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HIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
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 I UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. | 
 
THE 
 
 Blood and Breath 
 
 A SYSTEM OF EXEECISE 
 
 LUNGS AND LIMBS, 
 
 WITH ILLUSTKATIONS FKOM LIFE, TO ACCOMPANT 
 
 (looDYEAR's Pocket Gyimsium, 
 
 ' Ji E. EEOBISHEK, 
 
 AuTHOB OF •'Voice and Action," Etc., Etc. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 GOODYEAB'S RUBBER CURLER CO., 
 
 697 Broadway. 
 
 1876. 
 
THE COMPLETE GYMNASIUM. — YOUNG AMERICA IN CONDITION. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by 
 
 J. E. FROBISHER, 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 New York : Lange, Little & Co., Printers. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 :o 
 
 This manual is the result of a sincere enthusiasm 
 in the labor of its production, 
 
 Necessity has compelled the author to seek some 
 means of restoring the power constantly expended in 
 teaching Elocution. 
 
 The daily protracted use of the lungs, coupled with 
 frequent excessive emotional effort, requires more 
 than ordinary support, and this can be found only in 
 a healthful muscular basis. 
 
 Even a strong foundation may occasionally be in- 
 trenched upon to such an extent as to weaken, if not 
 seriously impair, one's whole resources. 
 
 In earnest and violent vocal effort the blood is 
 quickly drawn from all parts of the body, and, con- 
 stantly pushed through the lungs, is rapidly oxygen- 
 ated and returned to find a renewal of power in the 
 muscles. If these are not well-toned and lack a re- 
 cuperative quality, then friction, and ultimately wear 
 of the entire system, is the result. We see this evi- 
 denced especially in clergymen. It has been in a 
 measure a personal experience, and the prevention of 
 this tendency has been a constant study. 
 
 Various have been the expedients resorted to, such 
 as Indian-clubs, dumb-bells, and other appliances, in 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 order to effect this. But it was only after experi- 
 ments had been made with Goodybar's Pocket 
 GtYMKASIUM that satisfactory results were attained. 
 It seemed to contain all that could possibly be de- 
 sired. It was strengthening far beyond mere restora- 
 tion, and was, besides, a source of endless movements, 
 not stiffening to the muscles and rendering them rigid 
 and inflexible, like many other instrumentalities ; but, 
 being, like the muscles, elastic, it naturally kept them 
 so. It also added suppleness. It was exercise of the 
 true kind. This work is a combination of vocal and 
 physical exercise, as indicated. The first part is de- 
 voted to the external muscles, the second to the inter- 
 nal. Thanks are due Mrs. E. F. Ellett, Mrs. P. L. 
 La Barre, Miss Ella Dietz, and D. Legare, for MS. 
 selections. It is not the broad chest alone, but the 
 robust voice that indicates true health. It should be 
 LuKGs, as well as Limbs. Hence the title, Blood 
 and Breath. 
 
OOE"TE]:^TS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Preface 3 
 
 Lungs and Limbs. — Athletes. — Teachers. — Actors. — Sal- 
 
 vini. — Lablache. — Webster 7 
 
 Blood and Breath.— Our Food.— Bread.— Meat.— Vege- 
 tables. — Fruits, etc 11 
 
 Salting Meat.— Apples (special).— Onions {special) 12 
 
 Constipation. 13 
 
 Clothing.— Flannels.— Warm.— Cool.— dry, etc 13 
 
 Bathing.— The Body.— The Head.— Colds 14 
 
 The Brain. — Study. — Exercise 15 
 
 Public Recreation. — Indoor Exercise. — Sedentary Per- 
 sons 16 
 
 Ventilation. — ^Catarrh. — Greneral Habits. — Harriet Hos- 
 
 mer 18 
 
 What Others Say. — Dr. Hall. — (Baseball.) — Dr. Foss. — 
 
 Prof. Coppee.— Prof. Philbrick.— N. E. Jour. Ed... . 21 
 The Pocket Gymnasium. — Directions. — Am. Ladies. — 
 
 Sleeplessness. — Public Speakers. — Exercises 28 
 
 Single Tube. — Hands and Arms. — Arms, Chest and 
 Loins. — Head and Neck. — Spine and Loins. — The 
 
 Trunk and Legs 31 
 
 Double Tube. — The Ancients — Antique Exercises. — Tube 
 Exercises for Two Persons. — Fronting. — Back to 
 
 Back 40 
 
 The Complete Gymnasium. — No. 7. — Upper Hooks. — 
 Facing. — Backwards. — Second Set. — Third Set, 
 *' The Rowing Exercise." — Fourth Set. — The 
 Floor.— The Swing 44 
 
6 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PART SECOND, 
 
 Elocution in Oratory. — The Orator's Art. — Demos- 
 tlienes. — Roscius. — The Phonacii. — Quintillian. — 
 Webster. — Clay. — Bascom. — Everett. — Sumner. — 
 Phillips. — Curran. — Grattan. — Lacordaire. — Gar- 
 ick. — Sarah Siddons. — Whitefield. — Spurgeon. — 
 Hepworth. — Bettertou. — Hill. — Austin. — Steele. — 
 Rush 53 
 
 Selections. 
 
 Anne Hathaway Falconer. 66 
 
 Hans Vogel 74 
 
 Last of the Faithful 75 
 
 First Centennial Address Brewster. 78 
 
 Boys in Blue : Dietz. 79 
 
 Erl King Ellett. 80 
 
 She would be a Mason 82 
 
 True Americanism Schurz. 84 
 
 Nae Knee Bairn 86 
 
 National Peculiarities Legare. 88 
 
 Roq Caviare. 93 
 
LUE"GS AifD Limbs. 
 
 Earelt if ever do the more sturdy of athletes be- 
 come actors or orators, from the fact that sensibility 
 is absorbed as muscle is forcedly enlarged, for the 
 blood from the brain goes to give size to the arm 
 and chest. We see this exemplified to the extreme in 
 prize-fighters. Elasticity of movement is also slowed 
 to such an extent as to retard expression, and conse- 
 quently prevent those electric, instantaneous flashes, 
 so absolutely needful in the higher range of elo- 
 quence, and in those keener touches of emotion in 
 the grander dramatic roles. There are actors and 
 orators of extraordinary strength — but it is natural ; 
 not forced. It is well balanced. It is strength of 
 heart and lungs as well as limbs. 
 
 Salvini is a living embodiment of this natural, 
 brawny, robust strength, and his constant earnest act- 
 ing keeps him in possession of it. His impersonation 
 of Samson, and his still more wonderful characteriza- 
 tion of Saul, are realities of colossal strength. We had 
 the privilege, on this side the water, of seeing and 
 hearing, as if from life, those master-pieces of the bibli- 
 cal days of old, while conservative England placed an 
 interdiction upon them because emanating from the 
 Bible. 
 
 Lablache, the world's greatest hasso profu7ido, was 
 another of those strengths. 
 
y LUNGS AND LIMBS. 
 
 Webster, America's orator, might be cited as one of 
 those evenly balanced strengths. It was not only 
 brawn of chest, arms, and limbs, but also power of 
 lungs, heart and brain to massiveness. He kept part 
 in condition by his constant practice of oratory in the 
 open air, while on the sea-shore, or in the woods ; the 
 others by personal attention to his farm in Marshfield. 
 
 He seemed to thoroughly understand that strength 
 of one part must be sustained by all. His bronzed 
 face would often testify to his out-door life. He more 
 frequently resembled, when at home, a plain country- 
 man, than the great orator, and many amusing inci- 
 dents are related of him in this respect. On one oc- 
 casion, it is related that he actually took "a city chap" 
 on his shoulders across a brook in order to see, as he 
 expressed it, the "great Webster," but on arriving at 
 the house was mortified to learn that this " man " was 
 he. Many other names might be noted, but our space 
 is limited. 
 
 The objection is not to strength, but to that un- 
 natural quality created by forceful practices that build 
 up and develop, oftentimes for mere show, a few parts 
 like the arms and chest alone, to the neglect of all the 
 rest. Such efibrts may indeed strengthen, temporarily, 
 those external parts, but the strength is not always 
 lasting, for it is invariably acquired at such a fearful 
 expense of the heart and lungs. The blood, in these 
 heavier exercises is overforced in undue proportion to 
 the outer muscles, while the inner are left to languish 
 from lack of proper sustenance. Exercise, to be bene- 
 ficial, must be general. Gymnasts overdraw the blood 
 from the heart and seldom use their lungs, except as 
 forced upon them by mere necessity of breathing in 
 their more irksome efforts, and in consequence weak- 
 ness of those parts is induced which ultimately ends 
 
LUNGS AND LIMBS. 9 
 
 in rheumatism of the heart, or consumption. As a 
 class they are not long-lived. See Dr. Hall's article, p. 
 21, in this work. 
 
 Among the professions, teachers are the shortest- 
 lived, and perhaps might come next, with exceptions, 
 clergymen. 
 
 The gymnast uses limbs alone, and makes a fine ex- 
 ternal appearance, while the teacher and clergyman 
 use only brain and lungs. In the one we have muscle, 
 but not genuine strength. In the others, weakness 
 and ill-health, and neither are noted for their length 
 of years. 
 
 A happy combination of both these classes lies in 
 tlie profession of acting. Actors, as a class, with all 
 their pernicious habits, lateness of hours among the rest, 
 are noted for their longevity. We have authority for 
 this in medical statistics. He uses both lungs and 
 limbs in, generally, a well-balanced and proportioned 
 employment. He exercises all his outer muscles, in 
 numberless varieties of ways, in fencing, struggling, 
 and the violent movements that frequently occur in 
 dramatic representation. He exercises the inner by 
 his emotions, his thoughts, his voice, and by all that 
 appertains to speech and feeling. He generalizes all 
 his powers. He thhiks, he studies, to use the brain ; 
 he exercises the heart, the soul, in emotions ; he talks, 
 he sings, he shouts, to use the lungs ; he walks, he 
 runs, he dances, he climbs, he sometimes lifts or moves 
 heavy objects, to use the body and limbs, or in some 
 manner constantly exerts all his faculties. And this 
 very exertion gives him health and longevity. He has 
 his rehearsals in the morning, the memorization of 
 characters at odd hours, the preparation of costume in 
 the afternoon, besides playing at night, with a constant 
 use of limbs, and lungs ; his is indeed a busy life. 
 1* 
 
10 
 
 LUNGS AND LIMBS. 
 
 We should endeavor to imitate this as far as is just 
 and consistent. We should not only exercise the ex- 
 ternal muscles, but give free scope to the internal. We 
 should use the voice, we should read aloud, and recite 
 selections daily, to keep the lungs in good condition. 
 Take either the serious or comic selections found in 
 this manual and read them, in full voice, or, what is 
 better, memorize and recite them. Either will be 
 found an excellent practice for the lungs. Try to act 
 and feel what is thus read. 
 
Blood and Beeath. 
 
 It is the bright red blood in our veins that is pure. 
 It is the breath that makes it so. The food we eat 
 changes to blood; apart of this to bone and muscle, 
 and exercise and air make the blood brighter, purer, 
 the bones firmer, stronger, the muscles more sinewy 
 and tough. Perfect health is a glorious thing and 
 ought to be enjoyed more largely than it is. It would 
 be the case if its simple laws were better understood 
 and followed. 
 
 Our Food. 
 
 The food we eat is the source from whence is derived 
 the blood. A portion of this food, as it is changed by 
 digestion, is absorbed into small vessels and afterward 
 changed into blood and conveyed by the blood-vessels 
 to the heart, through the lungs, and the heart by its 
 pulsations sends it to all parts of the body. As to the 
 kind, quality and mixture of the food, it depends 
 mainly on taste and experience. 
 
 Of course we should eat bread, meat, vegetables, 
 fruits, etc., but there are sometimes features in our diet 
 which demand special attention. For instance, as a 
 general thing, we do not eat enough of the coarser 
 kinds of bread ; like the brown, rye, and Graham. 
 Young people especially should be watched at the age 
 when growing, and be taught to relish such food as is 
 best for them. If parents wish them to have firm 
 
12 BLOOD AND BEEATH. 
 
 bones, and sound teeth, they should accustom them 
 to eat, in part, coarse food. To secure freshness and 
 ruddiness of complexion, and prevent scrofulous condi- 
 tion, diseased joints, enlarged glands, sore eyes, and 
 even consumption, fat should enter liberally into their 
 eating. If prejudice exists, it should be overcome, 
 or the consequences indicated will follow. Judg- 
 ment must be used as to amount and the need of 
 it. 
 
 The kinds of food which keep the body in the best 
 condition are oat-meal, rice, hominy, coarse breads, 
 potatoes, peas, beans, beef, mutton, venison, eggs, 
 chicken, fish, milk, stewed prunes, stewed apples, ripe 
 pears and peaches. 
 
 Meats and fish should be roasted or baked, never 
 boiled, potatoes stewed or baked, never fried. 
 
 Salting injures meat, by drawing out the juices. 
 Too much salt is not healthy. Sometimes raw meat 
 is eaten even upon the recommendation of physicians, 
 but there are frequently little worms in meat which 
 change in our bodies into other kinds and occasion 
 frightful diseases. 
 
 People have been known to have had fifty thousand 
 worms in one inch of their flesh from eating raw meat. 
 These minute thread-like creatures have penetrated 
 every part, even the eyes, and caused death. 
 
 Apples. — By a careful analysis it has been found 
 that apples contain a larger amount of phosphorus, or 
 brain-food, than any other fruit or vegetable; and 
 on this account they are very important to sedentary 
 men, who work their brains rather than their muscles. 
 They also contain the acids which are needed especial- 
 ly for sedentary men, the action of whose liver is slug- 
 gish, to eliminate effete matters, which, if retained in 
 the system, produce inaction of the brain, and, indeed, 
 
OUR CLOTHING. 13 
 
 of the wliole system, causing jaundice, sleepiness, 
 scurvy, and troublesome diseases of the skin. 
 
 Okioks. — When they can be procured fresh from 
 the earth, or have been kept secure from poisoned at- 
 mospheres, have excellent qualities, used with other 
 food. If purchased from the small public markets af- 
 ter having passed through a number of storages or 
 depots for provisions of that kind, they are likely to 
 prove hurtful. Onions are peculiarly sensitive and 
 readily absorb disease, especially febrile, by contact. 
 Persons, therefore, entering a public mart where these 
 vegetables are exposed for sale, and carrying with them 
 any infectious disease, impart it to them, and tiie 
 onions in their turn impart this to a greater or less ex- 
 tent to whoever eats of them. 
 
 They should by no means be dispensed with, but 
 greater care should be used as to condition when 
 eaten. 
 
 CoKSTiPATioisr. — With fruits and vegetables we can 
 always keep the bowels regular and prevent even the 
 tendency to constipation, thus avoiding the use of 
 disagreeable and sometimes injurious medicines. To 
 eat or drink beyond the requirements of the natural 
 appetite, is a great error, for the digestive organs will 
 not convert more food into blood than is requisite to 
 supply the needs of the body. 
 
 Cheese is not a very digestible food, but a little 
 makes other food digest. 
 
 Milk is the best of jQluid foods, and in quality is very 
 much like meat, and when new has all the kinds of 
 food required by the body. 
 
 Our Clothing. 
 
 The amount and character of clothing depend en- 
 tirely upon the physical condition and the weather. 
 
14 BLOOD AND BREATH. 
 
 Persons differ as they do, or do not, perspire freely, 
 and as their skins are sensitive. One who perspires 
 readily needs flannel to prevent taking cold, whilst 
 one who has a dry skin may wear cotton underwear. 
 If there is too much warmth the body becomes re- 
 laxed, and the health impaired. If there is too little 
 warmth, the body becomes wasted by loss of heat. 
 The rule above all is, to keep the feet warm and the 
 head cool. The absence of a sufificient degree of heat 
 often induces death. The clothing should be kept, at 
 all times, dry. There would be less rheumatism if 
 people would, when exposed to rain, change their wet 
 clothing as soon as possible. No person should sit, at 
 any time, in damp clothing, or sleep in a damp bed. 
 
 Have ttie clothing loose, also the boots or shoes, so 
 as not to impede the circulation of the blood. 
 
 Parents should sufficiently clothe the lower limbs of 
 children ; thousands are sent to untimely graves in 
 the mistaken idea of rendering them tough by ex- 
 posure. 
 
 Bathing. 
 
 Cleaklikess. — It promotes health, improves the 
 personal appearance, and removes causes of offense to 
 self and others. The skin throws out matters which 
 the body does not need, and must get rid of, and these 
 are removed by bathing. 
 
 Cold baths, properly taken, harden the skin, and 
 make one less liable to take cold. It is necessary, 
 however, to use reasonable caution. 
 
 If at any time, by undue exposure, a cold is con- 
 tracted, great relief can be experienced by mixing a 
 handful of common salt in about half a gallon of 
 water, and bathing, especially the chest and back, and 
 rubbing briskly with a coarse towel, and subsequently 
 
PUBLIC RECREATION. 15 
 
 using the fiesh-brush. Over-use of the latter causes 
 skin- eruptions, and it must, therefore, be used with 
 judgment. 
 
