledo and Tama County, on which our good United Brethren friends had built their hopes for years, must perish, perish entire, with a large gathering of hundreds of people standing helpless, powerless to stay the work of great destruction. When it became so evident that all must be lost, strong men, men who stand at the top in the estimation of the people, shed tears — ^bitter tears — and who could blame them. It was indeed a heart- rending sight, to see the flames as they rapidly licked up everything in their path, constantly spreading from room to room, through corridor and hall, up the stairs and through the ceiling, until the entire east wing was a mass of flame. To our young people it was a source of sad- 191 Western — Leander-Clark College ness indeed to watch the flames as they crept steadily into the two society halls, where they suddenly burst out with renewed vigor, consuming there the fruits of years of their faithful labor. The elegant furniture, the fine pianos, organs, and all had to go. Nor did the flame stop in the east wing ; with a strong wind directly against it, the fire slowly, but surely, crept into the west part, gaining headway each moment, until in less than an hour and a half after the alarm was given this entire building, erected at the cost of about $75,000, was a mass of flames with the roof falling in in every part. It burned steadily, but every moment more fiercely, and in a little over two hours after the alarm nothing remained to tell the story of the once great building but the bare walls with a smouldering mass within. The tall tower stood, and it was for a time thought that the fine costly bell might be saved, but nothing was to be saved. The hungry flames reached it and it fell with a crash at about five o'clock a.m. There, in the early morning, stood crowds of men and women gazing sorrowfully upon the wonderful struct- ure, erected with such care, such labor, and under such difliculty, upon which such hopes had been built, hopes seemingly a few short hours before to be soon realized. They watched the structure crumble, wilt, and vanish under the power of the fierce conflagration which held full sway. The wind, which was blowing a gale from the northwest, carried a perfect current of sparks, burning wood, etc., to the southeast, firing the grass along the path and even carrying as far as the cemetery, where several fires were ignited. Scores of men battled with these flames, finally succeding in gaining control of them with little damage done, except a few fences fired. Grad- ually did the fire die out and the people went slowly and 192 Whose timely gift of MAJOR LEANDER CLARK 50,000 secured to the College its endowment of $150,000. REV. C. J. KEPHART President 190.5-1908, during which time the Endowment Effort reached a successful termination. Third Crisal Period sorrowfully to their homes to snatch a little sleep before the labors of the day began. "The dawn of Thursday presented an appalling spectacle to the eye. There were the bare walls, smoking and smoul- dering, the only monument left to tell where a few short hours before one of the finest college buildings in Iowa had stood. A few scattering pieces of furniture, books, papers, etc., lay strewn about the premises, all that was saved of the extensive outfit of Western College. The Thompson Cabinet, presented by Mrs. Charles Mason, and considered the finest in the State, had vanished alas, in a few brief moments, in smoke. The value of this cabinet alone is estimated at $50,000. The mammoth library, the pride of the College, alas, was gone with the remainder of the equipments. The loss is estimated at from $125,000 to $150,000, with an insurance of $22,000 on the same. "The wreck seemed complete, and the question arose, 'Can we rebuild?' The question scarcely arose until it was answered. The Executive Board held a meeting at once and determined that the school would begin in one week in another building, and be conducted the same, even though it be poorly accommodated. The citizens of Toledo at once got out posters, stating that there would be a meeting in the United Brethren Church at two o'clock for the purpose of making arrangements for the rebuild- ing of the College. The meeting was held and every business house in the city closed in order that all might attend. All did attend, and a good meeting it was. G. R. Struble was selected chairman and A. T. Wilson and Chas. S. Bradshaw, secretaries. Speeches were made by Messrs. Struble, Beardshear, Kinne, Stiger, Johnston, Ebersole, Stivers, Smith and others and the matter was 193 Western — Leander-Clark College thoroughly discussed. It was decided that $75,000 is needed at least, and the following resolution, which was presented by Judge Kinne, was unanimously adopted : '' 'Resolved, That it is the sense of this meeting that the citizens assembled proceed at once to take the necessary steps to raise $25,000 for the rebuilding of Western Col- lege.' "A committee, consisting of Judge Kinne, Hon. H. J. Stiger, and F. E. Smith, was appointed by the chair to confer with a committee from the College and to deter- mine as nearly as possible the amount of money needed and what terms could be given on subscription. The meeting was then adjourned to Friday evening, at 7 : 30 o'clock, and at that meeting we believe the $25,000 will be raised, and more. W. F. Johnston has offered $1,000 and it may be more. Bishop Kephart has said he will give $1,000 provided five others can be obtained who will do the same. Hon. H. J. Stiger has a paper in circulation offering to head a list of twenty who will give $500 each, and it is being rapidly filled. There is no question in our minds but that Western College will be rebuilt, and that at once, and we firmly believe that one year from to-day will see a much better building there than the one destroyed. Our citizens must see that it is rebuilt. It is the life of our town. In the language of Judge Kinne, Tt is not a question of what v/e ought to give, but what we have got to give.' The moving of Western College to Toledo enhanced the value of property here nearly fifty per cent., and there is no question in our minds it would decrease it, were the College removed. No ! No ! it must stay, is the popular voice of Toledo people, and when they say so they mean it. We can give positive assurance that there will be no hesitation about this matter. Our citi- 194 Third Crisal Period zens are at work and there will be no sleep until the money necessary is raised. Bishop Kephart assures us that the Church outside of Toledo may be depended upon for $50,000, and we can assure the people that Toledo will raise at least $25,000. It is a matter of county inter- est and county pride that this college is rebuilt, and it should receive donations from all parts of the county. Come to the rescue, everybody, and show what manner of m.en we are." President Mills was in the East on the night of the fire, sent on a mission in behalf of the College, but fortunately Bishop Kephart and ex-President Beardshear were both at home for the holidays and gave the benefit of their large experience and wise counsel to General Agent Buf- kin, the Executive Committee, and the faculty in the hour of first perplexity. Even while the building was still burning the authorities held an impromptu meeting on the frozen ground near the fire, pierced by the biting wind on one side and blistered by the intense heat on the other, and determined that the winter term of school should open as previously announced. The next day the Executive Committee met and issued the following circu- lar letter to students : "Toledo, Iowa, December 26, 1889. "Dear Friend: The College building burned this morning at two o'clock, of which you have doubtless heard, but notwithstanding, the winter term of the College will begin at the time indicated, January 2, and the work will proceed without interruption. Ample room has been provided for all recitations and work, both in the literary and business departments. Plans are already on foot to 195 Western — Leander-Clark College rebuild at once, and the people are enthusiastic and a unit in pressing the work to completion. The business places of the city were closed this afternoon and the citizens assembled in mass convention to give impulse to the work of rebuilding. It is determined that the good work of the College shall not only continue, but continue with in- creased influence. We shall look for you at the opening of the term. Come, and lend your influence to bring others." The people of Toledo realizing what it meant to the community to have the College again set on its feet, and spurred on in a measure perhaps by the offers that began to come in from other towns bidding for the College, went systematically and energetically to work, and in due time had their share of the cost of rebuilding secured in notes and pledges. A special meeting of the Board of Trustees was called for February 4, 1890, to determine matters of rebuilding and to hear propositions for relocation. At that session a syndicate of Des Moines real estate men presented a proposition that the Board felt should at least be consid- ered and so adjourned to meet again February 18. At the second meeting the Des Moines proposition was again up and fully considered in the light of investigations that had been conducted in the interval. It was finally decided that the College should remain at Toledo, and the Execu- tive and Building Committees were instructed to proceed with the rebuilding either upon the old foundation or on a new site, one building or more as in their judgment might seem best. Meanwhile the winter term of school had opened. The regular college and academy classes were held in the 196 Third Crisal Period rooms of Beatty Hall, temporarily fitted up for recitation purposes. The commercial department found quarters in the hall of the Toledo Fire Company through the gen- erosity of that organization. The students came back loyally, and students and teachers alike submitted uncom- plainingly to the inconveniences and limitations of their temporary quarters ; an example of that admirable trait of human nature which makes virtue of necessity and turns even the serious aspects of life into occasions for smiles. Classes were held in Beatty Hall during the winter and spring terms. By the opening of the fall term work on the new building had so far progressed that a few rooms could be utilized for class purposes. To these the students came, creeping through scaffolding and dodg- ing workmen, and recited to the resounding accompani- ment of hammers and saws. Now for a time the material and business aspects of college life again overshadowed the psychological and personal. The fire came and added a grievous loss to a debt already nearly sixty thousand dollars. The whole of the insurance on the old building, $22,000, was taken to satisfy imperative creditors, and new money must be found for both building and equipment, each planned on a higher scale than before. It was estimated that $75,000 would be needed for these purposes. The citizens of Toledo undertook to raise one-third of that sum and the College authorities the remainder. To raise this vast amount the regular agents of the College were stimulated to redoubled efforts and can- vassed the territory as vigorously as possible. President Mills was relieved from class work for a time that he might aid in the canvass, and numerous assistant solicitors were called in for longer or shorter periods. L. H. 197 Western — Leander-Clark Collegr Bufkin was still general agent and treasurer, and naturally was most active in all financial plans. H. H. Maynard and M. S. Drury were the regular soliciting agents, to whom F. H. Brookmiller was added for two years. The details of rebuilding and the responsibility for the judicious expenditure of the money collected fell to the Executive Committee, consisting of President Mills, E. R. Smith, W. F. Johnston, E. C. Ebersole, M. S. Drury, and B. M. Long, in cooperation with A. M. Beal, T, D. Adams, E. B. Kephart, and L. G. Kinne, the entire body consti- tuting the Building Committee. Judge L. G. Kinne had recently been made a member of the Board, and both as a member of that body and of the Building Committee he rendered invaluable service because of his sound legal judgment and his wise counsel in financial affairs ; he continued for many years a genuine and influential friend of the College. The Board, at its special session, February 18, 1890, laid upon the Building Committee the following strenuous charge : "1. To erect as soon as possible — presumably in time for the opening of the next fall term — a college building either on the old foundation, or as an independent struct- ure or structures as the committee may deem best. ''2. But said committee shall see to it that no indebted- ness is contracted against the corporation, or for which the corporation may be liable, in and about the construc- tion of said building or buildings, provided that said com- mittee may proceed with the erection of said building or buildings if in its judgment the funds subscribed there- for at the time the contract is let be ample to erect and enclose the same, and put it in a condition to be preserved from injury by the elements, even though there be not 198 Third Crisal Period sufficient funds to finish all the interior. But in such case no more shall be contracted for than there are funds to pay for. "3. To put all rebuilding and work connected with re- building under contract to a reliable party or parties, and under specifications plain and comprehensible with for- feitures for failure to perform the contracts." The committee decided to utilize the old foundation and to erect a single large building as before, but with improved outside plans and inside arrangements. The contract was let to Mr. W. F. Gruppe, of Toledo, Iowa, and he pushed the building with such vigor and effective- ness that portions could be used for school purposes in the fall. It was the avowed intention of the authorities to avoid contracting any new debt in rebuilding, yet they were indirectly led into it in spite of themselves. The pressing need for the new building led to hurrying it on to com- pletion the first season. By the time the building was enclosed, the notes, pledges, and cash secured amounted to about $40,000, less than a third of it being paid in. At that time a heavy mortgage was placed on the building and campus by assigning the insurance and by offering as security the signatures of thirty-six good friends of the College. This note, known as the Mary J. Spensley note, is the one that some years later, when financial embar- rassments were piling upon the College, caused so much distress by threatening to bankrupt the men of small means who had attached their names to it, thereby becom- ing responsible for its payment. The note was reduced by partial payments at different times, until there re- mained the sum of ten thousand dollars which was not paid until January 18, 1910. 199 Western — Leander-Clark College It is noticeable that every strenuous and successful financial campaign through which the College has gone has been followed by an awakened interest in the College and an increased attendance. The second year after the fire, and immediately after the canvass of the territory for funds with which to rebuild, the enrollment reached the highest num.ber it ever attained. The internal life of the school at this period was vigorous and wholesome, but destined to decline a few years later. The literary socie- ties fitted up and furnished elegant rooms for themselves on the third floor of the new building and entered upon a period of prosperous activity. The Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. secured a room for their meetings and en- joyed a period of much spiritual power and growth under the guidance of a few most earnest and capable leaders. The faculty at this time contained a number of strong men and women. A great loss had been sustained in the departure of Professor Loos to take the chair of Political Science in the State University of Iowa, and of Miss M. Alice Dickson, first incumbent of the chair of Greek in Western College, to become the wife of Professor Loos. By a strange coincidence the departure of these two oc- curred in the early evening of the very night on which the destructive fire came, and their going left a touch of sadness and depression Upon the spirits of the College community that rendered them more susceptible to the greater depression the morning brought. President Mills soon turned from field work to the more congenial duties of the class room. His office gave him the chair of Mental and Moral Philosophy, a field for which he was peculiarly well fitted both by training and by temperament. He was a born logician and thinker, and had disciplined himself by profound study of philo- 200 Third Crisal Period sophical subjects. His magnificent personal appearance, his dignified bearing, and judicial utterance gave his opinions great weight, though he often failed to reach down to where the students daily lived and to realize with quick human sympathy the student's matter-of-fact problems and daily needs. He won the highest esteem and admira- tion of his pupils, but did not quite enlist their sponta- neous love and adoration. President Mills recoiled from the material problems and endless perplexities inseparably connected with the presidency, and so resigned that office after three years and gave himself wholly to class-room work for one year, at the end of which time he was elected Bishop by the General Conference of his Church, an exalted office in which he soon took eminent rank, and in which he continued until his death, September 16, 1909. Professor Beal continued as Professor of Natural Science and vice president until 1891 and endeared him- self still further to the students. When President Mills resigned in 1892, Professor Beal was called back from his medical studies to take the presidency of the College, which office he held for one year. Professor H. W. Ward, already Professor of Latin, was given the Greek also on the resignation of Miss Dickson at the end of the fall term of 1889; he continued both subjects until the general break up in 1893. Professor L. F. John came from graduate study at Yale to take the Chair of English in Western made vacant by the elevation of Professor Mills to the presidency; he remained but one year, and then went on to the ministry, a work for which he had especially prepared himself. Professor W. S. Reese came in 1889 as Professor of Mathematics, and brought to the department a tireless industry and great strength. He was later transferred to the new Chair of Pedagogy, 201 Western — Leander-Clark College and also was made vice president of the College. He was one of the vigorous influences of his day. Professor B. M. Long, already as College Pastor, and member of the Executive Committee, so closely identified with the interests of the school, became Professor of Eng- lish in 1890, and held the position, with one year's leave of absence, until 1893. Spotless in personal habits, charming in personality, pure and wholesome in ideals, a winning teacher, he added much to the worth of the College in those days. During the year of Professor Long's absence, his place was sup- plied by Professor W. T. Jackson, first graduate of the College, a man of varied and minute scholarship. He brought to the later days not only the early traditions of Western, but also something of the spirit of Michigan and Yale from his long studies in these universities. Miss Josephine Johnson came in 1891, directly from advanced study in Berlin, Germany, to be Professor of Modern Languages for two years ; she, too, represented the older traditions of the College with extended modern training and culture added. At the same time came Professor E. A. Zumbro, research student in chemistry in the Uni- versity of Munich ; he had been earlier in the University of Michigan. He was a tower of strength physically and mentally. Professor J. M. Eppstein, director of the Conservatory of Music, a hustling man of affairs as well as a capable music teacher, brought the music department up to a high degree of efficiency and prosperity. Idah Tracy Eppstein, a dramatic reader of much skill, carried the work in Elocution one step nearer its establishment as a permanent part of the College. Professor E. F. War- ren, so surpassingly successful as Principal of the Com- mercial Department, was finally transferred to the col- 202 Third Crisal Period legiate faculty as Professor of Mathematics, in which position he was equally excellent. He was also made college treasurer and bookkeeper, and brought his expert knowledge of accounts and his orderly grasp of business details to the aid of the College's financial records. The College has, during all its history, been fortunate in securing teachers whose talents and qualifications made them worth more than the meager salary offered meas- ured. At a few special periods the faculty has been re- markable for the excellent natural ability, extended train- ing, delightful personality, and sterling character of a large part of its members of that time. The period now presented is one of that kind. It is to be regretted that the College had been too often a kind of training school to fit teachers for better positions in other colleges and universities. Fortunately some of the best men and most successful teachers have remained a reasonably long period with the school. In a condensed history, such as this, it is impossible to present at any length the personnel of the student body at any period. A few whose shadows by some lucky chance have reached down through time, or whose person- alities by like lucky chance have lingered in the historian's memory receive personal mention. There was Jerry George, older than the average student, serious-minded, a power in debate, with a gift of public speech already well developed — a foretaste of his later years as lyceum speaker. There was Erwin Runkle, keen of intellect, quiet of speech, modestly aspiring, good material for the eastern university to work upon. There was that famous Philo Quartet, Wilbur Little, John Riggs, RoUin Shatto, and Will Smith, whose "Dutch Company" always brought down the house — a jolly quartette whose overflowing 203 Western — Leander-Clark College spirits enlivened class room and athletic field. A touch of sadness reawakens with the memory of John Riggs — athlete, humorist, and royal comrade; memory of the al- most fatal ending of an hour's sport with target gun, and of the anxious weeks of nursing him back to strength again. And Will Schell, hard worker, somewhat grim and solemn, with a gift for trenchant composition and effective speech. Also Arthur Stratton, deliberate in movement and in speech, but kindling at times to genuine eloquence and power. Then there was Sam Stouffer, spare of build, methodical in habits, minutely accurate in scholarship, a persistent champion of any cause to which he was attached, especially of his literary society; and Frank Stouffer, with his mathematical turn of mind and a pair of nimble feet that no one else could overtake — and there were famous field meets in those days. And there was Wilhs Warren, fair-haired, sunny-eyed, smiling- faced, genial and companionable, and withal a good stu- dent and a pleasing public speaker. And Howard Everett, kind-hearted, impulsive, and possessed of an elemental eloquence. And there was Jennie Fearer, serious minded and independent, a leader in the Y. W. C. A., and an influence for righteousness in the school. The image of W. O. Harper returns most persistently in his role of leading two class songs, one in his Junior year, a bit of good-natured banter directed at the Seniors and particularly at the numerous preachers in the class : ''The rest of them don't 'mount to much, 'mount to much"; the other in his Senior year, a song that became a kind of ceremony introducing all class meetings and sung with great unction: "There were three crows sat on a tree. And they were black as black could be." Charley Brew- baker came and went about his work, alert and earnest, 204 Third Crisal Period somewhat gifted in multiplying words and occasionally showing a flashing hint of his later successes. Then there were the Keplers, Mai and Dick, ready either for a frolic or a serious task — preferably a frolic — irrepressible in the parliamentary practice hour of the literary society, and foremost in wholesome out-door athletics. But the student who, perhaps more than any one else radiated his contagious enthusiasm and undying loyalty into the life of the school, was I. N. Cain, the big-hearted optimist. Due mostly to his influence, the Y. M. C. A. of his day reached a degree of efficiency for good and a power for spirituality seldom, if ever, equalled in the history of the organization. He was the stuff of which to make either a benevolent prince or a great-souled martyr. One cannot think of him without thinking also of the one who joined her life to his and with him suffered martyrdon at the hands of those to whom she ministered most tenderly. Mary Mutch was ever quiet, modest, true, too earnest to be ever very gay, too eager to be ever idle. While the internal affairs of the College were unfolding satisfactorily in the main, financial matters were grad- ually approaching a crisis that, even before it came, began to cast depressing influence upon the internal life. In spite of all that could be done to hinder it, the rebuilding entailed a considerable debt to augment the already appal- ling obligations of the College. Rebuilding and contin- gent notes were paid in slowly, and at the same time the College obligations were falling due almost constantly. Often the only way to pay a pressing claim was to borrow money from some new source, perhaps enough to cover both interest and principal. Then came the depressing financial conditions that preceded the ruinous panic of 1893 and 1894. The general money markets became more 205 IV est em — Leander-Clark Collegr and more alarmed and drew in their currency. It became increasingly difficult for even the soundest business con- cerns to find money with which to finance their enter- prises. The College soon found itself unable to borrow any money from any source, and creditors were becoming daily more insistent. The College authorities were driven to their wit's end. Salaries of teachers and officers were badly in arrears, and payments for current expenses had to go by default. A spirit of discontent and hope- lessness pervaded the whole school community. The climax came at the end of the school year in June, 1893. So acute had become the general feeling of depression dnd despair that faculty and teachers sent in their resig- nations wholesale. Of the regular College faculty every professor handed in a formal resignation; Professor Reese alone afterward consenting to reconsider and allow his name to appear for reelection. Naturally a deep gloom settled over the College community. The Board, harassed and perplexed before, were now filled with con- sternation and dismay. As s^oon as the students realized the significance of what was taking place, they, too, shared the feeling of dismay; a few boys with a grim sense of humor tolled the bell to betoken that the College was dead. Other scenes more pleasing to the memory were enacted at that time. The close of a college year with its sever- ing of friendships and breaking of associations is always a time of tenderness. At this particular time teachers and pupils felt that the time for inevitable and wholesale separation had come, and in consequence the kindlier feelings of our better human nature came to the surface and found expression in word and deed. More than once after the last written examination was finished and the pupils had gone, leaving the teacher sitting dejectedly Third Crisal Period before a stack of examination papers, a class filed back into the room, a spokesman at their head to present to their teacher a book or picture as a token of esteem, ac- companied by words of appreciation too spontaneous, too sincere, too frankly tender and generous to bear any other use than to be treasured in the heart forever. The next two or three years showed the almost inde- structibility of an institution such as Western College. Individual life would surely have gone out under so great stress and strain. The trustees, however, had no inten- tion of giving up; they planned for finances by electing T. D. Adams general financial manager and L. H. Bufkin and George Miller soliciting agents; they cast about for some one to take the presidency of the school and others to constitute the faculty. Realizing the vast importance of the College to the Church in the northwest, Bishop Kephart hurried to Toledo to give the benefit of his wise counsel, as he had done so often before. Bishop Mills was already here and helped with his counsel. After some refusals and much deliberation a faculty was at last formed. As these people bridged a dangerous chasm and kept the school alive until others could come to the rescue, they deserve special mention in this history. They were : A. P. Funk- houser. President and Professor of Philosophy; W. S. Reese, Vice President and Professor of Mathematics; W. D. Stratton, Professor of Natural Science; A. C. Streich, Professor of Ancient Languages ; Belle Schelling, Professor of English Literature and History ; Annie Dell LeFevre, Professor of Modern Languages; and J. B. Chase, Professor of Biblical Literature. The teachers in the adjunct departments were: Hattie Williams, Director of the Conservatory; Delia Black, Assistant; Theodore 207 Western — Leander-Clark College Rude, Stringed Instruments; E. W. Logan, Principal of the College of Commerce; S. E. Clapp, Instructor in Shorthand and Typewriting ; and Flora Wonser, Instruc- tor in Painting. The crisis that was upon the College reached its climax with the close of the school year in June, 1894. In many ways the situation was most distressing. Attendance had fallen off materially, especially in the four college classes, though the total enrollment for the year speaks volumes for the loyalty of both students and their parents; the temper of the student body, however, was marked by dis- couragement and discontent, and but little more was needed to produce disintegration. The general finances of the country were in a deplorable state; labor strikes were wide spread and attended by dire consequences; banking houses and business firms had failed by hundreds and thousands ; money for any new enterprise was almost impossible to obtain. Under the circumstances the finances of the College were about as bad as they could be. It was impossible to make any headway against the old debt, and at the same time interest due and excess of expenses over in- comes added about eight thousand dollars more during the year. Some of the creditors of the College were tak- ing their claims to the courts for adjustment. Friends of the College who had signed the $25,000 mortgage note, or had gone security on other notes, were in danger of being forced to pay. The situation that faced the Board at its June meeting was not a pleasant one to contemplate. When the roll was called at the first meeting, June 11, the good men and true who responded to their names were: George Miller, representing Des Moines Confer- ence ; W. I. Beatty, D. Miller, and L. B. Hix, representing 208 Third Crisal Period Iowa Conference ; J. H. Richards, representing the Wis- consin Conference; J. P. Wilson, representing Colorado Conference ; A. M. Beal, R. E. Williams, and T. D. Wil- cox, representing the Alumni Association; and S. R. Lichtenwalter, trustee-at-large. C. Wendle and D. C. Overholser, from Rock River Conference, came in later and took their seats. W, H. Withington and H. J. Stiger were elected trustees-at-large to fill vacancies in that representation, and, being present, took their seats. These are the men that had to grapple with the mighty- task of saving a sinking cause. In the number will be found the names of men who had already borne the brunt- of many severe conflicts in behalf of the College, some of whom are still mainstays in everything that looks, toward the welfare of the school. Besides the members of the Board, M. S. Drury, solic- iting agent, was present to give his official help and to furnish counsel out of his long connection with the Col- lege. Dr. E. R. Smith and W. F. Johnston, long members of the Executive Committee, were present with their intimate knowledge of all the details pertaining to the business of the College. Many visitors were present, drawn here by their intense interest in the College, most of whom assisted the various committees ; among these were, Dr. A. W. Drury, John Lichtenwalter, C. A. Ben- son, Abraham Lichtenwalter, D. H. Kurtz, I. K. Statton, D. W. Proffitt, W. D. Hartsough, and R. L. Hagerty. General Financial Agent T. D. Adams had died April 6, 1894, and his sickness and death had necessarily left the business of the College in a somewhat confused con- dition. The following item from the report of the Com- mittee on Ways and Means shows to what extremity the Board was driven : 209 Western — Leander-Clark College "In view of the confusion in the finances of the College, due in part to the death of the financial manager and diffi- culties arising from the general financial stringency, we kindly ask the sureties on the $25,000 mortgage note and the sureties on any other pressing claim to meet the inter- est now due and unpaid, such payment to in turn be re- paid by the College; W. H. Withington to confer with said sureties with reference to said object." One cause for encouragement amid the general depres- sion was found in the progress already made on the plan inaugurated two years before, and known as the 1892 Fund. The plan proposed was to raise $35,000 with which to meet the pressing claims against the College, the donors to this fund to receive certificates in Western College in proportion to the amount donated, and when the fund was completed to organize themselves into a stock company, which, through a Board of Directors, should control the business of the College. The agents reported that $21,543 had been pledged toward this amount, and the Board, realizing that this was the only ray of hope, resolved to push the canvass with all possible vigor. How desper- ately in earnest the Board was may be gleaned from the following report from a special committee of five ap- pointed for the purpose of devising methods of pro- cedure. ''We recommend: "1. That the canvass for subscriptions, begun in the Board meeting yesterday, be urged forward here and now among those in attendance at this commencement occa- sion. Money now subscribed in the largest amounts pos- sible may determine the success of the movement. "2. That Rev. D. Miller, Mrs. Edith Baker, and Rev. W. I. Beatty be a central committee to act along with the 210 Third Crisal Period Executive Committee of the College in directing the efforts of others and assisting in making the plan adopted by the Board a success. "3. That Sabbath schools, Young People's societies, and individual congregations be asked to make special contributions and take special subscriptions in this time of urgent need. *H. That Mrs. L. D. Williams, A. M. Beal, and C. R. Shatto be a special committee to solicit subscriptions from the alumni and former students in general, and enlist their effective cooperation. "5. That the Executive Committee of the College be a special committee to secure subscriptions from the citi- zens of Toledo and the friends of the College in neighbor- ing places. "6. That we request every member of the Board of Trustees, every presiding elder, and every pastor in the cooperating territory to make himself a committee of one to make an unusual effort in securing funds in the present emergency; also, that the students be appealed to to aid with their enthusiasm and determination in relieving Western College from its burdens, and in making it in equipment and attendance of students what all so much desire. "7. That Prof. A. C. Streich, Rev. S. T. Beatty, Miss Jennie Fearer, and other suitable persons be especially commissioned to act under the direction of the Central Committee in securing funds and subscriptions, all ex- penses incurred to be paid by the College." When it came to securing a faculty for next year, the trustees faced another dilemma. It was plain that mat- ters could not go on as they had been, and so it was re- solved that teachers must be found who would be willing 211 Western — Leander-Clark College to run the school on its regular incomes supplemented by whatever donations might be made for that purpose. Only one teacher, Edgar U. Logan, Director of the Col- lege of Commerce, was found available at this time, and the Board adjourned to meet in special session, July 10, 1894. The situation was serious indeed, but there was evident a rising determination to meet the emergency manfully. The faint-hearted may quail before great difficulties, but brave souls are only stirred to more heroic efforts ; so it was now. The better spirit of faith and courage was voiced by W. I. Beatty, whose money contributions, though magnificent when measured by his ability, did not make- a very great amount, but whose services in devotion, and solicitude, and love were worth more than any money could measure. Falling into measured strains, as he does sometimes in moments of high emotional intensity, he flung this ringing challenge at the frowning future : "Western College Shall Not Die.'' Western College is the cry, Joyful note, just let it fly, As a pean in the sky. Western College shall not die. Sing, ye patriot workers, sing. Make the mighty welkin ring. Send through all the land and cry Western College shall not die. Sing aloud the battle cry, Make it reach the very sky, By the throne that is on high Western College shall not die. 2iZ Chapter XL PRESIDENT BOOKWALTER ELECTED, PLAN OF OPERA- TION. FACULTY SECURED. FINANCIAL SITUATION. INTERNAL GROWTH. DEBT PAYING CAMPAIGN. LEAN- DER CLARK's PROPOSITION. The inauguration of a movement of momentous import, of the turning of the tide in the destiny of an individual, or of an institution, often rests upon the intiative of a few earnest souls. The conferences of John and Charles Wesley and their two companions in a student's room at old Oxford University led to the spiritual awakening that revolutionized the spirit of Protestantism; the now fam- ous haystack prayer meeting by a little band of students from Williams College started one of the farthest reach- ing forces of modern Christendom, the Student Volunteer Movement. A somewhat similar meeting, in Dayton, Ohio, in the summer of 1894, held almost as great signifi- cance for the destiny of Western College. Three alumni, M. R. Drury, A. W. Drury, and Lewis Bookwalter, and John Dodds, a royal friend of the College, knowing that some one must go to the rescue, met to hold an earnest conference over the matter. With a leader who com- bined in himself devotion to the College, intensified by a profound knowledge of its needs, experience in shaping educational policies and practical sagacity of the highest order, the College had a chance against odds of ultimately succeeding. The task was one to appall the stoutest heart ; no one cared to be commissioned to undertake it. The more the matter was discussed, the more evident it became that one of Western's own sons should answer 213 Western — Leander-Clark College her call in this, her hour of great need. The question went around the little circle, ''Why don't you go? and you? and you?" And straightway each began to make excuse, esteeming the other a fitter sacrifice than himself. Finally the choice fell upon Lewis Bookwalter, and he bowed his shoulders to receive the load. So it came about that when the Board of Trustees met in special session at Toledo, July 10, the Committee on Faculty and Nominations reported the name of Rev. Lewis Bookv/alter for the presidency, and the nomination was unanimously and eagerly ratified by the vote of the Board. The choice was a happy one for many reasons. From his youth up. Doctor Bookwalter had been nurtured in the traditions of the Church, and was in warmest sym- pathy with the aspirations of the Church to build up insti- tutions of higher learning. His father's family had been enlisted in Western College from the founding, and in the early days had moved to Western for the double purpose of serving the College and of receiving the bene- fits it offered. He had imbibed the spirit of the College through the intimate experiences of a student, and then, upon graduation, became a soliciting agent for his alma mater for one year. Then for six more years he was more closely identified with the life of the school as Professor of Ancient Languages and as College treasurer, in which latter position he became familiar with the busi- ness affairs of the College. Later he gained valuable administrative experience as Principal of Edwards Academy and as President of Westfield College; still later as pastor of important congregations in Dayton, the center of the denomination's activities. The choice of Professor E. F. Warren as vice president and Professor of Mathematics was equally fortunate. 