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 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
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 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 
JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 
 
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 C^CJ^ c<^ 
 
JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE F. HOAR 
 
 ■xLJL 
 
 BOSTON *^ 
 HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 
 New York : 1 1 East Seventeenth Street 
 
 1882 
 

 CopjTight, 1882, 
 By HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO. 
 
 A// rights reserved. 
 
 TJie Riverside Press, Cambridge : 
 Stereotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton & Co. 
 
To 
 
 HER WHOSE LOVE, COURAGE, AND CONSTANCY 
 
 WILL FOREVER BE ASSOCIATED 
 
 IN THE AFFECTION AND PRIDE OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE 
 WITH 
 
 THE SUBJECT OF THIS EULOGY, 
 
 IT IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 
 BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
PUBLISHERS' NOTE. 
 
 On the thirtieth of December, 1881, at the 
 request of the City Government of Worcester, 
 Mass., Hon. George F. Hoar delivered a eu- 
 logy on President Garfield, which the Pub- 
 lishers thought should be preserved in perma- 
 nent form. They therefore asked and secured 
 Senator Hoar's consent to its publication ; and 
 they feel confident that it will be treasured in 
 many public and private libraries as one of the 
 noblest of the many noble tributes to President 
 Garfield, and one of the fittest memorials of 
 his remarkable career and character. 
 
 Boston, January, 1882. 
 
EULOGY. 
 
 Mr. Mayor, Gentlemen of the City Council, and 
 Fellow-Citizens : — 
 I SHOULD indulge myself in a strange de- 
 lusion if I hoped to say anything of Pres- 
 ident Garfield which is not already well 
 known to his countrymen, or to add further 
 honor to a name to which the judgment of 
 the world, with marvelous unanimity, has 
 already assigned its place. The public sor- 
 row and love have found utterance, if not 
 adequate, yet such as speech, and silence, 
 and funeral rite, and stately procession, 
 and prayers, and tears, could give. On the 
 twenty-sixth day of September, the day of 
 the funeral, a common feehng stirred man- 
 kind as never before in history. That 
 mysterious law, by which, in a great audi- 
 
10 The Life and Character of 
 
 ence, every emotion is multiplied in each 
 heart by sympathy with every other, laid 
 its spell on universal humanity. At the 
 touch v^hich makes the whole world kin, 
 all barriers of rank, or party, or state, or 
 nation, disappeared. His own Ohio, the 
 State of his birth and of his burial. New 
 England, from whose loins came the sturdy 
 race from which he descended, whose col- 
 lege gave him his education, can claim no 
 preeminence in sorrow. 
 
 From farthest south comes the voice of 
 mourning for the soldier of the Union. 
 Over fisherman's hut and frontiersman's 
 cabin is spread a gloom because the White 
 House is desolate. The son of the poor 
 widow is dead, and palace and castle are 
 in tears. As the humble Campbellite dis- 
 ciple is borne to his long home, the music 
 of the requiem fills cathedral arches and 
 the domes of ancient synagogues. On the 
 cofhn of the canal boy a queen lays her 
 wreath. As the bier is lifted, word comes 
 
y antes Abram Garfield. ii 
 
 beneath the sea that the nations of the 
 earth are rising and bowing their heads. 
 From many chmes, in many languages, 
 they join in the solemn service. This is 
 no blind and sudden emotion, gathering 
 and breaking like a wave. It is the mourn- 
 ing of mankind for a great character, al- 
 ready perfectly known and familiar. If 
 there be any persons who fear that re- 
 ligious faith is dying, that science has 
 shaken the hold of the moral law upon the 
 minds of men, let them take comfort in 
 asking themselves if any base or ignoble 
 passion could have so moved mankind. 
 Modern science has called into life these 
 mighty servants, Press and Telegraph, who 
 have created a nerve which joins together 
 all human hearts and pulses simultaneous- 
 ly over the globe. To what conqueror, to 
 what tyrant, to what selfish ambition, to 
 what mere intellectual greatness would it 
 not have refused response } The power in 
 the universe that makes for evil, and the 
 
12 The Life and Character of 
 
 power in the universe that makes for 
 righteousness, measure their forces. A 
 poor, weak fiend shoots off his little bolt, 
 a single human life is stricken down, and 
 a throb of divine love thrills a planet. 
 