 The head, to be kept free from dandruff, should be 
 bathed at least once, if not twice, a week, and rubbed 
 dry. 'No oil should be used. 
 
 The Brain— Study. 
 
 The student takes too little exercise, eats too little 
 food, looks pale and thin, and is weak, tending to con- 
 sumption. He cultivates mind, but fails in common 
 sense, and injures both body and mind. 
 
 Two hours' mental work and half an hour's physi- 
 cal and vocal exercise, would be a golden rule. 
 
 In youth, it is desirable to follow a system of gym- 
 nastics, so that the body may be held erect, and rest 
 well on the hips, the legs lifted and thrown well for- 
 ward in walking, the head erect, the chest open, the 
 shoulders back, the lungs filled by deep inspirations. 
 
 Public Recreation. 
 
 In most other countries tban ours, recreation, 
 amusement, and open-air pastimes are indulged in by 
 the people at large. In " merrie England " whole days 
 of general hilarity are quite frequent, and great 
 masses of men, women and children gather to enjoy 
 themselves. Their excursions and picnics are not mere- 
 ly such, but mirthful, romping games are intermingled 
 with them. In Scotland, during the warmer months, it 
 is an universal custom, among even the better classes, 
 to challenge parties at the game of Golf, and well-bred 
 ladies as well as gentlemen follow the contestants for 
 even a number of miles, to witness the amusement. 
 The open country areas are sometimes covered for a 
 great distance the entire day with those of an exer- 
 
16 BLOOD AND EEEATH. 
 
 cising turn of mind. Besides this they have among 
 the humbler classes the more sturdy kind of games. 
 In Ireland the same spirit prevails, among the gentry 
 as well as with the peasantry. With the latter it is 
 generally of a wild, rollicking character, in which 
 dancing is largely blended. 
 
 In Germany, Switzerland, France, and many other 
 countries, the people give great latitude to amusement 
 and to exercise of all kinds. They sing more, they 
 laugh more than we do. They live much in the 
 outer air, even in the winter, and are healthier and 
 stronger for it. The Germans are a singing nation, 
 and rarely, if ever, die of lung diseases. We are a 
 nation of consumptives. 
 
 We may have the game of Base Ball, and formerly 
 had that of Cricket ; and we may have Rowing Re- 
 gattas ; but these are, in the main, confined to local 
 clubs. The people at large only gaze wearily on. 
 
 We have alluded to the games of other nationalities, 
 which the people as a mass enjoy. Besides these they 
 are universally taught the use of the broadsword, are 
 skilled in fencing, wrestling, and have kindred otber 
 forms of training, which give a more erect, graceful, 
 and manlier carriage. 
 
 Our people, by reason of greatly extended travel 
 of late, which tends to intermingle nations, have 
 observed the great difference, and are gradually turn- 
 ing their attention, more and more, to the subject of 
 exercise and open-air recreation. Our Central Park 
 is an outgrowth of this spirit. We are beginning to 
 learn that even in large cities, with wholesome 
 food, plenty of fresh air and cheerful exercise, people 
 can be healthy. 
 
INDOOR EXERCISE. 17 
 
 There is something natuni], after all, in exercise, and 
 it cannot be better illustrated than by the following 
 tid-bit: 
 
 One of our prominent lyceum lecturers had occasion 
 to take an early morning train from an inland town to 
 be able to meet his next engagement. As he stood on 
 the platform of the station in the keen crisp air, he 
 observed a man at the other end, dancing and caper- 
 ing about in the utmost possible glee. At times he 
 would shout, and clap his hands and bound from the 
 flooring as beset with unseen spirits. Our lecturer 
 thought he might possibly be some "maniac," and 
 cautiously approached him to find out the reason, if 
 any, of such an unusual demonstration at so unlikely 
 an hour. He quietly asked, " What is the matter with 
 you ? " The man continued his eccentric capers, but 
 yelled out at the same time, ^' Gollij, I feel good!'' 
 
 Indoor Exercise. 
 
 There are times when, by force of weather and 
 other circumstances, it is not agreeable or convenient 
 to take open-air exercise and we must of necessity have 
 an equivalent, within doors, in the shape of gymnastic 
 efiorts, of some kind. 
 
 Eecreation or amusement is absolutely necessary to 
 health. Exertion in some form quickens the circula- 
 tion, deepens the breathing, promotes perspiration and 
 the secretions, stimulates digestion, arouses dormant 
 parts and thus helps the body not only to take food 
 but also to get rid of that which is not required. 
 
 CoNSTiPATioisr. Physicians concur in the fact that 
 indigestion, dyspepsia, constipation and similar ail- 
 ments are brought on, especially by women, in ninety- 
 nine cases out of a hundred, from want of exercise. 
 
 It requires two hours of daily out-door exercise of 
 
18 BLOOD AND BREATH. 
 
 some kind to preserve ordinary health. We know of a 
 doctor recommending exercise as curative even of 
 bronchitis, and the patient procured a Goodyear Pocket 
 Gymnasium. 
 
 The increase of the vital actions by exertion creates 
 greater action within the body, more food is consumed, 
 and the higher the health generally. With sloth there is, 
 reversely, less vital action, and less health. There is a 
 restriction, however, as to exertion. 
 
 The best time for great exertion is two Hours after a 
 meal. Soon after a full meal it is injurious. Violent 
 or rapid exertion made by children is bad, but when 
 considerately done is beneficial. Those who bend for- 
 ward, should try to sit or stand upright. Proper exer- 
 cise will regulate this. 
 
 Mankind at best are lazy, and hate work, they dis- 
 like anything that seems like work. They only exercise 
 because they wish to be healthy. 
 
 Sedentary persons become very tired and exhausted 
 at the end of the day, and, though they greatly need it 
 every day, are usually the least inclined to recreation. 
 Men must exercise, must play, to unbend the mind. 
 But this must not be overdone, for it is possible to 
 induce exhaustion and disease in its turn instead of 
 health. True exercise is that kind that can be reason- 
 ably prolonged, not the violent. 
 
 When the exercise is taken within doors, we should 
 see well to the 
 
 Ventilation. 
 
 Thorough ventilation is necessary to the preserva- 
 tion of health. We preserve life without food for a 
 considerable time, but keep us without air for a very 
 few minutes, and we cease to exist. It is not enough 
 that we have air; we must have fresh air. " In the 
 
VENTILATION". 1 9 
 
 act of respiration, a certain portion of the oxygen con- 
 tained in the air inhaled into the lungs, is converted 
 into carbonic acid — a substance which acts as a narcotic 
 poison — and hence in a confined apartment, is soon 
 rendered by breathing alone not merely incapable of 
 maintaining life, but highly destructive." That vitiated 
 air produces stupor, depression of the feelings, head- 
 ache, and predisposition to take cold, is proved by very 
 slight observation ; and upon few things is enHghtened 
 medical experience more unanimous than that it either 
 causes or greatly aggravates the most malignant dis- 
 eases, such as fevers^ inflammations, infantine mala- 
 dies, cliolera, scrofula, and consumption. 
 
 The ascent of foul air to the top of the room dictates 
 its exit in that direction, rather than low down. It is 
 conceived by some that the carbonic acid of the breath, 
 from its greater weight, must be chiefly at the bottom 
 of the room ; but this is a mistake. 
 
 In order to properly ventilate an apartment, the 
 window-sash should be raised from the bottom to let 
 in the fresh air, and lowered from the top to allow the 
 foul air to escape. 
 
 Oatarkh. — As this is so common, and yet so 
 dangerous a complaint if suffered to continue, it may 
 not be out of the way to speak of it. It is induced by 
 remaining in dry, hot atmospheres, made so by fur- 
 nace-heat, until the pores are unduly opened, and then 
 changing suddenly to the cold outer air which con- 
 tracts them. The nostrils are the first affected, and we 
 have what is termed " a cold in the head." This goes 
 and returns until, finally, it becomes comfirmed catarrh. 
 Generous exercise, deep breathing, and practicing 
 sounds made by the nostrils mainly, like "m," "n," 
 "ng" will prove curative and even preventive in 
 most cases. It is not advisable, however, to keep our- 
 
20 BLOOD A.ND BREATH. 
 
 selves sliiifc up from fresh air, and live in oven-like 
 dwellings as some appear to be. 
 
 Oatarkh Exercise. — A capital exercise for the 
 nostrils, to especially strengthen them against this 
 disease, and sometimes even cure obstinate forms of it, 
 is to gradually fill the lungs with air, and, when filled, 
 firmly hold the nostrils with the thumb and forefinger 
 and expand the lungs until the ears slightly feel the 
 pressure, then removing the obstruction, burst the ac- 
 cumulated air through the nostrils with all the force 
 possible. It may seem disagreeable, but it is an excel- 
 lent practice. 
 
 General Habits. 
 
 As regards the kind of exercise, and the amount we 
 should take, in most instances it should be left mainly 
 to our own feelings. We should never fatigue. To 
 feel tired and be able to rest from the eflbrt is the 
 best rule that can be given. 
 
 It is related of Harriet Hosmer that when a mere 
 girl she was puny, weakly, and her father, to inure her 
 frame and give her strength, bought her a boat that 
 she might practice rowing on the river near which 
 they lived. She also became an expert in swimming, 
 skating and similar boy-like exercises. She was taught 
 to sport much in the open air, and had a clay-pit where 
 she learned ^^ to model. " In this manner she acquired 
 those hardier attributes that have so vastly aided her 
 in her after years as artist in marble. 
 
 We have omitted a class who exhibit the strength 
 of athletes, and yet in quite a difierent manner, and 
 we close this part with them. 
 
 Endurance. 
 We have quite a number of feats of strength and of 
 endurance on record, among which may be mentioned 
 
WHAT OTHERS SAY. 21 
 
 Weston in walking, Boynton (in his life-saving appa- 
 ratus), and Webb (without appliance), in swimming, 
 and perhaps Dr. Winship in lifting, but they are excep- 
 tional men of their kind, and perhaps not to be ap- 
 proved beyond other gymnasts. It is of the temporary 
 character. 
 
 What Others Say, 
 
 BY DR. W. W. HALL. 
 
 It is not true that the more violent the exercise the 
 more healthy it is ; it is directly the reverse, for it is a 
 shock to the system, it is an overstrain, and to that 
 extent is a permanent injury to the delicate organiza- 
 tion of the body, as much as the strain on a ship or 
 the workmanship of a watch. 
 
 As a general rule, base-ball men, cricketers, rowers, 
 and those who have achieved victories in competitive 
 games do not live long. Mr. John Lillywliitej the 
 best cricketer in England, recently died before fifty, 
 although he had a compactness of build which should 
 have secured him a full three-score years and ten. He 
 was a gentleman of intelligence, close observation, and 
 good judgment, which led him to retire from the game, 
 which he saw was undermining his constitution, and 
 within a year after the acknowledgement he died. 
 
 It is from the fatigue and overstrain that all com- 
 petitive games are injurious to the constitution. To 
 make exercise healthful, the strength must be expend- 
 ed equally, steadily and deliberately. It is the plough- 
 boy who lives to be an old man ; it is the steady 
 laborer on the farm who may calculate on his " four- 
 score." 
 
 The reserve of strength with which a man starts out 
 every morning is extended in two different directions, 
 the brain or muscles, thought or work. Thought is 
 
22 BLOOD AND BKEATH. 
 
 the more exhausting of the two: the farmer can work 
 from morning till night from one week's end to an- 
 other and thrive upon it ; the brain-worker cannot 
 profitably spend more than six hours out of the twen- 
 ty-four in working out his problems. The most suc- 
 cessful and voluminous literary men of our time, who 
 maintain their vigor to a good age, do not spend more 
 than four or five hours at their desk, having found 
 that that was the limit of their endurance and pleas- 
 urable labor. 
 
 A business man may walk home to great advantage 
 physically, mentally, and morally, because the excite- 
 ment of the day's work has b^en in the brain ; there is 
 a large excess of blood there, extending almost to an 
 inflammatory condition. Exercise of the muscles 
 draws that surplus away from that important part and 
 is expended on their own workings ; hence, when he 
 reaches home, he feels less tired than when he left his 
 office, — stronger, more buoyant. 
 
 He commits a grave error who, having a heavy day's 
 work before him, gets up earlier than usual that he 
 may have more time to do it in, because, by lessening 
 the hours of sleep, which gives strength, he begins 
 the day with less than the usual amount, to do more 
 work; the certain result will be that the work 
 will not be as well done nor as easily. — Christian 
 Weekly. 
 
 The New England Journal of Education makes 
 some sharp criticisms upon the current talk about 
 overwork in schools : 
 
 " * High pressure ' is a term in frequent use, as ap- 
 plied to the present methods of school education. 
 The expression is well enough ; but the application is 
 wrong, for it belongs rightly, if anywhere, to the 
 home rather than to the school training. 
 
WHAT OTHEES SAY. 23 
 
 " When children are expected to enter polite society 
 and adorn party exhibitions and ball-rooms at four- 
 teen, it must be a high-pressure system which secures 
 the precocious development. 'High pressure' in 
 dress, in false reading, in eating and drinking, in 
 fashionable society and high life, in late hours, and a 
 round of nightly excitement — this is the kind that the 
 press should hold up to public protest. It is high 
 time that the nonsense, falsehood, and error abroad in 
 the community were done away with concerning the 
 slaughter of the innocents, by a few hours of daily 
 attendance at healthy study. If our public schools 
 are to be made the scapegoats for the sins of the peo- 
 ple, it were well nigh time for the world to examine 
 accusations which are so flippantly and thoughtlessly 
 flung at them." 
 
 Dr. Foss.— " The scholar especially needs brawn as 
 well as brain ; because, in order to be a scholar, he must 
 pay the ineyitable tax levied on every perpetual hard 
 student, and also because the supreme practicable men- 
 tal exertion, which is the business of his life, is di- 
 rectly contingent on the fineness and fullness of his 
 physical forces. Let the student, then, give earnest 
 heed to the care and culture of his body. It is the 
 home, the instrument, the mold, and the eternal com- 
 panion of his soul. Let him know that sipping gruel 
 and languidly lounging over books until his midnight- 
 lamp burns low, can never make him either a scholar 
 or a man. Let him eat beef and mutton in generous 
 slices. Let him leap into every day as into a new 
 paradise, over the wall of eight hours' solid sleep. 
 Let him not cross his arms behind him, drop his head, 
 and mope along the pavement, inwardly saying : ' I 
 am walking for exercise.' Let him stretch away over 
 the breezy hills, with fit companions, in utter forget- 
 
24 BLOOD AND EEEATH. 
 
 fulness of lessons and essays, and sermons, until every 
 drop of blood in liis veins tingles with the delight of 
 mere animal existence. Let him hurl the ball, or 
 pitch the quoit, or tug at the oar, or poise the rifle. 
 Only let these things be done with the distinct recog- 
 nition that we have a higher nature, and in such 
 manner and measure as to do no harm to what is best 
 and noblest in this loftier realm." 
 
 Prof. HE:N^Ry Coppee.»-" If every man would take 
 care of his own health, we would have the best sani- 
 tary basis for all our grand objective schemes. The 
 truest type of man, he who is to be the lord of crea- 
 tion, who shall put nature to every test, who shall 
 make the experiments and discern the ideal of Bacon, 
 is he only who has what the Latin poet prayed for — 
 a sound mind in a sound body. 
 
 "With regard to physical health, every man who is 
 not a fool is his own best physician. He consults his 
 own feelings and they tell him a true story. Though 
 knowing the health and strength of his bodily organs, 
 it unfortunately happens that he too often overtaxes 
 them. Our best men work too hard, because labor is 
 the law, and because in the struggle there is no emi- 
 nence without it. And with the habit of such work, 
 comes the loss of the will-power to reform. Few men 
 in active life and in social life sleep enough. Many 
 of them, by overwork, injure their sleep, and the hurt 
 body and hurt mind find no repose. So, also, many 
 persons eat too much, and of things which do not agree 
 with them. Others drink too much water, chiefly be- 
 cause the system demands it to dilute rich and fiery 
 food. For many, coffee is not good, and many drink 
 their cofiee too strong and too much of it. Then, 
 again, others use stimulants to a hurtful excess, espe- 
 cially intoxicating drinks and tobacco, and some take 
 
WHAT OTHERS SAY. 25 
 
 too little exercise to digest their food, to make them 
 need sleep, and to keep their organs in healthy and 
 reciprocal action. If, in a given society, every member 
 should scrutinize his or her daily life, rightly dividing 
 its hours and its duties, avoiding every excess, treat- 
 ing doubtful luxuries as slaves, and not cringiug to 
 them as masters, and studying hygiene according to a 
 man's own needs, we should have a marvelous revo- 
 lution in that society. An epitome of the subject is 
 found in the apothegm of Sir Thomas Brown : ' Every 
 man truly lives so long as he acts his nature, or some 
 way makes good the faculties of himself.' " 
 
 JoHiq- D. Philbriok. — " Of the persons born and 
 educated in our cities within the last thirty or forty 
 years, but a small proportion can be said, with truth, 
 to possess a sound mind in a sound body. "We have 
 but to open our eyes to see physical imperfection and 
 degeneracy all around us. Under the present condi- 
 tions of city life, at home and at school, a child stands 
 a poor chance to enter upon the career of life having 
 a good physical system, a body healthy, strong, well- 
 formed, and of good size. . . . The principal rem- 
 edy which I would suggest is the introduction, into 
 all grades of our schools, of a thorough system of 
 physical training as a part of the school culture. Let 
 a part of the school-time of each day be devoted to the 
 practice of calisthenic and gymnastic exercises, in 
 which every pupil should be required to participate. 
 The exercises which I would recommend can be prac- 
 ticed without costly apparatus, and without a room 
 set apart for the purpose; they contain all that either 
 sex needs for the perfect development of the body, and 
 are adapted to mixed schools, so that both sexes can 
 perform them together." 
 