214 President Bookzvalter Elected Professor Warren was a man of absolute integrity of character, drawn into the teaching profession by pure love of the work; consequently his influence over youth was most wholesome and stimulating. Furthermore, his thor- ough training in the accurate methods of solid modern business made his services invaluable in straightening olit the involved affairs of the College. The plan for operating the school, agreed upon jointly by the Board and President Bookwalter, had in it some new features. Practically the whole management, exter- nal and internal, was turned over to the president and vice president. They, with the assistance of a committee from the Board of Trustees, were to select the remainder of the faculty. They were to run the school strictly on its incomes, and when these were not sufficient to pay salaries in full the teachers were to receive pro rata until the incomes were exhausted and then should have no further claim against the College. This provision, though severe on the teachers by putting upon them the whole risk of a loss, was wise under the circumstances, and proved so successful that it was continued until the College secured its large permanent endowment. The sources of income as outlined in the plan were: Tuitions in the College of Liberal Arts and the Academy, assessments paid annually by the cooperating confer- ences, special funds solicited for this purpose, proceeds from the boarding halls, and rent paid in the form of commissions by the Conservatory of Music, the College of Commerce, and other adjunct departments. With these incomes the faculty was to run the school, furnish fuel and janitor, and pay themselves without incurring any indebtedness for current expenses. This plan left the agents of the College and the other officers of the 215 Western — Leander-Clark College corporation proper free to devote all their attention to th^ debt. At the July 10 meeting the general financial manager, Daniel Miller, serving in that capacity since the death of T. D. Adams, was able to report good progress on the $35,000 fund. The Board of Trustees then fixed Sep- tember 4, 1894, as the date for completing the proposed fund, and requested the stockholders under said fund to meet in Toledo on September 4, on the same date as the adjourned meeting of tlie Board. Meanwhile President Bookwalter was busy securing a faculty and making preparations for the opening of school in September. The plan that was evolving in his mind soon came to rest upon two immovable propositions : First, the educational standards of the school must be raised to the highest rank by employing university-trained teachers for the heads of departments and by making the pay of teachers the matter of first concern with the man- agement ; second, the debt must be stopped from growing and then must be systematically reduced by a direct and persistent attack in the spirit of Grant's campaign against Richmond. As a first step in this program, Arthur Gray Leonard, a graduate of Oberlin College, and later a post- graduate student of Johns Hopkins University, was se- lected as Professor of Natural Science, and Edward L. Colebeck, a graduate of Northwestern University and graduate student of the University of Chicago, was chosen Professor of Ancient Languages; these were men of superior scholarship and ability. Annie Dell LeFevre, from the faculty of the year previous, was retained as Professor of Modern Languages, and W. L Beatty was appointed instructor in Biblical History. August Hailing was secured as Director of the Conservatory of Music* 216 President Bookwalter Elected Flora Wonser as instructor in Painting and Drawing, and Edgar U. Logan as principal of the College of Commerce. When the trustees met September 4, General Agent, D. Miller reported that the full amount of the $35,000 fund had been pledged, which report was approved "with grate- ful rejoicings." By the terms of the pledges the fund was to be available for paying pressing claims. Steps were taken for pushing the collection of these pledges with all possible vigor. A committee, appointed to ascertain the present status of the debt, found : Notes Against the College $67,049.11 Delinquent Interest 7,181 .66 Due Sundry Persons 7,023 . 57 Total $81,254.34 Against this the College had the recently pledged $35,000, from which, however, would be deducted the necessary shrinkage on such pledges, the expenses of collection, and the interest that would accrue while col- lections were being made. At any rate, the situation was improving greatly, and all turned their faces toward the new school year with a look of expectancy and hope such as had not been for years. The first year under the new order of things marked a great gain in every particular. What the year accom- plished and the new spirit of hope those accomplishments engendered can be seen from the following editorial cor- respondence published in the Religious Telescope, June 26, 1895 : "The eyes of the entire Church have recently been turned upon Western College, They should be kept . 217 Western — Leander-Clark College there for a time. Not with anxious query as to whether it shall go up or down, but rather with zealous inquiry as to how it may best be helped in its upward and onward course. That it has entered upon such a course, facts about its last year's work and its recent commencement well attest. May a few such facts hereby presented by one who attended this commencement just closed, and whose business there made it necessary for him to know the true condition of the institution, tend to inspire that interest and confidence among its friends and patrons, and its ought-to-be friends and patrons which it needs and deserves. "A clear June morning is a joy almost anywhere in our latitude. It is a superb joy in Toledo, Iowa. The credit of this must be divided between June and Toledo. June furnishes her share in her usual bewitching manner dis- played elsewhere; Toledo hers by her charming location among and upon a picturesque aggregation of gently- undulating hills, by the substantial up-to-date architecture of its neat, well-painted residences and public buildings, by its well-kept lawns, by its fruitful gardens, by its pro- fusion of flowers, by its wild birds singing in its native forest trees, and last, but not least, by its classic dignity, due to fourteen years' beneficent influence of Western College. "Such a morning was June 9, when an eager congre- gation of more than one thousand completely filled the capacious auditorium of the United Brethren Church. They came to hear the baccalaureate by President Book- waiter. They were not disappointed; Dr. Bookwalter does not disappoint. The substance of the sermon was that all that is good and enduring in the life of the individual or of the state has its source in the life and 218 President Bookwalter Elected teachings of Jesus. A commendable fraternal spirit was shown by the pastors of the other churches, who were present and took part in the service, making it a union service. A special feature of the exercises was a most beautiful solo by Miss Maria Bookwalter, of Minneapolis, Minn., whose rendition of both the words and the soul of the song one seldom hears excelled. "On Sunday evening an earnest, helpful sermon was delivered by Rev. E. W. Curtis, of Des Moines, before the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. of the College. On Monday, the tenth, the Board of Trustees met. Rev. George Miller, D.D., of Carlisle, Iowa, who has been its efficient president for fourteen successive years, and who was again reelected, presiding. The Board of Di- rectors, elected by the Donors' Association, and given supervisory jurisdiction over the general work of the Board of Trustees, and authority to propose plans and methods as to the financial affairs of the College, met for the first time and organized. G. M. Miller, of Chicago, was elected president; Hon. W. F. Johnston, of Toledo, vice president; and Dr. E. R. Smith, of Toledo, secretary. "The investigations and deliberations of the two boards were harmoniously conducted, and the results gave new hope and courage to all the friends of the institution who were present. The former showed the internal affairs of the College to be in excellent condition. All expenses of the year were met by tuition and other sources of income, and not a dollar of debt was incurred in the conduct of the internal affairs of the College for the year. The plan of last year, which gave the president and vice president of the College complete control of the internal affairs of the institution, all salaries and incidental expenses to be 219 Western — Leander-Clark College i>' met by them from tuition and minor sources of income, was highly satisfactory to both the faculty and the boards, so that the same plan was adopted for the coming year, and the entire faculty was reelected, with the exception of Miss LeFevre, of the Chair of Modern Languages, who resigned for reasons external to her connection with the College. "In this connection it should be said that President Bookwalter, nobly seconded by Vice President Warren, has won the complete confidence of the old friends of the College, both at home and abroad, and made many new friends for it by his able administration of the past year, and every one of the some three hundred students in attendance goes out as a missionary to increase the attendence for the year to come. This confidence is well founded. Doctor Bookwalter is no experiment. The Church has known and honored him as one of its best ministers and educators for twenty years or more, and he has no less honored the Church. No encomiums upon him are necessary. The efficient work of Rev. W. I. Beatty, D.D., College pastor and instructor in Bible studies in the College, has contributed much to the suc- cess of the past year. "An interesting fact in connection with the boards' investigations as to the external affairs of the College is the completion during the year, under the management of Rev. D. Miller, of a plan to reduce the College debt, which resulted in an actual paying oft" of $18,000 of in- debtedness, and the providing of $17,000 more of debt- paying assets. An interesting fact connected with the deliberations of the boards was the probable success of a new plan to pay off a debt of v$25,0O0 during the next year, a proposition of some wealthy friends of the Col - 220 President Bookwalter Elected lege, who are standing behind this debt, having been made to pay their proportion of it at once, provided the other indorsers would do the same. If this is accomplished, Sinbad's 'Old Man of the Sea' will no longer ride on the shoulders of Western College. Free from this burden, there is no reason why it should not rank with the best institutions of Iowa, both in attendance and equipment. "This reminds me of the honors the Western College boys achieved during the year in athletics by defeating 'on the diamond' the representative ball players of every prominent college and university in the State except one. Physical development and hygiene are accorded their proper place in the institution, and the College gymnasium and athletic grounds are well patronized by the students of both sexes. "On Monday evening the four senior literary societies gave their anniversary entertainment, which was a suc- cess that would have done credit to any institution of learning. Orations were delivered by Philo W. Drury, Alice Harrison, E. A. Elliott, and Ethel Bookwalter, representing the Philopronean Society, Young Ladies' Atheneum, Young Men's Institute, and the Calliopean Society, respectively. The literary society esprit de corps, which was one of the strong features of the Col- lege, which some of us well remember as one of the in- spirations of our college days at old Western fifteen or twenty years ago, was present in good degree, a new phase of it being rather vociferously expressed by the young men's societies concluding the ceremony of the presentation of the society diplomas by their respective society yells. "Tuesday evening was devoted to the alumni banquet in the Opera House, which, if not a 'feast of reason,' 221 Western — Leander-Clark College that being subordinate on such an occasion, was a 'flow of soul,' as it seemed to be thoroughly enjoyed by all as a social affair. "President Bookwalter responded in a happy manner to the toast, 'Our Alma Mater' one of his best points being the displaying of a $1,000 check just received, to be in- vested in the College where it would do the most good. "G. M. Miller responded to 'The Alumnus and Social Problems,' giving a brief outline of the principles under- lying social problems, which he expects to present more fully before the students of the College some time during the coming year in a series of lectures, he having been elected to the honorary position of lecturer on sociology. "H. M. Rebok, Indian agent at Tama Reservation, and editor of the Toledo Democrat, spoke of the influence of the so-called smaller colleges that keep near the people, comparing it with that of those that cater to and are dominated by plutocratic influences. "Dr. W. I. Beatty responded to 'Reminiscences,' and revived some of the amusing incidents of the 'days of auld lang syne' at 'Old Western.' "The graduating exercises took place Wednesday, the twelfth, at 10 : 30 a.m. It is the principal event of the year for Toledo, Tama, and the surrounding country; and, as usual, the United Brethren Church was filled to overflowing. The graduating class representing the reg- ular courses consists of six very promising young men, two of whom, Messrs. Slattery and Brooke, are ministers of the gospel, and of some considerable experience in their calling. "J. C. Sanders spoke of 'Music in Our Public Schools' ; J. K. Coddington of 'The Unity of Science' ; H. E. Slat- tery of 'Success'; F. E. Brooke of 'The Jew in the 222 President Bookwalter Elected World's Drama' ; S. E. Long of 'Scientific Immortality' ; and G. E. Porter of 'Former and Reformer.' The length which this article has reached forbids any digest of these orations. It is enough to say that they measured up among the best of similar efforts in the history of the College, and were in matter and manner complimentary to the institution which these young men are expected to honor by their life-work. "C. F. Peterson and Miss Olive Williams were gradu- ated in the normal course, and a large class received diplomas from the College of Commerce. Revs. C. R. Shatto and S. T. Beatty received the degree of A.M. Excellent music was furnished throughout by Professor August Hailing, director of the Conservatory of Music, assisted by accomplished musicians, whose training in the Conservatory was a satisfactory index of its success. "Taken a a whole, the commencement program was a success, and gave good evidence that Western College is up to date in spirit, method, and action, and is bound to succeed. The speed and degree of this success will de- pend much upon many who will read this report. Will they be a sufficient success in the line of duty to help now to hasten and enlarge the success of Western College?" The story of the next seven years is the story of a heroic struggle more stupendous and more protracted than often falls to the lot of one institution and one set of men. As the main struggle had to do with the ex- ternal affairs of the College — the battle with the mountain of debt — it will be well first to trace that struggle to its grand consummation, and then to recount somewhat of the internal life during the same period. The brunt of that long battle was borne by President Bookwalter, who, 223 Western — Leander-Clark College through the greater part of the period, was financial man- ager of the College, sole field agent and solicitor, and superintendent of the internal afifairs of the school. The burdens he bore, the sleepless nights he spent, the con- stant trying of a courage tenacious as tempered steel, are known only to himself and to a few of those nearest to him ; yet he would not have succeeded without the stead- fast support of such men as Vice President Warren and his successor. Vice President McClelland; as the stone- wall group of men who composed the Executive Com- mittee — E. R. Smith, W. F. Johnston, S. R. Lichten- walter, W. H. Withington, J. H. Ross, and Daniel Mc- Intyre ; as George Miller, president of the Board, and for a short time soliciting agent; as Field agent N. F. Hicks for the last three years of the debt campaign; and such members of the Board of Trustees as W. I. Beatty, John Shambaugh, M. R. Drury, and many others. The best idea of the progress of the campaign can be gathered from articles written in the heat of the conflict, most of them from the pen of President Bookwalter. From the Religious Telescope, February 8, 1896: ''Management of Western College.'' "At the special session of the Board of Trustees, held March 28, 1895, Rev. D. Miller, the general financial manager, reported that the turning of the so-called ' '92 Fund' into cash and notes had been virtually consum- mated. He gave it as his opinion and that of those in the immediate management that for a time the College finan- ces could be conducted without a salaried financial man- ager, and he accordingly resigned his office. The financial management was placed in the hands of the president and assistant treasurer of the College. 224 REV. W. I. BEATTY, D.D. LoiiK a Member of the Board of Trustees. PROFESSOR E. F. WARREN Vice President and Business Manager. REV. W. S. REESE, D.D. Vice President two years and Member of the Faculty four years. PROFESSOR B. F. McCLELLAND Vice President from 189G to the time of his death, December 1900. REV. L. H. BUFKIN General Financial Agent nine years and Soliciting Agent five years more. REV. N. F. HICKS Field Secretary through the Debt-paying Campaign. REV. R. E. GRAVES Field Secretary through the Endowment Campaign. REV. O. G. MASON Present Field Secretary President Bookwalter Elected "At the regular meeting of the Board, in June, it was decided to continue for a time the same economic policy, it being left to the president of the College and Executive Committee to determine when a man should be employed to take charge of the finances. It was thought by the committee that during the summer and early fall it would not be wise to enter upon new and aggressive plans for raising funds. So, since last March, Professor Warren and I, in consultation with the Executive Committee, have been handling the financial interests of the College. I may say that it seems to be the judgment of the Execu- tive Committee and other officers that the finances have been managed successfully. "But the time has now come when the best interests of the College call for a man to give himself to the financial work. For some time we have been looking and praying for the right man. I trust that in what has just been done in filling this important place, both the committee in calling and the brother in responding have been divinely led. On yesterday, January 23, the Executive Committee and Rev. George Miller, D.D., of Carlisle, Iowa, consummated the plan by which he is engaged to lead in the financial work. He is for the present employed to work under the direction of the Executive Committee up to the time of the meeting of the Board of Trustees in June. Until that time, at the request of the pastors of his district whom he called together in council, he retains his present relation to the district, the work there to be conducted by supply under his direction. "Doctor Miller has been called and employed as presi- dent of the Board of Trustees to lead in this time of urgent need in plans and eflforts to relieve the College of its load of debt. He and the president of the College are 225 Western — Leander-Clark College expected to join in this task. Plans are laid for moving immediately in the work of securing donations for the liquidation of the debt. Brother Miller will enter at once upon his work. ''The College authorities feel free to congratulate the friends and patrons of the College, in whose behalf they have acted, that so able a man as Mr. Miller has been secured. Dr. Miller is a man of large experience and rec- ognized ability as a manager and leader in church affairs. He has been president of the Board of Trustees of the College for sixteen years. He needs no introduction to our people. His coming to this place at this time will increase confidence and add to the inspiration of all the friends of Western College. "But let all bear in mind the burdens and responsibilities which, in responding to this call. Brother Miller assumes. Well may he have hesitated, and thought, and asked di- vine guidance before undertaking this Herculean task. The managing and liquidating of a debt of $63,000 is the work in hand. To succeed, Doctor Miller must have the hearty and liberal cooperation of all. Especially must our men of means respond in large sums to his appeals. It is believed that this they will do. Let the financial needs of Western College be in the thought and prayer of all its friends; and in this time of its steady and hopeful advancement let all be inspired to join in promot- ing its highest welfare. "L. BOOKWALTER." Religious Telescope, October 13, 1897: "a noble, heroic effort. "Western College has rolled up its sleeves and gone to work, resolved to wipe out the last dollar of its indebted- 226 President Bookwalter Elected ness. The purpose is as noble as the undertaking is great and important. The College has buildings, grounds, and equipment worth several times the amount of its indebt- edness. Then, too, it is manned by a thoroughly wide- awake faculty, and its halls are well filled with as promis- ing a set of students as grace the halls of any institution in any State. "All these things conspire to encourage the friends of Christian education to rally right royally and liberally to the great work of lifting the debt. It can be, it must be, it will be done. Read President Bookwalter's article on page 15 of this week's issue. The plan he outlines is well matured, feasible, practical, and his whole soul is in the work. Let all who can lift a pound or give a dollar throughout the cooperating territory rally in response to his bugle call, and the work will soon be done. "western college LIQUIDATION OF DEBT. "First, let it be remembered that for three years the College has been run upon a plan that has prevented any increase of its debt by its mere running. Its income, sup- plemented by the conference assessments and temporary endowment, has met the running expenses. Here it should be said that the adding of another member to the faculty, made necessary by the internal growth, will make neces- sary also an increase in the temporary endowment gifts by friends and in the receipts from conference assess- ments. Taken all together, the internal condition is healthy, vigorous, and assuring. "But the matter to which I wish to call the special attention of the friends of Western College is the present status of the debt and the plan for its liquidation. 227 Western — Leander-Clark College "debt statement. "The total debt of the College, in round numbers, is $65,000. This sum will cover every dollar of its present liabilities, including unpaid interest. This debt is draw- ing seven per cent, interest. To offset this the College has contingent assets, good paper, to the amount of $20,000. This makes us a net debt unprovided for of $45,000. But those who know something of how debts at seven per cent, interest grow, and how even good college assets are liable to shrink, will feel that to provide fully for this debt we should raise $50,000. "plan for providing for it. "It will be remembered that aside from a few weeks' soliciting done eighteen months ago by Dr. George Miller, president of the Board, and myself, no field work has been done for more than three years. At the meeting of the Board of Trustees, in June last, it was decided to enter again upon the work of liquidating the debt; and it was the action of the Board that I be relieved from teaching for the year that I might give my time more fully to the financial interests. So the summer campaign for stu- dents being over, I am now entering expressly upon the financial work. The plan is : . "That I shall have the cooperation of presiding elders, pastors, and certain laymen in making the canvass for money ; that the canvass shall be chiefly among the friends of means, but among others also; that we shall aim to secure, if possible, ten $1,000 donations, twenty, $500 donations, and one hundred $100 donations, which, all together, will knock the center out of this debt; that further we shall aim to secure a number of gifts from $2,000 to $5,000, as well as many donations of $200 and 228 President Bookwalter Elected $300, and of $50 upward; that these gifts shall be in cash, or notes at seven per cent, interest, made payable at such reasonable time and in such payments as may suit the donors. "Such, in short, is the situation, and such the plan of work ; and upon the work we have already entered. We have made a start. The first donor was our esteemed Bishop N. Castle. He was the first of the $100 donors. Church Erection Secretary W. M. Weekley, a Rock River man and former trustee, is second on this Hst. A young brother, a layman in Rock River Conference, starts the $500 list. Following the brethren mentioned on the $10 list are nine other men and women — presiding elders, pastors, laymen, and others. The results reached in the first ten days are surely encouraging. And so, friends of Western College, we have entered together upon this work. A task, a great task, it is, but we are able for its full accomplishment. And its accomplish- ment is the will of God and our sacred duty. How soon this will be reached I cannot say. We set no time, but we do set the goal — the full liquidation of this college debt. "For this end, so vital to our Church in the central northwest, let all our people pray, and talk, and give. "L. Bookwalter." Religions Telescope, November 3, 1897 : "western college — ITS DEBT MUST BE MET NOW. " 'To everything there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven,' so says the inspired wise man. "Whether, in the sense of this proverb, there is a 'time to go in debt,' I do not assume to say. This I do know, that time or no time most people go in debt. I suppose 229 Western — Leander-Clark College ail will agree that there is a 'time to get out of debt' if one possibly can. ''Whether there is a time for a college to go in debt need not here be discussed — most colleges unfortunately have done so — but the one conviction to which the friends of Western College seem now to be unanimously coming, is that whatever may be thought or said as to its having been run in debt, the time is here when it must and it shall be lifted out. "Let us notice why the manager and friends now so feel. First, there has been no general effort made against the debt for over three years, the canvass for the ' '92 Fund' having been completed September 4, 1894. It was necessary to give the territory rest after that so general and hard a lift ; but the rest has been taken, and the time for action is now here. Uneasy and anxious under existing conditions, the friends of the College would interpret further inaction as a grave and perilous mistake. Everywhere it is felt that we must again be moving upon the debt. "Again, the general financial condition of the country is improving, slowly, but it is thought surely. During the past two years the state of commercial affairs has been such that no one could successfully conduct a canvass for money for a college debt. But with the turn in the tide of business the thought of the people has turned towards the needs of their college, and they are again as ready as they are again able to come to its relief. The times are auspi- cious, and we shall, with gratitude to the Dispenser of events, without delay embrace our opportunity. And further, the doubts and fears which a few years age were entertained as to the final success of the College have now given way — given place to faith and courage. 239 President Bookzvalter Elected The vigorous internal life which the College has taken on, the fine growth in numbers and advancement in general standing which it has made, and the successful running of the school upon a financial basis by which no additional debt is incurred, these facts have naturally inspired a con- fidence and awakened an enthusiasm which has prepared all to enter heartily and liberally into the financial move- ment now proposed. "And finally, it is known and felt by all that the one all- embracing matter with Western College is the early pay- ment of its debt. This is the one thing vital. Other things are important, as sustaining a strong faculty and running the school economically, but to pay the debt is a necessity. Around the lifting of this $65,000 debt every- thing, in the last analysis, centers. The people very well know this, and the management fully realizes it. In the work of saving and building up this College we are now face to face with the real issue — we are come to the final, determining effort. All that has been accomplished dur- ing these past three years has been but preparatory to what is yet and now to be done, and is a success only as it is followed up and crowned with the wiping out of the debt. And so, I repeat, we are all resolved upon this present financial effort, because upon its success definitely depends the very life of the College. 'Thus do many and strong reasons unite in pointingjto the present as God's time and our time to achieve the final relief and sure success of this Christian College. "It will interest all to know that the list of donors is steadily growing. It may be proper and helpful to begin soon the publication of gifts. "L. BOOKWALTER." 