 Every American State has its own story 
 of the brave and adventurous, spirits who 
 were its early settlers ; the men who build 
 commonwealths, the men of whom com- 
 monwealths are builded. The history of 
 the settlement of Massachusetts, of Cen- 
 tral New York, and of Ohio, is the history 
 of the Garfield race. They were, to bor- 
 row a felicitous phrase, " hungry for the 
 horizon." 1 They were natural frontiers- 
 men. Of the seven generations born in 
 America, including the President, not one 
 was born in other than a frontiersman's 
 dwelling. Two of them, father and son, 
 came over with Winthrop in 1630. Each 
 of the six generations who dwelt in Massa- 
 chusetts has left an honorable record, still 
 
 1 Senator Ingalls. 
 
jFames Abram Garfield. 13 
 
 preserved. Five in succession bore an 
 honorable military title. Some were fight- 
 ers in the Indian wars. " It is not in In- 
 dian wars," Fisher Ames well says, " that 
 heroes are celebrated, but it is there they 
 are formed." At the breaking out of the 
 Revolution the male representatives of the 
 family were two young brothers. One, 
 whose name descended to the President, 
 was in arms at Concord Bridge, at sunrise, 
 on the 19th of April. The other, the Pres- 
 ident's great-grandfather, dwelling thirty 
 miles off, was on his way to the scene of 
 action before noon. When the Constitu- 
 tion, rejected by Massachusetts in 1778, 
 was proposed, the same ancestor, with his 
 fellow-citizens of the little town of West- 
 minster, voted unanimously for the rejec- 
 tion, and put on record their reasons. " It 
 is our opinion that no constitution what- 
 ever ought to be established till previously 
 thereto a bill of rights be set forth, and 
 the constitution be framed therefrom, so 
 
14 The Life and Character of 
 
 that the lowest capacity may be able to 
 determine his natural rights, and judge 
 of the equitableness of the Constitution 
 thereby." 
 
 " And as to the Constitution itself, the 
 following appears to us exceptionable, viz., 
 the fifth article " (excepting negroes, mu- 
 lattoes and Indians from the right to vote), 
 " which deprives a portion of the human 
 race of their natural rights on account of 
 their color, which, in our opinion, no power 
 on earth has a just right to do. It there- 
 fore ought to be expunged the constitu- 
 tion." 
 
 No religious intolerance descended in 
 the Garfield race. But the creed of this 
 Westminster catechism they seem never 
 to have forgotten. 
 
 When the war was over, the same ances- 
 tor took his young family and penetrated 
 the forest again. He established his home 
 in Otsego County, in Central New York, 
 at the period and amid the scenes made 
 
yames Abram Garfield. 15 
 
 familiar by Cooper, in his delightful tale, 
 "The Pioneers." Again the generations 
 move westward, in the march of civiliza- 
 tion keeping ever in the van, until in 1831 
 James Garfield was born, in an humble 
 Ohio cabin, where he was left fatherless 
 in his infancy. In a new settlement the 
 wealth of the family is in the right arm of 
 the father. To say that the father, who 
 had himself been left an orphan when he 
 was an infant, left his son fatherless in 
 infancy, is to say that the family was re- 
 duced to extremest poverty. 
 
 I have not given this narrative as the 
 story of a mean or ignoble lineage. Such 
 men, whether of Puritan, or Huguenot, or 
 Cavalier stock, have ever been the strength 
 and the security of American States. From 
 such homes came Webster, and Clay, and 
 Lincoln, and Jackson. It is no race of 
 boors that has struck its axes into the for- 
 ests of this continent. These men knew 
 how to build themselves log-houses in the 
 
1 6 The Life and Character of 
 
 wilderness. They were more skillful still 
 to build constitutions and statutes. Slow, 
 cautious, conservative, sluggish, unready, 
 in ordinary life, their brains move quick 
 and sure as their rifles' flash when great 
 controversies that determine the fate of 
 States are to be decided, when great in- 
 terests that brook no delay are at stake, 
 and great battles that admit no indecision 
 are to be fought. The trained and disci- 
 plined soldiers of England could not antici- 
 pate these alert farmers. On the morning 
 of the Revolution they were up before the 
 sun. When Washington was to be de- 
 fended, in 1861, the scholar, or the lawyer, 
 or the man of the city, dropped his book, 
 left his court-house or his counting-room, 
 and found his company of yeomen waiting 
 for him. They are ever greatest in adver- 
 sity. I would not undervalue the material 
 of which other republics have been built. 
 The polished marbles of Greece and Italy 
 have their own grace. But art or nature 
 