 New England JouRiirAL of Educatiq]^. — " Orient 
 2 
 
26 FOOD AND BEEATH. 
 
 yourself!" was a golden precept of the past, and is 
 yet in use by a few of the transatlantic nations. It 
 means a knowledge of one's resources ; it implies 
 power through wisdom ; excellence by culture. It em- 
 bodied all of strength, whether of body, mind, or spirit. 
 The ideal was the ijerfect man. The Orient, or East, 
 was the cardinal point from which to learn one's direc- 
 tion, to derive wisdom. 
 
 "With us of a newer world and later day, the talis- 
 manic word is '• Westiuard ! " meaning, in its turn, 
 limitless wealth, extent, numbers. Then it was body, 
 brain ; now it is domain, figures. Ciyilization advances 
 with giant strides over our young republic, and like a 
 mighty magician, leaves along her pathway the tower- 
 ing mart of trade, the costly church, the stately school- 
 house, the palatial mansion; and men's hearts gladden 
 with these multiplying signs of greatness. We invite 
 the Old World to look at our growth, and it stands 
 amazed and wonder-stricken at the sight. But let us 
 reflect a moment. The pioneers of all this were men 
 of brawny chest and muscle. They kept that primi- 
 tive strength and robust health as they toiled to build 
 them homes and cultivate the soil. But as with their 
 posterity the precious stores are disclosed, and wealth 
 increases, the necessity of the more general manual 
 labor diminishes, and luxury and its handmaiden, 
 enervation, follow. From this cessation of labor and 
 the consequent lack of muscular energy comes ill- 
 health, disease and death. The great mass of the non- 
 laboring portion — the sedentary — soon show the effects 
 arising from over brain-work, in their eagerness to be 
 ^'o'ichj" and heretofore we have excited the ridicule 
 of those nations who play more and live longer. It is, 
 however, one of the encouraging omens of the times, 
 and augurs well for our future, that we are seriously 
 
WHAT OTHEES SAY. 27 
 
 turning our attention to exercise and recreation. In 
 the larger cities, and in many of our best colleges, we 
 have gymnasiums; college boat-clubs and the like are 
 the outgrowth. Besides, we have many systems of 
 " light ^' and "free ^' gymnastics, in which both sexes 
 take active interest. Among the latter class has come 
 one Avhich seems to be really the best contrivance yet 
 invented. It is " Goodyear' s Pocket Gymnasium^ It 
 possesses all the good qualities of the others, besides 
 having one remarkable advantage over all. It is not 
 only cumulative and diffusive, but also reflex, owing to 
 its elastic properties. It is action and reaction at the 
 same time, and consequently more harmonious in ac- 
 tion with the muscles ; for they themselves are elastic. 
 It has also a vibratory character, and while in tension 
 imparts this to the entire body. 
 
 Professor Frobisher, a leading elocutionist of ISTew 
 York, author of ''Voice and Action," has incorporated 
 this into his system of vocal and physical culture, and 
 besides introducing it with most gratifying results into 
 several colleges and seminaries, he has prepared a work 
 to use with it. The principle has been adopted, seve- 
 ral years past, by the boards of education in the same 
 city, and others adjacent, in a less acceptable form. It 
 is used in the New York Normal College, and the City 
 College, and also in the public schools. This improved 
 appliance, however, is fast gaining the preference. 
 
 Beooklyk, December, 1875. — I consider the Good- 
 year's Pocket Gymnasium the best system of genuine 
 exercise I have ever met with. Especially on rainy or 
 stormy days do I find it a welcome companion indeed, 
 for it is then, when I cannot take my accustomed walk, 
 tliat I throw open my windows and use the Pocket 
 Gymnasium, until I find myself all aglow with the ef- 
 fort. I think the inventors real benefactors to their 
 kind. Settie Blume. 
 
Pocket Gymistasium. 
 
 Enough has been said of the utility of this inven- 
 tion, and now follow directions for its use and preser- 
 vation. In extreme cold weather, warm the tube 
 slightly before using. Being made of rubber, it is 
 likely to be aifected if put in a small close drawer, and 
 must therefore be kept where the air can reach it. By 
 careful usage it will last a long time. If broken, how- 
 ever, by harshly stretching, it is likely to occur near 
 one of the handles. The smaller portion is easily re- 
 moved, and the tube made whole by forcing the handle 
 again in place. The cord is merely a controlling 
 check, not absolutely necessary, and can be renewed 
 by removing one of the handles. 
 
 The single tubes are relative in their strength ; but 
 the double 'No. 7 can be used even by the most deli- 
 cate ladies to a very considerable, eventually increas- 
 ing to the most satisfactory extent. By these exercises, 
 too, ladies not only improve their health, but their 
 personal appearance. As a rule, American ladies are 
 narrow-chested, and, to better their figures, they resort 
 to heating, disease-contracting appliances of wool or 
 cotton, in the form of paddings. These exercises 
 broaden the chest in all its parts, dispensing with these 
 artificial aids, while it is surely being developed from 
 nature's own materials. 
 
 Never exercise just before or after a meal. Some of 
 the exercises may seem too irksome at first, but prac- 
 
POCKET GYMNASIUM. 29 
 
 tice will make tliem easier. Some may not seem 
 enough for stronger men. Inventive minds can create 
 others. By standing farther off from the hooks in No. 
 7, it will make a vast difierence in the effort. 
 
 If by peculiar condition persons experience ill effects 
 from any kind of exercise, they can, with cautious 
 practice, gradually overcome those tendencies with 
 this appliance, from its being elastic, and so like the 
 natural muscles, and in time exercise even vigorously. 
 If the heart beat faster than is agreeable, at such times, 
 it is not to be a matter of fear. Gentle exercise will 
 remove unpleasant feelings arising in this way. 
 
 Sleeplessness. — If sleepless, put on a portion of 
 the clothing and exercise gently with a hand-tube, 
 while pacing the room, until agreeably tired, not fa- 
 tigued, and sleep will come. 
 
 Clergymen and Public Speakers — Should not 
 only regularly exercise with them, but should carry 
 one and use it a short time before addressing an audi- 
 ence. The blood will be kept in easy circulation by 
 such a habit, and the voice be more sustained and con- 
 fident in tone. 
 
 As the exercises are quite different, and the tubes 
 of varied strength, persons should use not only the 
 single tube, but the double also. The author uses 
 mostly the No. 7 in the double form, for the body and 
 lower limbs, and less so the No. 6 for the arms and 
 chest. The exercises of both generally amount to 
 half an hour, twice, daily. 
 
 Sxercises. 
 
 In these exercises we commence with the hands and 
 gradually advance to the arms, shoulders, neck, head, 
 chest, body, legs, and feet until every portion of the 
 frame is brought into complete action. 
 
30 POCKET GYMNASIUM. 
 
 Begin moderately — never yiolently — breathe deeply 
 at the same time— through the nostrils^ keeping the 
 mouth determinedly closed. Gradually increase both 
 the physical and yocal effort until a glow is produced, 
 and the system agreeably tired. It would be of ad- 
 ditional advantage, although more irksome, to shout 
 aloud, in 2?ure tone^ the sounds of the vowels or conso- 
 nants, even words and sentences, and whole paragraphs. 
 See " The Charge of the Light Brigade." Recite it in 
 full voice while exercising with tubes. The lungs in 
 this manner will be doubly strengthened against disease 
 and the voice made richer and fuller, and more power- 
 ful. 
 
 Hall's Jouekal or Health. — One of the best lift- 
 ing-machines to be imagined, at very small cost. 
 
 Now we have practiced some with lifting-machines 
 to very good purpose. But we have never been infat- 
 uated with them. We believe a set of -these tubes, 
 running from small to large, with screw-hooks set at 
 various angles in the wall and floor and ceiling, would 
 be far more useful to us and to a family. 
 
 These appliances leave nothing to be desired, as it 
 seems to us. If chest, or back, or loins, or arms need 
 exercise, this system gives it in perfection. 
 
 "VVe keep a set of the larger sized tubes in our sleep- 
 ing apartment, and use them from time to time with 
 the keenest satisfaction. We have a set in our edito- 
 rial room, and get no little genuine inspiration from 
 their use. 
 
 Doctors and ministers and lawyers are too apt to 
 neglect the salutary use of the muscles which imparts 
 activity to the circulation and tone to the system. 
 They need some simple, handy means, for keeping the 
 blood and the digestion active. This little gymnasium 
 seems to furnish it. 
 
 Here is the lift, and here are shoulder and arm ex- 
 ercises. Hundreds of attitudes may be assumed, and 
 nearly all the muscles, external and internal, are thus 
 strengthened and vitalized. 
 
SINGLE TUBE. 
 
 31 
 
 SINGLE TUBE. 
 
 H A N" D S 
 
 AiTD Arms. 
 — Grasp the 
 handles with 
 tube across 
 lower limbs. ~"^^.^, 
 Brace left ^ 
 
 hand without 
 touching the 
 body. Pull 
 strongly with 
 r. h. to + at 
 r. three to 
 five times. In 
 
 the same way with 1. h. Then alternately. Finally, 
 both hands to full extent to + +. Then turn the 
 palms of hands with thumbs at ends of tube, and re- 
 peat the preceding exercises. To yary this, use r. h. 
 with back and 1. h. with palm forwards : then change 
 to 1. h. Be sure to breathe v/ell, and to be in earn- 
 est. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Goodyear's Pocket Gymnasium was patented in 
 June, 1875, and a number of Testimonials were re- 
 ceived, and a portion of them placed on the circulars 
 advertising the invention prior to the loth of Novem- 
 ber. Since that time many others have been sent to 
 the inventor, showing remarkable favor and reception 
 in so short a time. 
 
32 
 
 POCKET GYMNASIUM. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Arms 
 AKD Shoul- 
 
 D E E S. — 
 
 With raised 
 arms pull 
 with r. h., 
 then 1. h., 
 then both to 
 + , each five 
 times. 'Now 
 change the 
 grasp of the 
 hands as in 
 Pig. 1., and 
 
 repeat the exercises. Then change the grasp again, 
 with one back of hand and one palm forward, and give 
 again all of the exercises. Now turn the backs of 
 both hands to the chest, the elbows pointing front, 
 and use first r. h., then 1. h., then alternate, and then 
 both. Add others to these. 
 
 Pull with r. 
 h. to +. Then 
 
 >j '---•»• •^-■-^'-'^TTTinTmr^^^Mirr'^r'^^^ilP^ change, and 
 
 with 1. h. rest- 
 ing on chest, 
 pull as when 
 using the r. h. 
 Put the palms 
 front and pull 
 first witli r. h. 
 thenl.h. Then 
 one back of 
 hand, and one 
 Fig. 3. palm, fronting, 
 
 and pull as before. Then alternate hands, and repeat all. 
 
EXAMPLES. 
 
 33 
 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Pull with r. h. np to +, 
 then in a like manner with 
 the 1. h. Change grasp with 
 palms out. Then one back 
 and one palm. Then alter- 
 nate grasp. Add exercises. 
 
 Eaise 1. h. and pull down 
 with r. h. to +. Then place 
 r. h. on shoulder and pull. 
 Then place r. h. above head 
 and pull down with 1. h. Now 
 change with palms as before, 
 and pull, making up different 
 exercises at will. 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 New York Catholic Review. — It is all as repre- 
 sented. 
 2* 
 
34: 
 
 POCKET GYMNASIUM. 
 
 >s. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Hands high above the head. Pull r. h. only, then 
 1. h. Then alternately, then both. Change one 
 palm and repeat exercises ; change the other, then both 
 and repeat. Add more exercises to these. 
 
 Hands aboye the head. 
 Pull with r. h. to 1. + and 
 \ back to position five times. 
 ^ Hands as at first and fol- 
 1 low carved dotted line to 
 *^ J r. in front of the face. Al- 
 ternate the movement by 
 carrying hands as before, 
 but back of the head. 
 Change the exercise to 1. 
 h. aud repeat, front and 
 back, and alternate, five 
 times. 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
EXAMPLES. 
 
 35 
 
 Arms, Chest, 
 
 A Is- D L I is' s. — 
 Place tube back 
 of the neck, r. h. 
 on the shoulder. 
 Stretch to ex- 
 treme, five times. 
 Then with 1. h. 
 Then alternate. 
 Then both. 
 Change grasp 
 with thumbs rest- 
 ing on ends of 
 handles, and re- 
 peat the exercises. Then alternate the grasp and 
 repeat. Now extend the tube with both hands and 
 swivel about from r. to 1. and back ; a capital exercise 
 for the chest and loins. 
 
 Head ai^d ^ 
 
 Neck. — Place r. 
 h. firmly over, 
 and arm resting 
 on the head, with 
 
 Fia. 8. 
 
 h. by side- f 
 
 Pull with r. h. 
 above head to 
 full extent and 
 back. Then pull 
 up again, and 
 gradually rais- 
 ing! h., and al- 
 low r. h. wliile 
 tube is full ten- 
 
 ^^■^' 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 sion to follow dotted line to side of body. This brings 
 the 1. h. to + on r. of, and the 1. arm on the head. 
 
36 
 
 POCKET GYMNASIUM. 
 
 'Now pull back reversely, full tension, to first position. 
 Eepeat five times. 
 
 >^*X /'""^ Spike and Loins. — 
 
 I \ y I Hands in front. Eaise 
 
 both as high as possible 
 and over head, following 
 lines back of body, 
 stretching tube to utmost 
 at beginning and end of 
 exercise. Arms behind 
 the body ; one resting on 
 the shoulder, the other 
 on the small of the back, 
 by the hips; stretch up 
 and down. Then re- 
 verse the hands. Then, 
 when tube is stretched perpendicularly, bend forward 
 and backward, and sidewise, alternating the hands to 
 vary the movement. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 Fia. 11. 
 r. h. then 1. h. back and forth rapidly 
 
 Hands as in Eig. 10. 
 Carry r. h. high over head, 
 and lefc it fall back of 
 body. Then back to posi- 
 tion ; five times. Then, as 
 before, r. h. high as possi- 
 ple, and back of body. 
 Both are now behind. 
 Bring the 1. h. over head 
 high as possible, to front. 
 Eepeat. Then begin with 
 1. h. in the same way, and 
 repeat all. Now alternate 
 the entire movement, first 
 
EXAMPLES. 
 
 37 
 
 Arms, Chest, Loi^-s, 
 AND Legs. — Bend and 
 touch below the knees, 
 keeping the legs firm. 
 Both hands high over 
 the head, as the body- 
 is brought erect, and 
 follow dotted circle to 
 back of lower limbs. 
 Back and forth till 
 tired. Then bend al- 
 ternately to r. and 1. 
 while bending forward 
 and backward. 
 
 Fig. 13. 
 
 Trunk of Body and Legs. — Touch the floor 
 with knuckles of r. h. Then follow dotted semi-cir- 
 cle to 1. and touch with 1. h. Back and forth. Add 
 by describing complete circle around the feet. 
 
 Massachusetts Journal of Education. — The 
 Pocket Gymnasium is becoming very popular in our 
 public as Avell as our private schools. A device so sim- 
 ple and efficient, and yet so inexpensive, commends it- 
 self to every one. 
 
38 POCKET GYMNASIUM. 
 
 THE CHAEGE OF THE LIGHT BEIGADE. 
 
 This piece is inserted especially for practice with 
 tlie tubes. Motions can be invented at pleasure to use 
 at the call of Captain Nolan, as he gives the word of 
 command, and others with semi-mimetic vocal repre- 
 sentation at the detonation of the cannon, the rush of 
 the horsemen, the bursting of shells. It give wonder- 
 ful scope for energetic practice of the voice, and the 
 movements of the body. 
 
 "We know of both actors and clergymen who have 
 resorted to similar devices, to work themselves ** up " 
 and " into the spirit " of their efforts, preparatory to 
 being given in public. An idea of this kind* pre- 
 vailed among the ancients. The notion is, by no 
 means, new. If the plan is faithfully followed, great 
 benefit will surely be derived from such a course. 
 
 Half a league, half a league, 
 
 Half a league onward. 
 All in the valley of death 
 
 Eode the six hundred. 
 " Forward, the Light Brigade ! 
 Charge for the guns ! " he said. 
 Into the valley of death, 
 
 Eode the six hundred. 
 
 " Forward, the Light Brigade ! " 
 Was there a man dismay'd ? 
 ISTot tho' the soldier knew 
 
 Some one had blunder'd: 
 Theirs not to make reply, 
 Theirs not to reason why, 
 Theirs but to do and die : 
 Into the valley of death, 
 
 Eode the six hundred. 
 