231 Western — Leander-Clark Colleger From the Watchword, August 16, 1899: j "improvements at western college. "At the meeting of the Board of Trustees of Western College, June, 1899, many improvements in the buildings were planned and authorized. These improvements at this time are nearly completed. "Drury Hall, where room and board is furnished for young men, has been papered or calcimined throughout; the rooms which students occupy are recarpeted. New walks have been made, and the house has been repaired. Under the management of Mr. and Mrs. Drake, Drury Hall promises to be a popular home for students. "By reason of the kindness of a very dear friend of Western, a much-needed bathroom, and all pertaining to it, has been placed in Beatty Hall. Rooms are to have new paper and new carpet ; the porches are to be painted ; other improvements are in mind. Beatty Hall is a most attractive home for young ladies, and will increase in popularity. The club system, so successfully operated last year, will be continued. "The Conservatory of Music will present a more beau- tiful appearance because of paint and paper. In the last four years seven rooms in the College build- ing, including the society halls, which are most hand- somely decorated, have been frescoed without expense to the College treasurer. The Board of Trustees, in keeping with this spirit of progress, ordered the frescoing of all the rooms in the College building. All the members of the faculty very cheerfully agreed to bear a part of the expense of ornamenting their respective recitation rooms. When this work is done, few colleges anywhere will pre- sent a neater or prettier appearance than Western. These 232 President Bookwalter Electea beautiful rooms will prove a constant inspiration to both students and teachers, and I am sure that our visiting friends will take great pleasure and pride in our pro- gressive spirit and handsome surroundings. ''Other necessary improvements have been made in buildings and grounds. ''Western College is now more than ever an attractive and enticing spot to all students and friends, who, at all times, are very welcome to its halls. "One of the greatest needs of the College now is stu- dents, and just here is made another appeal to all our ministers and to all other friends to make earnest efforts for the success of Western College to fill its halls with students. Let us have your assistance in securing two hundred students for the opening, September 13, 1899. Stand by Western with the well-grounded hope that your school will be heard from through the young people you send us. Accept our gratitude for past favors in the ex- pectation of larger and richer ones. "B. F. McClelland." "western college ITS NEW LIFE. "To one intimately associated with Western College for the last few years there has been apparent the grad- ual unfolding of a new life, which has now become very real and very potent. "Colleges, like individuals, have personality and life story, uneventful periods and epoch-making periods. The story of the last ten years includes an epoch-making period in the history of Western College. "First, a period of general inflation in the business world with consequent 'easy times' — easy to contract debts — and a 'boom' period for the College, resulting 233 Western — Leander-Clark College from its recent relocation and the general business prosperity. "Great things were in prospect. The College was mak- ing a 'record,' and in consequence expenses were incurred beyond incomes, trusting to the delusive future for pay- ment. Then came the destructive fire, which, despite the heroic response of Toledo and outside friends, added greatly to the already oppressive debt, and soon the authorities were being driven to their wits' end in tiding over various emergencies. In this state of affairs came the great financial crisis in the business world, the inability of the College to meet its obligations, a falling behind in teachers' salaries, internal friction, and a wholesale resig- nation of faculty and instructors, necessitating a complete reorganization. The first year was little more than a temporary expedient to bridge a chasm,. Then plans promising more permancy were devised, and a consistent internal policy was adopted. But the financial stringency was still at its worst, friends had become discouraged, and some completely alienated, and within was disorgan- ization. The task of resurrection seemed all but hope- less, yet a wise policy, conscientiously and steadfastly carried .out, is accomplishing the seemingly impossible. "This policy consists of two essential principles: (1) The current expenses of the College must not exceed the current income. This principle excludes additions to the debt except from its own accruing interest. (2) The educational standards of the College must be main- tained at the highest possible point consistent with exist- ing conditions. When necessary in carrying out this principle, wide range of subjects taught is sacrificed to excellence in the subjects attempted, and the prompt payment of teachers is made the first duty of the treas- 234 President Bookwalter Elected iiry in order to secure and hold teachers of superior ability and training. What this policy has accomplished is best appreciated by those who have watched its work- ings most carefully. ''It is safe to say that never has there been manifested a greater confidence in the financial integrity of the Col- lege, and surely there never have been more people willing to lend assistance. It is equally safe to say that the educational standards have never been higher, and surely there never has been more complete internal harmony, and perhaps never such a close sympathy between teach- ers and students. Even traditional college tricks are most conspicuous by their absence. In fact, the spirit of petty annoyance, often found among college students, would be so abnormal under present conditions that it most perforce soon die in consequence of uncongenial climatic conditions. "The return of general prosperity makes this the time for the friends of the College to rally to its support. "The financial results of the past year have been most gratifying, even beyond our expectations. The treas- urer's report last June showed that the debt was actually reduced more than $14,000. It should be explained that nearly half of that came from the final settlement of a long contested legacy, but even then the showing is a good one. Since June some $6,000 more has been can- celled, largely through the generosity of one man. Thus the great load is moving. Let our good friends keep it going. "Much of the credit for what has been accomplished is due to the firm determination and ceaseless efforts of President Bookwalter. With a scrupulous sense of the sanctity of financial obligations, he has succeeded in win- 235 Western — Leander-Clark College ning for the College the respect and confidence of all with whom he has dealings. He also possesses the rare faculty of smoothing ruffled feelings, and of soliciting people for money, and yet leaving behind a kindly feeling which invites a second call. The College is fortunate in having such a man at its head just now. ''H. W. Ward." Finally, at the opening of the year 1900, the conviction grew upon those having the work in charge that the time had come to make one supreme effort to cast off the whole burden of debt. Accordingly a time limit was set and a plan was formulated for raising within the limit fixed the whole amount yet needed. Computing the interest that would accrue in the two years and estimating ex- penses of the canvass, it was found that $50,000 of new funds must be secured in order to clear all indebtedness. The plan devised therefore proposed to secure in cash or good obligations the sum of fifty thousand dollars, the whole amount to be secured and duly reported on or before January 1, 1902. A committee, consisting of the President of the College and the cashiers of the First National Bank of Tama, the Toledo Savings Bank, and the Toledo State Bank, was to examine the notes and pledges and determine whether the whole amount had been secured. The plan of a united assault upon the remaining debt appealed to all the friends of the College, particularly as yearly interest went far toward consuming the results of a more deliberate canvass. Furthermore, the finances of the country were again in a prosperous condition and everything invited to the great undertaking. By the time plans were fully matured and arrangements made for organizing the canvass, the first of April, 1900, 236 President Bookwalter Elected had arrived. President Bookwalter had, for a long time, been alone in the field. Now N. F. Hicks was selected as his lieutenant and given the title of field agent or secretary. Together they mapped out the field and pro- ceeded to push the canvass into all quarters of the cooperating territory. With what encouragement the work began is indicated by the following letter to the Telescope six months after the campaign was started : "western college — THE OUTLOOK. "The fall conferences of the cooperating territory have all had their annual sessions, the Iowa Conference having met in March. It has always been a great pleasure and an inspiration to meet with these bodies representing our Church in the central northwest. This year the general interest and spirit seemed to me to be unusually fine, while the spirit of progress, as shown in the reports of presiding elders and pastors and in the plans for the future, was especially apparent. "The increased interest manifested everywhere in higher education and in our own institution of learning was very marked, and is most gratifying. One evidence of this is the fine increase in the total of College Faculty Fund reported by the pastors of the various conferences. The number of charges reporting this fund full was double that so reporting any previous year. This also means the sending of a largely increased number of student repre- sentatives on the one term's free tuition privilege. "The new plan for the final liquidation of the debt was enthusiastically endorsed by all these conferences, the Iowa Conference having given it, in the latter part of 237 Western — Leander-Clark College March, its hearty endorsement, at the time of the launch- ing of the scheme. A pubUc appeal for offerings for the debt fund was made at each of the late conferences, resulting in gifts in cash and notes aggregating as follows : Rock River, $810; Des Moines, $1,580; Minnesota, $606; Wisconsin, $424, the whole aggregating $3,420. This is the kind of endorsement that counts. This generous and substantial support of the movement of our Church lead- ers, both lay and clerical, gives to it multiplied influence and strength among our people everywhere. The fact is, as these six months of its presentation to the people show, the proposition that all now lift together and lift out, makes its own appeal, and the plan to secure the $50,000 by January 1, 1902, with which to provide for the full liquidation of the debt, is surely destined to succeed. But it will need to be supported liberally by all the friends of the College and pushed with vigor everywhere. The task is a herculean one, and will be accomplished only by a united and supreme effort by the friends of the institu- tion. The present is full of assurance. We are making steady progress. The $20,000 mark has been passed, and we are pushing on toward the midway point on the road to the goal. "There is also everywhere a growing purpose to send a larger number of our young people to the College. This is the result both of an increased interest in higher educa- tion and of a more loyal devotion to our Church and school. The ministry and laity are alike moved with this good purpose. The results are seen in the steadily in- creasing attendance. No recent year has opened with so large a number of students as has this. The present net total enrollment is 223. We are thoroughly organized in every department, and the work is fully under way. The 238 President Bookwalter Elected internal life is vigorous and the interest fine. There is every promise for a year of unusual success. "The advance internally and the advance financially being made by the College are mutually helpful. The conditions are full of promise. This is our time for vigorous action; our time to join hands in the task before us; our time to strike off our shackles and move for- ward. Our College is enjoying in an unusual measure the hearty good will of men and the gracious favor of God. This, I repeat, this for Western College is the day of opportunity. "Toledo, Iowa. L. Bookwalter." The following, from a local paper, under date of December 13, 1900, shows how the internal life of the school was expanding as well as how the debt campaign was progressing: "western college. "The present term, closing on the eighteenth, has been the best the College has had for years. The enrollment is twenty-five per cent, in advance of that a year ago. There has been a fine gain in all departments. The interest has been excellent, and both faculty and students close the work of the term with unusual satisfaction. One noticeable feature of the attendance is the fine increase in the number of young people who are from the homes of our own county. They come from country, town, and city and represent the most substantial class of our citi^ zens. This home support is very gratifying to all friends of the College. It shall be the constant aim of the man- agement to make of Western College an institution that shall be the just pride of the community and of this section of the State. 239 Western — Leander-Clark College "There is every promise of a largely increased attend- ance the coming term, which begins January 2. "There will be an unusually large number of new stu- dents coming largely, as is always the case in the winter, from village and country. The subjects taught will cover a large range — from the common branches on up through all the grades of the regular preparatory and collegiate work. The adjunct departments of Music, Elocution, Commerce, and Art will offer superior advantages. The expenses of the student at Western College are known to be very moderate, unusually low considering the high- grade facilities. "All friends of the College will be glad to know that the plan set on foot last April, for securing $50,000 by January 1, 1902, with which to pravide for the liquidation of the entire debt of the College, is meeting with assured success. Obligations have already been secured aggre- gating $22,000. A year yet remains in which to provide for the large sum yet needed to consummate the plan Vigorous work by the managers of the College and gen- erous giving by all its friends will see this vital and much watched for end achieved. The generous response by those who have already been called upon is most heartily appreciated. "The present outlook for Western College as viewed from all standpoints is full of promise. "L. BooKWALTER, President/' At the meeting of the Board, in June, 1901, a casting up of accounts showed nearly half the entire amount yet to raise and only six months in which to raise it. The road to the mountain top was still long and steep, but this was no time for stout men to falter or grow faint-hearted. 240 A. H. DOLPH A generous supporter of the College J. K. HOBAUGH Who laid the foundation for a Perma- nent Endowment. JENNIE McINTYRE FLETCHER Of the Fletcher Chair of English founded by her parents, Mr. and Mrs. D. Mclntyre. JACOB GUTSHALL Who continued his gifts to the College after he was ninety years old. ADAM SHAMBAUGH Of the Shambaugh Chair of Chemistry. S. R. LICHTENWALTER Long a member of the Board and of the Executive Committee. HON. JOHN SHAMBAUGH Of the Shambaugh Chair of Chemistry. HON. H. J. STIGER Endowment Secretary. President Bookwalter Elected Conscious of the great task before them, the authorities of the College girded themselves for a climb such as might be the talk of a lifetime. How they went about their work may be gathered from the following short letter to the Telescope written soon after commencement : "western college FINANCIAL CAMPAIGN. "As stated in Doctor Drury's report of commencement week, the pushing of the scheme to raise the full $50,000 for liquidation of debt by January 1, next, was the one absorbing thought of all. The securing of the $24,000 yet needed was the chief end planned for by the Board of Trustees, both as a body and as individuals. It was determined to place a number of our strongest men in the field to assist in the canvass. By the voluntary offer of their services on the part of a number of our leading pastors, we are able to announce a strong force soon to enter the field. Among these are Rev. M. R. Drury, of Toledo; Rev. W. I. Beatty, of Lisbon; Rev. L. B. Hix, of Muscatine; and Rev. F. E. Brooke, of Cedar Rapids. Also, Rev. R. L. Purdy, of Corning, will join in the work. Two laymen, Mr. Adam Shambaugh, of Booneville, and Mr. S, R. Lichtenwalter, of Toledo, also told us to call upon them for any assistance they could render. Since the meeting of the Board, I have secured the services of Rev. L. L. Thayer, of Edgerton, Wis., to canvass his own conference territory. These brethren, with Rev. N. F. Hicks, regular field agent, and myself, will push the can- vass with all possible vigor. But we will be only leaders in the work, for there must be, and there will be the hearty cooperation of all the presiding elders of the territory. Presiding elders Rev. George Miller, Rev. N. F. Cronk, and Rev. V. A. Carlton, who were present at the meeting 241 Western — Leander-Clark College of the Board, pledged every assistance they could give, and some of them already have appointments made with Rev. N. F. Hicks to join him on their districts. Other presid- ing elders stand ready to do the same. The plain fact is, we have upon us a task such as it will require a united effort on the part of all interested to accomplish. But earnest canvassing must be met by liberal giving. Every man and woman who has not yet given toward this final lift must do so ; and it is evident also that some who have already made donations must double them. Every friend of the College must do his best, for nothing less than such responding will see us surely to the goal. All see plainly what is involved in this effort — this is the day of crisis and of hope. "L. BOOKWALTER." In the issue of August 7, 1901, appeared the following: "western college. "In the movement for securing funds for the final liquidation of the debt we have now reached the $30,000 mark. Let all thank God and take courage. True, not quite five months remain in which to provide the $20,000 yet needed to carry the scheme to successful issue; but no effort will be spared on the part of the management to reach the goal. There are five of us now in the field, and others will enter soon. Meanwhile, work is being done by correspondence. It is the purpose to push the canvass with all possible vigor, and see quite all our territory in good time. We mean to run no risks; we dare not trust to uncertainties. Everything is at stake, and if our people are as earnest and liberal in responding as the College, through its representatives, is active and urgent in bringing to them this vital claim, there need be 242 President Bookzvalter Elected no fear as to the result. Let all interested watch the progress of this final effort. Let our pastors publicly call attention to it in remark and in prayer; and let all our people in the cooperating territory bestow prayer, and thought, and their full part in means toward the sure accomplishment of this great work. "The unusual efforts being made in behalf of the finan- cial relief of the College are proving also an efficient means of calling the attention of our young people to the subject of higher education, and turning them to their own school. The fine gain in attendance last year was, in large part, the result of the activity of representatives of the College. Also our pastors and presiding elders have, during recent years, been giving more attention to the intellectual advancement of their people. There is room, and there is a great, urgent call for further awakening, educationally, among our people. Let the canvass for students be now pushed by everybody. There should be a steady, solid growth in our attendance from year to year. We made a gain last year of twenty-two per cent., reaching a net total enrollment of 340. We have set our mark for the coming year at 400. Faithfulness on the part of parents to their children, and faithfulness on the part of young people to their opportunities, with faithful- ness on the part of pastors to all classes of their people, will send to these halls of Christian learning many more students than the number I have named. "L. BOOKWALTER." As the time remaining in which to complete the canvass became first weeks and then days, effort became strenuous and anxiety intense. President Bookwalter and Field Secretary Hicks knew no rest; if they slept at all, they 243 Western — Leander-Clark College slept on their arms ready to renew the fight with the first signs of dawn. At the same time assistant solicitors, some ofiicially appointed and some volunteers, gave valu- able aid; F. E. Brooke in Illinois and M. R. Drury in Iowa were especially helpful in this canvass. Finally, when the outside territory had all been can- vassed, President Bookwalter and Field Secretary Hicks returned home. The committee of bankers designated at the beginning of the canvass counted the notes and cash and found them a little more than eight thousand dollars short of the required v$50,000, and only two weeks left in which to secure it. A mass meeting of citizens was called, the facts were stated, and an energetic home canvass was begun, participated in by pastors, business men, and other volunteers — this, too, after Toledo had already contributed heavily toward the debt fund. Even the children caught the spirit of the hour and organized among themselves a Dollar Relief Corps. The following account, published in a local paper just after the campaign closed, will give some hint of the joy and inspiration this children's brigade brought to the cause, especially to President Bookwalter: "the chii^dern's relief corps. "One of the pleasing incidents in connection with the late effort to raise the debt of Western College was the part taken in it by the boys and girls of the town. They made their gift on Christmas morning, going to the home of President Bookwalter, where they completely surprised him. The speaker for the happy company was Miss Sadie Markee, who, in a very pleasant way, told the president the object of their coming, whereupon they proceeded to deposit their dollars, one each, into his 244 President Bookwalter Elected hands. They were, of course, received gladly, and after a few words of thanks and commendation by President Bookwalter, the children retired, happy in the thought that they had helped in raising the $50,000 fund for our Col- lege. Following is a list of the names of those who par- ticipated in this good work : "Zay Cannon, Frank Harlan, Frank Dragoun, Charles L. Benesh, Eula Lichty, Mollie Pierce, Pauline New- comer, Will Fee, James E. Shope, Mabel Westfall, Gazelle Fitzgerald, Ethel Jackson, Vada Borland, Gilbert Hicks, Alice Blanche Carder, Margaret Ferris, Harold Ingham, Grace Youngman, Helen A. Johnson, Marion Reamer, Irene Lamb, Sadie Markee, Lucille Baldwin, Katie Reed, Esther Rebok, Geneve Baker, Ray B. Salz- man, Roy Romine, Leda Carlton, Johnnie Bufkin, Glen Muckler, Walter Dobson, Neil Gallagher, Charlie Dra- goun, Laurence F. Benesh, Myrtle Wagoner, Mildred Pierce, Mamie Strawhacker, Anson Cronk, Myrsina E. Shope, Hugh Westfall, Leonard Sears, Georgietta Dole- zal, Donald Malin, Byron Hicks, Everet Harrison, Edna Mathews, Ray Ingham, Wanda Dobson, Eva E. Johnson, Scott Jones, Ronald Reamer, Newell Spayth, Max Ward, Maud Baldwin, Helen Stockton, Ruth Rebok, Erma Baker, Nina G. Salzman, Mamie Romine, Warren Thoman, Ross Grau, Verna Cannon, James Bates. "At the Jubilee meeting, Thursday evening of last week, a large section of seats were reserved for this Dollar Relief Corps. They joined heartily in the demonstrations of rejoicing over the freeing of the College from debt. They will be friends of the school in the years to come. Some of them, no doubt, will be members of graduating classes along from 1910 to 1915." 245 Western — Leander-Clark College The closing hours of the exciting campaign may well be presented by a clipping from the report of M. R. Drury, published in the Religious Telescope of January 8, 1902 : "When the evening of December 30 arrived, a number of friends of the College, including leading citizens, met in the new Hotel Toledo to hear the result of the canvass to that date. President Bookwalter made a brief state- ment, closing with the report of his committee that they had examined all the notes and counted the cash received, and that they found there was still lacking but the sum of $831. This amount was quickly pledged with a consid- erable surplus. To this was added hundreds of dollars the next day, December 31, the last day for the completion of the debt fund, coming from near and far. Thus the hotel meeting closed amid great enthusiasm and rejoicing. As the full consciousness of the results achieved came on, there were tears of joy and 'thank God' for victory. "Soon the College bell and the bells of the city churches were ringing out the glad announcement that the full amount needed to cancel the long-standing and burden- some debt of Western College was at last provided. The next morning a young lad, beginning his day's work saw- ing wood, inquired of the writer, 'What was them bells ringing for last night?' When told it was because the College debt was paid, he simply said, 'Oh, I wondered.' "Well, many people, even those engaged in the battle effort, will wonder and rejoice over the splendid achieve- ment now happily realized. How this result was accom- plished has already been stated. However, a further summary may not be out of place. There was "1. A simple and wise plan of procedure which com- mended itself to the business and Christian judgment of the friends of the College. 246 President Bookwalter Elected "2. The plan had back of it competent and trusted leadership, without which cooperation and success would have been impossible. This leadership was hopeful from the beginning, and was persevering in labors and unflag- ging in zeal, and had but one goal in view, and that was ultimate success. "3. Much of the giving was of the heroic type. Mis- sionaries in far-off lands gave $100 each; teachers and others, with heavy obligations resting on them gave liber- ally, ministers receiving small salaries have a large repre- sentation among the donors whose giving must involve rigid economy and self-denial in personal expenses. "Of course, there was in all this effort the ever-present and conscious presence and help of God. The work was his, was on behalf of his kingdom, and he has given it his continuous blessing. His gracious aid is gratefully rec- ognized and acknowledged. "President Bookwalter is especially to be congratulated on his wise and successful financial policy for Western College. During his eight years of service at the head of the school he has not only ably conducted the institu- tion on its income from student fees and other contingent receipts, so that there has never been a yearly deficit since his connection with it, but he has now provided for the liquidation of the entire debt, which, including principal and accrued and accruing interest, would not be far from $100,000. He has accomplished a gigantic work by the blessing of God and the hearty cooperation of those asso- ciated with him in college work and in the ministry and laity of the patronizing territory of this cherished institu- tion of higher learning. His executive skill and his devo- tion to a great cause are notable, and deserve commenda- 247 Western — Lcander-Clark College ^ tion. The Church, likewise, is to be congratulated on having so wise, persistent, and consecrated a leader. "From what has been here said, despite the hindrances to be surmounted, it is not difficult to see how the debt of Western College has been paid. There is a practical hint in this of at least one way to have an 'education quad- rennium.' "A grand jubilee was held Thursday evening, January 2, just after the opening of the winter term of the College, to celebrate the successful casting off of this debt-mon- ster. While there was a serious side to the demonstra- tions of rejoicing and to the congratulatory and enthusi- astic addresses, the exuberance of the occasion found free expression in college songs and yells. The jubilee over the debt raised, will ever be a memorable occasion in the history of Western College. The school now enters upon a new epoch, with enlarged possibilities of power and usefulness. ''Toledo, Iowa. Marion R. Drury." The history of the College during the ten years from 1894 to 1904 has been told so far, largely as President Bookwalter saw it while that history was in process of making; the following pages review the same period as seen in the new perspective occasioned by the lapse of time and extended distance. The extracts are taken from personal correspondence, and so naturally have an intimate and personal tone. The quotation begins with the meeting of friends in Dayton and the influences that finally decided President Bookwalter to come to the rescue— these in answer to direct questions. "We, the Drury boys and myself, had in the late spring learned something of the discouraging situation at West- 248 President Bookwalter Elected ern College, its peril — financial bankruptcy, disunion and strife among its friends, and of the effort to secure a relief fund of $35,000. After several consultations as to what we might do to encourage and aid, we decided, as the time of meeting of the Board neared, to ask John Dodds to meet with us in counsel, knowing Mr. Dodds' interest in the College. So we, M. R. and A. W. Drury, John Dodds, and myself, met in one of the editorial rooms of the Telescope, June 8, and talked the whole situation over. The practical outcome of that conference I find stated thus in my memorandum of it. 'We, Western College Alumni of Dayton and Brother Dodds sent Waldo Drury out to Western College Commencement to consult and encourage, pledging us to $500 and Dodds $1,000 in their lift for life.' "Upon returning, Doctor Drury reported, giving us the whole situation — the unfortunate contention of factions, the situation internally, the distress financially, and effort making to relieve it, etc., but that the tide had turned and that purpose and hope prevailed ; that the Board ad- journed to meet again July 10 to count up financially and to elect a president and organize for the next year. "As to who might be chosen as president, little more was said then; respecting myself, nothing thought or said, so far as I recall, until in his blunt way one day John Dodds said to me, 'Bookwalter, you are the man to take hold of that thing out there and save it.' Later the Drurys named the matter of my going, to which I re- plied, 'One of you undertake it yourself.' I did not then entertain the thought a minute. "But some others named the matter to me, and I re- ceived letters asking me to consider the presidency of the College, Among them a short letter from Bishop Kep- 249 Western — Leander-Clark College hart. Finally I did mentally consent to entertain the matter in a way. So, personally and through the Drury boys, I did some corresponding, investigating sufficiently to learn two things of importance : that the spirit of divi- sion was rife, with competing candidates for the presi- dency, that this spirit had discouraged and even alienated from the College many of its friends, both laymen and ministers; and, secondly, also that the bottom was clear out financially. So I decided that I would not further entertain the matter, and therefore had Dr. A. W. Drury write the authorities the week before the Board was to meet, the following Monday, July 10, that I was neither a candidate nor was available for the place. But as I learned quite a time afterward. Doctor Drury, after writ- ing my decision as instructed, appended a postscript some- thing like this, *Bookwalter has said that he will have nothing to do with factions and a divided situation, but we think that it is possible he might be induced to come if he were assured of unanimous support.' So the Board seemed to take hold of that suggestion. "To my great surprise and confusion, on Monday, July 10, early in the afternoon, I received this telegram, 'You are unanimously elected president of Western Col- lege. What of the faculty?' To this I was obliged, before five o'clock, to reach the Board with "Yes" or "No." "With Mrs. Bookwalter and the children and my closest friends I advised, while seeking guidance of God, and this was our conclusion as a family, that while the call was as unwelcome as it was unsought, yet coming as it did, we did not feel at liberty to disregard it, but must accept it as of the Master's ordering. So I replied by telegram, 'I accept; leave the faculty to president and Executive 250 President Bookwalter Elected Committee.' And that is how I came to leave my chosen and loved pastoral work for the task of the rescue of Western College, for only as to a rescue would I have gone. "E. F. Warren, who had been elected vice president, and myself arranged an early meeting at Toledo, I mean- while looking up some men for faculty. Mr. Warren had not yet accepted the place. He and I spent several days in Toledo with the Executive Committee trying to get at the situation financially and internally. Learned that the plan was that the president and faculty were not to be guaranteed the salaries named, but certain funds — the regular incomes from students, rents of halls, 'Tem- porary Endowment,' per cents, from the adjunct depart- ments of Music and College of Commerce, conference assessment and special gifts made for the faculty sup- port — with these as a 'Faculty Fund,' they were to run the College — meeting expenses of heating, janitor, etc., and dividing the net proceeds among themselves. To have their own treasurer, etc. Finally, Mr. Warren decided to join me in the undertaking, and we outlined the work, the chairs we felt could be supported, and decided upon the teachers. "I arrived with my family August 23. "You ask how I got things started. "I am obliged to say that because of the factions among friends, although not so bitter as they had been — the getting people lined up and all moving on harmoniously was one of my greatest tasks for a year or more. At the very start I, of course, recognized no such thing and utterly discarded it in organizing and in work, but I was continually 'sailing between Scylla and Charybdis.' 251 Western — Leander-Clark College But finally my policy had its effect and old differences were dropped and all were pulling together harmoniously. "Getting up spirit, numbers, and College life internally was almost impossible for a time, as the collapse at the close of the previous year had chilled and discouraged the students. In August I wrote all the more advanced stu- dents and sent new literature to all, as well as pastors, alumni, and others. The Juniors of the preceding year largely came back, but late, after hearing of a good faculty, but the Sophomores, almost bodily, I failed to get back. So while we had a nice little class to graduate in June, 1895, we had in 1896 but one regular College graduate, my son Alfred, and one from the Normal Department. "But by my tireless work along every possible line, we got the tide of students turned again toward the College, so that the second year brought growth, and in the fall term of 1896 we enrolled a net total of 167. Here I want to speak in a special way of Prof. E. L. Colebeck as a teacher and cultured gentleman and an interested, tireless worker. He came to us as a stranger, but threw himself with all his fine ability into the work of building up the school and along genuine College lines. He was with us three years, and his leaving to enter the Univer- sity of Chicago for graduate work was much regretted by the faculty, management, citizens, and students. He filled — filled full an important place at a critical time. "I must here speak of the splendid work done by E. F. Warren in getting organized and well started internally. Mr. Warren fortunately knew the past of the College, and so understood also the demands of the peculiar circum- stances then upon us, which, joined with his all-around knowledge of things, made him an invaluable adviser. 252 President Bookzvalter Elected With ever3^bocly, president, teachers, students, officials, citizens, to have Professor Warren around and in the heart of things gave a f eeHng of confidence. "The thing that tipped the scale for the better finan- cially was the consummating of the $35,000 lift, declared accomplished by the Board in special session September 4. While finally it did not by quite a sum bring the full amount of the recognized subscriptions to the treas- . ury of the College, yet it brought the much-needed immediate relief. "For the securing of much of this. Rev. T. D. Adams gave the last work of his life, and upon his death Rev. Daniel Miller was called to complete the work. I con- sider the work these men did at that time of 'life and death struggle' worthy of special recognition and grate- ful remembrance. The school once started, and while collecting and apply- ing the funds of the $35,000, Professor Warren and I devoted assiduous efi^ort to getting at the exact financial condition, debts, assets, etc. Here I must speak of the efficient service of Mr. Warren. He was a keen business man and an expert bookkeeper. He was some months digging into the mass of facts and things. Finally we had the real situation, until then really known to no one; total debt of $85,000 with little but the valuable part of the $35,000 fund as asset against it, over $20,000 having been borrowed by the contingent fund of the College and no interest paid for years. The large endowment which had for years from time to time been reported being only notes given by the various cooperating conferences. There were a few 'Temporary Endowment' notes to be applied in sustaining the teachers so Jong as the payments lasted. 25i Western — Leander-Clark College "Now, I determined to make to the Church and all friends a full statement of the financial condition and of our plans for future financing of the College. To this the Executive Committee at first objected, saying such a public statement would ruin us, to which I replied that, on the contrary, such a course of candor with our friends Vv^as the only proper and the only means to save us from the ruin already almost accomplished. The consent was given and the statement was made, clearly, with the hope- ful view put foremost, and sent broadcast ; and this course was the laying of the foundation for all the confidence and the success that the subsequent years saw. 'T sent this to all our creditors, and it actually was the means of inducing them to give us time. There were already a half dozen judgments against the College on court files, and as many more parties, immediately upon my coming to the head of the institution, had written me threatening to sue. At the same time we proclaimed the policy of making no more debts — 'paying as we go' — which policy we adhered to, and by so doing gained friends and got thousands. "Soon as the people had a little rest from paying the $35,000 fund subscriptions, we began working for further debt-paying funds. Also, we entered suit to collect the death note given by Mary Beatty, of Illinois, which suit the College was obliged, at heavy cost, in spite of gaining it in all the lower courts, to contend for, sending it to the Supreme Court where again and finally we gained it. ''During the last three years I was both teaching and conducting the field work, save that in January, 1896, Dr. George Miller joined me, really agreeing to be the financier of the College. He did splendid work for a few months, securing a larger gift from A. H. Dolph and 254 President Bookwalter Elected aiding in seeing the Shambaughs, but did not remain in the work. So early in 1897 I saw it necessary to take hold of the financial work myself as my chief work, and secured Rev. W. I. Beatty, College pastor, to teach my classes; and in June had the Board relieve me from all teaching that I might give myself to the financial problem, for while all economy was practiced and every effort put forth, yet through the accumulation of interest during the year 1896 and 1897 the debt grew upon us. There was a money stringency upon all the land and with the mass of people it was of no avail to present the claims of the College. "However, I laid and proclaimed a plan for securing another special debt-paying fund, which had its founda- tion already laid in large gifts pledged in 1896 to be made in payments by Adam Shambaugh and A. H. Dolph and John Dodds. The coming to our help of these parties at that time, when everything was at a standstill, was well nigh our only salvation. This act inspired confidence in our final success, as well as contributed toward it. "I have mentioned personally some donors, but scores and literally hundreds of others who gave from $1.00 up into the hundreds during my time at the College are just as worthy of grateful mention. Their names and faces and homes come afresh to my thoughts as I write, and words that they spoke are still in my memory. "When John Dodds pressed me to go to the work of rescue of Western College, I pressed him for a promise that he would stand behind me financially. His word was, T'll stand by Mr. Bookwalter,' and I have it to say, and with great gratitude, that he kept his promise. Mr. Dodds' gifts during the ten years aggregated between $18,000 and $19,000 and counted for over $20,000 to the 255 Western — Leander-Clark College College; for several times in the first two years he sent money proposing that he would give it to any creditor who would himself give the half of his claim and these sums were always taken. I recall also a case where some half dozen of our best friends having given pledges to the College, and by recent judgment having been entered against them, each and all proposed that they would them- selves pay so much of the claim if I would see the re- mainder paid — their united gifts amounting to a nice sum. I had secured all the balance, but one thousand dollars. In Mr. Dodds' parlor I laid the matter before him, asking for the $1,000 needed, and I had no more than finished the statement of the case when he slapped me on the knee, saying, 'You shall have the thousand before you leave town.' Mr. Dodds often would say, 'You fellows out there pull and I will pull too.' He not only aided that time, but more than once when we were in distress he came to our help alone. He stuck to us through thick and thin. And also, through Mr. Dodds' known friend- ship and plan of giving, people of the cooperating terri- tory were encouraged to give. I feel free in saying thousands. So I always felt that without John Dodds we could not have saved the College. ''When I came to Iowa I at once heard of the Sham- baugh brothers. I found them each a large contributor in the $35,000 fund, and these men were, I am bound to say, my chief and unfailing dependence in financial mat- ters among the patrons of the College during all my con- nection with it. They were at the beginning and in the wind-up of every special effort I made, and again and again helped when we were close pressed. They were as true to the College as the needle to the pole, 2S6 President Book-waiter Elected **Mr. A. H. Dolph, of Malvern, Iowa, had been inter- ested and had helped us at various times, but through the efforts of Dr. George Miller he finally made generous gifts. He showed himself a man of unusually large views and liberal hand for one of his earlier environment, and he gave with all his heart. I remember that when I was calling, March 18, 1896, at his home that he might put into form the $10,000 that he promised to George Miller, and he had executed the note I said to him that his consecration of money was as important as the con- secration of talents of others, that he was as important a factor in the promotion of Christian education as a college field secretary, or a college president. Where- upon, in his modest way, with tears in his eyes, he said, 'Do you really think so? I am glad to do this.' "Memory recalls, as a Vv^arm early friend and liberal helper, Alexander Anderson, of Illinois, who at one time, in the' fall of 1897, gave me a good start for $500 men, being the first of that figure on the list. The spirit that accompanied was as great a blessing to me as the money was to the College. Another friend whose hand opened freely was J. K. Baumgartner, of Orangeville, Illinois. "Abram Lichtenwalter, of Tipton, Iowa, an old bene- factor, did not forget the College when the needs of these times were upon it. Mr. S. R. Lichtenwalter, of Toledo, deserves a place second to none, who toiled with me as a fast friend of this College, a liberal benefactor and faithful official. Among the citizens of Toledo whose past friend- ship and constant encouragement and help I especially experienced were Hon. H. J. Stiger and W. D. Lee, editor of the Chronicle, whose paper was a tower of strength for our work in the community. 