'.?■ -0,0' ^' ■0 " -, c,'^ » am© • ^ ■^^ v:ii^^^■••';>:'.v,•^i••■■i<:^:^:•■V.•^ •J' • • ;sKw^gs- ^ .-^^ A O, ♦ , , , • A "V, * » « « £^--. t- " A^ .0. •1 O^ • -■ ' i^ "^d- '*:^ n^ . • • , <> •^^0^ %wy v«'-'/ v"^-'/ v-^/\.., V- •/.... > ^°.'-'^^-*'/ X'-r^v'^ ^*^^/ V-°'/ . V*^"/.--V A^:^'% /.^^5t^'- ^,^ .-^nV/h;, \^/ /^^v %/ -Jl^i^^^ " ,p. • o , o •■ •«, ^^ • ' ■> A , , . , Vv ':. ^ "-n.-o^ 4 o ^"-^^^ ^0 qV , - ■> /f;;gjA<^>0Uv Illinois HISTORICAL Editors : NEWTON BATEMAN, LL. D. PAUL SELBY, A. M. Bond County BIOGRAPHICAL Editor: WARREN E. McCASLIN i LLUSTRATED CHICAGO MUNSELL PUBLISHING COMPANY 1915 Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois Copyright 1899-1900-1905-1912-1914 By Munsell Publishing Company ILLINOIS I'opuliition Den- sity per square mile, by counties, indicated by fig- ures anti shadinK — io £^<3c/i ScfUtsre Q 50 to lOO @ JOO to 200 I O^ei- 20O '^veT<3ge Density 93. S UltS. Qovemmeni Census ISIO J\\^i3<^^^^ZT^MX^' PREFACE. Why publish this book? There should be niiiny and strong reasons to warrant such sn nndertaking. Are there sucli reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to have induced the publishers to make tliis venture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it is fitting they should receive attention. In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there is abundant and cheering evidence of an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is conspicuously true of Illi- nois, for the following, among many other reai5ons: Because of its great prominence in the early history of the West as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the Ohio River — the unique character of its early civilization, duo to or resulting from its early French population brought in contact with the aborigines — its political, military, and educa- tional promiiience — its steadfast loyalty and patriotism — the marvelous development of its vast resources — the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and ju'ists whom it has furnished to the Government, and its gi'and record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on the Slavery question. This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of its essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume devoted to that end. Its material has been gathered from every available source, and most carefully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi- fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com- pactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information within the smallest practicable space. And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief that it was needed; that no other book filled the jilace it wiis designed to occupy, or fur- nished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtheiance of those ends, the book has been constructed and its topics selected and written. Simplicity, persjiicuitv, conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers. The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts; facts of the earlier and later history of the State, and drawn from the almost innumerable sources connected with that history; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to scholars, officials, and other special cla-sscs; a book convenient for reference in tlie school, tae «»flSce, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant ana 3 4 PEEFACE. long-drawn accounts of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words for their adequate elucidation, will be found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity and fitting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity. Whenever a subject, from its nature, demands a more elaborate treatment — and there are many of this character — it is handled accordingly. As a rule, the method pursued is the separate and topical, rather tlian the chronological, as being more satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic is con.sidered separately and exhaustively, instead of being blended, chronologically, with others. To pass from subject to sul)ject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and order to complexity and confnsion. Absolute freedom from error or defect in all eases, in handling so many thousands of items, is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence; since, in complicated ciises, some element may j)ossibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But every statement of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly correct, and the statistics of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence. Considerable space is also devoted to biographical sketches of persons deemed worthy of mention, for tlieir close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, gov- ernmental, financial, social, religious, educational, industrial, commercial, economical, mili- tary, judicial or otherwise; or for their suj)posed personal deservings in other respects. It is believed that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers, will not be disapproved or regretted by the public; that personal biography has an honored, useful and legitimate place in such a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and that the omission of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book. Perhaps no more delicate and diflicult task has confronted the editors and publishers than the selection of names for this part of the work. While it is believed that no unworthy name has a place in the list, it is freely admitted that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do not appear, partly for lack of definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not deemed best to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics. And so, witii cordial thanks to the publishers for the risks they have so cheerfully assumed in this enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination, and theii uniform kindness and courtesy; to the many who have so generously and helpfully promoted the success of the work, by their contributions of valuable information, interesting reminis- cences, and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very able associate editor, to whom especial honor and credit are due for his most efficient, intelligent and scholarly services; to Hon. Harvey T?. Kurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have, by word or act, encouraged us in this enterprise — with grateful recognition of all these friends and helpers, the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many thousands of details, items and incidents, is now respectfully submitted to the good jieople of the State, for whom it has been prepared, in tlie earnest hope and confident belief that it will be found instructive, convenient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed. A^-VA^ w PREFATORY STATEMENT. Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and ready for the press, Dr. Newton Batenian, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief, has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before tlie public, it therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement. As explained by Dr. Batenian in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation of a "Historical Encyclojiedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form, the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State, under the title, "Illinois," supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras in State history; changes in form of government and administration; the history of Consti- tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies; the various wars in which Illinoisans have taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military organizations engaged in the Civil War of 18(31-05, and the War of 1808 with Spain; lists of State officers, United States Senators and ilembers of Congress, with the terms of each; the organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and educational institutions; the growth of public improvements and other enterprises which have marked the progi'ess of the State; natural features and resources; the history of early newspapers, and the growth of religious denominations, together with general statistical information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State character — all arranged under topical heads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking informa- tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library. While individual or collected biographies of the public men of Illinois have not been wholly lacking or few in number — and those already in existence have a present and con- stantly increasing value — they have been limited, for the most part, to special localities and particular periods or classes. IJich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, ujjon the judicial bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor upon the State and the Nation, there has been hitherto no comprehensive attemj^t to gather together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring patient and laborious research ; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of many men most prominent in public affairs during the ])eriod to which they belonged, it is still believed that what has been accomplished will be fouiul of jtermanent value and be appreciated by those most deeply interested in this jjhase of State history. The large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable feature of the work; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or 5 6 P K E F A T O R Y S T A T E M E N T . elaboration of narrative. The object lias been to present, in simple language and concise form, facts of history of interest or value to tiiose who may choose to consult its pages. Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no pains has been spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement. In view of the important bearing which railroad enterprises have had upon the extraor- dinary development of tho State within the past fifty years, considerable space has been given to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history has been intimately interwoven with that of tho State, and its progress in wealth and pojiulation. In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper that I should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel M. Inglis, State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. II. Freeman; to ex-Senator John M. Palmer, of Springfield ; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune" ; to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. Raum, Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the jjrin- cipal portions of the article on the "Underground Railroad") ; to the Librarians of the State Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Liljrary, for special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large circle of correspondents in different parts of the State who have courteously responded to requests for information on special topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been attained in the work. In conclusion, I cannot omit to pay this final tribute to the memory of my friend and associate. Dr. Bateman, whose death, at his home in Galesburg, elsewhere recorded, was deplored, not only by his associates in the Faculty of Knox College, his former pupils and immediate neighbors, but by a large circle of friends in all parts of the State. Although his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the time of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time prepared, comprising the larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of tlie public), the enthusiasm, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others which ne brought to the discharge of his duties, have been sadly missed in tho last stages of prepara- tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many wlio have held his scholarship and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admiration, his con- nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the surest evidence of its merit. With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists in the fact that, in its prep;u'a- tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer — one whose abilities commanded uni- versal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualities of mind and heart won the love and confidence of all witli whom he came in contact, and whom it had been my privilege to count as a friend from an early period in his long and useful career. ^'^^^L^^^J^d.oA^ ^,;^a^:^ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Abraham Lincoln {Frontispiece) 1 Annex Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville 84 Asylum for Feeble-Miuded Children, Lincoln 237 Bateman, Newton (Portrait ) 3 Board of Trade Building, Chicago 277 "Chenn Mansion," Kaskaskia (1898), where La Fayette was entertained in 1825 .... 315 Chicago Academy of Sciences 394 Chicago Drainage Canal 94 Chicago Historical Society Building 394 Chicago Post Office (U. S. Gov. Building) 88 Chicago Public Buildings 395 Chicago Thoroughfares 89 Chicago Thoroughfares 93 Chief Chicagou (Portrait) 246 Comparative Size of Great Canals 95 Day after Chicago Fire 93 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 2) 171 Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois 12 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — The Vineyard 13 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — Orchard Cultivation 13 First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314 Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) 246 Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247 Fort Dearborn (1853) 247 General John Edgar's House, Kaskasia 315 Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 24G House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 House of Chief Ducoign, tlie la.st of the Kaskaskias (1893) 314 Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva 236 Illinois Eastern Hospital for Insane, Kankakee 85 Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quiiicy 438 Illinois State Normal University, Normal 504 Illinois State Capitol (First), Kaskaskia 240 Illinois State Capitol (Second), Vandalia 240 Illinois State Capitol (Third) , Springfield 240 Illiuois State Capitol (Present), Springfield 241 Illinois State Building, "World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 COl Illinois State Penitentiary, Joliet 30() Illinois State Penitentiary — Cell House and Women's Prison 307 Illinois State Reformatory, Pontiac 493 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Jacksonville 300 Interior of Room, Kaskaskia Hotel (189:5) where La Fayette Banquet was held in 1825 314 Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301 Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Fayette was feted in 1825 (as it appeared, 18'J3) 314 La Salle (Portrait) 246 Library Building, University of Illinois 334 Library Building — Main Floor — University of Illinois 335 Lincoln Park Vistas, Chicago 120 Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 276 Map of (i rounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 600 Map of Illinois Follotuing Title Page Map of Illinois Uiver Valley " " " McCormick Seminary, Chicago 362 Monuments iu Lincoln Park, Chicago 90 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 207 Natural History Hall, University of Illinois 151 Newberry Library, Chicago 394 Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402 Old Kaskaskia, from Garrison Hill (as it appeared in 1893) 314 Old State House, Kaskaskia (1900) 315 Pierre Menard Mansion, Karikaskia (189:5) 314 Eemnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1898) 315 Scenes in South Park, Chicago 004 Seiby. Paul (Protrait) 5 Sheridan Road and on the Bouleviirds, Chicago 121 Soldiers' Widows' Home, Wilmington 439 Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale 505 Southern Illinois Penitentiary and Asylum for IncuraliU' Insai:e, Chester 492 University Hall, University of Illinois 150 University of Chicago 363 University of Illinois, Urbana. ((!roup of Buildings) 540 University of Illinois, Urbana. ((iroup of Buildings) 541 View from Engineering Hall, University of Illinois • 281 View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 Views in Lincoln Park, Chicago 91 Views of Drainage Canal 96 Views of Drainage Canal 97 War Eagle (Portrait) 246 Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown 403 World's Pair Buildings 605 PREFACE Book-making is an exjiensive proposition, and the limited sale which a work treating of a single county alone would obtain, would inevitably involve a heavy financial responsibility. The publishers of that excellent work, "The Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois," having deemed it practicable to produce a special Bond County edition of that work — embracing, as a feature of added interest and value, an outline history of l)0nd County — and I have been requested to undertake the preparation of that portion of the volume. While keenly realizing my lack of experience for such a task, I have, nevertheless, complied with the request, trust- ing my efforts will be appreciated by those who read the work. It has been my purpose to treat only of those historical facts which I believe to be of vital import- ance to the public in general, eliminating therefrom any trace of fiction and founding my work on facts. To write an exhaustive history of Bond County would entail much time and research and I have dealt with the historical facts as I have been able to secure them from records, and I am very grateful to all who were generous enough to assist in the work. The business management of the enterprise rests with the publishers, who have had a long experience in the publication of works of this character, and to whom credit is due for the thoroughly excellent form of a combined work of such inter- est to the citizens of Bond County. Judged by the literary and artistic quality of the Historical Encyclopedia, and the experience of those gentlemen who have had charge of the biographical department, so inseparably connected with the history of the County's development and progress, I feel confident that the volume will have a permanent value. Dedicated to the men and women who underwent the privations of pioneer days. Very truly, INDEX INTRODUCTORY Location — Area — Population — County before Settlement — Water Courses — Elevation — Original Timber — Saline Springs 617-618 INDIAN HISTORY The Cox Massacre — Traditions — Thomas Higgins — A White Man's Bravery — The Rescuing Party — Indian Relics 618-620 EARLY SETTLEMENTS Early Settlers — Hardships and Dangers — Development under Hardships — Pastimes and Amusements — Real Neighbors — Roads — Modes of Travel 620-622 COUNTY ORGANIZATION Organization — Original Boundaries — Present Boundaries — Territorial Representation — Later Divisions — Changes in County Seat — Govern- ment Land System — Court Houses — Jail Buildings — County Officials — Sheriffs — County Treasurers — County Judges — State's Attorneys — County Clerks — Surveyors — Circuit Clerks — County Superintend- ents of Schools — Coroners 622-624 MILITARY HISTORY The Black Hawk War — The Mexican — List of Volunteers — The Civil W'ar — The Spanish-American War — Militia 624-626 COURTS, BENCH AND BAR First Circuit Court — Early Courts — The First Prisoner — Original Juris- diction of Courts— Court Sessions — The Bench and Bar 626-627 RAILROADS Early Projects — Discouraging Conditions — St. Louis, Terre Haute & Van- dalia Railroad — Voting in Favor of Project — First Passenger Train — History of First Road — Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad — Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad — Other Projects — Proposed Suburban Line 627-628 THE PRESS The Protestant Monitor — The Barn Burner — The Western Fountain — The Greenville Journal — The American Courier — The Greenville Advocate — The Greenville Sun — The Greenville Item 629 AGRICULTURE Stock Raising — Com Is King — Land Values — General Conditions — Oil and Gas History — The Farmers Equity Union 629-630 TOWNSHIP HISTORY Township Organization — First Board of Supervisors — Town of Tamalco — First Settlers — Village of Tamalco — Hoopdale — New Keysport — Town of Pleasant Mound — Fairview — Smithboro — Town of Mul- berry Grove — Zion Spring — Mulberry Grove Village — Woburn — Town of Mills — Dudleyville — Wisetown — Town of La Grange — Vil- lage of Ayers — Elm Point — Town of Burgess — Pocahontas Village — Millersburg — Pierron — Town of Central — Greenville — Origin of Name — First Settlements — Early History — Early Events — Civic History — Historical Growth — Public Schools — Greenville College — Postoffice — Greenville Today — Fires — Fire Department — Carnegie Library — Greenville Churches — Bond County Monument — Clubs and Fraternities — Town of Old Ripley — Mt. Nebo Primitive Baptist ■ Church — Reminiscences — New Berlin — Town of Shoal Creek — Bethel Church — Pleasant Prairie Presbyterian Church^ — The Village of Augusta — The Village of Reno — Harrisville — The Village of Don- nellson — The Village of Panama — Sorento — Sorento Schools — So- rento Societies 631-648 BOND COUNTY SONG 648-649 BIOGRAPHICAL The Part of Biography in General History — Citizens of Bond County and Outlines of Personal History — Personal Sketches Arranged in Ency- clopedic Order 651 -789 PORTRAITS Allen, Win. A 654 Meyer, Henry A 7.' Board of Supervisors of Bond County, Mulford, Mary H 720 111. Elected April 8, 1889 642 Kp„,,,_ x,,„, j „(, De Moulin, Edward 668 r^,„,,, £„.., y 730 Dixon, Cassius C 680 Sanner, George 740 Dixon, Fannie M 680 .Sanner. Mrs. Mary 740 Ingram, Wm. M 690 Tlionipson, Moses E. and Family 750 Ingram, Nellie L 690 ,. V TT ,.„„ Tiscliliauser, John (age 19) 760 Kcrsch, Henry 700 ' * *' i ■ • Kersch, Anna M 700 Tiscliliauser, John 760 McCaslin. Warren E 616 Tischhauser, Mrs. John 760 ILLUSTRATIONS Bond County Court House. Greenville. Ill 616 Bond County Soldiers' and Sailors' .Monument, (.ireenville. Ill 624 Carnegie Library, Greenville, 111 g28 Central School Building, (ireenville. Ill g28 Greenville College 634 Greenville College Auditorium g34 Map of Bond County jg Historical Jiliicyclopedia of Illinois. ABBOTT, (Lient.-(iov.) Edward, a British ollicer, wlio was coininanciant at Post Vinrennes (called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskas- kia in 1778. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at least nominally, over a part of the "'Illinois Country." Ten days after the occupation of Kas- kaskia. Colonel Clark, having learned tliat Abbott had gone to the British headquarters at Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard except that furnished by the inhabitants of the village, took advantage of his absence to send Pierre Gibault. the Catholic V'icar-General of Illi- nois, to win over the people to the American cause, which he did so suticessfully that they at once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri- can flag was run up over the fort. Although Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of the British for a time, tlie manner of its occupa- tion was as much of a surprise to the British as tliat of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the completeness of CIark"s triumph. (See Clark, Col. George Rogerx, also, Gibault, Pierre.) Gov- ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more humane character than the mass of British officers of his day, as he wrote a letter to General Carleton about this time, protesting strongly against the employment of Indians in carrjing on warfare against the colonists on the frontier, on the ground of liumanity, claiming that it was a detriment to the British cause, althougli he was overruled by his superior officer. Colonel Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recajj- ture Vincennes. ABINGDON, second city in size in Knox County, at tlie junction of the Iowa Central and the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads; 10 miles south of Galesburg, with winch it is con- nected by electric car line: has city waterworks, electric light plant, wagon works, brick and tile works, sash, blind and swing factories, two banks. three weekly papers, public library, fine high school building and two ward .schools. Hedding College, a flourishing institution, under auspices of the M. E. Church, is located here. Population (1900), 2,033; (1010), 2,464. ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer and companion of La Salle, who came to the "Illinois Covmtry" in 1780, and accompanied Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois River to its mouth and then ascended tlie Mis- sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St. Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They were rescued by Greysolon Dulhut (for whom the city of Duluth was named), and having dis- covered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to Green Bay. (See Hennepin.) ACKERMAN. William K., Railway President and financier, was born in New York Citj-, Jan. 20, 1833, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary ancestrj-, his grandfather, Abraham D. Acker- man, having served as Captain of a company of the famous "Jersey Blues," participating with "Mad" Anthony Wayne in the storming of Stony Point during the Revolutionary War, while his father served as Lieutenant of Artillery in the War of 1813. After receiving a high school edu- cation in New York, Mr. Ackerman engaged in mercantile busiTiess. biit in 1853 became a clerk in the financial department of the Illinois Central Railroad. Coming to Chicago in the .service of the Company in 1860. he successively filled the positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer, until Jul}', 187(>, when he was elected Vice-Presi- dent and a year later promoted to the Presidency, voluntarily retiring from this position in August, 1883, though serving some time longer in the capacity of Vice-President. During the progress of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago (1802-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago under the administration of Mayor Hopkins 9 10 IIISTOKKAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. (1893-95). He wa.s an active monilx-r of the Chicaco Historical Society, and rendered valuable sc-rvice to railroa.l hist„r>- In- tlie issue of two brochures on the "Karly History of Illinois Railroads." and a '• Historical Sketch of the Illinois Central Railroad - Died Feb. 7, 190.'). AD.IMS. John. LL.n,, educator and pnilan- thropist, was born at Canterbury, Conn., Sept. IS. 1T72; graduated at Yale College in 1T9.5; taught for several years in his native place, in Plain- field, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In ISIO he became Principal of Phillips Academy at An- dover, Mass.. remaining there twenty-three years. In a.idition to his educational duties lie participated in the organization of several great charitable associations which attained national importance. On retiring from Phillips Academy m 1833, he removed to Jacltsonville. 111., where, four years afterward, he tecame the third Prin- cipal of Jacksonville Female Academ v, remaining SIX years. He then became Agent of the Ameri- can Sunday School Union, in the course of the next few years founding several hundred Sunday ScIkjoIs in ilifTerent parts of the State. He r^ ceived the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in t8o4. Died in Jacksonville, April 34, 1863 The subject of this sketch was father of Dr. William Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbvterian clergyman of New York and for seven vears ( 1873- 80) President of Union Theological Seminary ADAMS, John McGregor, manufacturer "wius bom at Londonderry, X. H., March 11, 1,S34 the son of Rev. John R. Adams, who served as Chap- lain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and Twenty. first New York Volunteers during the Civil \\ ar. M r. Adams was educated at Gorham, Me., and Andover, Mass., after which, going to New York City, he engaged as clerk in a drv- g«>ds hoase at §1.50 a year. He next entered the office of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers and in 18.58 came to Chicago to represent the hou.se of Morris K. Jessup & Co. He thus became associated with the late John Crerar, the firm of Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of Crerar. Adams & Co., which, with the Adams & Wcstlake Co., have done a large business in the manufacture of railway supplies. .-Vfter the .leath of Mr Crerar, Mr. Adams became principal mana-er of the concern -s vast manufacturing business. Died Sept. 18, 1904. ADAMS, (Dr.) Samuel, physician and edu- cator, was born at Brunswick. Me.. Dec 19 1806 and e.lucated at Bow.ioin College, where he graduated in both the .lepartments of literature and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a physician several years, in 1838 he assumed the chair of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and •Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson- ville. 111. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro- fes.sor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Medical Department of the same institution and during his connection with the College gave instruction at different times in nearly' every branch embraced in the college curriculum including the French and German languages' Of uncompromising firmness and invincible cour- age m his adherence to principle, he was a man of singular modesty, refinement and amiability in private life, winning the confidence and e.ste6m ot all with whom he came in contact, especially the students who came under his instruction V profound and thorough scholar, he posse.ssed a refined and exaited literary taste, which was Illustrated in occasional contributions to scien- tific and literary periodicals. Among productions of his pen on philosophic topics may be enumer- ated articles on "The Natural History of Man in .!o.!?"P*"'"''' ^'^'^'ions;" oontributions to the Biblical Repository" (1844): "Auguste Comte and Positivism" ("New Englander." 1873), and Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be- *"r" ^'l^.'Sion and Science" ("New Englander," 18,0) His connection with Illinois College con- tinued until liis death, April, 1877-a period of more than thirty-eight years. A monument to his memory Jias been erected through the grate- ful donations of his former pupils. ADAMS, George Everett, lawyer and ex-Con- gre.s.sman, born at Keene. N. H., June 18, 1840- was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane Law School, Cambridge. Mass., giaduating at the former in 1860. Early in life he settled in Chi, cago, «-^iere. after some time spent as a teacher .n the Chicago High School, he engaged in the practice of his profession. His first post of pub- lic responsibility was that of State Senator, to which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was cho.sen. as a Republican, to represent the Fourth iS's. T-«« '" ^«"«'-'^«-^' --^"d re-elected in 1884, 80 and 88. In 1890 he was again a candi- date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberry He IS one of the Trustees of the Newberry Library. ■' AI)A.MS, James, pioneer lawyer, was born in Hirt ford Conn.. Jan. 26, 1803; taken to Oswego Comity N Y in 1809. and. in 1821, removed to Springfield. 111., being the first lawyer to locate n the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex- tensive practice for the time; in 1823 waselected a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Wirme- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 11 bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate Judge in 1841, and died in office, August 11, 1843. ADAMS COUMTY, an extreme westerly county of the State, situated about midway between its northern and southern extremities, and bounded on the west by the Mississippi River. It was organized in 1825 and named in honor of Jolin Quincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given to tlie county seat. The United States Census of 1890 places its area at 830 sq. m. and its popula- tion at 61,888. The soil of the county is fertile and well watered, the surface diversified and liilly, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and its climate equable. Tlie wealth of the count}' is largely derived from agriculture, altliough a large amount of manufacturing is carried on in Quincy. Pop. (10(1(1), (;7,(V)S; (1910), 64,488. ADD.VMS, John Huy, legislator, was born at Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July 12, 1823; educated at Traj)pe and Ujiper Dublin, Pa., and learned the trade of a miller in his youth, which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr. Addahis came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville, Stephenson Comity, purchased a tract of land and built a saw and grist mill on Cedar Creek. In 1854 lie was elected to the State Senate from Steplienson County, serving continuously in tliat body by successive re-elections until 1870 — first as a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 1865 he established the Second National Bank of Free- port, of which he continued to be the president until his death, Augu.st 17, 1881.— Miss Jane ( Addams), philanthropist, the founder of tlie "Hull HoiLse, " Cliicago, is a daughter of Sir. Addams. ADDISON, village, Du Page County; seat of Evangelical Lutlieran College, Normal Scliool and Orphan Asylum ; has State Bank, stores and public sehool. Po;i. (lOOO), ,j91; (1910), .j79. ADJUTAXTS-GEXERAL. The office of Adju- tant-General for tlie State of Illinois was first created by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 2, 186.5. Previous to the War of the Rebellion the position was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties (except during the Black Hawk War) and its emoluments being alike unimportant. The in- cum!)ent was simply the Chief of the Governor's Staff. In 18G1, the post became one of no small importance. These who held the office during the Territorial period were : Elias Rector, Robert Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson ami Wm. Alex- ander. After the admission of Illinois as a State up to the beginning of the Civil War, the duties (which were almost wholly nominal) were dis- charged by Wm. Alexander, 1819-21; Elijah C. Berry, 1831-28; James W. Berry, 1828-39; Moses K. Anderson, 18.39-57; Thomas S. Mather, 1858-01. Coianpl Mather having resigned to enteractive service, Judge A. C. Fuller filled the office until January 1, 1865. The first appointee, under the act of 1865, was Isham N. Haynie, who held office until his death in 1869. The Legislature of l.S(>9, taking into consideration that all the Illinois volunteers had been mustered out, and that the duties of the .\djutant-Gencral had been materially lessened, reduced the proportions of the department and curtailed the appropriation for its support. Since the adoption of the military code of 1877, the Adjutant-General's office has occupied a more im|)ortant and conspicuous position among the ilepartments of the State government. The follow- ing is a list of those who have held office since General Haynie, with the date and duration of their respective terms of office: Hubert Dilger, 1809-73; Edwin L. Higgins, 1873-75; Hiram Hilliard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot, 1881-84, Joseph W. Vance, 1884-91; Jasper N. Reece, 1891-93; Albert Orendorff, 189.3-96, C C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper \. Reece, 1897-1902 (deceased); James B. Smith, 1902-03; Thomas W. Scott, 1903-09 (deceased); Frank S. Dick.son (acting), 1909 — . AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an agricultural State. A large area in tlie eastern portion of the State, because of the absence of timber, was called by the early settlers "the Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge beginning in Jackson County and running across the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of Southern Illinois. The bottom lands extending from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are of a fertility seemingly inexhaitstible. The cen- tral portion of the State is best ailapted to corn, and the southern and southwestern to the culti- vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of the entire State — some 42,000 square miles — is up- land jirairie, well suited to the raising of cereals. In 1909 Illinois surpassed all other States in the production of oats and corn, the former amoimting to 159,(104,000 l)ushels (from 4,346,000 acres, vahie .160,441,00(1), and the latter to 369,770,000 bushels (from 1(1,.300,0()0 acres, value $192,2,80.- 000), Iowa being second in both of these lines. In wheat rai.sing Illinois ranked eighth, the total amounting to 1,810,000 acres and 31,- 494,000 bushels, value $32,754,000. As a live-stock producing State for many years it held the highest rank, esijecially in horses and cattle, but while it is now surpassed by some of the younger grazing States, more attention proportionably is given in Illinois to lireeding the higher classes of stock with great success. 12 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPP]DIA OF ILLINOIS. A(iRU ILTIRAL DEPAKTMEM. The IIU- nois State Agricultural Society organized in 1853 with James N. Brown, of Sangamon, first President: Simeon Francis. Kecording Secretary; William Kennicott, Corresponding Secretary, and John Williams, Treasurer: by act of the Legislature, April 15, 1872, became The Illinois State Agri- cultural Dejiartment. For forty years State Fairs were held annually (except two years during the Civil War), at different jioints, usually at the same place for two successive years. In January, 1894, the State Board decided to locate the Fair per- manently on grounds just north of the city of Springfield, donated by the city and Sangamon County, anil all Fairs liave since been held there. These groumls, embracing an area of 150 acres, are su])i)lied with substantial buildings constructed of stone, brick, steel and glass, to which additions have been made every year, until they are the most extensive and best equipped of their kind in the country, the increase in receipts and attendance, as well as exhibits of agricultural products, live .stock, implements and mechanic arts keeping pace with other ini|irovements. The administrative Board consists of the President and a Vice President from each Congressional District (now 25 in number), chosen by delegates from the County Societies within the respective districts, with a Secretary and a, Treasurer, elected biennially but not members of the Board. It has amjile office room in the State Capitol, where therecordsanda large library are kept, and lilieral aj)propriations are made for its support. Nearly fifty volumes of annual reports of Trans- actions of the Board (1911) have been published. AKERS, Peter, D. D., Methodist Episcopal clergyman, born of Presbj'terian parentage, in Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu- cated in the common schools, and, at the age of 16, began teaching, later j)ursiung a classical course in institutions of Virginia and North Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling in that State, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1817. Two j'ears later he began the publication of a paper called "The Star," which was continued for a short time. In 1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist church, and a few months later began preaching. In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year spent in work as an evangelist, he assiuued the Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon, remaining during 1833-34; then established a "manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to 1852 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In the latter year he was again appointed to the Presidency of McKendree College, where he remained five years. He was then (1857) tran.s- ferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a year later was compelled by declining health to assume a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois about 1865, he ser^-ed as Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but was again compelled to accept a superannuated relation, making Jacksonville his home, where he died, Feb. 21, 1886. While President of Mc- Kendree College, he published his work on "Bib- lical Chronology," to which he had devoted manj- previous years of his life, and which gave evi- dence of great learning and vast research. Dr. Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten- sive learning and great eloquence. As a pulpit orator and logician he probably had no superior in the State during the time of his most active ser\-ice in the denomination to which he belonged. AKIJf, Edward C., lawyer and Attorney-Gen- eral, was born in Will County, 111., in 1852, and educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann Arbor, Mich. For foiu- years he was paying and receiving teller in the First National Bank of Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and has continued in active practice since. In 1887 he entered upon his political career as the Republi- can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was elected bj' a majority of over 700 votes, although the city was usuallj' Democratic. The follow- ing year lie was the candidate of his party for State's Attorney of Will County, and was again elected, leading the State and county ticket bj- 800 votes — being re-elected to the same office in 1892. In 1895 he was the Republican nominee for Maj'or of Joliet. and, although opposed by a citizen's ticket headed by a Reijublican, was elected over his Democratic competitor by a deci- sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was in 1896, when he was elected Attorney-General on the Republican State ticket by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of 132.248 and a majority over all competitors of 111,2.55. His legal abilities are recognized as of a very high order, while his personal popularity is indicated by his uniform succe.ss as a candidate, in the face, at times, of strong ])olitical majorities. ALB.WY, a village of Whiteside County, lo- ciited on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Rjiilway (Rock Island brancli). Pop. (ISOO), CU; (1900), ()21; (1910), 618. .VLBION, county-seat of Edwards County, on Southern Railwaj-, midway between St. Louis PI S I I— ( X i FXIN KHSFIV OF ILLINOIS. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 13 and Louisville; seat of Soutliern Collegiate In- stitute; has plant for uianufac-ture of vitrified shale paving brick, two newspapers, creamery, flouring mills, and is important shipping point for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district; has five ehurclies and splendid public schools. Population (1900). 1,162; (1910); 1,2S1. ALCORN, James Lusk, was born near Gol- oonda. 111., Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and held various ofSces in Kentucky and Mississippi, including member of the Legislature in each; was a member of the Mississippi State Conven- tions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service, but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis because his fidelity to the rebel cause was doubted. At the close of the war he was one of the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was elected United States Senator from Mississippi in 1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two years later elected United States Senator, serving until 1877. Died, Dec. 20, 1894. ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1853, the son of William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con- gressman from Chicago ; was brought to Chicago in 1861, attended the pubUc schools and the Chi- cago University, and graduated from the Rensse- laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877, receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a member of the Board of County Commissioners of Cook County, serving as President of that body during the reform period of 1887; was also a member of the County Board of Education and Chairman of the Chicago Citizens" Committee, appointed from the various clubs and commer- cial organizations of the city, to promote the for- mation of the Chicago Sanitary District. From May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893, he was Commissioner of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned his office, having been elected (Nov., 1893) a member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the Republican ticket, from the First Congressional Di.strict; .was re-elected in 1894, retiring at the close of the Fifty-fourth Congre.ss. In 1898 he was appointed to a position in connection with the office of Comptroller of the Currency at Washington. ALDRICH, William, merchant and Congress- man, was born at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820. His early common school training was supple- mented by private tuition in higher branches of mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in an academy. Until he had reached the age of 20 years he was engaged in farming and teaching, but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin, wliere, in addition to merchandising, he engaged in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware, and where he also held several important offices, being Superintendent of Schools for three years, Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla- ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In 1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1876, chosen to lepresent his district (tlie First) in Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878, and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lao, Wis., Dec. 3. 1885. ALEDO, county-seat of Mercer County; is in the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal region ; fruit-growing and stock-raising are also extensively carried on, and large quantities of these commodities are shipped here; lias two newspapers and ample school faciiities. Popula- tion (1890), 1,001; (1900), 2,081; (1910), 2,144. ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia, Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848. Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of the richest stock-farms in the State. After the war he became the owner of the celebrated "Sullivant farm," comprising some 20,000 acres on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in Champaign County, to which he transferred his stock interests, and although overtaken by re- verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876. ALEXANDER, Milton K., pioneer, was born in Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated with his father, in 1804, to Tennessee, and, while still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812, serving under the command of General Jackson until the capture of Pensacola, when he entered upon the campaign against the Seminoles in Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar ('ounty, 111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court from 1826 to '37. In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles, Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois State Militia; in 18.30 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov- ernor Reynolds, and, inl832, took part in the Black 14 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of the internal improvement scheme in 1837 he was elected by the Legislature a member of the first Board of Conmiissioners of Public Works, serving until the Board was abolished. Died, July 7, 1856. ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer, came to Southern Illinois previous to the organi- zation of Union County (1818), and for some time, while practicing his profession as a physician, acted as agent of the proprietors of the town of America, which was located on the Ohio River, on the first high ground above its junction with the Mississippi. It became the first county-seat of Alexander Count}', which was organized in 1819, and named in his honor. In 1820 we find him a Representative in the Second General Assembly from Pope County, and two years later Representative from Alexander County, when he became Speaker of the House during the session of tlie Third General Assembly. Later, he removed to Kaskaskia, but finally went South, where he died, though the date and jjlace of his death are unknown. ALEXANDER COUNTY, the extreme southern county of the State, being bounded on the west by the Mississipppi. and south and east by the Ohio and Cache rivers. Its area is about 220 square miles and its population, in 1890, was 10,- 563. The first American settlers were Tennessee- ans named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave it the name of Bird's Point, which, at the date of the Civil War (1861-65), had been transferred to tlie Missouri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio. Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer- ica), and Humplire3-s (near Caledonia). In 1818 Sliadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G. Comyges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres in the central and northern jiart of the county, and incorjwrated the "City and Bank of Cairo." The history of this enterprise is interesting. In 1818 (on Coni)-ges' death) the land reverted to the Government; but in 1835 Sidney Breese, David J. Baker and Miles A. Gilbert re-entered the for- feited bank tract and the title thereto be(!ame vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Comjiany," which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase, extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The county was organized in 1810; the first county- seat being America, which was incorixirated in 1820. Pup. (1000), 10,381; (1010), 22, 711. ALEXIAN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located at Chicago; established in 1860, and under the luanagement of the .Mcxian Brothers, a monastic order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was originally opened in a small frame building, but a better edifice was erected in 1808, only to be de- stroyed in the great fire of 1871. The following year, through the aid of private benefactions and an appropriation of §18,000 from the Chicago Re- lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas- ing the accommodation to 150 beds. Only poor male patients are admitted, and these are received without reference to nationality or religion, and absolutel}' without charge. The present medical staff (1896) comprises fourteen pliysiciansand sur- geons. In 1895 the close approach of an intra- mural transit line having unfitted the building for hospital uses, the Northwestern Railway Company purchased the site and buildings for $250,000. The present location is Racine and Beldcn Avenues. ALEXIS, in Mercer and Warren Counties, on the Rock Island & .St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & (Juincy Railway, 12 miles east of norih from Monmouth. It has manufactures of brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple- ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses. Pop. (1890), 562; (1900), 915; (1910), 829. ALGONQUINS, a group of Indian tribes. Originally tlieir territory extended from about latitude 37" to 53° north, and from longitude 25 ' east to 15° west of the meridian of Washington. Branches of the stock were found by Cartierin Canada, by Smith in Virginia, by the Puritans in New England and by Catholic missionaries in the great basin of the Mississippi. One of the prin- cipal of their five confederacies embraced the Illinois Indians, who were found within the State by the French when the latter discovered the comitry in 1673. They were liereditary foes of the warlike Iroquois, by whom their territory was repeatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois, other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi- nally dwelt within the present limits of Illinois, were the Foxes, Kickapoos, Miamis, Menominee.s, and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the cha.se, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers of the soil and cultivated large tracts of maize. Various dialects of their language have been reduced to granunatical rules, and Eliot's Indian Bible is published in their tongue. The entire Algonquin stot-k extant is estimated at about 95,000, of wliom some 35.000 are within the Ignited States. ALLEN, William Jushiia, jurist, was born June 9, 1829, in Wilson County, Tenn. ; of Vir- ginia ancestrv of Scotch-Irish descent. In early HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 15 infancy he was brouKiit bj- his parents to Soutli- ern Illinois, where his father. M'illis Allen, be- came a Judge ami member of Congress. After reading law with his father and at the Louisville Law School, young Allen was admitted to the bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (1853) at his old home, Marion, in Williamson County. In 1855 he was appointed United States District Attorney for Illinois. Init resigned in 1859 and re- sumed private practice as partner of John A. Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit Judge to succeed his fatlier, who had died, but he declined a re-election. He was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 18G3 and 18(ii), serv- ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of Rights. From 1864 to 1888 he was a delegate to every National Democratic Convention, being chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1870. He has been four times a candidate for Congress, and twice elected, serving from 18G2 to 1865. During this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai policy of the Government. lu 187-1-75, at the solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook the prosecution of the leaders of a bloody "ven- detta" wliich had broken out among his former neiglibors in Williamson County, and, by Ids fear- less and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886, Judge Allen removed to Springfield, and in 1887 was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901. ALLEN, Willis, a native of Tennessee, who removed to Williamson County, 111., in 1829 and engaged in farming. In 1834 he was chosen Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep- resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly, and, in 1844, became State Senator. In 1841, although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District, and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar. He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and served two terms in Congress (1851.55). On March 2, 1859, he was commissioned Judge of the Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three months later. His son, William Joshua, suc- ceeded him in the latter office. ALLERTOJJ, Samuel Waters, stock-dealer and capitalist, was bom of Pilgrim ancestry in Dutchess County, N. Y., May 26, 1829. His youth was spent with his father on a farm in Yates Countv. N. Y.. but about 1852 he engaged in the live-stock business in Central and Western New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago Stock-Yards, later securing control of the Pitts- burg Stock- Yards, also becoming interested in yards at Baltimore, Philadelpliia, Jersey City and Omaha. Mr. Allerton is one of the founders and a Director of the First National Bank of Cliicago, a Director and stockholder of tlie Chicago City Rjiilway (the first cable line in that city), the owner of an extensive area of highly improved farming lands in Central Illinois, as also of large tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable and productive mining properties in the Black Hills. A zealous Republican in j)oIitics, he is a liberal supporter of the measures of tliat party, and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can- didate for Mayor of Chicago in opposition to Carter H. Harrison. ALLOUEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called "The Apostle of the West," a Jesuit priest, was born in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in 1658, and later explored the country around Lakes Superior and Michigan, establisliing the mission of La Pointe, near whore Ashland, Wis., now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green Bay, in 1609. He learned from the Indians the existence and direction of the upper Mississippi, and was the first to communicate the informa- tion to the authorities at Montreal, which report was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in 1677, where he preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690 he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690. ALLTN, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Ledyard, New London Count}', Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descend- ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert Allyn, who was one of the first settlers of New London. He grew up on a farm, i-eceiving his early education in a country school, supple- mented by access to a small public library, from which he acquired a good degree of familiarity with standard English writers. In 1837 he entered the Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn., where he distinguished himself as a mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He im- mediately engaged as a teacher of niathomatic! in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school, 16 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. meanwhile (1843) becoming a licentiate of the Providence Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. From 1848 to 1854 lie served as Princi- pal of the Providence Conference Seminary at East Greenvrich, R. I., wlien he was appointed Commissioner of Public Schools of Rhode Island —also serving the same year as a Visitor to West Point Military Academy. Between 1857 and 1859 he filled the chair of Ancient Langiiages in tlie State University at Athens, Ohio, when he ac- cepted the Presidency of the Wesleyau Female College at Cincinnati, four years later (1863) becoming President of McKendree College at Lebanon, III., where he remained until 1874. That position he resigned to accept tlie Presi- dency of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbondale, whence lie retired in 1893. Died at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894. ALTAMONT, Effingham County, is intersecting point of the Vandalia. Chicago & Eastern Illinois, Baltimore & Ohio S. W., and Wabash Railroads, being midway and liigliest point between St. Louis and Terre Haute, Ind. ; was laid out in 1870. The town is in the center of a grain, fruit- growing and stock-raising district ; has a bank, two grain elevators, flouring mill, tile works, a large creamery, wagon, furniture and other fac- tories, besides churdios, good schools and one news- paper. Population (1000), 1,3.35; (1910), 1,328. ALTOELD, John Peter, ex-Judge and ex-Gov- ernor, was born in Prussia in 1848, and in boy- hood accompanied his parents to America, the family settling in Ohio. At the age of 10 he enlisted in the One Hundred and Sixty-fourth Ohio Infantry, serving until the close of the war His legal education was acijuired at St. Louis and Savannah, Mo., and from 1874 to '78 he was Prosecuting Attorney for Andrew County in that State. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, where he devoted himself to professional work. In 1884 he led the Democratic forlorn hope as candidate for Congress in a strong Republican Congressional district, and in 188G was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook Count}', but resigned in August, 1891. The Democratic State conven- tion of 1893 nominateil him for Governor, and he was elected the following November, being the tii-st foreign-lwrn citizen to hold that office in the history of the State, and the first Democrat elected since 1853. In 189C> he was a prominent factor in the Democratic National Convention which nominated William J. Bryan for Presi- dent, and was also a candidate for re-election as Governor. I)ut was dofoatcd liy John H. Tanner, tlie Republican noinincr. Diid March 12. 1002. ALTON, principal city in Madison County and important commercial and manufacturing point on Mississippi River, 25 miles north of St. Louis; site was first occupied as a French trading-post about 1807, the town proper being laid out by Col. Rufus Easton in 1817; principal business houses are located in the valley along the river, while the residence portion occupies the bluHs overlooking tlie river, sometimes rising to the height of nearly 250 feet. The city has extensive glass works employ'ng (1903) 4,000 hands, flouring mills, iron foundries, manufac- tories of agricultural implements, coal cars, min ers' tools, shoes, tobacco, lime, etc., besides several banks, numerous churches, schools, and four newspapers, three of them daily. A monu- ment to the memory of Elijah P Lovejoj-, who fell wliilo defending his pre.ss against a pro-slav- ery mob in 1837, was erected in Alton Cemetery, 1890-7, at a cost of $30,000, contributed by the State and citizens of Alton. Has 3 daily and 4 weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 14,210; (1910), 17,528. ALTOX PENITEXTIARY. The earliest pun- isliments imposed upon public offenders in Illi- nois were by public flogging or imprisonment for a short time in jails rudely constructed of logs, from which escape was not difficult for a prisoner of nerve, strength and mental resource. The inadequacy of such places of confinement was soon perceived, but popular antipathy to any increase of taxation prevented the adoption of any other policy until 1827. A grant of 40,000 acres of saline lands was made to the State by Congress, and a considerable portion of the money received from their sale was appropriated to the establishment of a State penitentiary at Alton. The sum set apart proved insufficient.and, in 1831, an additional appropriation of §10,000 was made from the State treasury. In 1833 the prison was ready to receive its first inmates. It was built of stone and had but twenty-four cells. Additions were made from time to time, but by 1857 the State determined upon building a new peniten- tiary, which was located at Joliet (see Northern Penitcnfiiiri/). .and, in 1860, the last convicts were transferred thither from Alton. The Alton prison was conducteii on what is known as "the Auburn plan" — associated labor in silence by day and separate confinement by night. The manage- ment was in the hands of a "lessee," who fur- nished supplies, employed guards and exercised the general powers of a warden under the super- vision of a Commissioner appointed by the State, anil who handled all the products of convict labor. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 17 ALTON RIOTS. (See Lnvejotj. Elijah Par- rish.) ALTONA, town of Knox County, on C, B. & Q. R. K., 11) miles nortlieast of Galesburg; lias an endowed public libraiy, electric light system, cement sidcwalk.s, broom factory, several churches and good schools. Pop. (1900), 0:«; (1910), 528. ALTON & SANWAMON RAILROAD. (See Chicago (£• Alton Railroad.) AMBOY, city in Lee County on Green River, at junction of Illinois Central and C, B. & Q. Rail- roads, 95 miles south by west from Chicago; has artesian water with waterworks and fire protec- tion, city park, two telephone systems, electric lights, railroad repair shops, two banks, two newspapers, seven churches, graded and high schools; is on line of Northern Illinois Electric Ry. from De Ivalb to Dixon; has extensive bridge and iron works. Pop. (1900), 1,826; (1910), 1,749. AMES, Edward Raymond, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, born at Amesville, Athens County, Ohio, May 30, 1806; was educated at the Ohio State University, where he joined the M. E. Church. In 1828 he left college and became Principal of the Seminary at Lebanon, HI., which afterwards became McKendree College. While there he received a license to preach, and, after holding various charges and positions in the church, in- cluding membership in the General Conference of 1840, '44 and '52, in the latter year was elected Bishop, serving until his death, which occurred in Baltimore, April 25, 1879. ANDERSON, (ialusha, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Bergen, N. Y., March 7, 1832; graduated at Rochester University in 1854 and at the Theological Seminary there in 1856; spent ten years in Baptist pastoral work at Janesville, Wis., and at St. Louis, and seven as Professor in Newton Theological Institute, Mass. From 1873 to '80 he preached in Brooklyn and Chicago; was then chosen President of the old Chicago Univer- sity, remaining eight j-ears, .when he again be- came a pastor at Salem, Mass., but soon after assumed the Presidency of Denison Universit}% Ohio. On the organization of the new Chicago University, he accepted the chair of Homiletics and Pastoral Theology, which he now holds ANDERSON, Georije A., lawyer and Congress- man, was bom in Botetourt County, Va., March 11, 1853. When two years old he was brought by his parents to Hancock County, 111 He re- ceived a collegiate education, and, after studying law at Lincoln, Neb., and at Sedalia, Mo., settled at Quincy, 111., where he began practice in 1880. In 1884 he was elected City Attorney on the Democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1885 without opposition. The following year he was the suc- cessful candidate of his party for Congress, which was his last public service. Died at Quincy, Jan. 31, 1896. ANDERSON, James C, legislator, was born in Henderson County, 111., August 1, 1845; raised on a farm, and after receiving a common-school education, entered Monmouth College, but left early in the Civil War to enlist in the Twentieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he attained the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war he served ten years as Sheriff of Henderson County, was elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1888, '90, '92 and '96, and served on the Republican "steering committee" during the session of 1893. He also served as Sergeant-at- Arms of the Senate for the session of 1895, and was a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention of 1896. His home is at Decorra. ANDERSON, Stiuson H., Lieutenant-Gover- nor, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., in 1800; came to Jefferson County, 111., in his youth, and, at an early age, began to devote his attention to breeding fine stock; served in the Black Hawk War as a Lieutenant in 1832, and the same year was elected to the lower branch of the Eighth General Assembly, being reelected in 1834. In 1838 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket with Gov. Thomas Carlin, and soon after the close of his term entered the United States Army as Captain of Dragoons, in this capacity taking part in the Seminole War in Florida. Still later he served under President Polk as United States Marshal for Illinois, and also held the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary at Alton for several years. Died, September, 1857. — William B. (Anderson), son of the preceding, was born at Mount Vernon, 111., April 30, 1830; attended the common schools and later studied surveying, being elected Surveyor of Jefferson County, in 1851. He studied law and was admit- ted to the bar in 1858, but never practiced, pre- ferring the more quiet life of a farmer. In 1856 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly and re-elected in 18.58. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service as a private, was promoted through the grades of Captain and Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the close of the war, was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- eral. In 1868 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1871, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy. In 1874 he was elected to the Forty- 18 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. fourth Congress on the Democratic ticket. In 1893 General Anderson was appointed by Presi- dent Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois, con- tinuing in that position four years, when he retired to private life. Died .\ugust 28, 1901. ASDRUS, Rev. Reuben, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Rutland. Jefferson Count}', N. Y., Jan. 29, 1824; early came to Fulton County, 111., and spent three years (1844-47) as a student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but graduated at McKendree College, Lebanon, in 1849; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered the Methodist ministry, and, in 18.50, founded the Illi- nois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, of which he became a Professor; later re-entered the ministry and held charges at Beardstown, Decatur. Quincy, Springfield and Bloomington, meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois Conference Female College at Jacksonville, and temporary President of Quincy College. In 1867 he was transferred to the Indiana Conference and stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; from 1872 to 'lo was Pre.sident of Indiana Asbury Uni- versity at Greencastle. Died at Indianapolis, Jan. 17, 1887. ANNA, a city in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 36 miles from Cairo; is center of extensive fruit and vegetable-growing district, and largest shipping-point for these commodities on the Illinois Central Railroad. It has an ice plant, potter}' and lime manufactories, two banks and two newspapers. Tlie Southern (111.) Hos- pital for the In.sane is located here. Population (1890), 2,29.i; (1900), 2,618; (1910), 2,809. ANTHOXY, Elliott, jurist, was bom of New England Quaker ancestry at Spafford, Onondaga County, N. Y., June 10, 1827; was related on the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (dis- tinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His early years were sjjent in labor on a farm, but after a course of preparatory study at Cortland Academy, in 1847 he entered the .sophomore class in Hamilton College at Clinton, graduating with honors in 1850. The ne.xt year he began the study of law, at the same time giving in.struction in an Acad- emy at Clinton, where he had President Cleve- land as one of his pupils. After admission to the bar at Oswego, in 18.51, he removed West, stop- ping for a time at Sterling, 111., but the following year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A Digest of Illinois Reports"; in 18.58 was elected City Attorney, and, in 18G3, became solicitor of the Galena & Chicago Union Riiilroad (now the Chicago & Northwestern). Judge Anthony served in two State Constitutional Conventions — tliose of 1862 and 1869-70— teing chairman of the Committee on Executive Department and mem- ber of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter. He was tlelegate to the National RepubUcau Con- vention of 1880, and was the same year elected a Judge of the Superior Court of Cliicago, and was re-elected in 1886, retiring in 1892, after which he resumed the practice of his profession, being chiefly employed as consulting counsel. Judge Anthony was one of the founders and incorpo- rators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago Public Library; al.so served as President of the State Bar As.sociation (1894-9.5), and delivered several important historical addresses before that body. His other most important productions are volumes on "The Constitutional History of Illinois," "The Story of the Empire State" and ".Sanitation and Navigation." Near the close of his last term upon the bench, he spent several months in an extended tour through the princi- pal countries of Europe. His death occurred, after a protracted iUness, at his home at Evans- ton, Feb. 24, 1898. AMI-NEBRASKA EDITORIAL CO>VE>'. TIO\, a political body, which convened at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, pursuant to the suggestion of "The Morgan Journal," then a weekly paper published at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for- mulating a policy in opposition to the principles of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors were in attendance, as follows: Charles H. Ray of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of "The Quincy Whig"; O. P. Wharton of "The Rock Island Advertiser"; T. J. Pickett of "The Peoria Republican"; George Schneider of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung" ; Charles Faxon of "The Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga- zette"; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E. C. Daugherty of "The Rockford Register" ; E. W. Blaisdell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J. Usrey of "The Decatur Chronicle"; and Paul Selby of ' 'The Jacksonville Journal. " Paul Selby was chosen Chairman and W. J. Usrey, Secre- tary. The convention adopted a platform and recommended the calling of a State convention at Bloomington on May 29, following, apiwinting the following State Central Committee to take the matter in charge: W. B. Ogden, Chicago; S. M. Church, Rockford ; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet ; T. J. Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; William H. Herndon, Springfield; R. J. Oglesby, Deca- tur; Joseph Gillespie, Edwardsville; D. L. Phil- lips. Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and Gustavus Koerner for the State-at-large. Abra- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 19 nam Lincoln was present and participated in the consultations of the committees. All of these served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer- ner, the two former declining on account of ab- sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col. Isaac C. Pugh of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven- tion of 1S66. ) APPLE RIVER, a village of Jo Daviess County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 21 miles east-northeast from Galena. Population (1880), 626; (1890), 572; (1900), 576; (1910), 581. APPLINOTON, (Maj.) Zenas, soldier, was born in Broome County, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1815; in 1837 emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where he fol- lowed successively the occupations of farmer, blacksmith, carpenter and merchant, finally becoming the foimder of the town of Polo. Here he became wealthy, but lost much of his property in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he was elected to the State Senate, and, during the session of 1859, was one of the members of that body appointed to investigate the "canal scrip fraud" (which see), and two years later was one of the earnest supporters of the Government in its preparation for the War of the Rebellion. The latter year he assisted in organizing the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Major, being some time in command at Bird's Point, and later rendering important service to General Pope at New Madrid and Island No. 10. He was killed at Corinth, Miss., May 8, 1863, while obeying an order to charge upon a band of rebels concealed in a wood. APPORTIONMENT, a mode of distribution of the counties of the State into Districts for the election of members of the General Assembly and of Congress, which will be treated under separate heads: Legislative. — The first legislative apportion- ment was provided for by the Constitution of 1818. That instrument vested the Legislature with power to divide the State as follows: To create districts for the election of Representatives not less than twenty-seven nor more than thirty- six in number, until the population of the State should amount to 100,000; and to create sena- torial districts, in number not less than one-third nor more than one-half of the representative dis- tricts at the time of organization. The schedule appended to the first Constitution contained the first legal apportionment of Sena- tors and Representatives. The first fifteen counties were allowed fourteen Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. Each county formed a distinct legislative district for repre- sentation in the lower house, with the number of members for each varying from one to three; while Johnson and Franklin were combined in one Senatorial district, the other coimties being entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion- ments were made in 1821, '26, '31, '36, '41 and '47. Before an election was held under the last, how- ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect, and considerable changes were effected in this regard. The number of Senators was fixed at twenty-five and of Representatives at seventy- five, until the entire population should equal 1,000,000, when five members of the House were added and five additional members for each 500,- 000 increase in population until the whole num- ber of Representatives reached 100. Tliereafter the number was neither increased nor dimin- ished, but apportioned among the several coun- ties according to the number of white inhabit- ants. Should it be found necessary, a single district might be formed out of two or more counties. The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four Representative and twenty-five Senatorial dis- tricts. By the apportionment law of 1854, the number of the former was increased to fifty-eight, and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen- atorial districts remained unchanged, but their geographical limits varied imder each act, while the number of members from Representative districts varied according to population. The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im- mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its adoption) by the Governor and Secretary of State upon the basis of the United States Census of 1870. Under the apportionment thuis made, as prescribed by the schedule, the State was divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre- sentative districts, with an aggregate of 177 mem- bers varying from one to ten for the several districts, according to population. This arrange- ment continued in force for only one Legislature — that chosen in 1870. In 1872 this Legislature proceeded to reappor- tion the State in accordance with the principle of "minority representation," which had been sub- mitted as an independent section of the Constitu- tion and adopted on a separate vote. This provided for apportioning the State into fifty-one districts, each being entitled to one Senator and three Representatives. The ratio of representa- tion in the lower house was ascertained by divid- 20 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing the entire population by 153 and each county to be allowed one Representative, provided its population reached three-fifths of the ratio ; coun- ties having a population etiuivalent to one and three-fifths times the ratio were entitled to two Representatives; while each county with a larger population was entitled to one additional Repre- sentative for each time the full ratio was repeated in the number of inhabitants. Apportionments were made on this princi])Ie in 1873, '82 and '93. Members of the lower house are elected bienni- ally; Senators for four years, tliose in odd and even districts being chosen at each alternate legislative election. The election of Senators for the even (numbered) districts takes place at the same time with that of Governor and other State officers, and that for the odd districts at the inter- mediate periods. CoxGUESSlONAL. — For the first fourteen years of the State's history, Illinois constituted but one Congressional district. The census of 1830 show- ing sufficient population, the Legislature of 1831 (by act, approved Feb. 13) divided the State into three districts, the first election luider this law being held on the first Monday in August, 1832. At that time Illinois comprised fifty-flve coun- ties, which were apportioned among the districts as follows. First — Gallatin, Pope, John.son, Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry, Randolph, Monroe. Washingtoit St. Clair, Clin- ton, Bond, Madison, Macoupin; Second — White, Hamilton, Jefferson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash, Clay, Marion, Lawrence, Faj^ette, Montgomery, Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark, Craw- ford; Third — Greene, Morgan, Sangamon, Macon, Tazewell, McLean, Cook, Henry, La Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Knox, Jo Daviess, Mercer, McDonough, Warren, Fulton, Hancock, Pike, Schuyler, Adams, Calhoun. The reapportionment following the census of 1840 was made by Act of March 1, 1843, and the first election of Representatives thereunder occurred on the first Mondaj- of the following August. Forty-one new counties had been cre- ated (making ninety -six in all) and the nmnber of districts was increased to seven as follows. First — Alexander, Union, Jackson, Monroe, Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, Bond, Washington, Madison ; Second — Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Williamson. Gallatin. Franklin, White. Wayne, Hamilton, Wabash, 5Ia.s.sac. Jefferson. Edwards, Marion: Third — Lawrence, Richland, Jasper. Fayette, Crawford. EflSngham, Christian, Mont- gomery, Shelby, Moultrie. Coles, Clark, Clay, Edgar. Piatt, Macon, De Witt; Fourth— Lake, McHenry, Boone, Cook, Kane, De Kalb, Du Page. Kendall, Will, Grundy, La Salle, Iroquois, Livingston, Champaign, VermiUon, McLean, Bureau; Fifth — Greene, Jersey, Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Marquette (a part of Adams never fully organized). Brown, Schuyler, Fulton Peoria, Macoupin; Sixth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside, Henry, Lee, Rock Island, Stark, Mercer, Henderson, AVarren, Knox, McDonough, Hancock; Seventh — Putnam, Marshall, Woodford, Cass, Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Scott, Morgan, Logan, Sangamon. The next Congressional apportionment (August 22, 18.52) divided the State into nine districts, as follows — the first election under it being held the following November: First — Lake, McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Car- roll, Ogle ; Second — Cook, Du Page, Kane, De Kalb, Lee, Whiteside, Rock Island; Third — Will, Kendall, Grundy, Livingston, La Salle, Putnam, Bureau, Vermilion, Iroquois, Cham- paign, McLean, De Witt; Fourth — Fulton, Peoria, Knox, Henry, Stark, Warren, Mercer, Marshall, Mason, Woodford, Tazewell: Fifth — Adams, Calhoun, Brown, Schuyler. Pike, Mc- Donough, Hancock, Henderson ; Sixth — Morgan, Scott, Sangamon, Greene, Macoupin, Montgom- ery, Shelby, Christian, Cass, Menard, Jersey; Seventh — Logan, Macon, Piatt, Coles, Edgar, Moultrie, Cumberland, Crawford, Clark, Effing- ham, Jasper, Clay, La\\Tence, Richland, Fayette; Eiglith — Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Bond, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Jefferson, Mar- ion; Ninth — Alexander, Pulaski, Massac, L^nion, Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, Jack- son, Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Hamilton, Edwards, White, Wayne, Wabash. The census of 1860 showed that Illinois was entitled to fourteen Representatives, but through an error the apportionment law of April 24, 1861, created only thirteen districts. This was com- pensated for by providing for the election of one Congressman for the State-at- large. The districts were as follows: First — Cook, Lake; Second — McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, De Kalb, and Kane: Third — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, White- side, Carroll, Ogle, Lee: Fourth — Adams, Han- cock, Warren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island; Fifth— Peoria, Knox, Stark, Marshall, Putnam, Bureau. Henry: Sixth— La Salle. Gnmdy, Ken- dall. Du Page, Will, Kankakee: Seventh — Macon. Piatt, Champaign, Douglas. Moultrie. Cumberland, Vermilion, Coles, Edgar, Irotiuois, Ford; Eighth — Sangamon, Logan. De Witt. Mc- Lean, Tazewell, Woodford, Livingston; Ninth — HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 21 Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass, Kke, McDonough, Schuyler, Brown ; Tenth — Bond, Morgan, Cal- houn, Macoupin, Scott, Jersey, Greene, Christian, Montgomery, Shelby ; Eleventh — Marion, Fay- ette, Richland, Jasper. Clay, Clark, Crawford, Franklin, Lawrence, Hamilton, Effingham, Wayne, Jefferson ; Twelfth — St. Clair, Madison, Clinton, Monroe. Washington, Randolph; Thirteenth — Alexander, Pulaski, Union. Perry, Johnson, Williamson, Jackson, Massac, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, White, Edwards, Wabash. The next reapportionment was made July 1, 1872. The Act created nineteen districts, as fol- lows: First — The first seven wards in Chicago and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the county of Du Page; Second — Wards Eighth to Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago; Third — Wards Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder of Cook County, and Lake County; Fourth — Kane, De Kalb, McHenrj-, Boone, and Winne- bago; Fifth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth — Henry, Rock Island, Putnam, Bureau. Lee; Seventh — La Salle, Ken- dall, Grundy, Will; Eighth — Kankakee. Iroquois, Ford, Marshall. Livingston. Woodford ; Ninth — Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth — Mercer, Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock, Schuyler; Eleventh — Adams, Brown, Calhoun, Greene, Pike, Jersey; Twelfth — Scott, Morgan, Jlenard, Sangamon, Cass, Christian; Thirteenth — Mason, Tazewell. McLean, Logan, De Witt; Four- teenth — Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Coles, Vermilion ; Fifteenth — Edgar, Clark. Cumber- land, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence, Jasper, Crawford; Sixteenth — Montgomery, Fayette, Washington, Bond, Clinton. Marion, Clay; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe ; Eighteenth — Randolph, Perry, Jackson, Union, Johnson, Williamson, Alex- ander, Pope. Massac. Pulaski; Nineteenth— Richland, Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash, Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Jefferson, Franklin, Hamilton. In 1882 (by Act of April 39) the number of dis- tricts was increased to twenty, and the bound- aries determined as follows: First — Wards First to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen towns in Cook County; Second — Wards 5th to 7th and part of 8th in Chicago; Third — Wards i)th to 14th and part of 8th in Chicago; Fourth — The remainder of the City of Chicago and of the county of Cook; Fifth — Lake. McHenry. Boone, Kane, and De Kalb ; Sixth — Winnebago. Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll; Seventh — Lee, Whiteside, Henry. Bureau, Put- nam; Eighth — La Salle, Kendall Grundy, Du Page, and Will; Ninth — Kankakee. Iroquois, Ford. Livingston, Woodford, Marshall; Tenth — Peoria, Knox, Stark, Fulton ; Eleventh — Rock Island, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Hancock, McDonough, Schuyler; Twelfth —Cass, Brown, Adams, Pike, Scott, Greene, Calhoun. Jersey; Thirteenth — Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Sanga- mon, Morgan, Christian; Fourteenth — McLean, De Witt, Piatt, Macon, Logan ; Fifteenth — Coles, Edgar, Douglas. Vermilion, Champaign; Sixteenth — Cmnberland, Clark, Jasper, Clay, Crawford, Richland, LawTence, Waj'ne, Edwards, Wabash ; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Montgomery, Jloultrie, Shelby, Effingham, Fayette; Eight- eenth — Bond. Madison. St. Clair. Monroe. Wash- ington; Nineteenth — Marion, Clinton Jefferson, Saline. FrankUn, Hamilton, White, Gallatin, Har- din ; Twentieth — Perry, Randolph, Jackson, Union, Williamson, Johnson, Alexander, Pope, Pulaski. Massac. The census of 1890 showed the State to be entit- led to twenty-two Representatives. No reap- portionment, however, was made until June, 1893. two members from the State-at-large being elected in 1893. The existing twenty two Con- gressional districts are as follows: The first seven districts comprise the counties of Cook and Lake, the latter lying wholly in the Seventh dis- trict; Eighth — McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du Page, Kendall. Grundy; Ninth — Boone, Winne- bago. Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Tenth — Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, Stark, Knox ; Eleventh — Bureau, La Salle, Livingston, Woodford; Twelfth — Will, Kanka- kee, Iroquois, Vermilion; Thirteenth — Ford, Mc- Lean, DeWitt, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas; Four- teenth — Putnam, Marshall, Peoria, PVlton, Tazewell, Mason; Fifteenth — Henderson, War- ren, Hancock, McDonough, Adams, Brown, Schuyler; Sixteenth — Cass, Morgan, Scott, Pike, Greene, Macoupin, Calhoun, Jersey; Seventeenth — Menard, Logan, Sangamon, Macon, Christian ; Eighteenth — Madison, Montgomery, Bond, Fayette, Shelby, Moultrie; Nineteenth — Coles, Edgar, Clark, Cumberland, Effingham, Jasper, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence; Twenti- eth — Clay, Jefferson, Wayne, Hamilton, Ed- wards, Wabash, Franklin, White, Gallatin, Hardin; Twenty-first — Marion, Clinton, Wash- ington, St. Clair, Monroe, Randolph, Perry; Twenty-second — Jackson, Union, Alexander, Pulaski, Johnson, Williamson, Saline, Pope, Massac. (See a-lso Representatives iv Congress.) 