THE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE. 39 
 
 Cannon to right of tliem, 
 Cannon to left of them, 
 Cannon in front of them, 
 
 Volley'd and thunder'd : 
 Storm'd at with shot and shell, 
 Boldly they rode and well : 
 Into the jaws of death, 
 Into the mouth of hell. 
 
 Rode the six hundred. 
 
 Plash'd all their sabres bare. 
 Flashed as they turn'd in air, 
 Sab'ring the gunners there. 
 Charging an army, while 
 
 AU the world wonder'd : 
 Plung'd in the battery smoke. 
 Eight thro' the line they broke : 
 Cossack and Russian 
 Reel'd from the sabre-stroke, 
 
 Shatter'd and sunder'd. 
 Then they rode back — bnt not, 
 
 JSTot the six hundred. 
 
 Cannon to right of them. 
 Cannon to left of them. 
 Cannon behind them, 
 
 Volley'd and thunder'd : 
 Storm'd at with shot and shell, 
 While horse and hero fell, 
 They that had fought, so well. 
 Came thro' the jaws of death, 
 Back from the mouth of hell. 
 All that was left of them. 
 
 Left of six hundred. 
 
 When can their glory fade ? 
 Oh, the wild charge they made ! 
 
40 
 
 POCKET GYMNASIUM. 
 
 All the world wonder'd. 
 Honor the charge they made ! 
 Honor the Light Brigade, 
 
 Noble six hundred ! 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 FiQ. 15. 
 
 DOUBLE TUBE. 
 
 Each person must fol- 
 low the dotted line high 
 aboye the head, first with 
 r. h. then with 1. h. Then 
 alternate with both, five 
 times. 
 
 One should raise the 
 r. h. the other the ]. h. 
 Then raise from that posi- 
 tion to -f- above the head by 
 dotted line, and down. 
 Eepeat five times. 
 Eaise as before + and 
 one person stretch 
 tube and follow curv- 
 \ ed line to side. The 
 j other do the same. 
 / Then both at the 
 / same time. Now 
 change hands and re- 
 peat as before. Then 
 alternate with both. 
 Finally both at the 
 same time. Addi- 
 tional exercises can 
 be invented. 
 
 \ 
 
DOUBLE TUBE. 
 
 41 
 
 pulling, 
 these. 
 
 Each should 
 raise one hand 
 only, and the 
 tubes will be 
 crossed. Each 
 pull at the same 
 time with raised 
 hand. Then pull 
 with the hands 
 at the sides. Then 
 alternately. 
 Then both at 
 once. Then lean 
 forward while 
 Innumerable exercises can be devised from 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 Back to back. First, each separately with r. h. 
 Then both with r. h. only. Then with 1. h. repeat the 
 preceding. Then both persons with both hands. 
 Then reyerse positions and repeat entire exercise. In 
 this way each receives the same exercise. 
 
42 
 
 POCKET GYMKASIUM. 
 
 Back to back. 
 Each with r. h. 
 on shoulder. 
 First one will 
 raise r. h. high 
 above the head 
 and back, then 
 the other. Ee- 
 peat, stepping for 
 ward at the same 
 time. Then step 
 back and let 
 hands come back 
 to shoulders as at 
 first. Then both persons step forward raising r. h- 
 One pull with r. h. resting on shoulder, then the other 
 with 1. h. downward, forward. Then both r. h. Then 
 both raise 1. h. to shoulder and r. h. by side, and re- 
 peat exercise. Then both hands to shoulders and 
 raise, to full height, each hand separately. Then both 
 at once. Add exercises. 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 THE Al^CIENTS. 
 
 The Ancients were nations of actors, orators and 
 soldiers, and devoted their attention to the culture of 
 physical, mental and moral strength and beauty. But 
 unlike the moderns they were models of symmetrical, 
 god-like power of body, mind and soul. As a conse- 
 quence their lives were perpetual health and greatly 
 lengthened. With all this they were accustomed to 
 observe details, minutiae ; and given here, after such a 
 fashion, is what might not inappropriately be termed 
 antique exercises. 
 
VOCAL. 43 
 
 AN EPITOME OE ANTIQUE DAILY EXER- 
 CISES FOR TH-E ACTOR AND ORATOR. 
 
 Eyebrows. — Raised — lowered— [tuith hand 7notions.] 
 
 Eyes. — Wide — shut — fixed— rolling— vacant— [w?7^.] 
 
 Nostrils. — Pin died — expanded to utmost [wiih 
 ireath.] 
 
 Mouth. — Vertical — lateral — side movements. 
 
 Muscles of Face and Chin, in the same manner, 
 separately. 
 
 Head. — Draw and relax muscles right and left, 
 forth and back. Raise — depress — side — forward — 
 to chest. 
 
 Chest. — Extreme height — suddenly sinking. 
 
 Trukk. — Bound as in joy — writhe as in great 
 agony. 
 
 Arms. — Gestures. {See Voice akd Action. ) Exer- 
 cises witli tube. 
 
 Fingers. — Open — shut — straighten — curve — raise 
 singly. 
 
 Feet. — Bend — natural walk — sidling — enlarged 
 walk — cross — traverse — long steps — (body and arms) 
 turning back — backwards. 
 
 VOCAL. 
 
 Deep Breathing. — Breathe, hands on head ; lower 
 hands ; then emit slowly, hands on hips, '' K." 
 
 Voice. — Breathe — mouth enlarged sound the vowels 
 —sound "Ha!"— Explosives — "Ba! be! bi! bo!" 
 Stride with ease and read aloud with large voice, with- 
 out strain, pure, round tone, and gesticulate freely. 
 
 General Exercise. — "Walk a mile each day as fast 
 as possible, or run three. This will exercise very 
 nearly all parts of the body, lungs as well as limbs. 
 
44 
 
 POCKET GYMJS^ASIUM. 
 
 Directions for the Complete Gymn'asium. — 
 The hooks must be fastened in hard wood, not in the 
 softer quality of pine, or they will work loose and come 
 out. It is better to procure a piece of ash, or similar 
 wood, about 8 feet in length, 6 inches wide, and 1|- 
 thick, ours cost 50 cents, and secure it by 4 large 
 screws (3 in.), top and bottom and intermediate disr 
 tances, to door-jam or stout partition. Put the hooks 
 about an inch from either side of this board and they 
 will then be 4 in. apart. The first (2) as high as you 
 can reach and hang on the tubes, the second, the 
 length of tube and about an inch below those, the 
 third and fourth in a similar manner. Extra hooks 
 can be fastened in a portable board on which you can 
 stand, or in the floor at different distances and in vari- 
 ous directions to suit the fancy. Additional sets to 
 these can be fastened overhead in a broad doorway, 
 or in the beams of a ceiling. Ways can be devised to 
 add numberless exercises to these already given, and, 
 if necessary, tubes of any strength and size desired can 
 be made to order, or hooks put to either size below No. 7. 
 
 Put the tubes on the high- 
 est hooks facing them. Pull 
 with r. h. down to -I-. Then 
 with 1. h. Alternate. Then 
 both, five times. Now stand 
 off as far as possible, and re- 
 peat. Then stand moderate- 
 ly off and tarn the head 
 under r. h. tube until the 
 face is brought to the front. 
 Then turn back and under 
 the 1. h. Now face as before 
 and pull up and down brisk- 
 ly as if chopping wood. 
 
 Fio. 19. 
 
COMPLETE GYMNASIUM. 
 
 45 
 
 Back to the liooks. First, r. h. 
 Thenl.h. Then both to +. Now 
 put tubes above shoulders and 
 down as before. Then change 
 grasp of the hands and repeat. 
 Change again and repeat. Now 
 pull down behind the bod}^, re- 
 peating movements. Now raise 
 hands high above the head, stand 
 well out, tube in full tension, let 
 hands fall, stepping forward, and 
 pull till the arms are twisted back- 
 ward and the body bent forward. 
 Then return to position by re- 
 verse movement. Eepeat rapidly a 
 number of times. 
 
 Fia. 20. 
 
 Back to hooks, arms on 
 shoulders. Pull r. h. down 
 to + . Then up curved line to 
 + . Return to first + and 
 back to position. Then 1. h. 
 Then alternate. Then both. 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 
4:6 
 
 POCKET GYMNASIUM. 
 
 Hands as before. Pull r. 
 li. to + and back to posi- 
 tion. Tiien high up to + 
 and back. Then 1. h. Then 
 alternate. Then both, in 
 each moyement. 
 
 Fig. 22. 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 way. Then alternately, 
 the head and out to + 
 hand. 
 
 Pass r. h. 
 oyer head, 
 with tube in 
 full tension 
 and follow 
 line to + 1. 
 of the body. 
 Then follow 
 curved line 
 across the 
 body to the 
 r. Then back 
 to first +. 
 ^ Then to posi- 
 tion. Then 
 1. h. the same 
 Now bring both hands oyer 
 + and finish as with single 
 
COMPLETE GYMNASIUM. 
 
 47 
 
 Tubes on next hooks below. 
 
 Face them and pull r. h. 
 
 Then 1. h. Then alternate. 
 
 Then both. Now stand 
 
 quite close to them, and ex- 
 tend the arms boldly, bend 
 
 the body well down to floor. 
 
 Eepeat five times. Then 
 
 pull out back of body stand- 
 ing as before, first r. h. 
 
 Theu 1. h. Then alternate. 
 
 Then both. Then raise 
 
 tubes high over head in 
 
 same position, and repeat. 
 
 Now stand as far as possible from hooks, on tip-toe, 
 
 and repeat. Then up and down briskly, constantly 
 exercises. Now back to the hooks, pull 
 Then follow curved line down. Then 
 Then to position. Then with 1. h. Then 
 
 alternate. Then both. Now make circles forward 
 
 with r. h. Then 1. h. Then -alternate. Then both. 
 
 Then circles backward. This is a kind of " Eowing 
 
 Exercise." Now tubes over 
 
 the shoulders and repeat all. 
 
 Then raise r. h. high up. 
 
 Then 1. h. Then both and 
 
 add exercises. 
 
 Tubes on next set of hooks. 
 Face hooks. Pull r. h. Then 
 1. h. and repeat. Then back 
 to hooks. Pull r. h. Then 1. 
 h. and invent others. 
 
 varying the 
 r. h. to -h. 
 back to + . 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
48 
 
 POCKET GYMNASIUM. 
 
 Tubes on the shoulders. 
 Pull r. h. to + and back to 
 position. Then 1. h. Then 
 r. h. out and follow curyed line 
 back to position. Then 1. h. 
 Then both. Then bend for- 
 ward. Then backward, five 
 times. Then sway to r. and L 
 Then describe a circle with the 
 trunk of the body. 
 
 Fig. 26. 
 
 Fig. 27. 
 
 Cross the arms over the 
 breast, with tubes over the 
 shoulders. Carry r. h. 
 high over the head follow- 
 ing the line to +. Then 
 1. h. Then the 1. h. is 
 brought back by the line 
 to position. Then the r. 
 h. Then both at once fol- 
 low lines to sides. Then 
 both back to position. 
 
 1290 Broadway, New York, December, 1875.— 
 Gents: Your Pocket Gymnasium is not only the 
 simplest and least expensive of gymnastic apparatus, 
 but really the very best. I have made up my mind to 
 use it daily, and hope to be able to advise its use large- 
 ly among my friends. — Joseph Delphiit, Jr. 
 
COMPLETE GYMNASIUM. 
 
 49 
 
 Tubes on lower 
 hooks. Face them. ^^' 
 Pull r. h. Then 1. h. /' 
 Then both. Then back / 
 to hooks. Arms on « 
 shoulders, hands down \ 
 the back. Pull r. h. 
 directly up. Then 1. 
 h. Then both. Then 
 r. h. high up follow 
 curved line to side. 
 Then 1. h. Then al- 
 ternate. Then both. 
 Sway back and forth 
 and sidewise, using the Fig. 28.* 
 
 hips vigorously. Now stand off from hooks, pull and 
 sit quite down to floor and rise a number of times. 
 
 Put one tube on 
 one of the highest 
 hooks and the 
 other on the low- 
 est. Face them 
 and jDull down 
 with r. h. and up 
 with 1. h. Change 
 hands and repeat. 
 Now ]3ull, both 
 handles in r.h., up 
 and down, in and 
 out. Then 1. h. 
 Now back to hooks and repeat 
 
 Now face hooks, 
 
 * Take a low stool and you have the Rowing Exercise. See 
 p. 47. 
 
 3 
 
50 
 
 POCKET GYMNASIUM. 
 
 and pull to full tension, standing well out, and revolve 
 under to r. h. then to 1. h. Change hands and reverse 
 the whole movement. 
 
 Put one tube on the highest, 
 the other on the middle hook. 
 Pull down and out with r. h. 
 Then with 1. h. Then both. 
 Then back to hooks. Pull r. h. 
 tensely across the face to + and 
 the 1. h. high over the head by 
 the line. Eepeat back and forth. 
 Then change hands and repeat. 
 Change grasp of hands and re- 
 peat in varied ways. 
 
 Fig. 35. 
 
 Put one tube on the high- 
 est and one on the lowest 
 hook. Swivel on the upper 
 hook r. h. around the head, 
 and reverse the movement 
 a number of times, using 
 the lower hook 1. h. in a 
 similar way. Change hands 
 and repeat. A little atten- 
 tion to the Figure will make 
 this plain. 
 
 Fig. 31. 
 
COMPLETE GYMNASIUM. 
 
 51 
 
 *> 
 f** 
 
 Place the 
 tubes on the 
 hooks over the 
 head. Walk 
 forward as far 
 as possible, 
 holding only r. 
 h. ; then Avith 
 1. h., then both. 
 Now forward. 
 Then back- 
 ward as far as 
 possible. Then 
 
 follow circle to Frj. 32. 
 
 r. Then to 1. Then pull as if to sit down^, and spring 
 up and down. Stand on r. foot. Then on 1. Then 
 on tip-toe. Then on the heels, and repeat all. Then 
 pull down by arms alone. Then spread the arms out 
 as far as possible. Then pull one forward, the other 
 backward. Reverse, and add others. Change grasp 
 of hands and repeat all. If the ceiling is very high 
 add a strong wire or cord to lengthen the tube and ar- 
 range to suit. 
 
 North-Westeris' Ohio Normal School, January 
 21, 1876. — Sometime since I received Nos. 5, 6, and 7 
 of your Pocket Gymnasium, and must say they are ad- 
 mirably adapted to physical culture. My wife has 
 been using them regularly ever since they were re- 
 ceived, and expresses herself much improved physically 
 thereby. My opinion is that their general introduction 
 into the families of our land w^ould save immense ex- 
 pense in the way of doctor-bills, and would add largely 
 to the sum total of human happiness. All who have 
 seen the tubes express themselves highly pleased. 
 
 I. Fraise Eichard. 
 
53 POCKET GYMNASIUM. 
 
 The Pocket Gymn"Asium. — The end of the law of 
 hnman development is a sound mind in a sound 
 body, and the means for developing are nourishment 
 and exercise. The latter is as essential as the former. 
 Without exercise body and mind both become enfee- 
 bled. It is proper that an equilibrium of vigor should 
 be as near as possible maintained between them. A 
 delicately organized system will soon succumb to the 
 constant strain and wear of an active and vigorous 
 intellect; and, on the other hand, where the means of 
 development are applied to the bone and muscle — the 
 animal powers exclusively — the mind dwarfs, and the 
 neglect has its fruition in imbecility. Weighing the 
 matter thus, it will be seen that human beings owe it 
 to themselves as much to adopt a course of physical 
 culture as to foster the growth of the mind. A power- 
 ful force working in a weak frame will soon shake it 
 to pieces. For this reason no institution for the edu- 
 cation and training of youth is complete without it has 
 a gymnasium or play-ground attached. A well-devel- 
 oped physique is less vulnerable to the assaults of dis- 
 ease than one that is feebly charged with the animal 
 forces ; exercise is essential to this animal develop- 
 ment, hence exercise which preserves a healthy condi- 
 tion is better than medicine, which does not commence 
 its ofl&ces until after disease has effected an entrance. 
 But it is not expedient for every person to attend 
 gymnasiums or join in out-door sports. Yet even those 
 who cannot need not suffer. Every one can have a 
 gymnasium at home. " Goodyear's Pocket Gymna- 
 sium," an appliance for exercising and developing the 
 muscles of the body, is presented to the public as a 
 perfect system of physical culture for home use. — -iY. 
 Y. Mivs. 
 
part second. 
 Elocutioe" in Oeatoet. 
 
 The Elocution of oratory is the " action " on which 
 the greatest orator of old Greece laid such stress, when 
 asked the secret of his mighty power. It is the " man- 
 ner ^^ to which the greatest of Eoman advocates as- 
 cribed such infinite importance. 
 
 The orator's art is especially severe in its require- 
 ments, and calling as it does for the highest qualities 
 of the mind, and for their expression through the me- 
 dium of cultivated skill of voice, of grace of movement 
 and of action, it may be well considered the master 
 art of arts. When we consider the greatness and var- 
 iety of the qualities which are required to be blended 
 in the form of oratory, and which must be the result 
 of the most laborious preparation, and the most assid- 
 uous study, it ought hardly to be wondered at why so 
 few comparatively succeed in reaching an acknowledged 
 height above their fellows. 
 