257 Western — Leander-Clark Colleger "I should mention as a friend, at a distance awakened to interest and liberal helping, John Hulitt, of Hillsboro, Ohio. Through my appeals in the Telescope he was led voluntarily to propose aid, in annuity gifts, to the amount of several thousand dollars. "Mention would be befitting of the share past College pastors, W. I. Beatty, and Mr. Drury, had in adding to home church strength. Special note is worthy to be made of the liquidation of the mortgage debt on the Church under Doctor Beatty and of Doctor Drury in the follow- ing up this advantage with enlargement. ''Respecting the vital importance of our final lift on the debt, which you helped plan, the desperate struggle to reach it, the final consummation at that meeting in the hotel, you have knowledge of. "Also you know of my efforts, which after two years were successful, to lead Major Clark to do the great thing he did in starting the actual endowing of the Col- lege, and my getting everything in shape to make possible the meeting of the conditions by getting all papers in shape and by taking with me to see Senator Allison, a short time before I left for Otterbein University, Mr. Ebersole, Dr. E. R. Smith, and Judge Struble. When the whole situation was laid before him, at my request, he promised to secure a large gift from Mr. Carnegie, which he did. "Of another thing I must be permitted to speak. I consider my securing your return to the faculty of the College to have been a matter of importance second to no other thing I did. I recall our correspondence, your great hesitancy, or, in fact at first declining, my persistence and giving of encouraging conditions, and your final decision to come. I cannot write to you personally as I would 258 President Bookwalter Elected wish respecting you or your worth as a scholarly in- structor, as my most valued advisor, as a constant strength as a man in wholesome, inspiring influence among both teachers and students, as the one constant dependence of us all. Your service to the College is beyond its power of repay. "As I now look back over those ten years, the getting things on their feet and started, the struggle and burden of the years, and the achieving of what was finally reached, I confess that I cannot see how we accomplished it. I had good people — though not very many part of the time — helping; as for myself I knew no such thought or word as fail, and surely God was in and over all." It is now desirable to go back and trace the internal affairs of the College at this period more fully. There is necessarily a very close relation between the inner and outer life of an institution such as this, and naturally the condition of one phase will be reflected more or less on the other ; consequently, in presenting the outer, some- thing of the inner life has already appeared. As has already been seen, the whole matter of running the school and its maintenance, so far as each passing year was concerned, was placed in the hands of the fac- ulty, certain specific sources of income being set aside for that purpose, and the provision stipulated that no debt for current expenses should be incurred. That gave the College really two business organizations — one, the Board of Trustees with its treasurer, financial agents, and Exec- utive Committee, concerned with the debt and any ex- penses of a permanent nature, and the other the faculty with its own treasurer and committees concerned with collecting tuitions and the other incomes allotted, and with paying teachers and other current expenses. This 259 Western — Leander-Clark College plan laid upon the teachers many petty business details and kept them in much uncertainty and considerable anx- iety as to their salaries, yet it resulted in a studied economy that made every dollar of expenditure count for full one hundred cents. For the twelve years that this plan was in operation the pay of the teachers approxi- mated ninety per cent, of their respective salaries, more often, however, falling below than going above that amount. Once only, and that was in the heat of the debt campaign, were salaries paid in full ; low-water mark was reached in 1904 with sixty-five per cent., a result due largely to a recent enlargement of the teaching force. The attendance, beginning with 217 in 1894, grew stead- ily, with the exception of the Spanish- American War period, until it reached 340 in 1901, the highest point attained within the ten years now considered. Larger attendance, of course, brought larger income and more enthusiasm, and called for enlarged equipment and teach- ing facilities. These came in due order as needed. The efficiency of the teaching staff during this period was maintained at a very high degree of excellence, al- though changes were too frequent for the best interests of the school, especially during the first years of the new order. At the end of two years, Professor Warren found his health giving way under the confinement of the classroom and the harassing duties of the vice presi- dency, and so resigned to seek recuperation in the out- door life of a farmer. As he has filled so large a place in the life of Western College, and now passes out of this history, it is fitting to pause here for a little further ac- count of him and his career. Emmanuel F. Warren, born and reared on a farm near Tower Hill, Illinois, attended district school, and later 260 President Bookwalter Elected taught in the country. His college education was secured in Westfield College, after which he taught a village school, took a commercial course in the famous Eastman Business College, of Poughkeepsie, New York, served as Principal of Dover Academy three years, took a special graduate course in the Bryant Business College, Chicago, and then became Principal of the Business Department of Western College in the fall of 1887. Here he displayed his rare genius for organization. Under his leadership the department attained remarkable popularity and a standing for thoroughness and efficiency it has not even yet surpassed. Professor Warren was most active also in other phases of College life. An ardent athlete, and at the same time an earnest Y. M. C. A. worker, he was the first to bring those two phases of college life together and give m^orality and the spirit of Christian manliness supremacy even in sports. During the years he was athletic manager, rowdyism and profanity were practi- cally banished from the campus. As was most natural, Professor Warren was soon made superintendent of the Sunday school connected with the College church and served in that capacity several years. Something of the quality of the man and of the baseball team he gathered from the College was shown by a rather amusing incident that occurred on a baseball trip. It was late Saturday night when the game was over, and in order to reach home it was necessary to make a long overland journey far into the night. As the team was loading into the hack preparatory to starting, a crowd of friendly enthusiasts gathered around and urged the manager to wait until morning; at the reply, "I can't, we must get back for Sunday school," the crowd, thinking it was being treated to a capital joke, roared with laughter. Even when 261 Western — Leander-Clark College solemnly assured that the load contained a superintendent and four of his teachers, the laugh only took on a touch of sarcasm at the absurdity of such an assertion. Pro- fessor Warren continued at the head of the business department for three years and was then transferred to the regular College faculty, and one year later was made business manager and treasurer. Then for two years he was head of the business department in York College, from which he was recalled, in 1894, to assist President Bookwalter in the reorganization of Western College. After his retirement from teaching, in 1896, he lived a happy, useful life, foremost in the religious affairs of his community until his untimely death by accident at his home in Pleasantville, Iowa, February 9, 1898. Miss LeFevre retired from the faculty at the end of one year and was succeeded by Miss Maud Fulkerson, a graduate of DePauw University, student of German and French in Europe for one year, and recently Professor of Modern Languages in Washburn College. She filled her position satisfactorily for three years and then resigned to become the wife of Professor Bower. Professor Leonard continued in the Chair of Natural Science only two years and was then chosen Assistant State Geologist of Iowa, which position he held four years. Then he was Assistant Professor of Geology in the University of Missouri for one year. Since 1903 he has been State Geologist and Professor of Geology in the University of North Dakota. Professor Colebeck remained as Professor of Ancient Languages three years and then continued his graduate studies in the Universities of Chicago, Yale, and Wis- consin. From 1900 to 1907 he was Professor of Greek 262 President Bookwalter Elected and Latin in Southern University, and since that has held the same position in Birmingham University. The first addition made to the faculty under the Book- waiter administration was Professor B. F. McClelland, who was called to the Chair of English Literature and the Principalship of the Academy in the fall of 1895. He had come up through the public schools and Westfield College, had been eminently successful as a superintend- ent of city schools, and in the meantime had qualified himself for still more efiicient work by pursuing summer courses in the Illinois State Normal, in Chautauqua Col- lege, and later in the University of Chicago. Professor McClelland brought to his work the skill of a trained pedagogue added to an impetuous energy and a lofty integrity of character. His influence was soon felt for good throughout the whole life of the school. When Professor Warren resigned, in 1896, Professor McClel- land was elected vice president, and was also chosen faculty treasurer, in both of which capacities he was an invaluable servant. He possessed an affable disposition, took a warm interest in boys and girls, especially those of the timid or discouraged sort, and somehow managed to meet and greet every stranger who came about the Col- lege, whether student or patron. As faculty treasurer. Professor McClelland seemed to feel himself charged with the financial welfare of his colaborers, and well did he guard his trust; no office ever had a more ardent or faithful keeper. His intelligent management of finances and his sedulous attention to details helped largely to keep the pay of teachers up to a respectable amount. Professor McClelland's relation to the local community was but little less intimate and helpful than to the College itself. He was active in municipal and social affairs, and 263 Western — Leander-Clark College especially in the religious work of his Church. Most of the time he was with the College he was superintendent of Sunday school. A life so many-sided and active necessarily consumed vital energy at a rapid rate. Near the close of the fall term, in 1900, Professor McClelland's constitution, never abundantly strong, gave way, and, after a few days of severe illness, he died December 28, the first teacher in the history of the Col- lege, so far as the writer is aware, to fall at his post. The student community, ever sensitive to sorrow as to glad- ness, was deeply touched by the loss of one who stood so high in the College family. The following three tributes, one by his pastor, one by his associates in the faculty, and one by his students, are taken from the College Era : ''professor benjamin f. m'clelland. "The death of Professor Benjamin Franklin McClel- land, A.M., of the Chair of English Literature and History in Western College, has brought to his friends, and to the institution with which he was connected as an instructor for more than five years, an inexpressible sense of sorrow and loss. Personally, I feel that any tribute I can bring to his memory must be too feeble worthily to express even my own high appreciation of his character and worth. I have known him intimately the past three years. To know him as I have known him is to 1 jve him and to prize him. His death comes to me, therefore, as a personal bereavement. When I think of him and of what he was in character and life, what he was in man- hood and unselfishness, and what he was as a cherished friend and fellow worker, I count it no ordinary privilege to speak some words of commendation of his career and usefulness. And yet I am too much stunned at the 264 President Bookwalter Elected sudden removal of one so much esteemed and so worthy of grateful recognition to command adequate thought or utterance. "Oh, the mystery of what we call death ! Only a short time ago the loved teacher and friend was with us in the strength of his noble manhood, with eager eye anrl high aspiration, but now voiceless he is removed from us, an unstrung harp, a shattered vase of precious ointment! Father, if we were to stop and question the wisdom or goodness of thy dealings with us we should grow rebel- lious. But we know thou art too wise to err, and too good to be unkind, that thou doest all things well, and that all things work together for good to them that love thee. And still, O Father, it seems to us that when we need it most the strong staff and the beautiful rod is broken. The teacher has taught his last lesson. Eager students thirsting for knowledge will never more sit at his feet and receive instruction from his lips. " 'Dead he lies among his books, The peace of God in all his looks ; And the volumes from the shelves Watch him silent as themselves. Ah ! his hand will never more Turn their storied pages o'er. Never more his lips repeat Songs^f theirs, however sweet.' "We shall never hear his voice again. We shall never more see his smile or receive his benediction. He will not again fill his accustomed place. When we think of what he was to us in so many ways and on so many occas- ions we are inclined to lament our loss rather than to rejoice in his gain. Nay, what we call loss may even be 265 Western — Leander-Clark College gain to us. In the supreme plan and purpose of God nothing good is ever lost. Social affection cannot die; the fruits of culture are perpetuated in character forever. Memory lives. Nothing is wasted of the soul-treasures of the departed, and nothing of the good which has been done by them while in the flesh. So it is that what seems to us loss is not always really so, for though we are separated from cherished spirits they are not lost to us, neither is the influence of their lives, for though dead they yet speak. Let us not be selfish, then, in our pres- ent sorrow, but rather let us rejoice in the gain that has come to a fellow traveler. After a brief and toilson.ie day he has entered into his rest. Heaven is richer now for his going hence, for all his gentleness and truth, his winning ways and humble faith, his purity of thought and guileless speech will make him at home in the city 'whose white portal shuts back the sound of sin.' Oh, brother, thine is the crown and palm, ours but the dust, the coffin, and the sod; yet we will forget our grief in thy joy, pro- moted now to the dignities and trusts for which thou hast been preparing from the days of thy youth! Ah! what gain ! Earth with its struggles and weaknesses, its sorrows, and its pains exchanged for heaven and ever- lasting life! ''Moreover, our gain in the substantial legacy which our friend has left us is equally real with his, and is another source of abiding consolation. What is that legacy? Born of sturdy Scotch-Irish lineage, enjoying early and careful parental nurture, inheriting an earnest but even temperament, with liberal culture, he early gave promise of a useful life. That promise was realized in a notable sense. That is the legacy he has left us — the legacy of a good life, the memory of a good man. Some 266 President Bookzvalter Elected of the elements entering into this choice legacy which he has bequeathed to us are : "1. His true manliness. Buckminster says that the sublimest thing in nature is the moral grandeur of a true manhood. But long before the days of this writer an old Latin comedian said: 'I am a man, and I regard nothing pertaining to humanity as foreign to me.' And long before the days of this astute writer, a dying king of Israel left this solemn message to his son and succes- sor : 'I go the way of all the earth ; be thou strong, there- fore, and show thyself a man.' And long after that advice was given to an heir of the throne, a distinguished apostle concludes two of his immortal epistles with the same practical admonition. In one he says : 'Stand fast in the faith, quit you like men, be strong.' In the other he says : 'Be strong in the Lord and in the power of his might.' "In what does true manliness consist? We recognize it wherever it is found. It stands out boldly in history. It has been eulogized in poetry and immortalized in song. The tongue never grows weary of speaking its praises. In what does it consist? Not in strength and size of the human body, not even in intellectual greatness, not in chafing under wholesome restraints, not in imitating in- discriminately, the conduct or habits of others. No, it consists in distinct moral qualities, love of virtue, integ- rity, kindness, and thoughtfulness of the rights of others, moral courage, and stability and faithfulness of character. True manliness, like true politeness, has its seat in the heart. It consists in its essence in love to God and love to men. Professor McClelland possessed these qualities in a preeminent sense. He had high ideals. He was consci- entious and transparent. He was a manly man, 267 Western — Leander-Clark College "2. He has left us an example of marked heroism. He had a frail body, but his life work was performed with the valor of a giant. His courage was not the least among his winning qualities. "3. , His generosity. He loved his fellow-men and he lived for them. His self-forgetfulness was one of his notable characteristics. In his last illness his thoughts seemed constantly to be upon others. He even advised against having an .only brother called to his bedside because it would take him from his business at a time when he could not well be away, and besides, because it would spoil his Christmas at home. It was because he loved men that he had such a strong place in the affec- tions of those who knew him. "4. His loyalty to his church and pastor. He was steadfast in his devotion and service to the church of his choice. His example in this respect is not only an inspir- ation, but it abides as a benediction. "5. His sincere and earnest Christian life. This be- gan during the first year as a student in college. His consistent living was ever a strong testimony to the genu- ineness of his religious profession and an unquestioned commendation to this noble character. He loved his work as a teacher of young people, and he performed it with reverent and benevolent motives. "His life was one of consuming activity. Though he died at the age of forty-three, he lived long, because he lived so well and so fast. Of him it can truly be said that as a man, as an educator, as a citizen, as a Christian worker, in all his relations with his fellows, he was ever guided by a high sense of duty. The memory of his life is a priceless legacy to the community, the College, the 268 President Bookwalter Elected Church, and to his personal friends. To him belongs the Master's highest encomium, 'Well done, good and faithful servant/ "Marion R. Drury." "tribute of respect to a fallen comrade. "Passed by order of the faculty of Western College, December 29th, 1900. "We, who were so intimately associated with Professor B. F. McClelland in the faculty, desire to pay this formal tribute of respect and esteem to his memory. "We sorrow over his untimely taking off as only those who are enlisted heart and soul in some great cause can sorrow at the loss of one whose presence has become a benediction, and whose services are all but indispensable. "Professor McClelland had endeared himself to his associates by his genial and charitable spirit, but more by his fidelity and ardent devotion to a lofty sense of duty. "Keenly alive to his responsibilities as a teacher and a most conscientious steward of the business entrusted to his care, he, in a large measure, sacrificed his life that the cause he served might not suffer at his hands. "Western College, the church of his choice, and the local community have suffered a loss that will not soon be repaired. "We who knew Professor McClelland best, learned to appreciate his work as a man, and to value his work. "He was energetic, faithful, punctual, and courageous, a conscientious student, an enthusiastic teacher. "May all that was best in his life remain as a benedic- tion upon the cause of education in which he was so thor- 269 Western — Leander-Clark College oughly enlisted, and especially upon this College to which he gave the richest treasures of his heart and mind. "L. BOOKWALTER, "H. W. Ward, "Committee." "memorial of professor b. f. m'clelland. "Recommended by the committee on resolutions ap- pointed by the student body, and unanimously adopted. "The death angel having entered our midst, and having removed one whom we have learned to love and respect : We, the students of W^estern College, moved by the deep- est sorrow over the loss of our beloved instructor, the late Professor McClelland, desire to place on record this memorial of our departed friend. "We recognize that in Professor McClelland we have lost not only a respected instructor, but that each of us has lost a personal friend, an elder brother, to whom none of us ever appealed in vain for sympathy or aid. Professor McClelland, during his years of association with us, identified himself with the very highest interests of the College in general, and with the personal welfare and advancement of every individual student; and his daily life was to each one an inspiration to a more diligent service, a purer living. "While we mourn the loss of our dear Professor, we rejoice in the nobility of his character, and in the blessed hope of a resurrection, when our Heavenly Father shall awaken us all in a better life, and with us shall awaken our loved Professor. For 'God's finger touched him and he slept.' "Professor McClelland might truly say with the Apostle Paul : 'For me to live is Christ, but to die is gain * * * 270 President Bookzvalter Elected for I am in a strait betwixt two, having a desire to depart, and to be with Christ which is far better ; nevertheless, to abide in the flesh is more needful for you.' And again, 'For I am now ready to be offered, and the time of my departure is at hand. I have fought the good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith; hence- forth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which Jehovah, the righteous judge, shall give me on that day, and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his appearing.' "To the bereaved ones we extend our loving sympathy, and commend them to the care of him who 'doeth all things well.' " 'The Lord giveth, and the Lord taketh away. Blessed be the name of the Lord.' "G. B. Jackson, "Mabel Smith, "W. R. Stouffer, "Committee." The same year that brought Professor McClelland to the school brought also Miss Anna Richards as Teacher of Elocution and Physical Culture. This department had not yet attained prominence, and for some years past had been entirely neglected. Miss Richards possessed an earnest personality, rare teaching ability, and high perfection in her art, insomuch that she soon built up a strong department that has since remained a necessary part of the College's culture life. It was a cause of keen regret that ill health compelled her to retire after two years; she was succeeded by Mrs. Minnie Gates. The department has been most fortunate in having at its head a succession of teachers such as Miss Mary Peterson, 271 Western — Leander-Clark College with her charming personahty, contagious enthusiasm, and fine artistic sensibiHty ; Miss G. Mabel Wallace, with her bright animation and quick intelligence; Forrest S. Cartwright, with his logical sense of oratorical construc- tion; and Mrs. May Louise Wilson, with her queenly dignity of bearing, her understanding sympathy of inter- pretation, and her unusual dramatic power. The Chair of Natural Science, previously occupied by Professor Leonard, was filled in 1896 by calling to that position B. A. Sweet, a successful school superintendent of Illinois, more recently a graduate student in science in the University of Chicago. Professor Sweet, with his overflowing enthusiasm, untiring activity, and genial com- panionableness endeared himself to everybody during the three years he consented to remain in the position before returning to complete his graduate studies. He was almost boyishly fond of college sports, and, as a fisher- man, was perhaps the most passionately eager and amaz- ingly successful that ever agitated the muddy waters of the Iowa. Professor Thomas E. Savage followed Professor Sweet in the Chair of Science in 1899. He came directly from graduate study in the State University of Iowa and filled the position for four years with preeminent ability and thoroughness. He left to accept the position of Assist- ant State Geologist of Iowa, and later was called to the University of Illinois as Professor of Geology. In 1902 the Chair of Natural Science in Western College was divided, and Professor J. W. Bowen was made Professor of Physical Science, which position he held two years; Professor Savage continued in the Department of Biology one year longer, and was succeeded by S. W. Collett for two years. 272 REV. FRANKLIN E. BROOKE, D.D. President since j90S. President Bookwalter Elected, The faculty of the College of Liberal Arts was farther enlarged in the fall of 1897 by the addition of Professor H. W. Ward, called back to Western after an absence of four years, spent partly in graduate study in the Univer- sity of Chicago and partly as teacher in Manchester Col- lege. His return has helped to form a thread of con- tinuity in the internal life of the College, an essential hitherto wanting in the history of Western College. Pro- fessor Bartlett furnished the thread of connection for the first ten years of the College's life; President E. B. Kep- hart covered a span of thirteen years and gave the College a sense of solidity and permanence that went far toward carrying it through its later times of stress and storm; President Bookwalter, with six years as professor and ten years as president, the two periods separated by a long interval, covered a longer span yet and helped the College to establish a well-planned, consistent, and far-reaching policy, and some sense of the bond that links past, present, and future in unity of purpose and of affection; Profes- sor Ward, with only nineteen years of actual teaching in this College, holds the record so far for length of service on the faculty, a rather sad commentary on the brevity of the average duration of service in that body. It may be noticed, however, as a hopeful sign that those two longest terms overlap for several years at the middle, and in the extremes reach over a considerable portion of the history of the institution; and, furthermore, that Professor Yothers and Miss Cronise, who jointly have already reached the next longest terms, date back into that overlapping period. Upon the death of Professor McClelland, Professor Ward was transferred to the Chair of English Literature, 273 Western — Leander-Clark College and at the same time was elected vice president of the College. The Chair of Mathematics, vacated in 1896 by the resignation of Professor Warren, was at that time filled by the selection of Professor Raymond E. Bower, who served the department with keen alertness and efficiency for two years and then retired to fit himself for the medical profession. He was succeeded by Professor J. F. Yothers in 1898, who, with the exception of a year in study at the University of Chicago, has since filled the position to the gratification of authorities and stu- dents. For some time he was treasurer of the faculty fund, and with the change under the endowment he was made College registrar, in which capacity, as well as in the class room, his services became indispensable. Pro- fessor Yothers is also a most important connecting link between the College and the larger social, civic, and relig- ious life of the community. When, in 1898, Miss Fulkerson laid down the work of the Department of Modern Languages, Miss Florence M. Cronise was chosen to fill the position. She had already spent two extended periods in study in Europe and has since taken one year's leave of absence for further study abroad. As a missionary with practical experience in the foreign field, she has been able to give valuable help to the mission band of the school. Professor J. A. Ward, who had been Principal of the College of Commerce in 1890-91, was called to that posi- tion again in 1898, and later transferred to the Chair of Philosophy in the College of Liberal Arts. During this period the Department of Commerce flourished as it had previously done under the leadership of Professor War- ren. Prof. J. A. Ward withdrew from teaching in 1902. 274 President Bookwalter Elected The Normal School of Western College was created as a distinct department in 1898, and with it was joined the new Chair of Economics and Sociology. To this position Professor Romanzo Adams was called from the graduate school of the University of Michigan. Professor Adams remained two years and then went to earn his Ph.D. degree in the University of Chicago, after which he was made Professor of Education in the University of Nevada. The Conservatory of Music had been seriously affected by the panic years and recovered somewhat slowly. The first two years after the crisis August Hailing had charge of the Musical Department. Then for three years Francis W. Gates conducted the Conservatory, giving instruction in both piano and voice. Then came a great expansion for the Department of Music. The Director of the Conservatory now gave his whole time to piano and organ, and a distinct department of voice was created. George Pratt Maxin, of New England, was made director, and Miss Marie Bookwalter principal of the Voice Department. Professor Maxim, a man of sterling worth and a musician of very high attainments, gave a strong impetus to this department for two years and then returned east to take up musical work there. Dr. Charles R. Fisher had charge of the department for one year. Then, in 1902, John Knowles Weaver, a graduate of the Royal Conservatory, Leipsic, Germany, was made director. Professor Weaver, a finished musician and a conscientious worker, set himself steadfastly to build up the department; he remained seven years. Miss Marie Bookwalter was elected, in 1899, teacher of voice at a time when the Department of Voice existed only in theory. So capable, so energetic, and so master- 275 Western — Leander-Clark College ful did she prove that in a year or two the department became one of the most flourishing connected with the College. Other teachers in the College faculty for comparatively short periods were: Raymond P. Dougherty, Professor of Greek and Principal of the Normal School one year; Ida B. Fleischer, supply Professor of Modern Languages one year ; Charles Ray Pearsall, Professor of Greek and Latin two years ; and W. R. Morrow, Assistant Professor of Greek two terms ; Mrs. Laura McClelland, as faculty treasurer at her husband's death and as teacher in the Academy, gave most faithful service four years. Student life at this period was earnest and full of activity. Several departments of athletics attained prom- inence. Within this period the College gained some prominence in the State Oratorical Contest. A quartette, composed of Frank Maxwell, E. B. Ward, C. F. Ward, and A. A. Ward, styled the Maxward Quartette, made the College known by their songs at conventions and camp meetings, and by a summer concert tour through Iowa and Illinois. Early in this period the first paper con- ducted by students, and at the same time confined wholly to the College news, was started by the Philophronean Literary Society; the paper was called the College Era. Perhaps the most characteristic student activity at this period, outside of the regular college and literary work, was in the religious life centering about the two Christian Associations. Perhaps no other period of equal duration could count more earnest workers or show deeper spirit- ual consciousness. For a short time Mr. and Mrs. Cain were here in person, and, even while absent, exerted a strong influence on the religious life of the school. Here was A. G. Bookwalter, later so prominent in eastern 276 President Bookw alter Elected Y. M. C. A. circles, and here were his sisters active in the Y. W. C. A. Here also were Lucie Smith, Julia Overholser, Grace Halstead, Lois and Lizzie Talbot among the girls, and Philo Drury, E. B. Ward, E. A. Benson, S. S. Wyand, George Jackson, J. H. Yaggy, Charlie Ennis, H. T. Miller, and many more among the boys. From this period, too, have come most of our foreign missionaries. The mere list is eloquent : Besides the Cains, there are Mr. and Mrs. P. W. Drury, Mr. and Mrs. E. B. Ward, Frank Field, Mr. and Mrs. Trindle, Mr. and Mrs. A. A. Ward, Rilla and Angle Akin, Mr. and Mrs. Doty, and Mr. and Mrs. H. T. Miller. This period started again the interrupted stream of graduates to Yale, first A. G. Bookwalter, then Philo Drury, J. E. Foster, J. W. Coddington, C. F. Ward, Frank Field, S. S. Wyand, W. A. Brenner, W. S. Donat, G. B. Jackson, A. A. Ward, J. H. Yaggy, H. W. Cramer, J. M. Skrable, B. F. Roe, and J. J. Shambaugh. Others went to pursue advanced work in other universities, especially in Chicago University and the State University of Iowa. J. H. Underwood received the first scholar- ship granted to a student of Western in the State Univer- sity. On the whole, this was a period of sound scholarship and serious activity. 