James Abram Garfield. 17 
 
 contain no more exquisite beauty than the 
 color which this split and unhewn gran- 
 ite takes from the tempest it withstands. 
 There was never a race of men on earth 
 more capable of seeing clearly, of grasp- 
 ing, and of holding fast, the great truths 
 and great principles which are permanent, 
 sure, and safe for the government of the 
 conduct of life, alike in private and pub- 
 lic concerns. If there be, or ever shall 
 be, in this country, a demos^ fickle, light- 
 minded, easily moved, blind, prejudiced, 
 incapable of permanent adherence to what 
 is great or what is true, whether it come 
 from the effeminacy of wealth, or the skep- 
 ticism of a sickly and selfish culture, or 
 the poverty and ignorance of great cities, 
 it will find itself powerless in this iron 
 grasp. 
 
 Blending with the Saxon stock, young 
 Garfield inherited on the mother's side the 
 qualities of the Huguenots, those gentler 
 but not less brave or less constant Puritans, 
 
1 8 The Life and Character of 
 
 who, for conscience sake, left their beloved 
 and beautiful France, whose memory will 
 be kept green so long as Maine cherishes 
 Bowdoin College, or Massachusetts Faneuil 
 Hall, or New York the antique virtue of 
 John Jay, or South Carolina her revolu- 
 tionary history — who gave a lustre and 
 a beauty to every place and thing they 
 touched. 
 
 The child of such a race, left fatherless 
 in the wilderness, yet destined to such a 
 glory, was committed by Providence to 
 three great teachers, without either of 
 whom he would not have become fitted for 
 his distinguished career. These teachers 
 were a wise Christian mother, poverty, and 
 the venerable college president, who lived 
 to watch his pupil through the whole of 
 his varied life, to witness his inauguration 
 amid such high hopes, and to lament his 
 death. 
 
 To no nobler matron did ever Roman 
 hero trace his origin. Few of the tradi- 
 
 I 
 
y antes Abram Garfield. 19 
 
 tions of his Puritan ancestry could have 
 come down to the young orphan. It is 
 said there were two things with which his 
 mother was specially familiar, — the Bible, 
 and the rude ballads of the War of 18 12. 
 The child learned the Bible at his mother's 
 knee, and the love of country from his 
 cradle-hymns. 
 
 I cannot, within the limits assigned to 
 me, recount every circumstance of special 
 preparation which fitted the young giant 
 for the great and various parts he was to 
 play in the drama of our republican life. 
 It would be but to repeat a story whose 
 pathos and romance are all known by heart 
 to his countrymen : the childhood in the 
 cabin ; the struggle with want, almost with 
 famine ; the brother proudly bringing his 
 first dollar to buy shoes for the little bare 
 feet ; the labor in the forest ; the growth 
 of the strong frame and the massive brain ; 
 the reading of the first novel ; the boy's 
 longing for the sea ; the canal boat ; the 
 
20 The Life and Character of 
 
 carpenter's shop ; the first school ; the ea- 
 ger thirst for knowledge ; the learning that 
 an obstacle means only a thing to be over- 
 come ; the founding of the college at Hi- 
 ram ; the companionship in study of the 
 gifted lady whose eulogy he pronounced : 
 the Campbellite preaching ; the ever wise 
 guidance of the mother; the marriage to 
 the bright and beautiful schoolmate ; — we 
 know them better even than we know the 
 youth of Washington and of Webster. 
 
 General Garfield said in 1878 that he had 
 not long ago conversed with an English 
 gentleman, who told him that in twenty- 
 five years of careful study of the agricult- 
 ural class in England, he had never known 
 one who was born and reared in the ranks 
 of farm laborers that rose above his class 
 and became a well-to-do citizen. The story 
 of a childhood passed in poverty, of intel- 
 lect and moral nature trained in strenuous 
 contests with adversity, is not unfamiliar 
 to those who have read the lives of the 
 
James Abram Garfield. 21 
 
 men who have been successful in this coun- 
 try in any of the walks of life. It is one 
 of the most beneficent results of American 
 institutions that we have ceased to speak 
 of poverty and hardship, and the necessity 
 for hard and humble toil, as disadvantages 
 to a spirit endowed by nature with the ca- 
 pacity for generous ambitions. In a soci- 
 ety where labor is honorable, and where 
 every place in social or public life is open 
 to merit, early poverty is no more a disad- 
 vantage than a gymnasium to an athlete, 
 or drill and discipline to a soldier. 
 