 Many may write well, but oratory means more than, 
 rhetoric. Words merely spoken are not as effective as 
 the written page, silently but reflectively perused. 
 Ideas when given to the voice must be vitalized, souled, 
 acted. Even the addition of feeling and imagination 
 is not sufficient. There is needed, beside the living 
 vehicle of transmission, the '•Uiction^'^ the ^^ manner, ^^ 
 the elocution of oratory. 
 
 Elocution in the strictest sense implies only the 
 
64 ELOCUTION IN OEATORY. 
 
 study of voice and action, and constitutes but one 
 part of oratory ; but this one part is practically the 
 most important. It is on this portion that effective- 
 ness mainly depends, for in its just and appropriate 
 use we find the livmg expression of language. Its 
 weakness is the cause of the greatest difiiculties of 
 public speech. Ehetoric, however finished, alone can- 
 not satisfy the ear; nor can imagination and taste 
 compensate for inadequate vocality, and meagre, awk- 
 ward gesticulation ; and yet, strange as it is, this por- 
 tion appears to have always been the most neglected, 
 and the least understood. From its incipient stages 
 of development, when men first harangued their fel- 
 low men with the tones of leaders, oratory has had no 
 practical notation, as relates to a method of delivery, 
 and also in other features, whereby students might 
 facilitate their progress. The very basis of communi- 
 cation, the foundation on which language, taste, feel- 
 ing, imagination all rest, without which all is as noth- 
 ing, has been the least studied, and seemingly the 
 most difficult of mastery. 
 
 When we refer back with any degree of certainty to 
 its primeval recognition as a public power, the name of 
 Demosthenes seems to be almost coeval with that of 
 oratory. At the outset of his career he relied mainly 
 on his zeal in a public cause, but from wretchedly de- 
 fective powers of utterance he failed; and yet, in his 
 'after successes, we learn of no positive system by which 
 he improved ; nor do we find more than the idea of re- 
 peated practice without pre-arrangement or prescribed 
 rule in the suggestions given him by his actor friend, 
 who recited some lines from a tragedy as a model for 
 his imitation, and thus showed him wherein he lacked. 
 All that we can gather is, that he was profoundly in earn- 
 est, and that his determination sent him to the sea- 
 
ELOCUTION IN ORATORY. 65 
 
 shore to shout with pebbles in his month for the pur- 
 pose of ridding himself of his vocal defects, and that 
 he recited from favorite authors while in the act of 
 leaping over various obstacles and while running np 
 steep hills, in order to acquire command of his breath 
 so as to enable him to repeat the longest passages of 
 his orations, while in actual delivery, with single inha- 
 lations. Both of these peculiar and very irregular 
 and unsystematic means, seem to have originated with 
 himself, and to have effected, in the course of time, 
 very remarkable and useful results. We sometimes, in 
 these days, smile at the story of the pebbles, and at 
 another also, about the cave, with the sword hung 
 above his shoulders, knowing as we do, the needless- 
 ness of such appliances. When we see the marked 
 evidences of the surpassing refinement of the ancients, 
 and read of their almost perfect conceptions of high 
 art in other directions, we are forced to wonder why 
 they could not methodize vocalization in oratory. 
 True, we read of many features of ancient oratory and 
 acting being perfected to a most wonderful degree. 
 Even the common people so completely understood 
 the beauties of rhetorical composition, and felt their 
 sense of hearing so shocked by their best tragedians, if 
 an nndue quantity, too much or too little, were given 
 to the measure, or if a syllable was omitted or added 
 to the line, that the one so offending was indignantly 
 hooted off the stage. Yet these same people asked 
 Demosthenes, after having once hissed him, and not 
 allowed him a hearing, how he afterwards attained 
 such mastery, evidently not knowing any precise 
 method, and he himself was not able to otherwise 
 than thrice repeat the word " action^^ which neither 
 he nor they could comprehend in all its import. 
 Koscius, the greatest of ancient actors, systematized 
 
56 ELOCUTioisr in oratory. 
 
 a metliod of gesture, even including such details as 
 the moyements of the fingers. Quintillian also speaks 
 in his Institutes of a prescribed meaning for the move- 
 ment of each finger. But with all their learning in 
 those days, with all their splendid eloquence, there 
 were movements of the voice of which they knew noth- 
 ing, and for those unconsciously used and accidently 
 and irregularly obtained, they had no plan by which 
 to benefit a grateful world to which they have given so 
 much otherwise in literature and in art. 
 
 As proof of this, there might be added to the toiling 
 and drudging of a Demosthenes, the fact that Cicero 
 at first so strained himself through ignorance of laws 
 controlling the use of the voice in public, that he was 
 urged by his physician to entirely desist lest his life 
 should be endangered. 
 
 While reading of these men and their times, we 
 glean still further that it was customary among the 
 orators to have slaves at their sides with a pipe to 
 pitch the key requisite to be heard satisfactorily and 
 agreeably by the assembled multitude. Circumstances 
 might at first seem to necessitate the use of some such 
 instrumentality. The audiences were much larger as- 
 semblages of people than now, for they mainly received 
 instruction from their orators, and came from all parts 
 of their country to listen, and the gathering place was 
 in the open air, instead of as in our closed auditoria ; 
 but when we reflect that in our times many thousands, 
 in some instances more than twenty, have been ad- 
 dressed in open-air assemblages and without relying 
 upon any instrumentation whatever to guide the 
 voices of the speakers on such occasions, we strongly 
 incline to the belief that has been advanced by many 
 able writers, that modern public speaking has in most 
 respects, at least practically, equaled, if not surpassed 
 
ELOCUTION IN ORATOEY. 57 
 
 that of the ancients. They had, it is true, schools of 
 oratory in which they were first taught grammar, then 
 rhetoric, and lastly elocution. Cicero himself speaks 
 of the cultivated orator as having the mind of the rhe- 
 torician, the voice of the tragedian, and the grace of the 
 posturer. And yet it would appear as if he were vo- 
 cally untaught when he began his career, for his voice 
 was harsh, shrill, and in " a state of nature." Cicero 
 was well cultivated in the arts of grammar and rhe- 
 toric, but it would seem as though he had not passed 
 through the instructions of the teachers of the voice, 
 the plioncaii as they were called, nor attended any of 
 the schools of elocution in order to strengthen his 
 lungs. In these schools of practical oratory, among 
 other vocal gymnastics, they required their pupils to 
 lie supinely on their backs, and then with heavy 
 weights placed upon their chests, they were made to 
 inhale freely with their lungs, and shout loudly so as 
 to harden and invigorate those powers that apper- 
 tained more immediately to the practice of the elocu- 
 tion of oratory. We might doubt the utility of such 
 extreme external means, as destructive of the elasticity 
 of the vocal organs, and as tending to promote a 
 coarseness in general strength, and believe rather in 
 the unconstrained but full use of the lungs and 
 chest. From all that they have left upon record of 
 such matters, they evinced but a limited and partial 
 knowledge of a really genuine creative system, certain 
 in its application and effectiveness. 
 
 Quintillian in his reviews and critiques of the 
 great orators of his time, does not make mention of 
 them in such a manner as to lead one to believe, that 
 the abstract principles of the art were especially prac- 
 ticed by them. They were eloquent, indeed, but their 
 powers must be attributed to indirect rather than pre- 
 determined efforts, guided mainly by instinct and an 
 
58 ELOCUTION IN ORATOEY. 
 
 inherent perception of truth. Many, indeed most, of 
 our modern orators, have also worked and continue to 
 work in the same general way as did those of old. At 
 all times, oratory would seem, even among the best, to 
 be merely a matter of impulse. Because oratory was 
 not recognized with a true idea of system among the 
 ancients, and because it did not receive any impetus, 
 it does not follow that some strongly marked system 
 cannot exist. It may not be practicable here, nor is 
 it necessary, to advance more than the opinion, that 
 elocution, like music, has its pre-established prin- 
 ciples, but that they have not yet been as well de- 
 veloped. Like music, it has a symbol or sign, for 
 every degree or shade of sound possible to be produced 
 in speech, which, while it could be written accurately 
 by the one, could be reproduced vocally, just as ac- 
 curately by thousands. We hear them in a variety of 
 ways in the best speakers, but are not as able to trace 
 them or to commend their execution, as in listening 
 to the efforts of musical celebrities. 
 
 Since oratory has had a recognized utility as a pro- 
 moter of enlightenment, it has had swarms of disciples, 
 for it is a popular art ; but it has been only the great 
 few of each age that have had the courage, the hardi- 
 hood of mind and body, to toil and drudge by indi- 
 vidual, torturing progression, guided by impulse alone, 
 and a kind of instinct as it were; and as a reward the 
 world calls them great, simply because they have done 
 more than others. In seeking the greatest orators of 
 all times, it is not necessary to go back even beyond 
 our own day; for it has confidently been believed, 
 that Webster — America's pride — was the equal, if not 
 the superior of any of the ancients. He has frequent- 
 ly been compared to Demosthenes, as regards his 
 general style, as far as is possible to judge from the 
 
ELOCUTION IN OEATOIIY. 59 
 
 some what limited means at hand and from the 
 records of the past. He commenced yonng, indeed, 
 and having been taught by his father, we find him at 
 the early age of ten or twelve years reading the Bible 
 — that most eloquent of books — with such spirit and 
 meaning, as to offer an extra inducement to the hardy 
 New England teamsters to "lay over" Saturday nights 
 at his father's roadside home, which served as an inn 
 to those willing to accept its humble comforts. His 
 after-efforts were as indirect and systemless as those 
 of his old prototype. 
 
 In this connection another great name presents 
 itself, one considered by many as not an unworthy rival 
 — Clay. His method did not differ materially from 
 that of Webster, for we are told that he merely re- 
 hearsed aloud his orations, to the cattle in the barn, 
 before giving them to the public. He also taught his 
 favorite pupil — Bascom — in the same manner, by imi- 
 tation ; and his loroUge afterward went shouting his 
 hymns and sermons along the roadside, in the ob- 
 scurer country parts, sometimes to the infinite amuse- 
 ment of strangers. On one occasion, a traveler 
 stopping at the same inn, asked the landlord, if it was 
 " an escaped lunatic he had met on the road." The 
 landlord playfully told him that such was the case, 
 and asked him whether he desired to hear him preach. 
 On Sunday, after the sermon, the landlord inquired of 
 the stranger how he liked him. The answer was, " if 
 that man was a lunatic, he wished all clergymen were 
 like him, for it was the best sermon he had ever heard 
 in his life." Other great characters present them- 
 selves: Everett, who it is stated had a room doubly 
 walled and of extra thickness, so that sounds could 
 not be heard from without, and in which he practiced 
 his orations previous to their delivery in public. 
 
60 ELOCUTION IN OEATOEY. 
 
 Sumner was accustomed to rehearse before a looking- 
 glass. Banks was the stage-manager of an amateur 
 dramatic association in his native jolace, Waltham. 
 Gerritt Smith confesses to a daily half-hour practice 
 with his voice. Wendell Phillips, when asked his se- 
 cret, merely replied, "The burning love of truth in 
 my heart that must come out.^' 
 
 Across the water we have had Curran with his stut- 
 tering speech, Sheridan with his diffidence, and G-rattan, 
 who in practicing in his room so terrified the maid 
 outside, that she declared he was "crazy," for he kept 
 repeating, " Mr. Speaker ! Mr. Speaker !" *^ while there 
 was no one in the room but himself." Pitt, who was 
 early taught by his father to read Shakespeare, and 
 even then gave an earnest of his great fame as a speaker; 
 and lastly the wonderful Lacordaire, known best per- 
 haps in Paris, was at first a great faihire on account of 
 the weakness of his voice and physique. Mention can- 
 not be made of him without reference to a most re- 
 markable means he took on one occasion when being 
 obliged to preach on the Crucifixion, of imbuing 
 himself more deeply with the spirit of his sermon. 
 For this purpose he erected in the basement of the 
 rectory a rude cross, to which he attached himself and 
 remained in solitary thought, suspended eight hours. 
 Then passing directly to the sanctuary without rest or 
 nourishment, he delivered one of the most thrilling 
 and eloquent discourses ever heard in Notre Dame. 
 Of all those mentioned, not one appears to have had a 
 directness of purpose, or to have been guided by the 
 method of any of those who had gone before him; but 
 «ach seems to have relied mainly on personal effort, 
 and to have progressed proportionately to the power 
 thus expended, and in accordance with a certain judg- 
 ment of his own, that has found more or less of right 
 without really knowing the cause. 
 
ELOCUTION m ORATOEY. 61 
 
 While thus particularly dwelling on the vocality of 
 oratory, it might not seem a digression to note the fact, 
 that actors are generally best self-taught in the practical 
 branch, or what constitutes the ''manner''^ of oratory. 
 
 It was to an actor that Demosthenes owed his first 
 impressions as to what he most needed. Eoscius was 
 probably a greater actor than Cicero was an orator. 
 Garrick was certainly a much better actor than many 
 men of his time were orators. Even Pitt, Lord Ers- 
 kine, and many others, were only too proud of the op- 
 portunity of improving their elocution, while listening 
 to the majestic and inspiring representations of the 
 great actress Sarah Siddons. One reason that might 
 be assigned why actors are so much better disciplined, 
 is, from the frequent repetition of the same characters 
 for years. They each time become more familiar with 
 the language, and, working upon the principle that 
 new ideas are to be developed with each rendering, it 
 approaches more and more toward the ideal of per- 
 fection. The actor studies a whole life-time upon 
 comparatively a limited range of characters, and only 
 occasionally, as it were, adds a new one to his memorized 
 repertoire. Mrs. Siddons, of the eighteenth century, 
 after playing Lady Macbeth for thirty years, remarked, 
 that she had not finished her study of the part. With 
 the orator how different. He rarely repeats an ora- 
 tion ; if he does, it is only that all who have not heard 
 may hear it, and then it is supplanted by another. 
 
 Referring once more to the ancients, we are con- 
 strained to believe that in one of the most important 
 features of vocality they must have been sadly at 
 variance. They were almost faultless in their rhetoric, 
 for we know their diction is most wonderful and felici- 
 tous. But the bondsman with his pitch-pipe ; Demos- 
 thenes endeavoring to pronounce the longest para- 
 
62 ELOCUTION IN OEATORT. 
 
 graphs in a single breath; Hannibal riding up and 
 down the front while in the act of exhorting his army 
 — all force us to think that they must; have been in a 
 great measure declamatory in their delivery, however 
 eloquent through other means. Their efforts may 
 have been grander and more majestic, but they cer- 
 tainly must have been less natural. Even their plays 
 affected this style, for we are told that their actors, in 
 the representation of gods and mythical characters, 
 increased their stature by artificial means, and also 
 wore enormous masks to give facial dignity, and to 
 add reverberations and rotundity to their voices, thus 
 enabling them to more aptly portray the supernatural 
 element of tragedy. In the reign of Tiberius, it was 
 not uncommon for an audience of no less than eighty 
 thousand to assemble in an inclosure, open at the top, 
 to be entertained by some festival or dramatic display 
 in honor of a victory, or on a gala day, and it seems to 
 have been necessary to sight and hearing, to resort to 
 such extraordinary means. 
 
 The largest entirely closed audience room on this 
 continent, is that of the Cathedral of Montreal, seating 
 eight thousand people, while there is standing room 
 for four thousand more. Thus twelve thousand can 
 collect under one roof to witness at least, if they can- 
 not hear, the ceremonies of State occasions. There 
 have been persons, who, doubtless, could have been 
 distinctly heard even in that enormous structure. 
 Whitefield addressed an audience of twenty thousand 
 people in the open air, and was plainly heard far be- 
 yond the borders of that mass of human beings. Spur- 
 geon is easily heard by congregations in the largest 
 hall of London. Hepworth, of our own city, with ap- 
 parently the utmost ease, has repeatedly spoken to the 
 largest audiences that can possibly be assembled in any 
 
ELOCUTION IN ORATORY. 63 
 
 of our places of public meeting, and not even the most 
 off-hand expression has been lost, so wonderfully pene- 
 trative is his voice. The last-mentioned gentleman has 
 regularly practiced the best, that is thus far known of 
 elocution under formal instruction, and personally con- 
 tinues in daily vocal drill. He is really the best living 
 illustration we have among us of the efficacy of such 
 practice. We pronounce him without hesitation, the 
 best biblical reader it has been our good fortune to 
 hear in the pulpit. We particularly remember his 
 reading the story of Daniel cast into the lion's den. 
 Such excellences are so very rare that we cannot apolo- 
 gize, but rather take pleasure in digressing to make 
 note of them. 
 
 Beecher has a powerful voice which was at first very 
 defective ; but he received, when a young man, special 
 elocutionary drill, and reverts back to his old associa- 
 tions and his shoutings in the woods, with evident de- 
 light. Chapin also stands out from his fellow preach- 
 ers as another example of cultivated training of the 
 voice. It was once claimed by many that he was the 
 best reader of hymns known in the pulpit. People 
 have actually attended his services merely to hear him 
 read the hymns. 
 