277 Chapter XII. THE NEXT STEP. MAJOR CLARK's PROPOSITION. DELAYED HOPES. INAUGURATION OF PRESIDENT KEP- HART. ENDOWMENT CAMPAIGN. MAJOR LEANDER CLARK. SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. INTERNAL AFFAIRS When the shouting over the debt had subsided and the fire-works had gone out the College authorities became fully aware of what they had only partly seen before, namely, that the serious work of making a College had only begun. No new income had been created with which to enlarge the life of the College, and the people had so exhausted themselves in the desperate effort to throw off the debt that they must be given a breathing spell be- fore a further appeal to them could be made successfully. Besides, most of the pledges were in notes to be paid in installments, or at some future day. It was plain that a permanent income must be provided. In his report to the Board, in June, 1902, President Bookwalter recommended the raising of $150,000 endow- ment in order to secure an adequate income for the Col- lege. The Board heartily approved the recommendation and appointed President Bookwalter, Leander Clark, M. R. Drury, and Alexander Anderson a committee to draw up plans for carrying out the endowment move- ment ; later L. B. Hix, secretary of the Board, was added to the committee. At the same time the Board proposed to give to any one who would contribute $50,000 toward the endowment fund, the privilege of naming the College. It was estimated that about five years would be re- quired to secure the endowment proposed and derive the 278 The Next Step income therefrom; hence President Bookwalter was in- structed to procure a temporary endowment or pledges to pay a given sum annually for five years, such annual payments to aggregate at least one thousand dollars and to be available for paying current expenses. Thus the year closed amid high hopes and great expectations, though the hopes rested upon general rather than upon specific grounds. The plan of operating the school on its incomes was still adhered to, except that for the coming year the teachers were guaranteed ninety per cent, of their salaries. It was at this time, too, that the Chair of Natural Science was divided and a teacher of Physical Science was added to the faculty; this neces- sarily made heavier running expenses, and, together with an unexpected falling off in the tuitions, caused an acute situation at the end of two years. The first year passed without anything tangible as a result of the efforts to secure an endowment. Then came the first great encouragement. At its meeting, in June, 1903, the Board received from Major Leander Clark, of Toledo, Iowa, the following proposition: "Toledo, Iowa, June 13, 1903. "To the Board of Trustees of Western College: "Gentlemen : For some months past I have had under consideration the resolution passed by you at your meet- ing in June, 1902, wherein you approve of a movement to raise an endowment fund for the College, and propose to give the name of the College to any one who will donate the sum of fifty thousand dollars to such an endowment fund. "I have lived in Toledo for many years, have seen the College established here, have watched with interest its 279 Western — Leander-Clark College varying fortunes and have observed the benefits it has conferred upon the comunity and upon the Church under whose auspices it is managed, in providing the means of a good education to many who would otherwise have been deprived of such advantages, and I have from time to time contributed to its support, beheving that in so doing I was aiding a worthy cause. And now that the burden of debt has been lifted, it is my opinion that the next necessity of the institution is an ample, permanent, and well-guarded endowment. "To encourage the raising of such fund, I have con- cluded to accept the proposition made in your resolution above referred to, and I hereby propose to lay the foun- dation for an endowment by making a donation of the sum of fifty thousand dollars on the terms and conditions following, to wit: "1. Said donation is to be payable, according to the terms hereof, in cash, or in notes bearing interest at not less than five per cent, per annum, payable annually, and secured by first mortgages on clear and unincumbered farm lands worth twice the value of the sums secured. "2. Said donation is payable upon the express condi- tion that said College or its friends shall secure additional donations to said endowment fund in the sum of one hundred thousand dollars in cash, or in notes bearing interest at not less than five per cent, per annum, payable annually, and secured by first mortgages on clear and un- incumbered farm lands worth twice the amounts so secured— the whole of said additional sum of one hun- dred thousand dollars to be raised and paid, or secured to the College in the form and manner aforesaid on or be- fore January 1, 1906. 280 '"""""'- The Next Step **3. H. A. Shanklin, cashier of the Toledo Savings Bank, and W. A. Dexter, cashier of the First National Bank, of Toledo, Iowa, or their successors as such cash- iers, shall be a committee who shall carefully examine all the funds and securities offered by the said College as going to make up said additional sum of one hundred thousand dollars, for the purpose of determining whether or not condition number two above has been fully and fairly complied with. Said committee may demand ab- stracts of title to lands offered as security, and any other evidence necessary to the discharge of its duties, and shall tabulate all funds, notes, and securities offered, and report the same with its findings to the undersigned not later than January 10, 1906; and as soon thereafter as the undersigned is satisfied that condition number two has been fully and fairly complied with, he shall report that fact to the endowment committee appointed by the Board of Trustees. But should the undersigned not be living to receive the report of said committee, or should he for any reason be incapacitated to consider the same, then said committee shall make its report in like time and manner to the judges of the district court of Tama County, Iowa, and such judges shall fully consider the same, and if they are satisfied that condition number two has been fully and fairly compK^d with, they shall report that fact to the endowment committee appointed by the Board of Trustees. "4. Upon such report being made to the endowment committee, either by the undersigned or by said judges, a meeting of the Board of Trustees shall be called (if not already in session) as soon as is practicable, and said Board shall then, by proper action made of record, fully accept said donation of $50,000, with all the terms and 281 Western — Leander-Clark College conditions on which it is offered as herein expressed, and solemnly pledge the College to the strictest compliance with such conditions forever, and thereupon said sum of $50,000 shall be due the College in manner and form as aforesaid, and the same shall be paid to the College by the undersigned or his legal representatives. And at the samie meeting the said Board of Trustees shall make provision for the change of the name of the College to Leander Clark College, and shall provide for such change by proper amendment of its articles of incorporation, and forever thereafter the College shall be known as Leander Clark College. "5. The whole of said sum of $150,000 shall constitute a permanent endowment fund, the principal of which shall be protected and forever held sacred as such, and no part of it shall ever on any pretense, or in any emergency, be pledged or hypothecated for any purpose, or be diverted directly or indirectly to any other purpose, or temporarily or permanently loaned to any other fund of the College, but it shall be kept at interest at the best rate obtainable, and secured only by first mortgages on clear and unin- cumbered farms or lands worth twice the amount secured thereby, and the Board of Trustees shall establish and continue in perpetual operation the proper agency for keeping said fund fully and securely loaned as herein contemplated. "6. The Board of Trustees shall by proper action provide for such periodical expert examination of said fund — principal and interest — as will insure its proper investment, its businesslike management, and a proper accounting by those having it in charge. "7. The interest arising from said fund of $150,000 shall be used under the direction of said Board of Trus- 282 The Next Step •- tees as a faculty fund only — that is, for the payment of president and teachers — ^and no part of it shall be diverted to any other use or purpose. *'8. If by any mismanagement or misfortune any part of the principal of said fund should be lost, then the Board of Trustees will at once proceed to raise other money to make such loss good, and the money so raised shall be forever held sacred to the same purpose as the original fund. "9. In order that the Trustees may never lose sight of the obligation assumed by the College in relation to the said fund, the Board shall make provision for the reading of the permanent conditions hereof, on the first day of each regular session and they shall be so read accordingly. "10. The time designated above for the raising of said $100,000 by the said College is of the essence of this proposition, and if said sum is not raised by January 1, 1906, as contemplated in number two above, then this proposition shall be absolutely null and void and of no effect. "11. This proposition is to become effective and bind- ing upon the undersigned only upon its acceptance by the Board of Trustees of said College at its regular meeting in June, 1903, but if accepted by said Board, it shall be binding not only upon the undersigned, but also upon his heirs and legal representatives for the time and upon the terms hereinbefore named. "In conclusion, I desire to state that my purpose in mak- ing this proposition is to encourage the friends of the College to rally to its support and to aid in establishing it upon a financial foundation that shall be enduring. It is my opinion that men of wealth will more readily contri- bute to a fund which is so safeguarded as to be a means 283 Western — Leander-Clark College of good forever, than to one which by some possibility may be lost or diverted from its original purpose. With the double view, therefore, of making sure that my own contribution shall forever be held sacred to its purpose, and of encouraging others to join with me in raising a fund which will insure the College not only a temporary relief, but perpetual prosperity and efficiency, I have deliberately provided that the whole sum of $150,000 contemplated by this proposition shall be in funds of certain value, and that, when raised, they shall be invested and' managed with the utmost care and wisdom. "I have deemed these closing remarks expedient for the purpose of explaining the good faith of this proposi- tion to such as may not have considered so fully as I have done, the necessity of guarding against the diversion of an endowment fund to other uses, and thus in the end defeating the object of the donor. "Respectfully submitted, "Leander Clark." A committee to which the matter was referred made the following report, which report was unanimously approved by the Board : "endowment of western college. "Your committee to which was referred the endow- ment proposition of the Hon. Leander Clark would re- spectfully report, as follows : ''Resolved, 1. That we hereby record our profound appreciation of the generous proposition of Mr. Clark to this Board, to give $50,000 for the endowment of West- ern College on the condition that $100,000 additional be secured by January 1, 1906, thus providing for a perman- ent endowment fund of $150,000. 284 The Next Step "2. That we heartily accept Mr. Clark's offer in all its specifications and provisions, and that we extend to him our most earnest thanks for the large and substantial gift proposed, evidencing his broad public spirit and practical Christian philanthrophy, and, further, that we pledge to him a faithful and united effort to meet all the conditions named by him, that this institution may be early and adequately endowed, and that our good faith be shown by the signing of this proposition, on behalf of this Board, by the president pro tem, and that this action be duly attested by the secretary. "3. That we regard this proposition to lay a founda- tion for the permanent endowment of the College as both opportune and providential, and worthy the consideration of the friends of higher Christian education, and we would urgently ask them to give this forward movement their practical encouragement. "4. That, in order to the full realization of the ends sought in this important undertaking, President Book- waiter be constituted the special endowment agent, and that he give his time, so far as may be consistent with his other duties, to the work of soliciting funds on this special endowment proposition, and that he be given authority to employ such assistance and on such terms as he may deem necessary and wise. "L. BoOKWAIyTER, "M. R. Drury, "D. C. OVERHOLSER, "Committee." The Board thus committed itself anew to the endow- ment effort, though a few still felt that the raising of the $100,000 required to meet Major Clark's proposition was 285 Western — Leander-Clark College an almost hopeless undertaking. However, there was now a substantial start, and President Bookwalter pushed the canvass with renewed energy and courage. As the time for completing the endowment was now definitely limited, it was necessary to be up and doing. The first step was the securing of additions to the tem- porary endowment sufficient to provide for expenses while the endowment campaign should be carried on. Then President Bookwalter made an extended trip to the east in an effort to enlist philanthropists in our undertaking. Rev. N. F. Hicks was again employed and placed in the cooperating territory. Yet at the end of the school year President Bookwalter was compelled to report no ma- terial progress on the endowment, and a note of discour- agement crept into the discussions of the matter. The note of discouragement deepened when the internal affairs of the school were discussed and conditions brought to light. It was found that the funds available for the payment of teachers had fallen off considerably and that larger demands were now made upon the fund because of the enlargement of the teaching force made just after the debt campaign. As a consequence two teachers resigned and much discontent was discernible in the College community. To add to the discouragement, President Bookwalter was, some weeks after commence- ment, called to the presidency of Otterbein University, and, although he continued the duties of his office until September, no successor had at that time been found. As a last important service to Western College, President Bookwalter headed a committee, composed of prominent citizens of Toledo, to Dubuque to call on Senator Allison and enlist his help in making an appeal to Andrew Car- negie in behalf of our endowment enterprise; Bishop 286 The Next Step Kephart added the weight of a long and intimate personal friendship and Senator Allison graciously used his influ- ence to open the way whereby the magnificent gift was afterward received from Mr. Carnegie. On the day of President Bookwalter's resignation, the Executive Committee issued the following succinct state- ment of the affairs of the College at that time : "To THE Public : "Inasmuch as rurnors have been afloat for some days relating to the administration, condition, and immediate prospects of the College, we, the members of the Execu- tive Committee, deem it proper to publish the exact facts for the information of all concerned. "President Bookwalter has only this day been elected to the presidency of Otterbein University in Ohio. He has accepted the position, and has tendered his resigna- tion as president of Western College, to take effect Sep- tember 1 next, or as soon as his successor is elected and introduced to his work. His resignation has been accepted, and, though the question of a successor has been canvassed, and there is every reason to hope that the place will soon be filled, the time has been too short in which to consummate a matter of so much moment. While the Executive Committee has the power to fill the vacancy, it is probable that the Board of Trustees will be convened to take final action, as well as to transact some other busi- ness needing attention at this juncture in the affairs of the College. Meanwhile, President Bookwalter remains in charge, aided, as heretofore, by his competent and effi- cient vice president. Professor Ward, and everything will proceed as if no change were impending. 287 Western — Leander-Clark College "Vacancies in the faculty have been filled and additions thereto have been made, as follows : Professor Edward O. Fiske, of Iowa City, has been chosen to be Professor of Mathematics, and also principal of the Academic De- partment. Professor W. Leslie Verry, of the University of Chicago, has been elected to the Chair of Greek and Latin. Mr. Clarence H. Elliott, an alumnus of Western College, has been chosen as special instructor in Chem- istry and assistant in the College of Commerce. "Sketches of these gentlemen will be furnished to the press along with the announcement, from which it will be seen that they come to us well qualified for the work which they severally have to do. A full and competent faculty will be on hand to begin the work of the ap- proaching College year. "As to the financial condition of the College a word should be said. The enormous debt which rested upon it when President Bookwalter came to its head has mostly been paid, and over against what yet remains unpaid there are in bank notes sufficient assets to pay the last dollar of it, and these are sacredly set apart for that purpose. And while there is no permanent endowment fund, obligations to the extent of about $6,000 have been se- cured and placed in bank to aid in the paying of teachers and in meeting some other special demands pending the raising of an endowment fund. The proceeds from these obligations cannot be diverted from the purpose for which they were taken. "President Bookwalter has unbounded faith in the possibility of securing the $100,000 necessary to meet the conditions attached to the proposition of Hon. Leander Clark to donate $50,000 for an endowment fund, and he 288 PROFESSOR HENRY W. WARD Dean cf the College five years and Membei of the Faculty twenty \ ears. DR. W. O. KROHN. Ph.D. Medical Writer and Nerve Specialist. PROFESSOR E. F. BUCHNER, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology, Johns Hopkins University. JUDGE U. S. GUYER Jurist and Political Reformer. REV. WILLIS A. WARREN Pastor Congregational Church, Columbus, Ohio. A Quartet of Western Boys Who Have Made Good The Next Step has a very well-defined plan for securing that amount in the near future. *'As to the resignation of President Bookwalter, we, as members of the Executive Committee, desire to say that, while we join in the universal regret which his retirement occasions, we fully recognize not only his right, but his duty to himself, his family, and the world to go where he deems the field to be wider, the opportunities greater, and the weight of care less burdensome. His ten years' service as president of the College have been years of self-sacrificing, arduous toil, so arduous that only the few who have been nearest to him can realize the burdens he has borne and the work he has done. But he has success for his reward, and that success he leaves as a blessed heritage to the College in the form of a debt paid and a glorious future made possible. With gratitude for his devotion, and admiration for his success, and love for the man whose endowments of head and heart have made his devotion and success possible, and have endeared him to us all, we bid him God speed as he goes forth to the new field to which he has been called. ''Dated at Toledo, Iowa, August 2, 1904. "E. R. Smith, "S. R. Lighten WALTER, "W. F. Johnston, "E. C. Ebersole, "S. S. DOBSON, ''Executive Committee." When the date for the opening of the fall term was drawing near and no president had yet been secured, the Executive Committee appointed Vice President H. W. Ward as dean and acting president, and the local aflfairs 289 Western — Leander-Clark College t>' of the College went on smoothly, students and teachers cooperating in a fine spirit of loyalty to the College. The outside interests, however, were at a temporary standstill, as there was no financial agent at the time, all such work having been left to the president. The endowment cam- paign necessarily waited until a president should be found. On February 14, 1905, the 6oard of Trustees met, at call of the Executive Committee "to elect a College presi- dent and to transact such other business as may be advisable." At this meeting Rev. Cyrus J. Kephart, formerly president of Avalon College, and still earlier president of Lebanon Valley College, was elected presi- dent of Western College. At the same meeting the Trustees provided a handsome budget for the payment of salaries. President Kephart entered upon his administration duties at once with his accustomed energy and earnest- ness. Plans were at once set on foot for increasing the attendance of students, and at the same time the endow- ment canvass was renewed with vigor. The second great encouragement in the endowment canvass came in the form of the following letter from Andrew Carnegie, sent in response to a direct appeal previously made by the Executive Committee: "Andrew Carnegie, 2 East 91st Street. "New York, April 5th, 1905. ''Dr. C. J. Kephart, President of Western College, Toledo, Iowa: "Dear Sir : Mr. Carnegie has read over the papers in regard to Western College, Toledo, this morning and notes that a local benefactor has promised you fifty 290 The Next Step thousand dollars when you have raised one hundred thousand dollars new endowment. Mr. Carnegie desires me to say that he will be glad to give fifty thousand dollars of the proposed one hundred thousand dollars new en- dowment when the other fifty thousand dollars has been collected. "Respectfully yours, "Jas. Bertram^ P. Secretary." The letter was received by President Kephart on April 8, 1905, and sent an electric thrill through the whole College community as the rumor of its contents flew rapidly from lip to lip. Now at last all united in firm faith that the whole endowment could be reached, that the goal of so much striving was already in sight ; natur- ally enthusiasm ran high. The student body, always quick to idealize and ready to look upon the greatly de- sired end as achieved as soon as earnestly sought, held an impromptu jollification with ringing of bells, bonfires, hila- rious parades, and shoutings until enthusiasm expended itself in sheer excess. All this helped to nerve the authorities for the struggle yet ahead in securing the remaining $50,000. Everyone felt that now was the supreme opportunity for the Col- lege; the chance to make every dollar contributed to the cause in which one is enlisted bring two other dollars to that cause does not come often in a lifetime. Accord- ingly the campaign was waged on a much larger scale and at a much higher tension. The Executive Committee engaged Rev. R. E. Graves to enter the active canvass in the field in connection with President Kephart. In harmony with the new hopes and dawning possibili- ties for the school, it was planned to introduce an innova- 291 Western — Leander-Clark Colleger i>' tion upon former practices at Western and hold formal inaugural ceremonies for President Kephart in connection with the coming commencement season. Since such a ceremony is unusual in the history of the College, and was on this occasion of extraordinary interest in itself, it will be well to insert here the account as published in the Toledo Chronicle, June 15, 1905: "A half hour or more before time for the inauguration exercises the big United Brethren Church auditorium and adjoining rooms were crov/ded to overflowing, and when the procession arrived at the church and occupied seats reserved for them, standing room was at a premium. "W. A. Dexter, chairman of the Inaugural Committee, presided and announced the program. The exercises began with a selection from the Toledo Orchestra, com- posed of P. L. Swearingen, cornet ; C. E. Berry, clarinet ; R. E. Mead, flute; Dr. St. Clair, slide trombone; Misses Zae Cannon and Zoe Norton, vioHns; Miss Helen Gra- ham, piano. "Rev. Filson, of the Tama Presbyterian Church, offered the invocation. " 'Lift Up Your Heads, O Ye Gates,' was given by the Conservatory Chorus of fifty voices with Miss Marie Bookwalter leading and Prof. J. K. Weaver at the organ. It was simply grand as was also the Hallelujah Chorus given by them at the close. Chairman Dexter read letters of greeting from Doctor Bookwalter, Westerville, Ohio; Bishop E. B. Kephart, Annville, Pa. ; Bishop Mills, Annville, Pa. ; Bishop Wm. M. Bell, Dayton, Ohio; W. R. Funk, of the United Brethren Publishing House, Dayton, Ohio; George E. MacLean, State University of Iowa; President William F. King, Cornell College ; Dan F. Bradley, Iowa College ; 292 The Next Step Isaac Loos, State University ; Governor A. B. Cummins ; Senator Allison; Senator Dolliver; Ex-President A. M. Beal, Moline, Illinois ; Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson, and possibly others, all containing kind words and best wishes for the future of Western College. "Jwdge G. W. Burnham, of Vinton, spoke for the State of Iowa. He showed to Toledo that he was an orator as well as an able jurist. We doubt whether we ever heard a public speaker crowd so much into a five-minute ad- dress. It was a gem from start to finish. "Prof. Richard C. Barrett, of the State Agricultural School, brought the greetings from Iowa colleges. He showed that he was at home as a public speaker, and pleased and entertained as he extended the glad hand of sister colleges to the new era just dawning for Western. **Rev. W. I. Beatty, for the alumni, always witty and pleasing, was at his best and most fittingly did he pledge the alma mater that her children would see her through to the end. "Major Clark, on account of ill health, just recovering from whooping cough, was well represented by Doctor Drury. "Editor C. J. Wonsor bore the greetings from sister Tama. He told how Toledo and Tama have become cemented largely through the College influences and humorously referred to College athletics and other rela- tions of the two towns. His remarks were well received and he closed amidst a burst of applause. "Hon H. J. Stiger was announced as substitute for Judge Caldwell, who was unexpectedly called from town. Mr. Stiger fittingly referred to President Beardshear and others who have been his successors at Western; also how Toledo people had stood nobly by them in every 293 Western— Leander-Clark College time of adversity and assured the new president that they could be depended upon in the future as in the past. His remarks were timely and well received and left no ques- tion in the minds of the people as to where Toledo's loyal people stood in time of need. *'Rev. W. A. Briggs, of the Congregational Church, representing the city churches, showed how the Christian church was an aid to the moral tone of a town, how it aided the cause of religion, and how its influence was not alone confined to the town in which it was located. He pledged the good will of all Toledo churches to Western College and extended to the new president the best wishes of Christian people. "When President Cyrus J. Kephart was introduced the great audience greeted him with prolonged cheers and the waving of hundreds of flags. It was such a greeting as but few men receive in a lifetime, and, together with the greetings of those preceding him, it was no wonder that he was almost overcome with emotions of joy at the loyalty and good fellowship extended to Western College through him as its chief executive. When quiet was resumed and thanks had been expressed he entered upon a scholarly address on the subject, 'The Purpose of Cul- ture.' Seldom has a Toledo audience listened to so ably written an address, and its delivery was above criticism. He showed that man reached his greatest height through culture and that the colleges of the land were the means to the end. The benediction was given by the president. "Thus closed, perhaps, the most eventful commence- ment Western ever had, although there have been many eventful ones. This, we say, surpasses others in that it means that Western is on the verge of a future that carries with it the perpetuity of the institution. The 294 The Next Step necessaries for this future existence are being secured, and it means advanced ground along all lines. Long life to Western and her most worthy constituency !" The meeting of the Board of Trustees, in June, 1905, was more largely attended than usual, especially by mem- bers from a distance, and more enthusiasm was mani- fested and a deeper interest taken than had been evident for many years. All seemed imbued with the one idea of securing the balance of the $50,000 needed to meet the like amounts offered by Mr. Clark and Mr. Carnegie. A number of the liberal donors to the endowment fund were present and were enthusiastic in their belief that the balance could and would be secured. Several of these donors pledged themselves to canvass among their friends and try to secure gifts from them. Rev. R. E. Graves was elected field secretary, and President Kephart was relieved from class work and left free to devote his whole energies to the canvass. But six months now remained before the time limit set by Mr. Clark would expire, and more than $30,000 had yet to be secured. There was need of a whirlwind cam- paign, and that was the kind set in motion. Now was repeated, only with more eagerness, the campaign of four years previous, with President Kephart and Field Secre- tary Graves in the forefront of every battle. Daniel Mclntyre, of Gladbrook, Iowa, contributed $10,000, and another long leap was taken toward the top of the hill. Others made large donations, and a multitude of small ones swelled the whole amount. Toledo again called a mass meeting, volunteered to raise $10,000, appointed Hon. C. E. Walters, W. C. Smith, D. W. Turbett, J. J. McMahon, W. A. Dexter, D. Camery, and C. W. Ennis 295 Western — Leander-Clark College a soliciting committee and raised more than the amount assumed. As the conditions of Mr. Clark's proposition required that the full $100,000 should be in the hands of the College on January 1, in cash or first mortgages on real estate, it was necessary to close the canvass in time to allow all collections to be made ; accordingly, November 30, was fixed as the day for winding up the campaign. And Thursday, November 30, Thanksgiving Day, 1905, will always be a red-letter day in the calendar of Western College. President Kephart and Field Secretary Graves having done their uttermost in the field returned home to report. Bishop Weekley came from Des Moines to lend the inspiration of his presence and counsel. John Sham- baugh, Adam Shambaugh, W. H. Trussell, and C. Os- mundson, all trustees from a distance, were on hand to see that the undertaking should not fail. All these, to- gether with the Executive Committee, soliciting agents, College faculty, and interested friends met in the Business Men's Club Rooms, Toledo, to hear reports and learn what must yet be done. It was ascertained that several thousand dollars must be raised before midnight or the whole endowment scheme would fail. Anxiety naturally became intense. Secretary Graves kept the long distance wires warm communicating with friends in the field who had agreed to give pledges at the last in case their pledges should become necessary. Several visiting trustees pre- sented pledges they had been authorized to offer in case of emergency. The citizens' committee pushed its can- vass in Toledo on into the night, securing considerably more than was asked of them. As the hours of the night deepened the amount rose almost to the required mark and then seemed unable to go any higher. Finally, about eleven o'clock, Hon. E. C. Ebersole, who had been in 296 The Next Step touch with friends in the East, reported that he had re- ceived a sufficient sum to make up the deficit in the endowment fund, then approximately $3,500 — later when collections fell short at the last he turned in $1,500 received from the same source and making up the $5,000 donated by the Keister brothers. This announcement, assuring the endowment by a safe margin, was received with a burst of applause, and the long emotional strain suddenly relaxed. Strong men wept and others cried "Thank God." President Kephart broke spontaneously into a fervent prayer of thankfulness to God for giving this great victory to crown the long struggle. Such good news could not long be confined to one small room, but spread abroad. Soon the College bell was peal- ing out the glad announcement on the frosty night air in the cheeriest tones that ever came from its melodious throat. Then, as v/as inevitable where enthusiastic stu- dents were concerned, another rejoicing procession paraded through the streets and sang out their joy ; if the truth must be told, some of the boys in the procession had reached two score and ten or more. The next month witnessed a record breaker in the way of speedy collections on so large a scale, due largely to the previous preparation for just such quick responses. The list of donors contained several hundred names scat- tered over a wide territory, and yet before January 1 the whole $50,000 was on deposit in the Toledo banks and Mr. Carnegie's $50,000 was guaranteed. The closing chapel exercises of the fall term, December 18, were in a quiet way an occasion to remember. It was the last chapel service that would ever be held under the old name, now grown to be almost an object of 297 Western — Leander-Clark College veneration in itself. This was planned as a farewell to the old name, and naturally the spirit of the occasion was mellowed by a touch of sadness, though exuberant youth can not long look regretfully backward when there is a glorious promise just ahead. The College band made its initial public appearance and aided in the enthusiasm of the occasion. The different classes came out in their class colors and indulged in songs and yells. The serious part of the program consisted of addresses by representa- tives of the four College classes, the Academy, the Busi- ness College, and the Faculty. The legal steps to be taken in making the change of name required a longer time than was anticipated, and so it was not until January 23, 1906, that the Board met to complete the transaction. At that meeting Leander Clark, after stating that he was fully satisfied that the one hundred thousand dollars contemplated in his proposition had been raised in strict accordance with the terms of his proposal, placed in the hands of the secretary of the Board his note for fifty thousand dollars, due in ten days, and payable in cash or new notes secured by mortgages on real estate of not less than double the value of the notes. Dr. M. R. Drury then offered the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted : ''Resolved, 1. That we hereby record our profound appreciation of the generous gift of Mr. Clark of $50,000 to complete the $150,000 endowment. **2. That we hereby accept Mr. Clark's donation with all the terms and conditions on which it was offered, and solemnly pledge the College to the strictest compliance with such conditions forever; and that we extend to him our earnest thanks for the large and substantial gift." 298 The Next Step All the conferences cooperating with Western College, namely, Des Moines, Northern Illinois, Wisconsin, Min- nesota, and Iowa, had already each and all, by vote duly taken at their several annual sessions, approved the prop- osition to so amend article one of the Articles of Incor- poration to change the corporate name of the College to "Leander Clark College," with provision, however, that such amendment shall take effect only upon its adoption by the Board of Trustees, after the Hon. Leander Clark shall have actually made to the College a donation of $50,000 in accordance with his proposition made to and adopted by the said Board at its meeting in June, 1903. As the Board was the only legal body belonging to the College that had not yet taken formal action in the matter, it remained only for a favorable vote of the Board to com- plete the change of name. Such a vote was taken by a call of yeas and nays on a formal motion including pre- amble and resolution offered by W. C. Smith and sec- onded by F. E. Brooke. The vote, unanimously for the motion, was completed at exactly 2 : 45 p.m., January 23, 1906; then the president of the Board declared the cor- porate name of the College changed from "Western College" to "Leander Clark College." Thus the name Western passed into the realm of fading, but cherished memories. On the evening of January 23, faculty, students, and citizens joined in a jubilee to celebrate in a formal way the consummation of the endowment movement, and especially to inaugurate the new order of things under the new name. The jubilee was held in the United Brethren Church, which had been profusely decorated with new Leander Clark pennants; a large portrait of Major Clark held the place of honor over the rostrum, 299 Western — Leander-Clark College supported by a gorgeous banner with "Leander Clark College" worked in large gold letters across it. Songs and yells in which the name of Leander Clark constantly recurred kept the walls of the building echoing at every opportunity. Speeches of congratulation and felicitation were made by representatives of the organizations and interests most deeply concerned. Thus another eventful day in the life of the College passed into history. HON. LEANDER CLARK. As Major Clark's splendid gift of $50,000 inaugurated a new era for the College that now bears his name, and entitled him to be honored and loved as the second founder and chief benefactor of the College, readers of this history will be delighted to learn something of his \ personal history. Leander Clark was born at Wakeman, Huron County, Ohio, July 17, 1823. His boyhood days were spent on the farm with his parents. The training for a busy and successful life was begun in the public schools and later supplemented by a period of study at the Academy of Oberlin College. In 1849, with a party, he started across the plains and arrived at Sacramento after a journey of seven months. In 1852 he returned to the States by way of the Isthmus of Panama and came to Tama County, Iowa, where he has since resided. Mr. Clark v/as elected Justice of the Peace in 1855, and Judge of Tama County in 1857, which office he held for four years. In 1861 he was sent to represent Tama County in the General Assembly. When the call for volunteers came, he resigned and enlisted as a private in the 24th Iowa Infantry. He was elected captain of Company E. In October, 1862, the regiment went into 300 The Next Step the field and Captain Clark accompanied it for nearly three years, participating in almost all engagements. In September, 1864, he was promoted, and as major contin- ued with his regiment until January, 1865, when he was made lieutenant colonel. At the battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi, he was wounded in the face by a small ball. He also received a slight wound at the battle of