22 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ARCHER, William B., pioneer, was bom in Warren County. Ohio, in 1792, and taken to Ken- tucky at an earh' day, where he remained until 1S17, when his family removed to Illinois, finally settling in what is now Clark County. Although pursuing the avocation of a farmer, he became one of the most prominent and influential men in that part of the State. On the organization of Clark County in 1819, he was appointed the finst County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former office in 1820 and the latter in 1822. In 1824 he was elected to tlie lower branch of the General Assembly, and two years later to the State Senate, serving continuously in the latter eight years. He was thus a Senator on the breaking out of the Black Hawk War (1832), in which he served as a Captain of militia. In 1834 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor; rt'as appointed by Governor Duncan, in 183.5, a jnemter of the first Board of Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1838 was returned a second time to the House of Repre- sentatives and re-elected in 1840 and '46 to the same body. Two years later (1848) he was again elected Circuit Clerk, remaining until 18.52, and In 1854 was an Anti-Nebraska Whig candidate for Congress in opposition to James C. Allen. Although Allen received the certificate of elec- tion. Archer contested his right to the seat, with the result that Congress declared the seat vacant and referred the question back to tlie people. In a new election held in August, 18.5(5, Archer was defeated and Allen elected. He held no public office of importance after this date, but in 1856 was a delegate to the first Republican National Convention at Philadelphia, and in that body was an enthusiastic supporter of Abraham Lincoln, whose zealous friend and admirer he was. for the office of Vice-President. He wa-s al.so one of the active promoters of various railroad enterprises in tliat section of the State, especially the old c'hicago & Vincennes Road, the first projected southward from the City of Chicago. His con- nection with the Illinois & Michigan Canal was the means of giving his name to Archer Avenue, a somewhat famous thorouglifare in Chicago. fle was of tall stature and great energy of cliar- acter, with a tendency to enthusiasm that com- municated itself to others. A local liistory has said of him that "lie did more for Clark Comity than any man in his day or since," although "no consideration, pecuniary or otherwise, was ever given him for his services." Colonel Archer was one of the founders of Marsliall, the county -seat of Clark County, Governor Duncan being associ- ated with liim in the ownership of the land on which the town was laid out. His death oc- curred in Clark County, August 9, 1870, at the age of 78 years. AKCOLA,incorporated city in Douglas County, 158 miles south of Chicago, at junction of Illinois Central and Terre Haute branch Vandalia Rail- road ; is center of largest broom-corn producing region in the world; has city waterworks, with efficient volunteer fire department, electric lights, telephone system, grain elevators and broom- corn warehouses, two banks, two newspapers, nine churches, library building and excellent free school system. Pop. (1900), 1,995; (1910), 2,100. ARENZ, Francis A., pioneer, was born at Blankenberg, in the Province of the Rhein, Prussia. Oct. 31, 1800; obtained a good education and, while a young man, engaged in mercantile business in his native country. In 1827 lie came to the United States and, after spending two years in Kentucky, in 1829 went to Galena, wliere he was engaged for a short time in the lead trade. He took an early opportunity to become naturalized, and coming to Beardstown a few months later, went into merchandising and real estate; also became a contractor for furnishing supplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk War, Beardstown being at the time a rendezvous and shipping point. In 1834 he began the publi- cation of "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land Register," and was the projector of the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending from the Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's Ferry on the Sangamon, for which he secured a special charter froni the Legislature in 1836. He had a survey of the line made, but the hard times prevented the beginning of the work and it was finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile business in 1835, he located on a farm six miles southeast of Beardstown, but in 1839 removed to a tract of land near the Morgan County line which he had bought in 1833, and on which the present village of Arenzville now stands. This became the center of a thrifty agricultural com- munity composed largely of Germans, among whom he exercised a large influence. Resuming the mercantile business here, he continued it until about 1853, when he sold out a considerable part of liis possessions. An ardent Whig, he was elected as such to the lower branch of the Four- teenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan County, and during the following session suc- ceeded in securing the passage of an act by which a strip of territory three miles wide in tlie north- ern part of Morgan County, including the village HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 23 or Arenzville, and which had been in dispute, was transferred by vote of the citizens to Cass County. In iy.53 Mr. Arenz visited his native land, by appointment of President FiUmore, as bearer of dispatdies to the American legations at Berlin and Vienna. He was one of the founders of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 18.53, and served as the Vice-President for his district until his death, and was also the foimder and President of the Cass County Agricultural Soci- ety. Died, April 2, 1856. ARE>'ZVILLE, a village of Cass County on the Rock I.'iland-Beardstown Division of the C, B. & Q. Ry., about 10 miles south of Beardstown; first settlers German. Pop. (1910), 518. ARLINGTON HEIGHTS (formerly Dunton), a village of Cook County, on tlie Chicago & North- western Railway, 32 miles northwest of Chicago; is in a dairj'ing district, has cheese and can factories, besides a sewing machine factory, hotels and churches, a graded school, a bank and one news- paper. Population (1880), 995; (1890), 1,424; (1900), 1,380; (1910), 1,943. ARMOUR, Philip Danforth, packer. Board of Trade ojierator and capitalist, was born at Stock- bridge, Madison County, N. Y., May 16, 1832. After receiving the benefits of such education as the village academy afforded, in 1852 he set out across the Plains to California, where he re- mained four years, achieving only moderate suc- cess as a miner. Returning east in 1856, he soon after embarked in the commission business in Milwaukee, continuing until 1863, when he formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton in the meat-packing business. Later, in conjunc- tion with liis brothers — H. O. Armour having already built up an extensive grain commission trade in Chicago — he organized the extensive packing and commission firm of Armour & Co., with branches in New York, Kansas City and Chicago, their headquarters being removed to the latter place from Milwaukee in 1875. Mr. Armour is a most industrious and me- thodical business man, giving as many hours to the superintendence of business details as the most industrious day-laborer, the result being seen in the creation of one of the most extensive and prosperous firms in the country. Jlr. Armour's practical benevolence has been demon- strated in a munificent manner by his establish- ment and endowment of the Armour In.stitute (a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost of over $2,250,000, as an offshoot of the Armour Mission founded on the bequest of his deceased brother. .J(isei)h F. Armour. Died Jan. 0, 1901. ARMSTRONG, John Strawn, pioneer, bom in Somerset County, Pa., May 29, 1810, the oldest of a family of nine sons; was taken by his parents in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he spent his childhood and early youth. His father was a native of Ireland and his mother a sister of Jacob Strawn, afterwards a wealthy stock-grower and dealer in Morgan County. In 1829, John S. came to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now Marshall) County, all finally removing to La Salle County, where they were among the earli- est settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1834, where he continued to reside over fifty years, when he located in the village of Sheridan, but early in 1897 went to reside with a daughter in Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk War, has been a prominent and influential farm- er, and. in the later years of his life, has been a leader in "Granger" politics, being Master of his local "Grange," and also serving as Treasurer of the State Grange. — George Washington (Arm- strong), brother of the preceding, was born upon the farm of his parents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn) Armstrong, in Licking County, Ohio, Dec. 9, 1812; learned the trade of a weaver with his father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and at the age of 18 was in charge of the factory. Early in 1831 he came with his mother's family to Illinois, locating a few montlis later in La Salle Cotinty. In 1832 he served with his older brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, was identified with the early steps for the construc- tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, finally be- coming a contractor upon the section at Utica, where he resided several years. He then returned to tlie farm near the present village of Seneca, where he had located in 1833, and where (with the exception of his residence at Utica) he resided continuously over sixty-five years. In 1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower branch of the Fourteenth General Assembly, also served in the Constitutional Convention of 1847and, in 1858, was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen Lovejoy. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as Representative from La Salle County, he served in that body until 1SG8, proving one of its ablest and most influential members, as well . as an accomplished parliamentarian. Mr. Armstrong was one of the original promoters of the Kan- kakee & Seneca Railroad. Died Jan. 29, 1902.— William E. (Armstrong), third brother of this family, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Oct. 2.5, 1814; came to Illinois with the rest of the 24 IIISTOKK'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. family in 1831, and resided in I^a Salle County iiiilil 1H41, meanwhile serving two or three terms JUS Sheriff of the county. Tlie latter year lie was appointed one of the Commissioners to locate the county-seat of the newly-organized county of Grundy, finally becoming one of the founders and the first iHjrinanent settler of the town of Grundy — later called Morris, in honor of Hon. I. N. 5Ior- ris. of Quincy, 111. at that time one of the Com- missioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Here Mr. Armstrong was agiiin elected to the ofKce of Slu>riff. serving several terms. So ex- tensive was his influence in Grundy County, that he was ix)pularly known as "The Emi)eror of Grundy." Died, Nov. 1, 1850.— Joel W. (Arm- strong), a fourth brother, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817; emigrated in boyhood to I>a Salle County, 111. ; serveil one term as County Recorder, was member of the Board of Su])orvisors for a numlier of yejirs and the first Postmsister of his town. Died. Dec. 3, 1871. — I'erry A. (Armstrong), the seventh brother of this historic family, was born near Newark, Lick- ing County, Ohio, April 15, 1823, and came to La Salle County, 111., in 1831. His opportmiities for acquiring an education in a new country were limited, hut between work on the farm and serv- ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a short term in an academy and as a teacher in Kendall County, he managed to prepare himself for college, entering Illinois College at Jackson- ville in 1843. Owing to failure of health, he was compelled to abanilon his plan of obtaining a col- legiate educ^ition and returned home at the end of his Freshman year, but continued his studies, mejvnwhile teiu-hing district sc1kh)1s in the winter and working on his mother's farm during the crop season, until 1843, when he located in Mor- ris, Grundy County, opened a general store and was appointed I'ostniiuster. He h;is lieen in pub- lic position of some sort ever since he reached his majority, including the offices of School Trustee, Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor, County Clerk (two termsl. Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 18G3, and two terms as Representative in the Gener^iJ Assembly (1803-64 and 1872-74). During his last session in the Gen- eral Assembly he took a conspicuous ])art in the revision of the statutes under the Constitution of 1870, framing some of the most importiint laws on the statute book, while participating in the preparation of others. At an earlier date it fell lo his lot to draw up the original charters of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Illinois Central, and the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. He has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and JIasonic circles, having been Grand Master of the first named order in the State and being the old- est 33d degree Miison in Illinois ; was admitted to the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1868, and has been Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive years. Mr. Armstrong has also found time to do some literary work, as shown by his history of "The Sauks and Black Hawk War,'" and a num- ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat- ing reminiscences of pioneer life in Illinois, one of which is the story of liis first trip from Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he accompanied his oldest brother (WilUam E. Armstrong) to Chicago with a sled and ox- team for salt to cure their mast-fed pork, the trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that there were but three white families in Chicago at that time, but a large number of Indians mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian origin. ARNOLD, Isaac N., lawyer and Congressman, was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1813, being descended from one of tTie companions of Roger Williams. Thrown upon his own resources at an early age, he was largely "self-niivde." He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. The next year he removed to Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837, but resigned before the close of the year and was admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1841. He soon established a reputation as a lawyer, and served for three terms (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legisla- ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on the Polk ticket, but the re])eal of tlie Missouri Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan- sas and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free- soiler, into the ranks of the Republican party, by which he wjis sent to Congress from 1861 to 1865. While in Congress he prepared and delivered an exhaustive argument in support of the right of confiscation by the General Government. After the exjiiration of his last Congressional term, Mr. Arnold returned to Chicago, where he resided until his death, April 24, 1884. He was of schol- arly instincts, fond of literature and an author of repute. Among his best known works are his "Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of Benedict Arnold." ARRIMJTOX, Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C, September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem- ber of Congress from that State. In 1829 he was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 25 received on trial as a Methcxiist preaclier and became a circuit rider in Indiana; during 1832-33 served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much celebrity by his eloquence. In 1834 he began the study of law, and having been admitted to the bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas, where he was sent to the Legislature, and, in 1844, was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elec- tor. Later he removed to Texas, wliere he served as Judge for six years. In 185G he removed to Madison, Wis., but a year later came to Chicago, where he attained distinction as a lawj-er, dying in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom- plished scholar anil gifted writer, having written much for "The Democratic Review" and "The Southern Literary Messenger," over the signature of "Charles Sunimerfield," and was author of an "Apostrophe to Water," which he put in the mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote with great effect. A volume of his poems with a memoir was published in Chicago in 1869. ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean County, on the Lake Erie & Western Railway, 20 miles east of Bloomington; is in an agricultural and stock region; has one newspaper. Population (1890), 420; (1900), 317; (1910), 366. ARTHUR, village in Moultrie and Douglas Counties, at junction of Chii^ago & Eastern Illi- nois and Terre Haute & Peoria Division Vandalia Line; is center of broomcorn belt; has two banks, a weekly newsjjaper. Population (1900), 858; (1910), 1,080. ASAY, Edward (J., lawyer, was born in Phila- delphia, Sept. 17, 1825; was educated in private schools and entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church; later spent sometime in the South, but in 18.53 retired from the ministry and began the study of law, meantime devoting a part of his time to mercantile business in New York City. He was admitted to the bar in 18,56, remov- ing the same year to Chicago, where he built up a lucrative practice. He was a brilliant speaker and became eminent, especially as a criminal lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Morris and others during their trial for conspiracy in connection with the Camp Douglas affair of No- vember, 1864. During 1871-72 he made an ex- tended trip to Europe, occupying some eighteen months, making a second visit in 1882. His later years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 24, 1898. ASBURY, Henry, lawyer, was born in Harri- son (MOW Robertson) County, Ky., August 10, 1810; came to Illinois in 1834, making the jour- ney on horseback and iinally locating in Quincj', where he soon after began the study of law with the Hon. O. H. Browning; was admitted to the bar in 1837, being for a time the partner of Col. Edward D. Baker, afterwards United States Senator from Oregon and finally killed at Ball's Bluff in 1862. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was api)ointed by President Taylor Register of the Quincy Ijviid Office, and, in 1864-65, .served by a])pointnient of President Lincoln (who was his <-Iose personal friend) as Provost-Marshal of the Quincy dis- trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain." by which he was widely known among his friends. Later he served for several years as Registrar in Bankruptcy at Quincy, which was his last official position. Originally a Kentucky Whig, Captain Asbury was one of the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, acting in co- operation with Abram Jonas, Archibald Williams, Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning an'>, when it was destroyed by fire. (See also Black Hawk ^Var: Appendix.) BLACKSTONE, Timothy 15., Railway Presi- dent, was born at Branford, Conn., March 28, 1829. After receiving a common school educa- tion, supplemented bj- a course in a neighboring acadeni}', at 18 he began the practical study of engineering in a corps emplojed by the New York & New Hampshire Railway Company, and the same year became assistant engineer on the Stockbridge & Pittsfield Railway. While thus employed he applied himself diligently to the study of the theoretical science of engineering, and, on coming to Illinois in 1851, was qualified to accept and fill the position of division engineer (from Bloomington to Dixon) on the Illinois Cen- tral Railway. On the completion of the main line of that road in 18.55, he was appointed Chief Engineer of the Joliet & Cliicago Railroad, later becoming financially interested therein, and being chosen President of the corporation on the completion of the line. In January, 1864, the Chicago & Joliet was leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. Mr. Black- stone then became a Director in the latter organi- zation and, in April following, was chosen its President. This office he filled uninterruptedly until April 1,1899, when the road passed into the hands of a syndicate of other lines. He was also one of the original incorporators of the Union Stock Yards Company, and was its President from 1864 to 1868. His career as a railroad man was con- spicuous for its long service, the uninterrupted success of his management of the enterprises entrusted to his hands and his studious regard for the interests of stockholders. This was illustrated by the fact that, for some tliirty years, the Chicago & Alton Raih-oad paid dividends on its preferred and common stock, ranging from 6 to 8}^ per cent per annum, and, on disposing of liis stock conse- (juent on the transfer of the line to a new corpora- tion in 1899, Mr. Blackstone rejected offers for his stock — aggregating nearly one-third of the whole — which would have netted him $1,000,000 in excess of the amount received, because he was unwilling to use his position to reap an advantage over smaller stockholders. Died, May 21, 1900. BLACKWELL, Kobert S., lawyer, was torn at Belleville, 111., in 1823. He belonged to a prominent family in the early history of the State. Ids father, David Blackwell, who was also a lawyer and settled in Belleville about 1819, having been a member of the Second General Asseniblj- (182U) from St. Clair County, and also of tlie Fourth and Fifth. In April, 1823, he was ajipointed bj' Governor Coles Secretary of State, succeeding Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, after- wards a Justice of the Supreme Court, who had just received from President Monroe tlie appoint- ment of Receiver of Public IMoneys at the Eilwardsville Land Office. Mr. Blackwell served in the Secretary's office to October, 1824, during a part of the time acting as editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had teen removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia, and in which he strongly opposed the policy of making Illinois a slave State. He finally died in Belleville. Robert Blackwell, a brother of David and tlie uncle of the subject of this sketch, was joint owner with Daniel P. Cook, of "The Illinois Herald" — after- wards "The Intelligencer" — at Kaskaskia, in 1816, and in April, 1817, succeeded Cook in the office of Territorial Auditor of Public Accounts, being himself succeeded bj' Elijah C. Berry, who had become his partner on "The Intelligencer," and served as Auditor until tlie organization of the State Government in 1818. Blackwell & Berry were chosen State Printers after the removal of the State capital to Vandalia in 1820, serving in this capacity for some years. Robert Blackwell located at Vandalia and served as a member of the House from Fayette County in the Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies (1832-36) and in the Senate, 1840-42. Robert S. — the son of David, and the younger member of this somewhat famous and historic family — wliose name stands at the head of this paragraph, attended the common schools at Belleville in his boyhood, but in early manhood removed to Galena, wliere he engaged in mercantile pursuits. He later studied law with Hon. O, H. Browning at Quincy, beginning practice at Rushville. where he was associated for a time with Judge Minshall. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, having for his first partner Corydon Beckwith, afterwards of the Supreme Court, still later being associated with a number of prominent lawyers of that day. He is de- scribed by his biographers as "an able lawyer, an elocpient advocate and a brilliant scholar." "Blackwell on Tax Titles," from Iiis jien, has been accepted by the profession as a high authority on that brancli of law. He also published a revision 50 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Statutes in 1858, and began an "Abstract of Decisions of the Supreme Court." which had reached the third or fourth voliuue at his death, May 16, 1863. BLAIR, William, merchant, was born at Homer, Cortland County, N. Y., May 20, 1818, being descended through five generations of New England ancestors. After attending school in the town of Cortland, which became his father's residence, at the age. of 14 he obtained emploj-- ment in a stove and hardware store, four years later (1836) coming to Joliet, 111., to take charge of a branch store which the firm had established there. The next year he purchased the stock and continued the business on his o%vn account. In August, 1842, he removed to Chicago, where he established the earliest and one of the most extensive wholesale hardware concerns in that city, with which he remained connected nearly fifty years. During this period he was associated with various partners, including C. B. Xelson, E. G. Hall, O. W. Belden, James H. Horton and others, besides, at times, conducting the business alone. He suffered by the fire of 1871 in common with other business men of Chicago, but promptly resumed business and, within the next two or three years, had erected business blocks, succes- sively, on Lake and Randolph Streets, but retired from business in 1888. He was a Director of the Merchants' National Bank of Chicago from its organization in 1865, as also for a time of the Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company and the Chicago Gaslight & Coke Company, a Trustee of Lake Forest University, one of the Managers of the Presbyterian Hospital and a member of the Chicago Historical Society. Died in Chicago, May 10, 1899. BLAKELT, David, journalist, was born in Franklin County, Vt., in 1834; learned the print- er's trade and graduated from the University of Vermont in 1857. He was a member of a musical family which, under the name of "The Blakely Family," made several successful tours of the ■West. He engaged in journalism at Rochester, Minn., and, in 1862, was elected Secretary of State and ex-ofBcio Superintendent of Schools, serving until 1865, when he resigned and, in partnership with a brother, bought "The Chicago Evening Post," with which he was connected at the time of the great fire and for some time after- ward. Later, he returned to Minnesota and became one of the proprietors and a member of the editorial staff of "The St. Paul Pioneer-Press." In his later years Mr. Blakely was President of the Blakely Printing Company, of Chicago, also conducting a large printing business in New York, which was his residence. He was manager for several years of the celebrated Gilmore Band of musicians, and also instrumental in organizing the celebrated Sousa's Band, of which he was manager up to the time of his decease in New York, Nov. 7, 1896. BLAKEMAX, Cartiss, sea-captain, and pioneer settler, came from New England to Madison County, 111., in 1819, and settled in what was afterwards known as the "Marine Settlement," of which he was cne of the founders. This settle- ment, of which the present town of Marine (first called Madison) was the outcome, took its name from the fact that several of the earlj- settlers, like Captain Blakeman, were sea-faring men. Captain Blakeman became a prominent citizen and repre- sented Madison County in the lower branch of the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1823 and 1824), in the former being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery amendment of the Constitution. A son of his, of the same name, was a Represent- ative in the Thirteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth General Assemblies from Madison County. BLANCHARD, Jonathan, clergyman and edu cator, was born in Rockingliam, Tt., Jan. 19, 1811; graduated at Middlebury College in 1833; then, after teaching some time, spent two years in Andover Theological Seminary, finally gradu- ating in theology at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, in 1838, where he remained nine years as pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian Church of that city. Before this time he had become interested in various reforms, and, in 1843, was sent as a delegate to the second World's Anti-Slavery Convention in London, serving as the jUnerican Vice-President of that body. In 1846 he assumed the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1858, during his connection with that institution doing much to increase its capacity and resources. After two j-ears spent in pastoral work, he accepted (1860) the Presidency of Wheaton College, which he continued to fill until 1S82, when he was chosen President Emer- itus, remaining in this position until his death. May 14, 1892. BLA>T)I\SYILLE, a town in McDonough County, on the Toledo, Peoria & 'Warsaw Rail- road, 26 miles southeast of BurUngton, Iowa, and 64 miles west by south from Peoria. It is a ship- ping point for the grain grown in the surround- ing covmtry, and has a grain elevatol and steam flour and saw mills. It also has banks, oni' weekly newspaper and several churches. Population (1890), 877; (1900), 995; (1910), 987. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 51 BLAXEY, Jerome Van Zaudt, early physician, born at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1830; was edu- cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at Philadelphia wlien too young to receive his diploma ; in 1843 came west and joined Dr. Daniel Brainard in foimding Rush Medical College at Chicago, for a time filling three chairs in that institution ; also, for a time, occupied the chair of Chemistry and Natural Pliilosophy in Northwest- ern Universitj'. In 1861 he was appointed Sur- geon, and afterwards Medical Director, in the army, and was Surgeon in-Chief on the staff of General Sheridan at the time of the battle of Winchester ; after the war was delegated by the Government to pay off medical officers in the Nortliwest, in this capacity disbursing over §600,- 000 ; finally retiring with the rank of Lieutenant- Colonel. Died, Dec. 11. 1874. BLATCHFORD, Eliphalet Wickes, LL.D., son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater, X. Y. , May 31, 1826; being a grandson of Samuel Blatchford, D.D.,who came to New York from England, in 1795. He prepared for college at Lan- singburg Academy. New York, and at Marion College, Mo. , finally graduating at Illinois College, .Jacksonville, in the class of 184.5. After graduat- ing, he was employed for several years in the law- offices of his uncles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford, New York. For considerations of health he re- turned to the West, and, in 1830, engaged in busi- ness for himself as a lead manufacturer in St. Louis, Mo., afterwards associating with him the late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatch- ford & Collins. In 1854 a branch was established in Chicago, known as Collins & Blatchford. After a few years the firm was dissolved, Mr. Blatch- ford taking the Chicago business, which has continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co. to the pres- ent time. While Mr. Blatchford has invariably declined political offices, he has been recognized as a staunch Republican, and the services of few men have been in more frequent request for positions of trust in connection with educational and benevolent enterprises. Among the numer- ous positions of this character which he has been called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North- western Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission, during the Civil War, to which he devoted a large part of his time; Trustee of Illi- nois College (1866-75); President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences ; a member, and for seven- teen years President, of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary; Trustee of the Chicago Art Institute; Executor and Trustee of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its incorporation. President of the Board of Trustees of The Newberry Library; Trustee of the John Crerar Library ; one of the founders and Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Manual Training School; life member of the Chicago Historical Society; for nearly forty years President of the Board of Directors of the Chicago Theological Seminary ; during his resi- dence in Chicago an officer of the New England Congregational Church: a corporate member of the American Board of Commissioners for For- eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice- President; a charter member of the City Missionary Society, and of the Congregational Club of Chicago; a member of the Chicago Union League, the University, the Literary and the Commercial Clubs, of wliich latter he has been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter of John C.Williams, of Chicago. Seven chiUlren — four sons and three daughters— have blessed this union, the eldest son, Paul, being to day one of Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's life has been one of ceaseless and successful activity in business, and to him Chicago owes much of its prosperity. In the giving of time and money for Christian, educational and benevo- lent enterprises, he lias been conspicuous for his generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and executive ability in carrying these enterprises to success. BLATCHFORD, John, D.D., was born at New- field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 24, 1799; removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y., and was educated at Cambridge Academy and Union College in that State, graduating in 1820. He finished his theological course at Princeton, N. J., in 1833, after which he ministered succes- sively to Presbyterian churches at Pittstown and Stillwater, N. Y., in 1830 accepting the pastorate of the First Congregational Church of Bridge- port, Conn. In 1836 he came to the West, spend- ing the following winter at Jacksonville, 111., and, in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicvigo, where he remained until compelled bj' failing health to resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac- cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi- losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently assuming the Presidency. The institution having been purchased by the Free Ma.sons. in 1844, he removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847, to Quincy, 111., where he resided during the remainder of his life. His death octaiiTed in St. Louis, April 8, 1855. The churches he served 52 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. testified strongly to Dr. Blatchford's faithful, acceptable and successful performance of his ministerial duties. He was married in 1835 to Frances Wickes, daughter of Eliplialet Wickes, Esq. . of Jamaica, Long Island, X. Y. BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law- yer, was born in Frankfort, Ky., Xov. 9, 1809; graduated at West Point Military Academy in 1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib- son, Indian Territory, retired from the army in 1832. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor of Mathematics and teacher of French at Kenyon College, Ohio, and, in 1835-36, Professor of Mathematics at Miami University. Then, hav- ing studied theology, he served for several years as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838 he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the prac- tice of law, remaining several years, wlien he removed to Washington, D. C. Later he became Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the University of Mississippi, and (1854-61) in the University of Virginia. He then entered the Confederate .service with the rank of Colonel, but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of War; in 1863 visited England to collect material for a work on the Constitution, which was pub lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore, where he began the publication of "The Southern Review," which became the recognized organ of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later he became a minister of the Methodist Church. He gained considerable reputation for eloquence during his residence in Illinois, and was the author of a number of works on religious and political subjects, the latter maintaining tlie right of secession ; was a man of recognized ability, but lacked stability of character. Died at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 8, 1877. BLODGETT, Henry Williams, jurist, was born at Amherst, Mass., in 1831. At the age of 10 years he removed with his parents to Illinois, where he attended the district schools, later returning to Amherst to spend a year at the Academy. Returning home, he spent the years 1839-42 in teaching and surveying. In 1842 he began the study of law at Cliicago, being admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac- tice at Waukegan, 111., %vhere he has continued to reside. In 1852 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature from Lake County, as an anti-slavery candidate, and, in 1858, to the State Senate, in the latter serving four yeare. He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being employed at different times by tlie Chicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg & Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named road lie was one of the projectors, procuring its charter, and being identified with it in the sev- eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi- dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him Judge of the L'nited States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Tliis position he continued to occupy for twenty -two years, resign- ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment by Presi- dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for the United States before the Behring Sea Arbitrators at Paris, his last official ser\-iee. Died Feb. 9, 1905. BLOOMINGDALE, a village of Du Page County, 30 miles west by north from Chicago. Pop. (1880), 226; (l.SOO), 463; (1900), 235; (1910), 462. BLOOMINGTON, the county-seat of McLean County, a flourishing city and railroad center, 59 miles northeast of Springfield ; is in a rich agri- cultural and coal-mining district. Besides car shops and repair works employing some 2,000 hands, there are manufactories of stoves, fur- naces, plows, flour, etc. Nurseries are numerous in the vicinity and horse breeding receives much attention. The city is the seat of Illinois Wee- leyan University, has fine public schools, several newspapers (two published daily), besides educa- tional and other publications. Tlie business sec- tion suffered a disastrous fire in 1900, but has been rebuilt more substantially than before. The prin- cij>al streets are paved and electric street cars con- nect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Or- phans' Home." Pop. (1900), 23,280: (1910), 25,768. BLOOMIXGTON COXVEXTIOX OF 1856. Although not formally called as such, this was the first Republican State Convention held in Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Repub- lican organization in the State. A mass conven- tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska Convention") was held at Springfield during the week of the State Fair of 18.54 (on Oct. 4 and 5), and, although it adopted a platform in harmony with the principles which afterwards became the foundation of the Republican party, and appointed a State Central Committee, besides putting in nomination a candidate for State Treasurer — the only State officer elected that year — the organi- zation was not j)erpetuated, the State Central Committee failing to organize. The Bloomington Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call issued by a State Central Committee a])pointed by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held at Decatur on February 23, 1856. (See Aiiti-Aeb- HISTORICAL EMCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 53 raska Editorial Convention.) The call did not even contain the word "Republican, " but was addressed to those opposed to the principles of the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing Democratic administration. The Convention met on May 29, 1856, the date designated by the Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven- tion, as party organizations existed in few coun- ties of the State at that time. Consequently representation was very unequal and followed no systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties into which the State was then divided, only seventy were represented bj- delegates, ranging from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty counties (embracing nearly the whole of the southern part of the State) entirely vmrepre- sented. Lee County had the largest representa- tion (twenty-five), Morgan County (the home of Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele- gates, while Cook County had seventeen and Sangamon had five. The whole number of delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous record, was 269. Among the leading spirits in the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi- bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates, John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B. Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards became prominent in State politics. The delega- tion from Cook County included the names of John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and Charles L. Wilson. The temporary organization was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams County in the chair, followed by the election of John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent President. The other oflScers were: Vice-Presi- dents — John A. Davis of Stephenson; William Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H. Bryant of Bureau ; A. C. Harding of W^arren ; Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith of Madison; Thomas A. Marshall of Coles; J. M. Ruggles of Mason ; G. D. A. Parks of Will, and John Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries — Henry S. Baker of Madison; Charles L. Wilson of Cook; John Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State ticket was put in nomination consisting of William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama- tion); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County, for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias M. Hatch of Pike, for Secretary of State ; Jesse K. Dubois of Lawrence, for Auditor ; James Miller of McLean, for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria, for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff- man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi- dence after the date of naturalization, withdrew, and his place was subsequently filled by the nomination of John Wood of Quinc}-. The plat- form adopted was outspoken in its pledges of unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition to the extension of slavery into new territory. A delegation was appointed to the National Con- vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17, following, and a State Central Committee was named to conduct the State campaign, consisting of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County; Asahel Gridley of McLean ; Burton C. Cook of La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B. Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the occasion, before the convention or in popular meetings held while the members were present in Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Brown- ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraham Lincoln, Burton C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out the policy of the administration for making Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has been universally regarded by those who heard it as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "liouse- divided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858. John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo- cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta- tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he (Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage siiellbound by the power of his argument, the intense irony of his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded, the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after cheer told how deeply their hearts had been touched and their souls warmed up to a generous enthusiasm." At the election, in November following, although the Democratic candidate for President carried the State by a plurality of over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in nomination at Bloomington was successful by majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the several candidates. BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on the Calumet River and the Chicago, Roi^k Island & Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and the Illinois Central Rnilwavs. 15 miles south of 54 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Chicago. It has a high school, churches and t« o newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works. Pop. (19111), 8,043: anne.xed to city of Chicago. 1911. BLUE ISLAM) RAILROAD, a short line 3 96 miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois; capital stock §25,000; operated by the Illinois Central Railroad Companj'. Its fiuided debt (1895) was $100,000 and its lloating debt. §3,779. BLUE MOUND, a town of Macon County, on the Wabash Railway, 14 miles southeast of De- catur;' in rich grain and live-stock region; has three grain elevators, two banks, tile factory and one newspai>er. Pop. (1900), 714. (1910). 900. BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of the Wabash Railway, 52 miles west of Spring- field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 162; (1890), 421. (1900). 539; (1910), 766. BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis- lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was brought bj' his parents to Ohio when five years old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at Lacon, III, in 1836, practicing there until 1862, when, having been appointed Surgeon of the Board of Enrollment for that District, he re- moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by Dr. Boal have been tho.se of Senator in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth General A.ssemblies (1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and Twentieth (18.54-58), and Trustee of the Institu- tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, remaining in the latter position seventeen years under the successive administrations of Gov- ernors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever- idge — the la.st five years of his service being President of the Board. He was also President of the State Medical Board in 1882. Dr. Boal continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890, when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon to reside with his daughter, the widow of the late Colonel Greenbury L. Fort, for eight years Representative in Congress from the Eighth District. Died June 12, 1903. BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the State Government, created by an act of the Legis- lature, approved August 2, 1895. It is appointed by the Executive and is composed of three mem- bers (not more than two of whom can belong to the same political party), one of whom must l)e an employer of labor and one a member of some labor organization. The term of office for the members first named was fixed at two years; after March 1, 1897, it became three years, one member retiring annually. A compensation of 81.500 per annum is allowed to each member of the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be a stenographer, receives a salary of §1,200 per annum. When a controversy arises between an individual, firm or corporation employing not less than twenty-five persons, and his or its employes, application may Ije made by the aggi'ieved party to the Board for an inquirj- into the nature of the disagreement, or both parties may unite in the submission of a case. The Board is required to visit the locality', carefully investi- gate the cause of the dispute and render a deci- sion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once made public. If the application be filed by the employer, it must be accompanied bj- a stipula- tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out for the space of three weeks after its date In like manner, complaining employes must promise to continue peacefull.v at work, under existing conditions, for a like period. The Board is granted power to send for persons and papers and to administer oaths to witnesses. Its decisions are binding upon applicants for six months after rendition, or until either partj' shall have given the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or their intention not to be bound thereby. In case the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists between employes and an employer having less than twenty-five persons in his employ, and tliat a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is made the duty of the body to put itself into communication with both employer and employes and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement between them by mediation. The absence of any provision in the law prescribing penalties for its violation leaves the observance of the law, in its present form, dependent upon the voluntary action of the parties interested. BOARD OF ADMINISTRATION (STATE). By act of the General Assembly, passed June 15, 1909, the Governor was authorized to appoint a State Board of Administration, with power to assume control of the State charitable institutions which had been under super^^sion of the Board of Public Charities since 1869. The first members of the new Board, with periods for which they were appointed, were: L. Y. Sherman, President (1909-11); Thomas O'Connor and Benj. R. Bur- roughs (1909-13); James L. Greene and Frank D. Whipp (1909-15), their successors being appointive for terms of six years each. Members of the Com- mission are required to give all their time to the duties of the office, receiving a salary of SO.OOO per annum, with traveling expenses while on duty, and are authorized to exercise executive and admin HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 55 istrative control over all State charitable institu- tions, to assume property rights of previous Boards over such institutions and expend money appro- priated by the Legislature for the same; to accept and hold in trust, on behalf of the State, grants, gifts or bequests of money or projierty for the benefit of the insane in State hospitals, etc. They are charged with the duty of inspecting, investigating and licensing all institutions where persons are imder treatment for mental or nervous diseases; have power of appointment or removal of buperinten- dents or managers of the same; are authorized to inspect county jails, city prisons and houses of correction, to examine sanitary conditions and regulate the admission of patients to the same; and to this end it is required that each State institu- tion under their supervision shall be visited at least once per quarter by some member of the Board. The institutions coming under their juris- diction by this act are: Schools for the Blind and Do;if, Jacksonville; Industrial Home for the Blind, and Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago; Institution for Feeble-Minded, Lincoln; Hospitals for the In- sane at Jackson\'ille, Kankakee, Elgin, Anna, Peoria, Watertown and Chester; Soldiers' and Sail- ors' Home, Quincy; Soldiers' Widows' Home, \A"il- mington; Soldiers' Orphans' Home, Normal; State Training School for Girls, Geneseo; and St. Charles School for Boys. Auxiliary Boards. — Two auxiliary bodies, appointive by the Governor, are provided for to act in co-operation with the Board of Administra- tion: Finst, a Charities Commission consisting of five members, with practically the same jjower as the former Board of Public Charities. This com- mission serves \vithout compensation, except for traveling expenses while on duty, is recjuired to investigate the whole system of State charitable institutions, examine into their condition and management and report their findings and recom- mendations to the Governor. The second is a system of Boards of Visitors, each Board consisting of three members for each State charitable institution, and appointive under the same conditions as members of the Charities Commission, for a term of six years. These Boards are required to make an insiJection of the institu- tions under their supervision, for this purpose a majority of each Board, at least once each quarter, visiting such institutions as have the whole State for a district, in other cases at least once a month, and report thereon to the Charities Commission. Psychopathic Institute. — It is also made the duty of the Board of Administration to establish and maintain a State Psychopathic Institute, appoint a Director and a Psychologist, who shall perform their duties under direction of the Board, and all State institutions are retiuired to co-operate with the Institute in such manner as the Board may dircct^ — the object being to secure mformation in reference to mental diseases for the benefit of managers of institutions for the insane. All the emploj'es of the Board of Administration, the Cliarities Commission and the Psychopathic Institute, except the manag- ing officers, are placed under the ci\'il service law. Other Boards. — vSketches of other Boards con- nected wnth the administration of State affairs mil be found on page 44Sa of this volume, viz. : Boards of Civil Service, of Equalization, of Health, of Pharmacy, of Pardons and Food Commission. BOUARDUS, Charles, legislator, was born in Cayuga County, N. Y., March 38, 1841, and left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated in the common schools, began working in a store at 13, and, in 1803, enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori- ous service" before Petersburg. While in the service he participated in some of the most important battles in Virginia, and was once wounded and once captured. In 1873 he located in Ford County, 111., where he has been a success- ful operator in real estate. He has been twice elected to the House of Representatives (1884 and '80) and three times to the State Senate (1888, '93 and '90), and has served on the most important committees in each house, and has proved him- self one of the most useful members. At the session of 1895 he was chosen President pro ton. of the Senate. BOGGS, Carroll C, Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County, 111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native town; has held the ofKces of State's Attorney, County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of the Circuit Court for tlie Second Judicial Circuit, being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In June, 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J. Bilker, his term to continue until 1900. BOLTWOOI), Henry L., the son of William and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was born at Am- herst, Mass.. Jan. 17, 18.31; fitted for college at Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst College in 185.3. While in college he taught school every winter, commencing on a salary of ■$4 per week and "boarding round" among the scholars. After graduating he taught in acad- emies at Limerick, Me., and at Pembroke and 56 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Derry, N. H., and in the high scliool at Law- rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner for Rockingham County, N. H. In 1861 he went into the service of tlie Sanitary Commission in the Department of the Gulf, remaiuing until the close of the war ; was also ordained Chaplain of a colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered in. After the close of the war he was employed as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111., for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ- ized the first township high school ever organized in the State, where he remained eleven years. He afterwards organized the township high school at Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which, in 1883, he organized and took charge of the township high school at Evanston, where he has since been employed in liis profession as a teacher. Professor Bolt wood has been a member of the State Board of Education and has served as President of the State Teachers' Association. As a teacher he has given special attention to English language and literature, and to history, being the author of an English Grammar, a High School Speller and "Topical Outlines of General History," besides many contributions to educational jour- nals. He did a great deal of institute work, both in Illinois and Iowa, and was known somewhat as a tariff reformer. Died Jan. 23, 1906. BOXD, Lester L., lawyer, was born at Ravenna, Ohio, Oct. 27, 1S29; educated in the common schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring in local factories; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853, the following year coming to Chicago, where he gave his attention chiefly to practice in connection with patent laws. Mr. Bond served several terms in the Chicago City Council, was Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and served two terras in the General A,ssem- bly— 1866-70. Died April 1.5, 1903. BOXD, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the State, was born in Slaryland, and, after Ijeing liberally educated, removed to Kaskaskia wliile Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory. He served as a member of the first Territorial Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in Congress, serving from 1812 to 1814. In the latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys; he also held a commission as Captain in the War of 1812. On the admission of the State. in 1818. he was elected Governor, and occupied the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskas- kia, April 13, 1832.— Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was elected Delegate from St. Clair County (then comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and, in 1804, to the Legislative Council of the newly organized Territory of Indiana. BOND COUNTY, a small county lying north- east from St. Louis, having an area of 380 square miles and a population (1910) of 17,075. The first American settlers located here in 1807, com- ing from the South, and building Hill's and .Jones's forts for protection from the Indians. .Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcely twenty-five log cabins in the county. The county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin was erected in 181.5 by George Davidson. The county was organized in 1817, and named in honor of Gov. Shadrach Bond. Its original limits included the present counties of Clinton, Fayette and Montgomery. The first court was held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit Court at Hill's Station. The first court house was erected at Greenville in 1822. The county contains good timber and farming lands, and at some points, coal is found near the surface. BOXNEY, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re- former, was born in Hamilton, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1831; educated at Hamilton Academy and settled in Peoria, 111., in 18.50, where he pursued the avocation of a teacher while studj-ing law ; was admitted to the bar in 1852, but removed to Chi- cago in 1S60, where he was afterwards engaged in practice; served as President of the National Law and Order League in New York in 1885, being repeated!)- re-elected, and had also been President of the Illinois State Bar Association, as well as a member of the American Bar Associa- tion. Among the reforms which he advocated were the constitutional prohiliition of special legis- lation; an extension of equity practice to bank- ruptcy and other law proceedings; ci\-il service pensions; State Boards of labor and capital, etc. He also published some treatises in book form, chiefly on legal questions, besides editing a volume of " Poems by Alfred W. Arrington, with a sketch of Ins Character" (1869). As President of the World's Congresses Auxiliarj', in 1893, Mr. Bonney contril>uted largely to the success of that very interesting and imjiortant feature of the great Columbian E.xposition. Died Aug. 23, 1903. BOOXE, Levi D., M. D., early physician, was born near Lexington, Ky., December, 1808 — a descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; re- ceived the degree of M. D. from Transylvania University and came to Edwardsville. 111., at an HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 57 early day, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and taking part in the Black Hawk War as Caiitain of a cavalry company-; came to Chicago in 1836 and engaged in the insurance business, later resuming the practice of his profession; served several terms as Alderman and was elected Mayor in 1855 by a combination of temperance men and Know-Nothings ; acquired a large property by operations in real estate. Died, February, 1882 BOONE COUNTY, the smallest of the "north- ern tier" of counties, having an area of only 2S8 square miles, and a population (1910) of 15,481. Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and the principal products are oats and corn. The earli- est settlers came from New York and New Eng- land, and among them were included Medkifl, Dunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had evacuated the country), came the Shattuck brothers, Maria Hollenbeck and Mrs. Bullard. Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Whiting, H. C. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families. Boone County was cut off from Winnebago, and organized in 1837, being named in honor of Ken- tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the county was erected by S. F. Doty and stood for fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north side of the Kishwaukee River. The county -seat (Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy built soon after. The first Protestant church was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev. Dr. King. BOURBONNAIS, a village of Kankakee County, on the Illinois Central Railroad. 5 miles north of Kankakee. Pop. (1900), 595; (1910), 611. BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Boston, JIass. , March 14, 1856, gi-aduated from the Northwestern Univer- sity at Evanston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 1879, and to that of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1885. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was elected to the lower branch of the Thirty fourth General Assembly and was one of the "103" who, in the long struggle during the following session, participated in the election of Gen. John A. Logan to the United States Senate for the la.st time. At a special election held in the Sixth Illinois District in November, 1897, he was elected Representative in Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred- ecessor. Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719 over all. BOUTON, Nathaniel S., manufacturer, was born in Concord. N. H., May 14, 1828; in his youth farmed and taught school in Connecticut, but in 1852 came to Chicago and was employed by a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards became a partner, in the manufacture of car- wheels and railway castings. Later he became associated with the American Bridge Company's works, which was sold to the Illinois Central Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the Union Car Works, which he operated until 1863. He then became the head of the Union Foundry Works, which having been consolidated with the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired, organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Mr. Bouton was a Republican, was /^"ommissioner of Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms before the Civil War, and served as Assistant Quartermaster in the Eighty-eighth Illinois In- fantry from 1862 until after the battle of Chick- amauga. Died April 3, 1908. BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County, Pa., June 25, 1830, and graduated at Marshall College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18; studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted to the bar at Bedford in liis native State, where he practiced until 1856, when he i-emoved to Illi- nois. In 1861 he abandoned his practice to enlist in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in which he held the position of Captain. At the close of the war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in the Twenty-fifth. Twenty-sixth and Twenty- seventh General Assemblies. He was also a Republican Representative from liis District in the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses (1877-81). Died, at Lewistown, May 28, 1897. BRACEVILLE, a town In Grundy County. 61 miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining is the principal industry. Tlie town has two banks, two churches and good public schools. Pop. (1S90), 2,1.50; (1900), 1,0(39; (1910), 971. BRADFORD, village of Stark County, on Buda and Rushville branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Raihvay ; is in excellent farming region and has large grain and live-stock trade, excel- lent high school building, fine ehurclies, good hotels and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 770. BRADSBY, William H., pioneer and Judge, was born in Bedford County, Vn,., July 12, 1787. He removed to Illinois early in life, and was the first postmaster in Washington County (at Gov- 58 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ington), the first school-teacher and the first Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the time of his death he was Probate and County Judge. Besides being Clerk of aU the courts, he was virtually County Treasurer, as he had cus- tody of all the county's money. For several years he was also Depvity United States Surveyor, and in that capacity surveyed much of the south part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay Counties. Died at Nashville, 111 , August 21, 1839. BRADWELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer ami editor, was born at Loughborough, England, April 16, 1828, and brought to America in infancy, his parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In 1833 they emigrated to Jacksonville. 111., but the following year removed to Wheeling, Cook County, settling on a farm, where the younger Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking prairie, splitting rails and tilling the soil. His first schooling was obtained in a country log- school-house, but, later, he attended the Wilson Academy in Chicago, wliere he had Judge Lo- renzo Sawyer for an instructor. He also took a course in Knox CoUege at Galesburg, then a manual-labor school, supporting himself bj- work- ing in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood, etc. In May, 1852, he was married to Miss Myra Colby, a teacher, with whom he went to Mem- phis, Tenn., the same year, where they engaged in teaching a select school, the subject of tliis sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to reading law. He was admitted to the bar there, but after a stay of less than two years in Mem- phis, returned to Chicago and began practice. In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook County, and re-elected four years later, but declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of his term occurring during the progress of the Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering some vigorous decisions which won for him the reputation of a man of courage and inflexible independence, as well as an incorruptible cham- pion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in 1874. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by many believed to have been honestly elected, though his opponent received the certificate. He made a contest for the seat, and the majority of the Committee on Elections reported in his favor; but he was defeated througli the treach- ery and suspected corruption of a professed polit- ical friend. He is the author of the law making women eligible to school offices in Illinois and allowing them to become Notaries Public, and had always been a chamiiion for equal rights for women in the professions and as citizens. He was a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment, Illinois Militia, in 1848; presided over the .\nicrican Woman's Suffrage Association at its organization in Cleveland; served as Presi- dent of the Cliicago Press Club, of the Chicago Bar -Association, and, for a niunber of years, as Historian of the latter; was one of the founders and President of the Union League Club, besides being associated with many other social and busi- ness organizations. He was identified in a biLsiness capacity with "The Chicago Legal News," founded by his wife in 1868, and after her death became its editor. Judge Bradwell's death occurred Nov. 29, 1907.— Myra Colby (Bradwell), the wife of Judge Bradwell, was born at Manchester, Vt., Feb. 12, 1831 — being descended on her mother's side from the Chase family to which Bishop Philander Chase and Salmon P. Chase, the latter Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought to Portage, N. Y., where she remained until she was twelve years of age, when her family re- moved west. She attended school in Kenosha, Wis., and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being engaged in teaching. On May 18, 1853, she was married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately going to Memphis, Tenn. , where, with the assist- ance of her husband, she conducted a select school for some time, also teaching in the public schools, when they returned to Chicago. In the early part of the Civil War she took a deep interest in the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their families at home, becoming President of the Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 1863 and in 1865. After the war she commenced the study of law and, in 1868, began the publication of "The Chicago Legal News," with which she re- mained identified until her death — also publishing biennially an edition of the session laws after each session of the General Assembly. After passing a most creditable examination, applica- tion was made for her admission to the bar in 1871, but denied in an elaborate deci.sion rendered by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Court of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as was also done by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1873, on the latter occasion Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally admitted to the bar on March 28, 1892, and was the first lady member of the State Bar Asaoci- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 59 ation. Other organizations with wliich she was identified embraced the Illinois State Press Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol- diers' Home (in war time), the "'Illinois Industrial School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian Home, the Board of Ladj- Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Woman's Committee ou Jurisprudence of the World's Congress Auxiliary of 1893. Although much before the public during the latter years of her life, she never lost the refinement and graces which belong to a true woman. Died, at her home in Chicago, Feb. 1-4, 1894. BRAIDWOOD, a city in AVill County, incorpo- rated in 1860; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad; an important coal- mining point, and in the heart of a rich agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 3,279; (1910), 1,958. BRANSON, Nathaniel W., lawyer, was born in Jacksonville, 111., May 29, 1837; was educated in the private and public schools of that city and at Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1857; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi- nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1800, soon after establishing himself in practice at Petersburg, Menard County, where he continued to reside. In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in Bankruptcy for the Springfield District — a po- sition which he held thirteen years. He was also elected Representative in the General Assembly in 187'.2, by reelection in 1874 serving four years in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth General Assemblies ; was a Delegate from Illinois to the National Republican Convention of 1876, and served for several years most efficiently as a Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the Board. Politically a conservative Republican, and in no sense an office-seeker, the official positions assigned to him came unsought and in recognition of his fitness and qualifications. Died Felj. 27, 1907. BRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 23, 1813; brought up as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in 1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Jlicli., in 1838 and l>ecame editor of "The Louisville Adver- tiser" in 1841. In 1842 he opened a law office in Springfield, 111., and the following year was appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to adjust the Mormon troubles, in which capacity he rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was appointed to revise the statutes of the State. Later he devoted much attention to railroad enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central Railroad, 1851-55; then projected the construc- tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite Cairo, into Arkansas, which was iiartiallj- com- pleted before the war, and almost wholly de- stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered the service as Major of the Twenty-ninth Illinois ■Volunteers, taking part in a number of the early battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh; was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con- duct at the latter, and for a time served as Adjutant-General on the staff of General JlcCler- nand; was promoted Brigadier-General in Sep- tember, 1862, at the close of the war receiving the brevet rank of Major-General. After the close of the war he devoted considerable atten- tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the South; edited "The Illinois State Journal," 1S72 73; removed to Wisconsin and was ap- pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four years, after which he returned to Ripon, Wis. Died, in Kansas City. Feb. 27, 1895. BREESE, a village in Clinton County, on Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railway, 39 miles east of St. Louis ; has coal mines, water system, bank and weekly newspaper. Pop. (1910), 2,128. BREESE. Sidney, statesman and jurist, was born at Whitesboro, N Y., (according to the generally accepted autliority) July 15, 1800. Owing to a certain sensitivene.ss about his age in his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult to secure authentic data on the subject ; but his arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at Union College, and his admission to the bar in 1820, have induced many to believe that the date of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier. He was related to some of the most jirominent families in Xew York, including' the Livingstons and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas- kia, began the study of law with liis friend Elias Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator. Meanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas- kaskia, he became A.ssistant Secretary of State, and, in December, 1820, superintended the re- moval of the arcliives of that office to Vandalia, the new State capital. Later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney, .serving in that position from 1822 till 1827, when he became United States District Attorney for Illinois. He was the first official reporter of the Supreme Court, i.ssuing its first volume of decisions; served as Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers during the 60 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Black Hawk War (1832) ; in 1835 was elected to the circuit bench, and, in 18-11, was advanced to the Supreme bench, serving less than two years, when lie resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to wliich he was elected in 18-13 as the successor of Richard M. Young, defeating Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter for the office. Wliile in the Senate (1843-49) he served as Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the construction of a transcontinental railway to the Pacific. He was also one of the originators and active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad enterprise. He was Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives in 1851 , again became Circuit Judge in 1855 and returned to the Supreme bench in 1857 and served more than one term as Chief Justice, the last being in 1873-74. His home during most of his public life in Illinois was at Carlyle. His death occurred at Pinckneyville, June 28, 18T8. BREXTANO, Lorenzo, was born at Mannlieim, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Nov. 14, 1813; was educated at the Universities ot Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of LL. D., and attaining high honors, both profes- sional and political. He was successively a member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and of the Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became President of the Provisional Republican Gov- ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced to find an asylum in the United States. He first settled in Kalamazoo County, Mich., as a farmer, but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the field of journalism, becoming editor and part proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He held various public offices, being elected to the Legislature in 1862, serving five years as Presi- dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a Republican Presidential Elector in 18G8, and United States Consul at Dresden in 1872 (a gen- eral amnesty having been granted to the participants in the revolution of 1848). and Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879. Died, in Chicago. Sept. 17, 1891. BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence County, on the Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railroad, 14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind., in oilfield; has a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 487; (191U), 2,703. BRIDfiEPORT, a former suburb (now a part of the city) of Chicago, located at the junction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the center of the large slaughtering and packing indu-stry. BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO RAIL- WAT. (See Chicago & Xorthem Pacific Railroad.) BRIGHTOX, a village of Macoupin County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railwaj's; coal is mined here; has a newspaper. Population (1880), 691; (1890), 742; (1900), 6(50; (1910), .595. BRIMFIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of Buda; coal-mining and farming are the chief industries. It lias one weekly paper and a bank. Pop- (1890), 719; (1900), 677; (1910), 576. BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergyman, was bom in Orleans Countj', N. Y., Jan. 4, 1851; came to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost his father at 13 years of age, spent the following years in various manual occupations until about nineteen years of age, when, having been con- verted, he determined to devote his life to the ministry. Tlirough the aid of a benevolent lady, he was enabled to get two years' (1870-72) instruc- tion at the Northwestern University, at Evans- ton, afterwards supporting himself by preaching at various points, meanwhile continuing his studies at the University until 1877. After com- pleting his course he served as pastor of some of the most prominent Methodist churches in Chi- cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans- ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington City, becoming pastor of the Sletropolitan M. E. Church, attended by President McKinley Dr. Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator of recognized ability. BROADWELL, Jforman M., lawyer, was born in Morgan County, 111., August 1, 1825; %vas edu- cated in the common schools and at McKendree and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing health to leave college without graduating: spent some time in the book business, then began the stud3' of medicine with a view to benefiting hia own health, but finally abandoned this and, about 1850, commenced the study of law in the office of Lincoln & Herndon at Springfield. Having been admitted to the bar, he practiced for a time at Pekin, but, in 1854, returned to Springfield, wliere he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860 he was elected as a Democrat to the House of Representatives from Sangamon County, serving in the Twenty-second General Assembly. Other oflBces held by him included those of Covmty Judge (1863-65) and Ma3'or of the city of Spring- HISTORICAL ENCVCLOl'EDIA OF ILLINOIS. Gl field, to which last position he was twice elected (1S()7 and again in lS(i"J). Judge Bioadwell was one of the most genial of men, popular, liigli- minded and honorable in all his dealings. Died, in Springfield. Feb. 28, 1S93. BROOKS, John Flavel, educator, was born in Oneida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801; graduated at Hamilton College, 1828; studied three years in the theological department of Yale College; was ordained to the Presbyterian min- istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service of the American Home Missionary Society. After preaching at CoUinsville, Belleville and other points, Mr. Brooks, who was a member of the celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly, Morgan County, but three years later removed to Springfield, where he established an academy for both sexes. Although finally compelled to abandon this, he continued teaching with some interruptions to within a few years of his death, which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trus- tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to his death. BROSS, TVilliam, journalist, was born in Sus- sex County, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated with honors from Williams College in 1838, hav- ing previously developed his physical strength bv much hard work upon the Delaware and Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For five years after graduating he was a teacher, and settled in Chicago in 1848. Tlnre he first engaged in bookselling, but later embarked in journalism. His first publication was "The Prairie Herald," a religious paper, which was discontinued after two years. In 1852, in connection with John L. Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press," %vhich was consolidated with "The Tribune" in IS'tS, Mr. Bross retaining his connection with the new concern. He was always an ardent free- soiler, and a firm believer in the great future of Chicago and the Northwest. He was an enthusi- astic Republican, and, in 185G and 18G0, served as an effective campaign orator. In 1864 he was the successful nominee of his party for Lieuten- ant-Governor. This was his only official position outside of a membership in the Chicago Common Council in 18.j5. As a presiding officer, he was dignified yet affable, and his impartiality was shown by the fact that no appeals were taken from his decisions. After quitting public life he devoted much time to literary pursuits, deliver- ing lectures in various parts of the country. Among his best known works are a brief "Hi.s- toiy of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas," and "Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan. 27, 1890. BROW>', Henry, lawj'er and historian, was born at Hebron, Tolland County, Conn., May 13, 1789 — the son of a commissary in the army of General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu- ated at Yale College, and, when of age, removed to New York, later studying law at Albany, Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to the bar about 1813, when he settled down in practice at Cooperstown; in 1816 was appointed Judge of Herkimer County, remaining on the bench until about 1824. He tlien resumed prac- tice at Cooperstown, continuing until 1836, when he removed to Chicago. The following year he was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two years, and, in 1842, became Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County. During this period he was engaged in writing a "History of Illinois," which was published in New York in 1844 This was regarded at the time as the most voluminous and best digested work on Illinois history that had as yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the Presidency of tlie Chicago Lyceum, he delivered an inaugural entitled "Chicago, Present and Future," which is still preserved as a striking prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi- nally a Democrat, he became a Freesoiler in 1848. Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849. BROWN, James B., journalist, was born in Gilmanton, Belknap County, N. H., Sept. 1, 1833 — his father being a member of the Legisla- ture and Selectman for his town. The son was educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he studied medicine for a time, but did not gradu- ate. In 1857 he removed West, first settling at Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he became Principal of the public schools; in 1861 was elected County Superintendent of Schools for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two years later and assimiing the editorship of "The Gazette" of that city. Mr. Brown also served as Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died, Feb. 13, 1896. BROWN, James N., agi-iculturist and stock- man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1, 1806; came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1833, locating at Island Grove, where he engaged extensively in farming and stock-raising. He served as Representative in the General Assem- blies of 1840, '42, '46, and '52, and in the last was instrumental in securing the incorporation of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, of which he was chosen the first President, being re-elected in 1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow- 62 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ers of blooded cattle in the State and did much to introduce them in Central Illinois; was also an earnest and influential advocate of scientific education for the agricultural classes and an efficient colaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con- gress, in 1863, of the law granting lands for the endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which grew the Illinois State University and institu- tions of like character in other States. Died, Nov. 16, 1868. BROWN, William, lawyer and jurist, was born June 1, 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par- ents emigrating to this country when he was eight years old, and settling in Western New York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester, in October, 1845, and at once removed to Hock- ford, 111., where he commenced practice. In 1853 he was elected State's Attorney for the Four- teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1857, was chosen Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 he was elected to the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to Judge Sheldon, later was promoted to the Su- preme Court, and was reelected successiveh' in 1873, in '79 and '85. Died, at Rockford, Jan. 15, 1891. BROWN, William H., lawyer and financier, v.'as born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796; spent his boyhood at Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and, in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock- wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee- town in a flat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskas- kia and was soon after appointed Clerk of the United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandalia, the new State capital, where he remained until 1835. He then removed to Chicago to accept the position of Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank of Illinois, which he continued to fill for many years. He served the city as School Agent for thirteen years (1840-53), managing the city's school fund througli a critical period with great discretion and success. He was one of the group of early patriots who successfully resisted the attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1833-24; was also one of the projectors of the Cliicago & Galena Union Railroad, was President of the Chicago Historical Societ)' for seven years and connected with many other local enterprises. He was an ardent peisonal frienil of President Lincoln and served as Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-63). While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly- sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867. BROWN COUNTY, situated in the western part of the State, with an area of 306 square miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951; was cut off from Schuyler and made a separate county in May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the Vandeventers and Hambaughs, John and David Six, William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker, Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus and Robert H. Curry. The county-seat is Mount Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness. Other prosperous villages are Jlound Station and Ripley. Tlie chief occupation of the people is farming, although tliere is some manufacturing of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois River. Pop. (1900), 11,5.57; (1910), 10,397. BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author, was born in South Halifax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, the son of William Goldsmith Browne, who was a teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun- dred Years to Come." In cliildliood he was brought by his parents to Western ^Massachusetts, where he attended the public schools and learned the printing trade in his father's newspaper office at Chicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1863, he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Massa- chusetts Volunteers, in which he served one year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army of the Potomac. On the discharge of liis regi- ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches- ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the University of Michigan in 1866, but abandoning his intenton of entering the legal profession, removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in journalistic and literary pursuits. Between 1869 and '74 he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly," when he became literary editor of "The Alliance," but, in 1880, he established and assumed the editorship of "The Dial," a purely literary pub- lication which has gained a high reputation, and of which he has remained in control continuously ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary adviser, for many years, of the well-known pub- lishing house of McClurg & Co. Besides his journalistic work, Mr. Browne has contributed to the magazines and literary anthologies a num- ber of short lyrics, and is the autlior of "The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain" (1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden Poems by British and American Authors" (1881); "The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose" (1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand- ard poetry (1891-93). Mr. Browne was Chairman of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 63 the World's Congress Auxiliary held in con- nection with The Colunibian Exposition in 1893. BROWNE, Thomas C, early jurist, was born in Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to Shawneetown in 1S12, served in the lower branch of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-16) and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law- yer to enter that body. In 1815 he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney and, on tlie admission of Illinois as a State, was jjromoted to the Su])renie bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of tlie Legislatui'e in 18'2'>, and serving continuously until the reorganization of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1848, a period of over thirty years. Judge Browne's judicial cliaracter and abilities have been differently estimated. Though lacking in industry as a student, he is represented by the late Judge John D. Caton, who knew him personally, as a close thinker and a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever, accustomed to argue questions in the conference room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity for expressing himself in short, pungent sen- tences, which indicated that he was a man of con- siderable ability and had clear and distinct views of his own. An attempt was made to impeach him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of capacity to discharge the duties of his office," l)ut it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He was a Whig in politics, but had some strong sup- porters among Democrats. In 1822 .Judge Browne was one of the fom- candidates for Governor — in the final returns standing third on the list and, by dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution, contributing to the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of the pro-slavery party. (See Coles, Edward, and Slavery and Slave Laics.) In the latter part of his official term Judge Browne resided at G!a- lena, but, in 18.53, removed with his sonin-law, ex-Congressman Joseph P. Iloge, to San Fran- cisco, Cal., where he died a few years later — probably about 1856 or 1858. BROWNING, Orville Hickman, lawyer. United States Senator and Attorne3'-General, was born in Harrison County, Ky., in 1810. After receiv- ing a classical education at Augusta in his native State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1832 lie served in tlie Black Hawk War, and from 1836 to 1843, wa-s a member of the Legislature, serving in both houses. A personal friend and political adherent of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization of the Republican party at the memorable Bloomington Convention of 1856. Asa delegate to the Chicago Convention in 1860, lie aided in securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a conspicuous supporter of the Government in the Civil War. In 1801 he was appointed by Gov- ernor Yates United States Senator to fill Senator Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1863. In 1866 he became Secretary of the Interior by ap- pointment of President Johnson, also for a time discharging tlie duties of Attorney-General. Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention of lH(i9-T0, which was his last participation in public affairs, his time tliereafter being devoted to liis jjrofession. He died at his liome in Quincy, 111., .Vugust 10, 1881. BRYAX, Silas Lillard, legislator and jurist, born in Culi^epper County, Va., Nov 4, 1822; was left an orphan at an early age. and came west in 1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy, Mo. The following year he came to Marion County, 111., where he attended school and worked on a farm; in 1845 entered McKendree College, graduating in 1849, and two years later was admitted to tlie bar, supporting himself meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem. 111., and, in 1853, was elected as a Democrat to the State Senate, in which body he served for eight years, being re-elected in 1856. In 1861 he was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial Circuit, and again chosen in 1867, liis second term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge, he was also elected a Delegate to tlie Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an unsuc- cessful candidate for Congress on the Greeley ticket in 1873. Died at Salem, March 30, 1880.— William Jenning'S (Biyan), son of the preceding, was born at Salem, 111., March 19, 1860. The early life of young Bryan was spent on his father's farm, but at the age of ten years he began to attend the public school in town ; later spent two years in Whipple Academy, ,the i>re])aratory dejiartment of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in 1881, gi-aduated from the college proper as the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted two years to the study of law in the Union Law School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman Trumbull. Having gi-aduated in law in 1883, lie soon entered upon the practice of his profession at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P. Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent Republican of that city. Four years later (1887) found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., whicli has since been his home. He took a prominent part 64 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in the politics of Nebraska, stumping the State for the Democratic nominees in 1888 and '89, and in 1890 received the Democratic nomination for Congress in a district wliich had been regarded as strongly Republican, and was elected by a large majority. Again, in 1892, lie was elected by a reduced majority, but two years later declined a renomination, though proclaiming himself a free-silver candidate for the United States Senate, meanwhile officiating as editor of "The Omaha World-Herald." In July. 1896, he received the nomination for President from the Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on a platform declaring for the "free and imlimited coinage of silver" at the ratio of sixteen of silver (in weight) to one of gold, and a few weeks later was nominated by the "Populists" at St. Louis for the same office — being the youngest man ever put in nomination for the Presidency in the his- tory of the Government. He conducted an active personal campaign, speaking in nearly every Northern and Jliddle Western State, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, Maj. William McKinley. Mr. Bryan is an easy and fluent speaker, possessing a voice of unusual compass and power, and is recognized, even by his political opponents, as a man of pure personal character. BRYAN, Tliomas Barbour, lawyer and real estate operator, was born at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 22, 1828, being descended on the maternal side from the noted Barbour family of that State; graduated in law at Harvard, and, at the age of twenty-one, settled in Cincinnati. In 1852 he came to Chicago, where he acquired ex- tensive real estate interests and built Brj'an Hall, which became a popular place for en- tertainments. Being a gifted speaker, as well as a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen to deliver the address of welcome to Senator Douglas, when that statesman returned to Chicago a few weeks before his death in 1861. During the progress of the war he devoted his time and his means most generously to fitting out soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and wounded. His services as President of the great Sanitary Fair in Chicago (1865), where some §300,000 were cleared for disabled soldiers, were especially conspicuous. At this time he became the pui-chaser (at 83,000) of tlie original copy of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, whicli had been donated to the cause. He also rendered valuable service after tlie fire of 1871, though a he;ivy sufferer from that event, and was a leading factor in securing the location of the World's Colmnbian Exposition in Chicago in 1890, later becoming Vice-President of the Board of Directors and making a visit to Europe in the interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan resided in Washington for some time, and, by appointment of President Hayes, served as Com- missioner of the District of Columbia. Possessing refined literary and artistic tastes, he has done much for the encouragement of literature and art in Chicago. His home was at Elmhurst, 111. Died Jan. 25, 1906.— Charles Page (Brj-an), son of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister, was born in Chicago, Oct. 2, 1S.>5, and educated at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law School; was admitted to practice in 1878, and the following year removed to Colorado, where he remained four years, while there serving in both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he returned to Chicago and became a member of the First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard, serving upon the staff of both Governor Oglesby and Governor Fifer ; in 1890, was elected to the State Legislature from Cook County, being re- elected in 1892, and in 1894; was also the first Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of tlie World's Columbian Exposition, on his return serWng as Secretary of the Exposition Commis- sioners in 1891-93. In the latter part of 1897 he was appointed by President McKinley Minister to China, but before being confirmed, early in 189S, was assigned as Mini.ster to Brazil, serving until 1902; has since served in similar capacity in Switzerluiid (1902-03). Portugal (1903-10). Belgium (1910-11); in 1911 was appointed Envoy Extra- ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Japan. BRY.A.XT, John Howard, pioneer, brother of William Cullen Bryant, the poet, was born in Cummington, Mass., July 22, 1807, educated at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N. Y, ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and held vari- ous offices in Bureau County, including that of Representative in the General Assembly, to which lie was elected in 1842, and again in 1858. A practical and enterprising farmer, he was identi- fied with the Illinois State Agricultural Society in its earlj' history, as also with the movement which resulted in the establishment of industrial colleges in the various States. He was one of the founders of the Republican party and a warm personal friend of President Lincoln, being a member of the first Republican State Convention at Bloomington in 1856, and serving as Collector of Internal Revenue by appointment of Mr. Lin- coln in 1862-64. In 1872 Mr. Bryant joined in the Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 05 years later was identilied witli the "Inde])endent Reform" party, but later co-operated with the Democratic party. He produced two vohimes of poems, published, respectively, in 1855 and 1885, besides a number of public addresses. Died at his home at Princeton, III., Jan. 14, 1902. BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu- ben Coimty. N. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con- tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his death he bequeathed a considerable sum to the endo\vment funds of the Wesleyan University at Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College at Jacksonville. Died at Decatur, 111., August 22, 1892. BUDAja village in Bureau County, at the junc- tion of the main line with the Buda and Rush- ville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and the Sterling and Peoria branch of the Chicago & Northwestern. 13 miles southwest of Princeton and 117 miles west-southwest of Chicago; has excellent water- works, electric- light plant, brick and tile factory, fine churches, graded school, a bank and one newspaper Dairying is carried on quite extensively and a good-sized creamery is located here. Population (1890), 990; (VMO), 873; (1910), 887. BUFORl), Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and soldier, was born in Woodford County. Ky., Jan. 13, 1807; gi-aduated at West Point Military Acad- emy, 1827, and served for some time as Lieutenant of Artillerj'; entered Harvard Law School in 1831, served as Assistant Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy there (1834-35), then resigned his commission, and, after some service as an engineer upon public works in Kentucky, established himself as an iron-founder and banker at Rock Island, 111. , in 18.57 becoming President of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service, as Colonel of the Twenty-seventh IllinoLs, serving at various points in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, as also in the siege of Vicksburg, and at Helena, Ark., where he was in command from Septem- ber, 1803, to March, 18G5. In the meantime, by promotion, he attained to the rank of Slajor- General by brevet, being mastered out in August, 1865. He subsequently held the post of Special United States Commi.ssioner of Indian Affairs (18C8), and that of Inspector of the Union Pacific Railroad (1867-69). Died, March 28, 1883. BULKLEY, (Rev.) Justus, educator, was born at Leicester, Livingston County, N. Y., July 23, 1819, taken to Allegany County, N. Y., at 3 years of age, where he remained until 17, attend- ing school in a log school-house in the winter and working on a farm in the summer. His family then removed to Illinois, finallj' locating at Barry, Pike County. In 1842 he entered the preparatory department of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton, graduating there in 1847. He was immediately made Principal of the i)reparatory department, remaining two years, when he was ordained to tlie Baptist ministry and became pastor of a church at Jerseyville. Four years later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in Shurtleff College, but remained only two years, when he accepted the pastorship of a church at Carrollton, which he continued to fill nine years, when, in 1864, he was called to a church at Upper Alton. At the expiration ot one year he was again called to a professorship in Shurtletf College, this time taking the chair of Church History and Church Polity, which he continued to fill for a period of thirty-four years; also serving for a time as Acting President dur- ing a vacancy in that office. During this period he was frequently called upon to preside as Mod- erator at General Associations of the Baptist Church, and he became widely known, not only in that denomination, but elsewhere. Died at Upper Alton, Jan. 16, 1899. BULL, Lorenzo, banker, Quincy, 111., was born in Hartford, Conn., March 21, 1819, being the eldest son of Lorenzo and Elizabeth Goodwin Bull. His ancestors on both sides were of the part}' who, under Thomas Hooker, moved from the vicinity of Boston and settled Hartford in 1634. Leaving Hartford in the spring of 1838, he arrived at Quincy, 111., entirely without means, but soon after secured a position with Judge Henry H. .Snow, who then held most of the county offices, being Clerk of the County Com- mi.ssioners' Court. Clerk of the Circuit Court, Recorder, Judge of Probate, Notary Public and Justice of the Peace. Here the 3'oung clerk made himself acquainted \vith the people of the coimty (at that time few in number), with the land-system of the country and with the legal forms and methods of procedure in the courts. He remained with Judge Snow over two years, receiving for his services, the first year, six dol- lars per month, and, for the second, ten dollars per month, besides his board in Judge Snow's family. He next accepted a situation with Messrs. Holmes, Brown & Co., then one of the most prominent mercantile houses of the city, remaining through various changes of the firm until 1844, when he formed a iiartnership with 66 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. his brother under the firm name of L. & C. II. Bull, and opened a store for the sale of hardware and crockery, which was the first attempt made in Quincy to separate the mercantile business into different departments. Disposing of their business in 1861, the firm of L. & C. H. Bull embarked in the private banking business, which they continued in one location for about thirty years, when they organized the State Savings Loan & Trust Company, in which he held the position of President until 1898, when he retired Mr. Bull has always been active in promoting the improvement and gro\vth of the city , was one of the five persons who built most of the horse rail- roads in Quincy, and was, for about twenty years, President of the Company. The Quincy water- works were sometime owned entirely l>.v himself and his son. He never sought or held political office, but at one time was the active President of five distinct business corporations. He was also for some five years one of the Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville. He was married in 1844 to Miss Margaret H. Benedict, daughter of Dr. Wm. M. Benedict, of Milbury, Mass., and they had five children. In politics he was a Republi- can, and in religious associations a Congrega- tionalist. Died Mar. 2, 1905. — Charles Henry (Bull), brother of the preceding, was born in Hartford, Conn., Dec. 16, 1822. and removed to Quincy, 111., in Jime, 1837 He commenced business as a clerk in a general store, where he remained for seven years, when he entered into partnership with his brother, Lorenzo Bull, in the hardware and crockerj' business, to which was subsequently added dealing in agricultural implements. This business was continued until the year 1861, when it was sold out, and the brothers established them- selves as private bankers under the same firm name. A few years later they organized the Merchants' and Farmers" National Bank, which was mainly owned and altogether managed by them. Five or six years later this bank was wound up, when they returned to private bank- ing, continuing in this business until 1891, when it was merged in the State Savings Loan & Trust Company, organized under the laws of Illinois with a capital of §300,000, held equally by Lorenzo Bull, Charles H. Bull and Edward J. Parker, respectively, as President, Vice-Presi- dent and Cashier. Near the close of 1898 the First National Bank of Quincy was merged into the State Savings Loan & Trust Company with J. n. Warfield, the President of the former, as President of the consolidated concern. Mr. Bull was one of the parties who originally organized the Quincy. Missouri & Pacific Railroad Com- pany in 1869— a road intended to be built from Quincy, 111., across the State of Missouri to Browns%'ille, Neb., and of which he was (1898) the President, the name ha\'ing been changed to the Quincy, Omaha & Ivansas City Railway. He was also identified with the construction of the .system of street railways in Quinc3', and con- tinued active in their management for , about twenty years. He was also active in various other public and private enterprises, and has done much to advance the growth and prosperity of the city. Died Nov. 27, 1908. BUNKER HILL, a city of Macoupin County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St, Louis Railroad, 37 miles northeast of St. Louis; has electric-lighting plant, telephone service, coal mine, flouring mill, wagon and various other manufactories, two banks, two newspapers, opera house, numerous churches, public library, a mili- tary academy and fine public schools, and many handsome residences; is situated on high ground in a rich agricultural and dairying region and an important shipping-jioint. Pop. (1910), 1,046. BUNN, Jacob, banker and manufacturer, was born in Hunterdon County, N. J., in 1814. came to Springfield in 1836, and, four years later, began business as a grocer, to which he afterwards added that of private banking, continuing until 1878. During a part of this time his bank was one of the best known and widely regarded as one of the most solid institutions of its kind in the State. Though crippled by the financial revulsion of 1873-74 and forced investments in depreciated real estate, he paid dollar for dollar. After retiring from banking in 1878, he assumed charge of the Springfield "Watch Factory, in which he was a large stockholder, and of which he became the President. Mr. Bunn was, be- tween 1866 and 1870, a principal stockholder in "The Chicago Republican'" (the predecessor of "The Inter-Ocean""), and was one of the bankers who came to the aid of the State Government with financial assistance at the beginning of the Civil War. Died at Springfield, Oct. 16, 1897.— John W. (Bunn), brother of the preceding and successor to the grocery business of J. & J. W. Bunn, has been a prominent business man of Springfield. Served many years as Treasurer of the State Agri- cultural Board and of Illinois State University; is now President of the Marine Bank, Springfield. BUNSEN, George, German patriot and educa- tor, was born at Frankfort-on-tlie-Maiue. Ger- many, Feb. 18, 1794, and educated in his native HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 67 city and at Berlin University; while still a student took part in the Peninsular War which resulted in the downfall of Naiwleon, but resum ing his studies in 1816, graduated tliree years later. He then founded a boys' scliool at Frank- fort, which he maintained fourteen years, when, having been implicated in the republican revolu tion of 1833. he was forced to leave tlie country, locating the following year on a farm in St. Clair County, 111. Here he finally became a teacher in the public schools, served in the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. was elected School Commissioner of St. Clair County, and, having removed to Belleville in 1855, there conducted a private school for the instruction of teachers while discharging the duties of his office; later was appointed a member of the first State School Board, serving until 1860, and taking part in the establishment of the Illinois State Normal Uni versity, of which he was a zealous advocate. He was also a contributor to "The Illinois Teacher," and, for several years prior to his death, served as Superintendent of Schools at Belleville without compensation. Died, November, 1873. BURCHARD, Horatio C, ex Congressman, was born at Marshall, Oneida County. N. Y., Sept. 22, 1825; graduated at Hamilton College, N. Y., in 1850, and later removed to Stephenson County, 111., making his home at Freeport. By profes- sion he was a lawyer, but had also lieon largely interested in mercantile pursuits. From 1857 to 1860 he was School Commissioner of Stephenson County : from 1863 to 1866 a member of the State Legislature, and from 1869 to 1879 a Representa- tive in Congress, being each time elected as a Republican, for the first time as the successor of E. B. Wasliburne. After retiring from Congress, he served for six years (1879-85) as Director of the United States Mint at Philadelphia, with marked ability. During the World's Columbian Exposi- tion at Chicago (1893), Mr. Burchard was in cliarge of the Bureau of Awards in connection with the Mining Department, afterwards resum- ing practice of his profession. Died Mar. 14, 1908. BURDETTE, Robert Jones, journalist and humorist, was bom in Greensborough, Pa. , July 30, 1844, and taken to Peoria, 111., in early life, where he was educated in the public schools. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Forty -seventh Illinois Volunteers and served to the end of the war; adopted journalism in 1869, being employed upon "Tlie Peoria Transcript" and other papers of that city. Later he became associated with "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," upon which he gained a wide reputation as a genial humor- ist. Several volumes of his sketches liave been published, but in recent years he luis devoted his attention chiefly to lecturing with occasional contributions to the literary press. BUREAU COUNTY, set off from Putnam Coimty in 1837, near the center of the northern half of the State, Princeton being made the county-seat. Coal had been discovered in 1834, there being considerable quantities mined at Mineral and Selby. Sheffield also has an impor- tant coal trade. Public lands were offered for sale as early as 1835, and by 1844 had been nearly all sold. Princeton was platted in 1832, and, in 1890, contained a population of 3,396. The county has an area of 840 square miles, and, afcording to t4ie census of 1910, a po]nilation of 43,975. The jiio- neer settler was Henry Thomas, who erected the first cabin, in Bureau township, in 1828. He was soon followed by the Anient brothers (Edward, Justus and John L. ), and for a time settlers came in rapid succession, among the earliest being Amos Leonard. Daniel Dimmick, John Hall, William Hoskins, Timothy Perkins, Leonard Roth, Bulbona and John Dixon. Serious Indian disturbances in 1831 caused a hegira of the settlers, some of whom never returned. In 1833 a fort was erected for the protection of the whites, and, in 1836, there began a new and large influx of immigrants. Among other early set- tlers were John H. and Arthur Bryant, brothers of the poet, William CuUen Bryant. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, estab- lished in 1879, being an outgrowth of the agitation and discontent among the laboring classes, which culminated in 1877-78. The Board consists of five Commissioners, wlio serve for a nominal compensation, their term of office being two years. They are nominated by the Executive and confirmed by the Senate. The law requires that three of them shall be manual laborers and two employers of manual labor. The Bureau is charged with the collection, compilation and tabulation of statistics relative to labor in Illi- nois, particularly in its relation to the commer- cial, industrial, social, educational and sanitary conditions of the working classes. The Com- mission is required to submit biennial reports. Those already published contain much informa- tion of value concerning coal and lead mines, convict labor, manufactures, strikes and lock- outs, wages, rent, cost of living, mortgage inilebtedness, and kindred topics. BURGESS, Alexander, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of the diocese of Quincy, w;is born at Providence, R. I., Oct. '31, 1819. He graduated 68 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. from Brown University in 1838 and from tlie General Theological Seminary (New York) in 1841. He was made a Deacon, Nov. 3, 1842, and ordained a priest, Nov. 1, 1843. Prior to his ele- vation to the episcopate he was rector of various parishes in Maine, at Brooklyn, N. Y., and at Springfield, Mass. He represented the dioceses of Maine, Long Island and Massachu.setts in the General Conventions of the Protestant Episcopal Church from 1844 to 1877, and, in the latter year, was President of the House of Deputies. Upon the death of his brother George, Bishop of Maine, he was chosen by the clergy of the diocese to suc- ceed him but declined. When the diocese of Quincy, 111. was created, he was elected its first Bishop, and consecrated at Christ Church, Spring- field, Mass.. on May 15, 1878. Besides publishing a memoir of his brother. Bishop Burgess is the author of several Sunday-school question books, cai'ols and hymns, and has been a contributor to periodical church literature. His residence is at Peoria. BURLEY. Arthur Oilman, merchant, was born at Exeter, N. H.. Oct. 4, 1813, received his edu- cation in the local schools, and, in 1835, came West, locating in Chicago. For some two years he served as clerk in the boot, shoe and clothing store of John Holbrook, after which he accepted a position with his half-brother, Stephen F. Gale, the proprietor of the first book and stationery store in Chicago. In 1838 he invested his savings in a bankrupt stock of crockery, purchased from the old State Bank, and entered upon a business career which was continued uninterruptedly for nearly sixty years. In that time Sir. Burley built up a business which, for its extent and success, was unsurpassed in its time in the West. His brother in-law, Mr. John Tyrrell, became a member of the firm in 1853. the business there- after being conducted under the name of Burley & Tyrrell, with BIr. Burley as President of the Company until his death, which occurred, August 37, 1897. — Augustus Harris (Burley), brother of the preceding, was born at Exeter, N. H., March 28, 1819; was educated in the schools of his native State, and, in his youth, was emploj^ed for a time as a clerk in Boston. In 1837 he came to Chicago and took a position as clerk or salesman in the book and stationery store of his half- brother, Stephen F. Gale, subsequently became a partner, and, on the retirement of 5Ir. Gale a few years later, succeeded to the control of the business. In 1857 he disposed of his book and stationery business, and about the same time became one of the founders of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Company, with which he was connected as a Director several years. Mr. Burley was a member of the volunteer fire depart^ ment organized in Chicago in 1841 Among the numerous public positions held by him may be mentioned, member of the Board of Public Works (1867-70), the first Superintendent of Lincoln Park (1869), Representative from Cook County in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1870-72). City Comptroller during the administration of Mayor Medill (1873-73), and again undar Mayor Roche (1887), and member of the City Council (1881-82). Politically, Mr. Burley had been a zealous Repub- lican and served on the Chicago Union Defense Committee in the first year of the Civil War, and was a delegate from the State-at-large to the National Republican Convention at Baltimore in 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a second time. Dietl Nov. 27, 1903. BURNHAM, Daniel Hudson, architect, was born at Henderson, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1846; camo to Chicago at 9 years of age: attended private schools and the Chicago High School, after which he spent two years at Waltham, Mass.. receiving special instruction; returning to Chicago in 1867, he was afterwards associated with various firms. About 1873 he formed a business connection with J. W. Root, architect, which extended to the death of the latter in 1891. The firm of Burnham & Root furnished the plans of a large number of the most conspicuous business buildings in Chi- cago, but won their greatest distinction in con- nection with the construction of buildings for the World's Columbian Exposition, of which Mr. Root was Supervising Architect previous to his death, while Mr. Burnham was made Chief of Construction and, later. Director of Works. In this capacity his authority was almost absolute, but was used with a discretion that contributed greatly to the success of the enterprise. BURR, Albert G., former Congressman, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1829; came to Illinois about 1833 with his widowed mother, who settled in Springfield. In early life he became a citizen of Winchester, where he read law and was admitted to the bar, also, for a time, following the occupation of a printer. Here he was twice elected to the lower house of the Gen- eral Assembly (1860 and 1862), meanwhile serving as a member of the State Constitutional Conven- tion of 1863. Having removed to Carrollton, Greene County, he was elected as a Democrat to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1866 and 1868), serving until March 4, 1871. In August, 1877, he was elected Circuit Judge to fill a HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 69 vat-ancy and was re-elected for the regular term in June, 1879, but died in office, June 10, 1882. BURRELL, Orlando, member of Congress, was born in Bradford County, Pa. ; removed with Ins parents to White County, 111., in 1834, growing up on a farm near Carmi ; received a common school education; in 18.50 went to California, driving an ox-team across the plains. Soon after the beginning of the Civil War (1861) he raised a company of cavalry, of which he was elected Captain, and whicli became a part of the First Regiment Illinois Cavalry; served as County Judge from 18T3 to 1881, and was elected Sheriff in 1886. In 1894 he was elected Representative in Congress as a Republican from the Twentieth District, composed of counties whicli formerly constituted a large part of the old Nineteenth District, and which had uniformly been repre- sented by a Democrat. He suffered defeat as a candidate for re-election in 1896. BURROUGHS, John Curtis, clergyman and educator, was born in Stamford, N. Y., Dec. 7, 1818; graduated at Yale College in 1842, and JIadison Theological Seminary in 1846. After five years spent as pastor of Baptist churches at Waterford and West Troy, N. Y., in 1852 he assumed the pastorate of the First Baptist Church of Chicago; about 1856 was elected to the presi- dency of the Chicago University, then just established, having previously declined the presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. Resigning his position in 1874, he soon after became a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- cation, and, in 1884, was elected Assistant Super- intendent of Public Schools of that city, serving until his death, April 21, 1892. BUSEY, Samuel T., banker and ex-Congress- man, was born at Greencastle, Ind., Nov. 16, 1835; in infancy was brought by his parents to Urbana, 111., where he was educated and has since resided. From 1857 to 1859 he was engaged in mercantile pursuits, but during 1860-61 attended a commercial college and read law. In 1862 he was chosen Town Collector, but resigned to enter the Union Army, being commi.ssioned Second Lieutenant by Governor Yates, and assigned to recruiting service. Having aided in the organization of the Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteers, he was commissioned its Lieutenant- Colonel, August 12, 1862 ; was afterward jiromoted to the colonelcy, and mustered out of service at Chicago, August 6, 1865, with tlie rank of Brevet Brigadier-General. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- ful candidate for the General Assembly on the Democratic ticket, and for Trustee of the State University in 1888. From 1880 to 1889 he was Mayor and President of the Board of Education of Urbana. In 1807 he opened a i)rivate bank, which he conducted for twenty-one years. In 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Fif- teenth Illinois District, defeating Joseph G. Can non, Republican, by whom he was in turn defeated for the same office in 1892. Died .\ug. 12, 1909. BUSHNELL, a flourishing city and manufac- turing center in McDonough County, 11 miles northeast of Macouib, at the junction of two branches of the Cliicago. Burlington & Quincy with the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; has numerous manufactories, including wooden pumps, flour, agricultural implements, wagons and carriages, tank and fence-work, rural mail- boxes, mattresses, brick, besides egg and poultry packing houses; also has water-works and elec- tric lights, grain elevators, three banks, several churches, graded public and high schools, two newspapers and a ]niblic library. Pop. (1910), 2,G19. BUSHXELL, Ncheniiah, lawyer, was born in the town of Westbrook, Conn., Oct. 9, 1813. graduated at Yale College in 1835, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1837, coming in December of the same year to Quincy, 111., where, for a time, he assisted in editing "The Whig" of that city, later forming a partnership with O. H. Browning, which was never fully broken until bis death. In his practice he gave much attention to land titles in the "Military Tract"; in 1851 was President of the portion of the North- ern Cross Railroad between Quincy and Gales- burg (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy), and later of the Quincy Bridge Company and the Quincy & Palmyra (Mo.) Railroad. In 1872 he was elected by the Republicans the "minority" Representative from Adams Comity in the Twentj'-eighth General Assembly, but died during the succeeding session, Jan. 31, 1873. He was able, high-minded and honorable in public and private life. BUSHNELL, Washington, lawyer and Attor- ney-General, was born in Madison County, N. Y., Sept. 30, 1825; in 1837 came with liis father to Lisbon, Kendall County, 111., where he worked on a farm and taught at times ; studied law at Pough- keepsie, N. Y., was admitted to the bar and established himself in practice at Ottawa, 111. The public positions held by him were those of State Senator for La Salle County (1861-60) and Attorney -General (1869-73); was also a member of the Republican National Convention of 1864, besides being identified with various business enterprises at Ottawa. Died, June 30, 1885. 70 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BUTLER, William, State Treasurer, was bom in Adair County, Ky., Dec. V), 1797; during the war of 1813, at the age of 16 years, served as the messenger of the GoTernor of Kentucky, carrying dispatches to Gen. William Henry Harrison in the field; remored to Sangamon County, 111., in 1828, and, in 1836, was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In 1859 he served as foreman of the Grand Jury which investigated the "canal scrip frauds" charged against ex-Governor Matteson, and it was largely through his influence that the pro- ceedings of that body were subsequentlj- pub- lished in an official form. During the same year Governor Bissell appointed him State Treasurer to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of James Miller, and he was elected to the same office in 1860. Mr. Butler was an ardent sup- porter of Abraham Lincoln, whom he efficiently befriended in the early struggles of the latter in Springfield. He died in Springfield. Jan. 11, 1876. BUTTERFIELD, Justin, early lawyer, was born at Keene, N. H.. in 1790. He studied at Williams College, and was admitted to the bar at Watertown, N. Y., in 1812. After some years devoted to practice at Adams and at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., he removed to New Orleans, where he attained a high rank at the bar. In 1835 he settled in Chicago and soon became a leader in his profession there also. In 1841 he was appointed by President Harrison United States District At- torney for the District of Illinois, and, in 1849, by President Taylor Commissioner of the General Land Office, one of his chief competitors for the latter place being Abraham Lincoln. This dis- tinction he probably owed to the personal influ- ence of Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State, of whom Mr. Butterfleld was a personal friend and warm admirer. While Commissioner, he rendered valuable service to the State in securing the canal land grant. As a lawyer he was logical and resourceful, as well as witty and quick at repartee, yet his chief strength lay before the Court rather than the jury. Numerous stories are told of his brilliant sallies at the bar and elsewhere. One of the former relates to his address before Judge Nathaniel Pope, of the United States Court at Springfield, in a habeas- corpus case to secure the release of Joseph Smith, the Mormon prophet, who was under arrest under the charge of complicity in an attempt to assassin- ate Governor Boggs of Missouri. Rising to begin his argument, Mr. Butterfield said: "I am to address the Pope"' (bowing to the Court), "sur- rounded by angels" (bowing still lower to a party of ladies in the audience), "in the presence of the holy apostles, in behalf of the prophet of the Lord." On another occasion, being asked if he was opixised to the war with Mexico, he replied, "I opposed one war" — meaning his opposition as a Federalist to the War of 1812 — "but learned the folly of it. Henceforth I am for war, pestilence and famine." He died, Oct. 25, 1855. BYFORD, William H., physician and author, was born at Eaton, Ohio, March 20, 1817; in 1830 came with his widowed mother to Crawford County, 111., and began learning the tailor's trade at Palestine; later studied medicine at Vincennes and practiced at different points in Indiana. Meanwhile, having graduated at the Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, in 1850, he assumed a professorship in a Medical College at Evansville, Ind., also editing a medical journal. In 1857 he removed to Chicago, where he ac- cepted a chair in Rush Medical College, but two years later became one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, where he remained twertj' years. He then (1879) returned to Rush, assuming the chair of Gj-necologj-. In 1870 he assisted in founding the Woman's Medical Col- lege of Chicago, remaining President of the Faculty and Board of Trustees until his death. May 21, 1890. He published a number of medical works which are regarded as standard by the profession, besides acting as associate of Dr. N. S. Davis in the editorship of "The Chicago Medical Journal" and as editor-in-chief of "The Medical Journal and Examiner," the successor of the former. Dr. Byford was held in the highest esteem as a physician and a man, both by the general public and his professional associates. BYROX, a village of Ogle County, in a pictur- esque region on Rock River, at junction of the Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railways, 83 miles west-north- west from Chicago; is in rich farming and dairj-ing district; has two banks and one weekly paper. Population (1890), 698; (1900), 1,015; (1910). 932. CABLE, a town in Mercer (bounty, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad, 26 miles south by east from Rock Island. Coal-mining is the principal industry, but there are also tile works, a good quality of clay for manufactviring purposes being found in abundance. Population (1880), 572, (1890), 1,276; (1900), 697; (1910), 360. CABLE, Benjamin T., capitalist and politician, was born in Georgetown, Scott Coimty, Ky.. mSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 71 August 11, 1853. When he was three j-ears old his father's family removed to Rock Island, 111., where he has since resided. After passing through the Rock Island public schools, he matric- ulated at the University- of Michigan, graduating in June, 1876. He owns extensive ranch and manufacturing property, and is reputed wealthy ; is also an active Democratic politician, and influ- ential in his party, having been a member of both the National and State Central Committees. In 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Eleventh Illinois District, but since 1893 has held no public office. C.iBLE, Bansoni R., railway manager, was born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1834. His early training was mainly of the practical sort, and by the time he was IT years old he was actively employed as a lumberman. In 1857 he removed to Illinois, first devoting his attention to coal mining in the neighborhood of Rock Island. Later he became interested in the pro- jection and management of railroads, being in turn Superintendent, Vice-President and Presi- dent of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. His next position was that of General Manager of the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. His experience in these positions rendered him famil- iar with both the scope and the details of railroad management, while his success brought him to the favorable notice of those who controlled rail- way interests all over the country. In 1876 he was elected a Director of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. In connection with this company he also held, successively, the offices of Vice-Presideat, Assistant to the President, Gen- eral Manager and President, being chief executive officer from 1880. Died Nov. 12, 1909. (See Chicago, Rock Islatid & Pacific Railway.) CAHOKIA, the first permanent white settle- ment in Illinois, and, in French colonial times, one of its principal towns. French Jesuit mis- sionaries established the mission of the Tamaroas here in 1700, to which they gave the name of "Sainte Famille de Caoquias," antedating the settlement at Kaskaskia of the same year by a few months. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were jointly made the county-seats of St. Clair County, when that county was organized by Governor St. Clair in 1790. Five years later, when Randolph County was set off from St. Clair, Cahokia was continued as the county-seat of the parent county, so remaining until the removal of the seat of justice to Belleville in 1814. Like its early rival, Kaskaskia, it has dwindled in impor- tance until, in 1890, its population was estimated at 100. Descemlants of the early French settlers make up a considerable portion of the present population. The site of the old town is on the line of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- road, about four miles from East St. Louis. Some of the most remarkable Indian mounds in the Mississippi Valley, known as "the Cahokia Mounds, " are located in the vicinity. (See Mound- Builders, TToWi-s of the.) CAIRXES, .4braliam, a native of Kentucky, in 1816 settled in that part of Crawford County, 111., which was embraced in Lawrence County on the organization of the latter in 1821. Mr. Cairnes was a member of the House for Crawford County in the Second General Assembly (1820-22), and for Lawrence County in the Third (1822-24), in the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven- tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence County to some point on the Mississippi River in 1826, but further details of his history are un- known. CAIRO, the county-seatof Alexander County, and the most important river point between St. Louis and Memphis. Its first charter was ob- tained from the Territorial Legislature by Shad- rach Bond (afterwards Go%'ernor of Illinois), John G. Comyges and others, who incorporated the "Cit}' and Bank of Cairo. " The company entered about 1 , 800 acres, but upon the death of Mr. Comy- ges, the land reverted to the Government. The forfeited tract was re-enttred in 1835 by Sidney Breese and others, who later transferred it to the "Cairo City and Canal Company," a corporation chartered in 1837, which, by purchase, increased its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is said to have erected the first house, and John Hawley the second, within the town limits. In consideration of certain privileges, the Illinois Central Railroad has erected around the water front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur- ing the Civil War Cairo was an important base for military operations; is an important shipping point; has flouring mills and other factories; 2 daily and 3 weekly pajiers. Pop. (1910), 14,.')18. CAIRO BRIDGE, THE, one of the triumphs of modern engineering, erected by the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad Company across the Ohio River, opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest metallic bridge across a river in the world, being thirtj'-three feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in Scotland. The work of construction was begun, July 1, 1887. and uninterruptedly prosecuted for twenty-seven months, being completed, Oct. 29, 1889. The first train to cross it was made up of ten locomotives coupled together. The ap- 72 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. proaches from both the Illinois and Kentucky shores consist of iron viaducts and well-braced timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach consists of seventeen spans of 150 feet e;ich, and one span of 106 Ji feet. All these rest on cylin- der piers filled with concrete, and are additionally supported by piles driven within the cylinders. The viaduct on the Kentucky shore is of similar general construction. The total number of spans is twenty-two — twenty-one being of 150 feet each, and one of 106!4^ feet. The total length of the metal work, from end to end, is 10,650 feet, including that of the bridge proper, which is 4.644 feet. The latter consists of nine through spans and three deck spans. The through spans rest on ten first-class masonry piers on pneumatic foundations. The total length of the bridge, including the timber tre.stles, is 20,461 feet — about SJi miles. [Four-fifths of the Illinois trestle work has been filled in with earth, while that on the southern shore has been virtually replaced by an embankment since the completion of the bridge. The bridge proper stands 104.43 feet in the clear above low water, and from the deepest foundation to the top of the highest iron work is 248.94 feet. The total cost of the work, including the filling and embankment of the trestles, has been (1895) between §3,250,000 and §3,500,000. CAreO, VINCENNES & CHICAGO RAIL- ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from Danville to Cairo (261 miles), with a branch nine miles in length from St. Francisville, 111., to Vin- cennes, Ind. It was chartered as the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad in 1867, completed in 1872, placed in the hands of a receiver in 1874, sold under foreclosure in January, 1880. and for some time operated as the Cairo Division of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889, having been surrendered by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, it was united with the Danville & Southwestern Railroad, reorganized as the Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and, in 1890, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known as the "Cairo Division." (See Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway.) CAIRO & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD, (See St. Louis & Cairo Railroad and Mobile t ; in 1860, was elected State's Attorney for the Twelfth Judicial District; in September, 1862, was com- missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was mustered out llay 16, 1863, having in the meantime taken part in the battle of Stone River and other important engagements in 'Western Tennessee. By this time his regiment, having been much reduced in numbers, was consolidated with the Sixtieth lUinois 'Volunteer Infantry. In 1864. he was again elected State's Attorney, serving lantil 1868; in 1870, was chosen Representative, and. in 1872, Senator for the Mount Vernon District for a term of four years. In 1879, he was elected Cir- cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to Appellate Court duty, soon after the expiration of his term, in 1885. removing to Springfield, where he died, March 1, 1891. CASS COO'TT, situated a little west of the center of the State, with an area of 4fiO square miles and a population (1910) of 17.372 — named for Gen. Lewis Cass. French traders are believed to have made the locality of Beardstown their headquarters about the time of the discovery of the lUinois country. The earliest permanent white settlers came about 1820, and among them were Thomas Beard, Martin L. Lindsley, John Cetrough and Archibald Job. As early as 1821 there was a horse-mill on Indian Creek, and. in 1827. M. L Lindsley conducted a school on the bluffs. Peter Cartwright, the noted Methodist missionary and evangelist, was one of the earliest preachers, and among the pioneers may be named Messrs. Robertson, Toplo. McDonald, Downing, Davis, Shepherd, Penny. Bergen and Hopkins. Beardstown was the original county-seat, and during both' the Black Hawk and Mormon troubles was a depot of suppUes and rendezvous for troops. Here also Stephen A. Douglas made his first political speech. The site of the town. as at present laid oat, was at one time sold by 3Ir. Downing for twenty-five dollars. The county was set off from Morgan in 1837. The principal towns are Beardstown. Virginia. Chand- lerville, Ashland and Arenzville. The county- seat, formerly at Beardstown, was later removed to Virginia, where it now is. Beardstown was incorporated in 1837, with about 700 inhabitants. Virginia was platted in 1836, but not incorporated until 1842. CASTLE, Orlando Lane, e 2 H X O 2 W K O CO ►t »— « H c-i d w 2 CO t>- 2 H o CO O 2 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 85 ing served nearly twenty-two years. During this period he more than once occupied the posi- tion of Cliief Justice. Being embarrassed by the financial stringency of 1887-38, in the latter year he entered a tract of lantl near Plainfield, and, taking his family with him, began farming. Later in life, while a resident of Ottawa, he became interested in the construction of telegi'aph lines in the West, which for a time bore his name and were ultimately incorporated in the "West- ern Union," laying the foundation of a large fortune. On retiring from the bench, he devoted himself for the remainder of his life to his private affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among his published works are "The Antelope and Deer of America," "A Summer in Norway," "Miscel- lanies," and "Early Bench and Bar of Illinois." Died in Chicago, July 30, 1895. CATARLT, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis- lator, was born in Connecticut, Sept. 13, 1793; served as a soldier in the War of 1812, and, in 1822, came to Illinois, first settling at Edwards- ville, and soon afterwards at CarroUton, Greene County. Here he was elected Representative in the Fifth General Assembly (1820), and again to the Twelfth (1840) ; also served as Senator in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth A.s.semblies (1842-48), acting, in 1845, as one of the Commis- sioners to revise the statutes. In 1844, he was chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1846, was a prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi- nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven- tion by Augustus C. French. 3Ir. Cavarly was prominent both in his profession and in the Legislature while a member of that body. In 1853, he removed to Ottawa, where he resided until his death, Oct. 25, 1876. CENTRAL CITY, a village of Marion County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, just north of Cen- tralia; in a mining region. Pop. (1910), 1,179. CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, established under act of the Legislature passed March 1, 1847, and located at Jacksonville, Mor- gan County. Its founding was largely due to the philanthropic efforts of Miss Dorothea L. Dix, who addressed the people from the platform and appeared before the General Assembly in behalf of this class of unfortunates. Construction of the building was begun in 1848. By 1851 two wards were ready for occupancy, and the first patient was received in November of that year. The first Superintendent was Dr. J. M. Iliggins, who served less than two years, when he was suc- ceeded by Dr. H. K. Jones, who had been Assist- ant Superintendent. Dr. Jones remained as Acting Superintendent for several months, when the place was filled by the appointment of Dr. Andrew McFarland of New Hampshire, his administration continuing until IW70, when he resigneil on account of ill-health, being succeeded by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of New Jersey. Dr. Carriel tendered his resignation in 1893, and, after one or two further changes, in 1897 Dr. F. C. Winslow, who liad been Assistant Superin- tendent under Dr. Carriel, was placed in charge of the institution. Tlie original plan of construc- tion provided for a center building, Ave and a half stories high, and two wings with a rear extension in which were to be the chapel, kitchen anil employes' quarters. Subsequently these wings were greatly enlarged, permitting an increase in the number of wards, and as the exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri- ations have been made for the erection of addi- ticmal buildings. Nmnerous detached buildings have been erected within the past few years, and the capacity of the institution greatly increased — "The Annex" admitting of the introduction of many new and valuable features in the classifica- tion and treatment of patients. The number of inmates of late j'ears has ranged from 1,200 to 1,400. The counties from which patients are received in this institution embrace: Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, Bureau, Putnam, Mar- shall, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson, Hancock, SIcDonough, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell, Logan, Mason, Menard, Cass, Schuyler, Adams, Pike, Calhoun, Brown, Scott, Morgan, Sangamon, Christian, Montgomery, Macoupin, Greene and Jersey. CENTRALIA, a city 'and railway center of Marion County, 250 miles south of Chicago. It forms a trade center for the famous "fruit belt" of Southern Illinois; has a number of coal mines, oil and gas wells, a glass plant, iron foundries, rail- road repair shops, flour and rolling mills, and an ice plant; also has water-works and sewerage sys- tem, a fire dej^artment, two daily and weekly jiapers, and excellent graded schools. Several parks afford splendid pleasure resorts. Population (1890), 4,703; (1900), 6,721; (1910), 9,680. CENTRALIA & ALTAMONT RAILROAD. (See Centralia & Chester Railroad.) CENTRALIA & CHESTER RAILROAD, a rail- way line wholly within the State, extending from Salem, in Marion Count}', to Chester, on the Mississippi River (91.6 miles), with a lateral branch from Sparta to Roxborough (5 miles), and trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from the branch junction to Centralia (2.9 miles) — 86 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. total, 99.5 miles. The original line was chartered as the Centralia & Chester Railroad, in December, 1S87, completed from Sparta to Coulterville in 1889, and consolidated the same year with the Sparta & Evansville and the Centralia & Alta- mont Railroads (projected); line completed from Centralia to Evansville early in 1894. The branch from Sparta to Rosborough was built in 1895, the section of the main line from Centralia to Salem (14.9 miles) in 1896, and that from Evansville to Chester (17.6 miles) in 1897-98. The road was placed in the hands of a receiver, June 7, 1897, and the expenditures for extension and equipment made under authority granted by the United States Court for the issue of Receiver's certificates. The total capitalization is $2,374,- 841, of which 8978.000 is in stocks and $948,000 in bonds. CENTRAL MILITARY TRACT RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) CERRO GORDO, a town in Piatt County, 12 miles by rail east-northeast of Decatur. The crop of cereals in the surrounding country is sufficient to support two elevators at Cerro Gordo, which has also a flouring mill, brick and tile factories, etc. There are three churches, graded schools, a bank and one weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 939; (1900), 1,008; (1910), 876. CHADDOCK COLLEGE, an institution under the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Quincy, 111., incorporated in 1878; is coeduca- tional, has a faculty of ten instructors, and reports 127 students — 70 male and 57 female — in the classes of 1895-96. Besides the usual depart- ments in literature, science and the classics, instruction is given to classes in theology, music, the fine arts, oratory and preparatory studies. It has property valued at $110,000, and reports an endowment fund of §8,000. CHAMBERLIN, Thomas Crowder, geologist and educator, was born near Mattoon, 111., Sept. 25, 1845 ; graduated at Beloit College, Wisconsin, in 1866; took a course in Michigan University (1668-69); taught in various Wisconsin institu- tions, also discharged the duties of State Geologist, later filling the chair of Geology at Columbian University, Washington, D. C. In 1878, he was sent to Paris, in charge of the edu- cational exhibits of Wisconsin, at the Interna- tional Exposition of that year — during his visit making a special study of the Alpine glaciers. In 1887, he was elected President of the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, serving until 1892, when he became Head Professor of Geology at the Univer- sity of Chicago, where he still remains. He is also editor of the University "Journal of Geol- ogy" and President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Professor Chamberlin is author of a number of volumes on educational and scientific subjects, chiefly in the line of geology. He received the degree of LL.D. from the Univer- sity of Michigan, Beloit College and Columbian University, all on the same date (1887). CHAMPAIGN, a flourishing city in Champaign County, 128 miles southwest of Chicago and 83 miles northeast of Springfield; is the intersecting point of three lines of railway and connected with the adjacent city of Urbana, the county- seat, by an electric railway. The University of Illinois, located in Urbana, is contiguous to the city. Champaign has an excellent system of water-works, well-paved streets, and is lighted by both gas and electricity. The surrounding coun- try is agricultural, but the city has manufac- tories of carriages and machines. Three papers are published here, besides a college weekly con- ducted by the students of the University. The Burnham Hospital and the Garwood Old Ladies' Home are located in Champaign. In the resi- dence portion of the city there is a handsome park, covering ten acres and containing a notable piece of bronze statuary, and several smaller parks in other sections. There are several handsome churches, and excellent schools, both public and private. Pop. (1900), 9,098; (1910), 12,421. CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, situated in the eastern half of the central belt of the State; area, 1,008 square miles; population (1910), 51,829. The county was organized in 1833, and named for a county in Ohio. The physical conformation is flat, and the soil rich. The county lies in the heart of what was once called the "Grand Prairie." Workable seams of bituminous coal underlie the surface, but overlying quii-ksands interfere with their operation. The Sangamon and Kaskaskia Rivers have their sources in this region, and several railroads cross the county. The soil is a black muck underlaid by a yellow clay. Urbana (with a population of 5,708 in 1900) is the county-seat. Other important points in the county are Champaign (9.000), Tolono (1,000). and Rantoul (1,200). Champaign and Urbana adjoin each other, and the grounds of the Illinois State University extend into each corpo- ration, being largely situated in Champaign. Large drifted masses of Niagara limestone are found, interspersed with coal measure limestone and sandstone. Alternating beds of clay, gravel and quicksand of the drift formation are found beneath the subsoil to the depth of 150 to 300 feet. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 87 CHAMPAIGN, HAVAXA & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD, (See Illinois Central Railroad.) CHANDLER, Charles, physician, was born at West Woodstock, Conn., July 3, 1806; graduated with the degree of M.D. at Castleton, Vt., and, in 1839. located in Scituate, R. I. ; in 1833, started with the intention of settling at Fort Clark (now Peoria), III., but was stopped at Beardstown by the "Black Hawk War," finally locating on the Sangamon River, in Cass County, wliere, in 184S, he laid out the town of Chandlerville — Abraham Lincoln being one of the surveyors who platted the town. Here he gained a large practice, which he was compelled, in his later years, par- tially to abandon in consequence of injuries received wliile prosecuting his profession, after- wards tui-ning his attention to mercliandising and encouraging the development of tlie locality in which he lived by promoting the construction of railroads and the building of schoolliouses and churches. Liberal and public-spirited, his influ- ence for good extended over a large region. Died, April 7, 1879. CHANDLER, Henry B., newspaper manager, was born at Frelighsburg, Quebec, July 12, 183G; at 18 he began teaching, and later took charge of the business department of "The Detroit Free Press"; in 1861, came to Chicago with Wilbur F. Storey and became business manager of "The Chicago Times" ; in 1870, disagreed with Storey and retired from newspaper business. Died, at Yonkers, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1896. CHANDLERVILLE, a village in Cass County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, 7 miles north by east from Virginia, laid out in 1848 bj' Dr. Charles Cliandler, and platted by Abraham Lincoln. It lias a liank, a creamery, four churches, a weekly newspaper, a flour and a saw-mill. Pop. (1900), 940; (1910), 884. CHAPIX, a village of Morgan County, at the intersection of the Wabash and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 10 miles west of Jacksonville. Pop. (1900), .514; (1910), 5.52. CHAPPELL, Charles H., railway manager, was born in Du Page County, 111., March 3, 1841. With an ardent passion for the railroad business, at the age of 16 he fibtained a position as freight brakeman on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, being steadily promoted through the ranks of conductor, train-master and dispatcher, until, in 186.5, at the age of 24, he was appointed General Agent of the Eastern Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Other railroad positions which Mr. Chajjpell later held were: Superintendent of a division of the Union Pacific (1869-70); Assistant or Division Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, or some of its branches (1870-74) ; General Superintendent of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas (1874-76); Superintendent of the Western Division of the Wabash (1877-79). In 1880, he accepted the position of Assistant General Superintendent of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, lieing advanced in the next three years through the grades of General Superintendent and Assistant General Manager, to that of General Manager of the entire system, which he continued to fill for more than twelve years. (Juietly and without show or display, Mr. Chappell continued in the discharge of his duties, assisting to make the system with which he was identified one of the most successful in its operation in the country. Dicil June 22, 1904. CHARLESTON, the county-seat of Coles County, an incorporated city and a railway junc- tion, 46 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. It lies in the center of a farming region, yet has several factories, including woolen and flouring mills, broom, plow and carriage factories, a foundry and a canning factory. Three newspapers are published here, issuing daily editions. The Eastern State Normal School was located here in 1895. Pop. (1900), 5,488; (1900), 5,884. CHARLESTON, NEOGA & ST. LOUIS RAIL- ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis <& Kansas City Railroad.) CHARLEVOIX, Pierre Francois Xavier de, a celebrated French traveler and an early explorer of Illinois, born at St. Quentin, France, Oct. 29, 1682. He entered the Jesuit Society, and while a student was sent to Quebec (169.5), where for four years he was instructor in the college, and completed his divinity studies. In 1709 he returned to France, but came again to Quebec a few years later. He ascended the St. Lawrence, sailed through Lakes Ontario and Erie, and finally reached the 5Iissi.ssippi by way of the Illinois River. After visiting C.ahokia and the surrounding county (1720-21), he continued down the Jlississippi to New Orleans, and returned to France by way of Santo Domingo. Besides some works on religious subjects, he was the author of histories of Japan, Paraguay and San Domingo. His great work, however, was the "History of New France," which was not published until twenty years after his death. Ilis journal of his American explorations appeared about the same time. His history has long been cited by scliolars as authority, but no Engli.sh translation was made until 1865. when it was \widertakeii bv Shea. Died in France, Feb. 1, 1761. 88 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CHASE, Philander, Protestant Episcopal Bishop, was born in Cornish, Vt., Deo 14, 1775, and graduated at Dartmouth in 1795. Although reared as a Congregationalist, he adopted the Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in 1799, for several years laboring as a missionary in Northern and Western New York. In 1805, he went to New Orleans, but returning North in 1811, spent six years as a rector at New Haven, Conn., then engaged in missionary work in Ohio, organizing a number of parishes and founding an academy at Worthington; was consecrated a Bishop in 1819, and after a visit to England to raise funds, laid the foundation of Kenyon College and Gambier Tlieological Seminary, named in honor of two English noblemen who had contributed a large portion of tlie funds. Differences arising with some of his clergy in reference to the proper use of the funds, he resigned both the Bishopric and the Presidency of the college in 1831. and after three years of missionary labor in Micliigan, in 1835 was chosen Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to England, he succeeded in raising additional funds, and, in 1838, founded Jubilee College at Robin's Nest, Peoria County, 111., for which a charter was obtained in 1847. He was a man of great religious zeal, of indomitable perseverance and the most successful pioneer of the Episcopal Church in tlie West. He was Presiding Bishop from 1843 until his death, which occurred Sept 20, 1852. Several volumes appeared from his pen, the most important being "A Plea for the West" (1826), and "Reminiscences: an Autobiography, Comprising a History of the Principal Events in the Author's Life" (1848). CHATHAM, a village of Sangamon County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles south of Springfield. Pop. (1900), 629; (1010), 666. CHATSWORTH, town in Livingston County, on 111. Cent, and Toledo, Peoria & Western Rail- ways, 79 miles east of Peoria; in farming and stock-raising district ; has two banks, three grain elevators, five churches, a graded school, two weekly papers, water- works, electric lights, paved streets, cement sidewalks, brick works, and otlier manufactories. Pop. (1900), 1,0.38; (1910), 1,112. CHEBAXSE, a town in Iroquois and Kankakee Covmties, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 64 miles south-southwe.st from Chicago; the place has one bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 728; (1890), 616; (1900), .5.55; (1010), 500. CHEXEY, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Ch\irch, was born in Canandaigua, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1836; graduated at Hobart in 1857, and began study for the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Soon after ordination he became rector of Christ Church, Chicago, and was prominent among those who, under the leadership of Assistant Bishop Cum- mins of Kentucky, organized the Reformed Epis- copal Church in 1873. He was elected Missionary Bisliop of the Northwest for the new organiza- tion, and was consecrated in Christ Church, Chicago, Dec. 14, 1873. CHENEY, John Vance, author and librarian, was bom at Groveland, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848, though the family home was at Dorset, Vt., where he grew up and received his primary edu- cation. He acquired his academic training at Manchester, Vt., and Temple Hill Academy, Genesee, N. Y., graduating from the latter in 1865, later becoming Assistant Principal of the same institution. Having studied law, he was admitted to the bar successive!}' in Massachusetts and New York; but meanwhile having written considerably for the old '"Scribner's Montlily" (now "Century Magazine"), wliile under the editorship of Dr. J. G. Holland, he gradually adopted literature as a profession. Removing to the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining imtil 1894, when he accepted the position of Librarian of the Newberry Library in Chicago, as successor to Dr. WiUiam F. Poole, deceased. Besides two or three volumes of verse, Mr. Cheney is the author of numerous essays on literary subjects. His published works include "Thistle- Drift," poems (1887); "Wood-Blooms," poems (1888), "Golden Guess," essays (1892); "That Dome in Air," essays (1895); "Queen Helen." poem (1895) and "Out of the Silence," poem (1897). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild," by Simeon Pease Cheney (1892), and Caxton Club's edition of Derby's Phtenixiana. CHENOA, an incorporated city of McLean County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and the Chicago & Alton Rail- roads, 48 miles east of Peoria, 23 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 102 miles south of Chicago. Agriculture, dairy farming, fruit-growing and coal-mining are the chief industries of the sur- rounding region. The city also has an electric light plant, waterworks, canning works and tile works, besides two banks, seven churches, a graded school, two weekly papers, and telephone systems connecting with the surrounding coun- try. Pop. (1900), 1,512; (1910), 1.314. CHESBROUGH, ElUs Sylvester, civil engineer, was born in Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1813; at the CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 89 age of thirteen was chainman to an engineering party on the Baltimore & Oliio Railroad, being later emploj-ed on other roaiis. In 1837, he was appointed senior assistant engineer in the con- struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles- ton Railroad, and, in 1846, Chief Engineer of the Boston Waterworks, in 1850 becoming sole Com- missioner of the Water Department of that city. In IS.jo, he became engineer of the Chicago Board of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacitj' designed the sewerage system of the city — also planning the river tunnels. He resigned the office of Commissioner of Public Works of Chicago in 1879. He was regarded as an author- ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con- sulted by the officials of New York, Boston, Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died, August 19, 1886. CHESXUT, John A., lawyer, was bom in Ken- tuck}-, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A. was educated principally in his native State, but came to Illinois in 1836, read law with P. H. Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until 185.'), when he removed to Springfield and engaged in real estate and banking business. Mr. Ches- nut was associated with many local business enterprises, was for several years one of the Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the Illinois Female College (Methodist) at the same place, and was Supervisor of the United States Census for the Si.xth District of Illinois in 1880. Died, Jan 14, 1898. CHESTER, the county-seat of Randolph County, situated on the Mississippi River, 76 miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the fleart of a region abounding in bituminous coal, and is a prominent shipping point for this com- modity : also has quarries of building stone. It has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills and foundries and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 2,708; (1900), 2,832; (1910),' 2,747. CHETLAIN, Augustus Louis, soldier, was bom in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 36, 1824, of French Hugue- not stock — his parents having emigrated from Switzerland in 1823, at first becoming members of the Selkirk colony on Red River, in Manitoba. Having received a common school education, he became a merchant at Galena, and was the first to volunteer there in response to the call for troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in 1861, being chosen to the captaincy of a company in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, which General Grant had declined ; participated in the campaign on the Tennessee River which resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson anu the battle of Shiloh, meanwhile being commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel; also distinguished himself at Corinth, where he remained in command until May, 1863, and organized the first colored regi- ment raised in the West. In December, 1863, he was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in charge of the organization of colored troops in Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being brevetted Major-General in January, 1864. From January to October, 1865, he commanded the post at Memphis, and later the District of Talla- dega, Ala., until January, 1866, when he was mustered out of the service. General Chetlain was Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District of Utah (1867-69), then appointed United States Consul at Brussels, serving until 1872, on his return to the United States establishing himself as a banker and broker in Chicago. CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County, chief cit.v of Illhiois and (1910) second city in population in the United States. SiTDATiON.— The city is situated at the south- west bend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of the extreme southern point of the lake, at the mouth of the Chicago River; 715 miles west of New York, 590 miles north of west from Wash- ington, and 260 miles northeast of St. Louis. From the Pacific Coast it is distant 2,417 miles. Latitude 41° 53' north; longitude 87° 35' west of Greenwich. Area (1910), 190.6 square miles. Topography. — Chicago stands on the dividing ridge between the Mississippi and St. Lawreice basins. It is 502 feet above sea-level, and its highest point is some 18 feet above Lake Michi- gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou, dividing into north and south branches about a half-mile west of the lake. The surrounding country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering science and skill have done much for it in the way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan Canal terminates at a point on the south branch of the Chicago River, within the city limits, and unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Illinois River. Commerce. — The Chicago River, with its branches, aff'ords a water frontage of nearly 60 miles, the greater part of which is utilized for the sliipment and unloading of grain, lumber, stone, coal, nierchandise, etc. Another navigable stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the 90 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi- cago River, with its branches, navigable for vessels of deep draft. The harbor has also been ■widened and deepened. Well constructed break- waters protect the vessels lying inside, and the port is as safe as any on the great lakes. The city is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels arriving there exceeds that of any other port in the United States. During 1897, 9,156 vessels arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7,209,442, while 9,201 cleared, representing a tonnage of 7,18.5,324. It is the largest grain market in the world, its elevators (in 1897) having a capacity of 32.550,000 bushels. According to the reports of the Board of Trade, the total receipts and shipments of grain for the year 1898 — counting flour as its gi-ain equiva- lent in bushels — amounted to 323.097,453 bushels of the former, to 289,920,028 bushels of the latter. The receipts and shipments of various products for the year (1898) were as follows: Flour (bbls.) . Wheat (bu.) . . Corn "... Oats "... Rye "... Barley "... Cured Me;its (lbs.) Dressed Beef " . Live-stock — Ho^js Cattle " Sheep Receipts. 5,316,195 35, 741,. 555 127,426,374 110.293,647 4.935.308 18, 116. .594 229,00.5.246 110,286.6.52 9.360,968 2,480.633 3,502,378 Shipments. 5,032,236 38,094,900 130,397,681 85,057,6.36 4.4.53.384 6.7.55.247 928,627,722 1,060,859,808 1,334.768 864.408 545,001 Chicago is also an important lumber market, the receipts in 1895, including shingles, being 1.562,527 M. feet. As a center for beef and pork- packing, the city is without a rival in the amount of its products, there having been 92,459 cattle and 760,514 hogs packed in 1894-95. In bank clearings and general mercantile business it ranks second only to Xew York, while it is also one of the chief manufacturing centers of the country. The census of 1890 shows 9,959 manu- facturmg establishments, with a capital of .?29?,- 477,038; employing 203,108 hands, and turning ■out products valued at $632,184,140. Of the out- put by far the largest was that of the slaughter- ing and meat-packing establishments, amounting to §203,825,092; men's clothing came next (S32,- 517,226) ; iron and steel, 831,419,8.54; foundry and machine shop products, §29,928,616; planed lumber, §17,604,494. Chicago is also the most important live-stock market in the United States. The Union Stock Yards (in the southwest part of the city) are connected with all railroad lines entering the c't}-. and cover many hundreds of acres. In 1894, there were received 8,788,049 animals (of all descriptions), valued at §148,057,- 626. Chicago is also a primary market for hides and leather, the production and sales being both of large proportions, and the trade in manufac- tured leather (notably in boots and shoes) exceeds that of any other market in the country. Ship-building is a leading industry, as are also brick-making, distilling and brewing. Traxsport.^tiox, etc.— Besides being the chief port on the great lakes, Chicago ranks second to no other American city as a railway center. The old "Galena & Chicago Union," its first railroad, was operated in 1849, and within three years a substantial advance had been scored in the way of steam transportation. Since then the multi- plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing through Chicago has been rapid and steady. In 1895 not less than thirty-eight distinct Unes enter the city, although these are operated by only twenty-two companies. Some 2,600 miles of railroad track are laid within the citj- limits. The number of trains daily arriving and depart- ing (suburban and freight included) is about 2,000. Intramural transportation is afforded by electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines. Four tunnels imder the Chicago River and its branches, and numerous bridges connect the various divi- sions of the city. History. — Point du Sable (a native of San Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of Chicago other than the aborigines. The French missionaries and explorers — Marquette, Joliet. La Salle, Hennepin and others — came a century earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673. After the expulsion of the French at the close of the French and Indian War, the territory passed under British control, though French traders remained in this vicinity after the War of the Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed Point du Sable about 1796, and was himself suc- ceeded by John Kinzie. the Indian trader, who came in 1803. Fort Dearborn was built near the mouth of the Chicago River in 1804 on land acquired from the Indians by the treaty of Greenville, concluded by Gen. Anthony Wayne in 1795, but was evacuated in 1812, when most of the garrison and the few inhabitants were massa- cred by the savages. (See Fort Dearborn.) The fort was rebuilt in 1816, and another settlement established around it. The first Government survey was made, 1829-30. Early residents were the Kinzies. the Wolcotts, the Beaubiens and the Millers. The Black Hawk War (1832) rather aided in developing the resources and increasing b O O Q i:. O CO >5 J g o HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 91 the population of the infant settlement by draw- ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of mutual protection. Town organization was effected on August 10. 1832, the total number of votes polled being 28. The town grew rai>idly for a time, but received a set-back in the iinancial crisis of 1837, During May of that year, how- ever, a charter was t^litained and Chicago became a city. The total number of votes cast at tliat time was 703. The census of the city for the 1st of July of that year showed a population of 4,180. The following table shows the names and term of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to 1899: 1837 1838 1839 1340 1841 1842 1643 1S44 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 I860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 18li6 ISfi? 1868 1S69 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877-78 1879 80 1881-82 1883-84 1885 86 1887-88 1889-90 1891 92 1893 94 1895-96 lay? 98 1899 01 ]fi01-<)3 lli(i:i-05 I'.tUiVOT l!»f»7-0» UM)9.11 1911- CiTY Clerk. Cttv attorney. Wm. B. Ogden Buckner 8. Morris BenJ. W- Raymond Alexander Lloyd F. C. Sherman BenJ. W. Raymond Augnatua Garrett Auk Oarrt-tt.Alson S Shermand) Aui;,Oarrett.Al30ii S.Sherman(4) John P. Ohfipiu Jame3 Curtias James H. Woodvvorth James H. Woodworth James Curtias Walters. Gurnee Walters. Gurnee Charles M. Gray Ira L. Milliken ^evi D. Boone ' Thomas Dyer j John Wentworth. John C. Haines JohnC Haines John Wentworth I Julian S Rumaey j F. C. Sherman I F C. Sherman F. C- Sherman John B. Kice John B. Rice John B, Rice Joh n B. Kice Jolin B Rice(8) R. B. Mason R. B. Mason Joteph Medill Joseph Medill Harvey D. C'olvin Harvey D. Colvin Monroe Heath, 1 9) H. D. Colvin, Thomas Hoyne Monroe Heath Carter H. Harrison Carter H. Harrison Carter H. Harrison Carter H Harrison John A. Roche Dewitt C. Cregier Hempstead Washburne.. Carter H. Harrison, Geo. B Swift.dU John P. Hopkins.fUi Geo. B.Swift Carter H. Harrison. Jr Carter H. Harrison, Jr Carter H. Harrison, Jr Carter H. Harrison, Jr Edward F. Dunne P>ed A. Busse (Term 4 years) . Carter H. Harrison I. N, Arnold, Geo. Davis (1). JGeo. Davia Wm. H. Brackett [Thomas Hoyne Thomas Hoyne J. Curtis James M. Lowe E. A. Rucker K. A. Rucker. \Vm.S.Brown(5) Henry B. Chtrko Henry B. Clarke Sidney Abe. 1 Sidney Abell Sidney Abell Henry W. Zimmerman Henry W. Zimmerman Henry W. Zimmerman Henry W. Zimmerman Henry \V. Zimmerman Henry W. Zimmerman H. Kreisman H. Kreisman H. Kreisman Abraham Kohn A.J. Marble A. J. Marble H. W. Zimmermft'i H. W. Zimmerman Albert H. Bodman Albert H. Bodman Albert H. Bodman [Albert H. Bodman !Albert H. Bodman Charles T. Hotchkiss Charles T. Hoichkisa Charles T. Hotchkiaa. Charles T. Holchkiss Jos. K. C. Forrest Jos. K. C. Forrest N. B. Judd N. B. Judd Samuel L. Smith Mark Skinner Geo. Manierre Henry Brown G. Manierre. Henry Brown(3) Henry W. Clarke Henry VV. Clarke Charles H. Lnrrabee Patrick Ballingall Giles Spring O. R. W. Lull Henry H. Clark Henry H. Clark Arno Voss Arno Voss Patrick Ballingall J. A. Thompson J, L Marsh John C. Miller Elliott Anthony Geo. F. Crocker John Lvle King Ira W. Buel Gen. A. Meech Francis Adams Francis Adams Daniel D. Driscoll Daniel D. Driscoll Hasbrouck Davis Haabrouck Davis Hashrouck Davis Lsrael N. Stiles. . Israel N. Si ilea Israel N, St ilea Israel N. Stilea Egbert Jnmieson Egbert Jamieson Caspar Butz Caspar Butz P. J. Howard P. J. Howard John O. Nenmeiater C. Herman Plautz D. W. NickersoQ Franz Amberg James R. B. Van Cleave . Chaa. D. Gastfield James R. H. Vapi Cleave. William LoertltT William LoetUer William I> till vacancy. Cutting having failed to qualify, Rice, who wan already in offiee. held over. Legislature changed date of election from April to November, the iieraons in office at beginning of l>S(i9 remaining In olRce to December of that year. City organized under general Incorporation Act In 1875, and no city el'^ction held until April, 1876. The order for a new election omitted the otfice of Mayor, yet a popular vote was taken whieh gave a majority to Thomas Hoyne. The Cotmeil tlien in ofBce refused to canvass thia vote, but its successor, at its first meeting, did so, declaring Hoyne duly elected. Colvin, the incumtient, refused to surrender the olHi-e, claiming the right to " hold over;" Hoyne then made a contest for the olHce, which reaulted In a decision by the Supreme Court denying the claims of both contestants, when a new election was ordered by the City Council. July 12. 1876, at which Monroe Heath was elected, serving out the term. City Attorney iCern, having resigned November 21, 1892, Geo. A. Trude waa appointed to serve out the remainder of the term. Mayor Harrison, having been assassinated, October 28, 1893, the City Council at Its next meeting (November 6. 1893) elected Geo. B Swift i an Alderman fronn the Eleventh Ward) Mayor ad interim. At a special election held December 19, 1893. John P. Hopkins was «l«cted to flU out the unexpired term of Mayor Harrison. 92 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The Fire of 1871.— The city steadily grew ki beauty, population and commercial importance until 1871. On Oct. 9 of that year occurred the "great fire" the story of which has passed into history. Recuperation was speedy, and the 2, 100 acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt, wlien, in 1874, occurred a second conflagration, although by no means so disastrous as that of 1871. The city's recuperative power was again demonstrated, and its subsetjuent development has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement shows its growth in population : 1837 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 4,179 4,470 28.269 . 112,163 . 298,977 . .503.18.5 . 1,099,8.50 . 1,698,575 . 2,185,283 Notwithstanding a large foreign population and a constant army of unemployed men, Chicago has witnessed only three disturbances of the peace by mobs — the railroad riots of 1877, the Anarchist disturbance of 1886, and a strike of railroad employes in 1894. Municipal Administration. — Chicago long since outgrew its special charter, and is now incorporated under the broader provisions of the law applicable to "cities of the first class," under which the city is virtually autonomous. The personnel, drill and equipment of the police and fire departments are second to none, if not supe- rior to any, to be found in other American cities. The Chicago River, with its branches, divides the city into three principal divisions, known respec- tively as North, South and West. Each division has its statutory geographical boundaries, and each retains its own distinct township organiza- tion. This system is anomalous; it lias, how- ever, both assailants and defenders. Public Improvements. — Chicago has a fine system of parks and boulevards, well developed, well improved and well managed. One of the parks (Jackson in the .South Division) was tlie site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The water supply is obtained from Lake ilichigan by means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction new and better facilities are being constantly introduced, and the existing water system will compare favorably with that of any other Ameri- can city. Architecture.— The public and office build- ings, as well as the business blocks, are in some instances classical, but generally severely plain. Granite and other varieties of stone are used in the City Hall, County Court House, the Board of Trade structure, and in a few commercial build- ings, as well as in many private residences. In the business part of the city, however, steel, iron, brick and fire clay are the materials most largely emploj'ed in construction, the exterior walls being of brick. The most approved methods of fire-proof building are followed, and the "Chicago construction" has been recognized and adopted (with modifications) all over the "United States. Ofiice buildings range from ten to sixteen, and even, as in the case of the Masonic Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of the largest will each accommodate 3,000 to 5,000 occupants, including tenants and their employes. In the residence sections wide diversity may be seen ; the chaste and the ornate styles being about equally popular. Among the liandsome public, or semi-public buildings may be mentioned the Public Library, the Newberry Library, the Art Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of Sciences, the Auditorium, the Board of Trade Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the railroad depots. Education and Libraries. — Chicago has a public school system unsurpassed for excellence in any other city in the country. According to the report of the Board of Education for 1898, the city had a total of 221 primary and grammar schools, besides fourteen high schools, employing 5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over 236.000 pupils in the course of the year. The total expenditures during the year amounted to §6,78.5.601, of which nearly S4,. 500. 000 was on account of teachers' salaries. The city has nearly §7,500,000 invested in school buildings. Besides jnipils attending public schools there are about 100,000 in attendance on private and parochial schools, not reckoning students at higher institutions of learning, such as medical, law, theological, dental and pharmaceutical schools, and the great University of Chicago. Near the city are also the Northwestern and the Lake Forest Universities, the former at Evanston and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten- sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer- ence purposes, maintained by public taxation, and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235,000 volumes and nearly 50,000 pamphlets, there are the Library of the Chicago Historical Society and the Newberry and Crerar Libraries — the last two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by public-spirited and liberal citizens — all open to DAY AITKH (■IlI(A<;(i IIHI CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 93 the public for purposes of reference under certain conditions. This list does not include the exten- sive library of the University of Chicago and those connected with the Armour Institute and the public schools, intended for the use of the pupils of these various institutions. CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE, one of the leading commercial exchanges of the world. It was originally organized in the spring of 1843 as a voluntary association, with a membership of eighty-two. Its primary object was the promo- tion of the city's commercial interests by unity of action. On Feb. 8, 1849, the Legislature enacted a general law authorizing the establish- ment of Boards of Trade, and under its provisions an incorporation was effected — a second organi- zation being effected in April, 18.50. For several years the association languished, and at times its existence seemed precarious. It was, however, largely instrumental in securing the introduction of tlie system of measuring grain by weight, which initial step opened the way for subsequent great improvements in the methods of handling, storing, inspecting and grading cereals and seeds. By the close of 1856, the association had overcome the difficulties incident to its earlier years, and the feasibility of erecting a permanent Exchange building began to be agitated, but tlie project lay dormant for several years. In 1856 was adopted the first system of classification and grading of wheat, which, though crude, formed the founda- tion of the elaborate modern system, which has proved of such benefit to the grain-growing States of the West, and has done so much to give Chicago its commanding influence in the grain markets of the world. In 1858, the privilege of trading on the floor of the Exchange was limited to members. The same year the Board began to receive and send out daily telegraphic market reports at a cost, for the first year, of §500,000, which was defrayed by private subscriptions. New York was the only city with which such communication was then maintained. In Febru- ary, 1859, a special charter was obtained, confer- ring more extensive powers upon the organization, and correspondingly increasing its efficiency. An important era in the Board's history was the Civil War of 1861-65. During this struggle its attitude was one of undeviating loyalty and gener- ous patriotism. Hundreds of thousands of dollars were contributed, by individual members and from the treasury of the organization, for the work of recruiting and equipping regiments, in caring for the wounded on Southern battlefields, and providing for the families of enlisted men. In 1864, the Board waged to a successful issue a war upon the irredeemable currency with which the entire West was then flooded, and secured such action by the banks and by the railroad and express companies as compelled its replacement by United States legal-tender notes and national bank notes. In 1865, handsome, large (and, as then supposed, permanent) quarters wei'e occu- pied in a new building erected by the Chicago Chamber of Commerce unottom. The entire depth of the channel is substantially the same as at Robey Street, with the addition of one foot in 40,000 feet. The rock portion of the channel is constructed to the full capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. From the point where the channel runs out of ground to Joliet Lake, t.'iere is a rapid fall; over this slope works are to be constructed to let the water down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet. " Ground was broken on the rock-cut near Lemont, on Sept. 3, 1892, and work has been in progress almost constantly ever since. The prog- ress of the work was greatly obstructed during the year 1898, by difficulties encountered in secur- ing the right of way for the discharge of the waters of the canal througli the city of Joliet, but these were compromised near the close of the year, and it was anticipated that the work would be prosecuted to completion during the year 1899. From Feb. 1, 1890, to Dec. 31, 1898, the net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of the work aggregated 828,257,707, while the net expenditures had amounted to 838, 221 864. 