 Many more bright names might be added to the list 
 of toilers, and something said of their hard, severe, 
 plodding style of work ; but not one of these orators 
 of past or present times has told his fellows, or left to 
 his followers, a labor-saving method to make the road 
 more easy, or in any special way to lessen its difficul- 
 ties. 
 
 Cicero and Quintillian theorized upon the subject, 
 but Betterton, the actor, claims to have been the first 
 Englishman that ever attempted to define a method 
 of study, in his work entitled Action and Utterance. 
 
64 ELOCUTIOI^ IN OEATOKY. 
 
 Aaron Hill, another celebrity in dramatic annals, 
 wrote The Art of Acting, a. y^T"^ gIqnqv ^\ovk', Walker 
 prepared a treatise that he subsequently considered 
 false in its main features ; Austin has given the world 
 his Chironomia. Steele his Prosodia Rationalis, and 
 finally came Dr. James Eush (and he not an ora- 
 tor), to eclipse them all by his great work, The Phil- 
 osophy of the Human Voice, w^hich he claims after 
 all his labor to be only an introduction to a vast, un- 
 explored intellectual field, yet to be made knoAvn to 
 man. This man of wealth, culture, and learning, a 
 munificent patron of music and the dramatic art, pro- 
 foundly imbued with a genuine love, amounting to al- 
 most worship of them, conceived the design of trac- 
 ing out the principles of the latter art, that had caused 
 him, of the two, the utmost gratification. He had lis- 
 tened to the best orators and actors of the day, but it 
 was not until he sat charmed and enraptured with 
 the inspired and majestic renderings of that wonder 
 of the British stage, Sarah Siddons, that he really be- 
 gan his self-appointed task. He determined to ana- 
 lyze and reduce to elements the secret of her thrilling 
 and awe-inspiring intonations, to learn how the voice 
 in its movements produced such awful effects as the 
 multitude experienced in listening to one so gifted. 
 He digresses in his work, for a few liues, to pay her 
 homage, and to acknowledge that she first prompted 
 him to undertake this analysis. *' The vision of the 
 great actress was before him," and tlius amid the con- 
 stant claims of a professional life, during such mom- 
 ents as he could snatch from other duties, even while 
 riding or walking, did he experiment and prepare an- 
 other of the many monuments to his fame; and that 
 fountain from which the future orator or actor can de- 
 rive many toil-saving benefits, if he will faithfully fol- 
 
ELOCUTION IN ORATORY. 65 
 
 low its precepts. This work Dr. Eusli claims only as 
 a beginning — but in it he gives all the primary princi- 
 ples, showing their application, and it only remains for 
 others to follow the road thus opened, and to amplify 
 and extend the search in detail, to study out the com- 
 plex variations of these fundamental principles, and 
 eventually elevate oratory to the position of a science 
 as exact as that of mathemetics. It only remains for 
 speech to have its acknowledged signs like music, and 
 then orators will be recognized like vocalists in music, 
 by their capability of expression through those sym- 
 bols; for it is not to be inferred that even with a com- 
 plete system and notation, a man can be made auto- 
 matically its comprehensive master any more than of 
 music, painting or the plastic art, by the aid of their 
 principles alone. Precepts make the way easier, and 
 our efforts more determined. All men can sing by 
 method, but after all it is only the privileged few that 
 can sing well. When oratory, with its grammar, rhet- 
 oric, and elocution, has been fully developed in all its 
 purport and meaning, adding truth, taste, sensibility 
 and imagination, and other glorious attributes, the 
 world will witness models more nearly approaching 
 
 the PERFECT MAIT. 
 
 SoMETHiN-G ISToBBY. — Gum-elastic, or India-rubber, 
 is a wonderful thing. It stretches like a politician's 
 conscience, and comes back again with the same ease 
 and certainty that dead beats appear at lunch time. Its 
 resiliency is equal to the playful dalliance of a co- 
 quette. Thus adapting itself to every form of motion 
 and condition, there are few things which cannot be 
 made of it. Its latest application is a Pocket Gymna- 
 sium. The device is intended to furnish a means of 
 physical exercise for home practice, and it is far ahead 
 of the ordinary dumb-bells and other bulky contri- 
 .vances. Try it. See advertisement. — Dubuque Nexus. 
 
66 ASfNE HATHAWAY. 
 
 ANNE HATHAWAY. 
 
 EDMUND FALCOI^ER. 
 
 No beard on thy chin, but a fire in thine eye, 
 With lustiest manhood's in passion to vie, 
 A stripling in form, with a tongue that can make 
 The oldest folks listen, maids sweethearts forsake. 
 Hie over the fields at the first blush of May, 
 And give thy boy's heart unto Anne Hathaway. 
 
 She's a stout yeoman's daughter and prizes herself. 
 She'll marry an esquire or lie on the shelf; 
 'Tis just ten years gone, since in maidenhood's prime. 
 To a farmer she said, "Nay, I'll bide my own time." 
 Now, " But and alas ! " all the kind neighbors say, 
 *'She has married a stripling, has Anne Hathaway." 
 
 That day ten years past — it was then Autumn time. 
 
 And the shottery orchards were in their full prime ; 
 
 Young Willie came over from Stratford to see 
 
 If any windfalls in Anne's pocket might be : 
 
 "For a kiss or an apple now come you to-day ?" [way. 
 
 *' Why, for both," said the shrewd boy to Anne Hatha- 
 
 The farmer, he sat on the steps by the door, [more ? " 
 "I've kine, sheep, and homestead, what can you want 
 The little boy answer'd ne'er dreaming how true, 
 "When I am her sweetheart, she cannot want you." 
 Anne stoop'd down and kiss'd him, and said, in mere 
 
 play, 
 *' Yes, Willie's the sweetheart for Anne Hathaway." 
 
 The farmer laugh'd loud, " What a fine man he be ; 
 You may kiss the wee laddie and ne'er jealous me." 
 
ANNE HATHAWAY. G7 
 
 Willie blnsliing replied, " You're a fool it is plain, 
 Or you'd not want * No ' said more tlian once and 
 again." [day, 
 
 The farmer trudged off, and scarce bade them good- 
 And the boy ate sour apples with Anne Hathaway. 
 
 Then long years went over, and "Anne's hard to please,',' 
 Said yeomen at stacking, said shepherds on leas — 
 Till she went o'er to Welford, to see the May Queen, 
 And met there lithe Willie, just aged eighteen ; 
 Who slighting young lasses, was heard oft to say, 
 " That the Queen of all queens there was Anne Hatha^ 
 way. " 
 
 At sundown the shortest way home he could show, 
 O'er the ford and by field-paths (much longer we know) ; 
 But he talked all the way with such marvelous skill, 
 Anne doubted her eyes when they reach'd Bandon hill. 
 And at Shottery brook she'd no power to say " Nay," 
 When he said, "You're my sweetheart, proud Anne 
 Hathaway." 
 
 He came o'er the hills at the next even-song, 
 And Anne, half ashamed, stole to meet him along. 
 But the full-breasted passion of Shakespeare* s -love- 
 dream 
 Swept Ae?* will where it will'd, like a waif on a stream ; 
 '^ It was wooing and wedding at once," the folks say, 
 " For the green callant Willie with Anne Hathaway." 
 
 Soon Anne with a husband in years but a score. 
 
 Full bless'd with three children, thought sadly of more, 
 
 For tho' quick to jest or to fashion a rhyme, 
 
 Willie's earnings were not those of men in their prime; 
 
 And she sigh'd half assent when she heard the folks 
 
 say, 
 That more nice than wise had been Anne Hathaway. 
 
68 ANNE HATHAWAY. 
 
 Now, a matron demure, Anne a formal life led, 
 She got up betimes and went early to bed; 
 But Willie at sundown, when staid folks went home, 
 Hied up Welcomb Hill through the wildwoods to 
 
 roam ; 
 Or would sit by the fire till the fresh blush of day, 
 Writing sonnets, sheer nonsense, to Anne Hathaway. 
 
 A store of old songs Anne could speak off by rote, 
 And oft wanted Willie their wisdom to note. 
 And he listened at times, but provokingly smiled. 
 Like a sage brought to book by an overwise child, 
 Or strangely perverting, with new rhymes, each say. 
 Took the wind from the sails of poor Anne Hathaway. 
 
 [night 
 In the woods around Charlcote, the moon thought one 
 'Twas Endymion again singing hymns to her light ; 
 But the park-keepers knew it was Will, and one swore 
 That the buck some sly poacher had just tumbled o'er 
 Had been slain by his hand, and, for all Will could say. 
 He was stock'd as a scapegrace — sad Anne Hathaway! 
 
 Then Willie, who chafed under sense of deep wrong, 
 From Apollo's own bow sent a shaft in a song, 
 Which prick'd and so venom'd the knight Lucy's 
 breast, [opprest; 
 
 That his frowns and his threats all the Shakespeares 
 So Will for their sakes fled from Stratford away, 
 And left a grass-widow in Anne Hathaway. 
 
 To her father's home then Anne as housekeeper went, 
 And sad months and years half dependent there spent ; 
 For the old folks in hard times were testy, cross-grained, 
 And oft of her children as burdens complain'd; 
 And in their best tempers were still heard to say 
 " That a iniss was the marriage of Anne Hathaway/' 
 
ANNE HATHAWAY. 69 
 
 By the wagon from London a small packet came 
 **For y^ Mistress Anne, Hymen Shakespeare did 
 
 name." 
 In it were kind words and of high hopes a store, 
 But good moneys too, and a promise of more ; 
 Which was kept in due season, and made the folks say. 
 That '^ Some luives luere worse off than Anne Hath' 
 atmy." 
 
 [Next came down rich dresses, that made ]poor Anne 
 
 stare, 
 She was fearful to handle and much more to wear ; 
 When to church in the plainest she one Sunday went. 
 All eyes in astonishment on her were bent ; [say, 
 
 But Anne tossed her head, for she heard the folks 
 *' That a far-seeing loench had leenAnne Hathaway. ^^ 
 
 The newsmongers, now that the Scots' Queen was dead. 
 And the Spanish Armada thrashed, captured, or fled, 
 And laid up Avere Feobisher,* Hawkiks and Drake, 
 Of Shakespeare's new fortunes much marvel did 
 make ; [say. 
 
 And when the truth failed them would whisper and 
 That the Queen was thought jealous of Anne Hath- 
 away. 
 
 With faith in broad acres, full barns, flocks and herds, 
 Anne doubted much profit from rhymes and fine 
 She saw no work done to insure wealth of gold, [words. 
 In the distance its growth but a dream-life could hold, 
 From which waking up, her boy-husban done day. 
 Might come home broken-hearted to Anne Hatliaway. 
 
 One evening in Autumn deep sadness came o'er. 
 As her pitcher she filled in the well near the door, 
 
 * Professor J. E. Frobisiier is a lineal descendant. 
 
TO ANNE HATHWAY. 
 
 Eor an over-ripe apple slie found by the brim. 
 And she thought what a gift it had once been for him; 
 A drop specked its bloom, and it came spite of " Nay/' 
 From thy heart, not the cold well, proud Anne Hath- 
 away. 
 
 It was warm, and spread over the fruit the rich dye 
 Of a heart-mist exhaled by love's roseate sky; 
 Like gems on the pitcher the cold drop shone clear. 
 But the gem of all gems was that quick- wasting tear. 
 She put up the apple to kiss it next day ; 
 " I must call in the children," said Anne Hathaway. 
 
 She set down the pitcher, and lean'd o'er the gate, 
 To tell the young truants their supper did wait ; 
 Susannah was spelling for Judith a book. 
 And Hamet was paddling about in a brook ; [way. 
 And she saw near the bridge, just a stone's throw a- 
 One who seemed a great lord unto Anne Hathaway. 
 
 His doublet and trunks were of velvet, that shone 
 Like the mellow-green moss on an old coping-stone, 
 A plume of white feathers his felt-hat did grace. 
 And his collar and ruf9.es were broad Flanders lace ; 
 With his buff boots and spurs he looked gallant and gay, 
 Yet were tears in his eyes then, cold Anne Hathaway. 
 
 Susannah stopped reading, and bade Judith look, 
 For Hamet stood fast in the mud of the brook ; 
 With his eyes wonder-fixed, arid his mouth open wide. 
 Then the stranger advanced, and when close by Anne's 
 
 side, 
 Tho' his bearded lip quiver'd, did smilingly say, 
 " Will you give me an apple, dear Anne Hathaway ? " 
 
 Anne started, and trembled, and looked in his face, 
 Oh ! could it be Willie's, with majesty's grace ? 
 
HANS VOGEL. 71 
 
 Though it beamed youthful still — there the boy was 
 
 no more, 
 For the full front of power and command it now wore; 
 And she shrank back afraid, when she heard SUalce- 
 
 spear e say, [HathaAvay ? " 
 
 '^ Don't you know your own husband, dear Anne 
 
 "'Tis my father!" cried Susan, and sprang to his 
 
 breast — 
 From that moment ever beloved there the best — 
 But the others he called, and with hand and lip graced, 
 And tenderly then their coy mother embraced : 
 <' When I asked for an apple you never said ^ Nay,' 
 But a hiss was a great gift from Anne Hathaway." 
 
 He went o'er to Stratford the very next morn, [born ; 
 And bought the great house where the Clopton was 
 And rich lands round Welcomb he purchased right 
 
 out. 
 And a propertied gentleman was, past all doubt ; 
 And though the poor title his fame flouts to-day, 
 Still, she married an Esquire, did Anne Hathaway. 
 
 HANS VOGEL. 
 
 The fight is o'er, the day is done, 
 And through the clouds o'erhead 
 
 The fingers of the setting sun 
 Are pointing down blood-red; — 
 
 Beneath, on the white battle-field. 
 Lie strewn the rifts of dead. 
 
 No breath, no stir ; but everywhere 
 The cold frost crawleth slow, 
 
72 HANS VOGEL. 
 
 And Frank and Teuton side by side 
 
 Lie stiffening in the snow, — 
 "While piteonsly each marble face 
 
 Gleams in the ruby glow. 
 
 No sound ; but yonder midst the dead 
 There stands one steed snow-white, 
 
 And clinging to its chilly mane, 
 Half swooning, yet upright, 
 
 Its rider totters, breathing hard. 
 Bareheaded in the light I 
 
 Hans Vogel, spectacles on nose, 
 
 He gasps and gazes round — 
 He shivers as his eyes survey 
 
 That wintry battle-ground — 
 Then parched with thirst, and chill with cold. 
 
 He sinks without a sound. 
 
 Then swift as thought his wild eyes gleam 
 
 On something at his side — 
 He stirs — he glares — he sits erect— 
 
 He grips it, eager-eyed : 
 A flask it is some fiend or foe 
 
 Hath dropt there ere he died. 
 
 To God he mutters now a prayer. 
 
 Quaking in every limb ; 
 Trembling he holds ifc to the light — 
 
 'Tis full unto the brim! 
 A flask, a brimming flask of wine ! 
 
 And God hath sent it him ! 
 
 Hans Vogel's heart leaps up in joy : 
 " Dem Simmel sei Dank ! " he cries ; 
 
ha:ns yogel. 73 
 
 Theu^ pursing out his thirsty lips 
 
 Prepares to quaff his prize, — 
 When lo ! a sound — he starts — and meets 
 
 A pair of burning eyes ! 
 
 Propt on a bed of comrades dead. 
 
 His faint breath swiftly flying, 
 His breast torn open by a shell, 
 
 A Grenadier is lying : — 
 Grim as a wolf, with gleaming fangs, 
 
 The Frenchman glare th, dying ! 
 
 White are his locks, his features worn 
 
 With many a wild campaign, 
 He rocks his head from side to side 
 
 Like to a beast, in pain — 
 He groans athirst with open mouth, 
 
 Again and yet again. 
 
 Hans Vogel in the act to drink 
 
 And render God the praise. 
 Drops down his fever'd hand in doubt 
 
 And pauses in amaze, 
 For on that flask that Grenadier 
 
 Fixeth his filmy gaze ! 
 
 Hans Vogel smiles, ^' Here Uetli one 
 
 Whose need is more than mine ! " 
 Then crawling over to his foe, 
 
 '' Look, Frenclmian, here is wine ! 
 An(I hy the God that made us loth 
 
 Shall every dro^j he thine! " 
 
 Hast thou beheld a dying boar, 
 Struck bleeding to the ground, 
 4 
 
74 HANS VOGEL. 
 
 Spring with one last expiring throe 
 
 To rip the foremost hound ? 
 Terrible, fatal, pitiless. 
 
 It slays with one swift bound. 
 
 Ev'n so that grizzly wolf of war. 
 
 With eyes of hate and ire, 
 Stirs as he lies, and on the ground 
 
 Gropes with a fierce desire, — 
 Then lifts a mighty carbine up. 
 
 And lo ! one flash of fire! 
 
 A flash — a crash I Hans Yogel still 
 
 Is kneeling on his knee. 
 His heart is beating quick, his face 
 
 Is pale as man's can be : 
 The ball just grazed his bleeding brow, — 
 
 Potstausand I " murmureth he. 
 
 Hans frowns ,• and raising to his lips 
 
 The flask, begins to quaff; 
 Then, holds it to the fading light 
 
 With sly and cynic laugh. 
 Deep was his draught — sweet was the wine — 
 
 And he hath drunk the half ! 
 