Winchester, Virginia. In August, 1865, at the close of the war he was mustered out with his regiment. Major Clark bears the reputation of a brave soldier and officer. On his return to civil life he served another term in the legislature, and in 1866 was appointed Indian Agent for the Sac and Fox Indians. The remainder of his life has been devoted to the quiet prosecution of his business interests and the peaceful enjoyment of his home life, broken into years ago by the deepest domestic sorrow in the loss of his wife. Major Clark's wealth is the result of intelligently directed industry aided by modest tastes and by the nat- ural growth of a new and rapidly developing community. Coming to Iowa in the early days when land was cheap, he slowly but surely built up a fortune by taking advan- tage of the natural increase in values, gradually extending his holdings until they comprised large sections of Iowa, the Dakotas, and Missouri. Later entering the banking business, he was for years the president of the Toledo Savings Bank, and has been intimately connected with the commercial growth of this section of the country. He is an excellent example of the stalwart and sterling type of citizen to whose skill and industry the present develop- ment of the western country is due. Until his last illness, in his eighty-eighth year, Mr. Qark retained personal direction of his business affairs, 301 Western — Leander-Clark College and took a lively interest in the students of the College, especially in their athletic doings and intercollegiate debates. He always received the warmest welcome and the seat of honor whenever he visited the College or attended its functions. Ripe in years and full of honors, he passed peacefully away on December 22, 1910. The first business of the corporation under its new name was the investing of the endowment fund. As a preliminary step to this end, Hon. E. C. Ebersole, known and esteemed through a long life for his absolute integrity of character, sound business methods, and intimate knowl- edge of law and legal forms, was elected financial secre- tary with the endowment fund as his chief care. An Investment Committee, consisting of Dr. E. R. Smith, S. R. Lichtenwalter, and W. F. Johnston, was elected and charged with the duty of passing final judgment on all loans. In an incredibly short time all of the endowment fund was placed on real estate loans secured by mortgages as provided in Major Clark's original proposition. After a year or two Mr. Ebersole, finding the details of College finances too laborious for him, laid down all such duties, except those relating to the endowment; these he retained under the title of Endowment Secretary, until March, 1910, at which time he was succeeded by Hon. H. J. Stiger. The year 1906 gained a double distinction in the annals of the College by witnessing the ceremonies connected with the change of name and also those celebrating the semi-centennial of the founding of the College. The conjunction of two such important events naturally wrought interest to a very high pitch. Preparations had long been under way for holding, in connection with commencement week, 1906, the Semi-Centennial Celebra- 302 The Next Step tion and Home Coming of Old Students, and now a deeper interest on that occasion was aroused by the glorious ending of the endowment campaign. Special programs were arranged, class and society reunions were planned, and attractive advertising did the rest. Centennial Week brought the largest gathering of old students and friends of the College that Toledo has ever seen. They came overflowing with the spirit of good fellowship and tingling with the sensation of youth almost returned. Such a jolly crew of good comrades, pathetically intent on escaping for a space from life's exacting demands and cares into the freedom and unham- pered joys of youth, can not be found except at college anniversaries. One of the most touching, though informal, programs of the week was the dedicatory and memorial service held in the College chapel Wednesday afternoon. Por- traits of all the presidents of the College, except the first and the last, had been procured, together with the por- traits of Leander Clark and Rev. M. S. Drury, and these had been arranged appropriately around the walls of the College chapel. The special purpose of this hour was the dedication of these pictures and the holding of memorial service in remembrance of the presidents who had passed away. A gentle tenderness and reverence per- vaded this part of the exercises, deepened by the fact that former President E. B. Kephart, brother of President C. J. Kephart, had died but very recently, and President Beardshear and M. S. Drury not very long before. Rela- tives of these were present, some of them taking part in the ceremonies. Earnest memorial addresses were given by former associates and close friends of the dead. 303 Western — Leander-Clark College of Toledo and Tama, Mayors and City Councils of Toledo and Tama, City School Boards of Toledo and Tama, Pub- lic School teachers of Toledo and Tama, College Alumni, Conservatory Alumni, Graduates of Adjunct Depart- ments, College students, past and present, Indian Train- ing School Band, and Indian Training School. The line of march was to the courthouse square and then back through Main Street to the United Brethren Church. The program at the church consisted of music by the bands, the song "America" by the audience, prayer by Bishop W. M. Weekley, greetings from Hon. W. B. Allison, Hon. James Wilson, and others, followed by addresses. Professor I. A. Loos, of the State University of Iowa, spoke of "The Educational Pioneer," and in his address referred with strong emotion to his former asso- ciation with the faculty of Western College; Hon. A. R. Burkdol, '77, spoke feelingly and most impressively of "Student Days at Western" ; Rev. I. L. Kephart, D.D., of Dayton, Ohio, a former member of the faculty at old Western, related "Some Faculty Experiences" in his happiest vein ; U. S. Guyer, '94, of Kansas City, discussed in a most able manner "The Lawyer and His Alma Mater." The formal address of the afternoon was by Rev. F. E. Bruner, A.M., of Chicago, on the "Evolution of the Pioneer." Pushetonequa, Chief of the Musquakie Indians, occupied a seat on the platform in all his official regalia. He was introduced and made a brief speech through his interpreter. So closed another red-letter day in the history of the College. For the two years covered by the endowment canvass and those immediately following, the student life of the College reflected in a measure the great events through 306 The Next Step which the College was passing. In two lines of student activity there was rather a pronounced drift at this time, namely, athletics and public speaking. The movement in athletics was but part of a State-wide movement to bring college athletics under the immediate control of the per- manent officers of the colleges instead of leaving the matter wholly to the management of constantly changing student bodies. To this end a conference of Iowa col- leges was organized, composed of representatives elected by the different college faculties from their number; the conference determined uniform rules for eligibility and other matters pertaining to intercollegiate contests. I.ean- der Clark joined the conference and adopted a local plan whereby athletics were managed jointly by representatives elected by the faculty, the students, and the alumni. The plan worked much benefit, especially to the tone of athletics. As an encouragement to better training for public speaking the authorities of the College provided classes in Elocution and in Oratory and Debate open to all College students without extra tuition. They also offered prizes for winners in the oratorical contest. As a consequence there has grown a much higher ideal of systematic train- ing in oratory. Student organizations and student activities have shown a tendency to multiply in recent years, often to the detri- ment of regular class-room work ; it should be said, how- ever, that most of the activities possess a value of their own. Here, as in real life, success turns on learning where to lay the emphasis. The teaching force had at this time begun to show a hopeful tendency toward continuity, a sufficient number to form a good working nucleus continuing for a decade 307 Western — Leander-Clark College &' or more. A few excellent teachers came, stayed a short time, and then passed on to other work. Professor Fiske retired after one year, and Professor Yothers returned from graduate study in the University of Chicago to take up the work laid down the year before. Professor J. Ellis Maxwell was called, in 1905, to the Chair of Biology and Chemistry in Western College from the position of Dean and Professor of Natural Science in York College. His administrative experience, calmly judicious turn of mind and pedagogical tact added to unusual proficiency in his chosen subjects made him a valuable addition to the faculty. He had a talent for influencing and directing the collective student activities, especially such as the lecture course, Y. M. C. A., and the managemient of athletics. When Professor Maxwell withdrew, in 1909, to enter the more remunerative busi- ness field, his withdrawal occasioned much regret. Professor E. S. Smith came, in 1905, as Principal of the reorganized Normal School. He remained until 1907, at which time the new State law had shifted the emphasis from Pedagogy of secondary rank to Education of strictly College grade. Professor Smith then returned to public school work. In 1906 Professor J. Harding Underwood was secured as Professor of History and Political Science. He was an alumnus of this College, and had won unusual scho- lastic distinctions ; the year following his graduation from Western he was Graduate Scholar in Economics in the State University of Iowa; and the next year Fellow in Economics in the same university; and the next Univer- sity Fellow in Sociolog}^ in Columbia University, from which university he received the PLD. degree. Pro- fessor Underwood's work had reached only the middle of 308 The Next Step his first year in Leander Clark College when, to the great disappointment of his classes here, he was called away to a similar position in the University of Montana. Since going to Montana, Professor Underwood has been sent e.H'h year as commissioner from Montana to the Inter- national Tax Conference, and has written several mono- graphs on economic subjects — "Distribution of Owner- ship," 1907 ; "Inheritance Taxation," 1908 ; and "Debtor's Homestead Exemption," 1909. Professor G. E. Chapman was the successful Principal of the Business College from 1905 to 1907 and 1909-10. He has also been financial secretary for the College since 1907. Mrs. W. C. Pierce has been the very efficient teacher of Shorthand and Typewriting since 1906. Most of that time she has been also secretary to the president, a posi- tion for which she is peculiarly well qualified. It would be difficult to find any office wnth more orderly, more complete, or more accessible records than the College has now. An important forward step was the creation, in 1907, of the Chair of Education and the calling of Professor Ross Masters to fill the new chair. The department is now fully recognized by the State Educational Board, and graduates who have the required credits in Education are granted a five-year State certificate, subject to renewal. Professor Masters is gifted as but few men are with a happy faculty for imparting instruction. He is genial, tactful, always alert, and full of apt devices. He has been affectionately styled "the students' friend." Charles Rollin Shatto, another alumnus, was called to the Chair of History and Political Science, in 1907, to succeed Dr. Ira Holbrook, who had supplied the depart- 309 Western — Leander-Clark College ment after the resignation of Professor Underwood. Professor Shatto grew from boyhood in the very shadow of the College, and consequently is thoroughly imbued with its spirit and traditions. He has taken a deep interest in the management of many student activities. The calling of Professor A. P. Kephart, in January, 1908, as Professor of Physical Science and Director of Athletics, makes another forward step toward the system- atic control of College atheltics. Though he remained but two terms, Professor Kephart was able to inaugurate what has since been worked out as a fixed policy, namely, the direction of athletics, especially on the business side and in the matter of intercollegiate relations by a mem- ber of the regular College faculty. The system is prov- ing most beneficial. President C. J. Kephart took up the work of the presi- dency in February, 1905, at a time of severe stress and considerable depression. Little in the way of tangible results had so far come from the effort to meet Major Clark's offer in the matter of endowment and the internal life of the school was suffering from the recent loss of one who had been its head and trusted leader for ten years. President Kephart threw his whole soul and all his mighty energy into the work. His share in the great endowment effort has been given already, and it remains only to mention his superb qualities of masterful leader- ship and his management of the closing days of that memorable campaign, and especially in the planning and directing of the Semi-Centennial Celebration and Jubilee. As soon as the finances of the school gave promise of allowing it. President Kephart turned with deep satis- faction to the class room and devoted to instruction what time could be spared from field duties. As a teacher, 310 The Next Step President Kephart possessed the elements of greatness. He was earnest, thoughtful, fond of profound problems, and endowed with pedagogical instinct of a high order. His greatest strength, however, lay in his rare gifts as a platform orator; whether the occasion called for a ser- mon, a bit of inspiration for the moment, or an elaborate address, he was ever ready to rise to the occasion and win distinction for himself and for the College he represented. Owing in part, at least, to the attractiveness of the pulpit. President Kephart resigned in 1908 and accepted a call to the First United Brethren Church, Dayton, Ohio. Some of the College enterprises carried to successful completion by President Kephart, in addition to complet- ing the $150,000 endowment, are: The converting of Drury Hall into a modern home suitable for the College president; the building of a temporary gymnasium; the placing of a new furnace in Beatty Hall and in the Con- servatory of Music; extensive repairs on the furnaces in the Administrative Building; putting in cement walks at the College and at the Conservatory; practically doubling the equipment of the science laboratories and the number of volumes in the library. 311 Chapter XIII. ANOTHER PRELIMINARY STEP. PRESIDENT F. E. BROOKE. BURNING OF NOTES AND MORTGAGES. IN- TERNAL AFFAIRS. TEACHERS AND STUDENTS. QUADRENNIAL CELEBRATION. The Board meeting of June, 1908, revealed a somewhat new aspect of the ever-recurring dilemma of running a College. When the endowment was secured the cooper- ating conferences, feeling that the apportionment they had been paying annually toward the support of the College was now no longer needed, ceased almost entirely to make their usual contributions ; perhaps even the Col- lege authorities were momentarily beguiled into believing that such contributions might soon be dispensed with. It was soon discovered, however, that the added income from the endowment was not sufficient to cover the added expense of paying salaries in full and of making the additions to the teaching force the situation demanded, and a margin of obligations had accumulated through the repairs and improvements mentioned at the close of the preceding chapter, each leaving a considerable margin between the final cost and the funds secured for the special improvement. But the great source of embarrassment was still the old debt. Some twelve thousand dollars remained un- paid, and every dollar of it was drawing interest ever}^ day. Repeated efforts had been made to collect the notes and pledges that had been given to meet the debt, yet for various reasons payments on principal were coming in very slowly and payments on interest were insignificant. So, as a natural consequence, the debt had ere this out- 312 Another Preliminary Step grown the dependable debt paying assets, and the margin between was widening every day. It is no disparagement to the donors to say that the money value of the debt notes was decreasing with the lengthening of time; such is the case also with commercial obligations. In this case a surprisingly large proportion of the donors were persons of small means, very many of them itinerant ministers dependent upon their meager salaries for the support of their families. With such, sickness and death meant utter inability to pay, and unforeseen financial embarrassment meant a case calling for forbearance at the hands of a benevolent institution supported by charity. Some, too, no doubt, feeling the obligation less and less as time went by, were seeking excuses to escape altogether. From these three sources the College found itself face to face with a debt of more than twenty thousand dollars, and the imperative need of prompt and decisive action to keep the amount from increasing. As a first step the Board of Trustees issued a strong official appeal to the cooperating conferences, asking them to return to the plan of annual assessments for the benefit of the College ; the amount asked for was twenty-five cents per member each year. The next step was to find a man for the vacant presidency who could stop the leaks in old resources and create new resources where none existed, who v/as, in fact, a modern captain of industry capable of taking a complicated business and so organizing it as to insure the least possible waste and the largest possible margin of profit, and who at the same time was a genius at winning and holding patronage for this enterprise. He must be the model college president described by the Indian Witness: "The college president of to-day needs to be a man who can go out and pick up a hundred dollars 313 Western — Leander-Clark College before breakfast and round up a half million or so by the time he goes to bed. He must be young, too, and amaz- ingly popular both with the father who wants his boy to behave and with the boy who does not want to behave. There is a job for this man at twelve hundred dollars a year." After extended search and much deliberation the Trustees selected for the presidency of the College a young man of their own number with no other experience in college administration than came to him as an energetic member of the Board, but with invaluable discipline in other positions of responsibility. That young man was F. Ellsworth Brooke, at the time organizer and first pastor of the First United Brethren Church, Kansas City, Mis- souri. The wisdom of the choice is becoming more cer- tain every day. President Brooke is succeeding even beyond the expectation of his closest friends, and is revealing a talent for conservative, yet thoroughly aggres- sive and creative financial administration that is close akin to genius. The biography of President Brooke would read much like that of any typical American, who, through combined capacity, character, and aspiration, plus a native tact, has risen to a position of trust and responsibility. A youth in the country, a few years of teaching in the public schools, a college education that cost real effort and sacri- fice, soiiie years in the ministry, and then the management of a large business — such is the story. The business experience, with its discipline of absolute method and exhaustive calculation of resources, has been an invaluable preparation for the administration of a modern college wherein the chief demand is for the qualities of a captain of industry and a master of men. President Brooke 314 Another Preliminary Step possessed also to a high degree the abiHty to map out a whole course of action, and then carry the plan through with persistent energy. Along with that goes a touch of contagious hopefulness and a gleam of larger possibilities. President Brooke's first task was to wipe out the indebt- edness against the College as a preliminary step to larger endowment and new buildings, but at the same time the immediate internal needs of the school must not be neg- lected. As a starter toward the latter, John Shambaugh promptly gave $1,000 with which to refurnish the chemi- cal laboratory, and Adam Shambaugh followed with $500 for the same purpose. Other friends furnished money for remodeling rooms for the Business College and for other equipments. Then the direct attack upon the old debt began. As resources for paying the debt the College had, first, a bundle of old notes of somewhat uncertain value ; second, a farm in Minnesota ; and third, a true and tried constituency. The farm was soon converted into cash and the money used to cancel debt and stop a proportion- ate amount of interest. For collecting the old notes a systematic, vigorous, and persistent plan was put into operation with surprisingly good results. The follow-up system of correspondence pursued with steadfast insist- ence and frequent resort to the registered letter device brought good returns. A judicious and tactful insistence at all times, employing sharpness when sharpness was fitting, and consideration when consideration was due often brought payment even where hope of receiving any- thing had been abandoned. The real test, however, came in soliciting new funds. People are always reluctant to contribute to pay off an old score; in this instance the embarrassment of the solicitor was aggravated by the 315 Western — Leander-Clark College prevalent impression that the debt had actually been paid. It was a most trying task, requiring peculiar grit and perseverance, and yet a task that must be done and done once for all or the cause would suffer greatly; so Presi- dent Brooke set about it with a tenacity of purpose that knew no letting go until the desired end should be reached. President Brooke himself headed the list with $1,000. Father Jacob Gutshall followed with another $1,000. S. R. Lichtenwalter, always a true friend in times of need, gave $500 ; Hon. H. J. Stiger and Mrs. Emma Butler contributed like amounts. Other good friends gave in larger or smaller amounts. Still the task was a long and arduous one; a year slipped away and still the goal had not been reached. Toward the end of the first year, Rev. O. G. Mason was engaged as field secretary to assist in the canvass for money and also to aid in the campaign for students. January 1, 1910, found the whole amount pledged, and one month more saw all the pledges paid and all obligations against the College canceled. February 1, 1910, is another red-letter day in the cal- endar of Leander Clark College. On that day the notes and mortgages against the College were burned with appropriate ceremonies. The following paragraphs from President Brooke's account of the occasion are in place here: "With the College chapel packed to overflowing with hundreds of students. College officials, townspeople, and out-of-town visitors, amid the harmony of College songs and the deafening 'yells' of the students, all the old notes and mortgages, the last vestige of evidence of indebted- ness against Leander Clark College, went up in smoke this day from the torch applied by the hand of Hon. S. R. Lichtenwalter. Did I say all ? I must correct that state- 316 Another Preliminary Step ment. One note was not burned. It seemed almost sacrilegious to consign to the flames the Mary J. Spensley note. This note was given September 6, 1890, for $25,000. There had been partial payments made, leaving a balance of $10,500. It was signed by the following- named persons: J. S. Mills, M. S. Drury, A. M. Beal, B. M. Long, L. H. Bufkin, E. R. Smith, H. W. Ward, R. Shatto, J. A. Ward, H. J. Stiger, W. C. Smith, W. I. Beatty, E. F. Warren, W. S. Reese, William P. Soth, H. H. Withington, A. J. Wheaton, James Callahan, G. C. Wescott, C. A. Benson, M. Cole, Isaac Stauffer, R. L. Hegarty, J. A. Lichtenwalter, S. R. Lichtenwalter, I. K. Statton, D. H. Kurtz, J. S. McKee, E. B. Kephart, D. C Overholser, Emanuel Shope, W. F. Cronk, W. J. Ham, A. H. Shambaugh, and John Shambaugh. "There were thirty-five in all, fifteen of whom have passed away. It meant something to go under this load and help raise the fund to rebuild the College which had been destroyed by fire on Christmas night a few months before. So we had this note nicely framed, and it hangs as a memorial to these stalwart men who made this glad day possible by their heroic act almost twenty years ago. *Tt was a fitting close to the hard campaign inaugurated by the undersigned at the beginning of his administration eighteen months ago. There were but two planks put into our platform. First, *Run the very best College pos- sible on the income, and pay cash as we go.' Second, 'Collect in on all the old notes and other assets of the College and gather enough new money by January 1, 1910, to pay off all the debts and stop the interest.' Both of these pledges were redeemed to-day, and Leander Clark College is absolutely free of debt." 317 Western — Leander-Clark College prevalent impression that the debt had actually been paid. It was a most trying task, requiring peculiar grit and perseverance, and yet a task that must be done and done once for all or the cause would suffer greatly; so Presi- dent Brooke set about it with a tenacity of purpose that knew no letting go until the desired end should be reached. President Brooke himself headed the list with $1,000. Father Jacob Gutshall followed with another $1,000. S. R. Lichtenwalter, always a true friend in times of need, gave $500; Hon. H. J. Stiger and Mrs. Emma Butler contributed like amounts. Other good friends gave in larger or smaller amounts. Still the task was a long and arduous one; a year slipped away and still the goal had not been reached. Toward the end of the first year, Rev. O. G. Mason was engaged as field secretary to assist in the canvass for money and also to aid in the campaign for students. January 1, 1910, found the whole amount pledged, and one month more saw all the pledges paid and all obligations against the College canceled. February 1, 1910, is another red-letter day in the cal- endar of Leander Clark College. On that day the notes and mortgages against the College were burned with appropriate ceremonies. The following paragraphs from President Brooke's account of the occasion are in place here: "With the College chapel packed to overflowing with hundreds of students, College officials, townspeople, and out-of-town visitors, amid the harmony of College songs and the deafening Veils' of the students, all the old notes and mortgages, the last vestige of evidence of indebted- ness against Leander Clark College, went up in smoke this day from the torch applied by the hand of Hon. S. R. Lichtenwalter. Did I say all ? I must correct that state- 316 Another Preliminary Step ment. One note was not burned. It seemed almost sacrilegious to consign to the flames the Mary J. Spensley note. This note was given September 6, 1890, for $25,000. There had been partial payments made, leaving a balance of $10,500. It was signed by the following- named persons: J. S. Mills, M. S. Drury, A. M. Beal, B. M. Long, L. H. Bufkin, E. R. Smith, H. W. Ward, R. Shatto, J. A. Ward, H. J. Stiger, W. C. Smith, W. I. Beatty, E. F. Warren, W. S. Reese, William P. Soth, H. H. Withington, A. J. Wheaton, James Callahan, G. C. Wescott, C. A. Benson, M. Cole, Isaac Stauffer, R. L. Hegarty, J. A. Lichtenwalter, S. R. Lichtenwalter, I. K. Statton, D. H. Kurtz, J. S. McKee, E. B. Kephart, D. C. Overholser, Emanuel Shope, W. F. Cronk, W. J. Ham, A. H. Shambaugh, and John Shambaugh. "There were thirty-five in all, fifteen of whom have passed away. It meant something to go under this load and help raise the fund to rebuild the College which had been destroyed by fire on Christmas night a few months before. So we had this note nicely framed, and it hangs as a memorial to these stalwart men who made this glad day possible by their heroic act almost twenty years ago. "It was a fitting close to the hard campaign inaugurated by the undersigned at the beginning of his administration eighteen months ago. There were but two planks put into our platform. First, 'Run the very best College pos- sible on the income, and pay cash as we go.* Second, 'Collect in on all the old notes and other assets of the College and gather enough new money by January 1, 1910, to pay off all the debts and stop the interest.' Both of these pledges were redeemed to-day, and Leander Clark College is absolutely free of debt." 317 Western — Leander-Clark College A fuller account published in the Leander Clark Era shows what significance the older students attached to the occasion : "Many times has the old bell in the tower proclaimed glad tidings to the people of Toledo. Many times has its clear notes caused its supporters to feel the joy that makes the heart beat fast. Merrily and with unmistakable righteousness did it ring when the old debt was paid and again did its iron tongue peal forth the glad tidings of success in the endowment campaign. But never did it, or will it ring with such heartfelt tones as it did on last Tuesday morning, when it announced to the world that, after the heart-rending struggle of over half a century, Leander Clark College could face the world with a clear title, backed by the assertion of its indomitable president that 'Never as long as I shall serve the College, nor with my consent shall there be a dollar's indebtedness against the fair name of Leander Clark.' The tones of that old bell seemed like a benediction from those noble men so long departed, who gave the best part of their lives that this old College might have everlasting life. "With the ringing of the seven-thirty class bell on Tuesday morning the very spirit of freedom seemed to permeate the atmosphere. To us who have so long known the conditions the old school seemed different, as though a crushing weight had been lifted and at last it might inhale one long pure breath. "Every one was smiling, and as the students passed each other in the hallways there seemed to be a new spirit impelling them. Professors who have for years placed their faith in Leander Clark College seemed to have taken a new lease on life and acted accordingly. 318 Another Preliminary Step "The chapel room was beautifully decorated with pen- nants, and though the pennons of Iowa, Chicago, Michi- gan, and other great schools were there, that of Leander Clark seemed to dignify them by its presence. Never did it seem so beautiful as on this day when it could, for the first time, float untarnished before the eyes of men. And when we think of all that pennant stands for, our heads are bowed in reverence to those noble men and women who sacrificed so much that we might enjoy the blessings which they never knew. "After the invocation of Rev. Seese, and musical selec- tions by Professor Thickstun and the College Quartette, President Brooke introduced Hon. E. C. Ebersole, a former president of the institution, who rapidly reviewed the life of the College from its foundation to the present day, adding many incidents in passing to make plain the seriousness of the conditions. Mr. Ebersole has been one of the most helpful supporters of the school during its existence, and, being in close touch with it at all times, was well qualified to give its history. "Hon. H. J. Stiger then told of the 'Black Friday' of the institution, of how a band of serious, earnest-hearted men came some years ago to the office of his firm seeking a loan of $25,000 and how they got it. He said there were thirty-five men who signed the note, any one of whom was liable to the full amount of the note. And he modestly neglected to state that his own name was one of the thirty-five. "After a vocal solo by Miss Medlar, Major Leander Clark, our honored patron, was called on for a few re- marks, and as the old gentleman arose there rang through- out the room the yell, C-C-C-1-a-a-a-a-r-k, Clark. Major Clark then told how and why President Brooke had been 319 Western — Leander-Clark College secured, how the trustees had based their hopes on him as a financier, and how well he had justified their hopes. He moved a vote of confidence and esteem to the presi- dent, and after the vote had been taken, asked the 'young fellows to give a good yell for President Brooke.' Then the old building fairly shook. ''President Brooke then produced a bundle of papers which proved to be the notes and mortgages which the College had been carrying for so long a time. He read all the notes, stating when and how they were given, and for what sum and purpose. They were then handed to Dean Ward who burned them in a crucible fixed up for that purpose, S. R. Lichtenwalter, for many years a staunch adherent of the College and a faithful trustee, applied the torch as Dean Ward dropped the notes a few at a time into the crematory. "One note alone was saved. It was the one on which those thirty-five brave men inscribed their names. To destroy it were sacrilege. With the marks of cancella- tion plainly visible on its face, it was framed and will hang on the walls of the ofiice as an eternal monument to guarantee its payment. "Another paper, a mortgage, was also burned, but before it was set on fire, Mr. Ebersole looked it over with the words 'I've helped support you for a long time, but this is the first time I have ever seen you,' and as he tossed it into the fire, 'May you have lots of company and no successors. Peace be to your ashes.' "J. M. R. Hanson took several pictures of the scene and they will appear in the '11 Cardinal. The Ladies' Glee Club rendered a musical selection, after which the audience fervently sang 'Alma Mater,' and were dismissed by Rev. Southard's benediction. 