 General Garfield was never ashamed of 
 his origin. He 
 
 " did not change, but kept in lofty place 
 
 The wisdom which adversity had bred." 
 
 The humblest friend of his boyhood was 
 ever welcome to him when he sat in the 
 highest seats, where Honor was sitting by 
 his side. The poorest laborer was ever 
 sure of the sympathy of one who had 
 known all the bitterness of want and the 
 
22 The Life ajid Character of 
 
 sweetness of bread earned by the sweat of 
 the brow. He was ever the simple, plain, 
 modest gentleman. When he met a com- 
 mon soldier it was not the general or the 
 military hero that met him, but the com- 
 rade. When he met a scholar it was not 
 the learned man, or the college president, 
 but the learner. 
 
 It was fitting that he who found open 
 the road through every gradation of public 
 honor, from the log-cabin to the Presidency, 
 simply at the price of deserving it, should 
 have answered in the same speech the soph 
 istries of communism and the sinister fore- 
 bodings of Lord Macaulay. " Here," he 
 said, "society is not fixed in horizontal lay- 
 ers, like the crust of the earth, but, as a 
 great New England man said, years ago, it 
 is rather like the ocean, broad, deep, grand, 
 open, and so free in all its parts that every 
 drop that mingles with the yellow sand at 
 the bottom may rise through all the waters, 
 till it gleams in the sunshine on the crest 
 
yames Abram Garfield. 23 
 
 of the highest wave. So it is here in our 
 free society, permeated with the light of 
 American freedom. There is no Ameri- 
 can boy, however poor, however humble, 
 orphan though he may be, that, if he have 
 a clear head, a true heart, a strong arm, he 
 may not rise through all the grades of soci- 
 ety, and become the crown, the glory, the 
 pillar of the State. Here there is no need 
 for the old world war between capital and 
 labor. Here is no need of the explosion 
 of social order predicted by Macaulay." 
 
 When seeking a place of education in 
 the East, young Garfield wrote to several 
 New England colleges. The youth's heart 
 was touched and his choice decided by 
 the tone of welcome in the reply of Dr. 
 Hopkins, the president of Williams. It 
 was fortunate that his vigorous youth 
 found itself under the influence of a very 
 great but very simple and sincere charac- 
 ter. The secret of Dr. Hopkins' power 
 over his pupils \d.y, firsts in his own exam- 
 
24 The Life aiid Character of 
 
 pie, profound scholarship, great practical 
 wisdom, perfect openness and sincerity, 
 strong religious faith, and humility ; second^ 
 in a careful study of the disposition of each 
 individual youth ; tJiird, justice, absolute, 
 yet accompanied by sympathy and respect, 
 seldom severity, never scorn, in dealing 
 with the errors of boyhood. No harsh and 
 inflexible law, cold and pitiless as a win- 
 ter's sea, dealt alike with the sluggish and 
 the generous nature. No storm of mer- 
 ciless ridicule greeted the shy, awkward, 
 ungainly backwoodsman. And, beyond 
 all. Dr. Hopkins taught his pupils that les- 
 son in which some of our colleges so sadly 
 fail — reverence for the republican life of 
 which they were to form a part, and for 
 the great history of whose glory they were 
 inheritors. 
 
 It was my fortune, on an evening last 
 spring, to see the illustrious pupil, I sup- 
 pose for the last time on earth, take leave 
 of the aged teacher whose head the frosts 
 
James Abram Garfield. 25 
 
 of nearly four-score winters had touched 
 so lightly, and to hear him say at parting, 
 " I have felt your presence at the begin- 
 ning of my administration like a benedic- 
 tion." 
 
 The President delighted in his college. 
 He kept unbroken the friendships he 
 formed within her walls. He declared that 
 the place and its associations were to him 
 a fountain of perpetual youth. He never 
 forgot his debt to her. When he was 
 stricken down he was on his way, all a 
 boy again, to lay his untarnished laurels 
 at her feet. 
 