 But now he glanceth once again 
 
 Where that grim Frenchman lies- 
 Gasping still waits the wolf of war. 
 
 Like to a beast that dies — 
 He groans athirst. with open mouth. 
 And slowly glazing eyes. 
 
 Hans Yogel smiles ; unto his foe 
 x^gain now totters he — 
 
THE LAST OP THE FAITHFUL. 75 
 
 So spent now is that wolf of war 
 
 He scarce can hear or see. 
 Hans Vogel holds his hand and takes 
 
 His head upon his knee ! 
 
 Then down the dying Frenchman's throat 
 
 He sends the liquor fine : 
 *' Half yet remains^ old boy,''' he cries, 
 
 "While pouring down the wine — 
 " Hadst thou not play\l me such a trick, 
 
 It would have all been thine! " 
 
 Hans Vogel speaketh in the tongue 
 
 Of liis good Fatherland. 
 The Frenchman hears an alien sound. 
 
 And cannot understand. 
 But he can taste the warm red wine. 
 
 And feel the kindly hand. 
 
 See ! looking in Hans Vogel's face 
 
 He stirs his grizzly head — 
 Up, smiling, goes the grim moustache 
 
 O'er cheeks as gray as lead : 
 With one last glimmer of the eyes. 
 
 He smiles — and he is dead. 
 
 THE LAST OF THE FAITHFUL. 
 
 Strikin^g figure was Don Jose's : saffron forehead, eyes 
 
 of jet, [ness set; 
 
 Dyed moustache, like raven's feather, lips in rigid firm- 
 
 Eound him clung a long blue mantle, wrapped in 
 
 many a curious fold, [hot and cold." 
 
 "Wears it always," Patrick hinted ; " outdoors, indoors, 
 
 So Don Jose sat before me in the dingy, dim cafe, 
 
 Loyal Spaniard, Creole Cuban, refugee (and spy, they 
 
 say !) 
 
76 THE LAST OF THE FAITHFUL. 
 
 Rapped his snuff-box on the table, fed his nostrils ner- 
 vously, [bowed to me ; 
 Swore "Oaramba! I am frozen !" looked around and 
 " Frosty weather, Don Felippe ! makes one yearn for 
 Cuban air ; [thee there ! 
 He chico, chico, Jos6, mio ! 'twere scarce wholesome for 
 que bella la Habana ! Faithful city ! Santa fe ! 
 What a bliss to walk thy plazas on this bright Decem- 
 ber day ! 
 
 " There's my home in that Habana ! Here Fm exile — 
 
 homesick, too — [bans do ? 
 
 Woe is me, good Don Felippe ; what can honest Cu- 
 
 Spies around you, drum-head justice, presto ! comes a 
 
 file of men — [and fire — and then ? " 
 
 March ! a priest — rat-tat — make ready — one, two, three 
 
 " Come to us, my friend Don Jose ; we'll instruct your 
 
 Latin race [ern grace. 
 
 How to inweave Saxon firmness with your innate south- 
 
 " Come to us, sir ; we'll annex you ! "Rapped Don Jose 
 
 on his box, [unorthodox ; 
 
 Fiercely fed with snuff his nostrils, spluttering words 
 
 " Ha ! annex ! El diablazo ! We'll annex your Yankee 
 
 realm ! [from the helm : 
 
 Yankee greed stirs up the storm that drives our pilots 
 
 Keep your talk of annexation for the men who like 
 
 that style — [f ul Isle. 
 
 Patriots they! /am a Spaniard! Cuba bides the Faith- 
 
 ''Don Felippe, you behold me — old, an exile, gray, for- 
 lorn, [was born I 
 
 Whom the vile garrote waits for — dared I go where I 
 
 Don Felippe! Spain's injustice does not shake my loy- 
 alty — [we're free ! 
 
 We whose blue blood flows so proudly, we are loyal as 
 
THE LAST OF THE FAITHFUL. 77 
 
 I may never see Habana, where my home is, and my 
 
 joy, [Pablo ! such a boy ! 
 
 "Where my house, and wife, and child are — ah, my 
 
 "My own son ! Querido niio ! eye of dove and hearfc of 
 flame ! [trampled name — 
 
 When I'm dead he'll win me honor — he'll restore my 
 Hombre paton I where's my paper ? Don Felippe, 
 when I die, [not buy ! " 
 
 Pablo lives, a Spanish subject, whom the 'patriots ' can- 
 " Dreadful news this morning, Seiior," said glib Pat- 
 rick, as he gave [grave. " 
 Don Jose his folded paper, " Sendin' school boys to the 
 
 " Maldicion ! cease thy gabble ! " Swift Don Jose 
 scanned the page — [age ! 
 
 "Children! cruel! Don Felippe, 'tis a scandal to our 
 Ha ! what's this ? Maria mia ! " and he tore the sheet 
 apart — [my heart!" 
 
 " Jesu ! Pablo ! Fusillado ! murdered ? butchered ? — ah, 
 "Water ! fan him ! he has fainted ! " " Seilors, par- 
 don me, I pray, [I must say. 
 I am something old — ^too feeble for such heart-breaks, 
 
 " Old and feeble — old and childless ! Senors, thank 
 
 you, now I'm strong ! [my wrong : 
 
 Step this way, good Don Felippe. Ah ! I see you feel 
 When the time comes when your nation — come it will 
 and come it must — [through the dust — 
 
 Crushes Spanish might in Cuba, drags her banner 
 When that time arrives of vengeance, of dishonor to 
 proud Spain, [she has slain — 
 
 For the blood shed on her threshold, for the children 
 
 "Call on me then, Don Felippe! Send your leaders 
 
 straight to me ! [many a key ; 
 
 I know Cuba's strength and weakness, I can give them 
 
78 THE PIEST CENTENNIAL ADDEESS. 
 
 I know where her forts are crumbling, know each inlet 
 and lagoon, [less at high noon : 
 
 And can thread the mountain pathways that are sun- 
 Tell them of me, Don Felippe ! Tell them not Fm old 
 and gray ! [loosed to-day ! 
 
 Ah ! the Spanish panther recks not of the bloodhound 
 
 " Ah ! querido Pablo mio ! can then vengeance mend 
 
 thy loss, [common fosse ? 
 
 Shot and tumbled without honor, in the hangman's 
 Aye, my Pablo, brown-eyed martyr ! Let the priests 
 
 their masses say, — [priate way ! 
 
 I'll commemorate thee too, querido, in my own appro- 
 Spanish tears shall wash the wounds that ruthless 
 
 Spanish bullets gave : 
 Spanish blood shall write inscriptions for my little 
 
 Pablo's grave ! " 
 
 CENTENNIAL ADDEESS. 
 
 BEKJAMIK H. BKEWSTER. 
 
 How much has been given to us and how much we 
 now enjoy, and how much will be expected of us — and 
 we know the peril of such great trusts ! Behind us lie 
 the early years of oppression, trial and sorrow ; the 
 after years of success and public triumph; and before 
 us lie the crowning years of duty, duty to be performed 
 with religious fidelity for the sake of ourselves and our 
 children and for the sake of the future of the human 
 race. 
 
 Let us pause and look at the past ; meditate upon 
 its wholesome lessons. Let us pause and gaze on the 
 future now approaching us with measured tread. We 
 have now come to years of national manhood, and 
 
THE BOYS IN BLUE. 79 
 
 with its honors will come its cares and calamities. 
 May we be able to use them all, and accept them all as 
 our fathers accepted their mission, with its glories and 
 its adversities. 
 
 Our example has subverted the tyrannies that once 
 cursed men and roused them to a sense of a more per- 
 fect manhood. This is our mission, and thus far have 
 we well performed it. Let us silence the noise of all 
 discord at home. Let us unite in future as our fathers 
 were united in their days of trial. Let us acknowledge 
 and maintain — as they did — our nationality for the 
 sake of our common liberties, and then we will be an 
 example for others to imitate and honor. 
 
 Here we are happy in our common prosperity; 
 happy in our past history ; happy in our hopes of the 
 future, and happy in a common confidence in Divine 
 protection. May another hundred years see freemen 
 of our united nation like ourselves thus gathered to- 
 gether, in a like spirit, to tell all men that their mission, 
 as ours, is " Peace on Earth and Good Will to Men." 
 
 THE BOYS IN BLUE. 
 
 BY ELLA DIETZ. 
 
 That day the Sixtieth came back — 
 We scarce believed the news was true — 
 
 We had a ball and danced all night, 
 To welcome home the boys in blue. 
 
 To dance with men who had faced death— 
 
 I almost felt a soldier too. 
 And never feared the rebel swords 
 
 While dancing with those boys in blue. 
 
80 THE EEL KING. 
 
 They laughed at dangers past and gone. 
 And seemed to long for dangers new ; 
 
 Were half chagrined at their parole — 
 So brave they were, the boys in blue. 
 
 And many a day we rode and raced ; 
 
 Our voices rang the old woods through; 
 'Twas only loyal to be gay 
 
 And cheer their hearts — the boys in blue. 
 
 When once beneath the leafy shade. 
 Mid twilight's dark and falling dew. 
 
 One sought my heart — I gave it then — 
 Could I gainsay a boy in blue ? 
 
 There came a day they rode away. 
 
 We stood and watched their last adieux, 
 Then turned with heavy hearts and prayed 
 
 " God keep them safe ! the boys in blue." 
 
 But some must fall when battles come — 
 Wounded were many of those we knew. 
 
 I read the lists — among the dead 
 I saw one name — my boy in blue. 
 
 " Shot through the heart ! ^^ — the heart I gave- 
 But to the last I'll keep his true, 
 
 For mine is in the grave with him, 
 And there shall rest my boy in blue. 
 
 THE ERL KING. 
 
 BY MRS. C. P. ELLETT. (PROM GOETHE.) 
 
 By night through the forest who rideth so fast, 
 While the chill sleet is driving, and fierce roars the 
 blast? [storm, 
 
 'Tis the father, who beareth his child through the 
 And safe in his mantle hath wrapped him from harm. 
 
THE ERL KING. 81 
 
 " My SOU — why hidest thy face as in fear ? " 
 ^* father — see — father ! the Erlking is near ! 
 The Erlking it is, with his crown and his shroud ! " 
 "My boy — it is nought but a wreath of the cloud!" 
 
 "0 pretty child ! come — and away with me! 
 With many gay sports will I frolic with thee, 
 There are many-hued flowers on our fairy strand ; 
 My mother will weave thee robes golden and grand ! " 
 
 *' Father, my father! and dost thou not hear. 
 What the Erlking is whispering low in mine ear ? " 
 "Be quiet, my darling! thy hearing deceives; 
 ^Tis but the wind whistling among the crisp leaves." 
 
 ^'0 beautiful boy! wilt thou come with me? say! 
 My daughters are waiting to join thee at play ; 
 In their arms they shall bear thee through all the dark 
 night, [light!" 
 
 They shall dance, they shall sing thee to slumber so 
 
 *' My father ! dear father, and dost thou not see 
 Where the Erlking's daughters are waiting for me ? " 
 "My boy — 'tis no phantom ! I see it now plain ; 
 'Tis but the gray willow that waves in the rain." 
 
 "Thy sweet face hath charmed me; I love thee, my 
 
 And com'st thou not freely — I'll seize thee, hxiv boy ! " 
 *' O father — my father ! his touch is so cold ! 
 He grasps me — I cannot escape from his hold ! '* 
 
 Sore trembles the father ; he spurs tli rough the wild. 
 And folds yet more closely his terrified child ; 
 He reaches his own gate in darkness and dread, . 
 Alas ! — in his arms lay the fair child — dead I 
 4* 
 
82 SHE WOULD BE A MASON. 
 
 SHE WOULD BE A MASON. 
 
 The funniest story I ever heard, 
 The funniest thing that ever occurred. 
 Is the story of Mrs. Mehitable Byrde, 
 Who wanted to be a Mason. 
 
 Her husband, Tom Byrde, is a Mason true, 
 As good a Mason as any of you ; 
 He is tyler of lodge Cerulean Blue, 
 And tyles and delivers the summons due, 
 And she wanted to be a Mason too — 
 This ridiculous Mrs. Byrde. 
 
 She followed him round, this inquisitive wife, 
 And nabbed and teased him half out of his life ; 
 So to terminate this unhallowed strife. 
 
 He consented at last to admit her. 
 And first, to disguise her from bonnet to shoon, 
 The ridiculous lady agreed to put on 
 His breech — ah ! forgive me — I meant pantaloon 
 
 And miraculously did they fit her. 
 
 The Lodge was at work on the Master's Degree ; 
 The light was ablaze on the letter G ; 
 High soared the pillars J. and B. ; 
 The officers sat like Solomon, wise; 
 The brimstone burned amid horrid cries; 
 The goat roamed wildly through the room ; 
 The candidate begged 'em to let him go home ; 
 And the devil himself stood up in the east, 
 As proud as an alderman at a feast ; — 
 When in came Mrs. Byrde. 
 
 Oh, horrible sounds ! oh, horrible sight ! 
 Can it be that Masons take delight 
 
SHB WOULD BE A MASON. 83 
 
 In spending thus the hours of night ? 
 Ah ! coald their wives and daughters know 
 The unuttei-able things they say and do. 
 Their feminine hearts would burst with woe ; 
 
 But this is not all my story, 
 For those Masons Joined in a hideous ring. 
 The candidate howling like everything, 
 And thus in tones of death they sing : 
 
 (The candidate's name was Morey;) 
 *' Blood to drink and bones to crack, 
 Skulls to smash and lives to take, 
 Hearts to crush and souls to burn — 
 Give old Morey another turn, 
 
 And make him all grim and gory." 
 
 Trembling with horror stood Mrs. Byrde, 
 Unable to speak a single word ; 
 Siie staggered and fell in the nearest chair, 
 On the left of the Junior Warden there. 
 And scarcely noticed, so loud the groans, 
 That the chair was made of human bones. 
 
 Of human bones ! on grinning skulls 
 That ghastly throne of horror rolls, — 
 Those skulls, the skulls that Morgan bore ! 
 Those bones, the bones that Morgan wore! 
 His scalp across the top was flung, 
 His teeth around the arms were strung, — 
 Never in all romance was known 
 Such uses made of human bone. 
 
 The brimstone gleamed in lurid flame, 
 Just like a place we will not name ; 
 Good angels, that inquiring came 
 From blissful courts, looked on with shame 
 And tearful melancholy. 
 
84 TEUE AMERICANISM. 
 
 Again they dance, but twice as bad, 
 They jump and sing like demons mad; 
 
 The tune is Hunky Dorey — 
 " Blood to drink/' etc., etc. 
 
 Then came a pause — a pair of paws 
 Keached through the floor, up- sliding doors, 
 And grabbed the unhappy candidate! 
 How can I without tears relate 
 The lost and ruined Morey's fate ? 
 She saw him sink in a fiery hole, 
 She heard him scream, " My soul ! my soul I" 
 "While roars of fiendish laughter roll. 
 
 And drown the yells of mercy ! 
 *' Blood to drink," etc., etc. 
 
 The ridiculous woman could stand no more — 
 
 She fainted and fell on the checkered floor, 
 
 'Midst all the diabolical roar. 
 
 What then, you ask me, did befall 
 
 Mehitable Byrde ? Why, nothing at all — ■■ 
 
 She had dreamed she'd been in the Masons' hall. 
 
 TRUE america:n^ism. 
 
 GAEL SCHUHZ. 
 
 The youthful elements which constitute the people 
 of the new world, cannot submit to rules which are 
 not of their own making. They must throw off the 
 fetters which bind them to an old decrepit order of 
 things. They resolve to enter the great family of na- 
 tions as an independent member, and, in the colony 
 of free humanity, whose mother country is the world, 
 they establish the republic of equal rights, where the 
 title of manhood is the title to citizenship. My friends, 
 
TRUE AMEKICANISM. 85 
 
 if I had a thousand tongues, and a voice strong as tlie 
 thunder of heaven, they would not be sufficient to im- 
 press upon your minds, forcibly enough, the greatness 
 of this idea, the overshadowing glory of this result. 
 
 This was the dream of the truest friends of man 
 from the beginning ; for this the noblest blood of mar- 
 tyrs has been shed, for this has mankind waded through 
 seas of blood and tears. There it ie now, there it 
 stands, the noble fabric in all the splendor of reality. 
 
 They speak of the greatness of the Eoman republic. 
 Oh! sir; if I could call the proudest of Eomans from 
 his grave, I would take him by the hand, and say to 
 him: " ^Look at this picture, and at this.' The great- 
 ness of thy Roman republic consisted in its despotic 
 rule over the world ; the greatness of the American 
 republic consists in the secured right of man to gov- 
 ern himself." His democracy, instead of elevating 
 mankind to its own level, trampled the rights of man 
 into the dust. The security of the Roman republic, 
 therefore, consisted in the power of the sword. The 
 security of the American republic rests in the equal- 
 ity of human rights ! The Roman republic perished 
 by the sword ; the American republic will stand as 
 long as the equality of human rights remains invio- 
 late. Which of the two republics is the greater, the 
 republic of the Roman, or the republic of man ? 
 