57. Of the latter, 820,099.284.67 was charged to construc- tion account, 83,156.903.12 to "land account" (including right of way), and 81,222,092.82 to the cost of maintaining the engineering department. When finished, the cost will reach not less than 835,000,000. These figures indicate the stupen- dous character of the work, which bids fair to stand without a rival of its kind in modern engineering and in the results it is expected to achieve. CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY. The total mileage of this line, June 30, 1898, was 1,008 miles, of which 152.52 miles are operated and owned in Illinois. The line in this State extends west from Chicago to East Dubuque, the extreme terminal points being Chicago and Minneapolis in the Northwest, and Kansas City in the Southwest. It has several branches in Illi nois, Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange- ments with several lines, the most imjxjrtant being with the St. Paul & Northern Pacific (10.56 miles), completing the connection between St. Paul and Minneapolis ; with the Illinois Central from East Dubuque to Portage (12.23 miles), and with the Chicago & Northern Pacific from Forest Home to the Grand Central Station in Chicago. Tlie company's own track is single, of standard gauge, laid with sixty and seventy-five-pound steel rails. Grades and curvature are light, and the equipment well maintained. The outstand- ing capital stock (1898) was 852,019.054; total capitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel- laneous indebtedness, 857,144.245. (HISTORY). The road was chartered, Jan. 5, 1892, under the laws of Illinois, for the purpose of reorganization of VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. VIKWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 97 the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railway Company on a stock basis. During \Sd'). the De Kalb & Great "Western Railroad (.'i.Sl miles) was built from De Kalb to Sj-camore as a feeder of this line. CHICAGO, HARLEM & BATAVIA RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & Xorthern Pacific Rail- road. ) CHICAGO, H.iVAXA & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See niinois Central Railroad. ) CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, organized, April 24, 18.5G, for the purposes of (1) establishing a library and a cabinet of antiquities, relics, etc. ; (2) the collection and preservation of historical manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts; (3) the encouragement of the discovery and investi- gation of aboriginal remains, particularly in Illi- nois; (4) the collection of material illustrating the growth and settlement of Chicago. By 1871 the Society had accumulated much valuable material, but the entire collection was destroyed in the great Chicago fire of that year, among the manuscripts consumed being the original draft of the emancipation proclamation by Abraham Lincoln. The nucleus of a second collection was consumed by fire in 1874. Its loss in this second conflagration included many valuable manu- scripts. In 1877 a temporary building was erected, which was torn down in 1893 to make room for the erection, on the same lot, of a thoroughly fire-proof structure of granite, planned after the most approved modern sj'stems. The new building was erected and dedicated under the direction of its late President, Ed- ward G. Mason, Esq., Dec. 12, 1896. The Society's third collection now embraces about twenty-five thousand volumes and nearly fifty thousand pamphlets; seventy-five portraits in oils, with other works of art; a valuable collection of manuscript documents, and a large museum of local and miscellaneous antiquities. Mr. Charles Evans is Secretary and Librarian. CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC MEDICAL COL- LEGE, organized in 1876, with a teaching faculty of nineteen and forty-five matriculates. Its first term opened October 4, of that j'ear, in a leased building. By 1881 the college had outgrown its first quarters, and a commodious, well appointed structure was erected by the trustees, in a more desirable location. The institution was among the first to introduce a graded course of instruc- tion, extending over a period of eighteen years. In 1897, the matriculating classnumbered over 200. CHICAGO HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN,located at Chicago, and founded in 1865 by Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. Its declared objects are: "To afford a home for women and children among the respectable poor in need of medical and surgical aid; to treat the same' classes at home by an assistant physician; to afford a free dispensary for the same, and to train competent nurses." At the outset the hospital was fairly well sustained through pri- vate benefactions, and, in 1870, largely tlirough Dr. Thompson's efforts, a college was organized for the medical education of women exclusively. (See Xorthwestern University Woman's Medical School.) The hospital building was totally destroyed in the great fire of 1871, but temporary accommodations were provided in another section of the city. The following year, with the aid of §25,000 appropriated by the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, a permanent building was pur- cha.sed, and, in 1885, a new, commodious and well planned building was erected on the same site, at a cost of about §75,000. CHICAGO, MADISON A NORTHERN RAIL- ROAD, a line of railway 231.3 miles in length, 140 miles of which lie within Illinois. It is operated by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and is known as its "Freeport Division." The par value of the capital stock outstanding is §50,000 and of bonds 82,500,000, while the floating debt is $3,620,698, making a total capitalization of 16,170,698, or §26,698 per mile. (See also Illinois Central Railroad.) This road was opened from Chicago to Freeport in 1888. CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. (See North- tvesteni University Medical College.) CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAIL- WAT, one of the great trunk lines of the North- west, having a total mileage (1898) of 6,153.83 miles, of which 317.94 are in Illinois. The main line extends from Chicago to Minneapolis, 420 miles, although it has connections with Kansas Citj', Omaha, Sioux City and various points in Wisconsin, Iowa and the Dakotas. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company enjoys the distinction of being the owner of all the lines operated by it, though it operates 245 miles of second tracks owned jointly with otlier lines. The greater part of its track is laid with 60, 75 and 85-lb. steel rails. The total capital invested (1898; is §220,00.5,901, distributed as follows: capital stock, §77,845,000; bonded debt, §135,285,500; other forms of indebtedness, §5,572,401. Its total earnings in Illinois for 1898 were §5,205,244, and the total expendi- tures. §3,330,248. The total number of em- ployes in Illinois for 1898 was 2,293, receiving 98 IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. $1,746,827.70 in aggregate compensation. Taxes paid for the same year amounted to §151,285. — (History). The Cliicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railwa}- was organized in 1803 under the name of tlie Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. The Illi- nois portion of the main line was built under a charter granted to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, and the Wisconsin por- tion under charter to the Wisconsin Union Rail- road Company; the wliole built and opened in 1873 and purchased by the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. It subsequently acquired by purchase several lines in Wisconsin, the whole receiving the present name of the line by act of the Wisconsin Legislature, passed, Feb. 14, 1874. The Chicago & Evanston Railroad was chartered, Feb. 16, 1861, built from Chicago to Calvary (10.8 miles), and opened. May 1, 1885; was consolidated with the Chicago & Lake Superior Railroad, under the title of the Chicago, Evanston & Lake Superior Railroad Company, Dec. 23, 1885, opened to Evanston, August 1, 1886, and purchased, in June, 1887, by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. The Road, as now organized, is made up of twenty-two divisions located in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Missouri and Michigan. CHICAGO, PADUC.VH & MEMPHIS KAIL- ROAD (Projected), a road chartered, Dec. 19, 1893, to run between Altamont and Metropolis, III., 153 miles, with a branch from Johnston City to Carbondale, 20 miles — total length, 173 miles. The gauge is standard, and the track laid with sixty-pound steel rails. By Feb. 1, 1895, the road from Altamont to Slarion (100 miles) was com- pleted, and work on the remainder of the line has been in progress. It is intended to connect with the Wabash and the St. Louis Southern systems. Capital stock authorized and subscribed. §2,500,- 000; bonds issued, §1,575,000. Funded debt, authorized, §15,000 per mile in five per cent first mortgage gold bonds. Cost of road up to Feb. 1 , 1895, §20,000 per mile ; estimated co.st of the entire Une, §2,000,000. In December, 1896, this road passed into the liands of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad Company, and is now operated to Marion, in Williamson County. (See Chicago . CHRISTIAN COUNTY, a rich agricultural coimty, lying in the "central belt," and organized in 1839 from parts of Macon, Montgomery, Sangamon and Shelby Counties. The name first given to it was Dane, in honor of Nathan Dane, one of the framers of the Ordinance of 1787, but a political prejudice led to a change. A pre- ponderance of early settlers having come from Christian County, Ky., this name was finally adopted. The surface is level and the soil fertile, the northern half of the cotmty being best adapted to com and the southern to wheat. Its area is about 710 square miles, and its population (1900), was 32,790. The life of the early settlers was exceedingly primitive. Game was abun- dant; wild honey was used as a substitute for sugar; wolves were troublesome; prairie fires were frequent; tlie first mill (on Bear Creek) could not grind more than ten bushels of grain per day, by horse-power. The people hauled their corn to St. Louis to exchange for groceries. The fii-st store was opened at Robertson's Point, but the county -seat was establislied at Taylorville. A great change was «Tought in local conditions by the advent of the Illinois Central Railway, which passes through the eastern part of the county. Two other railroads now pass centrally through the county — the "Wabash" and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. Tlie principal towns are Taylorville (a railroad center and thriving town of 2,829 inhabitants), Pana, Morrisonville, Edin- burg, and Assumption. CHURCH, Lawrence S., lavryer and legislator, was born at Nunda, N. Y., in 1820; passed his youth on a farm, but having a fondness for study, at an early age began teaching in winter with a view to earning means to prosecute his studies in law. In 1843 he arrived at McHenrj', then the county-seat of McHenry County, 111., having walked a part of the way from New York, paj'ing a portion of his expenses by the delivery of lec- tures. He soon after visited Springfield, and having been examined before Judge S. H. Treat, was admitted to the bar. On the removal of the county-seat from McHenry to Woodstock, he removed to the latter place, where he continued to reside to tlie end of his life. A member of the Whig party up to 1856, he was tliat j-ear elected as a Republican Representative in the T%ventieth General Assembly, serving bj- re-election in the Twenty-first and Twenty-second; in 1860, was supported for the nomination for Congress in the Northwestern District, but was defeated by Hon. E. B. Wasbburne ; in 1862, aided in the organiza- tion of the Ninety-fifth Illinois Volunteers, and was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled to resign before reaching the field on account of failing health. In 18G6 he was elected County Judge of McHenry County, to fill a vacancy, and, in 1869 to the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, July 23, 1870. Judge Churcli was a man of high principle and a speaker of decided ability. CHURCH, Selden Marvin, capitalist, was born at East Haddam, Conn., March 4, 1804; taken by his father to Monroe County, N. Y., in boyhood, and grew up on a farm there, but at the age of 21, went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he engaged in teaching, being one of the earliest teachers in the public schools of that city. Then, having spent some time in mercantile pursuits in Roches- ter, N. Y., in 1835 he removed to Illinois, first locating at Geneva, but the following year removed to Rockford, where he continued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 1841, lie was appointed Postmaster of the city of Rock- ford by the first President Harrison, remaining in office three years. Otlier oflices held by him were those of County Clerk (1843-47), Delegate to the Second Constitutional Convention (1847), Judge of Probate (1849-57), Representati%-e in the Twenty-third General Assembly (1863-65), and member of the first Board of Public Charities by appointment of Governor Palmer, in 1869, being re-appointed by Governor Beveridge, in 1873, and, for a part of the time, serving as Presi- dent of the Board. He also served, by appoint- ment of the Secretary of War, as one of the Commissioners to assess damages for the Govern- ment improvements at Rock Island and to locate HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 105 the Government bridge between Rock Island and Davenport. During the latter years of his life he was President for some time of the Rockford Insurance Company ; was also one of the origina- tors, and, for many years. Managing Director of the Rockford Water Power Company, which has done so much to promote the prosperity of that city, and, at the time of his death, was one of the Directors of the Winnebago National Bank. Died at Rockford. June 23, 1893. CHURCHILL, George, early printer and legis- lator, was born at Hubbardtown, Rutland County, Vt., Oct. 11, 1789; received a good edu- cation in his youth, thus imbibing a taste for literature which led to his learning the printer's trade. In 1806 he became an apprentice in the oflBce of the Albany (N. Y.) "Sentinel," and, after serving his time, worked as a journeyman printer, thereby accumulating means to purchase a half-interest in a small printing office. Selling this out at a loss, a year or two later, he went to New York, and. after working at the case some five months, started for the West, stopping en route at Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Louisville. In the latter place he worked for a time in the office of "The Courier," and still later in that of "The Correspondent," then owned by Col. Elijah C. Berry, who subsequently came to Illinois and served as Auditor of Public Accounts. In 1817 he arrived in St. Louis, but, attracted by the fer- tile soil of Illinois, determined to engage in agri- cultural pursuits, finallj- purchasing land some six miles southeast of Edwardsville, in Madison County, where he continued to reside the re- mainder of his life. In order to raise means to improve his farm, in the spring of 1819 he worked as a compositor in the office of "The Missouri Gazette" — the predecessor of "The St. Louis Republic." While there he wrote a series of articles over the signature of "A Farmer of St. Charles County," advocating the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union without slaverj-, which caused considerable excitement among the friends of that institution. During the same year he aided Hooper Warren in e.stablishing his paper, "The Spectator," at Edwardsville, and, still later, became a frequent contributor to its columns, especially during the campaign of 1822-24, which resulted, in the latter year, in the defeat of tlie attempt to plant slavery in Illinois. In 1822 he was elected Represent- ative in the Third General Assembly, serving in that body by successive re-elections until 1832. His re-election for a second term, in 1824, demon- strated that his vote at the preceding session, in opposition to the scheme for a State Convention to revise the State Constitution in the interest of slavery, was approved by his constituents. In 1838, he was elected to the State Senate, serving four years, and, in 1844, was again elected to the House — in all serving a period in both Houses of sixteen years. Mr. Churchill was never married. He was an industrious and sj'stematic collector of historical records, and, at the time of his death in the summer of 1872, left a mass of documents and other historical material of great value. (See Slavery and Slave Laws; Warren, Houiicr, and Coles, Edicard.) CLARE (Gen.) George Rogers, soldier, was born near Monticello, Albemarle County, Va., Nov. 19, 1752. In his younger life he was a farmer and surveyor on the upper Ohio. His first experience in Indian fighting was under Governor Dunmore, against the Shawnees (1774). In 1775 he went as a sui-veyor to Kentucky, and tlie Briti.sh having incited the Indians against the Americans in the following year, he was commissioned a Major of militia. He soon rose to a Colonelcy, and attained marked distinction. Later he was commissioned Brigadier-General, and planned an expedition against the British fort at Detroit, which was not successful. In the latter part of 1777, in consultation with Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, he planned an expe- dition against Illinois, which was caiTied out the following year. On July 4, 1778, he captured Kaskaskia without firing a gun, and other French villages surrendered at discretion. The following February he .set out from Kaskaskia to cross the "Illinois Country" for the purpose of recapturing Vincennes, which had been taken and was garrisoned by the British under Hamilton. After a forced march characterized by incredible suffering, his ragged followers effected the cap- ture of the post. His last important military service was against the savages on the Big Miami, whose villages and fields he laid waste. His last years were passed in sorrow and in com- parative penury. He died at Louisville, Ky., Feb. 18, 1818, and his remains, after reposing in a private cemetery near that city for half a cen- tury, were exhumed and removed to Cave Hill Cemetery in 1869. The fullest history of General Clark's expedition and his life will be found in the "Conquest of the Country Northwest of the Ohio River, 1774-1783, and Life of Gen. George Rogers Clark" (2 volumes, 1896), by the late William H. English, of Indianapolis. CLARK, Horace S., lawyer and politician, was born at Hunt.sburg, Ohio, August 12, 1840. At 106 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the age of IS, coming to Chicago, he found employment in a livery stable ; later, worked on a farm in Kane County, attending school in the winter. After a year spent in Iowa City attend- ing the Iowa State University, he returned to Kane County and engaged in the dairy business, later occupying himself with various occupations in Illinois and Missouri, but finally returning to his Ohio home, where he began the study of law at Circleville. In 1861 he enlisted in an Ohio regiment, rising from the ranks to a captaincy, but was finally compelled to leave the service in consequence of a wound received at Gettysburg. In 1865 he settled at Mattoon, 111. , where he was admitted to the bar in 1868. In 1870 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature on the Republican ticket, but was elected State Senator in 1880, serving four years and proving himself one of the ablest speakers on the floor. In 1888 he was chosen a delegate-at-large to the National Reijublican Convention, and has long been a con- spicuous figure in State politics. In 1896 he was a prominent candidate for the Republican nomi- nation for Governor. CLARK, John M., civil engineer and merchant, was born at AVhite Pigeon, Mich., August 1, 1836; came to Chicago with his widowed mother in 1847, and, after five years in the Chicago schools, served for a time (1852) as a rodman on the Illi- nois Central Railroad. After a course in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., where he graduated in 1836, he returned to the service of the Illinois Central. In 1859 he went to Colorado, where he was one of the original founders of the city of Denver, and chief engi- neer of its first water supply company. In 1863 he started on a survej-ing expedition to Arizona, but was in Santa Fe when that place was captured by a rebel expedition from Texas; was also present soon after at the battle of Apache Canon, when the Confederates, being defeated, were driven out of the Territory. Returning to Chi- cago in 1864, he became a member of the whole- sale leather firm of Gray, Clark & Co. The official positions held by Mr. Clark include those of Alderman (1879-81), Member of the Board of Education, Collector of Customs, to which he was appointed by President Harrison, in 1889, and President of the Chicago Civil Service Board by appointment of Mayor Swift, under an act passed by the Legislature of 1895, retiring in 1897. In 1881 he was tlie Republican candidate for Mayor of Chicago, but was defeated by Carter H. Harri- son. Mr. Clark is one of the Directors of the Crerar Library, named in the will of Mr. Crerar. CLARK COUNTY, one of the eastern counties of the State, south of the middle line and front- ing upon the Wabash River; area, 510 square miles, and population (1900), 24,033; named for Col. George Rogers Clark. Its organization was effected in 1819. Among the earliest pioneers were John Bartlett, Abraham Wasliburn, James Whitlock, James B. Anderson, Stephen Archer and Uri Manly. The county-seat is Marshall, the site of which was purchased from the Govern- ment in 1833 by Gov. Joseph Duncan and Col. William B. Archer, the latter becoming sole pro- prietor in 1835, in which year the first log cabin was built. The original county-seat was Darwin, and the change to Marshall (in 1849) was made only after a hard struggle. The soil of the county is rich, and its agricultural products varied, embracing corn (the chief staple), oats, potatoes, winter wheat, butter, sorghum, honey, maple sugar, wool and pork. Woolen, flouring and lumber mills exist, but the manufacturing interests are not extensive. Among the promi- nent towns, besides Marshall and Darwin, are Casey (population 844), Martinsville (779), West- field (510), and York (294). CLAY, Porter, clergyman and brother of the celebrated Henry Clay, was born in Virginia, March, 1779 ; in early life removed to Kentucky, studied law, and was, for a time. Auditor of Public Accounts in that State ; in 1815, was con- verted and gave himself to the Baptist ministry, locating at Jack,sonville, 111., where he spent most of his life. Died, in 18.50. CLAY CITY, a village of Clay County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 13 miles we.st of Olney ; has two newspapers, a bank and a plow factory; is in a grain and fruit-grow- ing region. Population (1890), 612; (1900). 907. CLAY COUNTY, situated in the southeastern (juarter of the State ; has an area of 470 square miles and a population (1900) of 19,.553. It was named for Henry Clay. The first claim in the county was entered by a Mr. Elliot, in 1818, and soon after settlers began to locate homes in the county, although it was not organized until 1824. During the same year the pioneer settlement of Ma3'sville was made the count}' -seat, but immi- gration continued inactive until 1837, when many settlers arrived, headed by Judges Apper- son and Hopkins and Messrs. Stanford and Lee, who were soon followed by the families of Coch- ran, McCuUom and Tender. The Little Wabash River and a number of small tributaries drain the county. A light-colored sandy loam consti- tutes the greater part of the soil, although "black HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 107 prairie loam" appears here and there. Railroad facihties are limited, but sufficient to accommo- date the county's requirements. Fruits, especially apples, are successfullj' cultivated. Educational advantages are fair, although largely confined to district schools and academies in larger towns. Louisville was made the county- seat in 1842, and, in 1890, had a population of 637. Xenia and Flora are the most important towns. CL.ITTON, a town In Adams County, on the Wabash Railway, 28 miles east-northeast of Quincy. A branch of the Wabash Railway extends from this point northwest to Carthage, and Keokuk, Iowa. The mechanical industries include slate works and establishments for the manufacture of agricultural implements, grain measures, etc. It has a bank, five churches, a high school and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 941; (1890), 1,038; (1900), 996. CLE.VVER, William, pioneer, was born in Lon- don, England, in 181.>; came to Canada with his parents in 1831, and to Chicago in 1834; engaged in business as a chandler, later going into the grocery trade; in 1849, joined the gold-seekers in California, and, six years afterwards, established himself in the southern part of the present city of Cliicago, then called Cleaverville, where he served as Postmaster and managed a general store. He was the owner of considerable real estate at one time in what is now a densely populated part of the citj' of Chicago. Died in Chicago, Nov. 13, 1896. CLEMENTS, Isaac, ex-Congressman and Gov- ernor of Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Danville, 111., was born in Franklin County, Ind,, in 1837; graduated from Asbury University, at Green- castle, in 1859, having supported himself during his college course by teaching. After reading law and being admitted to the bar at Greencastle, he removed to Carbondale, 111., where he again found it necessary to resort to teaching in order to purcliase law-books. In July, 1861, he enlisted in the Ninth Illinois Infantry, and was commis- sioned Second Lieutenant of Company G. He was in the service for three years, was three times wounded and twice promoted "for meri- torious service." In June, 1867, he was ap- pointed Register in Bankruptcy, and from 1873 to 1875 was a Republican Representative in the Forty-third Congress from the (then) Eighteentli District. He was also a member of the Repub- lican State Convention of 1880. In 1889, lie became Pension Agent for the District of Illinois, by appointment of President Harrison, serving until 1893. In the latter part of 1898, he was appointed Superintendent of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, at Normal, but served only a few months, when he accepted the position of Governor of the new Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, at Danville. CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. The total lengtli of this sys- tem (1898) is 1,807.34 miles, of which 478.39 miles are operated in Illinois. That portion of the main line lying within the State extends from East St. Louis, northeast to the Indiana State line, 181 miles. The Company is also the lessee of the Peoria & Eastern Railroad (132 miles), and oper- ates, in addition, other lines, as follows: The Cairo Division, extending from Tilton, on the line of the Wabash, 3 miles southwest of Dan- ville, to Cairo (259 miles) ■ the Chicago Division, extending from Kankakee southeast to the Indiana State line (34 miles) ; the Alton Branch, from Wann Junction, on the main line, to Alton (4 miles). Besides these, it enjoys with the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, joint owner- ship of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad, which it operates. The system is uniformlj' of standard gauge, and about 280 miles are of double track. It is laid with heavy steel rails (sixty-five, sixty- seven and eighty pounds), laid on white oak ties, and is amply ballasted with broken stone and gravel. Extensive repair shops are located at Mattoon. The total capital of the entire system on June 30, 1898— including capital stock and bonded and floating debt — was §97,149,361. The total earnings in Illinois for the year were $3,773,193, and the total expenditures in the State §3,611,437. The taxes paid the same year were §124,196. The history of this system, so far as Illinois is concerned, begins with the consolida- tion, in 1889, of the Cincinnati. Indianapolis, St. Louis & Chicago, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin- cinnati & Indianapolis, and the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Companies. In 1890, certain leased lines in Illinois (elsewhere mentioned) were merged into the system. (For history of the .several divisions of this system, see St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute, Peoria & Eastern, Cairo & Vineennes, and Kankakee <& Seneca Railroads.) CLIMATOLOGY. Extending, as it does, through six degrees of latitude, Illinois affords a great diversity of climate, as regards not only the range of temperature, but also the amount of rainfall. In both particulars it exhibits several points of contrast to States lying between the same parallels of latitude, but nearer the AtLan- tic. Tlie same statement applies, as well, to all 108 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the North Central and the Western States. Warm winds from the Gulf of Mexico come up the Mississippi Valley, and impart to vegetation in the southern portion of the State, a stimulat- ing influence which is not felt upon the seaboard. On the other hand, there is no great barrier to the descent of the Arctic winds, which, in winter, sweep down toward the Gulf, depressing • the temperature to a point lower than is custom- ary nearer the seaboard on the same latitude. Lake Michigan exerts no little influence upon the climate of Chicago and other adjacent districts, mitigating both summer heat and winter cold. If a comparison be instituted between Ottawa and Boston— the latter being one degree farther north, but 570 feet nearer the sea-level — the springs and summers are found to be about five degrees warmer, and the winters tliree degrees colder, at the former point. In comparing the East and West in respect of rainfall, it is seen that, in the former section, the same is pretty equally distributed over the four seasons, while in the latter, spring and sunmier may be called the wet season, and autumn and winter the drj'. In the extreme West nearly three-fourths of the yearly precipitation occurs during the growing season. Tliis is a climatic condition highly favorable to the growth of grasses, etc., but detrimental to the growth of trees. Hence we find luxuriant forests near the seaboard, and, in the interior, grassy plains. Illinois occupies a geographical position where these great climatic changes begin to manifest themselves, and where the distinctive features of the prairie first become fully apparent. The annual precipitation of rain is greatest in the southern part of the State, but, owing to the higher temperature of that section, the evaporation is also more rapid. The distribution of the rainfall in respect of seasons is also more unequal toward the south, a fact which may account, in part at least, for the increased area of woodlands in that region. While Illinois lies within the zone of southwest winds, their flow is affected by conditions some- what abnormal. The northeast trades, after entering the Gulf, are deflected by the mountains of Mexico, becoming inward breezes in Texas, southerly winds in the Lower Mississippi Valley, and southwesterly as they enter the Upper Valley. It is to this aerial current that the hot, moist summers are attributable. The north and northwest winds, which set in with the change of tlie season, depress the temperature to a point below tliat of the Atlantic slope, and are attended with a diminished precipitation. CLINTON, the county-seat of De Witt County, .situated 23 miles south of Bloomington; is a station on the Illinois Central Railroad. It lies in a productive agricultural region, but the city has machine shops, flour and planing mills, brick and tile-works, water-works and an electric lighting plant. It also has banks, two news- papers (one daily), six churches and two public schools. Population (1880), 2,709; (1890), 3,598; (1900), 4,453. CLINTON COUNTY, organized in 1824, from portions of Washington, Bond and Fayette Coun- ties, and named in honor of De Witt Clinton. It is situated directly east of St. Louis, has an area of 494 square miles, and a population (1900) of 19,824. It is drained by the Kaskaskia River and by Shoal, Crooked, Sugar and Beaver Creeks. Its geological formation is similar to tliat of other counties in the same section. Thick layers of limestone Lie near the surface, with coal seams underlying the same at varying depths. The soil is varied, being at some points black and loamy and at otliers (under timber) decidedly clayey. The timber has been mainly cut for fuel because of the inherent difficulties attending coal-mining. Two railroads cross the county from east to west, but its trade is not important. Agriculture is the chief occupation, corn, wheat and oats being the staple products. CLOUD, Newton, clergyman and legislator, was born in North Carolina, in 1805, and, in 1827, settled in the vicinity of Waverly, Morgan County, 111., where he pursued the vocation of a farmer, as well as a preacher of the Methodist Church. He also became prominent as a Demo- cratic politician, and served in no less than nine sessions of the General Assembly, besides the Constitutional Convention of 1847, of which he was chosen President. He was first elected Representative in the Seventh Assembly (1830), and afterwards served in the House dui'ing the sessions of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thir- teenth, Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh, and as Senator in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth. He was also Clerk of the House in 1844-45, and, having been elected Representative two years later, was chosen Speaker at the succeeding ses- sion. Although not noted for any specially aggressive qualities, his consistency of character won for him general respect, while his frequent elections to the Legislature prove him to have been a man of large influence. CLOWRY, Robert C, Telegraph Manager, was born in 183S; entereil the service of the Illinois & Mississippi Telegraph Companj' as a messenger HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 109 boy at Joliet in 1853, became manager of the ofiice at Lockport six months later, at Springfield in 1853, and chief operator at St. Louis in 1854. Between 1859 and "63, he held highly responsible positions on various Western lines, but the latter year was commissioned by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and placed in charge of United States military lines with headquarters at Little Rock, Ark. ; was mustered out in May, 1866, and immediatel}' ajjpointed District Superintendent of Western Union lines in the Southwest. From that time his promotion was steady and rapid. In 1875 he became Assistant General Superintendent ; in 1878, Assist- ant General Superintendent of the Central Divi- sion at Chicago; in 1880, .succeeded General Stager as General Superintendent, and, in 1885, was elected Director, member of the Execu- tive Committee and Vice-President, his terri- tory extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. COAL AND COAL-MIXIXG. Illinois contains much the larger portion of what is known as the central coal field, covering an area of about 37,000 square miles, and underlj-ing sixty coim- ties, in but forty-five of which, however, opera- tions are conducted on a commercial scale. The Illinois field contains fifteen distinct seams. Those available for commercial mining generally lie at considerable depth and are reached by shafts. The coals are all bituminous, and furnish an excellent steam-making fuel. Coke is manu- factured to a limited extent in La Salle and some of the southern counties, but elsewhere in the State the coal does not yield a good marketable coke. Neither is it in any degree a good gas coal, although used in some localities for that purpose, rather because of its abundance than on account of its adaptability. It is thought that, with the increase of cheap transportation facili- ties, Pittsburg coal will be brought into the State in such quantities as eventually to exclude local coal from the manufacture of gas. In the report of the Eleventh United States Census, the total product of the Illinois coal mines was given as 12,104,272 tons, as against 6,115,377 tons reported by the Tenth Census. The value of the output was estimated at §11,735,203, or §0.97 per ton at the mines. The total number of mines was stated to be 1,072, and the number of tons mined was nearly equal to the combined yield of the mines of Ohio and Indiana. The mines are divided into two classes, technically known as "regular" and "local." Of the former, there were 358, and of the latter, 714. These 358 regular mines employed 23,934 men and boys, of whom 21,350 worked below gromid, besides an ofiSce force of 389, and paid, in wages, §8,694,397. The total capital invested in these 358 mines was $17,030,351. According to the report of the State Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1898, 881 mines were operated during the year, employing 35,026 men and jiroducing 18,599,299 tons of coal, which was 1,473,459 tons less than the preceding year — the reduction being due to the strike of 1897. Five counties of the State produced more than 1,000,000 tons each, standing in the following order: Sangamon, 1,763,863; St. Clair, 1,600,753; Vermilion, 1,520,099; Macoupin, 1,264,926; La Salle, 1,165,490. COAL CITY, a town in Grundy County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 29 miles by rail south-southwest of Joliet. Large coal mines are operated here, and the town is an important shipping point for tlieir product. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper and five churches. Population (1890), 1,673; (1900), 2,607. COBB, Emery, capitalist, was born at Dryden, Tompkins County, N. Y., August 20, 1831; at 16, began the study of telegraphy at Ithaca, later acted as operator on Western New York lines, but, in 1852, became manager of the office at Chicago, continuing until 1865, the various com- panies having meanwhile been consolidated into the Western Union. He then made an extensive tour of the world, and, although he had intro- duced the system of transmitting money by telegraph, he declined all invitations to return to the key-board. Having made large investments in lands about Kankakee, where he now resides, he has devoted much of his time to agriculture and stock-raising; was also, for many years, a member of the State Board of Agriculture, Presi- dent of the Short-Horn Breeders' Association, and, for twenty years (1873-93), a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. He has done much to improve the city of his adoption by the erection of buildings, the con- struction of electric street-car lines and the promotion of manufactures. COBB, Silas B., pioneer and real-estate opera- tor, was born at Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 33, 1812; came to Chicago in 1833 on a schooner from Buf- falo, the voyage occupying over a month. Being without means, he engaged as a carpenter upon a building which James Kinzie, the Indian trader, was erecting; later he erected a building of his own in which he started a harness-shop, which he conducted successfully for a number of years. He has since been connected with a number 110 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of business enterprises of a public character, including banks, street and steam railways, but his largest successes have been achieved in the line of improved real estate, of which he is an exten- sive owner. He is also one of the liberal bene- factors of the University of Chicago, "Cobb Lecture Hall," on the campus of that institution, being the result of a contribution of his amount- ing to §150,000. Died lu Chicago, April 5, 1900. COBDEJJ, a village in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 42 miles north of Cairo and l.j miles south of Carbondale. Fruits and vegetables are extensively cultivated here and shipped to northern markets. The surroimding region is well timbered, and Cobden has two lumber mills, as well as two flour mills. There are five churches and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 800; (1890), 994; (1900), 1,304. COCHRAN, William Granville, legislator and jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Nov. 13, 1844; brought to Moultrie County, 111., in 1849, and, at the age of 17, enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving in the War of the Rebellion three years as a private. Retiirning home from the war, he resumed Ufe as a farmer, but early in 1873 began merchandising at Lovington, continuing this business three years, when he began the study of law; in 18T9, was admitted to the bar, and has since been in active practice. In 1888 he was elected to the lower house of the General As.sembly, was an imsuccessful candidate for the Senate in 1890, but was re-elected to the House in 1894, and again in 1896. At the special session of 1890, he was chosen Speaker, and was similarly honored in 1895. He is an excellent parliamen- tarian, clear-headed and just in his rulings, and an able debater. In June, 1897, he was elected for a six years' term to the Circuit bench. He is also one of the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Normal. CODDI\G, Ichabod, clergyman and anti- slaveiy lecturer, was born at Bristol, N. Y., in 1811; at the age of 17 he was a popular temper- ance lecturer; while a student at Middlebury, Vt., began to lecture in opposition to slavery; after leaving college served five years as agent and lectiu-er of the Anti-Slavery Society; was often exposed to mob violence, but always retain- ing his self-control, succeeded in escaping serious injury. In 1842 he entered the Congrega- tional ministry and held pastorates at Princeton, Lockport, Joliet and elsewhere; between 1854 and '58, lectured extensively through Illinois on the Kansas-Nebraska issue, and was a power in the organization of the Republican party. Died at Baraboo, Wis., June 17, 1866. CODY, Hiram Hitchcock, lawyer and Judge; born in Oneida County, N. Y., June 11, 1824; was partially educated at Hamilton College, and, in 1843, came with his father to Kendall County, 111. In 1847, he removed to Naperville, where for six years he served as Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court. In 1851 he was admitted to the bar; in 1861, was elected County Judge with practical unanimity , served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected Judge of the Twelfth Judi- cial Circuit. His residence (1896) was at Pasa- dena. Cal. COLCHESTER, a town in McDonough County, on the line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 53 miles northeast of Quincy, and 7 miles west-southwest of Macomb. Coal abounds in the surrounding region, more than 100,000 tons being mined annually, much of which is shipped from Colchester. The town also has manufac- tories of stoneware, brick (fire, paving and building) and drain-tile. It has a bank, three churches and two weekly newspapers. Popula- tion (1880), 1,067; (1890), 1,643; (1900), 1,635. COLES, Edward, the second Governor of the State of Illinois, bom in Albemarle County, Va. , Dec. 15, 1786, the son of a wealthy planter, who had been a Colonel in the Revolutionary War; was educated at Hampden-Sidnej- and William and Mary Colleges, but compelled to leave before graduation by an accident which interrupted his studies; in 1809, became the private secretary of President Madison, remaining six years, after which he made a trip to Russia as a special mes- senger by appointment of the President. He early manifested an interest in the emancipation of the slaves of Virginia. In 1815 he made his first tour through the Northwest Territory, going as far west as St. Louis, returning three j'ears later and visiting Kaskaskia while the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818 was in session. In April of the following year he set out from his Virginia home, accompanied by his slaves, for Illinois, traveling bj- wagons to Brownsville, Pa., where, taking flat-boats, he descended the river with his goods and servants to a point below Louisville, where they disembarked, journeying overland to Edwardsville. While descending the Ohio, he informed his slaves that they were free, and, after arriving at their destination, gave to each head of a family 160 acres of land. This generous act was, in after years, made the ground for bitter persecution by his enemies. At IlISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in Edwardsville he entered upon the duties of Register of the Land Office, to which lie had been appointed by Pi'esident Monroe. In 1823 he became the candidate for Governor of those opposed to removing the restriction in the State Constitution against the introduction of slavery, and, although a majority of the voters then favored the measure, he was elected by a small plurality over liis highest competitor in conse- quence of a di^nsion of the opposition vote between three candidates. The Legislature chosen at the same time submitted to the people a proposition for a State Convention to revise the Constitution, which was rejected at the election of 1824 by a majority of 1,668 in a total vote of 11,612. While Governor Coles had the efficient aid in opposition to the measure of such men as Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, George Forquer, Hooper Warren, George Churchill and others, he was himself a most influential factor in protecting Illinois from the blight of slavery, contributing his salary for his entire term (§4,000) to that end. In 1825 it became his duty to welcome La Fay- ette to Illinois. Retiring from office in 1826, he continued to reside some years on his farm near Edwardsville, and, in 1830, was a candidate for Congress, but being a known opponent of Gen- eral Jackson, was defeated by Joseph Duncan. Previous to 1833, he removed to Philadelphia, where he married during the following year, and continued to reside there until his death, July 7, 1868, having lived to see the total extinction of slavery in the United States. (See Slavery and Slave Lau-s. ) COLES COUNTY, originally a part of Crawford County, but organized in 1831, and named in honor of Gov. Edward Coles.— lies central to the eastern portion of the State, and embraces 520 square miles, with a population (1900) of 34.146. The Kaskaskia River (sometimes called the Okaw) runs through the northwestern part of the county, but the principal stream is the Embarras (Embraw). The chief resource of the people is agriculture, although the county lies within the limits of the Illinois coal-belt. To the north and west are prairies, while timber abounds in the southeast. The largest crop is of corn, although wheat, dairy products, potatoes, haj', tobacco, sorghum, wool, etc., are also important products. Broom-corn is extensively cultivated. Manufac- turing is carried on to a fair extent, the output embracing sawed lumber, carriages and wagons, agricultural implements, tobacco and snuff, boots ;ind shoes, etc. Charleston, the county-seat, is centrally located, and has a number of handsome public buildings, private residences and business blocks. It was laid out in 1831, and incorporated in 1865; in 1890, its population was 4,1.35. Mattoon is a railroad center, situated some 130 miles east of St. Louis. It has a population of 6,833, and is an important shipping point for grain and live-stock. Other principal towns are Ashmore, Oakland and Lerna. COLFAX, a village of McLean County, on the Kankakee & Bloomington branch of the Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles northeast of Blooming- ton. Farming and stock-growing are the leading industries of the section. It has banks and two newspapers. Population (1890), 825; (1900), 1,153. COLLEGE OF PHYSICIAXS AM) SURGEONS, located at Chicago, and organized in 1881. Its first term opened in September, 1882, in a build- ing erected bj- the trustees at a cost of §60,000, with a faculty embracing twenty -five professors, with a sufficient corps of demonstrators, assist- ants, etc. The number of matriculates was 152. The institution ranks among the leading medical colleges of the West. Its standard of qualifica- tions, for both matriculates and graduates, is equal to those of other first-class medical schools throughout the country. The teaching faculty, of late years, has consisted of some twenty-five professors, who are aided by an adequate corps of assistants, demonstrators, etc. COLLEGES, EARLY. The early Legislatures of Illinois manifested no little unfriendliness toward colleges. The first charters for institutions of this character were granted in 1833, and were for the incorporation of the "Union College of Illi- nois," in Randolph County, and the "Alton Col lege of Illinois," at Upper Alton. The first named was to be under the care of the Scotch Covenanters, but was never founded. The second was in the interest of the Baptists, but the charter was not accepted. Both these acts contained jealous and unfriendly restrictions, notably one to the effect that no theological department should be established and ' no pro- fessor of theologj' employed as an instructor, nor should any religious test be applied in the selec- tion of trustees or the admission of pupils. The friends of higher education, however, made com- mon cause, and, in 1835, secured the passage of an "omnibus bill" incorporating four private colleges — the Alton; the Illinois, at Jacksonville; the McKendree, at Lebanon, and the Jonesboro. Similar restrictive provisions as to theological teaching were incorporated in these charters, and a limitation was placed upon the amount of 112 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. property to be owTied by any institution, but in many respects the law was more liberal than its predecessors of two years previous. Owing to the absence of suitable preparatory schools, these institutions were compelled to maintain prepara- tory departments under tlie tuition of the college professors. The college last named above ( Jones- boro) was to have been founded by the Christian denomination, but was never organized. The tliree remaining ones stand, in the order of their formation, McKendree, Illinois, Alton (afterward Shurtleff) ; in the order of graduating initial classes — Illinois, McKendree, Shurtleff. Pre- paratory instruction began to be given in Illinois College in 1829, and a class was organized in the collegiate department in 1S31. The Legislature of 1835 also incorporated the Jacksonville Female Academy, the first school for girls chartered in the State. From this time forward colleges and academies were incorporated in rapid succession, many of them at places whose names have long since disappeared from the map of the State. It was at this time that there developed a strong party in favor of founding what were termed, rather euphemistically, "Manual Labor Col- leges." It was believed that the time which a student might be able to "redeem" from study, could be so profitablj- employed at farm or shop- work as to enable him to earn his own livelihood. Acting upon this theory, tlie Legislature of 1835 granted charters to the "Franklin Manual Labor College," to be located in either Cook or La Salle County; to the "Burnt Prairie Manual Labor Seminary," in "White County, and the "Chatham Manual Labor School," at Lick Prairie, Sanga- mon County. University powers were conferred upon the institution last named, and its charter also contained the somewhat extraordinary pro- vision that any sect might establish a professor- ship of theology tlierein. In 1837 six more colleges were incorporated, only one of which (Rnox) was successfully organized. By 1840, better and broader views of education had developed, and the Legislature of 1841 repealed all prohibition of the establishing of theological departments, as well as the restrictions previously imposed upon the amount and value of property to be owned by private educational institutions. The whole number of colleges and seminaries incorporated under the State law (1896) is fortj'- three. (See also Illinois College, Knox College, Lake Forest University. McKendree College, Mon- mouth College, Jucksonville Female Seminary, Montieello Female Seminary, Northwestern Uni- versity, Shtirtleff College.) COLLIER, Robert Laird, clergyman, was bom in Salisburj-, Md., August 7, 1837; graduated at Boston LTniversity, 1858; soon after became an itinerant Methodist minister, but, in 1866, united with the Unitarian Church and officiated as pastor of churches in Chicago, Boston and Kan- sas City, besides supplying pulpits in various cities in England (1880-85). In 1885, he was appointed United States Consul at Leipsic, but later served as a special commissioner of the Johns Hopkins University in the collection of labor statistics in Europe, meanwhile gaining a wide reputation as a lecturer and magazine writer. His published works include: "Every- Day Subjects in Sunday Sermons" (1869) and "Meditations on the Essence of Christianity" (1876). Died near his birtliplace, July 27, 1890. COLLINS, Frederick, manufacturer, was bom in Connecticut, Feb. 24, 1804. He was the young- est of five brothers who came with their parents from Litclifield, Conn , to Illinois, in 1822, and settled in the town of Unionville — now ColUns- ville — in the southwestern part of Madison County. They were enterprising and public- spirited business men, who engaged, quite extensively for the time, in various branches of manufacture, including flour and whisky. Tliis was an era of progress and development, and becoming convinced of the injurious character of the latter branch of their business, it was promptly abandoned. The subject of this sketch was later associated \vith his brother Michael in the pork-packing and grain business at Naples, the early Illinois River terminus of the Sangamon & Morgan (now TVabash) Railroad, but finally located at Quincy in 1851, where he was engaged in manufacturing business for many years. He was a man of high business probity and religious principle, as well as a determined opponent of the institution of slavery, as shown by the fact that he was once subjected by his neighbors to the intended indignity of being hung in effigj' for the crime of assisting a fugitive female slave on the road to freedom. In a speech made in 1834, in commemoration of the act of emancipation in the West Indies, he gave utterance to the following prediction: "Methinks the time is not far distant when our own country will celebrate a day of emancipation within her own borders, and con sistent songs of freedom shall indeed ring throughout the length and breadth of the land." He lived to see this prophecy fulfilled, dying at Quincy, in 1878. Mr. Collins was the candidate of the Liberty Men of Illinois for Lieutenant-Gov- ernor in 1842. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 113 COLLI\S, James H., lawyer and jurist, was l)orn iu Cambridge, Wasliington County, N. Y., I>ut taken in early life to Vernon, Oneida County, where he grew to manhood. After spending a couple of years in an academy, at the age of 18 he began the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1824. and as a counsellor and solicitor in 1827, coming to Chicago in the fall of 1833, mak- ing a part of the journey bj- the first stage-coach from Detroit to the present Western metropolis. After arriving in Illinois, he spent some time in exploration of the surrounding covmtry, but returning to Chicago in 1834, he entered into partnership with Judge John D. Caton, who had been his preceptor in New York, still later being a partner of Justin Butterfield under the firm name of Butterfield & Collins. He was con- sidered an eminent authority in law and gained an extensive practice, being regarded as espe- cially strong in chancerj- cases as well as an able pleader. Politicallj', he was an uncompromising anti-slavery man, and often aided runaway slaves in securing their liberty or defended others who did so. He was also one of the original promoters of the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad and one of its first Board of Directors. Died, suddenlj' of cholera, wliile attending court at Ottawa, in 18.54. COLLIXS, Loren C, jurist, was born at Wind- sor, Conn., August 1, 1848; at the age of 18 accompanied his family to Illinois, and was educated at the Northwestern University. He read law, was admitted to the bar, and soon built up a remunerative practice. He was elected to the Legislature in 1878, and through his abiUty as a debater and a parliamentarian, soon became one of the leaders of his party on the floor of the lower house. He was re-elected in 1880 and 1882. and. in 1883, was chosen Speaker of the Thirty-third General Assembly. In December, 1884, he was appointed a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Judge Barnum, was elected to succeed himself in 1885, and re-elected in 1891, but resigned in 1894, since that time devoting his attention to regular practice in the city of Chicago. COLLINS, William H., retired manufacturer, born at CoUinsville, 111., March 20, 1831; was educated in the common schools and at Illinois College, later taking a course in literature, philosophy and theology at Yale College ; served as pastor of a Congregational church at La Salle several years; in 18,58, became editor and propri- etor of "The Jacksonville Journal," which he conducted some four years. The Civil War hav- ing begun, he then accepted the chaplaincy of the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, but resigning in 1863, organized a company of the One Hundred and Fourth Volimteers, of which he was chosen Captain, participating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Later he served on the staff of Gen. Jolm il. Palmer and at Fourteenth Army Corps headquarters, until after the fall of Atlanta. Then resigning, in November, 1804, he was appointed by Secretary Stanton Provost- Marshal for the Twelfth District of Illinois, con- tinuing in this service until the close of 1865, when he engaged in the manufacturing business as head of the Collins Plow Companj' at Quincy. This business he conducted successfully some twenty-five years, when he retired. Mr. Collins has served as Alderman and Mayor, ad interim, of the city of Quincy; Representative in the Tliirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- blies — during the latter being chosen to deliver the eulogy on Gen. John A. Logan ; was a promi- nent candidate for tlie nomination for Lieutenant Governor in 1888. and the same year Republican candidate for Congress in the Quincy District; in 1894, was the Republican nominee for State Senator in Adams County, and, though a Repub- lican, has been twice elected Supervisor in a strongly Democratic citJ^ COLLIXSVILLE, a city on the southern border of Madison County, 13 miles (by rail) east-north- east of St. Louis, and about 11 miles soutli of Edwardsville. The place was originally settled in 1817 by four brothers named Collins from Litchfield, Conn., who established a tan-yard and erected an ox-mill for grinding corn and wheat and sawing lumber, which was patronized by early settlers from a long distance. The town was platted by surviving members of this family in 1836. Coal-mining is a principal industry in the surrounding district, and one or two mines are operated within the corporate limits. The city has zinc works, as well as flour mills and brick and tile factories. It contains seven churches, two banks, a high school, and a news- paper oflBce. Population (1880), 2,887; (1890), 3,498; (1900), 4.021. COLLYER, Robert, clergj-man, was born at Keighly, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1823; left school at eight years of age to earn his living in a factory; at fourteen was apprenticed to a black- smith and learned the trade of a hammer-maker. His only opportunity of acquiring an education during this period, apart from private study, was 114 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in a night-school, which he attended two winters. In 1S49 he became a local Methodist preacher, came to the United States the next year, settling in Pennsylvania, where he pursued his trade, preaching on Sundays. His views on the atone- ment having gradually been changed towards Unitarianism, his Ucense to preach was revoked by the conference, and, in 18.59, he united with the Unitarian Church, having already won a wide reputation as an eloquent public speaker. Ojming to Chicago, he began work as a mission- ary-, and. in 1860, organized the Unity Church, beginning with seven members, though it has since become one of the strongest and most influ- ential churches in the city. In 1879 he accepted a call to a church in New York City, where he still remains. Of strong anti-slavery views and a, zealous Unionist, he served during a part of the Civil War as a camp inspector for the Sanitary Commission. Since the war he has repeatedly visited England, and has exerted a wide influence as a lecturer and pulpit orator on both sides of the Atlantic. He is the author of a number of volumes, including ' "Nature and Life" (1860) ; '•A Man in Earnest : Life of A. H. Conanf (1868) ; "A History of the Town and Parish of likely"' (1886), and "Lectures to Young Men and Women" (1886). COLTOX, Chauncey SiU, pioneer, was bom at Springfield, Pa., Sept. 21, 1800; taken to Massachu- setts in childhood and educated at Monson in that State, afterwards residing for many years, dm-- ing his manhood, at Monson, JIaine. He came to Illinois in 1836, locating on the site of the present city of Galesburg, where he built the first store and dwelling house; continued in general mer- chandise some seventeen or eighteen years, mean- while associating his sons with him in business under the firm name of C. S. Colton & Sons. Mr. Colton was associated with the construction of the Chicago. Bm-lington & Quincy Railroad from the beginning, becoming one of the Dii-ectors of the Company: was also a Director of the First National Bank of Galesburg, the first organizer and first President of the Farmers' and Mechan- ics' Bank of that city, and one of the Trustees of Knox College. Died in Galesburg. July 27, 1885. — Francis (Colton), son of the preceding; bom at Monson, Maine. May 24. 1834, came to Gales- burg with his father's family in 1836. and •.»-as educated at Knox College, graduating in 1855, and receiving the degree of A.M. in 1858. After graduation, he was in partnership with his father some seven years, also served as Vice-President of the First National Bank of Galesbiu-g, and, in 1866, was appointed by President Johnson L^nited States Consul at Venice, remaining there imtil 1869. The latter year he became the General Passenger Agent of the Union Pacific Railroad, continuing in that position until 1871, meantime visiting China, Japan and India, and estabUshing agencies for the Union and Central Pacific Rail- ways in various countries of Europe. In 1872 he succeeded his father as President of the Farmei-s' and Mechanics' Bank of Galesburg, but retired in 1884, and the same year removed to Washington, D. C. where he has since resided. Mr. Colton is a large land owner in some of the Western States, especially Kansas and Nebraska. COLCMBI.i, a town in Monroe County, 15 miles by rail south of St. Louis, Mo., and 9 miles north of Waterloo. It has a machine shop, two flouring mills and two cigar factories, besides five chui-ches and a public school. Population (1880), 1,308; (1890). 1.267; (1900). 1.197. COMPAXY OF THE WEST, THE, a company formed in France, in August. 1717, to develop the resources of "New France." in which the "IlUnois Country'' was at that time included. At the head of the company was the celebrated John Law, and to him and his associates the French monarch granted extraordinary powers, both governmental and commercial. They were given the exclusive right to refine the precious metals, as well as a monopoly in the trade in tobacco and slaves. Later, the company became known as the Indies, or East Indies, Companj-, owing to the king having granted them conces- sions to trade with the East Indies and China. On Sept. 27, 1717, the Royal Council of France declared that the Illinois Country should form a part of the Province of Louisiana ; and, under the shrewd management of Law and his associates, immigration soon increased, as many as 800 settlers arriving in a single year. The directors of the company, in the exercise of their govern- mental powers, appointed Pierre Duque de Bois- briant Governor of the Illinois District. He proceeded to Kaskaskia, and. within a few miles of that settlement, erected Fort Chartres. (Sec Fort Chartres. ) The policy of the Indies Company was energetic, and. in the main, wise. Grants of commons were made to various French villages, and Cahokia and Kaskaskia steadily grew in size and population. Permanent settlers were given grants of land and agriculture was encouraged. These grants (which were allodial in their char- acter) covered nearly all the lands in that part of the American Bottom, lying between the Mis.sis- sippi and the Kaskaskia Rivers. Many grantees HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 115 held their lands in one great common field, each proprietor contributing, pro rata, to the mainte" nance of a surrounding fence. In 1721 the Indies Company divided the Province of Louisiana into nine civil and military districts. That of Illinois was numerically the Seventh, and included not only the southern half of the existing State, but also an immense tract west of the Mississippi, extending to the Rocky Mountains, and embrac- ing the present States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa and Nebraska, besides portions of Arkansas and Colorado. The Commandant, with his secretary anil tlie Company's Commissary, formed the District Council, the civil law being in force. In 1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and thereafter, the Governors of Illinois were appointed directly by the Frencli crown. COJiCORDIA SEMINARY, an institution lo- cated at Springfield, founded in 1874 ; the succes- sor of an earlier institution under the name of Illinois Universit}-. Theological, scientific and preparatory departments are maintained, al- tliough there is no classical course. The insti- tution is under control of the German Lutherans. The institution reports §125,000 worth of real property. The members of the Faculty (1898) are five in number, and there were about 171 students in attendance. COM)EE, Leander D., lawyer, was born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1847; brought by his parents to Coles County, 111. , at the age of seven years, and received his education in the common schools and at St. Paul's Academy, Kan- kakee, taking a special course in Michigan State University and graduating from the law depart- ment of the latter in 1868. He then began prac- tice at Butler, Bates County, SIo. , where he served three years as City Attorney, but, in 1873, returned to Illinois, locating in Hyde Park (now a part of Chicago), where he served as City Attorney for four consecutive terms before its annexation to Chicago. In 1880, he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for the Second Senatorial District, serving in the Thirty- second and the Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 1892, he was the Republican nominee for Judge of the Superior Court of Cook County, but was defeated with the National and the State tickets of that year, since when he has given his atten- tion to regular practice, maintaining a high rank in his profession. COXCiER, Edwin Hnrd, lawyer and diploma- tist, was bom in Knox County, 111., March 7, 1843; graduated at Lombard University, Galesliurg, in 1802. and immediately thereafter enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Second Illinois Volunteers, serving through the war and attain- ing the rank of Captain, besides being brevetted Major for gallant service. Later, he graduated from the Albany Law School and practiced for a time in Galesburg. but, in 1868, removed to Iowa, where he engaged in farming, stock-raising and banking ; was twice elected County Treasurer of Dallas Countj', and, in 1880, State Treasurer, being re-elected in 1882; in 1886, was elected to Congress from the Des Sloines District, and twice re-elected (1888 and "90), but before tlie close of his last term was appointed by President Harri- son Minister to Brazil, serving until 1893. In 1896, he served as Presidential Elector for the State-at-large, and, in 1897, was re-appointed Minister to Brazil, but, in 1898, was transferred to China, where (1899) he now is. He was suc- ceeded at Rio Janeiro by Charles Page Bryan of Illinois. Died March 18, 1907. CO\«REGATIONALISTS, THE. Two Congre- gational ministers — Rev. S. J. Mills and Rev. Daniel Smith — visited Illinois in 1814, and spent some time at Kaskaskia and Shawneetown, but left for New Orleans without organizing any churches. The first church was organized at Mendon, Adams County, in 1833, followed by others during the same year, at Naperville, Jack- sonville and Quincy. By 1836, the number had increased to ten. Among the pioneer ministers were Jabez Porter, who was also a teacher at Quincy, in 1838, and Rev. Asa Turner, in 1830, who became pastor of the first Quincy church, followed later by Revs. Julian M. Sturtevant (afterwards President of Illinois College), Tru- man M. Post, Edward Beecher and Horatio Foe-'.. Other Congregational ministers who came to t'^e State at an early day were Rev. Salmon Gridley, who finally located at St. Louis; Rev. John M. Ellis, wlio served as a missionary and was instru- mental in founding Illinois College and the Jack- sonville Female Seminary at Jacksonville; Revs. Thomas Lippincott, Cyrus L. Watson, Theron Baldwin, Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, the two Lovejoys (Owen and Elijah P.), and many more of whom, either temporarily or permanently, became associated with Presbyterian churches. Although Illinois College was under the united patronage of Presbj-terians and Congregational- ists, the leading spirits in its original establish- ment were Congregationalists, and the same was true of Knox College at Galesburg. In 1835. at Big Grove, in an unoccupied log-cabin, was convened the first Congregational Council, known in the denominational history of the State as 116 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. that of Fox River. Since then some twelve to fifteen separate Associations have been organized. By 1890, the development of the denomination had been such that it had 280 churches, support- ing 312 ministers, with 33,126 members. During that year the disbursements on account of chari- ties and home extension, by the Illinois churches, were nearly §1,000,000. The Chicago Theological Seminary, at Chicago, is a Congregational school of divinity, its property holdings being worth nearly §700,000. "The Advance" (published at Chicago) is the chief denominational organ. (See also Religious Denominations. ) CONGRESSIOIVAL APPORTIONMENT. (See Apportionment, Congressional; also Represent- atives in Congress. ) CONKLI>'(j!, James Cook, lawyer, was born in New York City, Oct. 13, 1816; graduated at Prince- ton College in 1835, and, after studying law and being admitted to the bar at Morristown, N. J., in 1838, removed to Springfield, 111. Here his first business partner was Cyrus Walker, an eminent and widely known lawyer of his time, while at a later period he was associated with Gen. James Shields, afterwards a soldier of the Mexican War and a United States Senator, at different times, from three different States. As an original Wliig, Mr. Conkling early became associated with Abraham Lincoln, whose intimate and trusted friend he was through life. It was to him that Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated letter, which, by his special request, Mr. Conk- ling read before the great Union mass-meeting at Springfield, held, Sept. 3, 1863, now known as the "Lincoln-Conkling Letter." Mr. Conkling was chosen Mayor of the city of Springfield in 1844, and served in the lower branch of the Seven- teenth and the Twenty-fifth General Assemblies (1851 and 1867). It was largely due to his tactful management in the latter, that the first appropri- ation was made for the new State House, which established tlie capital permanently in that city. At the Bloomington Convention of 1856, where the Republican party in Illinois may be said to have, been formally organized, with Mr. Lincoln and three others, he represented Sangamon County, served on the Committee on Resolutions, and was appointed a member of tlie State Central Committee which conducted the campaign of that year. In 1860, and again in 1864, his name was on the Republican State ticket for Presiden- tial Elector, and, on both occasions, it became his duty to cast the electoral vote of Sir. Lincoln's own District for him for President. The intimacy of personal friendship existing between him and Mr. Lincoln was fittingly illustrated by his posi- tion for over thirty years as an original member of the Lincoln Monument Association. Other public positions held bj* him included those of State Agent during the Civil War by appointment of Governor Yates, Trustee of the State University at Champaign, and of Blackburn University at Carlinville, as also that of Postmaster of the city of Springfield, to which he was appointed in 1890, continuing in office four years. High-minded and honorable, of pure personal character and strong religious convictions, public-spirited and liberal, probably no man did more to promote the growth and prosperity of the city of Spring- field, during the sist3- years of his residence there, than he. His death, as a result of old age, occurred in that city, March 1, 1899.— Clinton L. (Conkling), son of the preceding, was born in Springfield, Oct. 16, 1843; graduated at Yale College in 1864, studied law with his father, and was licensed to practice in the Illinois courts in 1866, and in the United States courts in 1867. After practicing a few years, he turned his atten- tion to manufacturing, but, in 1877, resumed practice and has proved successful. He has devoted much attention of late years to real estate business, and has represented large land interests in this and other States. For many years he was Secretary of the Lincoln Monument Association, and has served on the Board of Countj' Supervisors, which is the only political office he has held. In 1897 he was the Repub- lican nominee for Judge of the Springfield Cir- cuit, but, although confessedly a man of the highest probity and abilit}', was defeated in a district overwhelmingly Democratic. CONNOLLY, James Austin, lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Newark, N. J., March 8, 1842; went with his parents to Ohio in 1850, where, in 1858-59, he served as Assistant Clerk of the State Senate ; studied law and was admitted to the bar in that State in 1861, and soon after removed to Illinois; the following year (1862) he enlisted as a private soldier in the One Hundred and Twenty-third Illinois Volunteers, but was successively commissioned as Captain and Major, retiring with the rank of brevet Lieutenant- Colonel. In 1873 he was elected Representative in the State Legislature from Coles County and re-elected in 1874; was United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois from 1876 to 1885, and again from 1889 to 1893; in 1886 was appointed and confirmed Solicitor of the Treasury, but declined the office; the same year ran as the Republican candidate for Con- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 117 gress in the Springfield (tlien the Thirteenth) District in opposition to Wni. JI. Springer, and was defeated by less than 1,000 votes in a district usually Democratic by 3,000 majority. He declined a second nomination in 1888, but. in 1894, was nominated for a third time (this time for the Seventeenth District), and was elected, as he was for a second term in 1896. He declined a renomina- tion in 1898, returning to the practice of his i)ro- fession at Springfield at the close of the Fifty-fifth Congress. CONSTABLE, Charles H., lawyer, was born at Chestertown, Md.,July 6, 1817; educated at Belle Air Academy and the University of Virginia, graduating from tlie latter in 1838. Then, having studied law, he was admitted to the bar, came to Illinois early in 1840, locating at Mount Carmel, Wabash County, and, in 1844, was elected to the State Senate for the district composed of Wabash, Edwards and Wayne Counties, serving until 1848. He also served as a Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Originallj- a Whig, on the dissolution of that party in 1854, he became a Democrat; in 1856, served as Presidential Elector-at-large on the Buchanan ticket and, during the Civil War, was a pronounced oppo- nent of the policy of the Government in dealing with secession. Having removed to Marshall, Clark County, in 1852, he continued the practice of his profession there, but was elected Judge of the Cu-cuit Court in 1861, serving until his death, which occurred, Oct. 9, 1865. W^hile holding court at Charleston, in March, 1863, Judge Con- stable was arrested because of his release of four deserters from the armj', and the holding to bail, on the charge of kidnaping, of two Union officers who had arrested them. He was subsequently released by Judge Treat of the United States District Court at Springfield, but the affair cul- minated in a riot at Charleston, on March 22, in which four soldiers and three citizens were killed outright, and eight persons were wounded. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS. Illinois has had four State Conventions called for the purpose of formulating State Constitutions. Of these, three— tho.se of 1818, 1847 and 1869-70— adopted Constitutions which went into effect, while the instrument framed by the Convention of 1862 was rejected by the people. A synoptical history of each will be found below : Convention of 1818.— In January, 1818, the Territorial Legislature adopted a resolution instructing the Delegate in Congress (Hon. Nathaniel Pope) to present a petition to Congress requesting the passage of an act authorizing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a State Government. A bill to tliis effect was intro- duced, April 7, and became a law, April 18, follow- ing. It authorized the people to frame a Constitution and organize a State Government — apportioning the Delegates to be elected from each of the fifteen counties into which the Ter- ritory was then divided, naming the first Monday of July, following, as the day of election, and the first Monday of August as the time for the meet- ing of the Convention. The act was conditioned upon a census of the people of the Territory (to l>e ordered bj' tlie Legislature), showing a ])opu- lation of not less than 40,000. The census, as taken, showed the required population, but, as finally corrected, this was reduced to 34,620 — being the smallest with which any State was ever admitted into the Union. The election took place on July 6, 1818, and the Convention assem- bled at Kaskaskia on August 3. It consisted of tliirty-three members. Of these, a majority were farmers of limited education, but with a fair portion of hard common-sense. Five of the Delegates were lawyers, and these undoubtedly wielded a controlling influence. Jesse B. Thomas (afterwards one of the first United States Senators) presided, and Elias Kent Kane, also a later Senator, was among the dominating spirits. It has been asserted that to the latter should be ascribed wliatever new matter was incorporated in the instrument, it being copied in most of its essential provisions from the Con- stitutions of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. The Convention completed its labors and adjourned, August 26, the Constitution was submitted to Congress by Delegate John McLean, without the formality of ratification by the people, and Illi- nois was admitted into the Union as a State by resolution of Congress, adopted Dec. 3, 1818. Convention op 1847.— An attempt was made in 1823 to obtain a revision of the Constitution of 1818, the object of the chief promoters of the movement being to secure the incorporation of a provision authorizing the admission of slavery into Illinois. The passage of a resolution, by the necessary two-thirds vote of both Houses of the General Assembly, submitting the proposition to a vote of the people, was secured by the most questionable methods, at the session of 1822, but after a heated campaign of nearly two years, it was rejected at the election of 1824. (See Slavery and Slave Laws; also Coles, Edward.) At the session of 1840-41, another resolution on the subject was submitted to tlio people, but it was rejected by the narrow margin of 1,039 118 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. votes. Again, in 1S4.5, the question was submit- ted, and, at the election of lt!46, was approved. The election of delegates occurred, April 19, 1847, and the Convention met at Springfield, June 19, following. It was composed of 1G2 members, ninety-two of whom were Democrats. The list of Delegates embraced the names of many who afterwards attained high distinction in public affairs, and the body, as a whole, was represent- ative in character. The Bill of Rights attached to the Constitution of 1818 was but little changed in its successor, except by a few additions, among which was a section disqualifying any person who had been concerned in a duel from holding oflSce. The earlier Constitution, how- ever, was carefully revised and several important changes made. Among these may be mentioned the following: Limiting the elective franchise for foreign-born citizens to those who had become naturalized ; making the judiciary elect- ive; requiring that all State officers be elected by the people ; changing the time of the election of the Executive, and making him ineUgible for immediate re-election; various curtailments of the power of the Legislature; imposing a two- mill tax for payment of the State debt, and pro- viding for the establishment of a sinking fimd. The Constitution framed was adopted in conven- tion, August 31, 1847; ratified bj- popular vote, March 6, 1848, and went into effect. April 1, 1848. CoNVESTlos OF 1862. — The proposition for holding a third Constitutional Convention was submitted to vote of the people by the Legislature of 1859, endorsed at the election of 1860. and the election of Delegates held in November. 1861. In the excitement attendant upon the early events of the war, people paid comparatively little attention to the choice of its members. It was composed of forty-five Democrats, twenty-one Republicans, seven "fusionists"' and two classed as doubtful. The Convention assembled at Springfield on Jan. 7, 1863, and remained in ses- sion until March 24, following. It was in many respects a remarkable body. The law providing for its existence prescribed that the members, before proceeding to business, should take an oath to support the State Constitution. This the majoritj- refused to Jo. Their conception of their powers was such that they seriously deliber- ated upon electing a United States Senator, assumed to make appropriations from the State treasury, claimed the right to interfere with military affairs, and called upon the Governor for information concerning claims of the Illinois Central Railroad, which the Executive refused to lay before them. The instniment drafted pro- posed numerous important changes in the organic law, and was generally regarded as objectionable. It was rejected at an election held, June 17, 1862, by a majority of over 16,000 votes. Convention op 1869-70.— The second attempt to revise the Constitution of 1848 resulted in submission to the people, by the Legislature of 1867, of a proposition for a Convention, which was approved at the election of 1868 by a bare major- ity of 704 votes. The election of Delegates was provided for at the next session (1869), the elec- tion held in November and the Convention assembled at Springfield, Dec. 13. Charles Hitchcock was chosen President, John Q. Har- mon, Secretary, and Daniel Shepard and A. H. Swain, First and Second Assistants. There were eighty-five members, of whom forty-four were Republicans and forty-one Democrats, although fifteen had been elected nominally as "Independ- ents."' It was an assemblage of some of the ablest men of the State, including representatives of all the learned professions except tlie clerical, besides mercliants, farmers, bankers and journal- ists. Its work was completed 5Iay 13, 1870, and in the main good. Some of the principal changes made in the fundamental law. as proposed by the Convention, were the following; The prohibi- tion of special legislation where a general law may be made to cover the necessities of the case, and the absolute prohibition of such legislation in reference to divorces, lotteries and a score of other matters; prohibition of the passage of anj' law releasing any civil division (district, county, city, township or to\vn) from the paj-ment of its jvist proportion of any State tax; recommenda- tions to the Legislature to enact laws upon certain specified subjects, such as liberal home- stead and exemption rights, the construction of drains, the regulation of charges on railways (which were declared to be public highways), etc., etc. ; declaring all elevators and storehouses public warehouses, and providing for their legis- lative insjiection and sui>ervision. The mainte- nance of an ■ 'efficient sj"stem of public scliools" was made obligatory upon the Legislature, and the appropriation of any funds — State, municipal, town or district — to the support of sectarian schools was prohibited. The principle of cumu- lative voting, or "minority repre.sentation," in the choice of members of the House of Represent- atives was provided for. and additional safe guards thrown around the passage of bills. The ineligibility of the Governor to re-election for a second consecutive term was set aside, and a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 119 two-thirds vote of the Legislature made necessary to override an executive veto. The list of State jfBcers was increased by the creation of the offices of Attorney-General and Superintendent of Public Instruction, these having been previ- ously provided for onlj" by statute. The Supreme Court bench was increased by the addition of four members, making the whole number of Supreme Court judges seven; Appellate Courts authorized after 1874, and County Courts were made courts of record. The compensation of all State officers — executive, judicial and legislative — was left discretionary with the Legislature, and no limit was placed upon the length of the sessions of the General Assembly. The instru- ment drafted by the Convention was ratified at an election held, July 6, 1870, and went into force, August 8, following. Occasional amendments have been submitted and ratified from time to time. (See Constitutiuiis, Elections and Repre- sentation: also Minority Representation.) COXSTITUTIONS. Illinois has had three con- stitutions — that of 1870 being now (1898) in force. The earliest instrument was that approved by Congress in 1818, and the first revision was made in 1847 — the Constitution having been ratified at an election held, March '>, 1848, and going into force, April 1, following. Tiie term of State officers has been uniformly fixed at four years, except that of Treasurer, which is two years. Biennial elections and sessions of the General AssembI}' are provided for, Senators holding their seats for four years, and Representatives two years. The State is required to be apportioned after each decennial census into fifty-one dis- tricts, each of which elects one Senator and three Representatives. The principle of minority rep- resentation has been incorporated into the organic law, each elector being allowed to cast as many votes for one legislative candidate as there are Repre.sentatives to be chosen in his district; or he may divide his vote equallj- among all the three candidates or between two of them, as he may see fit. One of the provisions of the Consti- tution of 1870 is the inhibition of the General Assembly from passing private laws. Munici- palities are classified, and legislation is for iiU cities of a class, not for an individual corpora- tion. Individual citizens with a financial griev- ance must secure payment of their claims under the terms of some general appropriation. The sessions of the Legislature are not limited as to time, nor is there any restriction upon the power of the Executive to summon extra sessions. (See also Constitutional Conventions: Elections; Governors and other State Officers; Judicial System: Suffrage, Etc.) COOK, Burton C, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Monroe County, N. Y., May 11, 1819; completed his academic education at the Collegi- ate Institute in Rochester, and after studying law, removed to Illinois (ISS.j), locating first at Hennepin and later at Ottawa. Here he began the practice of his profession, and, in 1846, was elected by the Legislature State's Attorney for the Nintli Judicial District, serving two years, when, in 1848, he was re-elected by the people under the Constitution of that year, for four years. From 18.53 to 18G0, he was State Senator, taking part in the election which resulted in making Lyman Trumbull United States Senator in 1855. In 1861 he served as one of the Peace Commissioners from Illinois in the Conference which met at Washington. He may be called one of the founders of the Republican party in this State, having been a member of the State Central Committee appointed at Bloomington in 1856, and Chairman of the State Central Com- mittee in 1862. In 1864, he was elected to Con- gress, and re-elected in 1866, '68 and '70, but resigned in 1871 to accept the solicitorship of the Northwestern Railroad, which he resigned in 1886. He was an intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln, serving as a delegate to both the National Conventions which nominated him for the Presi- dency, and presenting his name at Baltimore in 1864. His death occurred at Evanston, August 18. 1894. COOK, Daniel Pope, early Congressman, was born in Scott County, Ky. , in 1795, removed to Illinois and began the practice of law at Kaskas- kia in 1815. Early in 1816, he became joint owner and editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer,'' and at the same time served as Auditor of Public Accounts bj- appointment of Governor Edwards; the next year (1817) was sent by President Mon- roe as bearer of dispatches to John Quincy Adams, then minister to London, and, on his return, was appointed a Circuit Judge. On the admission of the State he was elected the first Attorney- General, but almost immediately resigned and, in September, 1819, was elected to Congress, serv- ing as Representative until 1827. Having married a daughter of Governor Edwards, he became a resident of Edwardsville. He was a conspicuous opponent of the jiroiiosition to make Illinois a slave State in 1823-24, and did much to prevent the success of that scheme. He also bore a prominent part while in Congress in securing the donation of lands for the construction of the 120 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Illinois & Michigan Canal. He was distinguished for his eloquence, and it was during his first Congressional campaign that stump-speaking was introduced into the State. Suffering from consumption, he visited Cuba, and. after return- ing to his home at Edwardsville and failing to improve, he went to Kentucky, where he died, Oct. 16, 1827.