 It would have been hard to find in this 
 country a man so well equipped by nature, 
 by experience and by training, as was Gar- 
 field when he entered the Ohio Senate in 
 i860, at the age of twenty-eight. He was 
 in his own person the representative of 
 the plainest life of the backwoods and the 
 best culture of the oldest eastern commu- 
 nity. He had been used in his youth to 
 
26 The Life a7id CJiaracter of 
 
 various forms of manual labor. The years 
 which he devoted to his profession of 
 teacher and of college president, were 
 years of great industry, in which he dis- 
 ciplined his powers of public speaking 
 and original investigation. Dr. Hopkins 
 said of him : "■ There was a large general 
 capacity applicable to any subject, and 
 sound sense. What he did was done with 
 facility, but by honest and avowed work. 
 There was no pretense of genius, or alter- 
 nation of spasmodic effort and of rest, but 
 a satisfactory accomplishment in all direc- 
 tions of what was undertaken." His sound 
 brain and athletic frame could bear great 
 labor without fatigue. He had a thoroughly 
 healthy and robust intellect, capable of 
 being directed upon any of the pursuits 
 of life, or any of the affairs of state in any 
 department of the public service. We 
 have no other example in our public life 
 of such marvelous completeness of intel- 
 lectual development. He exhibited enough 
 
James Abram Garfield. 27 
 
 of his varied mental capacity to make it 
 sure that he could have attained greatness 
 as a metaphysician, or a mathematician, in 
 any of the exact sciences, as a linguist, as 
 an executive officer, as he did in fact at- 
 tain it as a military commander, as an ora- 
 tor, as a debater, and a parliamentary and 
 popular leader. 
 
 The gigantic scale on which the opera- 
 tions of our late war were conducted has 
 dwarfed somewhat the achievements of in- 
 dividual actors. If in the history of either 
 of the other wars in which our people have 
 engaged, whether before or after the Dec- 
 laration of Independence, such a chapter 
 should be found as the narrative of Gar- 
 field's Kentucky campaign, it would alone 
 have made the name of its leader immor- 
 tal. It is said that General Rosecrans re- 
 ceived the young schoolmaster with some 
 prejudice. "When he came to my head- 
 quarters," he says, " I must confess that I 
 had a prejudice against him, as I under- 
 
28 The Life and Character of 
 
 stood he was a preacher who had gone into 
 poUtics, and a man of that cast I was nat- 
 urally opposed to." In his official report 
 Rosecrans says : — 
 
 *' I especially mention Brigadier-General 
 Garfield, ever active, prudent, and saga- 
 cious. I feel much indebted to him for 
 both counsel and assistance in the admin- 
 istration of this army. He possesses the 
 energy and the instinct of a great com- 
 mander." 
 
 We must leave to soldiers and to mili- 
 tary historians to assign their relative his- 
 toric importance to the movements of the 
 war. But we may safely trust the popular 
 judgment which pronounces Garfield's ride 
 at Chickamauga one of its most conspicu- 
 ous instances of personal heroism, and the 
 Kentucky campaign a most brilliant exam- 
 ple of fertility of resource, combined au- 
 dacity and prudence, sound military judg- 
 ment, and success against great odds. We 
 may safely trust, too, the judgment of the 
 
James A brain Garfield. 29 
 
 accomplished historian,^ who pronounces 
 his report in favor of the advance that 
 ended with the battle of Chickamauga, 
 "the ablest military document submitted 
 by a chief of staff to his superior during 
 the war." We may accept, also, the award 
 of Lincoln, who made him major-general 
 for his brilliant service at Chickamauga, 
 and the confidence of Thomas, who offered 
 him the command of an army corps. 
 
 Great as was his capacity for military 
 service, the judgment of Abraham Lincoln 
 did not err when it summoned him to the 
 field of labor where his greatest laurels 
 were won. It is the fashion, in some 
 quarters, to lament the decay of states- 
 manship, and to make comparisons, by no 
 means complimentary, between persons 
 now intrusted with the conduct of public 
 affairs and their predecessors. We may 
 at least find consolation in the knowledge 
 that when any of our companions die they 
 
 1 Mr. Whitelaw Reid. 
 
30 The Life and Character of 
 
 do not fail to receive full justice from the 
 hearts of the people. 
 