 Sir, I wish the words of the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence, " that all men are created free and equal, and 
 are endowed with certain unalienable rights " were in- 
 scribed upon every gate-post within the limits of this 
 republic. From this principle the Revolutionary 
 Fathers derived their claim to independence; upon 
 this they founded the institutions of this country, and 
 the whole structure was to be the living incarnation 
 of this idea. 
 
86 NAE KIS^EE BAIRN. 
 
 This principle contains the programme of our polit- 
 ical existence. It is the most progressive and at the 
 same time the most conservative. The most progress- 
 ive for it takes even the lowliest members of the hu- 
 man family out of their degradation, and inspires them 
 with the elevating consciousness of equal human dig- 
 nity. The most conservative, for it makes a common 
 cause of individual rights. From equality of rights 
 springs identity of our highest interests. You cannot 
 subvert your neighbor's rights without striking a dan- 
 gerous blow at your own ; and where the rights can- 
 not be infringed, without finding ready defense in all 
 others who defend their own rights in defending his, 
 then, and only then, are the rights of all safe against 
 the usurpation of governmental authority. This gen- 
 eral identity of interests is the only thing that can 
 guarantee stability of democratic institutions. Equal- 
 ity of rights embodied in general self-government, is 
 the great moral element of true democracy ; it is the 
 only reliable safety-valve in the whole machinery of 
 modern society. There is the solid foundation of our 
 system of government ; there is our missive ; there 
 is our greatness; there is our safety; there, and no- 
 where else. This is true Americanism, and to this I 
 pay the tribute of my devotion. 
 
 ISTAE KKEE BAIRN. 
 
 Oh, hae ye, then, nae knee bairn 
 "Wi' dumpy, dimplit ban's, 
 
 Wi' fit accoutred in sma' boots, 
 An' fitfa' like a man's ? 
 
 An' fitfa' thund'rin roun' 
 As tho' your ain knee bairn 
 
 Had weighed a hunder poun'. 
 
NAE KNEE BAIRN. 87 
 
 Oh, hae ye, then, nae knee bairn, 
 
 Soon as ye lift the hitch. 
 Soon as ye touch the stair or floor, 
 
 Your comin' step to catch ! 
 To catch, an' to ca' out. 
 
 Your toddlin', wee knee bairn, 
 Wi' many a peal an' shout. 
 
 Oh, hae ye, then, nae knee bairn. 
 
 To clembit for a kiss, 
 To pu' your beard, an' tweak your nose ? 
 
 Fu' half of life's in this ! 
 Fu' half o' life and more 
 
 To hae your ain knee bairn 
 A strumpin' roun' the floor. 
 
 Oh, hae ye, then, nae knee bairn, 
 
 To hand ye by the ear. 
 An' whisper, wi' his pouty lips. 
 
 What nane but you maun hear ? 
 But you ! some secret wise, 
 
 The which your ain knee bairn 
 Imparts wi' starin' eyes. 
 
 Oh, hae ye, then, nae knee bairn, 
 
 To snuggle his roun' head 
 Down in your lap, curl up his lim's, 
 
 An' nestle off to bed ? 
 An' nestle off as though 
 
 Your ain worn-out knee bairn 
 Had naewhere else to go. 
 
 Oh, hae ye, then, nae knee bairn ? 
 
 "Weal, ye can never ken 
 What 'tis to hae him ta'en awa' 
 
 Nor hear him roun' agen ; 
 
88 KATIONAL PECULIAEITIES. 
 
 Nor hear him roun, but gaun 
 
 Frae sight an' sense, your knee bairn, 
 Ye had sae doated on ! 
 
 What 'tis to hae a knee bairn 
 That's dim' out o' your sight ; 
 
 Far up alang the angel steps, 
 Aboon the stars o' night ; 
 
 Aboon your search or ca', 
 What 'tis to hae a knee bairn 
 
 Ye can na ken at a' ! 
 
 NATIONAL PECULIAKITIES. 
 
 BY DAVID LEGARE. 
 
 Every nation has its peculiarities, and what seems 
 a solemn custom to one has only a tendency to excite 
 the risibilities of another. The Chinaman, doubtless, 
 thinks us a very peculiar people and slaves to some 
 very foolish customs, and if we have bestowed on him 
 the title of *• Heathen,'' there is no reason to believe 
 that he has not applied an epithet as flattering to our- 
 selves. He, like us, is a slave to the customs of his 
 fathers, and if we think not as he thinks, and have 
 not his peculiar visage, let us not be vain of the dis- 
 tinction. The difference between us is more imagi- 
 nary than real. Like us, he has his tastes and his 
 prejudices, and though there is no accounting for the 
 former, let us not suppose that he has not good sub- 
 stantial reasons to offer for the latter. 
 
 His history is your history, and like you, perchance, 
 he is often puzzled at his own existence, and though 
 he has no philosopher like Darwin to trace his lineage 
 
NATIONAL PECULIARITIES. 89 
 
 to a baboon, deem not that he has not a pedigree 
 equally illustrious. You Americans are a very strange 
 people, according to a Chinaman's way of thinking, 
 and it is said that when he tirst arrived in this coun- 
 try he spent the greater part of his time in laughing 
 at you, and when he saw two of your women kiss each 
 other he almost expired. They don't do that in his 
 country, unless they love each other, and then they do 
 it sparingly. 
 
 Your women, however, are so different from his that 
 he can't understand them. They are such delicate 
 creatures, so timid, and have such big feet that he is 
 almost afraid to approach them. 'No later than yes- 
 terday, he presented one of your ladies with one of the 
 greatest delicacies of China, a nicely roasted rat, and 
 when she had eaten it, he eloquently discoursed on its 
 tender qualities, when lo ! she went into convulsions. 
 
 " Such," exclaimed the heathen, with contempt, 
 " are thy women ! " 
 
 Other nations, if consulted, would doubtless give no 
 better opinion of you. You are wise in your own con- 
 ceit, and mean enough. Heaven knows ! in spite of 
 your free schools and republican institutions. In war, 
 it is true, you have made some progress ; you can kill 
 more people scientifically than you could formerly, 
 and in this way you, in a measure, have made war less 
 barbarous, and it must be very consoling for soldiers 
 to know that when killed hereafter in battle it will be 
 in accordance with the most approved rules of science. 
 
 In truth, the cannon is a great civilizer. It was 
 used in India with considerable effect, and we can 
 now determine with the certainty of exact science, 
 when a thousand beings are blown from the cannon's 
 mouth, how many will remain forever after quiet ? 
 
 In your own country " Lo ! the poor Indian," has 
 
90 NATIONAL PE0ULIAEITIES. 
 
 enjoyed ihe advantages of your civilized influence— he 
 sleeps with his fathers. 
 
 Without doubt you have aided him in the passage 
 to his happy hunting grounds, where perchance he now 
 hunts, unmolested, the phantom buffalo and deer, 
 while you in ecstasy pursue the balance of his phan- 
 tom race. 
 
 This is one of your national peculiarities. All he 
 wanted was *' to be let alone." 
 
 Nature placed him among the trees of the forest, 
 and he grew up as free as the eagle, and as straight as 
 the pine, and it is not for me nor for you to say that he 
 was not contented and happy. 
 
 True, lie lacked some things. He had no dentists, 
 and yet his teeth were good. No rules of diet, and yet 
 he digested his food. 
 
 No patent medicines, and yet he lived. 
 
 Medicine-men he had, and, if they seldom cured, it 
 can be said to their credit that they rarely killed. 
 
 He had no law books, no lawyers. 
 
 The former he could not have comprehended — the 
 latter he never would have tolerated. 
 
 Difficulties he settled with the scalping-knife ; and 
 what did he care about witnesses ? The air that he 
 breathed was pure, and his Croton did not belong to 
 the corporation. 
 
 His wife held her tongue ; and his children went to 
 sleep in the open air without catching a cold in the 
 head, or the measels. 
 
 He went out and came home when he pleased ; and 
 his wife never asked him impudent questions. In this 
 respect he was " master of. the situation." He carried 
 a scalping-knife. She was quiet without having the 
 blues, and though not very fashionable, yet she 
 painted. 
 
NATIONAL PECULIAKITIES. 91 
 
 She had but little clothes, and no bonnets, and yet, 
 strange to relate, she seemed perfectly happy. She 
 took her husband for better or for worse, and in this 
 respect she was civilized — she generally found him 
 worse. 
 
 She got up in the morning and made the fire without 
 grumbling, and though no advocate of woman's rights 
 yet she enjoyed them — she did most of the work. 
 
 She moved too, sometimes, and when moving-day 
 came she carried her house and cooking utensils on her 
 back. You would not call that light house-work, 
 would you? 
 
 She did. 
 
 She did'nt move very often, though — not over fifty 
 or sixty times in a year. 
 
 She went first, and the husband followed after, with 
 a scalping-knife in one hand and a tomahawk in the 
 other. 
 
 It is singular how quiet the wife was under such cir- 
 cumstances. Husbands ! carry a scalping-knife and a 
 tomahawk. 
 
 There is something peculiarly sad in the contempla- 
 tion of these people, and when we remember that 
 they existed even here, it seems more melancholy still. 
 
 But their dusky forms are seen no more. Death has 
 sounded their knell, and civilization crows lustily over 
 them. 
 
 In this very spot, perchance, some youthful savage 
 may have been educated. Not under the walls of an 
 institute, but under the walls of heaven. 
 
 He never studied arithmetic, and grammar never 
 puzzled his brains. Never for punishment did his 
 master seat him among the girls. He never could 
 have lived under the infliction; it would have lacerated 
 his soul. 
 
9^ EOQ. 
 
 Doubtless he courted, but he never gained his lady's 
 heart by filling her mouth — he had no confectionery. 
 But he woos no more ; he and maiden alike have dis- 
 appeared. 
 
 His hunting grounds have been turned into cities, 
 and his wigwams have been succeeded by the dwell- 
 ings of the pale folk. 
 
 The green grass and glorious trees have gone also 
 with him, and methinks I now see Civilization, as she 
 watches his receding form, lift up her foot and exclaim, 
 "Get!" 
 
 EOQ. 
 
 CAVIARE. 
 
 High up in the quarter Eecouville, 
 
 In a chamber that looks to the north, 
 I sit by the stove in the twilight. 
 
 The loneliest soldier on earth. 
 Little's left but a few tattered volumes. 
 
 The shreds of my blue-collared cloak. 
 And a stuffed dog that sits on the sofa — 
 
 That dog was my poor gallant Eoq. 
 
 I was then a poor hack of a student, 
 
 AVith scarcely a sou of my own, 
 But, somehow, fate always provided 
 
 For me and the youngster a bone. 
 All day, whilst I read by the window, 
 
 He'd sit, on a stool by my side. 
 Like a bearded philosopher, eyeing 
 
 The groups in the faubourg outside. 
 
 Sagacious, accomplished, and ready. 
 He'd balance a quill on his nose, 
 
ROQ. 93 
 
 Fetch a loaf from Desmartiii's, the baker, . . 
 
 Or pluck, without spoiling, a rose. 
 He was even the Cupid that carried 
 
 My billets to Genevieve Loque ; 
 Oh, was there a dog in the empire 
 
 A match for my versatile Koq ? 
 
 Well, the star of Kapoleon was waning. 
 
 For the eagles were weary of flight, 
 And their red wings were scorched up at Moscow, 
 
 In the blaze of its funeral night. 
 Drum and tabor were rattled at Paris, [broke ! " 
 
 *' Give me men," exclaimed France, "or I'm 
 So we rushed to her standard to save her — 
 
 Myself and my jubilant Koq. 
 
 Ah, well I remember the evening, 
 
 We tAVo fellows went to take leave 
 Of a friend in the square of St. Simon — 
 
 Our darling grisette, Genevieve. 
 She patted his head, as we parted. 
 
 And he looked till his eye almost spoke, 
 And he stuffed his black nose in her fingers, 
 
 The cute, sly, affectionate Koq. 
 
 Sharp, sharp, rang the bugles through Paris, 
 
 "For Belgium, aliens !" was the cry: 
 Up, up went the blood-plumed eagles 
 
 To flutter an hour in the sky — 
 Up, up went the dog of my bosom. 
 
 On his broad back I buckled my cloak ; 
 As he tramped at the head of our legions. 
 
 The proudest amongst them was Koq. 
 
 Ah, curse on the day when the Empire 
 Was laid in red Waterloo's dust! 
 
94 EOQ. 
 
 Ah, curse on the mad deeds in Russia — 
 
 A curse on ambition and lust I 
 For I swear, if our swords kept from hacking 
 
 The glorious Eepublican oak. 
 Beside me, to-night, sound and living. 
 
 Would sit my affectionate Roq. 
 
 From morning till evening our legions, 
 
 Horsemen, and footmen, and guns, 
 Were dashed on the squares of the British, 
 
 And smashed their array more than once ; 
 For our lancers leapt over their bayonets. 
 
 From the deep gulfs of lightning and smoke, 
 And chief in the midst of the charges 
 
 Was my most invincible Roq. 
 
 Ere nightfall, our banners were blasted. 
 
 And dragged to the ground by defeat ; 
 To the roar of the battle, back thundered 
 
 The echoes of fugitive feet. 
 "Let the guards take the heights ! " cried Napoleon, 
 
 Alas ! 'twas his last master-stroke ; 
 Bat I carried his words to the marshals — 
 
 Myself and my valorous Roq. 
 
 Like a dark cloud blown landward from Biscay, 
 
 Up the stiff slope the mighty host strode ; 
 On plumage, on helmet, and cuirass. 
 
 The rays of the setting sun glowed. 
 The bill-top was gained, when a hell-fire 
 
 From the ranks of the enemy broke. 
 My right leg was smashed, and a bullet 
 
 Was lodged in the heart of poor Roq. 
 
 He died, as he lived, like a soldier — 
 His blooded mouth glued to my face ; 
 
NEW YOKK SCHOOL JOURNAL. 95 
 
 He died, as he lived, in his duty, 
 
 The glory — the star of his race. 
 I bore him that night from the battle, 
 
 Wrapped stiff in the folds of this cloak ; 
 O Genevieve ! would that thy promise 
 
 Were true as the faith of poor Roq! 
 
 A Pocket Gymitasium. — The profits from patents, 
 on small inventions are practically illustrated by the 
 recent introduction of an elastic tube, about tAvo feet 
 long, fitted with a plug of wood at either end, and a 
 cord running loosely through the tube, fastened at 
 each end by a knot to the plug. The object of this 
 invention is to furnish a portable exercising device, 
 •which is inexpensive, and is designed as a substitute 
 for the more complex and costly health-lift apparatus. 
 A patent was secured through this office for the inven- 
 tion, and we are informed that the demand for the de- 
 vice has become so great that the manufacturer finds 
 it difficult to meet it, thus confirming wliat we have 
 repeatedly stated, that there is always a ready sale for 
 small patented inventions. The article referred to is 
 for persons of sedentary habits, or ladies and children 
 needing physical exercise. — Scientific American. 
 
 New York School Journ-al. — Why cannot all 
 our boards of education test the qualities of this sim- 
 ple, inexpensive means of preserving the health of our 
 children, and place it in our schools? The people 
 ought certainly to hail with delight so easy a method 
 of improving the physical condition of the rising gen- 
 eration. It is designed to take the place of Indian 
 clubs, dumb bells, wands, rings, and similar apparatus, 
 and yet is so small of compass as not to occupy a 
 larger space in the pocket than a handkerchief or a 
 pair of gloves. It is graded in seven sizes, to be used 
 either by the feeblest child or the strongest athlete, in 
 so many innumberable movements tliat every muscle 
 in the body can be exercised to its fullest extent. The 
 inventors have (certainly produced the all-in-all for the 
 purpose designed. 
 
A LADY'S INVENTION. 
 
 The Flexible Hair Curlers and Crimpers 
 
 "Will curl or wave any hair without the Tise of the hot curling irons or 
 injurious Chemical Compounds. The principle upon which they operate is 
 pressure, which all will readily admit is preferable to the old method of heat. 
 
 They are very simple, can be used by a child, are neat in appearance when 
 in use, and from their flexible construction will be found superior to any other 
 article for comfort. 
 
 By the use of these articles a more natural effect is produced than by heat. 
 Heat makes stiff, stubborn, imnatural forms, destroys the liquid, which is the 
 life of the hair, dimming its lustre and eventually producing a harsh, wiry 
 appearance. 
 
 THE FLEXIBLE HAIR CURLERS AND CRIMPERS form soft, careless, 
 graceful curls and waves, which are therefore more natural. These articles are 
 warranted to give perfect satisfaction, or the money refunded. Sent to any address 
 upon receipt of price. 
 
 .Z hox, containing 12—2 inches long, 
 1 •♦ *' 12—3 " " 
 
 • 50 cents. 
 ' - 75 '* 
 ' ' $1.00 
 
 In ordering, mention which you want — Cukleks or Crimpeks — as both are 
 made in three sizes, and both are sold at the same prices. Liberal terms to 
 Agents and Dealers. 
 
 Address— 
 
 GOODYBAE'S INDIA EUBBER CUELEE CO., 
 
 P.O. Box Bise. 697 Broad-way, New York. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 029 712 948 A 
 
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