320 AUSTIA PATTERSON SHUMAKER First Missionary sent out from the College. REV. I. N. CAIN Leader of our Martyred Missionaries. MRS. I. N. CAIN Massacred in the Uprising of May 3, 1898. MARY ARCHER, M.D. One of our Martyred Missionaries. Another Preliminary Step ''To new students and to those hearing of Leander Clark College for the first time, this occasion may mean very little, and it may seem to some that we are making a great deal of fuss over so small a circumstance. But to us it appears in a different light. It means that the goal toward which the College has been struggling for fifty-four years has at last been reached. It means a new birth for the school, a new lease on life. From now on the College may grow and enlarge, whereas before it had to fight hard to keep even with the world. "It means that more buildings and more endowment will come to increase the sphere of usefulness of Leander Clark College. It means that the faith of the founders of the school has been vindicated, and that the judgment of those who have controlled its destinies has been com- pletely justified. It means more students and better equipment, and a thousand other things which can be more easily thought of than written. "What the future holds for us we cannot tell, but we believe that the signs all point to a larger and greater Leander Clark College, and again we say, 'Gloria in Excelsis Deo.' " A few words regarding the internal life of the school will not be amiss here. The years since the securing of the endowment have been years of substantial growth in every way. The creation of the Chair of Education and the establishment of the Directorship of Athletics have already been recorded and some mention has been made of added equipment. Other extensive additions have been made to the library and to the equipment of the various laboratories. The interior of the Administration Building has been improved and beautified ; the remodel- 321 Western — Leander-Clark College ing of rooms for the Business College and the adorning of the chapel add greatly both to the utility and to the appearance of the building. Never in the history of the College has there been so enthusiastic and loyal a student body, and never so strong a feeling of assurance among trustees and alumni. There has been in the past a conscious purpose to make the work of the College genuinely meritorious in all that is under- taken; now that purpose is reinforced by a renewed hopefulness and sense of permanency. There is a deeper sense of oneness in the whole life of the institution past, present, and future — and a closer feeling of fellow- ship among all who at any time have been admitted into the great College family. The demand for a history such as this proves that there is a new awakening to the sacred- ness of College traditions and a growing sense of pride in all that belongs to the family story. Particularly are the alumni rallying around the institution as never before, loyal and true though they have ever been.. The feeling of unity in the present student body is cultivated most perhaps by those activities that bring the College into close relations with other colleges ; these are primarily intercollegiate athletic contests and contests in oratory and debate. In athletic relations there has been much advancement in recent years. Owing mainly to better local control in the matter of eligibility to membership on the various teams, and especially to an efficient system of training, the College gained sufficient standing and dignity to be admitted to a place on the schedules of some of the best colleges in the State. This tends to create a higher degree of College patriotism. Locally, athletics are being more and more utilized, not only as a safety valve for 322 Another Preliminary Step surplus vitality, but also as a powerful incentive to scholarship, and, indeed, as an educational value in them- selves. The largest student activity in recent years — student activity referring to those side interests that lie apart from the stated exercises of the class room and literary hall — is perhaps in the line of public speaking. Trustees, faculty, and alumni have united to stimulate interest in forensic matters. The College had for many years been a member of the State Oratorical Association and held local contests preliminary to those of the State; occasional intercollegiate debates had also been held, but these were somewhat haphazard, each contest being usually planned by itself and within the season in which the contest was to occur. Now a Forensic League with a permanent organization has been formed to promote interest in ora- tory and debate. The secretary of the league is a member of the College faculty and his chief duty, aside from the routine work of his department, is to promote the interests for which the league stands. Under the direction of the Forensic Council a series of triangular intercollegiate and interacademic debates has been organ- ized extending over a period of years, and local contests with prizes attached have been devised to stimulate sus- tained and systematic preparation. The religious life of the College has always been earnest and strong, though more pronounced at certain periods than at others. In the earlier days there was a close relation between the College and the local church, and special times of spiritual awakening in the church were felt deeply among the students. The tendency in later times to multiply organizations within both church and College, and to specialize effort within narrow fields 323 Western — Leander-Clark College has somewhat separated spiritual activity in the College from that of the church, and has centered the religious life of the former about the Christian Association. These associations are seldom without strong leadership, and under such leadership are always a power for righteous- ness in the life of the College. Another new element in the very recent life of the College is the working out of a more complete and com- prehensive system of administration both in internal management and in business affairs. As now organized the faculty works on the principle of specialization in administration as in teaching; each has his special "stunt" assigned. One concentrates upon the forensic interests of the College, another upon directing the athletic activi- ties of the students, another upon securing positions for graduates, and still others upon other interests. The same person is kept in charge of the same interest from year to year, and works in accordance with a definite policy that looks forward to permanent results. The business of the College has at last reached bed- rock banking methods. Transactions now may require some red tape, but they are cautious and orderly. The office knows at any time just how the business of the College stands. Readily accessible files of all transactions and correspondence are in neat completeness. The whole business policy of the institution looks toward solidity and soundness. The close of the scholastic year 1909-1910 witnessed the first Quadrennial Celebration and Home Coming. This was four years after the great Semi-Centennial and will, it is hoped, inaugurate the custom of making every fourth year a special home coming and time of rejoicing. At this first celebration, graduates and old students 324 Another Preliminary Step flocked back in great numbers and friends came from near and far to join in the festivities. On Baccalaureate Sunday, Rev. A. E. Wright, of Chicago, preached a masterful sermon that set a high standard of excellence for the other programs of the week. On Monday, visitors were taken on an automobile ride to the Indian School and Indian Camp; in the even- ing the literary societies held their usual banquets and reunions, but with more than the usual amount of mingled mirth and pathos. On Tuesday the old students held a campfire under the leadership of J. A. Shuey, '65. On Wednesday occurred the quadrennial program proper. This program was historical in nature and presented characteristic events and periods in the life of the Col- lege. Hon. E. C. Ebersole, LL.D., of Toledo, spoke of "Our Founder," the address being a tribute to the first president of the College, Rev. Solomon Weaver. Mr. Jacob A. Shuey, '65, of Red Oak, Iowa, spoke with feel- ing and appreciation on the theme, "Early Teachers" ; he paid tribute especially to Professors S. S. Dillman, M. W. Bartlett, and E. C. Ebersole. Mrs. S. J. Staves, of Des Moines, Iowa, whose intimate acquaintance with Western began before the first building was finished and lasted through all the early years, spoke tenderly and personally of the "Early Days," and with her fund of intimate mem- ories gave the later generation a close glimpse at those older times. Captain E. B. Soper, of Emmetsburg, Iowa, one of the first students of Western to enlist in the Union Army, discussed the subject, "In War Times"; from his thorough familiarity with those times he was able to give his hearers a much more adequate impression than they already possessed of the large share Western College had in the Civil War. "The Dawn of a New Era" was as- 3?5 Western — Leander-Clark College sighed to the Rev. J. H. Albert, D.D., 75, of Faribault, Minnesota, the ''New Era" being the period covered by the administration of President E. B. Kephart; Doctor Albert spoke of the steadfast and lofty purpose mani- fested by the College throughout those days, and the striving for substantial attainments, the paramount aim of all being the making of character. "The Days of Beardshear" was the theme of the Rev. C. M. Brooke, D.D., '86, of Stillwater, Oklahoma, one who as student and alumnus knew the period thoroughly; he paid fitting tribute to the great personality of President Beardshear and the large undertakings of the College during that period. To the Rev. W. I. Beatty, D.D., 76, of Elk Point, South Dakota, was given the subject, ''Entering the Promised Land," a most fortunate assignment as Doctor Beatty had shared with the College the long, depressing Wilderness wanderings through increasing debts and multiplied discouragements, and was one of the faithful found worthy to enter the promised land of can- celed debts and a solid endowment ; he closed his address with the following poem, in which he happily contrasts a dark period of the past with the full sunlight of the present : THEN AND NOW. Then— 1894. Western College is the cry, Joyful note, just let it fly, As a pean in the sky, Western College shall not die. Sing, ye patriot workers, sing. Make the mighty welkin ring, 326 Another Preliminary Step Send through all the land the cry. Western College shall not die. Sing aloud the battle cry, Make it reach the very sky, By the throne that is on high. Western College shall not die. Now— 1910. O Western College did not die ! She gathered strength to reach the sky. She burst the bonds that chafe and fret, And threw aside her galling debt. The God of battles won her fight, And let see a glorious light; The streams of wealth he turned her way. And ushered in the brighter day. As Jacob changed to Is-ra-el, When from his heart the burden fell. So, Western with a mighty plea. Changed her name to L. C. C. Her bridal robes she now doth wear. And of her peers there's none more fair ; But, while honest work is still her aim, Her old traditions she'll maintain. Great God ! with hope we look to thee. And make for us this earnest plea : May coming ages find us still Submissive to thy holy will ! 327 Western — Leander-Clark College The alumni program and banquet on Wednesday even- ing also partook of the Quadrennial Celebration spirit. The large hall of the College gymnasium had been most fittingly decorated and served admirably for a banquet hall. Here about two hundred alumni and their guests gathered to participate in probably the largest and most successful banquet and reunion in the histor}^ of the asso- ciation. C. R. Shatto, '90, served as toastmaster. Music was furnished by the old Philo and Callie quartets. Dr. E. R. Smith, '86, responded to the toast, "The Old Guard," in which he spoke of the devotion and gallant courage of the men who established Western College and carried her safely through her early conflicts. Dr. F. E. Kaufifman, '94, in a most characteristic vein, ans- wered to the toast, "Alumni Patriotism" ; he told how the visit of President Beardshear first aroused a country boy's dormant hero worship and then awakened a yearn- ing for something that gradually defined itself as a college education ; of how that boy following the inner yearning, finally went to college and there experienced a new life full of human kindness and the fruits of consecrated human intelligence, a life that still draws him back peri- odically for a renewal of his spirit. Miss Ada Meyers, '10, represented "The Recruit," and presented herself and her classmates for membership in the devoted family of sons and daughters who revere the name of Leander Clark. Judge U. S. Guyer, '94, standing at that point in the week's program that turned from the backward look at the way already traversed and set the gaze stead- ily toward the future, pleaded eloquently for "A Greater Leander Clark." President Brooke followed in the same strain, showing that the College had met all the obliga- tions imposed by the past and is now facing the new 328 Another Preliminary Step and larger obligations of the future, the chief of which are additional endowment and greatly enlarged equip- ment. He laid before the association a plan for raising a special "Alumni Endowment Fund" as part of the general forward movement, a plan which all the members present heartily approved. President George McA. Miller and Adeline Dickman Miller, of Ruskin College, both of '81, unable to be pres- ent in person, sent greetings in the following form : ALUMNI GREETINGS TO LEANDER CLARK COLLEGE. Lovely art thou, Alma Mater, with maternal hopes and fears. Easily the weight thou bearest of thy four and fifty years ; All thy sons and daughters greet thee from their wide divergent ways, Near and far they join the chorus in thy well-deserved praise. Daring life's heroic challenge, "Who will strive unto the end?" Each as light the path has pointed, forth has gone the dykes to mend; Rightly knowing that the ocean of iniquity and wrong Can't be conquered by a sermon; neither conjured by a song. Learning that alone by doing will their work on earth be done, And by playing, saying, praying, it is only well begun ; Roused by Launfal's vivid vision of the blessed "Holy Grail," Keeping pure life's gushing fountain, "strength of ten" spells, "never fail." 329 Western — Leander-Clark College Ever forth at beck of duty, under providence — not fate — Calls of church and school and forum, factory, mart, and home, and State, Over all appeals of mammon, calling deftly to the Me, Loud have rung and brought quick heeding e'en from lands beyond the sea. Lest we err by faint forgetting of the ones who by the way. E'en from realms beyond our vision, heard the call all must obey. Greetings e'en from them may cheer thee, Alma Mater of the blest ; E'en to strenuous us suggesting, "All may enter into rest." From George McA. and Adeline Dickman Miller, with fond memories of ''Old West- ern" and as a tribute from the Class of '8i. Ruskin, Florida, June 3, 1910. This record of the First Quadrennial Celebration would be incomplete without some account of the special exer- cises of commencement day. The novel feature of the day was holding the exercises in the great pavilion and on the grounds of the Central Iowa Chautauqua Asso- ciation, and having as the speaker of the day a man of such wide fame as Joseph W. Folk, of Missouri. The day opened cloudy, following heavy rains the preceding evening; yet the large pavilion was nearly filled with in- terested citizens of Toledo and Tama and surrounding country. Two bands furnished music for the occasion. The address of Governor Folk was inspiring with its plea for a purer citizenship and a quickened public con- science. A large senior class, surpassed in number but 330 Another Preliminary Step once in the history of the College, was graduated. Presi- dent Brooke announced the forward movement authorized by the Board of Trustees and inaugurated the first part of the movement — the securing of new endowment — ^by announcing a pledge of $25,000 to that fund by a donor who wished his name withheld. Thus another milestone on the upward journey of the College was reached and passed. The faces of all are now set steadfastly toward the future, and interest grows intense as to what the new few years have in store. The key word for the immediate future is, "Enlargement, en- larged endowment, enlarged equipment, and enlarged pat- ronage." Courage and hope attend the forward look; under the splendid leadership of President Brooke ex- j^ectation runs high. 331 Chapter XIV. A CHAPTER OF MISCELLANY. COEDUCATION. COL- LEGE PUBLICATIONS. ORGANIZATIONS. MISSIONARIES. TRANSPORTATION. MATERIAL EQUIPMENT. It seems desirable at this point to devote a chapter to the consideration of some miscellaneous topics closely re- lated to the life of the College and not yet adequately treated in this history. At the very first the College v^as organized as a coedu- cational institution; it was the intention of the fathers to give equal advantages to their sons and daughters. For a number of years a distinct "ladies' course" was main- tained, differing from the courses offered to men in that it omitted higher mathematics, philosophy, and ancient languages; a "Principal of the Female Department" was an indispensable member of the faculty for many years. Finally, in 1875, the ladies' course was dropped from the catalogue and women were admitted to identical courses with the men and received the same degrees. Then, in 1881, the so-called "Female Department" was abandoned and the principal of that department was assigned to a regular College chair. Emily L. Dillman was principal from 1857 to 1860. She was succeeded in order by Frances Spencer, Hester A. Hillis, Emma Neidig, Emma Guitner, Sarah Jane Surran, Amelia B. Grove, Mary Louise Hopwood, and Anna Shuey, the last-named hold- ing the position until 1881, at which time the department was discarded and Miss Shuey was made Professor of Mathematics. A Chapter of Miscellany COLLEGE PUBLICATIONS. The first publication in the interest of the College was the Western College Advocate and Miscellaneous Maga- zine, a monthly periodical edited and published by Rev. Solomon Weaver and Capt. W. H. Shuey. The first number was issued in July, 1856. The character and history of the paper have been presented at length already in the body of this history. One year after the first issue the Board of Trustees of the College, with the hearty concurrence of the editors and proprietors, took charge of the Advocate and made it ofificially what it had already been in reality, the organ of the College. The Advocate continued to be published in magazine form until 1859, at which time the College purchased a press, changed the name to Western College Reporter, and began issuing it semi-monthly in quarto form. During part of the Civil War period it was published weekly as a folio sheet. The paper contained general news, especially war news, and of^cial information regarding the College, such as lists of officers and faculty, courses of study, and at the end of the year a catalogue of students. In the early seventies the name was once more changed, this time to Western Gazette, and its publication was con- tinued intermittently until the latter part of 1874, at which time the trustees decided to abandon the attempt to pub- lish an official paper, and sold the printing office and press to private parties. During most of its career the official paper was most creditable both in matter and form, and the service it rendered to the College would be hard to over-estimate. In 1875, Mr. Ralph Shatto purchased the College press, and as a private enterprise began issuing a weekly news- paper, called the Western Light. The creed of the new 333 Western — Leander-Clark College paper, as announced in the first issue, was : "In politics, Republican ; in religion, the doctrines laid down in the Discipline of the United Brethren Church ; in service, the highest interests of Western College" ; the Western Light thus continued to be the mouthpiece of the College. Mr. Shatto published his paper in Western until after the removal of the College ; he pleaded earnestly but reason- ably against removal, remained behind one year, and then sold out and followed the College to Toledo, there to spend the remainder of his days in the shadow of the institution whose welfare he had long promoted. The earliest catalogue in pamphlet form that can be found bears the date of 1867-8. Since that time, with the possible exception of 1868-69, (no catalogue of that date has been found for the College files) the catalogue has been issued annually at or near the close of the College year. In the issue of the Western College Advocate for June, 1858, the end of the first full College year, is found a fair substitute for a catalogue. It gives as coop- erating conferences, Des Moines, Iowa, Rock River, and Illinois. The Executive Committee are J. E. Bower- sox, W. H. Shuey, S. S. Dillman, Wm. Parmenter, and Jacob Berger. The faculty consisted of Rev. Solomon Weaver, President; Wm. Parmenter, A.M., M.D., Pro- fessor of Mathematics and Physiology ; M. W. Bartlett, A.M., Professor of Ancient Languages; S. S. Dillman, Professor of Agriculture and Natural Science ; Mrs. E. L. Dillman, Principal of the Ladies' Department. This was the first regular faculty. The summary of students is: Men, 69; women, 22; total, 91. Similar catalogues seem to have been published in the College paper at the close of each school year, though the only other issue of that 334 A Chapter of Miscellany kind preserved is the Western College Reporter, June 15, 1864. A year or two after the College was located at Toledo, a small paper, the Teacher and Student, was issued joint- ly by the County Superintendent of Tama County and by the students of Western College. Then, in March, 1886, the Toledo Collegian was established as the official organ of the College. It was a quarterly publication and con- tained College news and announcements, with more or less of the literary output of the College. It continued to be published until the crisis of 1893. The next attempt to establish a College newspaper was a new departure in the fact that the enterprise was con- ceived and carried out wholly by a group of students as part of their literary society activities. In April, 1896, appeared the first number of the College Era, a monthly pamphlet published by the Philophronean Literary Society and devoted to general College news, as well as the interests of the society in whose name it was published. It continued to be published until 1902, and then, at the solicitation of the other literary societies of the College, all were admitted to a share in the management of the paper, and the name was changed to Western Cardinal. Under the new name the paper was published for about two years and then ceased. A year or two later the Philophronean Society again began issuing a paper, this time as the Leander Clark Era, a weekly, giving special prominence to College news. The paper is still published each week of the school year. About the time that the Era was reestablished the Young Men's Institute began publishing the Owl, a bi-monthly combining the news idea with a more distinctly literary purpose. The Owl and the Era, edited and pub- 335 Western — Leander-Clark College lished wholly by students, reflect student sentiment and record the numerous happenings in connection with the various student activities of the College. With the securing of the endowment, in January, 1906, the College began the publication of the Bulletin, a quar- terly devoted to official news and announcements. The April number each year comprises the annual catalogue. The Bulletin is the systematic means of communication between the College and its constituency. Through it an effort is made to keep in constant touch with alumni, old students, ministers in the cooperating territory, and friends of the College. The latest, and in point of elegance and mechanical finish, the most pretentious of the publications connected with the College, is the Cardinal, the annual edited and published by the Junior Class in the spring of each year. The first attempt to start a Junior Annual was the West- ern Breeze, issued in 1903 by the class of '04. The Breeze created quite a stir, yet no other annual was undertaken until the Cardinal was launched permanently in 1909. The Cardinal is a volume of more than two hundred pages, splendidly bound and lettered in gold, printed on the best of paper, and copiously illustrated with almost two hundred half-tone cuts, the very acme of the printer's art. The aim of the volume is to give a resume of the doings of the entire institution for the year. Wit, humor, history, prophesy, song, and story, beautifully illustrated throughout, combine to make the Cardinal the brightest and most sought-after publication sent out by the College. COLLEGE ORGANIZATIONS. The Board of Trustees and Executive Committee, con- stituting the necessary and permanent representatives of 336 A Chapter of Miscellany the corporate body, were, or course, organized at the very first, even in fact before the College could be brought into existence. The first organization within the College was the Theological Association, which, with an enrollment of forty members, flourished greatly during the first few years of the College. The purpose of the association was partly literary and partly theological. It met regularly and rendered formal programs, mainly on moral and religious subjects. Societies for distinctly literary training were early or- ganized, but owing partly to the fact that the school was still in the experimental stage and feeling its way, and partly to the fact that the societies, for years, having no halls of their own, were compelled to meet in ordinary recitation rooms, the organizations were at first naturally somewhat unstable. The oldest permanent literary so- ciety in the institution is the Young Men's Institute, or- ganized in 1857. Its long history is a record of creditable achievement. At present it occupies a large artistically decorated hall, elegantly refurnished in 1906. The Phil- adelphian Society flourished in the early days of the school, but was dissolved in the early part of 1860. Some three years later the Nestorian was formed, but it wa's short-lived. Some time afterward came the Irving In- stitute, changed, in 1869, to the present Philophronean Society ; the change of name was made when the attempt to incorporate under the laws of the State revealed the fact that there was already an Irving Institute incorpor- ated in the State. The society has continued to the present day an energetic force in the literary and social life of the College. The Philo hall is a large, commo- dious room, finished in California redwood, elegantly fur- nished, well lighted and ventilated. The second oldest 337 Western — Leander-Clark College society is the Calliopean, a society for young women. It was founded in 1859, but had a rather precarious exist- ence until 1867, at which time the society was thoroughly reorganized under the guidance of Miss Emma Guitner, then a teacher in the College. Since then the society has been active and prosperous; it cultivates musical as well as literary taste. Since 1889 the society has occupied its own hall, spacious and beautifully furnished. A second society for young women, the Young Ladies' Athenaeum, was organized in May, 1880. It has been prosperous from the beginning; emphasis is laid upon literary work. Its large, well furnished hall is comfortably located in the southwest corner of the Administration Building. Within the College year 1896-7 there was organized from each of the two men's societies a new society composed of such present and future members as had not reached fresh- man rank in the College. The preparatory society thus formed from the Philophronean was the Alphanean Soci- ety; that from the Young Men's Institute was called the Cyclomathean Society. For a few years they maintained separate organizations and met on separate evenings, the College societies on Friday evenings and the preparatory societies on Thursday evenings. For some years, how- ever, Philophroneans and Alphaneans, on the one hand, and Young Men's Institute and Cyclomatheans, on the other, have been meeting and conducting their affairs jointly as if no separation had occurred. The graduates of only two departments of the College maintain permanent organizations; these are the Col- lege of Liberal Arts and the Conservatory of Music. The Alumni Association was organized temporarily in 1870, permanently in 1874. The membership consists of grad- uates from the College of Liberal Arts, and now numbers 338 A Chapter of Miscellany 351. The annual business meeting of the association occurs on the day preceding commencement, and is fol- lowed by the anniversary and banquet. As the years pass the alumni are proving increasingly helpful to the work of the College. The Association was first given repre- sentation on the Board of Trustees in 1875 ; it is now entitled to six representatives on the Board. The Con- servatory Alumnal Association was first organized in 1889 and reorganized in June, 1906. It consists of grad- uates of the Conservatory of Music. Its purpose is to promote and perpetuate friendship among its members and to enlarge the work and efficiency of the Conser- vatory. A Young Men's Christian Association was organized in Western College in the fall of 1881. Mr. L. D. Wishard was then visiting the colleges of Iowa and organizing associations wherever he could arouse sufficient interest. Western took hold of the movement with zeal. At first there seems to have been no separate organization for young women; the officers of the first association were: President, T. H. Studebaker; secretary, Miss Middle- kauff. Not long after a Young Woman's Christian Asso- ciation was formed, and both societies have continued to this day active and earnest, the center of the religious life of the College. Both maintain weekly devotional meet- ings and classes for Bible and mission study. Delegates are sent annually to the State Convention and heavy con- tributions are made toward the support of the State work. During recent years the associations have sent chosen representatives to the summer conference of Christian workers at Lake Geneva. A Volunteer Band as part of the general Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions was organized about 1889. It is made up of 339 Western — Leander-Clark College members of the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. who have the avowed purpose, if God permit, of becoming foreign missionaries. Meetings are held once a week to deepen spiritual life and to study missionary problems. In the early days of the College there was no thought of a general organization to direct the athletic activities of the institution. Perhaps the first effective move in that direction was in the later eighties when the Y. M. C. A. was given control of the athletic grounds and in large measure of College sports also. Soon afterward a student organization was formed and it controlled ath- letics for many years. This organization was reorganized from time to time, its scope of influence enlarged, and its membership increased to include representatives from the faculty and from the alumni. Lastly, in harmony with the general practice among Iowa colleges, a perma- nent athletic committee, composed of members elected by the faculty and by the Alumni Association, has general direction of all athjetic activities recognized by the Col- lege. Even in the early days the College had an Oratorical Association, at least intermittently. The State Oratorical Contest was naturally the great inducement for maintain- ing a local association. Consequently during the years that Western did not hold membership in the State Asso- ciation there was no local organization. For the last twelve or fifteen years an active association has been maintained, its energies being directed almost wholly toward compe- tition in the State Contest. In the spring of 1909 the Oratorical Association was superseded by the Forensic League, a larger organization comprising the whole stu- dent body and the faculty. The league promotes all departments of forensic endeavor — oratorical contests, 340 A Chapter of Miscellany both State and local, and debates, both intercollegiate and interacademic. TRANSPORTATION. One of the strongest arguments in favor of moving the College from Western was based upon the inadequacy of transportation facilities. For a number of years, after the College was planted on the prairie, the quickest com- munication with the outside world was by stage coach to Cedar Rapids some eight miles away. The stage made one trip a day and under favorable conditions required two or three hours for the journey. When the way was blocked with snow drifts, or when the bottom fell out of the roads during the spring thaws, the journey became impossible. Later, when a railroad came within three miles of Western, the transportation problem was some- what easier, but was still far from being solved. Three miles overland is not a very serious matter in good weather, but is quite serious under the worst conditions. When the College first came to Toledo the Northwestern had just completed its branch road from Tama through Toledo and was running one train a day each way. This was better than entire dependence on the hack line at old Western, but was far from being adequate. The main lines of the Northwestern and of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroads passed through Tama two and a half miles from the College. In order to reach most of the important trains on these roads it was for years necessary to make the trip to Tama by the hack. The road between Toledo and Tama seemed specially devised to ruin the temper of a hack driver and crush the hopes of pas- sengers; there were numerous lodging places for impass- able snow drifts in winter and there were bottomless 341 Western — Leander-Clark College ravines in spring time. Old students remember with painful vividness some of those overland trips and the disappointment of arriving twenty minutes too late — if fortunate enough to arrive at all; they will remember with some compensation of amusement the familiar and striking figure of the driver, Mike Boyle, and the volley of picturesque and effective language he turned loose on every suitable occasion. Not until the completion of the Tama and Toledo Electric Railway, in 1894, was the College made really accessible to its distant constituency. Now with four or more trains daily on the branch line through town, and two great main lines with superb and frequent service only two and a half miles away, and that distance covered in ten minutes by electric cars pass- ing every forty minutes within one block of the campus, transportation facilities are much like those of a city suburb. MISSIONARIES. Perhaps the earliest missionary influence among the students of Western College emanated from Miss Hester A. Hillis. Miss Hillis left her position in the College in 1867 to take up mission work in Ceylon ; on her return, some twelve years later, she lectured on missions in a certain United Brethren Church, and afterwards solicited Austia Patterson to return with her as a foreign mission- ary. That was the beginning of the influence that made Austia Patterson a foreign missionary, and that incident- ally opened the mission work of the Church later in China. The first missionary awakening that came to the whole student community resulted from a visit of Rev. J. Gomer, pioneer missionary of the Church in Africa. Though missionary zeal among the students was greatly 342 A Chapter of Miscellany quickened by the addresses of Brother Gomer and Doctor Flickinger, zeal was not crystaHzed into personal action until some years after the school was established at Toledo. In the later eighties, John R. Mott paid a visit to the College and aroused interest to such a degree that the students resolved to support a foreign missionary. They asked the Woman's Board to cooperate, selected Austia Patterson to be their representative, and suggested China, India, or Japan as a field of operations. She accepted, chose China as her field, and has been identified with the mission work of the Church among the Chinese directly or indirectly ever since. About the same time, Miss Halverson, formerly a student in Western College, took up mission work in China. She served a few years as a missionary and then married a Chinaman, perhaps to exert a greater influence in bringing up her three children in an atmosphere of Christian ideals. Western College has sent numerous recruits for the work in China, both that of the United Brethren Church in and near Canton, and that of other churches in other parts of the Empire. Mr. and Mrs. E. B. Ward went out in 1897 and have been in the work since, except necessary furloughs at home. Mr. and Mrs. E. E. Fix joined the Canton workers in 1893 for two years, returning only on account of Mrs. Fix's health. Mr. and Mrs. E. I. Doty went in 1903 for five years of service. Mr. J. R. Trindle went in 1901 as private tutor in the family of the statesman. Hi Lung Chang; later he entered the mission work of the Metho- dist Church in Northern China, in which work he was joined by Miss Josie Newland, who was married to Mr. Trindle on her arrival in China. Mr. and Mrs. Trindle recently spent a year in America on furlough, returning 343 r- Western — Leander-Clark Collegr "" to China in the autumn of 1910. Mr. Frank Field went to China about 1903, under direction of the Presbyterian Board; at the present writing he is still at his post as Principal of the Tsining Boys' School, Shantung, China. It happened that the first missionaries sent by Western College went to China, and further that the total sent to China — eight who were graduates at the time of their going and four who had been students for considerable periods — was greater than that sent to any other field; yet Africa, partly because its mission work was older, and hence better known in earlier days, and partly because of the martyr blood furnished by the College for that field, has claimed even more of serious concern and heart-felt interest from students and authorities. Mr. and Mrs. I. N. Cain were the first to go directly from the College to Africa. They went out in 1892 and stayed a four-year term; then, after a year in America, during which time they completed an advanced course in the College, they returned to Africa, and the next spring, together with other martyr missionaries, fell in the awful uprising of natives. May 3, 1898. With the Cains on that fatal day was Dr. Mary Archer, formerly a student at Western. Mr. A. A. Ward, also a student and later a graduate, escaped the fate of that dreadful day by mere chance of having been sent to Freetown for supplies, the only one of the seven missionaries stationed at Rotifunk not called upon to give his blood for the redemption of Africa. Of those who, after the massacre, went to build again upon the ruins, Mr. E. E. Todd was first on the field; he has passed on to his reward. Miss Rilla Aikin went a little later, served her term, and came home to regain her health; she is now the wife of Rev. H. D. Southard. 344 A Chapter of Miscellany Miss Angle Aikin went to 1904, served one term, and, after a short furlough, is completing her second term in Africa. Mr. and Mrs. H. T. Miller went over in 1905, he to take charge of the industrial work at Rotifunk, she to teach in the mission school ; they finished one term of service, and after but a few months' furlough returned to take charge of the industrial school at Shenge. A later field for mission work was found after the Spanish-American War. Mr. and Mrs. P. W. Drury have taken a leading part in the mission work undertaken by the Church in Porto Rico. They went out first in 1901 and are still at work, having taken only short inter- vals for needed recuperation. In another department of missionary endeavor, that of education in foreign lands, students of Western have taken an honorable part. Mr. W. M. Zumbro was ap- pointed by the American Board as Missionary to the Madura Field in 1894, and, with the exception of one year on furlough, has since been teacher in the Mission College of Madura, and is now president of the institu- tion. Mr. A. A. Ward served two years under the Amer- ican Board as teacher in Jaffua College, Ceylon; he is now engaged in educational work under the same Board in Tellippalai, Ceylon. If we add to the above list the names of Miss Anna Fulcomer, who lost her life while a missionary among the Indians in Alaska, and Miss Grace Holstead, who for a time was missionary among the Sac and Fox Indians in Iowa, and the large number who have been home mission- aries, it will be seen that Western-Leander Clark College has not been disobedient to the command to preach the gospel to every creature. 