— John (Cook), soldier, born at Edwardsville, 111., June 13, 1825, the son of Daniel P. Cook, the second Congressman from Illinois, and grandson of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was educated by private tutors and at Illinois College ; in 1855 was elected Mayor of Springfield and the following year Sheriff of Sangamon County, later serving as Quartermaster of the State. Raising a company promptly after the firing on Fort Simiter in 1801, he was commis- sioned Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Volunteers — the first regiment organized in Illinois under the first call for troops by President Lincoln ; was promoted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Fort Donelson in March, 1863 ; in 1864 commanded the District of Illinois, with headquarters at Spring- field, being mustered out, August, 1865, with the brevet rank of Major-General. General Cook was elected to the lower house of the General Assem- bly from Sangamon County, in 1868. His last years were spent near Ran-som, Mich. Died Aug. 11, 1910. COOK COUA'TY, situated in the northeastern section of the State, bordering on Lake Michigan, and being the most easterly of the second tier of counties south of the Wisconsin State line. It has an area of 890 square miles; population (IfOO), 1,838,735; population (1910), 2,405,233; county-seat Chicago. The county was organized in 1831, having originally embraced tlie couuties of Du Page, Will, Lake, McHenry and Iroquois, in addition to its present territorial limits. It was named in honor of Daniel P. Cook, a distinguished Repre- sentative of Illinois in Congress. (See C'ooA;, Daniel P.) The first County Commissioners were Samuel Sliller, Gholson Kercheval and James Walker, who took the oath of office before Justice John S. C. Hogan, on March 8, 1831. AVilliam Lee was appointed Clerk and Archibald Clybourne Treasurer. Jedediah Wormley was first County Surveyor, and three election districts (Chicago, Du Page and Hickory Creek) wei'e created. A scow ferry was established across the Soutli Branch, with Mark Beaubien as ferryman. Only non-residents were required to pay toll. Geolo- gists are of the opinion that, previous to the glacial epoch, a large portion of the county lay under the waters of Lake Michigan, which was connected with the Mississippi by the Des Plaines River. This theory is borne out by the finding of stratified beds of coal and gravel in the eastern and southern portions of the county, either under- lying the prairies or assuming the form of ridges. The latter, geologists maintain, indicate the exist- ence of an ancient key, and they conclude that, at one time, the level of the lake was nearly forty feet higher than at present. Glacial action is believed to have been very effective in establish- ing surface conditions in this vicinity. Lime- stone and building stone are quarried in tolerable abundance. Athens marble (white when taken out, but growing a rich yellow through exposure) is found in the southwest. Isolated beds of peat liave also been found. The general surface is level, although undulating in some portions. The soil near the lake is sandy, but in the interior becomes a black mold from one to four feet in depth. Drainage is afforded by tlie Des Plaines, Chicago and Calumet Rivers, which has been improved by the construction of the Drainage Canal. Manufactures and agriculture are the principal industries outside of the city of Chi- cago. (See also Chicago. ) COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL, located in Chi- cago and under control of the Commissioners of Cook County. It was originally erected by the City of Chicago, at a cost of $80,000, and was intended to be used as a hospital for patients suffering from infectious diseases. For several years the building was unoccupied, but, in 1858, it was leased by an association of physicians, who opened a hospital, with the further purpose of affording facilities for clinical instruction to the students of Rush Medical College. In 1863 the building was taken by the General Government for military purposes, being used as an eye and ear hospital for returning soldiers. In 1865 it reverted to the City of Chicago, and, in 1866, was purchased by Cook County. In 1874 the County Commissioners purchased a new and more spa- cious site at acost of .SHo.OOO, and began the erec- tion of buildings thereon. The two principal pavilions were completed and occupied before the close of 1875; the clinical amphitheater and connecting corridors were built in 1876-77, and an administrative building and two additional pavilions were added in 1882-84. Up to that date the total cost of the buildings had been §719,574, and later additions and improvements have swelled the outlay to more than SI, 000,000. It accommodates about 800 patients and constitutes a part of the county machinery for the care of the poor. A certain number of beds are placed under the care of homeopathic physicians. The z a c r z ID ALONG SIIEKIDAN HOAD AND ON THE ROULEVAUDS. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDLY OF ILLINOIS. 121 present (1896) allopathic medical staff consists of fifteen physicians, fifteen surgeons, one oculist and aurist and one pathologist ; the liomeopatliic staff comprises five phj-sicians and five surgeons. In addition, there is a large corps of internes, or house physicians and surgeons, composed of recent graduates from the several medical col- leges, who gain their positions througli competi- tive examination and hold tliem for eighteen montlis. COOKE, Edward Dean, lawyer and Congress- man, born in Dubuque County, Iowa, Oct. 17, 1849; was educated in the common schools and the high school of Dubuque ; studied law in that city and at Columbian University, Washington, D.C., graduating from that institution with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and was admitted to the bar in Washington in 1873. Coming to Chi- cago the same j-ear, he entered upon tlie practice of his profession, which he pursued for the remainder of his life. In 1883 he was elected a Representative in the State Legislature from Cook County, serving one term ; was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Sixth District (Chicago), in 1894, and re-elected in 1896. His death occurred suddenly while in attendance on the extra session of Congress in Washington, June 24, 1897. COOLBATJGH, William Findlay, financier, was born in Pike County, Pa., July 1, 1821; at the age of 15 became clerk in a drj'-goods store in Philadelphia, but, in 1842, opened a branch establishment of a New York firm at BurUngton, Iowa, where he afterwards engaged in the bank- ing business, also serving in the Iowa State Constitutional Convention, and, as the candidate of his party for United States Senator, being defeated by Hon. James Harlan by one vote. In 1862 he came to Chicago and opened the banking house of W. F. Coolbaugh & Co., which, in 1865, became the Union National Bank of Chicago. Later he became the first President of the Chi- cago Clearing House, as also of tlie Bankers' Association of the West and South, a Director of the Board of Trade, and an original incorporator of the Chamber of Commerce, besides being a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. His death by suicide, at the foot of Douglas Monument, Nov. 14, 1877, was a shock to the whole citj' of Chicago. COOLEY, Horace S., Secretary of State, was born in Hartford, Conn., in 1806, studied medi- cine for two j-ears in early life, then went to Ban- gor, Maine, where he began the study of law ; in 1840 he came to Illinois, locating first at Rushville and finally in the city of Quincy; in 1842 took a prominent part in the campaign which resulted in the election of Thomas Ford as Governor — also received from Governor Carlin an appointment as Quartermaster-General of the State. On the accession of Governor French in December, 1846, he was appointed Secretary of State and elected to the same office under the Constitution of 1848, dying before the expiration of liis term, April 2, 1850. CORBUS, (Dr.) J. C, ph5'sician, was born in Holmes County, Ohio, in 1838, received his pri- mary education in the public schools, followed by an academic course, and began the study of medicine at Millersburg, finally graduating from the Western Reserve Medical College at Cleve- land. In 1855 he began practice at Orville, Ohio, but the same year located at Mendota, 111., soon thereafter removing to Lee County, where he remained until 1862. The latter year he was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Seventy-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon pro- moted to the position of Surgeon, though com- pelled to resign the following year on account of ill health. Returning from the army, he located at Mendota. Dr. Corbus served continuously as a member of the State Board of Public Charities from 1873 until the accession of Governor Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893, when he resigned. He was also, for fifteen years, one of the Medical Examiners for his District under the Pension Bureau, and has served as a member of the Republican State Central Committee for the Mendota District. In 1897 he was complimented by Governor Tanner bj' reappointment to the State Board of Charities, and was made President of the Board. Earlj' in 1899 he was appointed Superintendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane at Kankakee, as successor to Dr. William G. Stearns. Died March 17, 1909. CORNELL, Paul, real-e-state operator and capi- talist, was born of English Quaker ancestry in Washington County, N. Y., August 5, 1822; at 9 years of age removed with his step-father, Dr. Barry, to Ohio, and five years later to Adams County, 111. Here young Cornell lived the life of a farmer, working part of the year to earn money to send himself to school the remainder; also taught for a time, then entered the office of W. A. Richardson, at Rushville, Scliuyler County, as a law student. In 1845 he came to Clucago, but soon after became a student in the law office of Wilson & Henderson at Joliet, and was admitted to practice in that city. Removing to Chicago in 1847, he was associated, successively, with the late m HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. L. C. P. Freer, Judge James H. Collins and Messrs. Skinner & Hoyne ; finally entered into a contract witli Judge Skinner to perfect the title to 330 acres of land held under tax-title within the present limits of Hyde Park, which he succeeded in doing by visiting the original owners, thereby securing one-half of the property in his own name. He thus became the founder of the village of Hyde Park, meanwhile adding to his posses- sions other lands, which increased vastlj- in value. He also established a watch factory at Cornell (now a part of Chicago), which did a large busi- ness until removed to California. Mr. Cornell was a member of the first Park Board, and there- fore had the credit of assisting to organize Chicago's extensive park system. Died March 3, 1904. COR WIN, Franklin, Congressman, was born at Lebanon. Ohio, Jan. 12, 1818, and admitted to the bar at the age of 21. While a resident of Ohio he served in both Houses of the Legislature, and settled in Illinois in 1857, making his home at Peru. He was a member of the lower house of the Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth and Twenty- sixth General Assemblies, being Speaker in 1867, and again in 1869. In 1872 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, but, in 1874, was defeated by Alexander Campbell, who.made the race as an Independent. Died, at Peru, 111., June 15, 1879. COUCH, James, pioneer hotel-keeper, was born at Fort Edward, N. Y., August 31, 1800; removed to Chautauqua County, in the same State, where he remained until his twentieth year, receiving a fair English education. After engaging succes- sively, but with indifferent success, as hotel-clerk, stage-house keeper, lumber-dealer, and in the dis- tilling business, in 1836, in company with his younger brother, Ira, he visited Chicago. They both decided to go into business there, first open- ing a small store, and later entering upon their hotel ventures whicli proved so eminently suc- cessful, and gave the Tremont House of Chicago so wide and enviable a reputation. Mr. Couch superintended for his brother Ira the erection, at various times, of many large business blocks in the city. Upon the death of his brother, in 1857, he was made one of the trustees of his estate, and, with other trustees, rebuilt the Tremont House after the Chicago fire of 1871. In April, 1892, while boarding a street car in the central part of the city of Chicago, he was run over by a truck, receiving injuries which resulted in his death the same day at the Tremont House, in the 92d year of his age. — Ira (Couch), younger brother of the preceding, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y., Nov. 22, 1806. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a tailor, and, in 1826, set up in business on his own account. In 1836, while visiting Chicago with his brother James, he determined to go into business there. With a stock of furnishing goods and tailors' supplies, newly bought in New York, a small store was opened. This business soon disposed of, Mr. Couch, with his brother, obtained a lease of the old Tremont House, then a low frame building kept as a saloon boarding house. Changed and refurnislied, this was opened as a hotel. It was destroyed by fire in 1839, as was also the larger rebuilt structure in 1849. A second time rebuilt, and on a much larger and grander scale at a cost of §75,000, surpassing anything the West had ever known before, the Tremont House this time stood until the Chicago fire in 1871, when it was again destroyed. Mr. Couch at all times enjoyed an immense patronage, and was able to accumulate (for that time) a large fortune. He purchased and improved a large number of business blocks, then within the business center of the city. In 1853 he retired from active business, and, in con- sequence of impaired health, chose for the rest of his life to seek recreation in travel. In the winter of 1857, while with his family in Havana, Cuba, he was taken with a fever which soon ended his life. His remains now rest in a mausoleimi of masonry in Lincoln Park, Chi- cago. COULTERTILLE,a town of Randolph County, at the crossing of the Centralia & Chester and the St. Louis & Paducah branch Illinois Central Railways, 49 miles southeast of St. Louis. Farm- ing and coal-mining are the leading industries. The town has two banks, two creameries, and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 6.50; (1910), 949. COUNTIES, U>'ORGANIZED. (See Unorgun- ized Counties.) COWDEN, a village of Shelby County, at the intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- em and the Toledo, St. Louis «& Western Rail- ways, 60 miles soutlieast of Springfield. Con- siderable coal is mined in the vicinit}': has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 350; (1890), 703; (1900), 7.51; (.1910), 711. COWLES, Alfred, newspaper manager, was born in Portage County, Ohio, May 13, 1833, grew up on a farm and, after spending some time at Michigan University, entered the office of "The Cleveland Leader" as a clerk; in 1855 accepted a similar position on "The Chicago Tribune," which had just been bought by Joseph Medill and others, finallv becoming a stockholder and busi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 123 ness manager of the paper, so remaining until his death in Cliicago. Dee. 20, 1889. COX, Thomas, pioneer. Senator in the First General Assembly of Illinois (1818-22) from Union County, and a conspicuous figure in early State history ; was a zealous advocate of the jMilicy of making Illinois a slave State ; became one of the original proprietors and founders of the citj' of Springfield, and was appointed the first Register of the Land Office there, but was removed under charges of misconduct ; after his retirement from the Land Office, kept a hotel at Springfield. In 18.S6 he removed to Iowa (then a part of Wiscon- sin Territory), became a member of the first Territorial Legislature there, was twice re-elected and once Speaker of the House, being prominent in 1840 as commander of the "Regulators" who drove out a gang of murderers and desperadoes who had got possession at Bellevue, Iowa. Died, at Maquoketa, Iowa, 1843. COT, Irus, lawyer, was born in Chenango County, N. Y., July 25, 1832; educated in the common schools and at Central College, Cortland County, N. Y., graduating in law at Albany in 1857. Then, having removed to Illinois, he located in Kendall County and began practice; in 1868 was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly and, in 1872, served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket; removed to Chicago in 1871, later serving as attorney of the Union Stock Yards and Transit Company. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 20, 1897. CRAFTS, Clayton E., legislator and politician, born at Auburn, Geauga County, Ohio, July 8, 1848 ; was educated at Hiram College and gradu- ated from the Cleveland Law School in 1868, coming to Chicago in 1869. Mr. Crafts served in seven consecutive sessions of the General Assem- bly (1883-95, inclusive) as Representative from Cook County, and was elected by the Democratic majority as Speaker, in 1891, and again in '93. CRAIG, Alfred M., jurist, was born in Edgar County, 111., Jan. 15, 1831, graduated from' Knox College in 1853, and was admitted to the bar in the following year, commencing practice at Knoxville. He held the offices of State's Attorney and County Judge, and represented Knox County in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1873 he was elected to the bench of the Supreme Court, as successor to Justice C. B. Lawrence, and was re-elected in '82 and '91, his last term expiring June 1, 1900. He was a Democrat in politics, but was tlirec times elected as Justice of the Supreme Court in Republican judicial district. Died Sept. 6, 1911. CRAWFORD, Charles H., lawyer and legisla- tor, was born in Bennington, Vt. , but reared in Bureau and La Salle Counties, III.; had practiced law for twenty years in Cliicago, and been three times elected to the State Senate — 1884, '88 and '94- — and was author of the Crawford Primary Election Law, enacted in 1885. Died June 4, 1903. CRAWFORD COUNTY, a southeastern county, bordering on the Wabash, 190 miles nearly due south of Chicago — named for William H. Craw- ford, a Secretary of War. It has an area of 470 square miles; population (1910), 26,281. The first settlers were the French, but later came emigrants from New England. Tlie soil is rich and well adapted to the production of corn and wheat, which are the principal crops. The county was organized in 1816, Darwin being the first county-seat. The present county-seat is Robinson, with a population (1890) of 1,387; centrally located and the point of intersection of two railroads. Other towns of importance are Palestine (population, 734) and Hutsonville (popu- lation, 582). The latter, as well as Robinson, is a grain-shipping point. The Embarras River crosses the southwest portion of the county, and receives the waters of Big and Honey Creeks and Bushy Fork. The county has no mineral resources, but contains some valuable woodland and many well cultivated farms. Tobacco, potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the lead- ing products. CREAL SPRINGS, a village of Williamson County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Popu- lation (1890), 539; (lOOO'), 940; (1910), 936. CREBS, John M., ex-Congressman, was born in Middleburg, Loudoun County, Va., April 7, 1830. When he was but 7 years old his parents removed to Illinois, where he ever after resided. At the age of 21 he began the study of law, and, in 1852, was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in White County. In 1862 he enlisted in the Eighty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, receiving a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel, participating in all the important movements in the Jlississippi Valley, including the capture of Vicksburg, and in the Arkansas campaign, a part of the time commanding a brigade. Retmning home, he resumed the practice of his profession. In 1866 he was an unsuccessful canilidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction on the Democratic ticket. He was elected to Congress in 1868 and re-elected in 1870, and, in 1880, was a delegate to the Democratic State Convention. Died, June 36, 1890. 124 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CRElGHTOJi', James A., jurist, was born in White County, 111., March 7, 1846; in childhood removed with liis pai'ents to Wayne County, and was educated in the schools at Fairfield and at the Southern Illinois College, Salem, gi-aduating from the latter in 1868. After teaching for a time while studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 18T0, and opened an office at Fairfield, but, in 1877, removed to Springfield. In 188.5 he was elected a Circuit Judge for the Springfield Circuit, was re-elected in 1891, 1S97, in 1903 and 1909. CRERAR, John, manufacturer and philanthro- pist, was born of Scotch ancestry in New York Citj', in 1827 ; at 18 years of age was an employe of an iron-importing firm in that city, subse- quently accepting a position with Morris K. Je.ssup & Co., in the same line. Coming to Chicago in 1862, in partnership with J. ilcGregor Adams, he succeeded to the business of Jessup & Co., in that city, also becoming a partner in the Adams & Westlake Company, iron manufactur- ers. He also became interested and an official in various other business organizations, including the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Chicago & Alton Railroad, the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, and, for a time, was President of the Chi- cago & Joliet Railroad, besides being identified with various benevolent institutions and associ- ations. After the fire of 1871, he was intrusted by the New York Chamber of Commerce with the custody of funds sent for the relief of suffer- ers by that calamity. His integrity and business sagacity were universally recognized. After his death, which occiu-red in Chicago, Oct. 19, 1889, it was found that, after making munificent bequests to some twenty religious and benevolent associations and enterprises, aggregating nearly a million dollars, besides liberal legacies to relatives, he had left the residue of his estate, amounting to some §2,000,000, for the purpose of founding a public library in the city of Chicago, naming thirteen of his most intimate friends as the fii-st Board of Trustees. No more fitting and lasting monument of so noble and public-spirited a man could have been devised. CRETE, a village of Will County, on the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 30 miles south of Chicago. Pop. (1900). 7G0; (1910), 840. CROOK, George, soldier, was born near Day- ton, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1828 ; graduated at the United States Military Academj', West Point, in 18.52, and was assigned as brevet Second Lieutenant to the Fourth Infantry, becoming full Second Lieuten- ant in 1853. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Ohio Infan- try ; was promoted Brigadier-General in 1862 and Major-General in 1864, being mustered out of the service, January, 1866. During the war he participated in some of the most important battles in West Virginia and Tennessee, fought at Chickamauga and Antietam, and commanded the cavalry in the advance on Richmond in the spring of 1S65. On being mustered out of the volunteer service he returned to the regular army, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Twenty-third Infantry, and, for several years, was engaged in campaigns against the hostile Indians in the Northwest and in Arizona. In 1888 he was appointed Major-General and, from that time to his death, was in command of the Military Division of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chicago, where he died, March 19, 1890. CROSIAR, Simon, pioneer, was born near Pittsburg, Pa., in the latter part of the last century ; removed to Ohio in 1815 and to Illinois in 1819, settling first at Cap au Gris, a French village on the Mississippi just above the mouth of the Illinois in what is now Calhoun County; later lived at Peoria (1824), at Ottawa (1826), at Shippingport near the present city of La Salle (1829), and at Old Utica (1834); in the mean- while built one or two mills on Cedar Creek in La Salle County, kept a storage and commission house, and, for a time, acted as Captain of a steamboat plying on the Illinois. Died, in 1846. CRYSTAL " LAKE, a village in McHenry County, at the intersection of two divisions of the Chicago & Nortliwestern Railway, 43 miles northwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 546; (1890), 781; (1900), 9.50; (1910). 1,242. CUBA, a town in Fulton County, distant 38 miles west-southwest of Peoria, and about 8 miles north of Lewistown. The entire region (includ- ing the town) is underlaid with a good quality of bituminous coal, of which the late State Geologist Worthen asserted that, in seven townships of Fulton County, there are 9,000,000 tons to the square mile, within 150 feet of the surface. Brick and cigars are made here, and the town has two banks, a newspaper, three churches and good schools. Population (1890), 1,114; (1900), 1,198; (1910), 2,019. CULLEX, William, editor and Congressman, born in the north of Ireland. March 4, 1826; while yet a child was brought by his parents to Pitts- burg, Pa., where he was educated in the public schools. At the age of 20 he removed to La Salle County, 111, and began life as a farmer. Later he took up his residence at Ottawa. He has served as Sheriff of La Salle County, and held HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 125 other local offices, and was for many years a part owner and senior editor of "The Ottawa Repub- lican." From 1881 to 1885, as a Republican, he represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- gress. CULLOM, Richard Northcraft, farmer and legislator, was born in the State of Maryland, October 1, 1795, but early removed to Wayne County, Ky., where he was married to Miss Elizabeth Coffey, a native of North Carolina. In 1830 he removed to Illinois, settling near Wash- ington, Tazewell County, where he continued to reside during the remainder of his life. Although a farmer by vocation, Jlr. CuUom was a man of prominence and a recognized leader in public affairs. In 1836 he was elected as a Whig Repre- sentative in the Tenth General Assembly, serving in the same body with Abraham Lincoln, of whom he was an intimate personal and political friend. In 1840 he was chosen a member of the State Senate, serving in the Twelfth and Thir- teenth General Assemblies, and, in 1853, was again elected to the House. Mr. CuUom's death occurred in Tazewell County, Dec. 4, 1873, his wife having died Dec. 5, 1868. Mr. and Mrs. CuUom were the parents of Hon. Shelby M. Cullom. CULLOM, Shelby Moore, United States Sena- tor, was born in Wayne County, Ky., Nov. 33, 1829. His parents removed to Tazewell County, 111., in 1830, where his father became a member of the Legislature and attained prominence as a public man. After two years spent in Rock River Seminary at Mount Morris, varied by some experience as a teacher, in 1853 the subject of this sketch went to Springfield to enter upon the study of law in the office of Stuart & Edwards. Being admitted to the bar two years afterward, he was almost immediately elected City Attor- ney, and, in 18.56, was a candidate on the Fill- more ticket for Presidential Elector, at the same time being elected to the Twentieth General Assembly for Sangamon County, as he was again, as a Republican, in 1860, being supported alike by the Fillmore men and the Free-Soilers. At the session following the latter election, he was chosen Speaker of the House, which was his first important political recognition. In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln a member of the War Claims Commission at Cairo, serving in this capacity with Governor Boutwell of Massachu- setts and Charles A. Dana of New York. He was also a candidate for the State Senate the same year, but then sustained his only defeat. Two years later (18(54) he was a candidate for Con- gress, defeating his former preceptor, Hon. John T. Stuart, being re-elected in 180G, and again in 1868, the latter year over B. S. Edwards. He was a delegate to the National Republican Con- vention of 1872, and, as Chairman of the Illinois delegation, placed General Grant in nomination for the Presidency, holding the same position again in 1884 and in 1892; was elected to the Illi- nois House of Representatives in 1873 and in 1874, being chosen Speaker a second time in 1873, as he was the unanimous choice of his party for Speaker again in 1875; in 1876 was elected Gov- ernor, was re-eiocted in 1880, and, in 1883, elected to the United States Senate as successor to Hon. David Davis. By four successive re-elections since 1885, he is now serving his fifth term, which will expire in 1913. In 1898, by special appointment of President McKinley, Senator Cullom served upon a Commission to investigate the condition of the Hawaiian Islands and report a plan of government for this new division of the American Republic. Other important measures with which his name has been promi- nently identified have been the laws for the sup- pression of polygamy in Utah and for the creation of the Inter-State Commerce Commission. At present he is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, and has been a prominent member of other important Committees. His career has been conspicuous for his long public service, the large number of important offices whicli he has held, the almost unbroken uniform- ity of his success when a candidate, and his com- plete exemption from scandals of every sort. No man in the history of the State has been so frequently elected to the United States Senate, and only three — Senators Douglas, Trumbull and Logan — were each elected for three terms; though only one of these (Senator Trumbull) lived to serve out the full period for which he was elected. CUMBERLAND COUNTY, situated in the southeast quarter of the State, directly .south of Coles County, from which it was cut off in 1S43. Its area is 350 square miles, and population (1900), 16,124. The county-seat was at Greenup until 1855, when it was transferred to Prairie City, which was laid off in 1854 and incoriwrated as a town in 1866. The i)resent county-seat is at Toledo (population, 1890, 676). The Embarras River cro.sses the county, as do also three lines of railroad. Neoga, a mining town, has a popula- tion of 829. Tlie county received its name from the Cumberland Road, which, as originally pro- jected, passed through it. Pop. (1910). 14.?S1. 126 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CUMMINS, (Rev.) David, Bishop of the Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born near Smyrna, Del., Dec. 11, 1822; gradu- ated at Dickinson College, Pa., in ISil, and became a licentiate in the Methodist ministry, but, in 1846, took orders in the Episcopal Church; afterwards held rectorships in Balti- more, Norfolk, Richmond and the Trinity Episcopal Church of Chicago, in 1866 being con- secrated Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of Kentucky. As a recognized leader of the Low- Church or Evangelical party, he early took issue with the ritualistic tendencies of the High-Church party, and, having withdrawn from the Episcopal Church in 1873, became the first Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal organization. He was zeal- ous, eloquent and conscientious, but overtaxed his strength in his new field of labor, dying at Luth- erville, Md., June 26, 1876. A memoir of Bishop Cummins, by his wife, was publishedin 1878. CUMULATIVE VOTE. (See Minority Repre- sentation. ) CURTIS, Harvey, clergyman and educator, was born In Adams, Jefferson County, N. Y., May 30, 1806; graduated at Middlebury College, Vt., in 1831, with the highest honors of his class; after three years at Princeton Theological Seminary, was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Brandon, Vt., in 1836. In 1841 he accepted an appointment as agent of the Home Missionary Society for Ohio and Indiana, between 1843 and 1858 holding pastorates at Madison, Ind., and Chicago. In the latter year he was chosen President of Knox College, at Galesburg, dying there, Sept. 18, 1862. CURTIS, William Eiroy, journalist, was born at Akron, Ohio, Nov. .5, ISoO; graduated at Western Reserve College in 1871, meanwhile learning the art of typesetting; later served as a reporter on "The Cleveland Leader" and, in 1872, took a subordinate position on "The Chicago Inter Ocean," finally rising to that of managing- editor. While on "The Inter Ocean" he accom- panied General Custer in his campaign against the Sioux, spent several months investigating the "Ku-Klux" and "White League" organiza- tions in the South, and, for some years, was ' 'The Inter Ocean" correspondent in Washington. Having retired from "The Inter Ocean," he became Secretary of the "Pan-American Con- gress" in Washington, and afterwards made the tour of the United States with the South and Central American representatives in that Con- gress. During the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago he had general supervision of the Latin-American historical and archaeological exhibits. Mr. Curtis has visited nearly every Central and South American country and has written elaborately on these subjects for the magazines and for publication in book form ; has also published a "Life of Zachariah Chandler" and a "Diplomatic History of the United States and Foreign Powers." Mr. Curtis spent his last 3-ears as correspondent of " The Chicago Record- Herald," writing extensively from various parts of the world. Died Sept. 6, 1911. CUSHMAN, (Col.) William H. W., financier and manufacturer, was born at Freetown, Mass., May 13, 1813 ; educated at the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy, Norwich, Vt. ; at 18 began a mercantile career at Middlebury, and, in 1824, removed to La Salle County, 111., where he opened a country store, also built a mill at Vermilionville ; later was identified with many large financial enterprises which generally proved successful, thereby accumulating a for- tune at one time estimated at §3,000,000. He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies (1842 and '44) and, for several years, held a commission as Captain of the Ottawa Cavalry (militia). The Civil War coming on, he assisted in organizing the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, and was com- missioned its Colonel, but resigned Sept. 3, 1862. He organized and was principal owner of the Bank of Ottawa, which, in 1865, became the First National Bank of that city; was the leading spirit in the Hydraulic Company' and the Gas Company at Ottawa, built and operated the Ottawa Machine Shops and Foiuidry, speculated largely in lands in La Salle and Cook Counties — his operations in the latter being especially large about Riverside, as well as in Chicago, was a principal stockholder in the bank of Cush- man & Hardin in Chicago, had large interests in the lumber trade in Michigan, and was one of the builders of the Chicago, Paducah & South- western Railroad. The Chicago fire of 1871, however, brought financial disaster upon him, which finally dissipated his fortune and de- stroyed his mental and physical health. His death occurred at Ottawa, Oct. 28, 1878. DALE, Michael (i., lawyer, was born in Lan- caster, Pa., spent his childhood and youth in the public schools of his native city, except one year in West Chester Academy, when he entered Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, graduating there in 1835. He then began the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1837; coming to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 127 Illinois the following year, he was retained in a suit at Greenville, Bond County, whicli led to hi,s eniijloyinent in others, and finally to opening an office there. In 1839 he was elected Probate Judge of Bond County, remaining in office four- teen years, meanwhile being commissioned Jlajor of tlie State Militia in 1844, and serving as mem- ber of a Military Court at Alton in 1847; was also tlie Delegate from Bond County to the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1853 he re- signed the office of County Judge in Bond County to accept that of Register of the Land office at Edwardsville, where he continued to reside, fill- ing the office of County Judge in Madison County five or six terms, besides occupying some subordi- nate positions. Judge Dale married a daughter of Hon. William L. D. Ewing. Died at Edwards- ville, April 1, 1895. DALLAS CITYj in Hancock and Henderson Counties, at the intersection of Atchison, Topcka & Santa Fe and Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- roads, 16 miles south of Burlington. It has manu- factories of lumber, buttons, carriages and wagons, and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 747; (1900), 970; (1910), 1,288. DANEKHOWER, John Wilson, Arctic explorer, was born in Chicago, Sept. 30, 1849— the son of W. W. Danenhower. a journalist. After passing through the schools of Chicago and Washington, he graduated from the United States Naval Acad- emy at Annapolis in 1870. was successively com- missioned as Ensign, blaster and Lieutenant, and served on expeditions in the North Pacific and in the Mediterranean. In 1878 he joined the Arctic steamer Jeannette at Havre, France, as second in command under Lieut. George W. De Long; pro- ceeding to San Francisco in July, 1879, the steamer entered the Arctic Ocean by way of Behring Straits. Here, having been caught in an ice-pack, the vessel was held twenty-two months. Lieutenant Danenhower meanwhile being dis- abled most of the time by ophthalmia. The crew, as last compelled to abandon the steamer, dragged their boats over the ice for ninety-five days until they were able to launch them in open water, but were soon separated by a gale The boat commanded by Lieutenant Danenhower reached the Lena Delta, on the north coast of Siberia, where the crew were rescued by natives, landing Sept. 17. 1881. After an ineffectual search on the delta for the crews of the other two boats, Lieutenant Danenhower, with his crew, made the journey of 6,000 miles to Orenburg, finally arriving in the United States in June, 1882. He has told the story of the expedition in "The Narrative of the Jeannette," published in 1882. Died, at Annapolis, Md.. April 20, 1887. DAN VERS, a village of McLean County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. The section is agricultural. The town has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 460; (1890), 506; (1900), 607; (1910), .593. DANVILLE, the county-seat of Vermilion County', on Vermilion River and on five impor- tant lines of railroad; in rich coal-mining district and near large deposits of shale and soapstone, which are utilized in manufacture of sewer-pipe, paving and fire-clay brick. T'le city has car-shops and numerous factories, water- works, electric lights, paved streets, several banks, twenty-seven churches, five graded schools and one high school, and eight newspapers, two daily. A Soldiers' Home is located three miles east of the city. Pop. (1900), lfi,.'?.-,4; (1910), 27,871, DANVILLE, OLNEY, k OHIO RIVER RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & Ohio River Railroad.) DANVILLE, URBANA, BLOOMINGTON & PEKIN RAILROAD. (.See Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) D'ARTAItlUIETTE, Pierre, a French com mandant of Illinois from 1734 to 1736, having been appointed by Bienville, then Governor of Louisiana. He was distinguished for gallantry and courage. He defeated the Natchez Indians, but, in an unsuccessful expedition against the Chicka.saws, was wounded, captured and burned at the stake. DAVENPORT, George, .soldier, pioneer and trader, born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1783, came to this coimtry in 1804, and soon aftei enlisted in the United States army, with the rani of sergeant. He served gallantly on various expeditions in the West, where he obtained a knowledge of the Indians which was afterward of great value to him. During the War of 1813 his regiment was sent East, where he partici- pated in the defense of Fort Erie and in other enterprises. In 1815, his term of enlistment hav- ing expired and the war ended, he entered the service of the contract commissary. He selected the site for Fort Armstrong and aided in planning and supervising its construction. He cultivated friendly relations with the surrounding tribes, and, in 1818, built a double log house, married, and engaged in business as a fur-trader, near the site of the present city of Rook Island. He had the confidence and respect of the savages, was successful and his trading posts were soon scat- tered througli Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1823 he piloted tlie first steamboat througli the 128 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. upper Mississippi, and, in 1825, was appointed the first postmaster at Rock Island, being the only white civilian resident there. In 1826 he united his business with that of the American Fur Com- pany, in wliose service he remained. Although he employed every effort to induce President Jackson to make a payment to Black Hawk and his followers to induce them to emigrate across the Mississippi voluntarily, when that Chief commenced hostilities, Mr. Davenport tendered his services to Governor Reynolds, bj whom he was commissioned Quartermaster-General with the rank of Colonel. Immigration increased rapidly after the close of the Black Hawk War In 183.5 a company, of which he was a member, founded the town of Davenport, opposite Rock Island, whioli was named in his honor. In 1837 and '42 he was largely instrumental in negoti- ating treaties by which the Indians ceded their lands in Iowa to the United States. In the latter year he gave up the business of fur-trading, having accumulated a fortune through hard labor and scrupulous integrity, in the face often of grave perils. He had large business interests in nearly every town in his vicinity, to all of which he gave more or less personal attention. On the night of July 4, 1843, he was assa.ssinated at his home by robbers. For a long time the crime was shrouded in mystery, but its perpetrators were ultimately detected and brought to punishment. DAVIS, David, jurist and United States Senator, was born in Cecil County, Md., March 9, 1815; pursued his academic stxidies at Kenyon College, Ohio, and studied law at Yale. He settled at Bloomington, 111., in 1836, and, after practicing law there until 1844, was elected to the lower house of the Fourteenth General As.sembly. After serving in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, he was elected Judge of the Eighth Judicial Circuit under the new Constitution in 1848, being re-elected in 1855 and '61. He was a warm, per- sonal friend of Abraliam Lincoln, who, in 1862, placed him upon the bench of the United States Supreme Court. He resigned his high judicial honors to become United States Senator in 1877 as successor to Logan's first term. On Oi-t. 13, 1881, he was elected President pro tem. of the Senate, serving in this capacity to the end of his term in 1885. He died at his home in Blooming- ton, June 26, 1886. DAVIS, Oeorge R., lawyer and Congressman, was born at Three Rivers, Mass., January 3, 1840; received a common school education, and a classical course at Williston Seminary, Eastliamp- ton, Mass. From 1862 to 1865 he served in the Union army, first as Captain in the Eighth Massachasetts Infantry, and later as Major in the Third Rhode Island Cavalry. After the war he removed to Chicago, where he still resides. By profession he is a lawyer. He took a prominent part in the organization of the Chicago militia, was elected Colonel of the First Regiment, I. N. G.. and Was for a time the senior Colonel in the State service. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress, but was elected in 1878, and re-elected in 1880 and 1882. From 1886 to 1890 he was Treasurer of Cook County. He took an active and influential part in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and was Director-General of the Exposition from its inception to its close, by his executive ability demonstrating the wis- dom of his selection. Died Nov. 25, 1899. DAVIS, Hasbrouck, soldier and journalist, was born at Worcester, Mass., Ajjril 23, 1827. being the son of John Davis, United States Senator and Governor of Massachusetts, known in his lifetime as "Hone.st John Davis." The son came to Chi- cago in 1855 and commenced the practice of law, in 1861 joined Colonel Voss in the organiza- tion of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, being elected Lieutenant-Colonel and, on the retirement of Colonel Voss in 1863, succeeding to the colonelcy. In March, 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- eral, remaining in active service until August, 1865, when he resigned. After the war he was. for a time, editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," was City Attorney of tlie City of Chicago from 1867 to '69, but later removed to Massachusetts Colonel Davis was drowned at sea, Oct. 19, 1870. by the loss of the steamship Cambria, while on a voyage to Europe. DAVIS, James M., early lawyer, was born in Barren County, Ky., Oct. 9, 1793, came to Illinois in 1817, located in Bond County and is said to have taught the first school in that county. He became a lawyer and a prominent leader of the Whig party, was elected to the Tliirteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1842) from Bond Coimty, and to the Twenty-first from Montgomery in 1858, hav- ing, in the meantime, become a citizen of Hillsboro ; was also a member of the State Consti- tutional Convention of 1847. Mr. Davis was a man of striking personal appearance, being over six feet in height, and of strong individuality. After the dissolution of tlie Whig party he identi- fied himself with the Democracy and was an intensely bitter opponent of tlie war policy of the Government. Died, at Hillsboro, Sept. 17. 1866. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 129 DAVIS, John A., soldier, was born in Craw- ford County, Pa., Oct. 25, 1823; came to Steplien- son County, 111., in boyhood and served as Representative in the General Assembly of 1857 and '59; in September, 1861, enlisted as a private, was elected Captain and, on the organization of the Forty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at Camp Butler, was commissioned its Colonel. He participated in the capture of Fort Donelson, and in the battle of Shiloh was desperately wounded by a shot through the lungs, but recovered in time to join his regiment before the battle of Corinth, where, on Oct. 4, 1802, he fell mortally wounded, d3ing a few daj'S after. On receiving a request from some of his fellow-citi- zens, a few days before his death, to accept a nomination for Congress in the Freeport District, Colonel Davis patriotically replied: "I can serve my countr)- better in following the torn banner of my regiment in the battlefield." DAVIS, Levi, lawyer and State Auditor, was born in Cecil County, Md. , July 20, 1806 ; gradu- ated at Jefferson College. Pa., in 1828, and was admitted to the bar at Baltimore in 1830. The following year he removed to Illinois, settling at VandaUa, then the capital. In 1835 Governor Duncan appointed him Auditor of Public Accounts, to which office he was elected by the Legislature in 1837, and again in 1838. In 1846 he took up his residence at Alton. He attained prominence at the bar and was, for several years, attorney for the Chicago & Alton and St. Louis, Alton & Teri-e Haute Railroad Companies, in which he was also a Director. Died, at Alton, March 4, 1897. DAVIS, Nathan Smith, M.D,, LL.D., physi- cian, educator and editor, was born in Chenango County, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1817; took a classical and scientific course in Cazenovia Seminai-y; in 1837 graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, winning several prizes during his course; the same year began practice at Bing- hamton; spent two years (1847-49) in New York City, when he removed to Chicago to accept the chair of Physiology and General Pathology in Rush Medical College. In 1859 he accepted a similar position in the Chicago Medical College (now the medical department of Northwestern University), where he still remains. Dr. Davis had not only been a busy practitioner, but a volu- minous writer on general and special topics con- nected with his profession, having been editor at different times of several medical periodicals, including "The Chicago Medical Journal," "The Medical Journal and Examiner," and "Tlie Journal of the American Medical Association.'' He was also prominent in State, National and Inter- national Medical Congresses, and was one of the founders of the Northwestern University, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Chicago His- torical Society, the Illinois State Microscopical So- ciety and the Union College of Law, besides other scientific associations. Died June 16, 1904. DAVIS, Oliver L., lawyer, was born in New York City, Dec. 20, 1819; after being in the employ of the American Fur Company some seven years, came to Danville, 111., in 1841 and commenced studying law the next year; was elected to the lower branch of the Seventeenth and Twentieth General Assemblies, first as a Democrat and next (1856) a,s a Republican; served on the Circuit Bench in 1861-66, and again in 1873-79, being assigned in 1877 to the Appellate bench. Died, Jan. 12, 1892. DAWSOX, John, early legislator, was born in Virginia, in 1791; came to Illinois in 1827, set- tling in Sangamon County ; served five terms in the lower house of the General Assembly (1830, '34, '36, '38 and '46), during a part of the time being the colleague of Abraham Lincoln. He was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who repre- sented Sangamon County at the time of the removal of the State capital to Springfield ; was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Died, Nov. 12, 1850. DEAF AND DUMB, ILLINOIS INSTITU- TION FOR EDUCATION OF, located at Jack- sonville, established by act of the Legislature, Feb. 23, 1839, and the oldest of the State charitable institutions. Work was not begun until 1842, but one building was ready for partial occupancy in 1846 and was completed in 1849. (In 1871 this building, then known as the south wing, was declared unsafe, and was razed and rebuilt.) The center building was completed in 1852 and the north wing in 1857. Other additions and new buildings have been added from time to time, such as new dining halls, workshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator house, kitchens, a gymnasium, separate cot- tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1895) the institution is probably the largest, as it is un- questionably one of the best conducted, of its class in the world. The number of pupils in 1894 was 716. Among its employes are men and women of ripe culture and experience, who have been con- nected with it for more than a quarter of a century. DEARBORN, Luther, lawyer and legislator, was born at Plymouth, N. H., March 24, 1820, 130 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and educated in Plymouth schools and at New Hampton Academy ; in youth removed to Dear- born County, Ind., where he taught school and served as deputy Circuit Clerk; then came to Mason County, 111., and, in 1844. to Elgin. Here he was elected Sheriff and, at the expiration of his term. Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the banking business, which proving disastrous in 18.")7, he returned to Mason County and began the practice of law. He then spent some years in Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second time, resumed practice at Havana, served one term in the State Senate (1876-80); in 1884 became member of a law firm in Chicago, but retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyshii) of the Chicago & Alton Railway, retaining this position until his death, which occurred suddenly at Springfield, April 5, 1889. For the last two years of his life Mr. Dearborn's residence was at Aurora. DECATUR, the county-seat of Macon Countj^; 39 miles east of Springfield and one mile north of the Sangamon River — also an important rail- way center. Three coal shafts are operated out- side the city. It is a center for the grain trade, having five elevators. Extensive car and repair shops are located there, and several important manufacturing industries flourish, among them three flouring mills. Decatur has paved streets, water-works, electric street railways, and excel- lent public schools, including one of the best and most noted high schools in the State. Two daily papers and one weekly (labor) journal are published there. Pop. (1900), 20,754; (1910), 31,140. DECATUR EDITORIAL CONVEIVTION. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) DECATUR & EASTERN RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) DECATUR, MATTOOIV & SOUTHERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Raihray.) DECATUR, SULLIVAN & MATTOON RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur is Theological Seminary and High School at Rock Springs, St. Clair County, which, in 1831, became the nucleus of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Semi- nary, established in 1838, two years later expanded into McKendree College, wliile instruc- tion began to be given at Illinois College, Jack- sonville, in December, 1839, as the outcome of a movement started by a band of young men at Yale College in 1837 — these several institutions being formally incorporated by the same act of the Legislature, passed in 1835. (See sketches of these Institutions.) Educational Conventions. — In 1833 there was held at Vandalia (tlien the State capital) the first of a series of educational conventions, which were continued somewhat irregularlj' for twenty years, and whose history is remarkable for the number of those participating in them who after- wards gained distinction in State and National history. At first these conventions were held at the State capital during the sessions of the Gen- eral Assembly, when tlie chief actors in them were members of that body and State officers, with a few other friends of education from the ranks of professional or business men. At the convention of 1833, we find, among those partici- pating, the names of Sidney Breese, afterwards a United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court; Judges. D. Lockwood, then of the Supreme Court; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Gov- ernor and United States Senator ; O. H. Browning, afterwards United States Senator and Secretary of the Interior; James Hall and John Russell, the most notable writers in the State in their day, besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams, Benjamin JliUs, Jesse B. Thomas, Henry Eddy and others, all prominent in their several depart- ments. In a second convention at the same place, nearly two years later, Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas and Col. John J. Hardin were participants. At Springfield, in 1840, pro- fessional and literary men began to take a more prominent part, altliough the members of the Legislature were present iri considerable force. A convention held at Peoria, in 1844, was made up largely of professional teachers and school officers, with a few citizens of local prominence ; and the same may be said of those held at Jack- sonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other points. Various attempts were made to form permanent educational societies, finally result- ing, in December, 1854, in the organization of the "State Teachers' Institute," which, three years later, took the name of the "State Teachers' Association" — though an a.ssociation of the same name was organized in 1836 and continued in existence several j'ears. State Superintendent and School Jour- nals. — The appointment of a State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as early as 1837, and was urged from time to time in memorials and resolutions by educational conven- tions, by the educational press, and in the State Legislature; but it was not until February, 1854, that an act was passed creating the office, when the Hon. Ninian W. Edwards was api)ointed by Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in office until his successor was elected in 1856. "The Common School Advocate" was published for a year at Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in 1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate" began publication at Springfield, but was discon- tinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855 was established "The Illinois Teacher." This was merged, in 1873, in "The Illinois School- master," which became the organ of the State Teachers' A.ssociation, so remaining several years. The State Teachers' Association has no official organ now, but the "Public School Journal" is the chief educational publication of the State. INDUSTRI.4.L EDUCATION. — In 1851 was insti- tuted a movement which, although obstructed for some time by partisan opposition, has been followed by more far-reaching results, for the country at large, than any single measure in the history of education since the act of 1785 setting apart one section in each township for the support of public schools. This was the scheme formu- lated by the late Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of Jacksonville, for a sj'stem of practical scientific education for the agricultural, mechanical and other industrial classes, at a Farmers' Convention held under the auspices of the Duel Institute (an Agricultural Society), at Granville, Putnam County, Nov. 18, 1851. While proposing a plan for a "State University" for Illinois, it also advo- cated, from the outset, a "University for the industrial classes in each of the States," by way of supplementing the work which a "National Institute of Science," such as the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, was expected to accom- plish. The proposition attracted the attention of persons interested in the cause of industrial education in other States, especially in New York and some of the New England States, and 150 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. received their hearty endorsement and cooper- ation. The Granville meeting was followed by a series of similar conventions held at Springfield, June 8, 1853; Chicago, Nov. 24, 1853; Springfield, Jan. 4, 1853, and Springfield, Jan. 1, 1855, at which the scheme was still further elaborated. At the Springfield meeting of January, 1853, an organization was formed under the title of the "Industrial League of the State of Illinois," with a view to disseminating information, securing more thorough organization on the part of friends of the measure, and the employment of lecturers to address the people of the State on the subject. At the same time, it was resolved that "this Con- vention memorialize Congress for the purpose of obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and endow industrial institutions in each and every State in the Union." It is worthy of note that this resolution contains the central idea of the act passed by Congress nearly ten years after- ward, making appropriations of public lands for the establishment and support of industrial colleges in the several States, which act received the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1862 — a similar measure having been vetoed by Presi- dent Buchanan in February, 1859. The State was extensively canvassed by Professor Turner, Mr. Bronson Murray (now of New York), the late Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, in behalf of the objects of the League, and the Legislature, at its session of 1853, by unanimous vote in both houses, adopted the resolutions commending the measure and instructing the United States Senators from Illinois, and requesting its Representatives, to give it their support. Though not specifically contemplated at the outset of the movement, the Convention at Springfield, in January, 1855, pro- posed, as a part of the scheme, the establishment of a "Teachers' Seminary or Normal School Department," which took form in the act pas.sed at the session of 1857, for the establishment of the State Normal School at Normal. Although delayed, as already stated, the advocates of indus- trial education in Illinois, aided by those of other States, finally triumphed in 1863. The lands received by the State as the result of this act amounted to 480,000 acres, besides subsequent do- nations. (See University of Illinois; also Turner, Jonathan Baldwin.) On the foundation thus furnished was e.stablished, by act of the Legisla- ture in 1867, the "Illinois Industrial University" — now the University of Illinoi.s — at Champaign, to say nothing of more than forty similar insti- tutions in as many States and Territories, based upon the same general act of Congress. Free-School System. — While there may be said to have been a sort of free-school system in existence in Illinois previous to 1855, it was limited to a few fortunate districts possessing funds derived from the sale of school-lands situ- ated within their respective limits. The system of free schools, as it now exists, based upon general taxation for the creation of a permanent school fund, had its origin in the act of that year. As already shown, the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction had been created by act of the Legislature in February, 1854, and the act of 1855 was but a natural corol- lary of the previous measure, giving to the people a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided an oflScial for its administration. Since then there have been many amendments of the school law, but these have been generally in the direc- tion of securing greater efficiency, but with- out departure from the principle of securing to all the children of the State the equal privileges of a common-school education. The development of the system began practically about 1857, and, in the next quarter of a century, the laws on the subject had grown into a considerable volume, while the number- less decisions, emanating from the office of the State Superintendent in construction of these laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions. The following comparative table of school statistics, for 1860 and 1896, compiled from the Reports of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the system in some of its more important features: ISflO. 1896. Population l,7U,9Sl (eat.) 4,250,000 No. of Persons of School Age (be- tween 6 and 21 ) •.549.fi04 1.384.367 No. of Pupils enrolled •472.247 898,619 School Districts 8,956 11,615 PubllcSchools 9,182 13,623 Graded •• »2M 1387 " Public HUh Schools 272 '• School Houses built during iheyear 657 267 Whole No. of School Houses 8,221 12,632 No. of Male Teachers 8,228 7,057 Female Teachers 6,485 18,359 Whole No. of Teachers In Public Schools 14,708 26,416 Highest Monthly Wages paid Male Teachera »180.00 1300.00 Highest Monthly Wages paid Female Teachers 75.00 280.00 Lowest Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers 8.00 14.00 Lowest Monthly Wages paid Female Teacners 4.00 10.00 Average Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers 28.82 67.76 Average Monthly Wages paid Female Teachers 18.80 60 63 No. of Private Schools 500 2,619 No. of Pupils In Private Schools.... 29,204 139,969 Interest on State and County Funds received $73,450.38 165,583.63 Amount of Income from Township Funds 322,852.00 889,614.20 ♦Only white children were Included In these statistics lor 1»60. o 03 3 2: HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 151 I860. 1396. imount recelvedfrom StateTax.. ( 690,000.00 } I,oOO.OOO.UO " " ** Special Dia- trict Taxes 1,265,137.00 13,133,809.61 A.muutit received from Bonds dur- ing the year 617,960.93 Total .Amount received during the year by School Dislricts 2,193,455.00 15.607.172.50 Amount paid Male Teachers 2.T72.82y.32 ■• Female " 7.186.1(15.67 Wholeamount paid Teachers .... 1,&42,-.;11.CJ0 9,9o»,934.99 Amount paid for new School Houses 348,728,00 1,873,757.25 Amount paid for repairs and im- provements 1 ,1170,755.09 Amount paid for School Furniture. 24,837.00 154,836.64 Apparatus 8,563.UO 164,298.92 " " '* Booka for Dis- trict Libraries 30,12400 13,664.97 Tolal Expenditures 2.259,868.00 14,614,627.31 Estimated value of School Property 13,304,892.00 42,780.267.00 " •• " Libraries.. 377,819.00 •< " " Apparatus 607,389.00 The sums annually disbursed for incidental expenses on account of superintendence and the cost of maintaining the higher institutions estab- lished, and partially or wholly supported by the State, increase the total expenditures by some $600,000 per annum. These higher institutions include the Illinois State Normal University at Normal, the Southern Illinois Normal at Carbon- dale and the University of Illinois at Urbana ; to which were added by the Legislature, at its ses- sion of 1895, the Eastern Illinois Normal School, afterwards established at Charleston, and the Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These institutions, although under supervision of the State, are partly supported by tuition fees. (See description of these institutions under their several titles.) The normal schools — as their names indicate — are primarily designed for the training of teachers, although other classes of pupils are admitted under certain conditions, including the pa3'ment of tuition. At the Uni- versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas- sics, the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic arts. In addition to these the State supports four other institutions of an educational rather than a custodial character — viz. : the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti- tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville; the As3'lum for the Feeble-Minded at Lincoln, and the Sol- diers' Orphans' Home at Normal. The estimated value of the property connected with these several institutions, in addition to the value of school property given in the preceding table, will increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds) to 847,15.5,374.9.5, of which .54,375,107.95 repre- sents property belonging to the institutions above mentioned. Powers and Duties of Superintendents AND Other School Officers.— Each county elects a County Superintendent of Scliools, whose duty it is to visit schools, conduct teachers' insti- tutes, advise with teachers and school officers and instruct them in their respective duties, conduct examinations of persons desiring to become teachers, and exercise general supervision over school affairs within his county. The subordi- nate officers are Township Trustees, a Township Treasurer, and a Board of District Directors or — in place of the latter in cities and villages — Boards of Education. The two last named Boards have power to employ teachers and, generallj', to super- vise the management of schools in districts. The State Superintendent is entrusted with general supervision of the common-school system of the State, and it is his duty to advise and assist County Superintendents, to visit State Charitable institutions, to issue official circulars to teachers, school officers and others in regard to their rights and duties under the general school code; to decide controverted questions of school law, com- ing to him by appeal from County Superintend- ents and others, and to make full and detailed reports of the operations of his office to the Governor, biennially. He is also made ex-officio a member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois and of the several Normal Schools, and is empowered to grant certificates of two different grades to teachers — tlie higher grade to be valid during the lifetime of the holder, and the lower for two years. Certificates granted by County Superintendents are also of two grades and have a tenure of one and two j'ears, respec- tively, in the county where given. The conditions for securing a certificate of the first (or two- years') grade, require that the candidate shall lie of good moral character and qualified to teach orthography, reading in English, penmanship, arithmetic, modern geography, English grammar, the elements of the natural sciences, the history of the United States, physiology and the laws of health. Tlie second grade (or one-year) certifi- cate calls for examination in the branches just enumerated, except the natural sciences, physi- ology and laws of health; but teachers employed exclusively in giving instruction in music, draw- ing, penmanship or other special branches, may take examinations in these branches alone, but are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they have been examined. — County Boards are empowered to establish County Normal Schools for the education of teachers for the common schools, and the management of such normal schfiols is placed in the hands of a County Board of Education, to consist of not less tlian five nor more than eight persons, of whom the Chairman of the County Board and the County Superin- tendent of Schools shall be ex-officio members. 152 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Boards of Education and Directors may establisli kindergartens (when authorized to do so by vote of a majority of the voters of their districts), for children between tlie ages of four and six years, but the cost of supporting the same must be defrayed by a special tax. — A compulsory pro- vision of the School Law requires that each child, between the ages of seven and fourteen years, shall be sent to school at least sixteen weeks of eacli year, unless otherwise instructed in the elementary branches, or disqualified by physical or mental disabilitj'. — Under the provisions of an act, passed in 1891, women are made eligible to any office created by the general or special school laws of the State, when twenty-one years of age or upwards, and otherwise possessing the same qualifications for the oflfice as are prescribed for men. (For list of incumbents in the office of State Superintendent, see Superintendents of Public Instruction. ) EDWARDS, Arthur, D.D., clergyman, soldier and editor, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Nov. 23, 1834; educated at Albion, Mich., and the Wes- leyan University of Ohio, graduating from the latter in 1858 ; entered the Detroit Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church the same year, was ordained in 1860 and, from 1861 until after the battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In 1864, he was elected assistant editor of "The Northwestern Christian Advocate"' at Chicago, and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1873, became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every four years until his death, Mar. 20, 1901. He had also been a member of each General Conference since 1872, was a member of the Ecumenical Con- ference at London in ISSl, and held other posi- tions of prominence within the church. EDWARDS, Cyrus, pioneer lawyer, was born in Montgomery County, Md., Jan. 17, 1793; at the age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken- tucky, where he received his primary education, and studied law ; was admitted to the bar at Kas- kaskia, 111., in 1815, Ninian Edwards (of whom he was the youngest brother) being then Territorial Governor. During the next fourteen years he resided alternately in Missouri and Kentucky, and, in 1829, took up his residence at Edwards- ville. Owing to impaired health he decided to abandon his profession and engage in general business, later becoming a resident of Upper Alton. In 1832 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840 and '60, the last time as a Republican ; was State Senator from 1835 to "39, and was also the Whig candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to Thomas Carlin (Democrat), who was elected. He served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe- cially interested in education and in public chari- ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of Shurtleff College, to which he was a most munificent benefactor, and which conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1852. Died at Upper Alton, September, 1877. EDWARDS, Ninian, Territorial Governor and United States Senator, was born in Montgomery County, Md., March 17, 1775; for a time had the celebrated William Wirt as a tutor, completing his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19 he emigrated to Kentucky, w^here, after squander- ing considerable money, he studied law and, step by step, rose to be Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals. In 1809 President Madison appointed him the first Territorial Governor of Illinois. This office he held until the admission of Illinois as a State in 1818, when he was elected United Sates Senator and re-elected on the completion of his first (the short) term. In 1826 he was elected Governor of the State, his successful administra- tion terminating in 1830. In 1832 he became a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and incorruptible, although charged with aristocratic tendencies which were largely hereditary. Died, at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1833, of cholera, the disease having been contracted through self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers from the epidemic. His demise cast a gloom over the entire State. Two valuable volumes bearing upon State history, comprising his cor- respondence with manj- public men of his time, have been published ; the first under the title of "History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards," by his son, the late Ninian Wirt Edwards, and the other "The Edwards Papers," edited by the late Elihu B. Washburne, and printed under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Societj'. — Ifinian Wirt (Edwards), son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky., April 15, 1809, the year his father became Territorial Governor of Illinois; spent his boyhood at Kas- kaskia, Edwardsville and Belleville, and was educated at Transylvania University, graduating in 1833. He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was appointed Attor- ney-General in 1834, but resigned in 1835, when he removed to Springfield. In 1836 he was elected to the Legislature from Sangamon HISTORICxVL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 153 County, as the colleague of Abraliam Lincoln, being one of the celebrated "Long Nine," and was influential in securing the removal of the State capital to Springfield. He was re-elected to the House in 1838, to the State Senate in 1844, and again to the House in 1848 ; was also a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Again, in 18.50, he was elected to the Hou.se, but resigned on account of his change of politics from Whig to Democratic, and, in the election to fill the vacancy, was defeated by James C. Conk- Ung. He served as Superintendent of Public Instruction by appointment of Governor Matte- son, 18.54-57, and, in 1861, was appointed by President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub- sistence, which position he filled until June, 18G.5, since which time he remained in private life. He is the author of the "Life and Times of Ninian Edwards" (1870), which was prepared at the request of the State Historical Society. Died, at Springfield, Sept. 2, 1.889.— Benjamin Stevenson (Edwards), lawyer and jurist, another son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was born at Edwardsville, 111., June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in 1838, and was admitted to the bar the following year. Originally a Whig, he subsequently became a Democrat, was a Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1862, and, in 1868, was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposi- tion to Shelby 51. Cullom. In 1869 he was elected Circuit Judge of the Springfield Circuit, but within eighteen months resigned the position, preferring tlie excitement and emoluments of private practice to the dignity and scanty salary attaching to the bench. As a lawyer and as a citizen he was universally respected. Died, at his home in Springfield, Feb. 4, 1886, at the time of his decease being President of the Illinois State Bar Association. EDWARDS, Richard, educator, ex-Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, was born in Cardi- ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23, 1822; emigrated with his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and tegan life on a farm; later graduated at the State Normal School, Bridgewater, Mass., and from the Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y. , receiv- ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil Engineer ; served for a time as a civil engineer on the Boston water works, then beginning a career as a teacher which continued almost unin- terruptedly for thirty-five years. During this period he was connected with the Normal School at Bridgewater; a Boys' High School at Salem, and the State Normal at the same place, connng west in 1857 to establish the Normal School at St. Louis, Mo., still later becoming Principal of the St. Louis High School, and, in 1862, accepting the Presidency of the .State Normal University, at Normal, 111. It was here where Dr. Edwards, remaining fourteen years, accomplished his greatest work and left his deepest impress upon the educational system of the State by personal contact with its teachers. The next nine years were spent as pastor of the First Congregational church at Princeton, when, after eighteen months in the service of Knox College as Finan- cial Agent, he was again called, in 1886, to a closer connection with the educational field by his election to the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction, serving until 1891, when, having failed of a re-election, he soon after assumed the Presidency of Blackburn University at Carlinville. Failing health, however, com- pelled his retirement a year later, wlien he removed to Blooniington, which was his place of residence until his death, March S, 1908. EDWARDS COUNTY, situated in the .south- eastern part of the State, between Ricliland and White on the north and south, and Wabash and Wayne on the east and west, and touching the Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was separated from Gallatin County in 1814, during the Territorial period. Its territory was dimin- ished in 1824 by the carving out of Wabash County. The surface is diversified by prairie and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to the raising of both wheat and corn. The princi- pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonpas Creek, on the east, and the Little Wabash River on the west. Palmyra (a place no longer on the map) was the seat for holding the first count}- court, in 1815, John Mcintosh, Seth Gard and AVilliam Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by Morris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants from England), in 1819, and settled largely by their countrymen, but not incorporated until 1860. The area of the county is 220 scjuare miles, and population, in 1910, 10,049. Gray ville, with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is partly in this county, though mo.stly in Wliite. Edwards County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards the Territorial ( Jovernor of Illinois. EDWARDSVILLE, tlie county-seat of Madison County, .settled in 1812 and named in honor of Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards ; is on four lines of railway and contiguous to two others, 18 miles northeast of St. Louis. Edwardsville was tlie home of some of the most prominent men in the history of the State, including Governors Ed- 154 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. wards, Coles, and others. It has pressed and shale brickyards, coal mines, flour mills, machine shops, banks, electric street railway, water-works, schools, and churches. In a suburb of the city (LeClaire) is a cooperative manufactory of sani- tary supplies, using large shops and doing a large business. Edwardsville has three newspapers, one daily, one semi-weekly and one weekly. Pop. (1890), 3,561; (1900), 4,157; (1910), 5,014. EFFINGiHAM, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Effingham County, 99 miles northeast of St. Louis and 198 southwest of Chicago; has four papers, creamery, milk condensory, and ice factory. Pop. (1890), 3,260; (1900), 3,774; (1910), 3,898. EFFIXGHAM COUJiTY, cut off from Fayette (and separately organized) in 1831 — named for Gen. Edward Effingham. It is situated in the central portion of the State, 90 miles northeast of St. Louis; has an area of 486 square miles and a population (1910) of 20,055. T. M. Short, I. Fanchon and William I. Hawkins were the first County Commissioners. Eflingham, the county-seat, was platted by Messrs. Alexander and Little in 1854. Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brown were among the earliest settlers. Several lines of rail- way cross the county. Agriculture and sheep- raising are leading industries, wool being one of the principal products. EGAN, William Bradshaw, M.D., pioneer phy- sican, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1808; spent some time during his youth in the study of sur- gery in England, later attending lectures at Dub- lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal and, in 1830, was licensed by the Medical Board of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in that State, later practicing in New York. In 1838 he removed to Chicago and was early recog- nized as a prominent physician ; on July 4, 1836, delivered the address at the breaking of ground for the Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr. Egan was owner of the block on which the Tremont House stands, and erected a number of houses there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate to the first Convention of that party, held at Joliet in 1843; was elected County Recorder in 1844 and Representative in the Eighteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1853-54). Died. Oct. 27, 1860. ELBURN, a village of Kane County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news- paper. Population (1900), 606; (1910), 615. ELDORADO, a city in Sahne County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton & Terra Haute Railroads; has a bank and two weekly newspapers; district agricultural. Popula- tion, (1900), 1,445; (1910), 3,366. ELDRIDGE, Hamilton N., lawyer and soldier, was born at South Williamstown, Mass., August, 1837 ; graduated at Williams College in the class with President Garfield, in 1856, and at Albanj' Law School, in 1857; soon afterward came to Chicago and began practice ; in 1863 assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis- tinguished himself at Arkansas Post, Chicka- mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg, winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General, but, after two years' service, was compelled to retire on account of disability, being carried east on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi- ciently to resume his profession, but died in Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, much regretted by a large circle of friends, with whom he was exceedingly popular. ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers in Illinois are of two general classes: (I) those conducted in accordance with United States laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively under State laws. I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of United States Senators; (2) Presidential Elect- ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1. (United States Senators). The election of United States Senators, while an act of the State Legislature, is conducted solely under forms pre- scribed by the laws of the United States. These make it the duty of tlie Legislature, on the second Tuesday after convening at the session next pre- ceding the expiration of the term for which any Senator may have been chosen, to proceed to elect his successor in the following manner: Each House is required, on the day designated, in open session and by the viva voce vote of each member present, to name some person for United States Senator, the result of the balloting to be entered on the journals of the respective Houses. At twelve o'clock (M.) on the day following the day of election, the members of the two Houses meet in joint assembly, when the journals of both Houses are read. If it appears that the same person lias received a majority of all the votes in each House, he is declared elected Senator. If, however, no one has received such majority, or if either House has failed to take proceedings as required on the preceding daj', then the members i HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 155 of tlie two Houses, in joint assembly, proceed to ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members present. The person receiving a majority of all the votes cast— a majority of the members of both Houses being present and voting — is declared elected ; otherwise the joint assembly is renewed at noon each legislative day of the session, and at least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen. When a vacancy exists in the Senate at the time of the assembling of the Legislature, the same rule prevails as to the time of holding an election to fill it: and. if a vacancy occurs during the session, the Legislature is reciuired to proceed to an election on the second Tuesday after having received official notice of such vacancj'. The tenure of a United States Senator for a full term is six years— the regular term beginning with a new Congress — the two Senators from each State belonging to different "classes," so that their terms expire alternately at periods of two and four years from each other. — 2. (Presidential Electors). The choice of Electors of President and Vice-President is made by popular vote taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the first Jlonday in November. The date of such election is fixed by act of Congress, being the same as that for Congressman, although the State Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting it and making returns of the same. The number of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it was twenty-four), and they are elected on a gen- eral ticket, a plurality of votes being sufficient to elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the second Monday of January after their election (Act of Congress, 1887), to cast the vote of the State — 3. (Members of Congress). The elec- tion of Representatives in Congress is also held under United States law, occurring biennially (on the even years) simultaneously with the gen- eral State election in November. Should Congress select a different date for such election, it would be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by a corresponding change in the State law relating to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a Congi'essman is two years, the election being by Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the case of Presidential Electors — the term of each Representative for a full term beginning with a new Congress, on the '1th of March of the odd years following a general election. (See Con- gressional Apportionment. ) II. All officers under the State Government — except Boards of Trustees of cliaritable and penal institutions or the heads of certain departments, which are made appointive by the Governor — are elected by popular vote. Apart from county officers they consist of three classjes; (1) Legisla- tive; (3) Executive; (3) Judicial — which are chosen at different times and for different periods. 1. (Legislature). Legislative officers consist of Senators and Representatives, chosen at elections held on the Tuesdaj- after the first Monday of November, bienniall}'. The regular term of a Senator (of whom there are fifty -one under the present Constitution) is four years; twenty-five (those in Districts bearing even numbers) being chosen on the years in which a President and Governor are elected, and the other twenty-six at the intermediate period two years later. Thus, one-half of each State Senate is composed of what are called "hold-over" Senators. Representatives are elected bienniallj' at the November election, and hold office two years. Ttie qualifications as to eligibilitj' for a seat in the State Senate require that the incumbent shall be 25 years of age, while 31 years renders one eligible to a seat in the House — the Constitution requiring that each shall have been a resident of the State for five years, and of the District for which he is chosen, two years next preceding his election. (See Legislative Apportionment and Minority Repre- sentation.) — 3. (Executive Officers). The officers constituting the Executive Department include the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Attorney General. Each of these, except the State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend- ent of Public Instruction — are elected at the general election at which Presidential Electors are chosen. The election of State Superintendent occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that of State Treasurer every two years coincidently with the election of Governor, and Superintendent of Public Instruction, respectively. (See Execu- tive Officers.) In addition to the State officers already named, three Trustees of the University of Illinois are elected biennially at the general election in November, each holding office for six years. These trustees (nine in number), with the Governor, President of the State Board of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. — 3. (Judiciary). The Judicial Department embraces Judges of the Supreme, Circuit and County Courts, and such other subordinate officials as may be connected with the administration of justice. For the 156 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. election of members of the Supreme Court the State is divided into seven Districts, each of which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine years. The elections in five of these — the First, Second, Third, Sixth and Seventh — occur on the first Monday in June every ninth year from 1879, the last election having occurred in June, 1897. The elections in the other two Districts occur at similar periods of nine years from 1876 and 1873, respectively — the last election in the Fourth District having occurred in June, 1893, and that in the Fifth in 1891.