 Suppose any of the statesmen who pre- 
 ceded the war, or some intelligent and not 
 unfriendly foreign observer — some De 
 Tocqueville or Macaulay — to look forward 
 with Garfield to the duties which con- 
 fronted him when he entered Congress in 
 1863. With what despair, in the light of 
 all past experience, would he have contem- 
 plated the future. How insignificant the 
 difficulties which beset the men of the pre- 
 ceding seventy years compared with those 
 which have crowded the seventeen which 
 were to follow. How marvelous the suc- 
 cess the American people have achieved 
 in dealing with these difficulties compared 
 with that which attended the statesman- 
 ship of the times of Webster and Clay and 
 Calhoun, giants as they were. The great- 
 ness of these men is not likely to be under- 
 valued anywhere ; least of all in Massachu- 
 setts. They contributed each in his own 
 
y antes Abram Garfield. 31 
 
 way those masterly discussions of the great 
 principles by which the Constitution must 
 be interpreted, and the economic laws on 
 which material prosperity depends, which 
 will abide as perpetual forces so long as 
 the Republic shall endure. Mr. Webster, 
 especially, aided in establishing in the juris- 
 prudence of the country the great judg- 
 ments, which, on the one hand, asserted 
 for the national government its most nec- 
 essary and beneficent powers, and, on the 
 other hand, have protected property and 
 liberty from invasion. He uttered in the 
 Senate the immortal argument which con^ 
 vinced the American people of the unity 
 of the Republic and the supremacy and 
 indestructibility of the national authority. 
 It has been well said that the cannon oi 
 the nation were shotted with the reply to 
 Hayne. But the only important and per- 
 manent measure with which the name of 
 Webster is connected is the Ashburton 
 Treaty — an achievement of diplomacy of 
 
32 The Life and Character of 
 
 little consequence in comparison with those 
 which obtained from the great powers of 
 Europe the relinquishment of the doctrine 
 of perpetual allegiance, or with the Ala- 
 bama Treaty of 1871. Mr. Clay's life was 
 identified with two great policies — the 
 protection of American industry, and the 
 compromise between slavery and freedom 
 in their strife for control of the territories. 
 When he died, the free trade tariff of 1844 
 was the law of the land, and within two 
 years the Missouri Compromise was re- 
 pealed. Mr. Calhoun has left behind him 
 the memory of a stainless life, great in- 
 tellectual power, and a lost cause. 
 
 To each generation is committed its 
 peculiar task. To these men it was given 
 to wake the infant Republic to a sense of 
 its own great destiny, and to teach it the 
 laws of its being, by which it must live or 
 bear no life. To the men of our time the 
 abstract theories, which were only debated 
 in other days, have come as practical reali- 
 
y antes Abram Garfield, 33 
 
 ties, demanding prompt and final decision 
 on questions where error is fatal. 
 
 From the time of Jay's Treaty no such 
 problem has presented itself to American 
 diplomacy as that which the war left as its 
 legacy. The strongest power on earth, ac- 
 customed, in dealing with other nations, 
 to take counsel only of her pride and her 
 strength, had inflicted on us vast injury, of 
 which the honor of this country seemed 
 pledged to insist on reparation, which Eng- 
 land conceived hers equally pledged to 
 deny. But in domestic affairs, the difficul- 
 ties were even greater. For six of the six- 
 teen years that followed the death of Lin- 
 coln, the President was not in political ac- 
 cord with either House of Congress. For 
 four others the House was of different poli- 
 tics from President and Senate. During 
 the whole time the dominant party had to 
 encounter a zealous and able opposition, 
 and to submit its measures to a people hav- 
 ing apparently the strongest inducements 
 3 
 
34 The Life and Character of 
 
 to go wrong. The rights of capital were 
 to be determined by the votes of labor ; 
 debtors to fix the value of their payments 
 to their creditors ; a people under no con- 
 straint but their own sense of duty to de- 
 termine whether they would continue to 
 bear the weight of a vast debt ; the policy 
 of dealing with the conquered to be de- 
 cided at the close of a long war by the 
 votes of the conquerors, among whom every 
 other family was in mourning for its dead ; 
 finance and currency with their subtleties, 
 surpassing the subtleties of metaphysics, 
 to be made clear to the apprehension of 
 plain men ; business to be recalled from 
 the dizzy and dangerous heights of spec- 
 ulation to moderate gains and safe laws ; 
 great public ways connecting distant oceans 
 to be built ; commerce to be diverted into 
 unaccustomed channels; the mouth of the 
 Mississippi to be opened ; a great banking 
 system to be devised and put in operation 
 such as was never known before, alike com- 
 
yames Abrant Garfield. 35 
 
 prehensive and safe, through whose veins 
 and arteries credit, the hfe-blood of trade, 
 should ebb and flow in the remotest ex- 
 tremities of the land ; four millions of peo- 
 ple to be raised from slavery to citizenship ; 
 millions more to be welcomed from foreign 
 lands; a disputed presidential succession 
 to be settled, after an election contest in 
 which the country seemed turned into two 
 hostile camps, by a tribunal for which the 
 founders of the government had made no 
 provision; — all this to be accomplished 
 under the restraints of a written consti- 
 tution. 
 