345 Western — Leander-Clark College MATERIAL EQUIPMENT. As has been the case with practically all denominational colleges, Western began with the most meager and primitive equipment. Land was cheap and consequently supplied the most abundant part of the early material equipment. The original campus contained seventeen acres ; in addition the College owned the town site, besides a farm, a timber tract, and other lands. In all the days at old Western, the College succeeded in erecting three buildings — a large, plain brick building for school pur- poses and two frame buildings of moderate proportions intended for dormitories. All the buildings were heated with wood stoves and lighted — if at all — with kerosene lamps. Scientific equipment and library were almost wholly wanting for many years. When Professor I. L. Kephart came, in 1871, as teacher of science, he went before the Board with an urgent plea for scientific appa- ratus and was authorized to spend fifty dollars for such equipment. About the same time books enough were secured to justify the appointment of a librarian. In the most flourishing days at Western the entire plant was valued at about thirty thousand dollars ; when the col- lege was removed the non-portable property was sold for about three thousand. At Toledo all plans — except regarding land — were laid out on a much larger scale. The first building was not only large and admirably suited to its purposes, but also dignified and beautiful in architectural design and fitting ornamentation, one of the best college buildings of its day in Iowa. Equipment, however, was still compara- tively meager. The main building was heated with stoves until the time of the fire, in 1889; before the fire a respectable chemical laboratory, a fair library, and a supe^. 346 A Chapter of Miscellany rior museum had been secured. These, except the larger portion of the Hbrary, were totally destroyed by the fire. The building erected after the fire was equipped much more nearly in modern style. Improvements and addi- tions have been made from time to time, until now all the College buildings have modern heating and electric lights, and the laboratories are equipped much more com- pletely than is usually found in the smaller denomina- tional colleges. The College now owns five buildings, which, with their equipment and grounds, could not be duplicated for $135,000. It possesses a cash endowment of $150,000, and has recently come into possession of a bequest amounting to $5,000. In addition, it owns a 320-acre farm in South Dakota worth easily $20,000. The campus, located in the southern part of Toledo, is a beautiful plat of sixteen acres with a fine park of young oaks on the eastern side. It embraces also a fine athletic field, with abundant room for all outdoor sports. The Administration Building is a large, brick structure well located, heated with hot water, with seven large recitation-rooms, three laboratories, four elegant literary society halls, library, museum, chapel. Christian Asso- ciation room, offices, and other rooms, making in all twenty-six rooms. Both as to exterior appearance and internal arrangement, the building is well adapted to its purpose. Mary Beatty Hall is a three-story brick structure, located near the main building, heated by steam, with ten large, neatly-furnished rooms for ladies, parlor, living rooms for superintendent's family, kitchen, and dining room. It furnishes a pleasant and convenient home for young women. 347 Western — Leander- Clark College ^' The Athletic Building, a frame structure forty-two by eighty- four feet in size, lighted by electricity, with an elegant court for indoor games, and seats for three hun- dred people, is located on the north side of the campus. Bright Conservatory of Music, including Philips Music Hall, is located in the central part of the town. It has nine rooms for practice and teaching, is equipped with necessary pianos, and provides a large hall for recitals and other public entertainments. The large organ in the United Brethren Church is used for giving lessons on the pipe organ. Drury Hall, the gift of Rev. M. S. Drury, has been remodeled and fitted up as a home for the president of the College. It is located on College Avenue, half a square from the College campus. In laboratory and library facilities the College is espe- cially fortunate. The chemical, physical, and biological laboratories have been almost wholly refurnished and supplied with up-to-date equipment within the last few years. The biological laboratory is supplied with micro- scopes, microtomes, ovens, baths, charts, models, and biological material. The physical laboratory is supplied with electrical apparatus, air pumps, delicate balances, and all the usual physical equipment. The chemical laboratory is provided with desks, test tubes, individual sets of reagents, etc. An acetylene gas plant supplies fuel for experiments. Investigations are carried on both in general and organic chemistry. These material equipments are very good so far as they go; they are, however, inadequate to meet the de- mands even of the present and are growing more inade- quate every day for the greater demands of the future. A modern college must be up and doing if it is to fulfill its mission. 348 APPENDIX REGISTER OF OFFICERS, FACULTY, AND ALUMNI 349 Western — Leander-Clark College CORPORATION OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Presidents. Rev. Solomon Weaver, 1855-1864; Dr. W. B. Wagner. 1864-1868; Rev. E. B. Kephart, 1868-1881; Rev. George Miller. 1881-1902, 1904—....; Major Leander Clark, 1902-1904. Secretaries. Rev. Martin G. Miller, 1855-1857; Rev. Joseph Wickard. 1857-1862; Mr. John W. Henderson, 1862-1865; Rev. L. S. Grove, 1865-1866; Mr. W. O. Beam, 1866-1868; Mr. A. H. Neidig, 1868-1872; Mr. Henry Sheak, 1872-1873; Mr. E. R. Hastings, 1873-1877; Rev. W. I. Beatty, 1877-1880; Rev. T. D. Adams, 1880-1882; Rev. L. H. Bufkin, 1882-1883; Prof A. M. Beal, 1883-1888; Rev. L. B. Hicks, 1888-1894, 1900-1903; Mr. W. A. Smith, 1894-1897; Mr. Daniel Reamer, 1897-1900; Mr. W. C. Smith, 1903-1907; Prof. J. E. Maxwell, 1907-1909; Prof. C. R. Shatto, 1910- Treasurers. Rev. Daniel Runkle, 1855-1856; Capt. W. H. Shuey, 1856- 1858; Rev. Solomon Weaver, 1858-1859; Rev. J. Manning, 1859-1862; Prof. M. W. Bartlett, 1862-1867; Mr. Adam Perry, 1867-1869; Prof. William Langham, 1869-1870; Miss E. M. Guitner, 1870-1871; Rev. Lewis Bookwalter, 1871-1873, 1876- 1877; Prof. I. L. Kephart, 1873-1876; Mr. W. J. Ham, 1877- 1878; Rev. M. S. Drury, 1878-1883; Rev. L. H. Bufkin, 1883- 1887, 1888-1891; Mr. C. L. Mundhenk, 1887-1888; Prof. E. F. Warren, 1891-1892; Rev. T. D. Adams, 1892-1894; Mr. S. R. Lichtenwalter, 1894-1902; Mr. J. N. Lichty, 1902- Business Managers. Rev. Solomon Weaver, 1856-1859; Mr. W. J. Ham, 1876- 1878; Rev. M. S. Drury, 1878-1883; Rev. L. H. Bufkin, 1883- 1891; Prof. E. F. Warren, 1891-1892; Rev. T. D. Adams, 1892- 1894; Rev. Daniel Miller, 1894-1895. Field Secretaries. Rev. J. Wickard, 1856-1859; Rev. R. Logan, 1856-1857; Rev. J. Manning, 1857-1863; Rev. A. A. Sellers, 1860-1863; Rev. J. Gooden, 1864-1867; Rev. J. Y. Jones, 1867-1868; Mr. Dennis Gray,. 1867-1878; Rev. W. S. DeMoss. 1871-1874: Rev. 350 Appendix M. Fulcomer, 1870-1872; Rev. L. Bookwalter, 1872-1873; Rev. I. L. Buchwalter, 1873-1875; Rev. L. H. Bufkin, 1880-1883, 1891-1894; Rev. M. S. Drury, 1883-1884, 1887-1892, 1893-1894; Rev. A. M. Leichliter, 1884-1887; Rev. L. B. Hix, 1885-1887; Rev. H. H. Maynard, 1887-1891; Rev. N. F. Hicks, 1899-1902, 1903-1904; Rev. C. E. Foster, 1902-1903; Rev. R. E. Graves, 1905-1908; Rev. O. G. Mason, 1909-11. Endowment Secretaries. Hon. E. C. Ebersole, 1906-1910; Hon. H. J. Stiger, 1910- Financial Secretary. Rev. G. E. Chapman, 1907- Librarians. I. L. Kephart, 1874-1876; W. J. Ham, 1876-1877; Byron O. White, 1877-1878; W. I. Beatty, 1878-1880; J. W. Robert- son, 1880-1881; A. M. Beal, 1881-1884; I. A. Loos, 1884-1889; E. F. Warren, 1889-1892; Mark Masters, 1892-1893; Belle Schelling, 1893-1894; D. D. Zilm, 1894-1896; A. O. Jones, 1896- 1897; W. L. Zimmerman, 1897-1898; H. C. Parsons, 1898- 1899; H. W. Ward, 1899-1904; E. O. Fiske, 1904-1905; W. L. Verry, 1905- TRUSTEES. Iowa Conference. Rev. Solomon Weaver, 1855-1864; Rev. Daniel L Runkle, 1855-1871; Mr. Jonathan Neidig, 1855-1858; Rev. Martin G. Miller, 1867-1870; Rev. Joseph Miller, 1855-1856; Rev. J. E. Bowersox, 1856; Capt. W. H. Shuey, 1856-1858; Rev. John Gooden, 1857-1866; Rev. Joseph Wickard, 1857-1863; Rev. W. W. Richardson, continued North Iowa, 1862-1863; Rev. Martin Bowman, 1862-1881; Rev. W. M. Stiles, 1864-1866; Mr. John W. Henderson, 1865; Dr. William B. Wagner, 1866- 1868; Mr. G. S. Mason, 1867-1868; Mr. John Kurtz, 1867; Rev. J. G. Stewart, 1869; Mr. Richards, 1869; Mr. A. H. Neidig, 1869; Rev. J. H. Vandever, 1870-1874; Mr. John Dorcas, 1871-1877; Rev. P. Leonard, 1871-1872; Rev. M. S. Drury, formerly North Iowa, 1874-1889; Rev. William Davis, 1871-1874; Mr. C. Neidig, 1873-1883; Mr. Solomon Lichten- walter, 1874-1884; Rev. D. Wenrick, 1878-1884; Mr. R. M. Baker, 1884-1893; Rev. T. D. Adams, formerly West Des Moines, 1884-1893; Rev. W. I. Beatty, 1884-1905; Rev. Daniel Miller, formerly East Des Moines, 1890-1895; Rev. L. B. Hix, 1893-1902; Rev. M. R. Drury, 1895-1904; Mr. D. H. Kurtz, 1904-1909; Mr. W. H. Trussell, 1904-1909; Mr. Oliver Hender* son, 1906-1907: Mr. John W. Beatty, 1907-1909. 351 Western — Leander-Clark College North Iowa Conference. Rev. W. W. Richardson, formerly Iowa, 1864-1871; Mr. Isaac Shafer, 1864-1865; Rev. D. Wenrick, 1864-1866; Mr. E. D. Ash, 1864-1868; Rev. M. S. Drury, continued Iowa, 1866-1874; Mr. E. Fothergill, 1867-1871; Mr. J. C. Rock, 1871; Rev. S. B. Stone, 1872-1874; Rev. D. M. Harvey, 1872-1874; Rev. William Moore, 1872; Rev. R. D. McCormick, 1873- 1874; Rev. S. George, 1873-1874. Des Moines Conference. Rev. J. Hopkins, 1856; Rev. C. Witt, 1856; Rev. J. Man- ning, 1858-1866; Rev. W. S. DeMoss, continued East Des Moines, 1858-1863. East Des Moines Conference. Rev. A. Sellers, 1862-1865; Rev. A. A. Corson, 1862-1864; Rev. W. H. Mitchell, 1862-1866; Rev. L. S. Grove, 1864-1871; Rev. C. B. Davis, 1865-1871; Rev. William M. Davis, 1865- 1871; Mr. Ransom, 1866-1868; J. H. McVey, 1867; P. Wheeler, 1867; Rev. W. S. DeMoss, formerly Des Moines, 1871-1877; Mr. John Stone, 1871-1884; Rev. W. McKee, 1872-1874; Rev. P. Smith, 1873-1875; Rev. A. Stewart, 1872-1874; Rev. M. D. Murdoch, 1875-1876; Rev. J. W. Eckles, 1875-1879; Mr. N. Stewart, 1876-1881; Rev. M. Faivre, 1877-1878; Rev. R. Thresher, 1878-1884; Mr. J. B. L. Hendrix, 1879-1883; Rev. Daniel Miller, continued Iowa, 1880-1884, 1887-1889; Rev. A. L. Palmer, 1882-1884; Rev. A. Schwimley, 1884-1898; Rev. H. D. Bonebrake, 1885-1886; Mr. Isaiah Speaker, 1885-1889. West Des Moines Conference. Rev. J. B. Cass, 1862-1866; Rev. S. Brooks, 1864-1865; Rev. William Jacob, 1871-1872; Rev. J. Simpson, continued Des Moines, 1871-1889; Rev. Flaugh, 1871-1872; Mr. C. B. Jones, 1871-1874; Mr. J. E. Ham, 1871-1874; Rev. T. D. Adams, later Des Moines, 1873-1877; Mr. Jacob Gutshall, 1873-1884; Mr. Levi Crysher, 1875-1881; Rev. George Miller, continued Des Moines, 1875-1889; Rev. L. H. Bufkin, later Des Moines, 1878-1884; Mr. Jacob Brown, 1882; Mr. M. H. Overholser, 1883-1884; Mr. Adam Shambaugh, later Des Moines, 1885-1886; Mr. T. I. Forster, 1887-1889. Des Moines Conference. Rev. J. Simpson, formerly West Des Moines, 1890-1894; Rev. George Miller, formerly West Des Moines, 1889-1909; Rev. L. H. Bufkin, formerly West Des Moines, 1895-1898; Mr. A. H. Shambaugh, formerly West Des Moines, 1896-1909: Hon. John Shambaugh, later at large, 1890-1895; Rev. G. O. Porter, 1899-1900; Rev. C. J. Kephart, 1901-1903; Mr. C. 352 Appendix Osmundson, 1904-1907; Mr. E. H. Jones, 1908-1909; Mr. B. F. Fantz, 1908-1909. Rock River Conference. Rev. J. K. M. Looker, 1864; Rev. I. K. Statton, 1868- 1877; Rev. E. P. Pierce, 1870; Rev. Palmer, 1871; Rev. J. T. Hallowell, 1871; Rev. C. Wendle, 1870-1871, 1889, 1891, 1893- 1897; Rev. J. H. Grimm, 1871-1880; Rev. J. Johnson, 1872; Mr. J. H. Middlekauff, 1872-1878; Mr. Lewis Kretsinger, 1872- 1875, 1885-1887; Rev. J. W. Bard, 1873-1876; Rev. F. Riebel, 1876-1881; Rev. J. M. Chitty, 1877-1881; Rev. Parker Hiirless, 1878-1882; Rev. J. G. Dessinger, 1879-1880; Rev. N. E. Gard- ner, 1881-1884; Rev. W. H. Chandler, 1881-1884; Rev. W. S. Hays, 1882-1884; Mr. D. E. Middlekauff, 1882-1884; Rev. P. M. France, 1883-1888; Rev. H. D. Healey, 1885-1894; Mr. D. C. Overholser, later Northern Illinois, 1888-1900; Rev. W. M. Weekley, 1892-1896; Rev. J. Groff, continued Northern Illinois, 1897-1901; Rev. J. W. Boggess, continued Northern Illinois, 1898-1901; Mr. Alexander Anderson, continued North- ern Illinois, 1901-1902. Minnesota Conference. Rev. I. L. Buchwalter, 1870-1872; Rev. J. P. Allaman, 1871-1873; Rev. J. E. Steiner, 1871; Rev. M. L. Tibbetts, 1871-1887, 1891-1897; Rev. D. Reed, 1871; Rev. I. N. Nield, 1871; Rev. J. W. Fulkerson, 1872-1875, 1886; Rev. Joel Gates, 1872-1881; Rev. A. A. Cady, 1872-1876; Rev. S. D. Kemmerer, 1874-1885; Mr. C. C. Washburne, 1876-1881; Mr. E. Wool- dridge, 1877-1881; Rev. G. H. Varce, 1882-1884, 1898-1902: Mr. A. E. Greengo, 1882-1884; Mr. C. F. Smith, 1882-1884; Dr. H. H. Wilson, 1885, 1887-1892; Rev. E. J. Reed, 1886- 1892, 1907-1909; Rev. U. A. Cook, 1888, 1897-1902; Rev. W. C. Bacon, 1889-1890, 1893-1896; Rev. D. C. Talbot, continued from Wisconsin, 1893-1897; Mr. William O. Haney, 1898- 1907; Mr. G. L. Conrad, 1903-1905; Rev. W. W. Vine, 1903- 1906; Mr. Isaac F. Sarff, 1906-.. . . ; Mr. A. F. Zosel, 1908-.. . . Wisconsin Conference. Rev. G. G. Nickey, 1871-1875, 1884; Rev. S. Sutton, 1871- 1872; Rev. S. L. Eldred, 1871-1872, 1885-1887; Rev. J. H. Grimm, 1871-1872; Rev. J. J. Vaughn, 1871-1875; Rev. E. Bovee, 1873-1875, 1885-1886; Rev. E. S. Alderman, 1873-1875; Rev. A. W. Alderman, 1873-1875; Rev. D. C. Talbot, later Minnesota, 1884, 1888-1892, Mr. David Cross, 1884; Mr. George Beach, 1884; Rev. A. Whitney, 1884; Rev. H. Deal, 1885-1892; Rev. J. H. Richards, 1887-1904; Rev. A. J. Hood, 1893-1897; Mr. Thomas Gillingham, 1894-1902; Rev. Ida Rich- ards, 1898-1903, 1907-1909; Mr. William Dolan, 1903-1905; Rev. 353 Western — Lcander-Clark Colic ct- is' L. L. Thayer, 1904-1906; Rev. L. A. Mclntyre, 1905-....; Mr. John Cook, 1905-1907; Mr. R. O. Moon, 1908-1910; Rev. C. B. Hoke, 1909- Alumni Association. Rev. W. T. Tackson, 1876-1877; Rev. L. Bookwalter, 1876- 1879; Rev. F. M. Washburne, 1876-1878; Rev. A. W. Drury, 1876-1877; Mr. J. B. Overholser, 1876-1877; Col. A. D. Collier, 1877-1881; Prof. A. M. Beal, 1878-1896; Rev. R. E. Williams, 1878-1881. 1893-1900, 1903-1904; Mr. Milo Booth, 1879-1893; Mr. W. J. Ham, 1880-1884; Mr. W. H. Klinefelter, 1882-1883; Miss Josephine Johnson, 1882-1883; Mr. E. O. Kretsinger, 1883-1884; Mrs. Catherine Beatty, 1884-1887; Mr. J. L. Drury, 1884-1887; Rev. J. H. Albert, 1885-1888; Rev. M. R. Drury, 1887-1888; Mrs. Anna E. Swain, 1888-1890; Hon. Joseph Book- waiter, 1889-1890; Rev. C. M. Brooke, 1891-1892; Mr. J. A. Runkle, 1891-1892; Mr. T. D. Wilcox, 1893-1899; Rev. R. L. Purdy, 1896-1903; Mr. W. C. Smith, 1900-1909; Mr. C. D. Baker, 1901-1904; Dr. M. M. Baumgartner, 1904-1909; Mr. C. W. Ennis, 1905- . . . . ; Mr. J. A. Shuey, 1909-.. . . ; Mr. R. P. Kepler, 1909-....; Mr. A. C. Larsen, 1909-....; Mr. J. J. Shambaugh, 1909- Dakota Conference. Rev. I. D. Rust. 1882-1885; Rev. D. M. Harvey, 1882-1885; Rev. A. N. King, 1882-1883; Rev. D. O. Darling, 1882-1883; Rev. M. Fulcomer, 1884-1885; Rev. F. L. Moore, 1884-1885. East Nebraska Conference. Rev. E. W. Johnson, 1882-1884, 1886-1891; Rev. O. D. Cone, 1882-1885; Rev. S. Austin, 1882-1884; Rev. W. P. Cald- well, 1882-1884; Rev. J. W. Eads, 1882-1884; Mr. C. S. Horn- ing, 1883-1889; Rev. S. Cole, 1885-1888; Mr. C. Waulbrandt, 1886-1889; Rev. F. W. Jones, 1890-1891; Mr. J. M. Romsdal, 1890-1891. Elkhorn Conference. Rev. W. R. Bowman, 1882-1885, 1890-1891; Rev. D. D. Weimer, 1882-1889; Rev. J. W. Tucker, 1882-1884; Rev. J. E. Baxter, 1882-1884; Mr. C. K. Motter, 1882-1886; Rev. W. H. Post, 1886-1888; Rev. S. W. Koontz, 1887-1891; Rev. George Harding, 1889-1891. Colorado Conference. Rev. H. Stoufer, 1886-1887; Rev. G. W. Rose, 1886-1888; Hon. L. S. Cornell, 1886-1888; Rev. E. Harper, 1888-1891; Rev. G. H. Smith, 1889-1891; Rev. W. H. McCormick, 1889-1891; Mr. W. 1. Kitely, 1889-1892; Rev. A. Schwimley, 1892-1897; 354 Appendix Rev. A. Griffith, 1893-1894; Rev. D. Tracey, 1893-1894; Rev. J. P. Wilson, 1895-1897; Mr. Samuel Williamson, 1895-1897. West Nebraska Conference. Rev. C. B. Davis, 1886-1887; Rev. J. D. Frye, 1886-1887; Rev. D. S. Shiflet, 1886-1887; Mr. Ed Searson, 1888-1891; Rev. G. F. Deal, 1888-1891; Rev. J. M. Eads, 1888-1891; Rev. C. M. Brooke. 1889-1890. Trustees-at-Large. Hon. James Wilson, 1886-1891; Hon. W. F. Johnston, 1886-1887; Mr. Solomon Lichtenwalter, 1886-1895; Hon. J. A. T. Hull, 1888-1889; Hon. L. G. Kinne, 1890-1894; Hon. John H. Shambaugh, continued from Des Moines, 1903-....; Hon. R. H. Moore, 1892-1893; Hon. Austin Jay, 1893-1894; Hon. H. J. Stiger, 1895-1896; Mr. W. H. Withington, 1895-1897; Mr. Franz Hertrich, 1896-1898; Major Leander Clark, 1897- 1899, 1901-1910; Mr. Joseph Storm, 1898-1899; Mr. W. W. Runkle, 1899-1902; Mr. A. G. Davidson, 1901-1903; Rev. F. E. Brooke, 1904-1908; Judge U. S. Guyer, 1909- Michigan Conference. Rev. W. O. Bridenstine, 1890-1894; Rev. W. A. Weller, 1890-1894; Mr. Edwin Parks, 1890-1-892; Mr. J. J. Bear, 1893- 1894. North Michigan Conference. Rev. Daniel Dean, 1891-1894; Rev- F. M. McClintock, 1891-1894; Rev. D. S. Arnold, 1892-1894. Northern Illinois Conference. Mr. D. C. Overholser, continued from Rock River, 1903- ; Rev. J. Groff, continued from Rock River, 1902-1907 Rev. J. W. Boggess, continued from Rock River, 1902-1903 Mr. Alex. Anderson, continued from Rock River, 1902-.... Dr. W. O. Krohn, 1908- Iowa State Conference. Mr. B. F. Fantz, 19C9-....; Mr. D. H. Kurtz, 1909-....; Rev. George Miller, 1909-.. . . ; Mr. Frank P. Perry, 1909-.. . . ; Mr. Adam Shambaugh, 1909-....; Mr. W. H. Trussell, 1909- Executive Committee. J. E. Bowersox, 1856-1868; Solomon Weaver, 1856-1860; W. H. Shuey, 1856-1860, 1866-1869; S. S. Dillman, 1857-1858; William Parmenter, 1857-1860; Jacob Berger, 1857-1858; J. Manning, 1858-1865; William Weed, 1858-1859; W. B. Wag- 355 Western — Leander-Clark College net, 1858-1865, 1872-1876; M. W. Bartlett, 1858-1867; Joseph Wickard, 1858-1860; Jonathan Neidig, 1860-1864; William M. Stiles, 1860-1863; H. A. Thompson, 1861-1862; John W. Hen- derson, 1862-1865; J. D. Bowman, 1862-1863; W. S. DeMoss, 1862-1863; D. A. Tawney, 1863-1864; J. A. Shuey, 1863-1864; F. B. Hill, 1863-1864; A. H. Neidig, 1863-1870; Benj. Tallman, 1865-1868; Dennis Gray, 1865-1866; J. W. Horn, 1865-1880; J. G. Snyder, 1865-1866; Adam Perry, 1866-1881; Ransom Davis, 1866-1881; E. B. Kephart, Chairman, 1868-1881; Homer R. Page, 1869-1871; L. M. Healey, 1870-1871; A. C. Gilmore, 1871-1876; H. A. Dilling, 1876-1879; John Kephart, 1876-1878; Ralph Shatto, 1876-1878; S. Dice, 1877-1878; J. Speak, 1877- 1878; T. Halberson, 1878-1879; David Silver, 1878-1881; J. S. Rock, 1879-1881; D. Manning, 1879-1881; W. M. Beardshear, Chairman, 1881-1889; E. R. Smith, 1881-....; W. J. Ham, 1881-1883; W. F. Johnston, 1881-....; E. C. Ebersole, 1881- 1897, 1902-1907; H. S. Thompson, 1881-1882; Daniel Reamer, 1883-1886, 1895-1897; H. W. Rebok, 1883-1886; M. S. Drury, 1884-1892; B. M. Long, 1886-1890; J. S. Mills, Chairman, 1889- 1892; T. D. Adams, 1892-1893; A. M. Beal, Chairman, 1892- 1893; J. P. Miller, 1892-1893; J. H. Ross, 1892-1895; A. F. Leusch, 1892-1894; A. P. Funkhouser, Chairman, 1893-1894; S. R. Lichtenwalter, 1893-....; L. Bookwalter, Chairman, 1894-1904; W. H. Withington, 1894-1895, 1898-1902; D. Mc- Intyre, 1895-1900; Leander Clark, 1897-1898; S. S. Dobson, 1900-1906; M. R. Drury, 1906-1907; C. J. Kephart, Chairman, 1905-1908; W. A. Dexter, 1907-....; W. H. Batcher, 1907- ....; Franklin E. Brooke, Chairman, 1908- FACULTY. Presidents. Rev. Solomon Weaver, 1856-1864; Rev. William Davis, 1864-1865; M. W. Bartlett (Principal), 1865-1867; Homer R. Page (Principal), Fall Term, 1867; E. C. Ebersole (Princi- pal), 1867-1868; Rev. E. B. Kephart, 1868-1881; Rev. W. M. Beardshear, 1881-1889; Rev. J. S. Mills, 1889-1892; A. M. Beal, 1892-1893; Rev. A. P. Funkhouser, 1893-1894; Rev. L. Bookwalter, 1894-1904; Rev. C. J. Kephart, 1905-1908; Rev. F. E. Brooke, 1908- Vice Presidents. A. M. Beal, 1887-1891; W. S. Reese, 1891-1894; E. F. Warren, 1894-1896; B. F. McClelland, 1896-1900; H. W. Ward, 1900- Professors. Sylvester S. Dillman, Mathematics and Science, 1857- 1860; Mrs. Emily L. Dillman, Lady Principal, 1857-1860; John 356 Appendix C. Shraden Anatomy and Physioligy, 1857-1858; M. W. Bartlett, Greek and Latin, 1857-1867; William Parmenter, M.D., Anatomy and Physiology, 1858-1860; Homer R. Page, Natural Science, 1867-1870; E. C. Ebersole, Mathematics, 1863-1866, 1867-1868; H. A. Thompson, Mathematics, 1861- 1862; Sarah Jane Miller, Lady Principal, 1860-1863; Brittell, 1862-1863; D. A. Tawney, Mathematics and Natural Science. 1862-1864; Frances C. Spencer, Lady Principal, 1863- 1865; P. W. Reeder, 1864-1865; Hester A. Hillis, Lady Prin- cipal, 1865-1867; William Langham, Ancient Languages, 1867- 1870; Emma Guitner Bookwalter, Lady Principal, 1868-1872; Francis Kun, Ancient Languages, 1870-1872; Emma Neidig Steele, Lady Principal, 1867-1868; Rev. J. S. Aikman, Natural Science and History, 1870-1871; L L. Kephart, Natural Sci- ence and History, 1871-1876; A. W. Drury, Ancient Lan- guages, 1872-1873; Sarah Jane Surran, Lady Principal, 1872- 1874; Amelia B. Grove, Lady Principal, 1874-1875; A. M. Beal, Natural Science, 1881-1891; U. D. Runkle, History and German, 1882-1884; Mary Louise Hopwood, Lady Principal, 1875-1876; Byron O. White, Natural Science and History, 1877-1879; R. E. Williams, Mathematics, 1876-1877; Anna Shuej'^ Swain, Lady Principal, 1876-1881, Mathematics, 1881- 1885; J. W. Robertson, Ancient Languages, 1880-1881; J. H. Albert, Mathematics, 1878-1879; Ancient Languages, 1879- 1880; Peter Wagner, Natural Science, 1881-1882; Josephine Johnson, Assistant Teacher, 1879-1881; Modern Languages, 1891-1893; J. A. Weller, Ancient Languages, 1881-1887; J. L. Drury, Modern Languages, 1881-1882; A. L, DeLong, English Literature, 1883-1884; L A. Loos, History and German, 1884- 1889; Herbert Oldham, Director of Conservatory of Music, 1885-1890; Thomson Jeffrey, Greek and Latin, 1887-1888; J. S. Mills, English Literature, 1887-1889; Philosophy, 1889- 1893; M. Alice Dickson, Greek, 1888-1889; Henry W. Ward, Latin and Mathematics, 1888-1889, Greek and Latin, 1889- 1893, 1897-1900, English Literature, 1900-....; L. F. John, English Literature, 1889-1890; B. M. Long, English Liter- ature and History, 1890-1893; W. T. Jackson, Literature and History, 1890-1891; J. M. Eppstein, Director of Conservatory of Music, 1890-1893; E. A. Zumbro, Natural Science, 1891- 1893; W. D. Stratton, Natural Science, 1893-1894; A. C. Streich, Ancient Languages, 1893-1894; Belle Schelling, Eng- lish Literature, 1893-1894; Anna Dell LeFevre, French and German, 1893-1895; Hattie Williams, Director of Conserva- tory of Music, 1893-1894; Delia Black, Director of Conserva- tory of Music, 1894; August Hailing, Director of Conserva- tory of Music, 1894-1896; Edward L. Colebeck, Greek and Latin, 1894-1897; Arthur Gray Leonard, Geology, 1894-1896; Maud Fulkerson, Modern Languages, 1895-1898; Raymond E. Bower, Mathematics, 1896-1898; B. A. Sweet, Natural Sci- 357 Western — Leander-Clark College ence, 1896-1899; W. Francis Gates, Director of Conservatory of Music, 1896-1899; Florence M. Cronise, Modern Lan- guages, 1898-....; J. A. Ward, Philosophy, 1898-1902; J. F. Yothers, Mathematics, 1898-1904, 1905-....; Romanzo Adams, Economics and Sociology, 1898-1900; Thomas E. Savage, Biology and Geology, 1899-1903; George Pratt Maxim, Di- rector of Conservatory of Music, 1899-1901; Marie Book- waiter, Voice, 1899-1905; R. P. Dougherty, Greek, 1901-1902; Ida B. Fleischer, Modern Languages, 1901-1902; Charles P. Fisher, Director of Conservatory of Music, 1901-1902; J. W. Bowen, Physical Science, 1902-1904; Charles R. Pearsall, Greek and Latin, 1902-1904; John Knowles Weaver, Director of Conservatory of Music, 1902-1909; S. W. Collett, Geology and Biology, 1903-1905; E. O. Fiske, Mathematics, 1904-1905; W. L. Verry, Greek and Latin, 1904-....; J. E. Maxwell, Chemistry and Biology, 1905-1909; E. S. Smith, Didactics, 1905-1907; J. H. Underwood, History and Social Science, 1906-1907; L A. Holbrook, History and Social Sci- ence, 1907; B. W. Clayton, Voice, 1905-1908; Ross Masters, Education, 1907- ; C. R. Shatto, History and Social Sci- ence, 1907- ; A. P. Kephart, Physical Science, 1908; G. D. Swartzel, Physical Science, 1908-1909; Lillie Logan Kean, Voice, 1908-1909; G. E. Chapman, Business College, 1905- 1907, 1909-1910; M. W. Cunningham, Public Speaking, 1909- . . . . ; W. L. Thickstun, Directory of Conservatory of Music, 1909-1910; Adele Bishop Medlar, Voice, 1909-1910; O. L. Lovan, Chemistry, 1909- ; A. L. Leathers, Biology, 1909- 1910; Leslie A. Kenoyer, Biology, 1910-....; Laurel E. Yea- mans, Director of Conservatory of Music, 1910- ; Arthur R. Slack, Voice, 1910- Instructors, Assistants, and Tutors. Mrs. S. R. Pearce, Bookkeeping and Mechanical Draw- ing, 1857-1859; Mrs. Jane Bowman, Instrumental Music, 1862-1863, 1870-1879; Miss J. H. Kumler, Piano, 1866-1868; Mrs. Fawcett, Piano, 1866-1867; E. Hastings, Commerce, 1867-1868; Gertrude Irwin, Music, 1867-1868; J. A. Shuey, Mathematics, 1867-1868; Miss Frisbee, Music, 1869-1870; E. F. Light, German and Penmanship, 1870-1873; Henry Sheak, Bookkeeping, 1870-1873; J. W. Baumgardner, German, 1873- 1879; Milo Booth, Bookkeeping, 1873-1875; A. L. Marshall, Penmanship, 1873-1874; Mrs. S. J. Kephart, Drawing and Painting, 1873-1881; W. J. Ham, Tutor, 1874-1877; N. Ferris, Phonography, 1875-1877; D. L. Brown, Bookkeeping, 1875- 1876; R. W. Elliott, Phonography, 1876-1877; F. P. Miller, Bookkeeping and Ornamental Penmanship, 1876-1879; W. A. Hubbard, Vocal Music, 1876-1877; Eli Ridenour, Penmanship, 1877-1880; W. S. Varner, Vocal Music, 1877-1879; Mrs. Emma Wagner, Bookkeeping, 1879-1880; Mrs. J. J. Zumbrunnen, 358 Appendix German, 1879-1880; Miss Nellie Flickinger, Instrumental Music, 1879-1880; G. W. Miller, Vocal Music, 1879-1881; T. H. Studebaker, Bookkeeping, 1880-1882, Principal Commercial College, 1907-1908; Mrs. N. Law, Instrumental Music, 1880- 1881; R. L. Swain, Vocal Music, 1881-1885; Mrs. A. G. Smith, Instrumental Music, 1881-1882; Frank P. Smith, Bookkeep- ing, 1881-1882; I. H. Bunn, Vocal Music, 1882-1883; Miss Gertrude Hogan, Instrumental Music, 1882-1883; G. H. Smith, Phonography, 1882-1884; C. L. Mundhenk, Band In- struments, 1888-1889; E. B. Hobson, Bookkeeping, 1883- 1884; H. McVey, Bookkeeping, 1884-1885; Anna V. Zeller, Instrumental Music, 1883-1885; F. J. Browne, Tutor in Latin, 1883-1884; L. F. Loos, German, 1889-1891; J. F. Leffler, Tutor in Mathematics, 1884-1885; V. A. Carlton, Geography, 1884- 1885; O. O. Runkle, Bookkeeping and Commercial Law, 1885- 1887; Mary E. Kern, Grammar and Physical Geography, 1885-1886; Bertha C. Morrison, Drawing and Painting, 1886- 1887; Anna M. Close, Assistant, Piano and Organ, 1886-1888; Jesse A. Runkle, English Grammar, 1887; Shorthand, 1890- 1891; Susie Burroughs, Physical Geography and History, 1887-1888; Mary A. Woodmansee, Painting and Drawing, 1887-1890; Mrs. Agnes Baldwin, Violin, 1887-1889; P. L. Swearingen, Band Instruments, 1887-1892; J. P. Blaise, Short- hand, 1887-1891; Emma Kilmer, Shorthand, 1887-1891; W. M. Johnson, Instructor in Mathematics, 1888-1890; G. W. An- derson, Assistant, Piano and Organ, 1888-1889; Esther But- ler, Instructor in History, 1889-1890; E. F. Buchner, Instruc- tor Preparatory Department, 1889-1890; Luella Pickett, Shorthand and Typewriting, 1889-1890; Miss U. N. Smith, Piano and Organ, 1889-1890; Minnie Whitten, Physical Geog- raphy, 1889-1890; Ella Mobley, Painting and Drawing, 1890- 1891; Floy Lawrence, Piano and Organ, 1890-1891; May Spencer, English Grammar, 1891-1892; Mrs. Idah Tracy Eppstein, Elocution, 1891-1893; Flora Wonser, Painting and Drawing, 1891-1896; Fannie Strong, Assistant, Piano and Organ, 1891-1892; Irma Eldridge, Violin, 1891-1892; W. A. Smith, Principal College of Commerce, 1891-1893; S. E. Clapp, Shorthand and Typewriting, 1891-1894; U. S. Guyer, Penmanship, 1891-1892: A. S. Gibbs, Teacher of Athletics, 1891-1892; Rev. J. P. Miller, Biblical Literature, 1892-1893; Theodore Rude, Stringed Instruments, 1893-1894; Edgar U. Logan, Principal College of Commerce, 1893-1897; Rev. J. B. Chase, Biblical Literature, 1893-1894; Rev. W. I. Beatty, Bib- lical Literature, 1894-1898; Anna Richards, Elocution, 1895- 1897; John H. Stair, Shorthand and Typewriting, 1895-1896; Mrs. Catherine R. Reamer, Painting and Drawing, 1896- 1902; W. R. Morrow, Assistant in Greek and Latin, 1897- 1898; Mrs. Minnie Gates, Elocution and Oratory, 1897-1899; H. B. Trindle, Principle College of Commerce, 1897-1898; 359 Western — Lcander-Clark Collep r Maude Ebersole, Shorthand and Typewriting, 1898-1899; Mary R. Peterson, Elocution and Oratory, 1899-1900; W. A. Brenner, Shorthand and Tj^pewriting, 1899-1901; Principal College of Commerce, 1901-1903; G. Mabel Wallace, Elocu- tion and Oratory, 1900-1901; Ray B. Withington, Assistant, College of Commerce, 1900-1901; Forrest S. Cartwright, Elo- cution and Oratory, 1901-1902; Mrs. L. R. McClelland, In- structor in Preparatory Department, 1901-1905; C. H, Elliott, Assistant in Chemistry and Commerce, 1902-1905; Mrs. May Louise Wilson, Elocution and Oratory, 1902-1907; John Ellston, Principal, College of Commerce, 1903-1905; Harriet M. Hasse, Violin, 1903-1904; Roy L. Steffa, Violin, 1905-1906; Jesse H. Gray, Shorthand and Typewriting, 1905-1906; Zoa Miller, Art, 1905-1906; Mabel Owen, Assistant in Organ, 1906-1908; Zae Cannon, Violin, 1906-1910; Mrs. W. C. Pierce, Shorthand and T3^pewriting, 1906-....; Nellie H. Boone, Art, 1906-1908; Stella H. Ells, Elocution and Oratory, 1907- 1909; Cloetta Rebok, Assistant, Piano and Organ, 1908-1909; Agnes Blinn, Art, 1909-1910; Oley A. Kintz, Principal, Busi- ness College, 1908-1909; Dr. F. P. St. Clair, Medical Exam- iner and Coach, 1909- ; Winifred Walden, Instructor in English and Latin, 1909- ; Mrs. Grace Tucker Slack, Violin and Art, 1910- ; Dona Hanna, Assistant, Piano and Pipe Organ, 1910- 360 ■ Appendix HONORARY ALUMNI. Doctor of Laws. Judge L. G. Kinne, 1890; Hon. Ezra C. Ebersole, 1894, Dr. J. C. Shrader, 1894; Senator William B. Allison, 1906; President Lewis Bookwalter, 1906; Hon. James Wilson, 1906; Major Leander Clark, 1907. Doctor of Divinity. Bishop John Dickson, 1876; Rev. W. J. Primer, 1882; Bishop J. W. Hott, 1882; Rev. I. L. Kephart, 1884; President D. D. DeLong, 1884; Rev. M. H. Smith, 1890; Bishop Nich- olas Castle, 1890; Rev. George Miller, 1891; Rev. M. R. Drury, 1891; Rev. I. K. Statton, 1891; Rev. H. S. Jenanyan, 1905; Rev. John W. Nelson, 1907; Rev. John Henry Albert, 1907; Rev. Frank Bruner, 1907; President B. F. Daugherty, 1908; Rev. Emory W. Curtis, 1909; Rev. Nelson A. Mershon, 1909; Rev. Richard J. Parrett, 1909; Rev. A. E. Wright, 1910. Doctor of Music. H. S. Perkins, 1885. Master of Arts. Rev. W. H. Goodison, 1871; M. B. Bartlett, 1876; Dr. J. C. Shrader, 1877; Dr. John North, 1879; Dr. Gustavus North, 1880; L. S. Cornell, 1886; Rev. T. D. Adams, 1890. Bachelor of Philosophy. H. D. Hathaway, 1876. Bachelor of Pedagogy. Moses Johnson, 1888. 361 Western — Leander-Clark College ALUMNI. College of Liberal Arts. 1864 William Taylor Jackson, Emma Neidig Steele. 1865 Jacob Augustus Shuey. 1868 Mary Beam Emerson, Amelia Grove Harden. 1869 Elnora A. Cook, Joseph B. Overholser, Homer R. Page. 1870 Martha Allison Washburn. 1871 Alfred D. Collier. 1872 Lewis Bookwalter, William Henry Custer, Augustus Waldo Drury, Marion Richardson Drury, Francis Rhinehart Fry, Sallie Perry Kephart, Lucy Strother Williams, Anna Shuey Swain, Sarah Surran Light, Robert Erwin Williams. 1873 Thomas Jefferson Bauder, Milo Booth, Henry G. Bowman, Eva Drury McHose, Enoch Faber Light, William Kendrick Riggs, Henry Sheak, John Wesley Surran. 1874 William Bower Arble, Luther M. Conn, Cyrus Jeffries Kep- hart, Alvin Lyman Marshall, Francis Marion Washburn. 1875 John Henry Albert, Mildred Gambrel, Mary Louise Hop- wood. 1876 Albert Milton Beal, William Irons Beatty, Sophia Book- waiter Drury, Mary Clarissa Hedges PeMey, Jeannette Belle Hop- wood, William Henry Kauffman, Frank S. Smith. 362 Appendix 1877 Joseph Bookwalter, Arsemus Richmond Burkdol, William Jasper Ham, John Martin Horn, Josephine Johnson, Sarah Jane McAlvin, John Augustus Moore, Abram Hershey Neidig, Urias D. Runkle, Australia Patterson Shumaker, Catherine Patterson Beatty, Almina Woolridge Hopwood. 1878 John Wesley Baumgardner, Arthur Melbourne Moore. 1879 William Henry Klinefelter, Walter LeRoy Linderman, Daniel Miller, Eliza Moore Miller, Emma Patton Davis. 1880 William Otterbein DeMoss, Louisa Halverson Albert, Ernest Otterbein Kretsinger, George D. Mathewson, Eli H. Ridenour, James Wesley Robertson. 1881 Adeline Dickman Miller, John Lawrence Drury, Mary Ellen Horn Drury, George McAnelly Miller, Alice Singley Wilson, Robert Rush Wilson. 1882 Walter Clarence Smith, Thomas Henderson Studebaker. 1883 Emma Jane Howard Weller, Willis Eaton Johnson. 1884 Isaiah L. Albert, Kate Adell Coates Russell, Daniel Folkmar, Frank J. Browne, Vivian Albert Carlton, John F. Leffler, Anna Maiden LeMer, Charles Fremont Schell, Richard LaRue Swain. 1886 Lucy Blinn Sears, Charles Morgan Brooke, John P. Hen- dricks, Simeon Jethro Lowe, Cora Middlekauff Dick, James A. Merritt, Josephine Patterson Wonser, Eugene Riley Smith, Cyrus Holland Timmons. 1887 Daisy Gallion Smith, Mary Emma Greenlee, Myrtle Jarvis Miller, Charles Lincoln Mundhenk, Jesse A. Runkle, Minnie Whitten Barnes. 1888 Charles E. Bennett, Peter O. Bonebrake, Esther Butler Austin, Clara Cozad Keezel, Elnora Dickman Richie, Daniel G. 363 Western — Leander-Clark College Filkins, Gazelle Holstead Rogers, Lawrence Keister, Emma May Kephart Roop, E. Geneve Lichtenwalter, Mary T. Louthan, Alvin H. Patterson, Albert Edward Slessor, Edna Thompson Rehok, Henry Winfield Ward, Thomas Dwight Wilcoix, William M. Zumbro. 1889 Eugene D. Abrams, Charles D. Baker, Squire Trevelyn Beatty, Edward Franklin Buchner, Oliver Benjamin Chitty, Horace C. Coe, Benjamin F. Cokely, Etta Fulcomer Winter, William Oterbein Krohn, John Albert Ward. 1890 Simon Peter Gary, Jeremiah S. George, Franz Seigel Hettler, Clarence Ward Ingham, Lulu Maude Kephart John, Jesse Jessen Kolmos, Susie Lichtenwalter Riggs Harper, William Grant Little, May Middlekauff Runkle, Erwin William Runkle, William Elias Schell, Charles Rollin Shatto, William Avery Smith, Arthur Biggs Statton, Emma Stauffer, Frank E. Stouffer, Samuel Mar- cellus Stouffer, Willis Austin Warren, Roderick Freeman Watts. 1891 Anna Brabham Osborn, Newton Weldon Burtner, Nelson P. Cronk, Howard H. Everett, Jennie Fearer Truehlood, William Potter Fearer, William E. Fee, Elmer E. Fix, Fannie Heistand Fix, Hiram O. Green, William Otterbein Harper, Lloyd Fisher Loos, Clark D. Spencer. 1892 Williarn B. Barnett, Charles W. Brewbaker, Isaac N. Cain, Annetta Dickman Wilkins, Mary Pitman Donaldson Dennis, Addie Ingersoll Humphrey, Nellie Irons Ross, Richard P. Kepler, Malvern H. Kepler, Clara Mason Scutt, Mary Mutch Cain, Emma Maynard Ross, Belle Schelling Allen, Louise Shambaugh Jones, Harriet Tyner Lowry. 1893 Lewis H. Gehman, Anna Hild Franks, Howard M. Hum- phrey, Ferdinand W. Jones, Amos S. Main, Ida Richards, Mary B. Spencer, W. D. Stratton, Sidney Alcott Wheelwright. 1894 Frank Greenville Beardsley, Ulysses Samuel Guyer, J. F. Hull, Frank E. Kaufman, Mark Masters, L. E. Maker, Joseph H. McClain, Richard L. Purdy, Henry Eugene Slattery, Lola Adams Statton. 1895 Franklin E. Brooke, James Keel Coddington, Samuel Erwin Long, Charles F. Peterson, G. Ellis Porter, James C. Sanders. 364 Appendix 1896 A-Ifred Guitner Bookwalter, Frank K. Long. 1897 Milton M. Baumgartner, Philo Walker Drury, John Eldon Foster, George Wesley Porter, Herman A. Runkle, Lucie Smith Baumgartner, Elizabeth Bessie Schoolcraft Ward, Edwin Beecher Ward. 1898 Edward B. Berger, Ethel Bookwalter Burtner, Frank E. Buck, John Watt Goddington, James W. Irons, Clarence A. Jenks, John N. Lichty, Alvin L. Speaker, Gharles Fry Ward, Olive Wil- liams, Blanche Williams, Louise Wolpert Stover. 1899 Frank E. Field, Leon L. Hammitt, Grace Holstead, Charles E. Locke, Albert Mathern, Clarence B. Mericle. 1900 Wilson Grant Bear, Ernest Allen Benson, Nettie Cunning- ham, William Johnston Harrison, Blanche Hutchison Soth, Theo- dore Jorgensen, Julia Overholser Drury, Mildred Smith Runkle, Grace Wolpert Ward, Samuel Snyder Wyand. 1901 Charles Emmett Berger, Grace Bookwalter, William Arthur Brenner, Harry Goddington, Walter Scott Donat, James Corneal Harrigan, George Brown Jackson, Mabel Smith, Wesley Rhine- hart Stouffer, Lois Talbot, Hollen Samuel Thompson, John Robert Trindle, Arthur Allen Ward, Jacob Henry Yaggy. 1902 Rilla Aiken Southard, Alice Bookwalter Ward, Hiram Walter Cramer, Nellie Cronk Adams, Ralph Mason Hix, Claude Henry Morton, Joseph Martin Skrable, Joseph Harding Underwood. 1903 Angle Aiken, Earl Isaac Doty, Frank A. Gageby, August Cornelius Larsen, Jefferson Roy McAnelly, Lona Rebok, Barnett Freeman Roe, John Jacob Shambaugh, Carl Blinn Stiger, Ger- trude May Thomas, Ernest Clayton Taylor. 1904 Edith Camery McClaskey, Ethelbert Fletcher Clark, Clarence H. Elliott, Glenn Wilford Emerson, Charles Wilbur Ennis, Emery Nelson Ferris, Charles Theodore Hedges, Adam Perry Kephart, Harland Travy Miller, Lee Sanford Riggs, Emma E. Riggs, Florence Soth, Clyde Homer Stauffer, William Charles Sullivan. 365 Western — Leander-Clark College 1905 Maud Ageton, Jane Benson Miller, George H. Cotton, Luther Drury, Herbert Paul Giger, Georgianna Jenks, Charles Merwin Kremer, David James McDonald, John Franklin Mericle, Glen- more Edward Maxfield. 1906 Benjamin Franklin Crenshaw, Edith Curtis, Knight E. Fee, Charles Eldon Foster, William Walace Hart, William Beam Owen, Scott Shambaugh. 1907 Grace Lauretta Ball, Laura May Benson, Ross Danforth Ben- son, Clara May Fee, Frank Jarvis, Mary Helen Lee, George Ernest Lee, Floyd Fosler Speaker, Mary Elizabeth Trussell Walden, Mabel Wright, Lloyd Frank Walden. 1908 Rebecca Ellen Caldwell, Earl B, Forney, Truman Fontanelle Gait, Jessie J^nks, Mabel Kephart Soth, Charles L. Mericle, Fred T. Mayer Oalces, M. Ray Soth. 1909 Lloyd E. Bear, Alva Otto Bishop, George E. Chapman, Eliza- beth Talbot Doty, Charles H. Geil, Arthur James Hagerman, Mabel Lewis, Hugh B. Lee, Alta Smith, Olga Smith, Clyde Earl Thomas, Dewey Cecil Violet, Maude Youngman. 1910 Boone Winthrop Brooke, Florence Benson, Mabel Curtis Browne, Ralph Wilkinson Johnson, Lee R. Jackson, Edith Maud Lee, Ada Mary Meyers, Robert Rebok, Fred Riggs, Carlton M. Richards, Earl E. Speaker, John Ward Studebaker, Claude H. Studebaker, Floyd Pitner St. Clair, Ruth Talbot, Floyd Sylvanus Westfall. 366