— Circuit Judges are chosen on the first Monday in June every six years, counting from 1873. Judges of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected every six years at the November election. — Clerks of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected at the November election for six years, the last election having occurred in 1890. Under the act of April 2, 1897, consolidating the Supreme Court into one Grand Division, the number of Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one, although the Clerks elected in 1896 remain in office and have charge of tlie records of their several Divisions until the expiration of their terms in 1903. The Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring- field, beginning, respectively, on the first Tuesday of October, December, February, April and June. (Other Officers), (a) Members of the State Board of Equalization (one for everj' Congres- sional District) are elective every four years at the same time as Congressmen, (b) County officers (except County Commissioners not under township organization) hold office for four years and are chosen at the November election as follows: (1) At the general election at which the Governor is chosen — Clerk of the Circuit Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in counties having a population of 60,000 or over), Coroner and County Survej'or. (2) On inter- mediate years — Sheriff, County Judge, Probate Judge (in counties having a jjopulation of 70,000 and over). County Clerk, Treasurer, .Superintend- ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of Cook County, (c) In counties not imder town- ship organization a Board of County Commission- ers is elected, one being chosen in November of each year, and each holding office three years, (d) Under the general law the polls open at 8 a. m., and close at 7 p. ni. In cities accepting an Act of the Legislature pa.s.sed in 1885, the hour of opening the polls is 6 a. m., and of closing 4 p. m. (See also Australian Ballot.) ELECTORS, QUALIFICATIONS OF. (See Suffrage.) ELGIN, an important city of Northern Illinois, in Kane County, on Fox River and the Clucago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroads, besides two rural electric lines, 36 miles northwest of Cliicago; has valuable water- power and over fifty manufacturing establish- ments, including the National Watcli Factor}' and the Cook Publishing Company, both among the most extensive of their kind in the world; is also a great dairy center with extensive creameries and milk-condensing works. The quotations of its Butter and Cheese Excliange are telegraphed to all the great commercial centers and regulate the prices of these commodities tliroughout the country. Elgin is the seat of the Nortliern (Illi- nois) Hospital for the Insane, and has a handsome Government (postoffice) building, fine public library and many handsome residences. It has three daily and several weekly newspa]iers. Pop. (1890), 17,823; (1900), 22,4.33; (1910), 2.5,976. ELGIN, JOLIET & EASTERN RAILWAY. The main line of this road extends west from Dyer on the Indiana State line to Joliet, thence northeast to Waukegan. The total length of the line (1898) is 192.72 miles, of which 1.59.93 miles are in Illi- nois. The entire capital of the company, includ- ing stock and indebtedness, amounted (1898), to §13,799,630— more than §71,000 per mile. Its total earnings in Illinois for the same year were §1,213,- 036, and its entire expenditure in the State, §1,1.56,146. The company paid in taxes, the -same year, §48,876. Branch lines extend southerly from Walker Junction to Coster, where connec- tion is made with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and northwesterly from Normantown, on the main line, to Aurora. — (History). The Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail- way was chartered in 1887 and absorbed the Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway, from Joliet to Aurora (21 miles), which had been commenced in 1886 and was completed in 1888, with extensions from Joliet to Spaulding, 111., and from Joliet to McCool, Ind. In January, 1891, the Company purcha.sed all the properties and franchises of the Gardner, Coal City & Normantown and the Waukegan & Southwestern Railway Companies (formerly operated under lease). The former of these two roads was chartered in 1889 and opened in 1890. The system forms a belt line aroimd Chicago, intersecting all railroads entering that city from every direction. Its traffic is chiefly in the transportation of freight. ELIZABETHTOWN, the county -seat of Hardin County. It stands on the north bank of the Ohio River, 44 miles above Paducah, Ky., and about HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 157 1S5 miles southeast of Belleville ; has a brick and tile factory, mining interests, two churches, two flouring mills, a bank, and one newspaper. Popu- lation (1S90), 652; (1000). CifiS; (1910), 633. ELKHART, a town of Logan County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, IS miles northeast of Springfield; isa rich farming section; has a coal shaft. Pop. (1890), 414; (1900), 5.53; (1910), 418. ELKIX, William F., pioneer and early legisla- tor, was born in Clark County, Ky., April 13, 1792; after spending several years in Ohio and Indiana, came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1825; was elected to the Sixth, Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, being one of the "Long Nine" from Sangamon County and, in 1861, was appointed by his former colleague (Abraham Lincoln) Register of the Land Office at Spring- field, resigning in 18T3. Died, in 1S78. ELLIS, Edward F. TV., soldier, was born at Wilton, Maine, April 15, 1819; studied law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent three j-ears (1849-52) in California, serving in the Legislature of that State in 1851, and proving himself an earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Ohio the next year, and, in 1854, removed toRockford, 111., where he embarked in the banking business. Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, he organ- ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached to the Fifteenth Illinois, he was elected Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command iit the battle of Shiloh, April 0, 1862. and was killed while bravely leading on his men. ELLIS, (Rev.) John Millot, early home mis- sionarj', was born in Keeue, N. H., July 14, 1793; came to Illinois as a home missionary , of the Presbj'teriau Church at an early day, and served for a time as pastor of churches at Kaskaskia and Jacksonville, and was one of the influential factors in securing the location of Illinois Col- lege at the latter place. His wife also conducted, for some years, a private school for young ladies at Jacksonville, which developed into the Jack- sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still maintained after a history of over sixty years. Mr. Ellis was later associated with the establish- ment of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, Ind., finally returning to New Hampshire, where, in 1840, he was pastor of a church at East Hanover. In 1844 he again entered the service of the Soci- ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological Education in the West. Died, August 6, 1855. ELLSWORTH, Ephraim Elmer, soldier, first victim of the Civil War, was born at Mechanics ville, Saratoga County, N. Y., April 23, 1H37. He came to Chicago at an early age, studied law, and became a patent solicitor. In 1860 he raised a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became famous for the perfection of its discipline and drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel. In 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to Washington, going from there to New York, where he recruited and organized a Zouave regiment composed of firemen. He became its Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan- dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells- worth observed that a Confederate flag was flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson. Rushing to the roof, he tore it down, but before he reached the street was shot and killed by Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H. Brownell, one of Ellsworth's men. He was the first LTnion soldier killed in the war. Died, May 24, 1861. ELMHFRST (formerly Cottage HiU), a village of Du Page County, on the Chicago Great Western and 111. Cent. Railroads, 15 miles west of Chicago; seat of the Evangelical Seminary; has electric inter- urhan line, one weekly paper, stone quarry, electric light, water and sewerage systems, high school and churches. Pop. (1900), 1,728; (1910) 2,360. ELMWOOD, a town of Peoria County, on the Galesburg and Peoria and Buda and Rushville branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west-northwest of Peoria; the princii)al industries are coal-mining and corn and tomato canning ; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,548; (1900), 1,582; (1910), 1,.390. EL PASO, a city in Woodford County, 17 miles north of Bloomington, 33 miles east of Peoria, at the crossing Illinois Central and Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; in agricultural district; has two national banks, three grain elevators, two high schools, two newspapers, nine churches. Pop. (1.S90), 1,3.53; (1900), 1,441; (1910), 1,470. EMBARRAS RIVER, rises in Champaign County and runs southward through the counties of Douglas, Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in Jasper County, where it turns to the southeast, passing through Lawrence County, and entering the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin- cennes. It is nearly 150 miles long. EMMERSON, Charles, jurist, was born at North Haverhill. Grafton Covmty, N. H., April 15, 1811; came to Illinois in 183:!, first settling at Jackson- ville, where he .spent one term in Illinois College, then studied law at Springfield, and, having been admitted to the bar, began practice at Decatur, where he spent the remainder of his life except three years (1847-50) during which he resided at Paris, Edgar County. In 1850 he was elected to 158 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Legislature, and, in 1853, to the Circuit bench, serving on tlie latter by re-election till 1867. The latter year he was a candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court, but was defeated by the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker. In 1869 he was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, but died in April, 1870, while the Convention was still in session. ENFIELD, a town of White County, at the intersection of the Louisville & Nashville with the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 10 miles west of Carmi ; is the seat of Southern Illi- nois College. The town also has a bank, poultry packing concern and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 870; (1900), 971; (1910), 927. ' ENGLISH, Joseph G., banker, was born at Rising Sun, Ind., Dec. 17, 1820; lived for a time at Perrysville and La Fayette in that State, finally engaging in merchandising in the former; in 1853 removed to Danville, 111., where he formed a partnership with John L. Tincher in mercantile business ; later conducted a private banking busi- ness and, in 1863, established the First National Bank, of which lie has been President over twenty years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan- ville, in 1872 was elected a member of the State Board of Equalization, and, for more than twenty years, has been one of the Directors of the Chicago & Eastern Railroad. Mr. English spent most of the time in the latter years of his life in the West, practically retired from business. ENOS, Pascal Paoli, pioneer, was born at Windsor, Conn., in 1770; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1794, studied law, and, after spending some years in Vermont, where he served as High Sheriflf of Windsor County, in September, 1815, removed West, stopping first at Cincinnati. A year later he descended the Ohio by flat-boat to Shawneetown, 111., crossed the State by land, finally locating at St. Charles, Mo. , and later at St. Louis. Then, having purchased a tract of land in Madison County, 111., he remained there about two years, when, in 1823, having received from President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of the newly established Land Office at Springfield, he removed thither, making it his permanent home. He was one of the original purchasers of the land on which the city of Springfield now stands, and joined with Maj. Elijah lies, John Taylor and Thomas Cox, the other patentees, in laying out the town, to which they first gave the name of Calhoun. Mr. Enos remained in office through the administration of President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by President Jackson for political reasons, in 1839. Died, at Springfield, April, 1832.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr., eldest son of Mr. Enos, was born in St. Charles, Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Sangamon County in 1852, and served by appointment of Justice McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the United States Circuit Court, being reappointed by Judge David Davis, dying in office, Feb. 17, 1867. — Ziniri Allen (Enos), another son, born Sept. 29, 1821, spent entire life in Springfield; served as County Surveyor and Alderman. Died Dec. 8, 1907. — Julia R., a daughter, bom in Spring- field, Dec. 20, 1832; married O. M. Hatch, former Secretary of State. Died Sept. 23, 1907. EPLER, Cyrus, lawyer and jurist, was born at Charleston, Clark County, Ind., Nov. 12, 1825; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson- ville, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1852, being elected State's Attorney the same year; also served as a member of the General Assembly two terms (1857-61) and as Master in Chancery for Morgan County, 1867-73. In 1873 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected successively in 1879, '85 and '91, serving four terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire professional and official career his home was in Jacksonville Died July 9, 1909. EQUALITY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawneetown Division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 11 miles west-northwest of Shawneetown. It was for a time, in early days, the county-seat of Gallatin County and market for the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some coal is mined in the neighborhood. One weekly paper is published here. Population (1880), 500; (1890), 622; (1900), 898; (1910), 1,180. ERIE, a \'illage of \A'hiteside County, on the Rock Island and Sterling Di\ision of the Chicago, Burl- ington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles northeast of Rock Island; has a bank, some manufactures and one paper. Pop. (1900), 708; (1910), 804. EUREKA, the county -seat of Woodford County, incorporated in 1856, situated 19 miles east of Peoria; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and agricultural district. The principal mechanical industrj' is a large canning factory. Besides having good grammar and high schools, it is also the seat of Eureka College, under the control of the Christian denomination, in connection with which are a Normal School and a Biblical Insti- tute. The town has a handsome courthouse and a jail, two weekly and one monthly' paper. Eureka became the county -seat of Woodford County in 1896, the change from Metamora being HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 159 due to the central location and more convenient accessibility of the former from all parts of the county. Population (1880), 1,185; (1890), 1,481; (1900), 1.661; (1910), 1..52.5. EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka. Wood- ford Coimty, and chartered in 1S.5.J, distinctiveh- under the care and supervision of the "Christian" or "Campbellite" denomination. The primary aim of its founders was to prepare young men for the ministry, while at the same time affording facilities for liberal culture. It was chartered in 1855, and its growth, while gradual, has been steady. Besides a preparatory department and a business school, the college maintains a collegiate department (with classical and scientific courses) and a theological school, the latter being designed to fit young men for the ministry of the denomi- nation. Both male and female matriculates are received. In 1896 there \vas a faculty of eighteen professors and assistants, and an attendance of some 325 students, nearly one-third of whom were females. The total value of the institution's property is §144,000, which includes an endow- ment of §45,000 and real estate valued at §85,000. EUSTACE, John V,, lawyer and judge, was born in Philadelphia. Sept. 9. 1821 ; graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and, in 1842, at the age of 21, was admitted to the bar, removing the same year to Dixon, 111., where he resided until his death. In 1856 he was elected to the General Assembly and, in 1857, became Circuit Judge, serving one term ; was chosen Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in March, 1878, was again elevated to the Cu-cuit Bench, vice Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the same position in 1879, and re-elected in 1885, but died in 1888, tlu-ee years before the expiration of his term. EVANGELICAL SEMIXART, an institution under the direction of the Lutheran denomina- tion, incorporated in 1865 and located at Elm- hurst, Du Page County. Instruction is given in the classics, tlieology, oratory and preparatory studies, by a faculty of eight teachers. The number of pupils during the school year ( 1895-96) was 133 — all young men. It has property valued at §59,305. EVAXS, Henry H., legislator, was born in Toronto, Can., March 9, 1836; brought by his father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to Aurora, 111., where the latter finally became fore- man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ma- chine shops at that place. In 1862 young Evans enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the war. Since the war he lias become most widely known as a member of the General Assembly, hav- ing been elected first to the House, in 1876, and subsequently to the Senate every four years from 1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty years of almost continuous service. He is a large owner of real estate and has been prominently connected with financial and other business enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas and Street Railway Companies ; also served with the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors Cullom, Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby. EVANS, (Rev.) Jervice G., educator and re- former, was born in JIarshall County, 111., Dec. 19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 18.54, and, in 1872, accepted the presidency of Hedding College at Abingdon, which he filled for si.x years. He then became President of Cliaddock College at Quincy, but the following year returned to pastoral work. In 1889 he again became President of Hedding Col- lege, where (1898) he still remains. Dr. Evans is a member of the Central Illinois (M. E.) Confer- ence and a leader in the prohibition movement ; has also produced a number of volumes on reli- gious and moral questions. EVANS, John, M.D., physician and Governor, was born at Waynesville, Ohio, of Quaker ances- try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111., but soon returned to Ohio, finall)' locating at Attica, Ind. Here he became prominent in the establishment of the first insane hospital in In- diana, at Indianapolis, about 1841-42, becoming a resident of that city in 1845. Three years later, having accepted a chair in Rush Medical College, in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for a time as editor of "The Northwestern Jledical and Surgical Journal." He served as a member of the Chicago City Council, became a successful operator in real estate and in the promotion of various railroad enterprises, and was one of the founders of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, serving as President of the Board of Trustees over forty years. Dr. Ev.-ins was one of the founders of the Republican partj- in Illinois, and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln, from whom, in 1862, he received the appointment of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con- tinuing in office imtil displaced by Andrew John- son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading factor in the construction of some of the most important railroad lines in that section, including the Denver, Texas & Gulf Road, of which he was for many years the President. He was also 160 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. prominent in connection with educational and church enterprises at Denver, which was his home after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897. EVANSTON, a city of Cook County, situated 13 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The original town was incorporated Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1809, a special act was passed by the Legislature incorporating it as a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town adopted village organizations under the General Village and City Incorporation Act of the same year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri- tory to the village of Evanston have taken place as follows: In January, 1873, two small districts by petition; in April, 1874, the village of North Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the electors of both corporations; in April. 1886, there was another annexation of a small out-lying district by petition; in February, 1893, the ques- tion of the annexation of South Evanston was submitted to the voters of both corporations and adopted. On March 29, 1893, tlie question of organization under a city government was sub- mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corpo- ration and decided in the affirmative, the first city election taking place April 19, following. The population of the original corporation of Evanston, according to the census of 1890, was 12,072, and of South Evanston, 3,205, making the total population of the new city 15,967. Judged by the census returns of 1900, the consolidated city has had a healthy growth in the past ten years, giving it, at the end of the century, a population of 19,259. Evanston is one of the most attractive residence cities in Nortliem Illinois and famed for its educational advantages. Besides having an admirable system of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the academic and theological departments of the Northwestern University, the latter being known as the Garrett Biblical Institute. Tlie city has well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and electricity, and maintains its own system of water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced within the corporate limits under stringent municipal ordinances, and the charter of the Northwestern University forbidding the sale of intoxicants within four miles of that institution. As a consequence, it is certain to attract the most desirable class of people, whether consisting of those seeking permanent homes or simply contemplating temporary residence for the sake of educational advantages. Pop. (1910), 24,978. EWI>'G, William Lee Davidson, early lawyer and politician, was born in Kentucky in 1795, and came to Illinois at an early day, first settling at Shawneetown. As early as 1820 he appears from a letter of Governor Edwards to President Mon- roe, to have been holding some Federal appoint- ment, presumably that of Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Vandalia, as con- temporary history shows that, in 1832, he lost a deposit of $1,000 by the robbery of the bank there. He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia at an early day. Colonel of the "Spy Battalion"' during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs and Foxes west of the Mississippi. Other posi- tions held b}' him included Clerk of the House of Representatives two .sessions (1830-37 and 1828-29) ; Representative from the counties composing the Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem- bly (1830-31), when he also became Speaker of the House; Senator from the same District in the Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies, of whicli he was chosen President pro tempore. While serving in this capacity he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig- nation of Lieut. -Gov. Zadoc Casey to accept a seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem- ber, 1834, assumed the Governorship as successor to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov. Joseph Duncan, who had been elected in due course at the previous election. A year later (December, 1835) he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had died in office. Failing of a re-election to the Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to the House of Representatives from his old district in 1838, as he was again in 1840, at each session being chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis- lature at the close of his term, we find him at the beginning of the next session (December, 1842) in his old place as Clerk of the House, but, before the close of the session (in March, 1843), appointed Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James Shields, who had resigned. While occupying the office of Auditor, Mr, Ewing died, March 25, 1846. His public career was as unique as it was remark- able, in the number and character of the official positions held by him within a period of twenty- five years. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. (See State officers under heads of "Governor," "Lieutenant-Gov- ernor,'' etc.) HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 161 EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth of a private charity founded at Chicago, in 1858, by Dr. Edward L. Hohnes, a distinguislied Chi- cago oculist. In 1871 the property of the institu- tion was transferred to and accepted by the State, the title was changed by tlie substitution of the word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infirmary became a State institution. The fire of 1871 destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State erected another of brick, four stories in height, at the corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets, Chicago. The institution receives patients from all the counties of the State, the same receiving board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces- sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In 1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened under legislative authority, which is under charge of some eminent Chicago specialists. FAIRBURY, an incorporated city of Livings- ton County, situated ten miles southeast of Pon- tiac, in a fertile and thickly -settled region. Coal, sandstone, limestone, fire-clay and a micaceous quartz are found in the neighborhood. The town has banks, grain elevators, flouring and sor- ghum mills, machine shojjs and two weekly news- papers. Pop. (1900), 2,187; (1910), 2,505. FAIRFIELD, an incorporated city, the countj'- seat of Wayne County and a railway junction, 108 miles southeast of St. Louis. The town has an e.\tensive woolen factory and large flouring and saw mills. It also has four weekly papers and is an important fruit and grain-shipping point. Population (1880), 1,391; (1890), 1,881; (1900), 2,338; (1910), 2,479. FAIRMOUNT, a village of Vermilion County, on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west -southwest from Danville; industrial interests chiefly agri- cultural; has brick and tile factory, a coal mine, stone quarry, three rural mail routes and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 928; (1910), 847. FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samnel, Bishop of Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13, 1835 ; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 1848, and graduated from the State University there in 1859, during a part of his university course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal church at Madison; was next Vice-President of Gainesville University till 1861, when he was ordained to the Methodist ministry and became pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following year he was appointed Chaplain of tlie Thirty- second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Briga- dier-General. On his return to civil life he became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed State Superintendent of Public Instruction for Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 111., remaining two years; in 1875 united with the Reformed Episcopal Church, soon after became Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the church. He served as Regent of the University of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several years has been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup- plementary Dictionary," published in 1884. Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed Episcopal Church work in the West and North- west for several years ; has also served as Chaplain of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion, and was Chairman of the General Committee of the Educational Congress during the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. FARINA, a town of Fayette County, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 29 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the section; the town has one newspaper. Popula- tion (1890), 618; (1900), 693; (1910). 774. FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25 miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction of the Springfield division of the Illinois Central and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a trading center for a rich agricultural and stock- raising district, especially noted for rearing finely bred horses. The city has banks, one newspaper, churches of four denominations and good schools, including a high school. Population (1890), 1,367; (1900), 1,664; (1910), 1,603. FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de- signed to encourage practical education among farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul- tural resources of the State. Its membership consists of tliree delegates from each county in the State, elected annually by the Farmers' Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed by a Board of Directors constituted as follows: The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the 162 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Professor of Agriculture in the University of Illi- nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of Agriculture, Dairymen's Association and Horti- cultural Society, ex-officio, with one member from each Congressional District, chosen bj' the dele- gates from the district at the annual meeting of the organization. Annual meetings (between Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held, which shall continue in session for not less than three daj-s. The topics for discussion are the cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture, farm drainage, improvement of highways and general farm management. The reports of the annual meetings are printed by the State and 20,000 copies are placed at the disposal of the Institute for free distribution. Suitable tjuarters for the officers of the organization are provided in the State capitol. FARMIJJGTON, a city and railroad center in Fulton County, 12 miles north of Canton and 33 miles west of Peoria. Coal is extensively mined here ; there are also brick and tile factories, a foundry, one steam flour-mill, and two cigar manufactories. It is a large shipping-point for grain and live-stock. The town has two banks and two newspapers, five churches and a graded school. Pop. (1890), 1,375; (1910), 2,421. FARjVSWORTH, Elon John, soldier, was born at Green Oak, Livingston County, Mich., in 1837. After completing a course in the public schools, he entered the University of Blichigan, but left college at the end of his freshman year (1858) to serve in the Quartermaster's department of the army in the Utah expedition. At the expiration of his terra of service he became a buffalo hunter and a carrier of mails between the haunts of civilization and the then newly-discovered mines at Pike's Peak. Returning to Illinois, he was commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of the Eighth IlUnois Cavalry, of which his uncle was Colonel. (See Farnsworth, John Franklin.) He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him- self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May, 1863, he was appointed aid-de-camp to General Pleasantou, and, on June 29, 1863, was made a Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed, while gallantly leading a charge at Gettysburg. FARNSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier and former Congressman, was born at Eaton, Canada East, March 27, 1820; removed to Michigan in 1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane County, where he practiced law for many years, making his home at St. Charles. He was elected to Congress in 1856, and re-elected in 1858. In September of 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in November. 1863, but resigned, March 4, 1863, to take his seat in Congress to which he had been elected the November previous, by successive re-elections serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter years of his life were spent in Washington, where he died, July 14, 1897. FARWELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and United States Senator, was born at Painted Post, N. Y., July 1, 1823; removed to IlUnois in 1838, and, for six years, was employed in surveying and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He was elected County Clerk in 1853, and re-elected in 1857. Later he entered into commerce, becom- ing a partner with his brother, John Villiers, in the firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. He was a mem- ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867 ; Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook County in 1868 ; and National Bank Examiner in 1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, was reelected in 1873, but was defeated in 1874, after a contest for the seat which was carried into the House at Washington. Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congress, making three full terms in that body. He also served for several years as Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee. After the death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887) elected United States Senator, his term expiring March 3, 1891. Mr. Fanvell gave attention during the latter years of his life to the mercantile business of J. V. Farivell & Co. Died Sept. 23, 19C3. FARWELL, John Villiers, merchant, was born at Campbelltown. .Steuben County, N. Y., July 29, 1825, the sou of a farmer ; received a common- scliool education and, in 1838, removed with his father's family to Ogle County, 111. Here he attended Mount Morris Seminary fot a time, but, in 1845, came to Chicago without capital and secured employment in the Citj' Clerk's office, then became a book-keeper in the dry-goods establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus received his bent towards a mercantile career, he soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth & Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of S600 a year, but was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of the firm becoming Coolej-, Farwell & Co., in 1860. About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter became associated with the concern and received their mercantile training under the supervision of Mr. Farwell. In 1865 the title of the firm HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 163 became J. V. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, the firm was incorporated under the name of The J. V. Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far- well, being a member. The .subject of this sketch has long been a prominent factor in religious circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men"s Christian Association, and served as President of the Chicago Branch of the United States Christian Commission during the Civil War. Politically he was a Ropulilican, serving as Presi- dential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's second election in 1864 ; also served by appoint- ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol, at Austin, in that State; was also, for a number of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company. He was also prominent in the organization of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the Union League, the Chicago Historical Society and the Art Institute. Died Aug. 20, 1908. FARWELL, William Washington, jurist, was born at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., Jan. 5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry; graduated from Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he removed to Chicago, but the following year went to California, returning to his birthplace in 1850. In 18.54 he again settled at Chicago and soon secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871 he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook County, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six years. During this period he sat chiefly upon the chancery side of the court, and, for a time, presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his second term he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the re- mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer- sity Law School), serving until June, 1893, when he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894. FAYETTE COUNTY, situated about 60 miles south of the geographical center of the State ; was organized in 1831, and named for the French General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square miles; population (1900). 28,065. The soil is fer- tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and mining are the chief industries. The old, historic "Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound emigrants, crossed the county at an early date. Perryville was the first county-seat, but this town is now extinct. VandaUa, the present seat of county government (population, 2,974), stands upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and tim- ber, and St. Elmo. Pop. (1910), 28,078. FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM FOR. This institution, originally established as a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville, in 1865, as an "experimental school, for the instruction of idiots and feeble-minded cliildren." Its success having been assured, the school was placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and, in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering forty acres, was donated, and the erection of buildings begun. The original plan provided for a center building, with wings and a rear exten- sion, to cost 8124,775. Besides a main or adminis- tration building, the institution embraces a school building and custodial hall, a hospital and industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a chapel has been added. It has control of 890 acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pur- poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti- tution. The remainder is used for the purposes of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas- ture, about ninety acres being occupied by the institution buildings. The capacity of the insti- tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica- tions constantly on file for the admission of others for whom there is no room. FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Archbishop of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperary, Ireland, Aug. 29, 1829, and educated at Maj-nooth College. He emigrated to the United States in 1853, settling at St. Louis, and was at once appointed President of the Seminary of Caronde- let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the affairs of tlie diocese with great ability. In 1880 Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and Bishop Fec'haii was consecrated its first .Vrchbi.shop. His administration was conservative, yet efficient, and the archiliocese greatly prospered under his rule. Died July 12, 1902. FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera- tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1H08; started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela- 164 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. van, III., in 1832, and the next year located at Bloomiugton, being the first lawj-er in that new town. Later he became agent for school lands and the State Bank, but failed financiall}' in 1837, and returned to jjractice; resided several years at Payson, Adams County, but returning to Bloomington in 1855, was instrumental in securing the location of the Chicago & Alton Railroad through that town, and was one of the founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex- ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated personal biography ; in the campaign of 1860 he served as Secretary of the Republican State Cen- tral Committee, and, in 1862, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army, serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal- ous friend of the cause of industrial education, and bore an important part in securing the location of the State Normal University at Nor- mal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 25, 1887. FERGUS, Robert, early printer, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, August 4, 1815; learned the printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's productions and other works which now rank among English classics. In 1839 he came to America, soon after locating in Chicago, where with various partners, he pursued the business of a job printer continuously some fifty years — being the veteran printer of Cliicago. He was killed by being run over by a railroad train at Evanston, July 23, 1897. The establishment of which he was so long the head is continued by his sons. FISDLAY, a village of Shelby Covmty, on the Chicago & Eastern 111. R. R., 9 miles north of Shelbyville. Pop. (lOKI), 827. FERRY, Elisha Peyre, politician, born in Monroe, Mich., August 9, 1825; was educated in his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort "Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to Waukegan, 111., the following year, served as Postmaster and, in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket for Presidential Elector; was elected Mayor of Waukegan in 1859, a member of the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1862, State Bank Com- missioner in 1861-63, Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of Governor Yates during the war, and a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention of 1864. After tlie war he served as direct-tax Commissioner for Tennessee; in 1869 was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington Territory and, in 1873 and '76, Territorial Gor- ernor. On the admission of Washington as a State, in 1889, he was elected the first Governor. Died, at Seattle, Wash.. Oct. 14, 1895. FEVRE RIVER, a small stream which rises in Southern Wisconsin and enters the Mississii^pi in Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, which stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam- boats between Galena and its mouth. The name originally given to it by early French explorers was "Feve" (the French name for "Bean"), which has since been corrupted into its present form. FICKLI>', Orlando B., lawyer and politician, was born in Kentucky. Dec. 16, 1808, and admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash County, 111., in March, 1830. In 1834 he was elected to the lower house of the Ninth General Assembly. After serving a term as State's Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and again in '42, he was elected to the Legislature, as he was for the last time in 1878. He was four times elected to Congress, serving from 1813 to '49, and from 1851 to '53 ; was Presidential Elector in 1856, and candidate for the same position on the Democratic ticket for the State-at- large in 1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1856 and "60. He was a, member of tlie Constitutional Convention of 1862. Died, at Charleston, May 5, 1886. FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and Secretary of State, came to Illinois about the time of its admission into the Union, locating in Union County, which he represented in the Third, Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the first of these he was a prominent factor in the ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County and the seating of Shaw in his place, which enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the passage of a resolution submitting to the people the question of calling a State Constitutional Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary of State by Governor Edwards, remaining in office under Governors Reynolds and Dun- can and through half the term of Governor Carlin, though the latter attenuated to secure his removal in 1838 by tlie appointment of John A. MoClernand — the courts, however, declaring against the latter. In November, 1840, the Governor's act was made effective by the confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug- las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas held the office only to the following February, when lie resigned to take a place on the Supreme HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 165 bench and Lyman Trumbull was appointed to succeed him. Field (who had l)econie a Whig) was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841, Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he was at the beginning of the late war. In Decem- ber, 1863, he presented himself as a member of the Thirty-eighth Congress for Louisiana, but was refused his seat, though claiming in an elo- quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in New Orleans Aug. 20, 1876. Mr. Field was a nephew of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirtj' years on the bench of the United States District Court. FIELD, Eugene, journalist, humorist and poet, was born in St. Louis. Mo., Sept. 2, 1850. Left an orphan at an early age, he was reared by a rela- tive at Amherst, Mass. , and received a portion of his literary training at Monson and Williamstown in that State, completing his course at the State University of Missouri. After an extended tour through Europe in 1872-73, he began his journal- istic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on "The Evening Journal," later becoming its city editor. During the next ten years he was succes- sively connected with newspapers at St. Joseph, Mo., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo., at the last named city being managing editor of "The Tribune." In 1883 he removed to Chicago, becoming a special writer for "The Chicago News," his particular department for several years being a pungent, wittj' column with the caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote con- siderable prose fiction and much poetry, among the latter being successful translations of .several of Horace's Odes. As a poet, however, he was best known through his short poems relating to childhood and home, which strongly appealed to the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4, 189.5. FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was born in Conway, Mass , in 1835, and grew up on a farm, receiving a common school and academic education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a mercantile career as clerk in a dry-goods store at Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 1856, came to Chicago and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley, Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The last named firm was dissolved and that of Field, Palmer & Leiter organized in 1865. Mr. Palmer having retired in 1867, the firm was continued under the name of Field, Leiter & Co.. until 1881, when Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of the business of tins great establishment is shown by the fact that, whereas its sales amounted before the fire to some 812,000,000 annuallj', in 1895 they aggregated .$40,000,000. Sir. Field's business career has been remarkable for its suc- cess in a city famous for its successful business men and the vastness of their commercial oper- ations. He has been a generous and discrimi- nating patron of important public enterprises, some of liis more conspicuous donations being the gift of a tract of land valued at .$300,000 and $100,000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and $1,000,000 to the endowment of the Field Colum- bian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Colum- bian Exposition. . The latter, chiefly through the munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one of the leading institutions of its kind in the United States. Besides his mercantile interests, Mr. Field had extensive interests in various financial and manufacturing enterprises. Died in New York Jan. 16, 1906, leaving an estate valued at more than •?100,000,000, the largest single bequest in his will being $8,000,000 to the Field Museum. FIFER, Joseph W., born at Stanton, Va., Oct. 28, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who was a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111., and worked at the manufacture and laying of brick. At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a private in the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, and was dangerously wounded at the assault on Jack- son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound, disregarding the advice of family and friends, he rejoined his regiment. At the close of the war, when about 25 years of age, he entered the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint of hard work and frugality, while supporting himself in part by manual labor, he secured a diploma in 1868. He at once began the study of law, and, soon after his admission, entered upolia practice which subsetiuently proved both success- ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor- ney for McLean County in 1872, holding the latter office, through reelection, until 1880, when he was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirty- second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee, though running in advance of the national and the rest of the State ticket. FIJi'ERTY, John F., ex-Congressman and journalist, was born in Galway, Ireland, Sept. 10, 1846 His studies were mainly prosecuted 166 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. under private tutors. At the age of 16 he entered the profession of journalism, and, In 1864, coming to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100 days during the Civil War, in the Ninety -ninth New York Volunteers. Subsequently, having removed to Chicago, he was connected with "The Chicago Times" as a special correspondent from 1876 to 1881, and, in 1883, established "The Citi- zen," a weekly newspaper devoted to the Irish- American interest, which he continued to pub- lish. In 1883 he was elected, as an Independ- ent Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Forty-eighth Congress, but, run- ning as an Independent Republican for re-election in 1884, was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat. In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chi- cago, but after 1889, held no publicf office, giving his attention to editorial work on his paper. Died June 10, 1908. FISHER, (Dr.) George, pioneer physician and legislator, was probably a native of Virginia, from which State he appears to have come to Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very prominent during the Territorial period; was appointed by William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ; was elected from that county to the Indiana Territorial House of Representatives in 1805, and afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ; was also Representative in tlie First and Tliird Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1812 and '16), serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but died [on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr. Fisher participated in the organization of the first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illi- nois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one of its officers. FISHERIES. The fisheries of Illinois center chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from Lake Michigan, and including salmon trout, white fish (tlie latter species including a lake herring), wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass, three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The "fisliing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so called, (according to the census of 1890) con- sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner, of which only one — a steamer of twenty-six tons burthen — was credited to- Illinois. The same report showed a capital of 836,105 invested in land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and apparatus. In addition to the "fishing fleet" mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari- eties of craft are employea in the industry. sailing from ports between Chicago and Macki nac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or about nine per cent. All sorts of apparatus are used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound nets, and seines. The total value of these minor Illinois craft, with their equipment, for 1890, was nearly $18,000, the catch aggregating 722,830 pounds, valued at between §34,000 and S25,000. Of this draught, the entire quantity was either sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets, or shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi and its tributaries yield walleyed pike, pike perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and other species available for food. FITHIAJf, tJeorge W., ex-Congressman, was born on a farm near Willow Hill, 111., July 4, 1854. His early education was obtained in tlie common scliools, and he learned the trade of a printer at Mount Carmel. While employed at the case he found time to study law, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's Attorney for Jasper County, and re-elected in 1880. He was prominent in Democratic politics, and, in 1888, was elected on the ticket of that party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by his Republican opponent. FITHIAN, (Dr.) WilUam, pioneer physician, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1800; built the first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that State; in 1822 began the study of medicine at Urbana; later practiced two years at Mechanics- burgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at Danville, Vermilion Count}-, where he became a large land-owner; in 1833 served with the Ver- milion County militia in the Black Hawk War, and, in 1834, was elected Representative in the Nintli General Assembly, tlie first of which Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards served two terms in the State Senate from the Danville District (1838-46). Dr. Fithian was active in promoting the railroad interests of Danville, giving the right of way for railroad purposes through a large body of land belonging to him, in Vermilion County. He was also a member of various medical associations, and, during his later years, was the oldest practicing physician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111., April 5, 1890. FLAGG, Gershom, pioneer, was born in Rich- mond, Vt., in 1792, came west in 1816, settling in Madison County, 111., in 1818, where he was known as an enterprising farmer and a prominent HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 167 and influential citizen. Originally a Whig, he became a zealous Republican on the organization of that party, dying in If^oT.— Willard Cntting (Flagg), son of the preceding, was bt)rn in Madi- son Countj-, 111., Sept 16, 1829, spent his early life on his father's farm and in the common schools; from 1844 to "50 was a pupil in the celebrated high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis, finally graduating with honors at Yale College, in 18.54. During his college course he took a number of literary prizfes, and, in his senior year, served as one of the editors of '"The Yale Literary Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu- ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising, being the first to introduce the Devon breed of cattle in Madison County in 1859. He was a member of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1860 ; in 1863, by appointment of Gov. Yates, became Enrolling Officer for Madison County ; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Twelfth District, 1864-69, and. in 1868, was elected to the State Senate for a term of four years, and, during the last session of his term (1873), took a prominent part in the revision of the school law ; was appointed a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer- sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham- paign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was also prominent in agricultural and horticultural organizations, serving as Secretary of the State Horticultural Society from 1861 to '69, when he became its President. He was one of the origi- nators of the "farmers' movement," served for some time as President of "The State Farmers' Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered addresses in various States on agricultural and horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected President of the National Agricultural Congress. In his later years he was a recognized leader in the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison County, 111., April 5, 1878. FLEMIMi, Robert K., pioneer printer, was born in Erie Countj', Pa., learned the printers' trade in Pittsburg, and, coming west while quite young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in control of the office of "The Republican Advo- cate," which liad been establislied in 1823, by Elias Kent Kane. The publication of "The Advocate" having been suspended, he revived it in May, 1825, under the name of "The Kaskaskia Recorder," but soon removed it to Vandalia (then the State capital), and, in 1827, began the publi- cation of "The Illinois Corrector," at Edwards- ville. Two years later he returned to Kaskaskia and resumed the publication of "The Recorder," but, in 1833, was induced to remove his office to Belleville, where he commenced the publication of "The St. Clair Gazette," followed by "The St. Clair Mercury," both of which had a brief exist- ence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper business as publisher of "The Belleville Advo- cate," which he continued for a number of years. He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons who have been prominently identified with the history of journalism in Southern Illinois, at Belleville and elsewliere. FLETCHER, Job, pioneer and early legislator, was born in Virginia, in 1793, removed to Sanga- mon County. 111., in 1819; was elected Represent- ative in 1826, and, in 1834, to the State Senate, serving in the latter body six years. He was one of the famous "Long Nine" which represented Sangamon County in the Tenth General Assem- bly. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon County, in 1873. FLORA, a city in Harter Township, Clay County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 95 miles east of St. Louis, and 108 miles south-southeast of Springfield; has barrel factory, flouring mills, cold storage and ice plant, three fruit-working factories, two banks, six churches and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1,695; (1900). 3,311; (1910), 2,704. FLOWER, George, early English colonist, was born in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780; came to the United States in 1817, and was associ- ated with Morris Birkbeck in founding the "English Settlement" at Albion, Edwards County, 111. Being in affluent circumstances, he built an elegant mansion and stocked an exten- sive farm with blooded animals from England and other parts of Europe, but met with reverses which dissipated his wealth. In common with Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined opponents of the attempt to establish slavery in Illinois in 1834, and did much to defeat that measure. He and his wife died on the same day (Jan. 15, 1862), while on a visit to a daughter at Grayville, 111. A book written by him — "History of the English Settlement in Edwards County, 111." — and published in 1882. is a valuable contri- bution to the early history of that portion of the State.— Edward Fordhams (Flower), son of the preceding, was born in England, Jan. 31, 1805, but came with his father to Illinois in early life; later he returned to England and spent nearly half a century at Stratford-on-Avon, where he 168 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was four times chosen Mayor of that borough and entertained many visitors from the United States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died, March 26, 1883. FOBES, Philena, educator, born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1811; was educated at Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester, N. Y. ; in 1838 became a teacher in MonticeUo Female Seminary, then newly established at Godfrey, 111., under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Prin- cipal. On the retirement of Mr. Baldwin in 1843, Miss Fobes succeeded to the principalship, remaining until 1866, when she retired. For some years she resided at Rochester, N. Y"., and New Haven, Conn., but, in 1886, she removed to Philadelphia, where she afterwards made her home, notwithstanding her advanced age, main- taining a lively interest in educational and benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Phila- delpliia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New Haven, Conn. FOLEY, Thomas, Roman Catholic Bishop, born in Baltimore, Md., in 1823; was ordained a priest in 1846, and, two years later, was appointed Chan- cellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar-General in 1867. He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of the Cliicago Diocese in 1869 (Bishop Duggan hav- ing become insane), and, in 18T0, was consecrated Bishop. His administration of diocesan work was prudent and eminently successful. As a man and citizen he won the respect of all creeds and classes alike, the State Legislature adopting resolutions of respect and regret upon learning of his death, which occvured at Baltimore, in 1879. FORBES, Stephen Van Rensselaer, pioneer teacher, was born at Windham, Vt., July 26, 1797; in his youth acquired a knowledge of surveying, and, having removed to Newburg (now South Cleveland), Ohio, began teacliing. In 1829 he came west to Chicago, and having joined a sur- veying party, went to Louisiana, returning in the following year to Chicago, which then con- tained onlj' three white families outside of Fort Dearborn. Having been joined by his wife, he took up his abode in what was called the "sut- ler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace, and opened the first school ever taught in Chi- cago, all but three of his pupils being either half-breeds or Indians. In 1832 he was elected, as a Whig, the first Sheriff of Cook Count}-; later preempted 100 acres of land where Riverside now stands, subsequently becoming owner of some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about 18.53, to Dr. W. B. Egan at §20 per acre. In 1849, having been seized with the "gold fever," Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to California, but, not being successful, returned two years later by waj- of the Isthmus, and, hav- ing sold his possessions in Cook County, took up his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his occupation as a surveyor. About 1878 he again returned to Cliicago, but survived only a short time, dying Feb. 17, 1879. FORD, Thomas, early lawyer, jurist and Gov- ernor, was born in Uniontown, Pa., and, in boy- hood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to Missouri, in 1804. The family soon after located in Monroe County, 111. Largely through the efforts and aid of his half-brother, George Forquer, he obtained a professional education, became a successful lawyer, and, early in life, entered the field of politics. He served as a Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part of the State from 1833 to 1837, and was again commissioned a Circuit Judge for the Galena circuit in 1839 ; in 1841 was elevated to the bench of the State Supreme Court, but resigned the following year to accept the nomination of his party (tlie Democratic) for Governor. He was regarded as upright in his general pohcy, but he had a number of embarrassing questions to deal with during his administration, one of these being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to receive the support of his own party. He was author of a valuable ' History of Illinois," (pub- lished posthumously). He died, at Peoria, in greatly reduced circumstances, Nov. 3, 1850. The State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a monument over his grave. FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield, was organized in 1859, being cut off from Vermil- ion. It is shaped like an inverted "T, " and has an area of 580 square miles; population (1910), 17,096. The first County Judge was David Pat- ton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United States Supreme Court) presided over the first Circuit Court. The surface of the county is level and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one to five feet in depth. There is Uttle timter, nor is there any out-cropping of stone. The county is named in honor of Governor Ford. The county- seat is Paxton, which had a population, in 1890, of 2, 187. Gibson City is a railroad center, and has a population of 1,800. FORMAN, (Col.) Ferris, lawyer and soldier, was born in Tioga County, N. Y., August 25, 1811 ; graduated at Union College in 1832, studied law and was admitted to the bar in New York in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 16'J 1835, and in the United States Supreme Court in 1836; tlie latter year came west and settled at Vandalia, 111., where he began practice; in 1844 was elected to the State Senate for the district composed of Fayette, Effingham, Clay and Rich- land Counties, serving two years; before the expiration of his term (1846) enlisted for the Mexican War, and was commissioned Colonel of the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, after participating in a number of the most important engagements of the campaign, was mustered out at New Orleans, in May, 1847. Re- turning fiom the Mexican War, he brought with him and presented to the State of Illinois a six-pound cannon, which had been captured by Illinois troops on the battlefield of Cerro Gordo, and is now in the State Arsenal at Springfield. In 1848 Colonel Forman was chosen Presidential Elector for the State-at-large on the Democratic ticket; in 1849 went to California, where he prac- ticed his profession until 1853, meanwhile serving as Postmaster of Sacramento City by appointment of President Pierce, and later as Secretary of State during the administration of Gov. John B. Weller (1858-60); in 1861 officiated, by appoint- ment of the California Legislature, as Commis- sioner on the part of the State in fixing the boundary between California and the Territory of Utah. After the discharge of this duty, he was offered the colonelcy of the Fourth California Volunteer Infantry, which he accepted, serving about twenty months, when he resigned. In 1866 he resumed his residence at Vandalia, and served as a Delegate for Fayette and Effingham Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, also for several years thereafter held the office of State's Attorney for Fayette County. Later he returned to California, and, at the latest date, was a resident of Stockton, in that State. Died Feb. 11, 1901. FORMAJf, William S., ex-Congres.sman, was born at Natchez, Miss. , Jan. 20, 1847. When he was four years old, his father's family removed to lUinois, settling in Washington County, where he has lived ever since. By profession he is a lawyer, and he takes a deep interest in politics, local. State and National. He represented his Senatorial District in the State Senate in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- blies, and, in 1888, was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the Eighteenth Illinois District in the Fifty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1890, and again in '92, but was defeated in 1894 for renomi- nation by John J. Higgins, who was defeated at the election of the same year by Everett J. Mur- phy. In 1890 Mr. Forman was candidate of the "Gold Democracy" for Governor of Illinois, receiving 8, 100 votes. FOBQUER, George, early State officer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., in 1794 — was the son of a Revolutionary soldier, and older half-brother of Gov. Thomas Ford. He settled, with his mother (then a widow), at New Design, 111., in 1804. After learning, and, for several years, following the carpenter's trade at St. Louis, he retvu'ned to Illinois and purchased the tract whereon Waterloo now stands. Subsequently he projected the town of Bridgewater, on the Mis- sissippi. For a time he was a partner in trade of Daniel P. Cook. Being unsuccessful in business, he took up the study of law, in which he attained marked success. In 1824 he was elected to repre- sent Monroe County in the House of Represent- atives, but resigned in January of the following year to accept the position of Secretary of State, to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, as successor to Morris Birkbeck, whom the Senate had refused to confirm. One ground for the friendship between lum and Coles, no doubt, was the fact that they had been united in their opposition to the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. In 1828 he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor. At the close of the year he resigned the office of Secretary of State, but, a few weeks later (January, 1829), he was elected by the Legislature Attorney-General. This position he held until January, 1833, when he resigned, hav- ing, as it appears, at the previous election, been chosen State Senator from Sangamon County, serving in the Eighth and Ninth General Assem- blies. Before the close of his term as Senator (1835), he received the appointment of Register of the Land Office at Springfield, which appears to have been the last office held by him, as he died, at Cincinnati, in 1837. Mr. Forquer was a man of recognized ability and influence, an elo- quent orator and capable writer, but, in common with some of the ablest lawj-ers of that time, seems to have been much embarrassed by the smallness of his income, in spite of his ability and the fact that he was almost continually in office. FORREST, a village in Livingston County, at the intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and the Wabash Railways, 75 miles east of Peoria and 16 miles southeast of Pontiac. Considerable grain is shipped from this point to the Chicago market. The village has several churches and a gradedschool. Population (1900), 952; (1910), 967. 170 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. FORREST, Joseph K. C, journalist, was bom in Cork, Ireland, Nov. 26, 1820 ; came to Chicago in 1840, soon after securing employment as a writer on "The Evening Journal," and, later on, "The Gem of the Prairies," tlie predecessor of "The Tribune," being associated with the latter at the date of its establishment, in June, 1847. During the early years of his residence in Chi- cago, Mr. Forrest spent some time as a teacher. On retiring from "The Tribune," he became the associate of John Wentworth in the management of "The Chicago Democrat," a relation which was broken up by the consolidation of the latter with "The Tribune," in 1861. He then became the Springfield correspondent of "The Tribime, " also holding a position on the staff of Governor Yates, and still later represented "The St. Louis Democrat" and "Chicago Times," as Washington correspondent; assisted in founding "The Chicago Republican" (now "Inter Ocean"), in 1865, and, some years later, became a leading writer upon the same. He served one term as Clerk of the city of Chicago, but, in his later years, and up to the period of his death, was a leading contributor to the columns of "The Chicago Evening News" over the signatures of "An Old Timer" and "Now or Never." Died, in Chicago, June 23, 1896. FORRESTON, a village in Ogle County, the terminus of the Chicago and Iowa branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and point of intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; 107 miles west by north from Chicago, and 12 miles south of Freeport ; founded in 1854, incorporated by special charter in 1868, and, under the general law, in 1888. Farming and stock-raising are the principal industries. The village has a bank, water-works, electric light plant, creamery, vil- lage hall, seven churches, a graded school, and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,047; (1910), 870. FORSYTHE, Albert P., ex-Congressman, was bom at New Richmond, Ohio, May 24, 1830; received his early education in the common schools, and at Asbury University. He was reared upon a farm and followed farming as his life-work. During the War of the Rebellion he served in the Union army as Lieutenant. In politics he early became an ardent Nationalist, and was chosen President of the Illinois State Grange of the Patrons of Industry, in December, 1875, and again in January, 1878. In 1878 he was elected to Congress as a Nationalist, but, in 1880, though receiving the nominations of the com- bined Republican and Greenback parties, was defeated by Samuel W. Moulton, Democrat. FORT, Greenbury L., soldier and Congress- man, was born in Ohio, Oct. 17, 1825, and, in 1834, removed with his parents to Illinois. In 1850 he was elected Sheriff of Putnam County ; in 1852, Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, having mean- while been admitted to the bar at Lacon, became County Judge in 1857, serving until 1861. In April of the latter year he enlisted under the first call for troops, by re-enlistments serving till March 24, 1866. Beginning as Quartermaster of his regiment, he served as Chief Quartermaster of the Fifteenth Army Corps on the "March to the Sea," and was mustered out with the rank ol Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. On his return from the field, he was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Twenty-fifth and Twenty- sixth General As.semblies, and, from 1873 to 1881, as Representative in Congress. He died, at Lacon, June 13, 1883. FORT CHARTRES, a strong fortification erected by the French in 1718, on the American Bottom, 16 miles northwest from Kaskaskia. The soil on which it stood was alluvial, and the limestone of which its walls were built was quarried from an adjacent bluff. In form it was an irregular quadrangle, surrounded on three sides by a wall two feet two inches thick, and on the fourth by a ravine, which, during the spring- time, was full of water. During the period of French ascendency in Illinois, Fort Chartres was the seat of government. About four miles east soon sprang up the village of Prairie du Rochet (or Rock Prairie). (See Prairie du Roclier.) xVt the outbreak of the French and Indian War (1756), the original fortification was repaired and virtually rebuilt. Its cost at that time is esti- mated to have amounted to 1,000,000 French crowns. After the occupation of Illinois by the British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of government until 1772, when one side of the fortification was washed away by a freshet, and headquarters were transferred to Kaskaskia. The first common law court ever held in the Mis- sissippi Valley was established here, in 1768, by the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English army. The ruins of the old fort, situated in the northwest corner of Randolph County, once con- stituted an object of no little interest to anti- quarians, but the site has disappeared during the past generation by the encroachments of the Mississippi. FORT DEARBORN, the name of a United States military post, established at the mouth of the Cliicago River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in EARLY III.STOUIC SCE.NJiS, CHICAGO. ^^-^^sl-s-n-?-* .1 ^:* i|' EARLY HISTORIC SCENES. CHICAGO. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 171 the treaty of Greenville, concluded by General Wayne iu 1795. It originally consisted of two block houses located at opposite angles (north west and southeast) of a strong wooden stockade, with the Commandant's quarters on the east side of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south, officers' barracks on the west, and magazine, contractor's (sutler's) store and general store- house on the north — all the buildings being con- structed of logs, and all, except the block-houses, being entirely within the enclosure. Its arma- ment consisted of three light pieces of artillery. Its builder and first commander was Capt. John Whistler, a native of Ireland who had .surrendered with Burgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who subsequently became an American citizen, and served with distinction throughout the War of 1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt. Nathan Heald. As early as 1800 the Indians around the fort manifested signs of disquietude, Tecumseh, a few years later, heading an open armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawato- mies, Ottawas and Chippewas was held at St. Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh. In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack upon the United States troops under Gen. William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In April, 1812, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared in the vicinitj- of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the settlers by their atrocities. Many of the whites sought refuge within the stockade. Within two months after the declaration of war against England, in 1812, orders were issued for the evacuation of Fort Dearborn and the transfer of the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that t'me numbered about 70, including officers, a large number of the troops being ill. Almost simultaneously with the order for evacuation appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a dis- tribution of the goods, to which they claimed they were entitled under treaty stipulations. Knowing that he had but about forty men able to fight and that his march would be sadly hindered by the care of about a dozen women and twenty children, the commandant hesitated. The Pottawatomies, through whose country he would liavetopass, had always been friendly, and he waited. Within six days a force of 500 or 600 savage warriors had assembled around the fort. Among the leaders were the Pottawatomie chiefs. Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topenebe. Of these, Winnemeg was friendly. It was he who had brought General Hull's orders to evacuate, and, as the crisis grew more and more dangerous. he offered sound advice. He urged instantaneous departure before the Indians had time to agree upon a line of action. But Captain Heald decided to distribute the stores among the sav- -ages. and thereby secure from them a friendly escort to Fort Wayne. To this the aborigines readily assented, believing that thereby all the whisky and ammunition wliich they knew to be within the enclosure, would fall into their hands. Meanwhile Capt. William Wells, Indian Agent at Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with a friendly force of Miamis to act as an escort. He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gun- powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied the former into the lake and destroyed the latter. This was the signal for war. Black Partridge claimed he could no longer restrain his young braves, and at a council of the aborigines it was resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers. On the fifteenth of August the gates of the fort were opened and the evacuation began. A band of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under the guise of a friendly escort. They soon deserted and, within a mile and a half from the fort, began the sickening scene of carnage known as the "Fort Dearborn Massacre." Nearly 500 Indians participated, their loss being less than twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first exchange of shots. With but four exceptions the wounded white prisoners were dispatched with savage ferocity and promptitude. Those not wounded were scattered among various tribes. The next day the fort with its stockade was burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis) the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale. The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides bar- racks and officers' quarters, a magazine and provision-store, was enclosed by a square stock- ade, and protected by bastions at two of its angles. It was again evacuated in 1828 and re-garrisoned in 1828. The troops were once more withdrawn in 1831, to return the following year during the Black Hawk War. The final evacuation occurred in 1836. FORT (tAGE, situated on the eastern bluffs of the Kaskaskia River, opposite the village of Kas- kaskia. It was erected and occupied by the British in 1772. It was built of heavy, .square timbers and oblong in shape, its dimensions being 290x251 feet. On the night of July 4, 1778, it was captured by a detachment of American troops commanded by Col. George Rogers Clark, who held a commission from Virginia. The soldiers, with Simon Kenton at their head, were secretly 172 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. admitted to the fort by a Pennsylvanian who happened to be witliin, and the commandant, Rocheblave, was surprised in bed, while sleeping with his wife by his side. FORT JEFFERSON. I. A fort erected by Col. Greorge Rogers Clark, under instructions from the Governor of Virginia, at the Iron Banks on the east bank of the Mississippi, below the mouth of the Ohio River. He promised lands to all adult, able-bodied white males who would emi- grate thither and settle, either with or without their families. Many accepted the offer, and a considerable colony was established there. Toward the close of the Revolutionary War, Vir- ginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison, the colon}- was scattered, many families going to Kaskaskia. II. A fort in the Miami valley, erected by Governor St. Clair and General Butler, in October, 1791, Within thirtj' miles of the post St. Clair's army, which had been liadly weakened through desertions, was cut to pieces by the enemy, and the fortification was aban- doned. FORT MASSAC, an early French fortification, erected about 1711 on the Ohio River, 40 miles from its mouth, in what is now Massac County. It was the first fortification (except Fort St. Louis) in the "Illinois Country," antedating Fort Chartres by several years. The origin of the name is uncertain. The best authorities are of the opinion that it was so called in honor of the engineer who superintended its construction ; by others it has been traced to the name of the French Minister of Marine ; others assert that it is a corruption of the word "Massacre," a name given to the locality because of the massacre there of a large number of French soldiers by the Indians. The Virginians sometimes spoke of it as the "Cherokee fort." It was garrisoned by the French until after the evacuation of the country under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. It later became a sort of depot for American settlers, a few families constantly residing within and around the fortification. At a very earlj' day a military road was laid out from the fort to Kaskaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as milestones, the number of miles being cut with irons and painted red. After the close of the Revolutionary War, the United States Govern- ment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by way of defense against inroads by the Spaniards. With the cession of Louisiana to the United States, in 1803, the fort was evacuated and never re-garrisoned. According to the "American State Papers," during the period of the French occupation, it was both a Jesuit missionary station and a trading post. FORT SACKVILLE, a British fortification, erected in 1769, on the Wabash River a short distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade, with bastions and a few pieces of cannon. In 1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and was for a time commanded by Captain Helm, with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois French. In December, 1778, Helm and one private alone occupied the fort and surrendered to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who led a force into the country around Vincennes. FORT SHERI1).4X, United States Military Post, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railwa}', 24 miles north of Chicago. Highwood, adjacent on the .south, has a population (1910) of 1,219. FORT ST. LOUIS, a French fortification on a rock (widely known as "Starved Rock"), which consists of an isolated cliff on the south side of the Illinois River nearly opposite Utica, in La Salle County. Its height is between 130 and 140 feet, and its nearly round summit contains an area of about three-fourths of an acre. The side facing the river is nearly perpendicular and, in natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable. Here, in the fall of 1682, La Salle and Tonty began the erection of a fort, consisting of earth- works, palisades, store-houses and a block house, which also served as a dwelling and trading post. A windlass drew water from the river, and two small brass cannon, mounted on a parapet, com- prised the armament. It was solemnly dedicated by Father Membra, and soon became a gathering place for the surrounding tribes, especially the Illinois. But Frontenac having been succeeded as Governor of New France by De la Barre, who was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was dis- placed as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, while plots were laid to secure his downfall by cutting off his supplies and inciting the Iroquois to attack him. La Salle left the fort in 1683, to return to France, and, in 1702, it was abandoned as a military post, though it continued to be a trad- ing post until 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. (See L(i Salle.) FORT WAYXE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Pittsburg, Fort ^Vayne <£• Chicago Railiray.) FORT WAY>E & ILLIXOIS RAILROAD. (See Neil' York, Chicago ulation (1910), 1 1,028. The first cabin erected by an American settler was the home of Michael Sprinkle, who settled at Shaw- neetown in 1800. The place early became an important trading post and distributing point. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 183 A ferry across the Wabash was established in 1803, by Alexander Wilson, whose descendants conducted it for more than seventy-five years. Although Stephen Rector made a Government survey as early as 1807, the public lands were not placed on the market until 1818. Shawneetown, the county-seat, is the most important town, having a population of some 2,200. Bituminous coal is found in large quantities, and mining is an important industry. The prosperity of the county has been much retarded by floods, particu- larly at Shawneetown and Equality. At the former point the difference between high and low water mark in the Ohio River has been as much as fifty-two feet. GALLOWAY, Andrew Jackson, civil engineer, was born of Scotch ancestry in Butler County, Pa., Dec. 21, 1814; came with his father to Cory- don, Ind., in 1830, took a course in Hanover Col- lege, graduating as a civil engineer in 1837 ; then came to Mount Carmel, W^hite County, 111., with a view to employment on projected Illinois rail- roads, but engaged in teaching for a year, having among his pupils a number who have since been prominent in State affairs. Later, he obtained employment as an assistant engineer, serving for a time under William Gooding, Chief Engineer of the Illinois & Michigan Canal; was also Assistant Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the State Senate in 1840-41, and held the same position in the House in 1846-47, and again in 1848-49. in the meantime having located a farm in La Salle County, where the present city of Streator stands. In 1849 he was appointed Seci'etary of the Canal Trustees, and, in 1851, became assistant engineer on the IlUnois Central Railroad, later superin- tending its construction, and finally being trans- ferred to the land department, but retiring in 1855 to engage in real-estate business in Chicago, dealing largely in railroad lands. Mr. Galloway was elected a County Commissioner for Cook County, and has since been connected with many measures of local importance. GALVA, a town in Henry County, 45 miles southeast of Rock Island and 48 miles north- northwest of Peoria; the point of intersection of the Rock Island & Peoria and the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quiucy Railways. It stands at the summit of the dividing ridge between the Missis- sippi and tlie Illinois Rivers, and is a manufac- turing and coal-mining town. It has eight churches, three banks, good schools, and two weekly newspapers. The surrounding country is agricultural and wealthy, and is rich in coal. Pop. (1900), 2,682; (1910), 2,498. GARDNER, a village in Garfield Township, Grundy County, on the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, 65 miles south-southwest of Chicago and 26 miles north-northeast of Pontiac ; on the Kanka- kee and Seneca branch of the "Big Four, " and the Elgin, Joliet rrY-NiNTH General Assembly convened Jan 6, 1875. While the Uepublicans had a plu- rality in both houses, they were defeated in an effort to secure their organization through a fusion of Democrats and Independents. A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was elected President pro tem- pore of the Senate (becoming acting Lieutenant- Governor), and Elijah M. Haines was chosen presiding officer of the lower house. The leaders on both sides of the Chamber were aggressive, and the session, as a whole, was one of the most turbulent and disorderly in the history of the State. Little legislation of vital importance (outside of regular appropriation bills) was enacted This Legislature adjourned, April 15, having been in session 100 days. Thtrtieth General Assembly convened Jan. ; 1877, and adjourned, sine die. on May 24. The Democrats and Independents in the Senate united in securing control of that body, although the House was Republican. Fawcett Plumb, of La Salle County, was chosen President pro tempore of the upper, and James Shaw Speaker of the lower, house. The inauguration of State officers took place Jan. 8. Shelby M. Cullom becoming Governor and Andrew Shuman, Lieutenant-Gov- ernor. This was one of the most exciting j'ears in American political history Both of the domi- nant parties claimed to have elected the President, and the respective votes in the Electoral College were so close as to excite grave apprehension in many minds. It was also the year for the choice of a Senator by the Illinois Legislature, and the attention of the entire country was directed toward this State Gen. John M. Palmer was the nominee of the Democratic caucus and John A. Logan of the Republicans. On the twenty- fourth ballot the name of General Logan was withdrawn, most of the Republican vote gfiing to Charles B. Lawrence, and the Democrats going over to David Davis, who, although an original Republican and friend of Lincoln, and Jastice of the Supreme Court by appointment of Mr. Lin- coln, had become an Independent Democrat. On the fortieth ballot (taken Jan. 25), Judge Davis received 101 votes, to 94 for Judge Lawren::,c (Republican) and five scattering, thus securing Davis" election. Not many acts of vital impor- tance were passed by this Legislature. Appellate Courts were established and new judicial districts created, the original jurisdiction of county courts was enlarged; better safeguards were thrown about miners ; measures looking at once to the supervision and protection of railroads were passed, as well as various laws relating chiefly to the police administration of the State and of municipalities. The length of the session was 142 days. Thirty-first General Assembly convened Jan. 8, 1879, with a Republican majority in each house. Andrew Shuman, the newly elected Lieu- tenant-Governor, presided in the Senate, and William A. James of Lake County was chosen Speaker of the House. John M. Hamilton of McLean County (afterwards Governor), was chosen President pro tempore of the Senate. John A. Logan was elected United States Senator on Jan. 21, the complimentary Democratic vote being given to Gen. John C. Black. Various laws of public importance were enacted by this Legislature, among them being one creating the Bureau of Labor Statistics ; the first oleomargar- ine law; a drainage and levee act; a law for the reorganization of the militia; an act for the regulation of pawnbrokers; a law limiting the pardoning power, and various laws looking toward the supervision and control of railways. The session lasted 144 daj'S, and the Assembly adjourned, .sine die. May 31, 1879. Thirty second General Assembly convened Jan. 5, 1881, the Republicans having a majority in both branches. Lieutenant-Governor Hamil- ton presided in the Senate, William J. Campbell of Cook County being elected President pro tem- pore. Horace H. Thomas, also of Cook, was chosen Speaker of the House. Besides the rou- tine legislation, the most important measures enacted by this Assembly were laws to prevent the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle: regulating the sale of firearms; providing more stringent penalties for the ailultcration of f(X)d, drink or medicine; regulating the practice of pharmac}' and dentistry amending the revenue and school laws; and reciuiring .annual statements from official custodians of public moneys. The Legislature adjourned May 30, after having been 194 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in session 146 days, but was called together again in special session by the Governor on March 23, 1682, to pass new Legislative and Congressional Apportionment Laws, and for the consideration of other subjects. The special session lasted forty-four days, adjourning May 5 — both sessions occupying a total of 190 days. Thirty-third General Assembly convened Jan. 2, 1883, with the Republicans again in the majority in both houses. William J. Campbell was re-elected President pro tempore of the Senate, but not until the sixty-first ballot, six Republicans refusing to be bound by the nomina- tion of a caucus held prior to their arrival at Springfield. Loren C. Collins, also of Cook, was elected Speaker of the House. The compliment- ary Democratic vote was given to Tliomas M. Shaw in the Senate, and to Austin O. Sexton in the House. Governor CuUom, the Republican caucus nominee, was elected United States Senator, Jan. 16, receiving a majority in each branch of the General Assembly. The celebrated "Harper H?gh-License Bill," and the first "Compulsory School Law" were passed at this session, the other acts being of ordinary character. The Legislature adjourned June 18, having been in session 168 days. Thirty-fourth General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1885. The Senate was Republican by a majority of one, there being twenty-six members of tliat party, twenty-four Democrats and one greenback Democrat. William J. Campbell, of Cook County, was for the third time chosen President pro tempore. The House stood seventy- six Republicans and seventy-six Democrats, with one member — Elijah M. Haines of Lake County — calling himself an "Independent." The contest for the Speakership continued until Jan. 29, when, neither party being able to elect its nomi- nee, the Democrats took up Haines as a candidate and placed him in the chair, with Haines' assist- ance, filling the minor offices with their own men. After the inauguration of Governor Oglesby, Jan. 80, the first business was the elec- tion of a United States Senator. The balloting proceeded until May 18, when John A. Logan re- ceived 103 votes to ninety-six for Lambert Tree and five scattering. Three members — one Republican and two Democrats — had died since the opening of the session ; and it was through the election of a Republican in place of one of the deceased Democrats, that the Republicans succeeded in electing their candidate. The .session was a stormy one througliout. the Speaker being, much of the time, at odds with the House, and an unsuccessful effort was made to depose him. Charges of bribery against certain members were preferred and investigated, but no definite result was reached. Among the important measures passed by this Legislature were the following; A joint resolution providing for submission of an amendment to the Constitution prohibiting con- tract labor in penal institutions; providing by resolution for the appointment of a non-partisan Commission of twelve to draft a new revenue code ; the Crawford primary election law ; an act amending the code of criminal procedure ; estab- lishing a Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, subse- quently located at Quincy ; creating a Live-Stock Commission and appropriating §531,712 for the completion of the State House. Tlie Assembly adjourned, sine die, June 26, 1885, after a session of 171 days. Thirty-fifth General Assembly convened Jan. 5, 1887. The Republicans had a majority of twelve in the Senate and three in the House. For President pro tempore of the Senate. August W. Berggren was chosen; for Speaker of the House, Dr. William F. Calhoun, of De Witt County. The death of General Logan, wliich had occurred Dec. 36, 1886, was officially an- nounced by Governor Oglesby^ and, on Jan. 18, Charles B. Farwell was elected to succeed him as United States Senator. William R. Morrison and Benjamin W. Goodhue were the candidates of the Democratic and Labor parties, respectively. Some of the most important laws passed by this General Assembly were the following: Amend ing the law relating to the spread of contagious diseases among cattle, etc. ; the Chase bill to prohibit book-making and pool-selling; regulat- ing trust companies; making the Trustees of the University of Illinois elective; inhibiting aliens from holding real estate, and forbidding the marriage of first cousins. An act virtually creating a new State banking system was also passed, subject to ratification by popular vote. Other acts, having more particular reference to Chicago and Cook County, were: a law making cities and counties responsible for tliree-foiu-ths of the damage resulting from mobs and riots ; the Merritt conspiracy law ; the Gibbs Jury Commis- sion law. and an act for the suppression of bucket-shop gambling. The session ended June 15, 1887. having continued 162 days. Thirty-sixth General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1889, in its first (or regular) session, the Republicans being largely in the majority. The Senate elected Theodore S. Chapman of Jersey County, President pro tempore, and the House HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 195 Asa C Matthews of Pike Coiinty, Speaker. Mr. Matthews was appointed Fir.st Comptroller of the Treasury by President Harrison, on May 9 (see Matthews, Asa C), and resigned the Speakership on the following day. He was succeeded by James H. Miller of Stark County. Shelby M. Cullom was re-elected to the United States Senate on January 22, the Democrats again voting for ex-Gov. John M. Palmer. The "Sanitary Drain- age District Law," designed for the benefit of the city of Chicago, was enacted at this session ; an asylum for insane criminals was established at Chester ; the annexation of cities, towns, villages, etc., under certain conditions, was authorized; more stringent legislation was enacted relative to the circulation of obscene literature ; a new com- pulsory education law was passed, and the em- ploj'ment on public works of aliens who had not declared their intention of becoming citizens was prohibited. This session ended. May 28. A special sefsion was convened by Governor Fifer on July 24, 1890, to frame and adopt legislation rendered necessary by the Act of Congress locat- ing the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Mr. Miller having died in the interim, William G. Cochran, of Moultrie County, was chosen Speaker of the House. The special session concluded Aug. 1, 1890. having enacted the following meas- ures ; An Act granting the use of all State lands, (submerged or other) in or adjacent to Chicago, to the World's Columbian E.xposition for a period to extend one year after the closing of the Exposi- tion; authorizing the Chicago Boards of Park Commissioners to grant the use of the public parks, or any part thereof, to promote the objects of such Exposition ; a joint resolution providing for the submission to the people of a Constitu- tional Amendment granting to the city of Chicago the power (provided a majority of the qualified voters desired it) to issue bonds to an amount not exceeding 55,000,000, the same to bear interest and the proceeds of their sale to be turned over to the Exposition Managers to be devoted to the use and for the benefit of the Exposition. (See also World's Columbian E.rposition.) The total length of the two sessions was l.'iO daj's. Thirty-seventh General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1891, and adjourned June 12 following. Lieut. -Gov. Ray presided in the Senate, Milton W. Matthews (Republican), of Urbana, being elected President pro tem. The Democrats had control in the House and elected Clayton E. Crafts, of Cook County, Speaker. The most exciting feature of the session was the election of a United States Senator to succeed Charles B. Far well. Neither of the two leading parties had a majority on joint ballot, the balance of power being held bj- three "Independent" members of the House, who had been elected as represent- atives of the Farmers' Mutual Benevolent Alli- ance. Richard J. Oglesby was the caucus nominee of the Republicans and John M. Palmer of the Democrats. For a time the Independents stood as a unit for A. J. Streeter, but later two of the three voted for ex-Governor Pahner, finally, on March 11, securing his election on the 154th ballot in joint session. Meanwhile, the Repub- licans had cast tentative ballots for Alson J. Streeter and Cicero J. Lindley, in hope of draw- ing the Independents to their support, but without effective result. The final ballot stood — Palmer, 103 ; Lindley, 101, Streeter 1. Of 1,296 bills intro- duced in both Houses at this session, only 151 became laws, the most important being: The Australian ballot law, and acts regulating build- ing and loan associations; prohibiting the employ- ment of children under thirteen at manual Labor ; fixing the legal rate of interest at seven per cent; prohibiting the "truck system'' of paying em- ployes, and granting the right of suffrage to women in the election of school oificers. An amendment of the State Constitution permitting the submission of two Constitutional Amend- ments to the people at the same time, was sub- mitted by this Legislature and ratified at the election of 1892. The session covered a period of 157 days. Thirty-eighth General Assembly. This bodj' convened Jan. 4, 1893. The Democrats were in the ascendency in both houses, having a majority of seven in the Senate and of three in the lower house. Joseph R. Gill, the Lieutenant- Governor, was ex-officio President of the Senate, and John W. Coppinger, of Alton, was chosen President pro tem. Clayton E. Crafts of Cook Count}' was again chosen Speaker of the House. The inauguration of the new State oflScers took place on the afternoon of Tuesdaj', Jan. 10. This Legislature was in session 164 days, adjourning June 16, 1893. Not veiy much legislation of a general character was enacted. New Congres- sional and Legislative apportionments were passed, the former dividing the State into twenty- two districts; an Insurance Department was created; a naval militia was established; the scope of the juvenile reformatory was enlarged and the compulsory education law was amended. Thirty'-ninth General Assembly. This Legislature held two sessions — a regular and a special. The former opened Jan. 9, 1895, and 196 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. closed June 14, following. The political com- plexion of the Senate was — Republicans, thirty- three; Democrats, eighteen; of the House, ninety-two Republicans and sixty-one Democrats. John Meyer, of Cook County, was elected Speaker of the House, and Charles Bogardus of Piatt County, President pro tem. of the Senate. Acts were passed making appropriations for improve- ment of the State Fair Grounds at Springfield ; authorizing the establishment of a Western Hos- pital for the Ir»sane (5100,000); appropriating $100,000 for a Western Hospital for the Insane; $05,000 for an Asylum for Incurable Insane; $50,- 000, each, for two additional Normal Schools — one in Northern and the other in Eastern Illinois; $25,000 for a Soldiers' Widows' Home — all being new institutions — besides $15,000 for a State exhibition at the Atlanta Exposition; $65,000 to mark, by monuments, the position of Illinois troops on the battlefields of Chickamauga, Look- out Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Other acts passed fixed the salaries of members of the Gen- eral Assembly at $1,000 each for each regular session; accepted the custody of the Lincoln monument at Springfield, authorized provision for the retirement and pensioning of teachers in public schools, and authorized the adoption of civil service rules for cities. Tlie special session convened, pursuant to a call by the Governor, on June 25, 1895, took a recess, June 28 to July 9, re-assembled on the latter date, and adjourned, sine die, August 2. Outside of routine legisla- tion, no laws were passed except one providing additional necessary revenue for State purposes and one creating a State Board of Arbitration. The regular session continued 157 days and the special twenty-nine — total 186. Fortieth General Assembly met in regular session at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1897, and adjourned, sine die, June 4. The Republicans had a major- ity in both branches, the House standing eighty- eight Republicans to sixty-three Democrats and two Populists, and the Senate, thirty-nine Repub- licans to eleven Democrats and one Populist, giving the Republicans a majority on joint ballot of fifty votes. Both houses were promptly organ- ized by the election of Republican officers, Edward C. Curtis of Kankakee County being chosen Speaker of the House, and Hendrick V. Fisher, of Henry County, President pro tem. of the Sen- ate. Governor Tanner and the other Republican State officers were formally inaugurated on Jan. 11, and, on Jan. 20, William E. Mason (Republican) was chosen United States Senator to succeed John M. Palmer, receiving in joint session 125 votes to seventy-seven for John P. Altgeld (Democrat). An'iong the principal laws enacted at this session were the following: An act concerning aliens and to regulate the right to hold real estate, and prescribing the terms and conditions for the conveyance of the same; empowering the Commissioners who were ap- pointed at the previous session to ascertain and mark the positions occupied by Ilhnois Volunteers in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Moun- tain and Missionarj' Ridge, to expend the remain- ing appropriations in their hands for the erection of monuments on the battle-grounds ; authorizing the appointment of a similar Commission to ascertain and mark the positions held by Illinois troops in the battle of Shiloh ; to reimburse the University of Illinois for the less of funds result- ing from the Spaulding defalcation and affirming the liability of the State for "the endowment fund of the University, amounting to $456,712.91, and for so much in addition as may be received in future from the sale of lands"; authorizing the adoption of the "Torrens land-title system" in the conveyance and registration of land titles by vote of the people in any county ; the consolida- tion of the three Supreme Court Districts of the State into one and locating the Court at Spring- field; creating a State Board of Pardons, and prescribing the manner of applying for pardons and commutations. An act of this session, which produced much agitation and led to a great deal of discussion in the press and elsewhere, was the street railroad law empowering the City Council, or other corporate authority of any city, to grant franchises to street railway companies extending to fifty years. This act was repealed by the General Assembly of 1899 before any street rail- way corporation had secured a francliise under it. A special session was called by Governor Tanner to meet Dec. 7, 1897, the proclamation naming five topics for legislative action. The session continued to Feb. 24, 1898, only two of the meas- ures named by the Governor in his call being affirmatively acted upon. These included: (1) an elaborate act prescribing the manner of conduct- ing primary elections of delegates to nominating conventions, and (2) a new revenue law regulat- ing tlie manner of assessing and collecting taxes. One provision of the latter law limits the valuation of property for assessment purposes to one-fifth its cash value. The length of the regular session was 150 days, and that of the special session eighty days — total, 230 days. GENESEO, a city in Henry Covmty, about two miles south of the Green River. It is on tlie Chi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 197 cago, Rock Island «fe Pacific Raihva}-, 23 miles east of Rock Island and 75 miles west of Ottawa. It is in the heart of a grain-growing region, and has two large grain elevators. Manufacturing is also carried on to a considerable extent here, furniture, wagons and farming implements con- stituting the chief output. Geneseo has eleven churches, a graded and a high school, a col- legiate institute, two banks, and two weekly news- papers. Population (1S90), 3,182; (1900), 3,356; (1910), 3,199. GENEVA, a city and railway junction on Fox River, and the county -seat of Kane County; 35 miles west of Chicago. It has a fine courthouse, completed in 1893 at a cost of §250.000, and numerous handsome churches and school build- ings. A State Reformatory for juvenile female offenders has been located here. There is an ex- cellent water-power, operating six manufac- tories, including extensive glucose works. The town has a bank, creamery, water-works, gas and electric light plant, and two semi-weekly news- papers. The surrounding country is devoted to agriculture and dairy farming. Population (1890), 1,692; (1900), 2,446; (1910), 2,451. GENOA, a village of De Kalb County, on Omaha Division of the Chi.. Mil. & St. Paul, the 111. Cent. and Chi. & N. W. Railroads, 59 miles west of Chicago. Bairj'ing is a leading industn,'; has two banks, shoe and telephone factories, and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,140; (1010), 1,257. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The geological structure of Illinois embraces a representation, more or less complete, of the whole paleonic series of formations, from the calciferous group of the Lower Silurian to the top of the coal meas- ures. In addition to these older rocks there is a limited area in the extreme southern end of the State covered with Tertiary deposits. Over- spreading these formations are beds of more recent age, comprising sands, claj-s and gravel, vp.rying in thickness from ten to more than two hundred feet. These superficial deposits may be divided into Alluvium, Loess and Drift, and con- stitute the Quaternary system of modern geolo- gists. Lower Silurian System. — Under this heading may be noted three distinct groups: the Calcifer- ous, the Trenton and the Cincinnati. The first mentioned group comprises the St. Peter's Sand- stone and the Lower Magnesian Limestone. The former outcrops only at a single locality, in La Salle County, extending about two miles along the valley of the Illinois River in the vicinity of Utica. The thickness of the strata appearing above the surface is about 80 feet, thin bands of Magnesian limestone alternating with layers of Calciferous sandstone. Many of the laj-ers con- tain good hydraulic rock, which is utilized in the manufacture of cement. The entire tliickness of the rock below the surface has not been ascer- tained, but is estimated at about 400 feet. The St. Peter's Sandstone outcrops in the valley of the Illinois, constituting the main portion of the blufifs from Utica to a point beyond Ottawa, and forms the "bed rock" in most of the northern townships of La Salle County. It also outcrops on the Rock River in the vicinity of Oregon City, and forms a conspicuous bluff on the Mississippi in Calhoun County. Its maximum thickness in the State may be estimated at about 200 feet. It is too incoherent in its texture to be valuable as a building stone, though some of the upper strata in Lee County have been utilized for caps and sills. It affords, however, a fine quality of sand for the manufacture of glass. The Trenton group, which immediately overlies the St. Peter's Sandstone, consists of three divisions. The low- est is a brown Magnesian Limestone, or Dolomite, usually found in regular beds, or strata, varying from four inches to two feet in thickness. The aggregate thickness varies from twenty feet, in the northern portion of the State, to sixty or seventy feet at the bluff in Calhoun County. At the quarries in La Salle County, it abounds in fossils, including a large Lituites and several specimens of Orthoceras, Maclurea, etc. The middle division of the Trenton group consists of light gray, compact limestones in the southern and western parts of the State, and of light blue, thin-bedded, shaly limestone in the northern por- tions. The upper division is the well-known Galena limestone, the lead-bearing rock of the Northwest. It is a buff colored, porous Dolomite, sometimes arenaceous and unevenly textured, giving origin to a ferruginous, sandy clay when decomposed. The lead ores occur in crevices, caverns and horizontal seams. These crevices were probably formed by shrinkage of the strata from crystallization or by some disturbing force from beneath, and have been enlarged by decomposi- tion of the exposed surface. Fossils belonging to a lower order of marine animal than the coral are found in this rock, as are also marine shells, corals and crustaceans. Although this limestone crops out over a considerable portion of the terri- tory between the Mississippi and the Rock River, the productive lead mines are chiefly confined to Jo Davi&ss and Stephenson Counties. All the divisions of the Trenton group afford good build- 198 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing material, some of the rock being susceptible of a high polish and making a handsome, durable marble. About seventy feet are exposed near Thebes, in Alexander County. All through the Southwest this stone is known as Cape Girardeau marble, from its being extensively quarried at Cape Girardeau, Mo. The Cincinnati group immediately succeeds the Trenton in tlie ascend- ing scale, and forms the uppermost member of the Lower Silurian system. It usually consists of argillaceous and sandy shales, although, in the northwest portion of the State, Magnesian lime- stone is found with the shales. The prevailing colors of the beds are light blue and drab, weathering to a light ashen gray. This group is found well exposed in the vicinity of Thebes, Alexander County, furnishing a durable building stone extensively used for foundation walls. Fossils are found in profusion in all the beds, man}- fine specimens, in a perfect state of preser- vation, having been exhumed. Upper Silurian System. — The Niagara group in Northern Illinois consists of brown, gray and buff magnesian limestones, sometimes evenly bedded, as at Joliet and Athens, and sometimes concretionary and brecciated, as at Bridgeport and Port Byron. Near Chicago the cells and pockets of this rock are filled with petroleum, but it has been ascertained that only the thirty upper feet of the rock contain bituminous matter. The quarries in Will and Jersey Counties furnish fine building and flagging stone. The rock is of a light gray color, changing to buff on exposure. In Pike and Calhoun Counties, also, there are out- croppings of this rock and quarries are numerous. It is usually evenly bedded, the strata varying in thickness from two inches to two feet, and break- ing evenly. Its aggregate thickness in Western and Northern Illinois ranges from fifty to 150 feet. In Union and Alexander Counties, in the southern part of the State, the Upper Silurian series consists chiefly of thin bedded gray or buff-colored limestone, silicious and cherty, flinty material largely preponderating over tlie lime- stone. Fossils are not abundant in this formation, although the quarries at Bridgeport, in Cook County, have aftorded casts of nearly 100 species of marine organisms, the calcareous ]iortion hav- ing been washed away Devonian System. — This system is represented in Illinois by three well marked divisions, cor- responding to the Oriskany sandstone, the Onon- daga limestone and the Hamilton and Corniferous beds of New York. To these the late Professor Worthen, for many years State Geologist, added, although with some hesitancy, the black shale formation of Illinois. Although these comprise an aggregate thickness of over 500 feet, their exposure is limited to a few isolated outcroppings along the bluffs of the Illinois, Mississippi and Rock Rivers. The lower division, called "Clear Creek Limestone," is about 250 feet thick, and is only found in the extreme southern end of the State. It consists of chert, or impure flint, and thin-bedded silico-magnesian limestones, rather compact in texture, and of buff or light gray to nearly white colors. When decomposed by atmospheric influences, it forms a fine white clay, resembling common chalk in appearance. Some of the clierty beds resemble burr stones in poros- ity, and good mill-stones are made therefrom in Union County. Some of the stone is bluish-gray, or mottled and crystalline, capable of receiving a high polish, and making an elegant and durable building stone. The Onondaga group comprises some sixty feet of quartzose sandstone and striped silicious shales. The structure of the rock is almost identical with that of St. Peter's Sandstone. In the vicinity of its outcrop in Union County are found fine beds of potter's clay, also variegated in color. The rock strata are about twenty feet thick, evenly bedded and of a coarse, granular structure, which renders the stone valuable for heavy masonry. The group has not been found north of Jackson County. Large quantities of characteristic fossils abound. The rocks composing the Hamilton group'are the most valuable of all the divisions of the Devonian system, and the outcrops can be identified only by their fossils. In Union and Jackson Counties it is found from eighty to 100 feet in thickness, two beds of bluish gray, fetid limestone being sepa- rated by aliout twenty feet of calcareous shales. The limestones are highly bituminous. In Jersey and Calhoun Counties the group is only six to ten feet thick, and consists of a hard, silicious limestone, passing at some points into a quartzose sandstone, and at others becoming argillaceous, as at Grafton. The most northern outcro]! is in Rock Island County, where the rock is concretion- ary in structure and is utilized for building pur- poses and in the manufacture of quicklime. Fossils are numerous, among them being a few fragments of fishes, which are the oldest remains of vertebrate animals yet found in the State. The black shale probably attains its maximum development in Union County, where it ranges from fifty to seventy -five feet in thickness. Its lower portion is a fine, black, laminated slate, sometimes closely resembling the bituminous HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 199 shales associated with the coal seams, wliich cir- cumstance has led to the fruitless expenditure of much time and money. The bituminous portion of the mass, on distillation, yields an oil closely resembling petroleum. Crystals of iron pyrites are abundant in the argillaceous portion of the group, which does noi extend north of the coun- ties of Calhoun, Jersey and Pike. Lower Carboniferous System. — This is di- visible into five groups, as follows : The Kinder- hook group, the Burlington limestone, and the Keokuk, St. Louis and Chester groups. Its greatest development is in the southern portion of the State, where it has a thickness of 1,400 or 1,500 feet. It thins out to the northward so rapidly that, in the vicinity of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi, it is only 300 feet thick, while it wholly disappears below Rock Island. The Kinder- hook group is variable in its lithological charac- ter, consisting of argillaceous and sandy shales, with thin beds of compact and oolitic limestone, passing locally into calcareous shales or impure limestone. The entire formation is mainly a mechanical sediment, with but a very small por- tion of organic matter. Tlie Burlington lime- stone, on the other hand, is compo.sed almost entirely of the fossilized remains of organic beings, with barely enough sedimentary material to act as a cement. Its maximum thickness scarcely exceeds 200 feet, and its principal out- crops are in the counties of Jersey, Greene, Scott, Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Warren and Henderson. Tlie rock is usually a light gray, buff or brown limestone, either coarsely granular or crystalline in structure. The Keokuk group immediately succeeds the Burlington in the ascending order, with no well defined line of demarcation, the chief points of difference between the two being in color and in the character of fossils found. At the upper part of this group is found a bed of calcareo-argillaceous shale, containing a great variety of geodes, which furnish beautiful cabinet specimens of crystallized quartz, chalcedony, dolomite and iron pyrites. In Jersey and Monroe Counties a bed of hydraulic limestone, adapted to the manufacture of cement, is found at the top of this formation. The St. Louis group is partly a fine-grained or semi-crystallized bluisli-graj' limestone, and partly concretionary, as around Alton. In the extreme southern part of the State the rock is highly bituminous and susceptible of receiving a high polish, being used as a black marble. Beds of magnesian limestone are found here and there, which furnish a good stone for foundation walls. In Hardin County, the rock is traversed by veins of fluor spar, carrying galena and zinc blonde. The Chester group is only found in the southern part of the State, thinning out from a thickness of eight hundred feet in Jackson and Randolph Counties, to about twenty feet at Alton. It consists of hard, gray, crystalline, argillaceous limestones, alternating with sandy and argillaceous shales and sandstones, which locally replace each other. A few species of true carboniferous flora are found in the are- naceous shales and sandstones of this group, the earliest traces of pre-historic land plants found in the State. Outcrops extend in a narrow belt from the southern part of Hardin County to the southern line of St. Clair County, passing around the southwest border of the coal field. Upper Carbonifeeous System.— This includes the Conglomerate, or "Mill Stone Grit" of Euro- pean authors, and the true coal measures. In the southern portion of the State its greatest thick- ness is about 1,200 feet. It becomes thinner toward the north, scarcely exceeding 400 or 500 ^ feet in the vicinity of La Salle. The word "con- glomerate" designates a thick bed of sandstone that lies at the base of the coal measures, and appears to have resulted from the culmination of the arenaceous sedimentary accumulations. It consists of massive quartzose sandstone, some- times nearly white, but more frequently stained red or brown by the ferruginous matter wliich it contains, and is frequently composed in part of rounded quartz pebbles, from the size of a pea to several inches in diameter. When highly ferruginous, the oxide of iron cements the sand into a hard crust on the surface of the rock, which successfully resists the de- nuding influence of the atmosphere, so that the ■ rock forms towering cliffs on the banks of the stream along which are its outcrops. Its thickness varies from 200 feet in the southern part of the State to twenty-five feet in the northern. It has afforded a few species of fossil plants, but no animal remains. The coal measures of Illinois are at least 1,000 feet thick and cover nearly three-fourtlis of its entire area. The strata are horizontal, the dip rarely exceeding six to ten feet to the mile. The formation is made up of sandstone, shales, thin beds of limestone, coal, and its associated fire clays. The thickness of the workable beds is from six to twenty-four inches in the upper measures, and from two to live feet in the lower measures. The fire clays, on which the coal seams usually rest, probably represent the ancient soil on which grew the trees and plants from which the coal is formed. 200 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. When pure, these clays are valuable for the manufacture of fire brick, tile and common pottery. Illinois coal is wholly of the bitumi- nous variety, the metamorphic conditions which resulted in the production of anthracite coal in Pennsylvania not having extended to this State. Fossils, both vegetable and animal, abound in the coal measures. Tertiary System. — This system is represented only in the southern end of the State, where cer- tain deposits of stratified sands, shales and con- glomerate are found, which appear to mark the northern boundary of the great Tertiary forma- tion of the Gulf States. Potter's clay, lignite and silicious woods are found in the formation. Quaternary System. — This system embraces all the superficial material, including sands, clay, gravel and soil which overspreads the older for- mations in all portions of the State. It gives origin to the soil from which the agricultural wealth of Illinois is derived. It may be properly separated into four divisions: Post-tertiary sands, Drift, Loess and Alluvium. The first- named occupies the lowest position in the series, and consists of stratified beds of yellow sand and blue clay, of variable thickness, overlaid by a black or deep brown, loamy soil, in which are found leaves, branches and trunks of trees in a good state of preservation. Next above lie the drift deposits, consisting of blue, yellow and brown clays, containing gravel and boulders of various sizes, the latter the water-worn frag- ments of rocks, many of which have been washed down from the northern shores of the great lakes. This drift formation varies in thickness from twenty to 120 feet, and its accumulations are probably due to the combined influence of water currents and moving ice. The subsoil over a large part of the northern and central portions of the State is composed of fine brown clay. Prof. Desquereux (Illinois Geological Sur- vey, Vol. I. ) accounts for the origin of this clay and of the black prairie soil above it, by attribut- ing it to the growth and decomposition of a peculiar vegetation. The Loess is a fine mechan- ical sediment that appears to have accumulated in some body of fresh water. It consists of marly sands and clays, of a thickness vai-ying from five to sixty feet. Its greatest development is along the bluffs of the principal rivers. The fossils found in this formation consist chiefly of the bones and teeth of extinct mammalia, such as the mam- moth, mastodon, etc. Stone implements of primeval man are also discovered. The term alluvium is usually restricted to the deposits forming the bottom lands of the rivers and smaller streams. They consist of irregularly stratified sand, clay and loam, which are fre- quently found in alternate layers, and contain more or less organic matter from decomposed animal and vegetable substances. When suffi- ciently elevated, they constitute the richest and most productive farming lands in the State. GEORGETOWN, a city (incor. 1909) of Ver- milion County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 10 miles south of Danville. It has a bank and one weekly paper; extensive coal mines in vicinity. Pop. (1910), 2,307. GERMAN EVANGELICAL SCHOOL, located at Addison, Du Page County ; incorporated in 1853 ; has a faculty of three instnictors and reports 187 pupils for 1897-98, with a property valuation of S9,G00. GERMANTOWN, a village of Clinton County, on the Southern Railroad 25 miles east of Belle- ville, in a farming and stock-raising district. Pop. (1910). 0.").5; (19101. 711. GEST, William H., lawyer and ex-Congress- man, was born at Jacksonville, 111., Jan. 7, 1838. When but four years old his parents removed to Rock Island, where he has since resided. He graduated from Williams College in 1860, was admitted to the bar in 1862, and has always been actively engaged in practice. In 1886 he was elected to Congress by the Republicans of the Eleventh Illinois District, and was re-elected in 1888, but in 1890 was defeated by Benjamin T. Cable. Democrat. GIBAULT, Pierre, a French priest, supposed to have been born at New Madrid in what is now Southeastern Jlissouri, early in the eighteenth century; was Vicar-General at Kaskaskia, with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the churches at Cahokia, St. Genevieve and adjacent points, at the time of the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778, and rendered Clai"k important aid in conciliating the French citizens of Illinois. He also made a visit to Vincennes and induced the people there to take the oath of allegi- ance to the new government. He even advanced means to aid Clark's destitute troops, but beyond a formal vote of thanks by the Virginia Legisla- ture, he does not appear to have received any recompense. Governor St. Clair, in a report to Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, dwelt impressively upon the value of Father Gibault's services and sacrifices, and Judge Law said of him, "Next to Clark and (Francis) Vigo, the United States are indebted more to Father Gibault for the accession of the States comprised HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 201 in what was the original Northwest Territory than to any other man." The date and place of his death are unknown. GIBSON CITY, a town in Ford County, situ- ated on the Lake Erie «fe Western Railroad, 34 miles east of Blooniington, and at the intersec- tion of the Wabash Railroad and the Springfield Division of the Illinois Central. Tlie principal mechanical industries are iron works, canning works, a shoe factor}', and a tile factory. It has two banks, two newspapers, nine churches and an academy. A college is projected. Popula- tion (1S90), 1,803; (1900), 2.0.54; (1910), 2,086. GILL, Joseph B., Lieutenant-Governor (1893- 97), was born on a farm near Marion, Williamson County, 111., Feb. 17, 1862. In 1868 his father settled at Murphysboro, where Mr. Gill still makes his home. His academic education was received at the school of the Christian Brothers, in St. Louis, and at the Southern Illinois Normal University, Carbondale. In 1886 he graduated from the Law Department of the Michigan State University, at Ann Arbor. Returning home he purchased an interest in "The Murphysboro Inde- pendent," which paper he conducted and edited up to January, 1893. In 1888 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature and re-elected in 1890. As a legislator he was prominent as a champion of the labor interest. In 1892 he was nominated and elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket, serving from January, 1893, to '97. GILLESPIE, a village of Macoupin County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Cliicago & St. Louis Railway, 10 miles southwest of Litclifield. This is an agricultural, coal-mining and stock-raising region ; the town has a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 948; (1900), 873; (1910), 2,241. GILLESPIE, Joseph, lawyer and Judge, was born in New York City, August 23, 1809, of Irish parents, who removed to Illinois in 1819, settling on a farm near Edwardsville. After coming to Illinois, at 10 years, he did not attend school over two months. In 1827 he went to the lead mines at Galena, remaining until 1829. In 1831, at the invitation of Cyrus Edwards, he began the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837, having been elected Probate Judge in 1836. He also served during two campaigns (1831 and '32) in the Black Hawk War. He was a Whig in politics and a warm personal friend of Abraham Lincoln. In 1840 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, serving one term, and was a member of the State Senate from 1847 to 1859. In 18.53 he received the few votes of the Whig members of the Legislature for United States Senator, in opposition to Stephen A. Douglas, and, in 1860, presided over the second Republican State Convention at Decatur, at which elements were set in motion which resulted in the nomi- nation of Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency for the first time, a week later. In 1861 he was elected Judge of the Twentj'-fourth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1867 for a second term, serving until 1873. Died, at his home at Edwards- ville, Jan. 7, 188.5. GILLETT, John Dean, agriculturist and .stock- man, was born in Coimecticut, April 28, 1819; spent several years of his youth in Georgia, but, in 1838, came to Illinois bj' way of St. Louis, finally reaching "Bald Knob," in Logan Comity, where an uncle of tlie same name resided. Here he went to work, and, by frugality and judicious investments, finally acquired a large body of choice lands, adding to his agricultural operations the rearing and feeding of stock for the Chicago and foreign markets. In this he was remarkably succassful. In his later years he was President of a National Bank at Lincoln. At the time of his death, August 27, 1888, he was the owner of 16,500 acres of improved lands in the vicinity of Elkhart, Logan County, besides large herds of fine stock, both cattle and horses. He left a large family, one of his daughters being the wife of the late Senator Richard J. Oglesbj . GILLETT, Philip Goode, specialist and edu- cator, born in Madison, Ind., March 24, 1833; was educated at Asbury University, Greencastle, Ind. , graduating in 1852, and the same year became an instructor in the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb in tliat State. In 1856 he became Principal of the Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- ville, remaining there until 1893, when he resigned. Thereafter, for some years, he was President of the As,sociation for the Promotion of Speech by the Deaf, with headquarters in Wash- ington, D. C, but later returned to Jacksonville, where he died Oct.. 2, 1901. GILLHAM, Daniel B., agriculturist and legis- lator, was born at a place now called Wanda, in Madison County, 111., April 29, 1826— his father being a farmer and itinerant Metliodist preacher, who belonged to one of tlie pioneer families in the American Bottom at an early day. The sub- ject of this sketcli was educated in tlie common schools and at McKendree College, but did not graduate from the latter. In his early life he followed the vocation of a farmer and stock- grower in one of the mo.st prosperous and liiglily 202 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. cultivated portions of the American Bottom, a few miles below Alton, but, in 1872, removed to Alton, where he spent the remainder of his life. He became a member of the State Board of Agri- culture in 1866, serving eight years as Superin- tendent and later as its President; was also a Trustee of Shurtleff College some twenty-five years, and for a time President of the Board. In 1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and to the State Senate in 1882, serving a term of four years in the latter. On the night of March 17, 1890, he was assaulted by a burglar in his house, receiving a wound from a pistol-shot in consequence of which he died, April 6, following. The identity of his assailant was never discovered, and the crime consequently went unpunished. 6ILMAM, a city in Iroquois County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the To- ledo, Peoria & Western Railways, 81 miles south by west from Chicago and 208 miles northeast of St. Louis. It is in the heart of one of the richest corn districts of the State and has large stock-raising and fruit-growing interests. It has an opera house, a public library, an extensive nursery, brick and tile works, a linseed oil mill, two banks and two weekly newspapers. Arte- sian well water is obtained by boring from 90 to 200 feet. Pop. (1900), 1,441; (1910), 1,305. OILMAN, Arthur, was born at Alton, 111. , June 82, 1837, the son of Winthrop S. Oilman, of the firm of Oilman & Oodfrey, in whose warehouse the printing press of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored at the time of its destruction by a mob in 1837; was educated in St. Louis and New York, began business as a banker in 1857, but, in 1870, removed to Cambridge, Mass., and connected himself with "The Riverside Press." Mr. Oilman was one of the prime movei's in what is known as "The Harvard Annex" in the interest of equal collegiate advantages for women, and has written much for the periodical press, besides publishing a number of volumes in the line of history and English literature. GILMAN, CLINTON & SPRIJfOFIELD RAIL- ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) GIRARD, a city in Macoupin County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 25 miles south by west from Springfield and 13 miles north-northeast of Carlinville. Coal-miuing is carried on extensively here. The city also has a bank, five churches and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,024; (1S90), 1,.'",24; (1000), 1,601; (1910), 1,891. GLEJfCOE, a village of Cook County, on the Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwest- em Railway, 19 miles north of Chicago. Popu- lation (1890), 569; (1900), 1,020; (1910), 1,899. GLENN, Archibald A., ex-Lieutenant-Oovernor, was born in Nicholas County, Ky., Jan. 30, 1819. In 1828 his father's family removed to Illinois, settling first in Vermilion, and later in Schuyler County. At the age of 13, being forced to abandon school, for six years he worked upon the farm of his widowed mother, and, at 19, entered a printing office at Rushville, where he learned the trade of compositor. In 1844 he published a Whig campaign paper, which was discontinued after the defeat of Henry Clay. For eleven years he was Circuit Clerk of Brown County, during which period he was admitted to the bar ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention o* 1862, and of the State Board of Equalization from 1868 to 1872. The latter year he was elected to the State Senate for four years, and, in 1875, chosen its President, thus becoming ex-oflicio Lieutenant-Oovernor. He early abandoned legal practice to engage in banking and in mercan- tile investment. After the expiration of his term in the Senate, he removed to Kansas, where he resided until his death. May 21, 1901. GLEN CARBON, a village of Madison County, on the Illinois Central Railroad; in coal mining region. Pop. (1910), 1,220. GLEN ELLYN, a village of Dupage County, two miles east of Wheaton, on Chicago & North Western Railroad. Pop. (1910), 1,763. GLENN, John J., lawyer and jurist, was bom in Ashland County, Ohio, March 2, 1831 ; gradu- ated from Miami University in 1856 and, in 1858, was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. Removing to Illinois in 1860, he settled in Mercer County, a year later removing to Monmouth in Warren County, where he still resides. In 1877 he was elected Judge of the Tenth Judicial Cir- cuit and re-elected in 1879, "85, '91, and '97. After his last election he served for some time, by appointment of the Supreme Court, as a mem- ber of the Appellate Court for the Springfield District, but ultimatelj' resigned and returned to Circuit Court dutj'. His reputation as a cool- headed, impartial Judge stood very high, and his name had been favorably regarded for a place on the Supreme Bench. Died Jan. 6, 1905. GLOVER, Josepli Otis, lawyer, was bom in Cayuga County, N. Y.. April 13, 1810, and edu- cated in the high-school at Aurora in that State. In 1835 he came west to attend to a land case at Oalena for his father, and, although not then a lawyer, he managed the case so successfully that he was asked to take charge of two others. This HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 203 determined the bent of his mind towards the law, to the study of which he turned his attention under tlie preceptorship of the late Judge The- ophilus L. Dickey, then of Ottawa. Soon after being admitted to the bar in 1840, he formed a partnership with the late Burton C. Cook, whioh lasted over thirty years. In 1846 he was elected as a Democrat to the lower branch of the Fif- teenth General Assembly, but, on the repeal of the Missouri Ckimpromise. he became one of the founders of the Republican party and a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he entertained, At the time of his (Lincoln's) debate with Senator Douglas, at Ottawa, in 1858. In 1868 he served as Presidential Elector at the time of General Grant's first election to the Presidency, and the following year was appointed United States Dis- trict Attorney for the Northern District, serving until 187.5. In 1877 he was appointed bj' Gov- ernor Cullom a member of the Board of Railway and Canal Commissioners, of which he afterwards became President, serving six years. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 10, 1893. GODFREY, (Capt.) Benjamin, sea captain and philanthropist, was born at Chatham, Mass., Dec. 4, 1794 : at nine years of age he ran away from home and went to sea, his first voyage being to Ireland, where he spent nine years. The War of 1812 coming on, he returned home, spending a part of the next three years in the naval service, also gaining a knowledge of the science of navi- gation. Later, he became master of a merchant- vessel making voyages to Italy, Spain, the West Indies and other countries, finally, by shipwreck in Cuban waters, losing the bulk of his fortune. In 1824 he engaged in mercantile business at Matamoras, Mex. , where he accumulated a hand- some fortune ; but, in transferring it (amounting to some $200,000 in silver) across the country on pack-animals, he was attacked and robbed by brigands, with which that country was then infested. Resuming business at New Orleans, he was again successful, and, in 1832, came north, locating near Alton, 111., the next year engaging in the warehouse and commission business as the partner of Winthrop S. Oilman, under the name of Grodfrey & Oilman. It was in the warehouse of this firm at Alton that the printing-press of Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored when it was seized and destroyed by a mob, and Lovejoy was killed, in October, 1837. (See Lovejoy. Elijah P.) Soon after establishing himself at Alton, Captain God- frey made a donation of land and money for the erection of a young ladies' seminary at tlie village of Godfrey, four miles from Alton. (See Monti- cello Female Seminary.) The first cost of the erection of buildings, borne by him, was $.53,000. The institution was opened, April 11, 1838, and Captain Godfrey continued to be one of its Trustees as long as he lived. He was also one of the lead- ing spirits in the construction of the Alton & Springfield Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Alton), in which he invested heavily and un- profitably. Died, at Godfrey, April 13, 1862. GOLCONDA, a village and county-seat of Pope County, on the Ohio River, 80 miles northeast of Cairo; located in agricultural and mining dis- trict; zinc, lead and kaolin mined in the vicinity; has a courthouse, eight churches, schools, one bank, a newspaper, a box factory, flour and saw mills, and a fluor-spar factory. It is the termi- nus of a branch of the Illinois Central Railroad. Pop. (1890), 1,174; (1900), 1,140; (1910), 1,088. GOLDZIER, Julius, ex- Congressman, was born at Vienna, Austria, Jan. 20, 1854, and emigrated to New York in 1866. In 1872 he settled in Chicago, where he was admitted to the bar in 1877, and where he has practiced law ever since. From 1890 to 1892 he was a member of the Chicago City Council, and, in 1892, was the successful Democratic candidate in the Fourth District, for Congress, but was defeated in 1894 by Edward D. Cooke. At the Chicago city election of 1899 he was again re- turned to the Council as Alderman for the Thirty- second Ward. GOODING, James, pioneer, was born about 1767, and, in 1832, was residing at Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., when he removed to Cook Coimty, 111., settling in what was later called "Gooding's Grove," now a part of Will County. The Grove was also called the "Yankee Settlement," from the Eastern origin of the principal settlers. Mr. Gooding was accompanied, or soon after joined, by three sons — James, Jr., William and Jasper — and a nephew, Charles Gooding, all of whom became prominent citizens. The senior Gooding died in 1849, at the age of 82 years.— William (Gooding), civil engineer, son of the preceding, was born at Bristol, Ontario Comity, N. Y., April 1, 1803; educated in the common schools and by private tuition, after which he divided his time chiefly between teaching and working on the farm of his father, James Gooding. Having devoted considerable attention to surveying and civil engineering, he obtained employment in 1826 on the Welland Canal, where he remained three years. He then engaged in mercantile pursuits at Lock- port, N. Y., but sold out at the end of the first year and went to Ohio to engage in his profession. 304 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Being unsuccessful in this, he accepted employ- ment for a time as a rodman, but later secured a position as Assistant Engineer on the Ohio Canal. After a brief visit to his fatlier's in 1832, he returned to Ohio and engaged in business there for a short time, but the following year joined his father, who had previously settled in a portion of what is now Will County, but then Cook, mak- ing the trip by the first mail steamer around the lakes. He at first settled at "Gooding's Grove" and engaged in farming. In 1836 he was ap- pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, but, in 1842, became Chief Engi- neer, continuing in that position until the com- pletion of the canal in 1848, when he became Secretary of the Canal Board. Died, at Lockport, Will County, in May, 1878. GOODRICH, Grant, lawyer and jurist, was bom in Milton, Saratoga, Coimty, N. Y., August 7, 1811 ; grew up in Western New York, studied law and came to Chicago in 1834, becoming one of the most prominent and reputable members of his profession, as well as a leader in many of the movements for the educational, moral and reli- gious advancement of the community. He was one of the founders of the First Methodist Epis- copal Church of Chicago, an active member of the Union Defense Committee during the war, an incorporator and life- long Trustee of tlie North- western University, and President of the Board of Trustees of Garrett Biblical In.stitute, besides being identified with many organizations of a strictly benevolent character. In ISjO Judge Goodrich was elected a Judge of tlie newly organ- ized Superior Court, but, at the end of his term, resumed the practice of his profession. Died, March 15, 1889. GORE, David, ex-State Auditor, was born in Trigg County, Ky., Aprils, 1827; came with his parents to Mailison County, 111. , in 1834, and served in the Mexican War as a Quartermaster, afterwards locating in Macoupin County, where he lias been extensively engaged in farming. In 1874 he was an unsuccessful Greenback-Labor candidate for State Treasurer, in 1884 was elected to the State Senate from the Macoupin-Morgan District, and, in 1892, nominated and elected, as a Democrat, Auditor of Public Accounts, serving until 1897. For some sixteen years he was a member of the State Board of Agriculture, the last two years of that period being its President. His home is at Carlinville. GOTJDY, Calvin, early printer and physician, was born in Ohio, June 2, 1814; removed with his parents, in childhood, to Indianapolis, and in 1882 to Vandalia, 111., where he worked in the State printing office and bindery. In the fall of 1833 the family removed to Jacksonville, and the following year he entered Illinois College, being for a time a college-mate of Richard Yates, after- wards Governor. Here he continued his vocation as a printer, working for a time on "Peck's Gazetteer of Illinois" and "Goudy's Almanac," of which his fatlier was publisher. In association with a brother while in Jacksonville, he began the publication of "The Common School Advo- cate," the pioneer publication of its kind in the Northwest, which was continued for about a year. Later he studied medicine with Drs. Henry and Merriman in Springfield, finally graduating at the St. Louis Medical College and, in 1844, began practice at Taylorville; in 1847 was elected Probate Judge of Christian County for a term of four years; in 1851 engaged in mercantile busi- ness, wliich he continued nineteen years. In 1856 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly and, in the session of the following year, was a leading supporter of the act estab- lishing the State Normal School at Normal, still later serving for some sixteen years on the State Board of Education. Died, at Taylorville, in 1877. Dr. Goudy was an older brother of the late William C. Goudy of Chicago. GOUDY, William C, lawyer, was born in Indiana, May 1.5, 1824; came to Illinois, with Ids father, first to Vandalia and afterwards to Jack- sonville, previous to 1833, where the latter began the publication of "The Farmer's Almanac" — a well-known publication of that time. At Jack- sonville young Goudy entered Illinois College, graduating in 1845, when he began the study of law with Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield; was admitted to the bar in 1847, and the next year began practice at Lewistown, Fulton County; served as State's Attorney (1852-55) and as State Senator (18.56-00); at the close of his term re- moved to Cliicago, where he became prominent as a corporation and railroad lawyer, in 1886 be- coming General Solicitor of the Chicago & North- western Railroad. During President Cleveland's first term, Mr. Goudy was believed to exert a large influence with the administration, and was credited with having been largely instrumental in securing tlie appointment of his partner, Mel- ville W. Fuller, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Died, April 27, 1893. GRAFF, Joseph V., lawyer and Congressman, was born at Terre Haute, Ind., July 1, 1854; after graduating from the Terre Haute high-school, spent ont; year in Wabash College at Crawfords- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 205 ville, but did not graduate ; studied law and was admitted to the bar at Delavan, 111., in IHTS); in 1892 was a delegate to the Kepublican National Convention at Minneapolis, but, with the excep- tion of President of the Board of Education, never held any public office until elected to Con- gress from the Fourteenth Illinois District, as a Republican, in November, 1894. Mr. Graff was a successful candidate for re-election in 1896, and again in '98. GRAFTON, a city in Jersey Count}', situated on the Mississippi one and a half miles below the mouth of tlie Illinois River. The bluffs are high aud fine river views are obtainable. A fine quality of fossiliferous limestone is quarried here and exported by the river. The town has a bank, three churches, a graded school and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 988; (1910), 1,116. GRAIN INSPECTION, a mode of regulating the grain-trade in accordance with State law, aud under the general supervision of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission. The principal exec- utive officer of the department is the Chief Inspector of Grain, the expenses of whose adminis- tration are borne by fees. The chief business of the inspection department is transacted in Chi- cago, where the principal offices are located. (See Railroad and Warehouse Commission.) GRAMMAR, John, pioneer and early legislator, came to Southern Illinois at a very early date and served as a member of the Third Territorial Council for .Tohnson County (1816-18); was a citizen of Union County when it was organized in 1818, and served as State Senator from that county in the Third and Fourth General Assem- blies (^1822-26), and again in the Seventh and Eighth General Assemblies (1830-34), for the Dis- trict composed of Union, Johnson and Alexander Counties. He is described as having been very illiterate, but a man of much shrewdness and considerable influence. GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, a fra- ternal, charitable and patriotic association, limited to men who served in the Union army or navy during the Civil War, and received hon- orable discharge. Its founder was Dr. B. F. Stephenson, who served as Surgeon of the Four- teenth Illinois Infantry. In this task he had the cooperation of Rev. William J. Rutledge, Chaplain of the same regiment. Col. John M. Snyder, Dr. James Hamilton, Maj. Robert M. Woods, Maj. Robert Allen, Col. Martin Flood, Col. Daniel Grass, Col. Edward Prince, Capt. John S, Phelps, Capt. Jolm A. Lightfoot, Col. B. F. Smith, Maj. A. A. North, Capt. Henry E. Howe, and Col. B. F. Hawkes, all Illinois veter- ans. Numerous conferences were held at Spring- field, in thi.s State, a ritual was prepared, and the first post was chartered at Decatur, 111., April 6, 1866. The charter members were Col. I. C. Pugh, George R. Steele, J. W. Routh, Joseph Prior, J. H. Nale, J. T. Bishop, G. H. Dunning, B. F. Sibley, M. F. Kanan, C. Reibsame, I. N. Coltrin, and Aquila Toland. All but one of these had served in Illinois regiments. At first, the work of organization proceeded slowly, the ex-soldiers generally being somewhat doubtful of the result of the project; but, before July 12, 1866, the date fixed for the assembling of a State Convention to form the Department of Illinois, thirty-nine posts had been chartered, and, by 1869, there were 330 reported in Illinois. By October, 1866, Depart- ments had been formed in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and posts established in Ohio, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Massa- chussetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia, and the first National Encampment was held at Indianapolis, November 20 of that year. In 1894 there were 7,500 posts, located in every State and Territory of the Union, with a membership of 450,000. The scheme of organization provides for precinct. State and National bodies. The first are known as posts, each having a number, to which the name of some battle or locality, or of some deceased soldier may be prefixed ; the second (State organizations) are known as Departments; and the supreme power of the Order is vested in the National En- campment, which meets annually. As has been said, the G. A. R. had its inception in Illinois. The aim and dream of Dr. Stephenson and his associates was to create a grand organization of veterans which, through its cohesion, no less than its incisiveness, should constitute a potential fac- tor in the inculcation and development of patriot- ism as well as niutuM support. While he died sorrowing that he had not seen the fruition of his hopes, the present has witnessed the fullest realization of his dream. (See Stephenson. B. F. ) The constitution of the order expressly prohibits any attempt to use the organization for partisan purposes, or even the discussion, at any meeting, of partisan questions. Its aims are to foster and strengthen fraternal feelings among members; to assist comrades needing help or protection and aid comrades' widows and orphans, and to incul- cate unswerving loyalty. The "Woman's Relief Corps" is an auxiliary organization, originating at Portland, Maine, in 1869. The following is a list of Illinois Department Commanders, chrouolog- 206 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ically arranged: B. F. Stephenson (Provisional, 1866), John M. Palmer (1866-68), Thomas O. Osborne (1869-70), Charles E. Lippincott (1871), Hubert Dilger (1872), Guy T. Gould (1873), Hiram Hilliard (1874-76), Joseph S. Reynolds (1877), T. B. Coulter (1878), Edgar D. Swain (1879-80), J. W. Burst (1881), Thomas G. Lawler (1882), S. A. Harper (1883), L. T. Dickason (1884), William W. Berry (1885), Philip Sidney Post (1886), A. C. Sweetser (1887), James A. Sexton (1888), James S. Martin (1889), "William L. Distin (1890), Horace S. Clark (1891), Edwin Harlan (1892), Edward A. Blodgett (1893), H. H. McDowell (1894), W. H. Powell (1895), William G. Cochran (1896), A. L. Schimpff (1897), John C. Black (1898), John B. Inman (1899). The fol- lowing Illinoisans have held the position of Com- mander-in-Chief: S. A. Hurlbut, (two terms) 1866-67; John A. Logan, (three terms) 1868-70; Thomas G. Lawler, 1894; James A. Sexton, 1898. GRAND PRAIRIE SEMINARY, a co-educa- tional institution at Onarga, Iroquois County, in- corporated in 1863 ; had a faculty of eleven teach- ers in 1897-98, with 285 pupils— 145 male and 140 female. It reports an endowment of $10,000 and property valued at $55,000. Besides the usual classical and scientific departments, instruction is given in music, oratory, fine arts and prepara- tory studies. GRAND TOWER, a town in Jackson County, situated on the Mississippi River, 27 miles southwest of Carbondale; the western terminus of the Grand Tower & Carbondale R. R. ; named from a high, rocky island in the river. Pop. (1910), 873. GRANT PARK, a village of Kankakee County on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad; .50 miles south of Chicago. Pop. (1910), 692. GRAND TOWER & CAPE GIRARDEAU RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Texas Railroad.) GRAND TOWER & CARBONDALE RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & Texas Railroad.) GRANGER, Flavel K., lawyer, farmer and legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y. , May 16, 1832, educated in public schools at Sodus in the same State, and settled at Waukegan, 111., in 1853. Here, having studied law, he was admitted to the bar in 1855, removing to McHenry County the same year, and soon after engaging in the live-stock and wool business. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican Representative in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, being succes- sively re-elected to the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth and Thirty-first, and being chosen Temporary Speaker of the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth. He was a member of tlie State Senate for the Eighth District, having been elected in 1896. His home was at West McHenrj-, 111. Died June 10, 1905. GRANT, Alexander Fraeser, early lawyer and jurist, was born at Inverness, Scotland, in 1804; came to Illinois at an early day and located at Shawneetown, where he studied law with Henry Eddy, the pioneer lawyer and editor of that place. Mr. Grant is described as a man of marked ability, as were many of the early settlers of that region. In February, 1835, he was elected by the General Assembly Judge for the Third Circuit, as succes- sor to his preceptor, Mr. Eddy, but served only a few months, dj'ing at Vandalia the same year. GRANT, Ulysses Simpson, (originally Hiram Ulysses), Lieutenant - General and President, was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio, April 27, 1822 ; graduated from West Point Military Academy, in 1843, and served through the Mexican War. After a short resi- dence at St. Louis, he became a resident of Galena in 1860. His war-record is a glorious part of the Nation's history. Entering the service of the State as a clerk in the office of the Quartermaster- General at Springfield, soon after the breaking out of the war in 1861, and still later serving as a drill-master at Camp Yates, in June following he was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers, which he immediately led into the field in the State of Missouri ; was soon after promoted to a Brigadier- Generalship and became a full Major-General of Volunteers on the fall of Forts Donel-son and Henry, in February following. His successes at Fort Gibson, Raymond, Champion Hill, and Big Black River, ending with the capture of Vicks- burg, were the leading victories of the Union armies in 1863. His successful defense of Chat- tanooga was also one of his victories in the West in the same year. Commissioned a Major-General of the Regular Army after the fall of Vicksburg, he became Lieutenant-General in 1864, and, in March of that year, assumed command of all the Northern armies. Taking personal command of the Army of the Potomac, he directed the cam- paign against Richmond, which resulted in the final evacuation and downfall of the Confederate capital and the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox on April 8, 1865. In July, 1866, he was made General — the office being created for him. He also served as Secretary of War, ad interim, under President Johnson, from Au- gust, 1867, to January, 1868. In 1868 he was elected President of the United States and re- elected in 1872. His administration may not have been free from mistakes, but it was charao- J HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 307 terized by patriotism and integrity of purpose. During 1877-79 he made a tour of the world, being received everywhere with the highest honors. In 1880 his friends made an unsuccessful effort to secure his renomination as a Presidential candi- date on the Republican ticket. Died, at Mount McGregor, N. Y. , July 23, 1885. His chief literary work was his "Memoirs" (two volumes, 1885-86), which was very extensively sold. GRANVILLE, a village of Putnam County, six miles east of Hennepin, at the junction of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad with two other lines; is in an agricultural and coal mining district; has one weekly paper. Population (1900), 320; (1910), 1,391. GRATIOT, Charles, of Huguenot parentage, bom at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1752. After receiving a mercantile training in the counting house of an uncle in London, he emigrated to Canada, entering the employ of another uncle at Montreal. He first came to the "Illinois Coun- try" in 1775, as an Indian trader, remaining one year. In 1777 he returned and formed a partner- ship with David McRae and John Kay, two young Scotchmen from Montreal. He established depots at Cahokia and Kaskaskia. Upon the arrival of Col. George Rogers Clark, in 1778, he rendered that commander material financial assistance, becoming personally responsible for the supplies needed by the penniless American army. When the transfer of sovereignty took place at St. Louis, on March 10, 1804, and Louisiana Territory became a part of the United States, it was from the balcony of his house that the first American flag was unfurled in Upper Louisiana. In recom- pense for his liberal expenditure, he was promised 30,000 acres of land near the present site of Louisville, but this he never received. Died, at St. Louis, April 21, 1817. GRAVIER, Father Jacques, a Jesuit mission- ary, born in France, but at what date cannot be stated with certainty. After some years spent in Canada he was sent by liis ecclesiastical superiors to the Illinois Mission (1688), succeeding AUouez as Superior two years later, and being made Vicar-General in 1691. He labored among the Miamis, Peorias and Kaskaskias — his most niimer- ous conversions being among the latter tribe — as also among the Cahokias, Osages, Tamaroas and Missouris. It is said to liave been largely through his influence tliat the Illinois were induced to settle at Kaskaskia instead of going south. In 1705 he received a severe wound during an attack by tlie Illinois Indians, incited, if not actually led, by one of their medicine men. It is said that he visited Paris for treatment, but failed to find a cure. Accounts of his death vary as to time and place, but all agree that it resulted from the wound above mentioned. Some of his biographers assert that he died at sea; others that he returned from France, yet suffering from the Indian poison, to Louisiana in February, 1708, and died near Mobile, Ala., the same year. GRAY, Elisha, electrician and inventor, was born at Barnesville, Ohio, August 2, 1835; after serving as an apprentice at various trades, took a course at Oberlin College, devoting especial attention to the physical sciences, meanwhile supporting himself by manual labor. In 1865 he began his career as an electrician and, in 1867, received his first patent; devised a method of transmitting telephone signals, and, in 1875, suc- ceeded in transmitting four messages simultane- ously on one wire to New York and Boston, a year later accomplishing the same with eight messages to New York and Philadelphia. Pro- fessor Gray also invented a telegraph switch, a repeater, enunciator and type-writing telegraph. From 1869 to '73 he was employed in the manu- facture of telegraph apparatus at Cleveland and Chicago, but has since been electrician of the Western Electric Company of Chicago. His latest invention, the "telautograph" — for reproducing by telegraph the handwriting of the sender of a telegram — attracted great interest at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. He was author of "Telegraphy and Telephony" and "Ex- perimental Researches in Electro-Harmonic Teleg- raphy and Telephony." Died Jan. 20, 1901. GRAY, William C, Ph.D., editor, was bom in Butler County, Ohio, in 1830; graduated from the Farmers' (now Belmont) College in 1850, read law and began secular editorial work in 1852, being connected, in the next fourteen years, with "The Tiffin Tribune," "Cleveland Herald" and "Newark American." Then, after several years spent in general publishing business in Cincinnati, after the great fire of 1871 he came to Chicago, to take charge of "The Interior," the organ of the Presbyterian Church, which he con- ducted until his death, Sept. 29, 1901. The success of the paper under his management gave evidence of his practical good sense. He received the degree of Ph.D. from Wooster University in 1881. GRAYYILLE, a city situated on the border of White and Edwards Counties, lying chiefly in the former, on the Wabash River, 35 miles north- west of EvansviUe, Ind., 16 miles northeast of Carmi, and forty miles southwest of Vincennes. It is located in the heart of a heavily timbered HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. region and is an important hard-wood market. Valuable coal deposits exist. The industrias in- clude flour, saw and planing mills, stave factories and creamery. The city has an electric light and water plant, two banks, eight churclies, and two weekly papers. Poi). (1910), 1,940. WRAYVILLE & MATTOO^S RAILROAD. (See Peoria. Decatur <£■ Evansville Railway.) GREATHOL'SE, Lucien, soldier, was born at Carlinville, 111., in 18-13; graduated at Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, and studied law ; enlisted as a private at the beginning of the War of the Rebellion and rose to the rank of Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volvmteers; bore a conspicuous part in the movements of the Army of the Tennessee ; was killed in battle near Atlanta, Ga., June 21, 1864. GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (of 1843 and '49). (See UUnois Central Railroad.) GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (2). (See Wabash Raihray.) GREEJf RITER, rises in Lee County, and, after draining part of Bureau County, flows west- ward through Henry County, and enters Rock River about 10 miles east by south from Rock Island. It is nearly 120 miles long. GREEN, William H., State Senator and Judge, was born at Danville, Ky., Dec. 8, 1830. In 1847 he accompanied his father's family to Illinois, and, for three years following, taught school, at the same time reading law. He was admitted to the bar in 1852 and began practice at Mount Vernon, removing to Metropolis the next year, and to Cairo in 1863. In 1858 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, was re-elected in 1860 and, two years later, was elected to the State Senate for four years. In December, 1865, he was elected Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit, to fill the unexpired term of Judge MuLkey, retiring with the expiration of nis term in 1867. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Conventions of 1860. '64. •68, '80, '84 and "88, besides being for many years a member of the State Central Committee of tliat party, and also, for four terms, a member of the State Board of Education, of which he has been for several years the President. He was engaged for several years in the practice of his profession at Cairo. Died June 6, 1902. GREENE, Henry Sacheveral, attorney, was born in the North of Ireland, July, 1833, brought to Canada at five year.s of age, antl from nine com- pelled to support himself, sometimes as a clerk and at others setting type in a printing office. After spending some time in Western New York, in 1853 he commenced the study of law at Dan- ville, Ind. . with Hugh Crea, now of Decatur, 111. ; four years later settled at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he taught and studied law with Lawrence Weldon, now of the Coui't of Claims, Washington. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar at .Springfield, on the motion of Abraham Lin- coln, and was associated in practice, for a time, with Hon. Clifton H. Moore of Clinton ; later served as Prosecuting Attorney and one term (1867-69) as Representative in the General Assem- bly. At the close of his term in the Legislature he removed to Springfield, forming a law partner- ship with Milton Hay and David T. Littler, under the firm name of Hay, Greene & Littler, still later becoming the head of the firm of Greene & Humphrey. From the date of his removal to Springfield, for some thirty years his chief employ- ment was as a corporation lawyer, for the most part in the service of the Chicago & Alton and the Wabash Railways. His death occurred at his home in Springfield, after a proti-acted illness, Feb. 25, 1899. Of recognized ability, thoroughly devoted to his profession, high minded and honor- able in all his dealings, he commanded respect wherever he was known. GREENE, William G., pioneer, was born in Tennessee in 1812; came to Illinois in 1822 with his father (Bowling Greene), who settled in the vicinity of New Salem, now in Menard County. The younger Greene was an intimate friend and fellow-student, at Illinois College, of Richard Yates (afterwards Governor), and also an early friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, under whom he held an appointment in Utah for some years. He died at Tallula, Menard County, in 1894. GREENFIELD, a city in the eastern part of Greene County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Quincy, Carrollton & St. Louis Railways, 12 miles east of Carrollton and 55 miles north of St. Louis ; is an agricultural, coal-mining and stock-raising region. The city has several churches, public schools, a seminary, electric light plant, steam flouring mill, and one weekly paper. It is an important shipping point for cattle, horses, swine, corn, grain and produce. Pop. (1S90), 1.131: (1900), 1,085; (1910), 1,161. GREENE COUNTY, cut off from Madison and separately organized in 1821; has an area of 540 square miles; population (1910), 22.,363; named for Gen. Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary sol- dier. Tlie soil and climate are varied and adapted to a diversity of products, wheat and fruit being among the principal. Building stone and clay HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 209 are abundant. Probably the first English-speak- ing settlers were David Stockton and James Whiteside, who located south of Macoupin Creek in June, 1817. Samuel Thomas and others (among them Gen. Jacob Fry) followed soon afterward. The Indians were numerous and aggressive, and had destroyed not a few of the moniuuents of the Government surveys, erected some years before. Immigration of the whites, however, was rapid, and it was not long before the nucleus of a village was established at Car- rollton, where General Fry erected the first house and made the first coffin needed in the settle- ment. This town, the county-seat and most important place in the county, was laid off by Thomas Carlin in 1821. Other flourishing towns are Whitehall (population, 1,961), and Roodhouse (an important railroad center) with a population of 2,360. GREENUP, village of Cumberland County, at intersection of the Vandalia Line and Evansviile branch 111. Cent. Ry. ; in farming and fruit- growing region; has powder mill, bank, broom factory, several churches, public library, good schools and two papers. Pop. (1910), 1,224. GREEXVIEW, a village in Menard County, on the Jackson\-ille branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 22 miles north-northwest of Springfield and 36 miles northeast of Jacksonville. It has a coal mine, bank, one weekly paper, seven churches, and a graded and high school. Pop. (1900), 1,019; (1910), 921. GREENVILLE, an incorporated city, the county-seat of Bond County, on the East Fork of Big Shoal Creek and the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 50 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in a rich agricultural and coal-min- ing region. Corn and wheat are raised exten- sively in the surrounding country, and there are extensive coal mines adjacent to the city. The leading manufacturing product is in the line of wagons. It is the seat of Greenville College (a coeducational institution); has several banks and one weekly and two semi-weekly newspajiers. Pop. (1890), 1.808; (1900), 2,.-)04; (1910), .3,178. GREENVILLE, TREATY OF, a treaty negoti- ated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with a number of Indian tribes (see Indian Treaties), at Green- ville, after his victory over the savages at the battle of Maumee Rapids, in Augu.st, 179.5. This was the first treaty relating to Illinois lands in which a number of tribes united The lands con- veyed within the present limits of the State of Illinois were as follows. A tract six miles tiquare at the mouth of the Chicago River; another, twelve miles square, near the mouth of the Illinois River; another, six miles square, around the old fort at Peoria ; the post of Fort Massac; the 150,000 acres set apart as bounty lands for the army of Gen. George Rogers Clark, and "the lands at all other places in the pos.ses- sion of the French people and other white set- tlers among them, the Indian title to which has been thus extinguished. " On the other hand, the United States relinquished all claim to all other Indian lands north of the Ohio, east of tne Mis- sissippi and south of the great lakes. The cash consideration paid by the Government was $210,000. GREGG, David L., lawyer and Secretary of State, emigrated from Albany, N. Y. , and began the practice of law at Joliet, III, where, in 1839, he also edited "The Juliet Courier," the first paper established in Will County. From 1842 to 1846, he represented Will, Du Page and Iroquois Counties in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Gen- eral Assemblies ; later removed to Chicago, after which he served for a time as United States Dis- trict Attorney; in 1847 was chosen one of the Delegates from Cook County to the State Consti- tutional Convention of that year, and served as Secretary of State from 1850 to 1853, as successor to Horace S. Cooley, who died in office the former year. In the Democratic State Convention of 1852, Mr. Gregg was a leading candidate for the nomination for Governor, though finally defeated by Joel A. Matteson; served as Presidential Elector for that year, and, in 1853, -n-as appointed by President Pierce Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, still later for a time acting as the minis- ter or adviser of King Kamehamaha IV, who died in 1863. Returning to California he was ap- pointed by President Lincoln Receiver of Public Moneys at Carson City, Nev., where he died, Dec. 23, 1868. GREGORY, John Milton, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Sand Lake, Rensselaer Co., N. Y., July 6. 1822; graduated from Union Col- lege in 1846 and, after devoting two years to the study of law, studied theology and entered the Baptist ministry. After a brief pastorate in the East he came West, becoming Principal of a classical school at Detroit. His ability as an educator was soon recognized, and, in 1858, he was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction in Michigan, but declined a re-elec- tion in 1863. In 1854, he assisted in founding "The Michigan Journal of Edu(%ation,"' of which he was editor-in-chief. In 1863 he accepted the Presidency of Kalamazoo College, and four years 210 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later was called to that of the newly founded University of Illinois, at Champaign, where he remained until 1880. He was United States Commissioner to tlie Vienna Exposition in 1873, Illinois State Commissioner to the Paris Exposi- tion of 1878, also serving as one of the judges in the educational department of the Philadelphia Centennial of 1876. From 1883 to "85 he was a member of the United States Civil Service Com- mission. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Madison University (Hamilton. N. Y.) in 1866. Wliile State Superintendent he published a "Compend of School Laws" of Michi- gan, besides numerous addresses on educational subjects. Other works of his are "Handbook of History" and "Map of Time" (Chicago, 1866) ; "A New Political Economy" (Cincinnati, 1882); and "Seven Laws of Teaching" (Chicago, 1883). While holding a chair as Professor Emeritus of Political Economy in the University of Illinois during the latter years of his life, he resided in Washington, D. C, where he died, Oct. 20, 1898. By his special request he was buried on the grounds of the University at Cliampaign. GRESHAM, Walter Qainton, soldier, jurist and statesman, was born near Lanesville, Harri- son County, Ind., March 17, 1833. Two years at a seminary at Corydon, followed by one year at Bloomington University, completed his early education, which was commenced at the common schools. He read law at Corydon, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1860 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature, but resigned to become Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- eighth Indiana Volunteers, and was almost immediately commissioned Colonel of the Fifty- third Regiment. After the fall of Vicksburg he was promoted to a Brigadier-Generalship, and was brevetted Major-General on March 13, 1865. At Atlanta he was severely wounded, and disabled from service for a year. After the war he re- sumed practice at New Albany, Ind. His polit- ical career began in 1856, when lie stumped his county for Fremont. From tliat time until 1893 he was always prominently identified witli tlie Republican party. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- ful Republican candidate for Congress, and, in 1867-68, was the financial agent of liis State (Indiana) in New York. In 1869 Pre.sident Grant appointed him Judge of the United States Dis- trict Court for Indiana. In 1883 he resigned this position to accept the portfolio of Postmaster-Gen- eral in the Cabinet of President Arthur. In July, 1884, upon the death of Secretary Folger, he was made Secretary of the Treasury. In Oct. 1884, he was appointed United States Judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit, and thereafter made his lioine in Chicago. He was an earnest ad\o- cate of the renomination of Grant in that year, but subsequently took no active personal part in polities. In 1888 lie was the substantially unani- mous choice of Illinois Republicans for the Presi- dency, but was defeated in convention. In 1892 he was tendered the Populist nomination for President, but declined. In 1893 President Cleve- land offered him the portfolio of Secretary of State, whicli he accepted, dying in office at Wasliington, D. C, May 28, 1895. GREUSEL, Nicholas, soldier, was born in Ger- many, July 4, 1817, the son of a .soldier of Murat; came to New York in 1833 and to Detroit, Mich., in 1835 ; served as a Captain of the First Michigan Volunteers in the Mexican War; in 1857, came to Chicago and was employed on the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, until the firing on Fort Sumter, when he promptly enrolled himself as a private in a company organized at Aurora, of which he was elected Captain and attached to the Seventh Illinois (three-months' men), later being advanced to tlie rank of Major. Re-enlisting for tliree years, he was commissioned Lieutenant- Colonel, but, in August following, was commis- sioned Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Illinois; took part in the battles of Pea Ridge and Perryville and the campaign against Corinth ; compelled to resign on account of failing health, in February, 1863, he removed to Mount Pleasant, Iowa, whence he returned to Am'ora in 1893. Died at Aurora, April 25. 1896. GRIDLEY, Asahel, lawyer and banker, was born at Cazenovia, N. Y., April 21, 1810; was educated at Poinpey Academy and, at the age of 21, came to Illinois, locating at Bloomington and engaging in the mercantile business, which he carried on quite extensively some eight years. He served as First Lieutenant of a cavalry com- pany during the Black Hawk War of 1833, and soon after was elected a Brigadier-General of militia, thereby acquiring the title of "General." In 1840 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth General Assembly, and soon after began to turn his attention to tlie study of law, subse- quently forming a partnersliip witii Col. J. H. Wickizer, which continued for a number of years. Having been elected to the State Senate in 1850, he took a conspicuous part in the two succeeding sessions of the General Assembly in securing the location of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads by way of Bloomington : was also, at a later period, a leading promoter of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 211 Indiana. Bloomington & Western and other lines. In 1858 he joined J. Y. Scainnion and J. H. Burch of Chicago, in the establishment of the McLean County Bank at Bloomington, of which he became President and ultimately sole proprietor; also be- came proprietor, in 1857, of the Bloomington Gas- Light & Coke Company, which he managed some twenty-five years. Originally a Whig, he identi- fied himself with the Republican cause in 1856, serving upon the State Central Committee during the campaign of that year, but, in 1872, took part in the Liberal Republican movement, serv- ing as a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention, where he was a zealous supporter of David Davis for the Presidency. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 20. 1881. GRIER, (Col.) David Perkins, soldier and mer- chant, was born near Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 1837; received a common school education and, in 1852, came to Peoria, 111, where he engaged in the grain business, subsequently, in partnership with his brother, erecting the first grain-elevator in Peoria, with three or four at other points. Early in the war he recruited a company of which he was elected Captain, but, as the State quota was already full, it was not accepted in Illinois, but was mustered in, in June, as a part of the Eighth Missouri Volunteers. With this organi- zation he took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, the battle of Shiloh and the siege and capture of Corinth. In August, 1862, he was ordered to report to Governor Yates at Spring- field, and, on his arrival, was presented with a commission as Colonel of the Seventy-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, of which he retained command up to the siege of Vicksburg. During that siege he commanded a brigade and, in sub- sequent operations in Louisiana, was in command of the Second Brigade, Fourth Division of the Thirteenth Army Corps. Later he had command of all the troops on Dauphin Island, and took a conspicuous part in the capture of Fort Morgan and Mobile, as well as other operations in Ala- bama. He subsequently had command of a division until his muster-out, July 10, 1865, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war, General Grier resumed his business as a grain merchant at Peoria, but, in 1879, removed to E^st St. Louis, where he had charge of the erection and management of the Union Elevator there — was also Vice-President and Director of the St. Louis Merchants' Exchange. Died, April 22, 1891. GRIERSON, Benjamin H., soldier, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., July 8, 1826; removed in boyhood to Trumbull County, Ohio, and, about 1850, to Jacksonville, 111., where he was engaged for a time in teaching music, later embarking in the grain and produce business at Meredosia. He enlisted promptly at the beginning of the Civil War, becoming Aid-de-camp to General Prentiss at Cairo during the three-months' service, later being commissioned Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry. From this time his promotion was rapid. He was commissioned Colonel of the same regiment in March, 1862, and was commander of a brigade in December following. He was promi- nent in nearly all the cavalry skirmishes between Memphis and the Tennessee river, and, in April and Jlay, 1863, led the famous raid from La Grange, Tenn. , through the States of Mississippi and Louisiana to Baton Rouge in the latter— for the first time penetrating the heart of the Con- federacy and causing consternation among the rebel leaders, while materially aiding General Grant s movement against Vicksburg. This dem- onstration was generally regarded as one of the most brilliant events of the war, and attracted the attention of the whole country. In recog nition of this service he was, on June 3, 1863, made a Brigadier-General, and May 27, 1865, a full Major-General of Volunteers. Soon after the close of the war he entered the regular army as Colonel of the Tenth United States Cavalry and was successively brevetted Brigadier- and Major- General for bravery shown in a raid in Arkansas during December, 1864. His subsequent service was in the West and Southwest conducting cam- paigns against the Indians, in the meanwhile being in command at Santa Fe, San Antonio and elsewhere. On the promotion of General Miles to a Major-Generalship following the death of Maj.