 When this list has been enumerated, the 
 eulogy of Garfield, the statesman, has been 
 spoken. There is scarcely one of these 
 questions, certainly not more than one or 
 two, which he did not anticipate, carefully 
 and thoroughly study for himself before it 
 arose, and to which he did not contribute 
 an original argument, unsurpassed in per- 
 suasive force. Undoubtedly there were 
 
36 The Life and Character of 
 
 others who had more to do with marshal- 
 ing the political forces of the House. But 
 almost from the time he entered it, he 
 was the leader of its best thought. He 
 was ever serious, grave, addressing him- 
 self only to the reason and conscience of 
 his auditors. 
 
 He lived in a State whose people were 
 evenly divided in politics, and on whose 
 decision, as it swayed alternately from side 
 to side, the fate of the country often seemed 
 to depend. You will search his speeches 
 in vain for an appeal to a base motive or 
 an evil passion. Many men who are called 
 great political leaders, are really nothing 
 but great political followers. They study 
 the currents of a public sentiment which 
 other men form. They use as instruments 
 opinions which they never espoused till 
 they became popular. General Garfield 
 always consulted with great care the tem- 
 per of the House in the conduct of meas- 
 ures which were under his charge. But 
 
y antes Abram Garfield, 37 
 
 he was remarkably independent in forming 
 his judgments, and inflexible in adhering 
 to them on all great essential questions. 
 His great friend and commander, General 
 Thomas, whose stubborn courage saved 
 the day in the great battle for the posses- 
 sion of Tennessee, was well called "the 
 rock of Chickamauga." In the greater 
 battle in 1876, for the nation's honor, Gar- 
 field well deserved to be called the "rock 
 of Ohio." Everything he did and said 
 manifested the serious, reverent love of 
 excellence. He had occasion often to seek 
 to win to his opinion masses of men com- 
 posed largely of illiterate persons. No 
 man ever heard from his lips a sneer at 
 scholarship. At the same time, he never 
 made the scholar's mistake of undervaluing 
 the greatness of the history of his own 
 country, or the quality of his own people. 
 
 The limits of this discourse do not per- 
 mit me to enter into the detail of the va- 
 riety and extent of his service in debate, 
 
38 The Life and Character of 
 
 in legislation, and in discussions before the 
 people. I could detain you until midnight 
 were I to recount from my own memory 
 the great labors of the twelve years that it 
 was my privilege to share with him in the 
 public service, for four of which I sat al- 
 most by his side. Everybody who had a 
 new thought brought it to him for hospi- 
 table welcome. Did Science or Scholar- 
 ship need anything of the government, 
 Garfield was the man to whom they came. 
 While charged with the duty of supervis- 
 ing the details of present legislation, he 
 was always foreseeing and preparing for 
 the future. In the closing years of the 
 war, while Chairman of the Committee of 
 Military Affairs, he was studying finance. 
 Later he had prepared himself to deal with 
 the defects in the civil service. I do not 
 think the legislation of the next twenty 
 years will more than reach the ground 
 which he had already occupied in his ad- 
 vanced thought. 
 
jFames A brain Garfield. 39 
 
 General Garfield gave evidence of vast 
 powers of oratory on some very memorable 
 occasions. But he made almost no use of 
 them as a means of persuading the people 
 to conclusions where great public interests 
 were at stake. Sincerity, directness, full 
 and perfect understanding of his subject, 
 clear logic, manly dignity, simple and apt 
 illustration, marked all his discourse. But 
 on a few great occasions, such as that in 
 New York, when the people were moved 
 almost to frenzy by the assassination of 
 Lincoln, or in the storm which moved the 
 great human ocean at the Convention at 
 Chicago, he showed that he could touch 
 with a master's hand the chords of a 
 mighty instrument — 
 
 such as raised 
 To height of noblest temper heroes old, 
 Arming to battle ; and instead of rage 
 Deliberate valor breathed, firm, and unmoved 
 With dread of death to flight or foul retreat; 
 Nor wanting power to mitigate and suage 
 With solemn touches troubled thoughts, and chase 
 
40 The Life and Character of 
 
 Anguish, and doubt, and fear, and sorrow, and pain, 
 From mortal or immortal minds. 
 
 When General Garfield took the oath of 
 office as President, he seemed to those who 
 knew him best, though in his fiftieth year, 
 still in the prime of a splendid and vig- 
 orous youth. He was still growing. We 
 hoped for him eight years of brilliant ad- 
 ministration, and then, in some form or 
 place of service, an old age like that of 
 Adams, whom, in variety of equipment, 
 alone of our Presidents he resembled. 
 What was best and purest and loftiest in 
 the aspiration of America seemed at last 
 to have laid its hand on the helm. Under 
 its beneficent rule we hoped, as our coun- 
 try entered on its new career of peace and 
 prosperity, a nobler liberty, a better friend- 
 ship, a purer justice, a more lasting broth- 
 erhood. 
 
 But he was called to a subUmer destiny. 
 He had ascended along and up the heights 
 of service, of success, of greatness, of glory ; 
 
y antes Abram Garfield, 41 
 
 ever raised by the people to higher ranks 
 for gallant and meritorious conduct on each 
 field, until by their suffrages he stood fore- 
 most among men of the foremost among 
 nations. But in the days of his sickness 
 and death he became the perpetual witness 
 and example how much greater than the 
 achievements of legislative halls, or the 
 deeds of the field of battle, are the house- 
 hold virtues and simple family affections 
 which all men have within their reach ; 
 how much greater than the lessons of the 
 college, or the camp, or the congress, are 
 the lessons learned at mothers' knees. The 
 honors paid to Garfield are the protest 
 of a better age and a better generation 
 against the vulgar heroisms of the past. 
 Go through their mausoleums and under 
 their triumphal arches and see how the 
 names inscribed there shrink and shrivel 
 compared with that of this Christian sol- 
 dier, whose chiefest virtues, after all, are 
 of the fireside, and the family circle, and 
 
42 The Life and Character of 
 
 of the dying bed. Here the hero of 
 America becomes the hero of humanity. 
 We are justified in saying of this man 
 that he has been tried and tested in every 
 mode by which the quality of a human 
 heart and the capacity of a human intellect 
 can be disclosed : by adversity, by pros- 
 perity, by poverty, by wealth, by leader- 
 ship in deliberative assemblies, and in the 
 perilous edge of battle, by the height of 
 power and of fame. The assay was to be 
 completed by the final test — by the cer- 
 tain and visible approach of death. As he 
 comes out into the sunlight, more and 
 more clearly does his country behold a 
 greatness and symmetry which she is to 
 see in their true and full proportions only 
 when he lies in the repose of death. 
 
 As sometimes in a dead man's face, 
 To those that watch it more and more, 
 A likeness, hardly seen before, 
 
 Comes out, to some one of his race ; 
 
 So, dearest, now thy brows are cold, 
 I see thee what thou art, and know 
 
yames Abram Garfield, 43 
 
 Thy likeness to the wise below, 
 Thy kindred with the great of old. 
 
 Let us not boast at the funeral of our 
 dead. Such a temper would be doubly 
 odious in the presence of such expressions 
 of hearty sympathy from governments of 
 every form. But we should be unfaith- 
 ful to ourselves if in asking for this man 
 a place in the world's gallery of illustri- 
 ous names we did not declare that we 
 offer him as an example of the products of 
 Freedom. With steady and even step he 
 walked from the log-cabin and the canal 
 path to the school, to the college, to the 
 battle-field, to the halls of legislation, to 
 the White House, to the chamber of death. 
 The ear in which the voices of his coun- 
 trymen hailing him at the pinnacle of hu- 
 man glory had scarcely died out, heard the 
 voice of the dread archangel, and his coun- 
 tenance did not change. Is not that coun- 
 try worth dying for whose peasantry are 
 of such a strain ? Is not the Constitution 
 
44 Life and Character of y. A. Garfield, 
 
 worth standing by under whose forms 
 Freedom calls such men to her high 
 places ? Is not the Union worth saving 
 which gives all of us the property of 
 countrymen in such a fame ? 
 
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