-Gen. George Crook in Chicago, March 19, 1890, General Grierson, who had been the senior Colonel for some j-ears, was promoted Brigadier- General and retired with that rank in July fol- ]owin£c;honieinJacksonvillp,Ill DicilAug.31, 1911. GRIGGS, Samuel Chapman, publisher, was born in Tolland, Conn., July 20, 1819; began business as a bookseller at Hamilton, N Y., but removed to Chicago, where he established the largest bookselling trade in tlie Northwest. Mr. Griggs was a heavy loser by the fire of 1871, and the following year, having sold out to his part- ners, established himself in the publishing busi- ness, which he conducted until 1896, when he retired. The class of books published by him include many educational and classical, with others of a high order of merit. Died in Chi- cago, April 5, 1897. 212 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. GiRICMJSTILLE, a city in Pike County, on the Wabash Railroaii. 4 miles west of the Illinois River, and 50 miles east of Quincy. Flour, camp stoves, and brooms are manufactured here. The city has churches, graded schools, a public library, fair grounds, opera house, a bank and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,400; (1900), 1,404: (1910), 1,262. GBIMSHAW, Jackson, lawyer and politician, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 22, 1820, of Anglo- Irish and Revolutionary ancestry. He was par- tially educated at Bristol College, Pa., and began the study of law with liis father, who was a lawyer and an author of repute. His professional studies were interrupted for a few years, during whicli he was employetl at surveying and civil engineering, but he watj admitted to the bar at Harrisburg. in 1848. The same year he settled at Pittsfield, 111., where he formed a partnership with his brother, "William A. Grimshaw. In 1857 he removed to Quincy, wheie he resided for the remainder of his life. He was a member of the first Republican Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856, and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress (1856 and '58) in a strongl}- Democratic District. He was a warm personal friend and trusted coun- sellor of Governor Yates, on whose staff he served as Colonel. During 1861 the latter sent Mr. Grimshaw to Washington with dispatches an- nouncing the captm-e of Jefferson Barracks, JIo. On arriving at Annapolis, learning that the rail- roads had been torn up by rebel sj-mpathizers, he walked from that city to the capital, and was summoned into the presence of the President and General Scott with his feet protruding from his boots. In 1S65 Mr. Lincoln appointed him Col- lector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy Dis- trict, whicli office he held until 1869. Died, at Quincy, Dec. 13, 1875. GRIMSHAW, William A., early lawyer, was bom in Philadelphia and admitted to the bar in his native citj' at the age of 19; in 1833 came to Pike County, 111., where he continued to prac- tice until his death. He servedin the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1847, and had the credit of preparing the article in the second Constitution prohibiting dueling. In 1864 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention which nominated Mr. Lincoln for President a second time ; also served as Presidential Elector in 1880. He was, for a time, one of the Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson vi'le, and, from 1877 to 1882, a member of the State Boaril of Public Charities, being for a time Presi- dent of the Board. Died, at Pittsfield, Jan. 7, 1895. 6RINNELL, Julins S., lawyer and ex-Judge, was born in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., in 1842, of New England parents, who were of French descent. He graduated from Middlebury College in 1866, and, two years later, was admitted to the bar at Ogdensburg, N. Y. In 1870 he removed to Chicago, where he soon attained a prominent position at the bar ; was elected City Attorney in 1879, and re-elected in 1881 and 1883. In 1884 he was elected State's Attorney for Cook County, in which capacity he successfully conducted some of the most celebrated criminal prosecutions in the history of Illinois. Among these may be mentioned the cases against Joseph T. Mackin and William J. Gallagher, growing out of an election conspiracy in Chicago in 1884; the conviction of a number of Cook County Commis- sioners for accepting bribes in 1885, and the con- .viction of seven anarchistic leaders charged with complicity in the Haymarket riot and massacre in Chicago, in May, 1886 — the latter trial being held in 1887. The same year (1887) he was elected to the Circuit bench of Cook County, but resigned his seat in 1890 to become counsel for the Chicago City Railway. Died, in Chicago, June 8, 1898. GROSS, Jacob, ex-State Treasurer and banker, was born in German}', Feb. 11, 1840; having lost his father by death at 13, came to the United States two years later, spent a year in Chicago schools, learned the trade of a tinsmith and clerked in a store until August, 1862, when he enlisted in the Eighty-Second Illinois Volunteers (the second "Hecker Regiment''); afterwards par- ticipated in some of the most important battles of the war, including Chancellorsville, Gettys- burg, Lookout Mountain, Resaca and others. At Dallas, Ga., he had his right leg badly shattered by a bullet-wound above the knee, four successive amputations being found necessary in order to save his life. Having been discharged from the service in February, 1865, he took a course in a commercial college, became deputy clerk of the Police Court, served three terms as Collector of the AVest Town of Chicago, and an equal number of terms (12 years) as Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and, in 1884, was elected State Treasurer. Since retiring from the latter office, Mr. Gross has been engaged in the banking busi- ness, being President, for several years, of the Commercial Bank of Chicago. GROSS, William L., lawyer, was born in Her- kimer County. N. Y., Feb. 21, 1839, came with his father to Illinois in 1844, was admitted to the bar at Springfield in 1862, but almost immediately HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 213 entered the service of the Government, and, a year later, was apjiointed bj- President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and, under command of Ueueral Stager, assigned to the Department of the Ohio as Military Superintend- ent of Telegraplis. At the close of the war he was transferred to the Department of the Gulf, taking control of militar)- telegraphs in that Department with headquarters at New Orleans, remaining until August, 1866, meanwhile being brevetted Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. For the next two j'ears he occupied various positions in the ci^nl telegraph service, but, in 1868, resumed the practice of law at Springfield, in conjunction with his brother (Eugene L. ) issuing tlie first volume of "Gross' Statutes of Illinois," followed in subsequent years by two additional volumes, besides an Index to all the Laws of the State. In 1878 he was elected as a Republican to the General Assembly from Sangamon County, and, in 1884, was appointed by Governor Hamilton Circuit Judge to succeed Judge C. S. Zane, who had been appointed Chief Justice of Utah. Upon the organi- zation of the Illinois State Bar Association, Judge Gross became its first Secretary, serving until 1883, when he was elected President, again serv- ing as Secretary and Treasurer. Died Jan. 18, 1909. GROSSCUP, Peter Stenger, jurist, bom in Ashland, Ohio, Feb. 15, 1853; was educated in the local schools and Wittenberg College, graduating from the latter in 1872; read law in Boston, Mass., and settled down to practice in his native town, in 1874. He was a candidate for Congress in a Democratic District before he was 25 years old, but, being a Republican, was defeated.^ Two years later, being thrown by a reapportionment into the same district with William McKinley, he put that gentleman in nomination for the seat in Congress to which he was elected. He re- moved to Chicago in 1883, and, for several 3ears, was the partner of the late Leonard Swett; in December, 1892, was appointed by President Harrison Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois as suc- ces.sor to Judge Henry W. Blodgett. On the death of Judge Showalter, in December, 1898, Judge Grosscup was appointed his successor as Judge of the LTnited States Circuit Court for the Seventh Judicial District. Although one of the youngest incumbents upon the bench of the United States Court, Judge Grosscup has given ample evidence of his ability as a jurist, besides proving himself in harmony with the progressive spirit of the time on questions of national and iuternationaV interest. GRUNDY COUNTY, situated in the northeast- ern quarter of the State, having an area of 440 square miles and a population (1910) of 24,162. The surface is ^mainly rolling prairie, beneath which is a continuous coal seam, three feet thick. Building stone is abundant (particularly near Morris), and there are considerable beds of pot- ter's clay. The county is crossed by the Illinois River and the Illinois & Michigan Canal, also by the Rock Island and the Chicago & Alton Railways. The chief occupation of the people is agriculture, although there are several manufacturing estab- lishments. The first white settler of whom any record has been preserved, was William Marquis, who arrived at the nrouth of the Mazon in a "prairie schooner" in 1828. Other pioneers were Colonel Sayers, W. A. Hollowaj', Alex- ander K. Owen, John Taylor, James McCartney and Joab Chappell. The first public land sale was made in 1835, and, in 1841, the county was organized out of a part of La Salle, and named after Felix Grundy, the eminent Tennesseean. The first pollbook showed 148 voters. Morris was chosen the county-seat and has so re- mained. Its present population is 3,653. Another prosperous town is Gardner, with 1,100 inhab- itants. GULLIVER, John Putnam, D.D., LL.D., clergyman and educator, was born in Boston, Mass., May 12, 1819; graduated at Yale College, in 1840, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1845, meanwhile serving two years as Principal of Randolph Academy. From 1845 to 1865 he was pastor of a church at Norwich, Conn., in 1865-68, of the New England Church, of Chicago, and, 1868-72, President of Knox College at Gales- burg, III. The latter year he became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Binghamton, N. Y. , remaining until 1878, when he was elected Professor of the "Relations of Christianity and Secular Science" at Andover, holding this posi- tion actively until 1891, and then, as Professor Emeritus, until his death, Jan. 25, 1894. He was a member of the Corporation of Yale College and had been honored with the degrees of D.D. and LL.D. GURLEY, ■R'ilHam F. E., State Geologist, was born at Oswego, N. Y. , June 5, 1854; brought by his parents to Danville, 111., in 1804, and educated in the public schools of that city and Cornell University, N. Y. ; served as city engineer of Danville in 1885-87, and again in 1891-83. In July of the latter j'ear he was appointed by Gov- ernor Altgeld State Geologist as successor to Prof. Joshua Liudahl. 214 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. HACKER, John S., pioneer and soldier of the Mexican War, was born at Owensburg, Ky., November, 1797; in early life removed to Mis- souri, where he was employed in the stock and produce trade witli New Orleans. Having married in 1817, he settled at Jonesboro, Union County, 111., where he kept a tavern for a number of years, and was also engaged some thirty years in mercantile business. It is said that he was unable to read until taught after marriage by his wife, who appears to have been a woman of intelligence and many graces. In 1824 lie was elected Representative in the Fourth General Assembly and, in 1834, to the State Senate, serv- ing by re-election in 1838 until 1842, and being a supporter of the internal improvement scheme. In 1837 he voted for the removal of the State capital from Vandalia to Springfield, and, though differing from Abraham Lincoln politically, was one of his warm personal friends. He served in the "War of 1812 as a private in the Jlissouri militia, and, in the Mexican War, as Captain of a company in the Second Regiment, Illinois Volun- teers—Col. W. H. Bissell's. By service on the staff of Governor Duncan, he had already obtained the title of Colonel. He received the nomination for Lieutenant-Governor from the first formal State Convention of the Democratic party in December, 1837, but the head of tlie ticket (Col. J, W. Stephenson) having withdrawn on account of charges connected with his administration of the Land Office at Dixon, Colonel Hacker also declined, and a new ticket was put in the field headed by Col. Thomas L. Carlin, which was elected in 1838. In 1849 Colonel Hacker made the overland journey to California, but returning with impaired liealth in 1852, located in Cairo, where he held the position of Surveyor of the Port for three years, when he was removed by President Buchanan on account of his friendship for Senator Douglas. He also served, from 1854 to '56, as Secretary of the Senate Committee on Territories under the Chairmanship of Senator Douglas, and, in 1856, as Assistant Doorkeeper of tlie House of Representatives in Washington. In 1857 he returned to Jonesboro and spent tlie remainder of his life in practical retirement, d}'ing at the home of his daughter, in Anna, May 18, 1878. HADLET, WilUam F. L., lawyer and Con- gressman, was born near Collinsville, 111., June 15, 1847; grew up on a farm, receiving his educa- tion in the common schools and at McKendree College, where he graduated in 1867. In 1871 he graduated from the Law Department of the University of Michigan, and established him self in the practice of his profession at Edwardsville. He was elected to the State Sen- ate from Madison County in 1886, serving four years, and was nominated for a second term, but declined; was a delegate-at-large to the Repub- lican National Convention of 1888, and, in 1895, was nominated and elected, in the Eighteenth District, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Con- gress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Hon. Frederick Remann, who had been elected in 1894, but died before taking his seat. Mr. Hadley was a candidate for re-election in 1896, but was prevented by protracted illness from making a canvass, and suffered a defeat. He was a son-in-law of the late Edward M. ^^'est, long a prominent business man of Edwardsville, and after his retirement from Congress devoted his attention to his profession and banking business. Died at Riverside, Gal, .^pril 25, 1901. HAHNEMANN HOSPITAL, a homeopathic hos- pital located in Chicago. It was first opened with twenty beds, in November, 1870, in a block of wooden buildings, the use of which was given rent free by Mr. J. Young Scammon, and was known as the Scammon Hospital. After the fire of October, 1871, Mr. Scammon deeded the prop- erty to the Trustees of the Hahnemann Medical College, and the hospital was placed on the list of public charities. It also received a donation of §10,000 from the Relief and Aid Society, besides numerous private benefactions. In April, 1873, at the suggestion of Mr. Scammon, the name of the institution was changed to the Hahnemann Hospital, by which designation it has since been known. In 1893 the cornerstone of a new hospital was laid and the building com- pleted in 1894. It is seven stories in height, with a capacity for 225 beds, and is equipped with all the improved appliances and facilities for the care and protection of the sick. It has also about sixty private rooms for paying patients. HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chicago, chartered in 1834-35, but not organ- ized until 1860, when temporary quarters were secured over a drug-store, and the first college term opened, with a teaching faculty numbering nine professors, besides clinical lecturers, demon- strators, etc. In 1866-67 the institution moved into larger quarters and, in 1870, the comer-stone of a new college building was laid. The six suc- ceeding years were marked by internal dis.sen- sion, ten of the professors withdrawing to establish a rival school. The faculty was cur- tailed in numbers and re-organized. In August, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA.' OF ILLINOIS. 215 1892, the corner-stone of a second building was laid with appropriate Masonio ceremonies, the new structure occupying the site of the old, but being larger, better arranged and better equipped. Women were admitted as students in 1870-71 and co-education of the sexes has ever since continued an e.stablished feature of the institution. For more than thirty-five years a free dispensary has been in operation in connection with the college. HAINES, John Charles, Mayor of Chieago and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., May 26, 1818; came to Chicago in 1885, and, for the next eleven years, was employed in various pursuits; served three terms (1848-.'5)4) in the City Council; was twice elected Water Commissioner (1853 and '56), and, in 1858, was ihosen Mayor, serving two terms. He also serv4d as Delegate from Cook County in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected to the State Senate from the First District, serving in the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assem- blies. At the session of 1877 he received sixty- nine votes for the seat in tlie United States Senate to which Judge David Davis was after- wards elected. Mr. Haines was a member of the Chicago Historical Society, was interested in the old Chicago West Division Railway and President of the Savings Institute. During his later years he was a resident of Waukegan, dying there, July 4, 1896. —Elijah Middlebrook (Haines), brother of the preceding, lawj-er, politician and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., April 21, 1822; came to Illinois in boyhood, locat- ing first at Chicago, but, a year later, went to Lake County, where he resided until his death. His education, rudimentary, classical and profes- sional, was self-acquired. He began to occupy and cultivate a farm for himself before attaining his majority; studied law, and, in 1851, was admitted to the bar, beginning practice at Wau- kegan; in 1860 opened an oiBce in Chicago, still, however, making liis home at W^aukegan. In 1855 he published a compilation of the Illinois township laws, followed by a "Treatise on the Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace. " He made similar compilations of the township laws of Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Missouri. By nature Mr. Haines was an agitator, and his career as a politician both checkered and unique. Originally a Democrat, he abandoned that or- ganization upon the formation of tlie Republican party, and was elected by the latter to the Legis- lature from Lake County in 1858, '60 and '62. In 1867 he came into prominence as an anti-monopo- list, and on this issue was elected to the Consti- tutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1870 he was again chosen to the Legislature as an "independ- ent, "and, as such, re-elected in '74, '82, '84, '86 and '88, receiving the support, however, of the Demo- crats in a District normally Republican. He served as Speaker during the sessions of 1875 and '85, the party strength in each of these Assemblies being so equally divided that he either held, or was able to control, the balance of power. He was an adroit parliamentarian, but his decisions were the cause of much severe criticism, being regarded by both Democrats and Republicans as often arbitrary and unjust. The two sessions over which he presided were among the stormiest in the State's history. Died, at Waukegan, April 35, 1889. HALE, Albert, pioneer clergyman, was born at Glastonbury, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799; after some years spent as a clerk in a country store at Wethersfield, completed a course in the theolog- ical department of Yale College, later serving as a home missionary, in Georgia ; came to Illinois in 1831, doing home missionary work in Bond County, and, in 1833, was sent to Chicago, where his open candor, benignity and blameless conduct enabled him to exert a powerful influence over the drunken aborigines who constituted a large and menacing class of the population of what was then a frontier town. In 1839 he assumed the pastorate of the Second Presbyterian Church in Springfield, continuing that connection until 1865. From that time until his death, his life was largely devoted to missionary work among the extremely poor and the pariahs of society. Among these he wielded a large influence and always commanded genuine respect from all denominations. His forte was love rather than argument, and in this lay the secret of his suc- cess. Died, in Springfield, Jan. 30, 1891. HALE, (Dr.) Edniu M., physician, was born in Newport, N. H., in 1829, commenced the study of medicine in 1848 and, in 1850, entered the Cleveland Homeopathic College, at the end of the session locating at Jonesville, Mich. From 1855 he labored in the interest of a representation of homeopathy in the University of Michigan. When this was finally accomplished, he was offered the chair of Materia Medica and Thera- peutics, but was compelled to decline in conse- quence of having been elected to the same position in the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago. In 1876 he made a visit to Europe, and, on his return, severed his connection with the Hahne- mann and accepted a similar position in tlie Clii- cago Homeopathic College, where he remained 216 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. five years, when he retired with the rank of Pro- fessor Emeritus. Dr. Hale was the author of several volumes held in high esteem by members of the profes.sion, and maintained a high reputa- tion for professional skill and benevolence of character. He was a member of the Chicago Academy of Sciences and an honorary member of various home and foreign associations. Died, in Chicago, Jan. 18, 1899. HALL, (CoL) Cyrus, soldier, was born in Fay- ette County, 111., August 29, 1822— the son of a pioneer who came to Illinois about the time of its admission as a State. He served as Second Lieutenant in the Third Illinois Volunteers (Col. Foreman's regiment), during the Mexican War, and, in 1860, removed to Shelbyville to engage in hotel-keeping. The Civil War coming on, he raised the first company for the war in Shelby County, which was attached to the Fourteenth Illinois (Col. John M. Palmer's regiment); was promptly promoted from Captain to Major and finally to Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion of Palmer to Brigadier-General, succeeding to command of the regiment. The Fourteenth Itegiment having been finally consolidated with the Fifteenth, Lieutenant-Colonel Hall was transferred, with the rank of Colonel, to the command of the One Hundred and Forty-fourth Illinois, which he resigned in Marcli, 18G4, was brevelted Brigadier-General for gallant and meritorious service in the field, in March, 1865, and mustered out Sept. 16, 186.5. Returning to Shelbyville, he engaged in the furniture trade, later was appointed Postmaster, serving some ten years and until his death, Sept. 6. 1878. HALL, James, legislator, jurist, State Treasurer and author, was born in Philadelphia, August 19, 1793; after serving in the War of 1812 and spending some time with Com. Stephen Decatur in the Mediterranean, in 1S1.5, he studied law, beginning practice at Shawneetown, in 1820. He at once assumed prominence as a citizen, was appointed State's Attoi-nej- in 1821, and elevated to the bench of the Circuit Court in 1825. He was legislated out of office two years later and resumed private practice, making his home at Vandalia, where he was associated with Robert Blackwell in the publication of "The Illinois Intelligencer." The same year (1827) he was elected by the Legislature State Treasurer, con- tinuing in office four years. Later he removed to Cincinnati, where he died, July 5, 1868. He con- ducted "Tlie Western Monthly Magazine," the first periodical published in Illinois. Among his published volumes may be mentioned "Tales of the Border," "Notes on the Western States," "Sketches of the West," "Romance of Western Historj'," and "History of the Indian Tribes." HAMER, Thomas, soldier and legislator, was born in Union County, Pa., June 1, 1818; came to Illinois in 1846 and began business as a mer- chant at Vermont, Fulton County; in 1862 assisted in recruiting the Eighty-fourth Illinois Volunteers and was elected Lieutenant-Colonel; was wounded in the battle of Stone River, re- turned to duty after partial recovery, but was finally compelled to retire on account of disabil- ity. Returning home he resumed business, but retired in 1878 ; was elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1886 and to the Senate in 1888, and re-elected to the latter in 1892, making ten years of continuous service. HAMILTON, a city in Hancock County, on the Mississippi River opposite Keokuk, Iowa; at junc- tion of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and Keokuk branch of the Wabash Railway. Its position at the foot of the lower rapids insures abundant water power for manufacturing purposes. An iron railroad and wagon bridge connects the Illi- nois city with Keokuk. It has two banks, elec- tric lights, one newspaper, six churches, a high school, and an apiary. The surrounding country is a farming and fruit district. The city is the site of Riverside Mineral Springs and a sanitarium. Pop. (1890), 1,301; (1900), 1,344; (1910), 1,627. HAMILTON, John B., M.D, LL.D., surgeon, was born of a pioneer family in Jersey County, 111., Dec. 1, 1847, his grandfather. Thomas M. Hamilton, having removed from Ohio in 1818 to Monroe County, 111., where the father of the sub- ject of this sketch was born. The latter (Elder Benjamin B. Hamilton) was for fifty years a Baptist preacher, chiefly in Greene County, and, from 1862 to '65, Chaplain of the Sixty-first Illi- nois Volunteers. Young Hamilton, having re- ceived his literary education at home and with a classical teacher at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1863 Itegan the study of medicine, and the following year attempted to enlist as a soldier, but was rejected on accoimt of being a minor. In 1869 he graduated from Rush Medical College in Chicago, and. for the next five years, was engaged in gen- eral practice. Then, having passed an examina- tion before an Army Examining Board, he wiis appointed Assistant Surgeon in the regular army with the rank of First Lieutenant, serving suc- cessively at Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis: Fort Colville, Washington, and in the Marine Hospital at Boston ; in 1879 became Supervising Surgeon- General as successor to Gen. John M. Woodworth J HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ■^i: and, during the yellow-fever epidemic in the South, a few years later, rendered efficient service in checking the spread of the disease by taking charge of the camp of refugees from Jacksonville and other stricken points. Resigning the position of Surgeon-General in 1891, he took charge of the Marine Hosjiital at Chicago and became Pro- fessor of Surgery in Rush Medical College, besides holding other allied positions; was also editor of "The Journal of the American Medical Associ- ation." In 1896 he resigned his position in the Medical Department of the United States Arm}', in 1897 was appointed Superintendent for the Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin, but died, Dec. 24, 1898. HAMILTON, John L., farmer and legislator, was born at Newry. Ireland, Nov. 9, 1829; emi- grated to Jersey County, 111., in 1851, where he began life working on a farm. Later, he followed the occupation of a farmer in Mason and Macou- pin Counties, finallj- locating, in 1864, in Iroquois County, wliich has since been his home. After filling various local offices, in 1875 he was elected County Treasurer of Iroquois County as a Repub- lican, and twice re-elected (1877 and "79), also, in 1880, being Chairman of the Republican County Central Committee. In 1884 he was elected to the House of Representatives, being one of the "103" who stood by General Logan in the mem- orable Senatorial contest of 1885; was re-elected in 1886, and again returned to the same body in 1890 and '98. HAMILTON, John Marshall, lawyer and ex- Governor, was born in Union Count)', Ohio, May 28, 1847; when 7 years of age, was brought to Illinois by his father, who settled on a farm in Marshall County. In 1884 (at the age of 17; he enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Illi- nois Volunteers — a 100-day regiment. After being mustered out, he matriculated at the Wes- leyan (Ohio) University, from which he gradu- ated in 1868. For a year he tauglit school at Henry, and later became Professor of Languages at the Weslej-an (111.) University at Blooming- ton. He was admitted to the bar in 1870, and has been a successful practitioner at the bar. In 1876 he was elected State Senator from McLean County, and, in 1880, Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket with Gov. Shelby M. Cullom. On Feb. 6. 1883, he was inaugurated Governor, to succeed Governor Cullom. wlio had been chosen United States Senator. In 1884 he was a candidate for the gubernatorial nomination before the Repub- lican State Convention at Peoria, but that body selected ex-Gov. and ex-Senator Richard J. OglesI)y to head the State ticket. Later Governor Hamilton was a prominent practitioner at the Chicago bar until his death, Sept. 22, 1905. HAMILTON, Richard Jones, pioneer lawyer, was born near Danville, Ky., August 21, 1799; studied law and, alx)Ut 1820, came to Jonesboro, Union County, 111., in company with Abner Field, afterwards State Treasurer ; in 1821 was appointed cashier of the newly established Branch State Bank at Brownsville, Jackson County, but, in 1831, removed to Chicago, Governor Reynolds having apix)inted him the first Probate Judge of Cook County. At the same time he also held the offices of Circuit and County Clerk, Recorder and Commissioner of School lands — the sale of the Chicago school section being made under his administration. He was a Colonel of State militia and, in 1832, took an active part in raising volun- ters for defense during the Black Hawk War; also was a candidate for the colonelcy of the Fifth Regiment for the Mexican War (1847), but was defeated by Colonel Newby. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieu- tenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket. Died, Dec. 26. 1860. HAMILTON, William Stephen, pioneer — son of Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secre- tary of the Treasury — was born in New York City. August 4, 1797; .spent three years (1814-17), at West Point ; came west and located at an early day at Springfield, 111. ; was a deputy surveyor of public lands, elected Representative from Sanga- mon County, in the Fourth General Assembly (1824-26); in 1827 removed to the Lead Mine region and engaged in mining at "Hamilton's Diggings" (now Wiota) in southwest Wisconsin, and occasionally practiced law at Galena ; was a member of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature of 1842-43, emigrated to California in 1849, and died in Sacramento, Oct. 9, 1850, where, some twenty years later, a monument was erected to his memory. Colonel Hamilton was an aid-de- camp of Governor Coles, who sent liim forward to meet General La Fayette on his way from New Orleans, on occasion of La Fayette's visit to Illi- nois in 1825. HAMILTON COUNTY, situated in the south- eastern part of the State; has an area of 440 square miles, and population (1910) of 18,227 — named for Alexander Hamilton. It was organ- ized in 1821, with McLeansboro as tlie county- seat. The surface of the county is rolling and the fertile soil well watered and drained by numerous creeks, flowing east and south into tlie Wabash, which constitutes its southeastern 218 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. boundary. Coal crops out at various points in the southwestern portion. Originally Hamilton County was a dense forest, and timber is still abundant and saw-mills numerous. Among the hard woods found are black and white oak, black walnut, ash and hickory. The softer woods are in unusual variety. Corn and tobacco are the principal crops, although considerable fruit is cultivated, besides oats, winter wheat and pota- toes. Sorghum is also extensively produced. Among the pioneer settlers was a Mr. Auxier (for whom a water course was named), in 181.5; Adam Crouch, the Biggerstaffs and T. Stelle, in 1818, and W. T. Golson and Louis Baxter, in 1821. The most important town is McLeansboro, whose population in 1890 was 1.3,i5. HAMMOXD, Charles Goodrich, Railway Mana- ger, was born at Bolton, Conn., June 4, 1804, spent his youth in Chenango County, N. Y., where he became Principal of the Whitesboro Seminary (in which he was partially educated), and entered mercantile life at Canandaigua; in 1834 removed to Michigan, where he held various offices, including member of the Legisla- ture and Auditor; in 18.52 completed the con- struction of the Michigan Central Railroad (the first line from the East) to Chicago, and took up his residence in that city. In 1855 he became Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, but soon resigned to take a trip to Europe for the benefit of his health. Returning from Europe in 1869, he accepted the Superintendency of tlie Union Pacific Railroad, but was compelled to resign by failing health, later becoming Vice-President of the Pullman Palace Car Company. He was Treasurer of the Chicago Relief & Aid Society after the fire of 1871, and one of the founders of the Chicago Theological Seminary (Congregational) ; also President, for several years, of the Chicago Home for the Friend- less. Died, April 15, 1884. HAMPSHIRE, a village of Kane County, on the Omaha Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 51 miles west-northwest from Chicago. There are brick and tile works, a large canning factory, pickle factory, and machine shop ; dairy and stock interests are large. The place has a bank, electric lights and water- works, and a weekly paper. Poji. (1910), 697. HANCOCK COUXTY, on the western border of the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River; was organized in 1S25 and named for ,Iohn Hancock; has an area of 780 square ii ile.s; jiopu- lation (1910) 30,638. Its early settlers were chiefly from the Middle and Southern States, among them being I, J. Waggen. for nearly sixty years a resident of Montebello Township. Black Hawk, the famous Indian Chief, is reputed to have been born within the limits of Camp Creek Township, in this county. Fort Edwards waa erected on the present site of Warsaw, soon after the War of 1812, but was shortlj' afterwards evac- uated. Abraham Lincoln, a cousin of the Presi- dent of that name, was one of the early settlers. Among the earliest were John Day, Abraham Brewer, Jacob Compton, D. F. Parker, the Dixons, Mendenhalls, I..ogans, and Luther Whitney. James White, George Y. Cutler and Henry Nich- ols were the first Commissioners. In 1839 the Mormons crossed the Mississippi, after being expelled from Missouri, and founded the city of Nauvoo in this county. (See Mormons, Naiivoo.) Carthage and Appanoose were surveyed and laid out in 1835 and 1836. A ferry across the Missis- sippi was established at Montebello (near the present site of Hamilton) in 1829, and another, two years later, near the site of old Fort Edwards. The county is crossed by six lines of railway, has a fine public school system, numerous thriving towns, and is among the wealthy counties of the State. HANDY, Moses Purnell, journalist, was born at Warsaw, Mo., April 14, 1847; before he was one year old was taken back to Maryland, his parents' native State. He was educated at Ports- mouth, Va. , and was a student at the Virginia Collegiate Institute at the breaking out of the Civil War, when he joined the Confederate army at the age of seventeen. When the war ended Handy found himself penniless. He was school- teacher and book-canvasser by turns, meantime writing some for a New York paper. Later he became a clerk in the office of "The Christian Observer" in Richmond. In 1867, by some clever reporting for "The Richmond Dispatch," he was able to secure a regular position on the local staff of that paper, quickly gaining a reputation as a successful reporter, and, in 1869, becoming city editor. From this time until 1887 his promotion was rapid, being employed at different times upon many of the most prominent and influential papers in the East, including "The New York Tribune," "Richmond Enquirer," and, in Phila- delphia, upon "The Times," "The Press" and "Daily News. " In 1893, at the request of Director- General Davis of the World's Columbian Exposi- tion, Mr. Handy accepted the position of Chief of the Department of Publicity and Promotion, pre- ferring this to the Consul-Generalship to Egypt, tendered him about the same time by President HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 219 Harrison. Later, as a member of the National Commission to Europe, he did much to arouse llie interest of foreign countries in tlie Exposition. For some time after tlie World's Fair, he was associate editor of "The Chicago Times-Herald." In 1897, having been appointed by President McKinley United States Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1900, he visited Paris. Upon his return to this country he found himself in very poor health, and went South in a vain attempt to regain his lost strength and vigor, but died, at Augusta, Ga. , Jan. 8, 1898. UA?fKS, Dennis, pioneer, born in Hardin County, Ky. , May 15, 1799; was a cousin of the mother of Abraham Lincoln and, although ten years the senior of the latter, was his intimate friend in boyhood. Being of a sportive disposi- tion, he often led the future President in boyish pranks. About 1818, he joined the Lincoln house- hold in Spencer Count)', Ind. , and finally married Sarah Johnston, the step-sister of Mr. Lincoln, the families removing to Macon County, 111., together, in 1830. A year or so later, Mr. Hanks removed to Coles County, where he remained xmtil some three years before his death, when he went to reside with a daughter at Paris, Edgar County. It has been claimed that he first taught the youthful Abraham to read and write, and this has secured for him the title of Mr. Lincoln's teacher. He has also been credited with having once saved Lincoln from death by drowning while crossing a swollen stream. Austin GoUaher, a school- and play-mate of Lincoln's, has also made the same claim for himself — the two stories pre- sumably referring to the same event After the riot at Charleston, 111., in March, 1863, in which several persons were killed, Hanks made a visit to President Lincoln in Washington in the inter- est of some of the arrested rioters, and, although they were not immediately released, the fact tliat they were ordered returned to Charleston for trial and finally escaped punishment, has been attributed to Hanks' influence with the President. He died at Paris. Edgar County, Oct. 31. 1893, in the 94th year of his age, as the result of injuries received from being run over by a buggy while returning from an Emancipation-Day celebra- tion, near that city, on the 32d day of September previous. HANKS, John, pioneer, a cousin of the mother of Abraham Lincoln, was born near Bardstown, Ky., Feb, 9, 1803; joined the Lincolns in Spencer County, Ind., in 1822, and made his home with them two years; engaged in flat-boating, making nimierous trips to New Orleans, in one of them being accompanied by Abraham Lincoln, then about 19 years of age, who then had his feelings aroused against slavery by his first sight of a slave-mart. In 1828 Mr. Hanks removed to Macon County, 111., locating about four miles west of Decatur, and it was partly through his influence that the Lincolns were induced to emi- grate to the same locality in 1830. Hanks had cut enough logs to build the Lincolns a house when they arrived, and these were hauled by Abraham Lincoln to the site of the house, which was erected on the north bank of the Sangamon River, near the present site of Harristown. Dur- ing the following summer he and Abraham Lin- coln worked together splitting rails to fence a portion of the land taken up by the elder Lincoln — some of these rails being the ones displayed during the campaign of 1860. In 1831 Hanks and Lincoln worked together in the construction of a flat-boat on the Sangamon River, near Spring- field, for a man named Offutt, which Lincoln took to New Orleans — Hanks only going as far as St. Louis, when he returned home. In 1832, Hanks served as a soldier of the Mexican War in the company commanded by Capt. I. C. Pugh, afterwards Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War. He followed the occupation of a farmer until 1850, when he went to California, where he spent three years, returning in 1853. In 1861 he enlisted as a soldier in the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry (afterwards commanded by General Grant), but being already 59 years of age, was placed by Grant in charge of the baggage-train, in which capacity he remained two years, serving in Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, Alabama and Mississippi. While Grant was with the regiment. Hanks had charge of the staff team. Being disabled by rheumatism, he was finally discharged at Winchester, Tenn. He made three trips to California after the war. Died, July 1, 1891. HANNIBAL & NAPLES RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) HANON, Martin, pioneer, was born near Nash- ville, Tenn., April, 1799; came with his father to Gallatin County, Illinois Territory, in 1812, and, in 1818, to what is now a portion of Christian County, being the first white settler in that region. Died, near Sharpsburg, Christian County, April 5, 1879. HANOVER, a village in Jo Daviess County, on Apple River, 14 miles south-southeast of Galena. It has a woolen factory, besides five churches and a graded school. Tlie Township (also called Han- 220 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. over) extends to the Mississippi, and has a popu- lation of about 1,700. Population of the village (1S90), 743; (1900), 785; (1910), 650. HARDIX, the county-seat of Calhoun County, situated in Hardin Tow-nship, on the west bank of the Illinois River, some 30 miles northwest of Alton; is in an agricultural and fruit-growing region; has churches, a graded school and two newspaper offices. Pop. (1890), 311; (1900), 494; (1910), 6.54. HARDIN, Jobn J., lawyer, Congressman and soldier, was born at Frankfort, Ky., Jan. fi, 1810. After graduating from Transylvania University and being admitted to the bar, he began practice at Jacksonville, 111., in 1830; for several years he was Prosecuting Attorney of Morgan County, later being elected to the lower house of the Legislature, where he served from 1836 to '42. The latter year he was elected to Congress, his term expiring in 1845. During the later period of his professional career at Jacksonville he was the partner of David A. Smith, a prominent law- yer of that city, and had Richard Yates for a pupil. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he was commissioned Colonel of the First Illinois Volunteers (June 30, 1846) and was killed on the second day of the battle of Buena Vista (Feb. 27, 1847) while leading the final charge. His remains were brought to Jacksonville and buried with distinguished honors in the cemetery there, his former pupil, Richard Yates, delivering the fu- neral oration. — Gen. Martin D. (Hardin), soldier, son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 111., June 26, 1837 ; graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1859, and entered the service as brevet Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery, a few months later becoming full Second Lieu- tenant, and, in May, 1861, First Lieutenant. Being assigned to the command of volunteer troops, he passed through various grades until May, 1864, when he was brevetted Colonel of Volunteers for meritorious conduct at North River, Va. , became Brigadier-General of Volun- teers, July 2, 1864, was brevetted Brigadier- General of the regular army in March, 1865, for service during the war, and was finally mus- tered out of the volunteer service in January, 1866. He continued in the regular service, how- ever, until December 15, 1870, when he was retired with the rank of Brigadier-General. General Hardin lost an arm and suffered other wounds during the war. His home is in Chicago. — Ellen Hardin (Walworth), author, daughter of Col. John J. Ilardin, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 20, 1832, and educated at the Female Seminary in that place; was married about 1854 to Mansfield Tracy Walworth (son of Chancellor R. H. Walworth of New York). Her husband became anauthorof considerable repute, chiefly in the line of fiction, but was assassinated in 1873 by a son who was acquitted of the charge of murder on the ground of insanity. Mrs. Walworth is a leader of the Daughters of the Revolution, and has given much attention, of late years, to literary pursuits. Among her works are accounts of the Burgoyne Campaign and of the battle of Buena Vista — the latter contributed to "The Magazine of American History"; a "Life of Col. John J. Hardin and History of the Hardin Family," besides a number of patriotic and miscellaneous poems and essays. She served for several years as a member of the Board of Education, and was for six years principal of a young ladies' school at Saratoga Springs, N. Y. HARDIN COUNTY, situated on the southeast border of tlie State, and bounded on the east and south by the Ohio River. It has an area of ISO square miles, and was named for a county in Kentucky. The surface is broken by ridges and deep gorges, or ravines, and well timbered with oak, hickory, elm, maple, locust and cotton- wood. Corn, wheat and oats are the staple agricultural products. The minerals found are iron, coal and lead, Ijesides carboniferous lime- stone of the Keokuk group. Elizabethtown is the county-seat. Population (1880), 6,024; (1890), 7,234; (llioO), 7.448; (1910), 7,015. HARDING, Abiier Clark, soldier and Member of Congress, born in East Hampton, Middlesex County. Conn., Feb. 10, 1807 ; was educated chiefly at Hamilton Academy, N. Y., and, after practic- ing law for a time, in Oneida County, removed to Illinois, resuming practice and managing several farms for twenty-five years. He was also a mem- ber of the State Constitutional Convention of 1847 from Warren County, and of the lower branch of the Sixteenth General Assembly (1848-50). Between 1850 and 1860 he was engaged in railroad enterprises. In 186' he enlisted as a private in the Eighty-third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, was commissioned Colonel and, in less than a year, was promoted to Brigadier-General. In 1864 he was elected to Congress and re-elected in 1866. He did much for the development of the western part of the State in the construction of railroads, the Peoria & Oquawka (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) being one of the lines constructed by him. He left a fortune of about 52,000,000, and, before his death, en- dowed a professorship in Monmouth College Died, Julv 19, 1874. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 221 HARGRAVE, Willis, pioneer, came from Ken- tucky to Illinois in 1810. settling near Carmi in White County; served in the Third Territorial Legislature (1817-18; and in the First General Assembly of the State (1818-20). His biLsiness- life in Illinois was devoted to farming and salt- manufacture. HARLA\, James, statesman, was born in Clark County, 111. , August 2-5, 1820 ; graduated at Asbury University, Ind. ; was State Superintendent of Public Instruction in Iowa (1817), President of Iowa Wesleyan University (IS.'JS), United States Senator (1855-65), Secretary of the Interior (1865-66), but re-elected to the Senate the latter year, and, in 1869, chosen President of Iowa Uni- versity. He was also a member of the Peace Conference of 1861, and a delegate to the Phila- delphia Loj-ahsts' Convention of 1866; in 1873, after leaving the Senate, was editor of "The Washington Chronicle," and, from 1882 to 1885, presiding Judge of the Court of Commissioners of the .\labama Claims. .\ daugliter of ex-Senator Harlan married Hon. Robert. T. Lincoln, son of President Lincoln, and (1889-93) United States Minister to England. Mr. Harlan's home is at Mount Pleasant, Iowa. Died, Oct. 5, 1899. HARLAN, Justin, jurist, was born in Ohio about 1801 and, at the age of 25. .settled in Clark County, 111. ; served in tlie Black Hawk War of 1832 and, in 1835, was appointed a Justice of the Circuit Court; was a Delegate to the Con.stitu- tional Convention of 1847 and the following year was elected to the Circuit bench under the new Constitution, being re-elected in 1855. In 1863 he was appointed by President Lincoln Indian Agent, continuing in office until 1865; in 1872 was elected County Judge of Clark County. Died, while on a visit in Kentucky, in March, 1879. HARLOW, Georgre H., ex-Secretary of State, born at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., in 1830, removed to Tazewell County, 111., in 1854, and engaged in business as a commission merchant ; also served a term as Mayor of Pekin. For many years he took a prominent part in the history of the State. Early in the '60's he was one of seven to organize, at Pekin, the "Union League of America.'' a patriotic secret organization sworn to preserve the Union, working in harmony with the war party and against the "Sons of Libert}-." In 1862 h^ enlisted, and was about to go to the front, when Governor Yates requested him to remain at home and continue his effective work in the Union League, saying that he could accomplish more for the cause in this wav than in the field. Accordingly Mr. Harlow continued to labor as an organizer, and the League became a powerful factor in State politics. In 18G") he was made First Assistant Secretary of the State Senate, but soon after became Governor Oglesby's private secretary. For a time he also served as Inspector- General on the Governor's staff, and had charge of the troops as they were mustered out. During a portion of Mr. Rummel's term (1809-73) as Secre- tary of State, he served as Assistant Secretary, and, in 1872, was elected as successor to Secretary Rummel and re-elected in 1876. While in Spring- field he acted as correspondent for several news- papers, and, for a year, was city editor of "The Illinois State Journal." In 1881 he took up his residence in Chicago, where he was engaged at different periods in tlie commission and real estate business, but has been retired of late years on account of ill health. Died May 10, 1900. HARPER, William H., legislator and commis- sion merchant, born in Tippecanoe County, Ind., May 4, 1845; was brought by his parents in boy- hood to Woodford County, 111., and served in the One Hundred and Forty -fifth Illinois Volunteers ; took a course in a commercial college and engaged in the stock and grain-shipping business in Wood- ford County until 1868, when he entered upon the commission business in Chicago. From 1873 to '75 he served, by appointment of the Governor, as Chief of the Grain Inspection Department of the city of Cliicago; in 1882 was elected to the Thirty-third General .A.ssembly and re-elected in 1884. During his first term in the Legislature, Mr. Harper introduced and secured the passage of the '■ High License Law." For a time he was in grain commission trade, but later was President of the Grand Pacific- Hotel Co. Died Sept. 22, 1909. H.4.RPER, William Rainey, clergyman and educator, was born at New Concord. Ohio, July 26, 1856; graduated at Muskingum College at the age of 14, delivering the Hebrew oration, this being one of the principal commencement honors in that in.stitution. After three years' private study lie took a post-graduate course in philology at Yale, receiving the degree of Ph.D., at the age of 19. For several years he was engaged in teaching, at Macon, Tenn., and Denison Uni- versity, Ohio, meanwhile continuing his philo- logical studies and devoting special attention to Hebrew. In 1879 he accepted the cliair of Hebrew in tlie Baptist Union Theological Semi- nary at Jlorgan Park, a suburb of Chicago. Here he laid the foundation of the "inductive method" of Hebraic study, which rapidly grew in favor. The school by correspondence was known as the 222 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "American Institute of Hebrew, " and increased so rapidly that, by 1885, it had enrolled 800 stu- dents, from all parts of the world, many leading professors co-operating. In 1886 he accepted the professorship of Semitic Language and Literature at Yale University, having in the previous year become Principal of the Chautauqua College of Liberal Arts, and, in 1891, Principal of the entire Chautauqua system. During the winters of 1889-91, Dr. Harper delivered courses of lec- tures on the Bible in various cities and before several universities and colleges, having been, in 1889, made Woolsey Professor of Biblical Literature at Yale, although still filling his former chair. In 1891 he accepted an invitation to the Presidency of the then incipient new Chi- cago University, which has rapidly increased in wealth, extent and influence. (See University of Chicago.) For some years he was a member of the Chicago Board of Education; was author of numerous philological text^books, relating chiefly to Hebrew, but applying the "inductive method" to the study of Latin and Greek, and sought to im- prove the study of English along the same lines. In addition, he edited two scientific periodicals and published numerous monographs. Died of cancer of the stomach, Jan. 10, 1906. HARRIS, Thomas L., lawyer, soldier and Mem- ber of Congress, was born at Norwich, Conn., Oct. 29, i816; graduated at Trinity College, Hart- ford, in 1841, studied law with Gov. Isaac Toucey, and was admitted to the bar in Virginia in 1843, the same year removing to Petersburg, Menard County, 111. Here, in 1845, he was elected School Commissioner, in 1846 raised a company for the Mexican War, joined the Fourth Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) and was elected Major. He was present at the capture of Vera Cruz and the battle of Cerro Gordo, after the wounding of General Shields at the latter, taking command of the regiment in place of Colonel Baker, who had assumed command of the brigade. During his absence in the army (1846) he was chosen to the State Senate; in 1848 was elected to the Thirty-first Congress, but was defeated by Richard Yates in 1850; was re-elected in 1854, '56, and '58, but died Nov. 24, 1858, a few days after his fourth election and before completing his preceding term. HARRIS, William Logan, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, born near Mansfield, Ohio, Nov. 14, 1817; was educated at Norwalk Seminary, licensed to preach in 1836 and soon after admitted to the Michigan Conference, being transferred to the Ohio Conference in 1840. In 1845-46 he was a tutor in the Ohio 'Wesleyan University; then, after two years' pastoral work and some three years as Principal of Baldwin Seminary, in 1851 returned to the Wesleyan, filling the position first of Principal of the Academic Department and then a professorship; was Secretary of the General Conferences (1856-72) and, during 1860-72, Secretary of the Church Missionary Society ; in 1872 was elected Bishop, and visited the Methodist Mission stations in China, Japan and Europe; joined the Illinois Conference in 1874, remaining until his death, which occurred in New York, Sept. 2. 1887. Bishop Harris was a recognized au- thority on Methodist Church law, and published a small work entitled "Powers of the General Conference" (1859), and, in connection with Judge William J. Henry, of this State, a treatise on "Ecclesiastical Law," having special refer- ence to the Methodist Church. HARRISBURG, county -seat of Saline County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 70 miles northeast of Cairo The region is devoted to agriculture and fruit-grow- ing, and valuable deposits of salt, coal and iron are found. The town has flour and saw mills, coal mines, dairy, brick and tile works, carriage and other wood-working establishments, two banks and one ilaily and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,72.3; (1900), 2,202: (1910), 5,309. HARRISON, Carter Henry, politician. Con- gressman and Mayor of Chicago, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Feb. 15. 1825; at the age of 20 years graduated from Yale College and began reading law, but later engaged in farming. After spending two years in foreign travel, he entered the Law Department of Transylvania University, at Lexington, Ky., and, after graduation, settled at Chicago, where he soon became an operator in real estate. In 1871 he was elected a Commis- sioner of Cook County, serving three years. In 1874 he again visited Europe, and, on his return, was elected to Congress as a Democrat, being re-elected in 1876. In 1879 he was chosen Mayor of Chicago, filling that oflSce for four successive biennial terms, but was defeated for re-election in 1887 by his Republican competitor, John A. Roche. He was the Democratic candidate for Governor in 1888, but failed of election. He thereafter made a trip around the world, and, on his return, published an entertaining account of his journey under the title, "A Race with the Sun." In 1891 he was an Independent Demo- cratic candidate for the Chicago mayoralty, but was defeated by Hempstead Washburne. Repub- lican. In 1893 he received the regular nomina- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 223 tion of his party for the ofBce, and was elected. In 1893, in connection with a few associates, he purchased the plant of "The Chicago Times, ' ' plac- ins his sons in charge. He was a man of strong character and intense personality, making warm friends and bitter enemies ; genial, generous and kindlj', and accessible to any one at all times, at either his office or his home. Taking advantage of this latter trait, one Prendergast, on the night of Oct. 28, 1893 — immediately following the clos- ing exercises of the World's Columbian Exposition — gained admission to his residence, and, without the slightest provocation, shot him down in his library. He lived but a few hours. The assassin was subsequently tried, convicted and hung. HARRISOX, Carter Henry, Jr., son of the preceding, was born in Chicago, April 23, 1860, being a lineal descendant of Benjamin Harrison, an early Colonial Governor of Virginia, and lat- erally related to the signer of the Declaration of Independence of that name, and to President William Henry Harrison. Mr. Harrison was educated in the public schools of Chicago, at the Gymnasium, Altenburg, Germany, and St. Igna- tius College, Chicago, graduating from the latter in 1881. Having taken a course in Yale Law School, he began practice in Chicago in 1883, remaining until 1889, when he turned his atten- tion to real estate. His father having purchased the "Chicago Times" about 1892, he became associated with the editorship of that paper and, for a time, had charge of its publication until its consolidation with "The Herald" in 189.5. In 1897, he received the Democratic nomination for Mayor of Chicago, his popularity being shown by receiving a majority of the total vote. Again in 1899, he was re-elected to the same office, receiving a jilurality over his Republican com- petitor of over 40,000. Mayor Harrison is one of the youngest men who ever held the office. HARRISON, William Henry, first Governor of Indiana Territory (including the present State of Illinois), was born at Berkeley, Va., Feb 9, 1773, being the son of Benjamin Harrison, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; was educated at Hampden Sidney College, and began the study of medicine, but never finished it. In 1791 he was commissioned an Ensign in the First U. S. Infantry at Fort Washington (the present site of Cincinnati), was promoted a Lieutenant a j'ear later, and, in 1797, assigned to command of the Fort with the rank of Captain. He had pre- viously served as Aid-deCamp to Gen. Wayne, by whom he was complimented for gallantry at the battle of Miami. In 1798 he was appointed by President Adams Secretary of the Northwest Territor}', but resigned in 1799 to become Dele- gate in Congress; in 1800 he was appointed Gov- ernor of the newly created Territory of Indiana, serving by I'eappointment some 12 years. During his incumbency and as Commissioner, a few years later, he negotiated many important treaties with the Indians. In 1811 he won the decisive victory over Chief Tecumseh and his followers at Tippecanoe. Having been made a Brigadier- General in the War of 1812, he was promoted to Major-General in 1813 and, as Commander of the Army of the Northwest, he won the important battle of the Thames. Resigning his commission in 1814, he afterwards served as Representative in Congress from Ohio (1816-1819); Presidential Elector in 1820 and 1824; United States Senator (1824-1828), and Minister to the United States of Colombia (1828-29). Returning to the United States, he was elected Clerk of the Court of Com- mon Pleas of Hamilton Count}', serving twelve years. In 1836 he was an unsuccessful Wliig candidate for President, but was elected in 1840, dying in Washington City, April 4, 1841, just one month after his inauguration. HARTZELL, William, Congressman, was born in Stark County. Ohio. Fel). 20. 1837. When he was three years old his parents removed to lUi nois, and, four years later (1844) to Texas. In 1853 he returned to Illinois, settling in Randolph County, which became his permanent home. He was brought up on a farm, but graduated at Mc- Kendree College, Lebanon, in June, 1859. Five years later he was admitted to the bar, and began practice. He was Representative in Congress for two terms, being elected as a Democrat, in 1874, and again in 1876. HARVARD, an incorporated city in McHenry County, 63 miles northwest of Chicago on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway. It has elec- tric light plant, artesian water system, hardware and bicycle factories, malt house, cold storage and .packing plant, a flouring mill, a carriage- wheel factory and two weekly papers. The region is agricultural. Population (1890), 1,967; (1900), 2,002; (1910), 3,008. HASKELL, Harriet Newell, educator and third Principal of Mouticello Female Seminary, was born at Waldboro, Lincoln County. Maine, Jan. 14. 1835; educated at Castleton Seminary, Vt., and Mount Holyoke Seminary, Mass., graduating from the latter in 1855. Later, she served as Principal of high schools in Maine and Boston until 1862, when she was called to the principal- ship of Castleton Seminary. She resiirned this 224 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. position in 1867 to assume a similar one at Monti- cello Female Seminary, at Godfrey. 111., where she spent her last year.s. The main Imilding of tliis mstitution having been burned m November, 1889, it was rebuilt on an enlarged and improved plan, largely through the earnest efforts of Miss Haskell. (See Muntkdlo Female Seminary.) Died May 6, 1907. HATCH, Ozias Mather, Secretary of the State of Illinois (185T'65), was born at Hillsborough Center, N. H., April 11, 1814, and removed to Griggsville, 111., in 1836. In 1829 he began life as a clerk for a wholesale and retail grocer in Bos- ton. From 1836 to 1841 he was engaged in store- keeping at Griggsville. In the latter year he was appointed Circuit Court Clerk of Pike County, holding the office seven years. In 1858 he again embarked in business at Meredosia, 111. In 1850 he was elected to the Legislature, serving one term. An earnest anti -slavery man, he was, in 1856, nominated by the newly organized Repub- lican party for Secretary of State and elected, being re-elected in 1860, on the same ticket with Mr. Lincoln, of whom he was a warm personal friend and admirer. During the war he gave a zealous and effective support to Governor Yates' administration. In 1864 he declined a renomi- nation and retired from political life. He was an original and active member of the Lincoln Monu- ment Association from its organization in 1865 to his death, and, in company with Gov. R. J. Oglesby, made a canvass of Eastern cities to col- lect funds for statuary to be placed on the monu- ment. After retiring f ronijaflfice he was interested to some extent in the banking business at Griggs- ville, and was influential in securing the con- struction of the branch of the Wabash Railway from Naples to Hannibal, Mo. He was, for over thirty-five years, a resident of Springfield, dying there, March 12, 1893. HATFIELD, (Rev.) Robert Miller, clergy man, was born at Mount Pleasant, Westchester County, N. Y., Feb. 19, 1819; in early life enjoyed only such educational advantages as could be obtained while living on a farm ; later, was em ployed as a clerk at White Plains and in New York City, but, in 1841, was admitted to the Providence Methodist Episcopal Conference, dur- ing the next eleven years supplying churches in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. In 1852 he went to Brooklyn and occupied pulpits in that vicinity until 1865, when lie assumed the pastor- ship of the Wabash Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church in Chicago, two years later going to the Centenary Church in the same city. He subse- quently had charge of churches in Cincinnati and Philadelphia, but, returning to IlUnois in 1877. he occupied pulpits for the next nine years in Evanston and Chicago. In 1886 he went to Sum- merfleld Methodist Episcopal Church, Brooklyn, which was his last regular charge, as, in 1889, hb became Financial Agent of the Northwestern University at Evanston, of which he had been a Trustee from 1878. As a temporary supply for pulpits or as a speaker in popular assemblies, his services were in constant demand during this period. Dr. Hatfield served as a Delegate to the General Conferences of 1860, "64, '76, '80 and '84, and was a leader in some of the most important debates in those bodies. Died, at Evanston, March 31. 1891. HATTON, Frank, journalist and Postmaster- General, was born at Cambridge, Ohio, April 28, 1846; entered his father's newspaper office at Cadiz, as an apprentice, at 11 years of age, be- coming foreman and local editor ; in 1862, at the age of 16, he enlisted in the Ninety-eighth Ohio Infantry, but, in 1864, was transferred to the One Hundred and Eighty-fourth Ohio and commis- sioned Second Lieutenant — his service being chiefly in the Army of the Cumberland, but par- ticipating in Sherman's March to the Sea. After the war he went to Iowa, whither his father had preceded him, and where he edited "The Mount Pleasant Journal" (1869-74); then removed to Bur- lington, where he secured a controlling interest in "The Hawkeye, " which he brought to a point of great prosperity ; was Postmaster of that city under President Grant, and, in 1881, became First Assistant Postmaster-General. On the retirement of Postmaster-General Gresham in 1884, he was appointed successor to the latter, serving to the end of President Arthur's adminis- tration, being the youngest man who ever held a cabinet position, except Alexander Hamilton. From 1882 to 1884, Mr. Hatton managed "The National Republican" in Washington; in 1885 removed to Chicago, where he became one of the proprietors and editor-in-chief of "The Evening Mail"; retired from the latter in 1887, and, pur- chasing the plant of "The National Republican" in Washington, commenced the publication of "The Washington Post, "with which he was con- nected until his death, April 30, 1894. HAVANA, the county-seat of Mason County, an incorporated city founded in 1827 on the Illinois River, opposite the mouth of Spoon River, and a point of junction for three railways. It is a ship- ping-point for corn and o.sage orange hedge plants. A number of manufactories are located HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 225 here. The city has several churches, three pub- lic schools and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 2,525; (1900), 3,20S; (1910), 3,.525. HAVANA, RANTOUL & EASTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) HAVEN, Erastus Otis, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 1, 1820; graduated at the Wesleyan University in 1842, and taught in various institutions in Massachu- setts and New York, meanwhile studying theol- ogy. In 18-18 he entered the Methodist ministry as a member of the New York Conference ; five years later accepted a professorship in Michigan University, but resigned in 1856 to become editor of "Zion's Herald," Boston, for seven years — in that time serving two terms in the State Senate and a part of the time being an Overseer of Har- vard University. In 1863 he accepted the Presi- dency of Northwestern University at Evanston, 111. ; in 1872 became Secretary of the Methodist Board of Education, but resigned in 1874 to become Chancellor of Syracuse University, N.Y. In 1880 he was elected a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Died, in Salem, Oregon, in August. 1881. Bishop Haven was a man of great versatility and power as an orator, wrote much for the periodical press and published several volumes on religious topics, besides a treatise on rhetoric. HAVEN, Luther, educator, was born near Framingham, Mass., August 6, 1806. With a meager country-school education, at the age of 17 he began teaching, continuing in this occupa- tion six or seven years, after which he spent three years in a more liberal course of study in a private academy at Ellington, Conn. He was next employed at Leicester Academy, first as a teacher, and, for eleven years, as Principal. He then engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1849, when he removed to Chicago. After several- years spent in manufacturing and real-estate business, in 1854 he became proprietor of "The Prairie Farmer," of which he remained in con- trol until 1858. Mr. Haven took an active interest in public affairs, and was an untiring worker for the promotion of popular education. For ten years following 1853, he was officially connected with the Chicago Board of Education, being for four years its President. The comptroUership of the city was offered him in 1860, but declined. During the war he was a zealous supporter of the Union cause. In October, 1861, he was appointed by President Lincoln Collector for the Port of Chicago, and Sub-Treasurer of the United States for the Department of the Northwest, serving in this capacity during a part of President Johnson's administration. In 1866 he was attacked with congestion of the lungs, dying on March 6, of that year. HAWK, Robert M. A., Congressman, was born in Hancock County, Ind., April 23, 1839; came to Carroll County, 111., in boy hood, where he attended the common schools and later graduated from Eu- reka College. In 1862 he enlisted in the Union arm}', was commissioned First Lieutenant, next promoted to a Captaincy and, finally, brevetted Major for soldierly conduct in the field. In 1865 he was elected County Clerk of Carroll County, and three times re-elected, serving from 1865 to 1879. The latter year he resigned, having been elected to Congress on the Republican ticket in 1878. In 1880 he was re-elected, but died before the expiration of his term, his successor being Robert R. Hitt, of Mount Morris, who was chosen at a special election to fill the vacancy. HAWLEY, John B., Congressman and First Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, was born in Fairfield County, Conn., Feb. 9, 1831; accompa- nied his parents to Illinois in childhood, residing in his early manhood at Carthage, Hancock County. At the age of 23 (1854) .lie was admitted to the bar and began practice at Rock Island. From 1856 to 1860 he was State's Attorney of Rock Island County. In 1861 he entered the Union army as Captain, but was so severely wounded at Fort Donelson (1862) that he was obliged to quit the service. In 1865 President Lincoln appointed him Postmaster at Rock Island, but one year afterward he was removed by Presi- dent Johnson. In 1868 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, being twice re-elected, and, in 1876, was Presidential Elector on the Hayes- Wheeler ticket. In the following year he was appointed by President Hayes First Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, serving until 1880, when he resigned. During the last six years of his life he was Solicitor for the Chicago & North • western Railroad, with headquarters at Omaha, Neb. Died, at Hot Springs, Soutli Dakota, May 24, 1895. HAT, John, author, diplomatist and Secretary of State, was born in Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838, of Scottish ancestry ; graduated at Brown Univer- sity, 1858, and studied law at Springfield, 111., his father, in the meantime, having become a resi- dent of Warsaw, 111. ; was admitted to practice in 1861, but immediately went to Washington as assistant private secretary of President Lincoln, acting part of the time as the President's aid-de- camp, also serving for some time under General 226 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hunter andGilmore, with the rank of Major and Adjutant-General. After President Lincoln's assassination lie served as Secretary of Legation at Paris and Madrid, and as Charge d' Affaires at Vienna ; was also editor for a time of ' 'The Illi- nois State Journal" at Springfield, and a leading editorial writer on "The New York Tribune." Colonel Hay's more important literary works include "CastiUan Days," "Pike County Ballads, " and the ten-volume "History of the Life and Times of Abraham Lincoln," written in collabo- ration with John G. Nicolay. In 1875 he settled at Cleveland, Ohio, but, after retiring from "The New York Tribune, " made Washington his home. In 1897 President McKinley appointed him Am- bassador to England, where, by his tact, good judgment and sound discretion manifested as a diplomatist and speaker on public occasions, he won a reputation as one of the most able and ac- complished foreign representatives America has pi-oduced. His promotion to the position of Secretary of State on the retirement of Secretary William R. Day, at the close of the Spanish- American War. in September, 1898, followed naturally as a just tribute to the rank which he had won as a diplomatist, was reappointed by Presi- dent Roosevelt and died in office July 1, 190.5. HAT, John B., ex-Congressman, was born at Belleville, 111., Jan. 8, 1834; attended the com- mon schools and worked on a farm until he was 16 years of age, when he learned the printer's trade. Subsequently he studied law, and won considerable local prominence in his profession, being for eight years State's Attorney for the Twenty-fourth Judicial Circuit. He served in the Union army during the War of the Rebellion, and, in 1868, was elected a Representative in the Forty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1870. HAY, Milton, lawyer and legislator, was born in Fayette County, Ky., July 3, 1817; removed with his father's family to Springfield, 111. , in 1832 ; in 1838 became a student in the law office of Stuart & Lincoln; was admitted to the bar in 1840, and began practice at Pittsfield, Pike County. In 1858 he returned to Springfield and formed a partnership with Judge Stephen T. Logan (afterwards his father-in-law), which ended by the retirement of the latter from prac tice in 1861. Others who were associated with him as partners, at a later date, were Hon. Shelby M. CuUom, Gen. John M. Palmer, Henry S. Greene and D. T. Littler. In 1869 he was elected a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention and, as Chairman of the Committee on Revenue and member of the Judiciary Committee, was prominent in shaping the Constitution of 1870. Again, as a member of the lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General A.ssembly (1873-74), he assisted in revising and adapting the laws to the new order of things under the new Constitution. The estimate in which he was held by his associ- ates is shown in the fact that he was a member of the Joint Committee of five appointed by the Legislature to revise the revenue laws of the State, which was especially complimented for the manner in which it performed its work by concurrent resolution of the two houses. A con- servative Republican in politics, gentle and unob- trusive in manner, and of calm, dispassionate judgment and unimpeachable integrity, no man was more frequently consulted by State execu- tives on questions of great delicacy and public importance, during the last thirty years of his life, than Mr. Hay. In 1881 he retired from the active prosecution of his profession, devoting his time to the care of a handsome estate. Died, Sept. 15, 1893. HAYES, Philip C, ex-Congressman, was bom at Granby, Conn., Feb. 3, 1833. Before he was a year old his parents removed to La Salle County, 111., where the first twenty years of his life were spent upon a farm. In 1860 he graduated from Oberlin College, Ohio, and, in April, 1861, en- listed in tlie Union army, being commissioned successively. Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. After the war he engaged in journalism, becom- ing the publisher and senior editor of "The Morris Herald," a weekly periodical issued at Morris, Grundy County. In 1872 he was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia which renominated Grant, and represented his district in Congress from 1877 to 1881. Later he became editor and part proprietor of ' 'The Repub- lican" at Joliet, 111. , but retired some years since. HAYES, Samuel Snowden, lawyer and politi- cian, was born at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 25, 1820; settled at Shawneetown in 1838, and engaged in tlie drug business for two years ; then began the study of law and was admitted to practice in 1843, settling first at Mount Vernon and later at Carmi. He early took an interest in politics, stumping the southern counties for the Demo- cratic party in 1843 and '44. In 1845 he was a delegate to the Memphis Commercial Convention and, in 1846, was elected to the lower House of the State Legislature, being re-elected in '48. In 1847 he raised a company for service in the Mexican War, but, owing to its distance from the seat of government, its muster rolls were not HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 227 received until the quota of the State had been filled. The same jear he was chosen a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention for White County, and, in 1848, was a Democratic Presi- dential Elector. About 18,53 he removed to Chi- cago, where he was afterwards City Solicitor and (1862-65) City Comptroller. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, and an earnest worker for Douglas in the campaign which fol- lowed. While in favor of the Union, he was strongly opposed to the policy of the administra- tion, particularly in its attitude on the question of slavery. His last public service was as a Dele- gate from Cook County to the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. His talents as an orator, displayed both at the bar and before popu- lar assemblies, were of a very high order. HAYMARKET RIOT, THE, an anarchistic outbreak which occurred in Chicago on the evening of May 4, 1886. For several days prior, meetings of dissatisfied workingmen had been addressed by orators who sought to inflame the worst passions of their hearers. The excitement (previously more or less under restraint) cubni- nated on the date mentioned. Haymarket Square, in Chicago, is a broad, open space formed by the widening of West Randolph Street for an open-air produce-market. An immense concourse assembled there on the evening named ; inflam- matory speeches were made from a cart, which was used as a sort of improvised jjlatform. Dur- ing the earlier part of the meeting the Mayor (Carter H. Harrison) was present, but upon his withdrawal, the oratory became more impassioned and incendiary. Towards midnight, some one whose identity has never been thoroughly proved, threw a dynamite bomb into the ranks of the police, who, under command of Inspector John Bonfield, had ordered the dispersal of the crowd and were endeavoring to enforce the command. Simultaneously a score of men lay dead or bleed- ing in the street. The majoritj- of the crowd fled, pursued by the oSicers. Numerous arrests followed during the night and the succeeding morning, and search was made in the office of the principal AnarchLstic organ, which resulted in the discovery of considerable evidence of an incriminating character. A Grand Jury of Cook County found indictments for murder against eight of the suspected leaders, all of whom were convicted after a trial extending over several months, both the State and the defense being represented by some of the ablest counsel at the Chicago bar. Seven of the accused were con- demned to death, and one (Oscar Neebe) was given twenty years' imprisonment. The death sentence of two — Samuel Fielden and Justus Schwab — was subsequently commuted by Gov- ernor Oglesb}' to life-imprisonment, but executive clemency was extended in 1893 by Governor Altgeld to all three of those serving terms in the penitentiary. Of those condemned to execution, one (Louis Linng) committed suicide in the county-jail by exploding, between his teeth, a small dj-namite bomb whicli he had surrepti- tiously obtained; the remaining four (August Spies, Albert D. Parsons, Louis Engel and Adolph Fischer) were hanged in the county jail at Chicago, on November 14, 1887. The affair attracted wide attention, not only throughout the United States but in other countries also. HAYNIE, Isliam Nicolas, soldier and Adju- tant-General, was born at Dover, Tenn., Nov. 18, 1824; came to Illinois in boyhood and received but little education at scliool, but worked on a farm to obtain means to study law, and was licensed to practice in 1846. Throughout the Mexican War he served as a Lieutenant in the Sixth Illinois Volunteers, but, on his return, resumed practice in 1849, and, in 18.50, was elected to the Legislature from Marion County. He graduated from the Kentucky Law School in 18."i2 and, in 18,56, was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas at Cairo. In 1860 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Doug- las ticket. In 1861 he entered the army as Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Infantry, which he Iiad assisted in organizing. He partici- pated in the battles of Fort Douelson and Shiloh, and was severely wounded at the latter. In 1863 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress as a War Democrat, being defeated bj' W. J. Allen, and the same year was commissioned Brigadier- General of Volunteers. He resumed practice at Cairo in 1864, and, in 1865, was appointed by Governor Oglesby Adjutant-General as successor to Adjutant-General Fuller, but died in office, at Springfield, November, 1868. HAYWARD COLLEGE AND COMMERCIAL SCHOOL, at Fairfield, Wayne County; incorpo- rated in 1886; is co-educational; had 160 pupils ir 1898, with a faculty of nine instructors. HEACOCK, Russell E., pioneer lawyer, was born in Litchfield, Conn., in 1770; having lost his fatlier at 7 years of age, learned the carpenter's trade and came west early in life ; in 1806 was studying law in Missouri, and, two years later, was licensed to practice in Indiana Territory, of which Illinois then formed a part, locating first 228 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. at Kaskaskia and afterwards at Jonesboro, in Union County; in 1833 went to Buffalo, N. Y., but returned west in 1827, arriving where Chi- cago now stands on July 4; in 1838 was living inside Fort Dearborn, but subsequently located several miles up the South Branch of the Chicago Kiver, where he opened a small farm at a place which went by the name of "Heacock's Point." In 1831 he obtained a license to keep a tavern, in 1833 became a Justice of the Peace, and, in 1835, had a law office in the village of Chicago. He took a prominent part in the organization of Cook County, invested liberally in real estate, but lost it in the crash of 1837. He was disabled by par- alysis in 1843 and died of cholera, June 28, 1849. — Reuben E. (Heacock), a son of Mr. Heacock, was member of the State Constitutional Conven- tion of 1847, from Cook County. HEALTH, BOARD OF, a bureau of the State Government, created by act of Maj' 2.5, 1877. It consists of seven members, named by the Gov- ernor, who hold office for seven years. It is charged with "general supervision of the inter- ests connected with the health and life of the citizens of the State. " All matters pertaining to quarantine fall within its purview, and in this respect it is invested with a power which, while discretionary, is well-nigh autocratic. The same standard holds good, although to a far less ex- tent, as to its supervisory power over conta- gious diseases, of man or beast. The Board also has a modified control over medical practitioners, under the terras of the statute popularly known as the "Medical Practice Act." Through its powers thereunder, it has kept out or expelled from the State an armj' of irregular practition- ers, and has done much toward raising the stand- ard of professional qualification. . HEALY, George P. A., artist, was born in Boston, July 15, 1808, and early manifested a predilection for art, in which he was encouraged by the painter Scull}-. He struggled in the face of diiBculties until 1836, when, having earned some money by his art, he went to Europe to stud}', spending two years in Paris and a like period in London. In 1855 he came to Chicago, contemplating a stay of three weeks, but re- mained until 1867. During this time he is said to have painted 575 portraits, many of them being likenesses of prominent citizens of Chicago and of the State. Many of his jiictures, deposited in the rooms of the Chicago Historical Society for safekeeping, were destroyed by the fire of 1871. From 1869 to '91 his time was spent chiefly in Rome. During his several visits to Europe he painted the portraits of a large number of royal per.sonages, including Louis Phillippe of France, as also, in this country, the portraits of Presidents and other distinguished persons. One of his his- torical pictures was "\Veli.ster Replying to Hayne," in which 150 figures are introduced. A few years before his death, Mr. Healy donated a large number of his pictures to the Newberry Library of Chicago. He died in Chicago, June 24, 1894. HEATON, WiUiam Weed, lawyer and jurist, was born at Western, Oneida County, N. Y., April 18, 1814. After completing his academic studies he engaged, for a short time, in teaching, but soon began the study of law, and, in 1838, was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. In 1840 he removed to Dixon, 111., where he resided until his death. In 1861 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Twenty-second Circuit, and occupied a seat upon the bench, through repeated re-elections, until his death, which occurred Dec. 26, 1877, while serving as a mem- ber of the Appellate Court for the First District. HECKER, Friedrich Karl Franz, German pa- triot and soldier, was born at Baden, Germany, Sept. 28, 1811. He attained eminence in his native country as a lawyer and politician ; was a member of the Baden Assembly of 1842 and a leader in the Diet of 1846-47, but, in 1848, was forced, with many of his compatriots, to find a refuge in the United States. In 1849 he settled as a farmer at Summerfield, in St. Clair County, 111. He took a deep interest in politics and, being earnestly opposed to slavery, ultimately joined the Republican party, and took an active part in the campaigns of 1856 and "60. In 1861 he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illi- nois Volunteers, and was later transferred to the command of the Eighty-second. He was a brave soldier, and actively participated in the battles of Missionary Ridge and Chancellorsville. In 1864 he resigned his commission and returned to his farm in St. Clair County. Died, at St. Louis, Mo., March 24, 1881. HEDDIJfG COLLEGE, an institution inooi-po- rated in 1875 and conducted under the auspices of the Metliodist Episcopal Church, at Abingdon, Knox County, 111. ; has a faculty of seventeen instructors, and reports (1895-96), 403 students, of whom 212 were male and 181 female. The branches taught include the sciences, the classics, music, fine arts, orator}- and preparatory courses. Tlie institution has funds and endowment amounting to $55,000, and property valued at 51.58,000. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 239 HEMPSTEAD, Charles S., pioneer lawyer and first Mayor of Galena, was born at Hebron, Tol- land County, Conn., Sept. 10, 1794 — the .son of Stephen Hempstead, a patriot of the Revolution. In 1809 he came west in company with a brother, descending the Ohio River in a canoe from Mari- etta to Shawneetown, and making his way across the "Illinois Country" on foot to Kaskaskia and finally to St. Louis, where he joined another brother (Edward), with whom he soon began the study of law. Having been admitted to the bar in both Missouri Territory and Illinois, lie re- moved to St. Genevieve, where he held the office of Prosecuting Attorney by appointment of the Governor, but returned to St. Louis in 1818-19 and later became a member of the Missouri Legis- lature. In 1829 Mr. Hempstead located at Galena, 111., which continued to be his home for the re- mainder of his life, and where be was one of the earliest and best known lawyers. The late Minis- ter E. B. Washburne became a clerk in Mr. Hempstead's law office in 1840, and, in 1845, a partner. Mr. Hempstead was one of the pro- moters of the old Chicago & Galena Union Rail- road (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), serving upon the first Board of Directors; was elected the first Mayor of Galena in 1841, and, in the early days of the Civil "War, was appointed by President Lincoln a Paymaster in the Army. Died, in Galena, Dec. 10, 1874.— Edward (Hemp- stead), an older brother of the preceding, already mentioned, came west in 1804, and, after holding various positions at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, under Gov. "William Henrj' Harrison, located at . St Louis and became the first Territorial Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory (1811-14). His death occurred as the result of an accident, August 10, 1817. — Stephen (Hemp- stead), another member of this liistoric family, was Governor of Iowa from 1850 to '54. Died, Feb. IG, 1883. HEXDERSON, Thomas J., Princeton, 111., was born at Brownsville, Tenn., Nov. 19, 1824; came to Illinois in 1837, and was reared upon a farm, but received an academic education. In 1847 he was elected Clerk of the County Com- missioners' Court of Stark County, and, in 1849, Clerk of the County Court of the same county, serving in that capacity for foiu: years. Jlean- while he had studied law and had been admitted to the bar in 1852. In 1855 and '56 he was a member of the lower house of the Legislature, and State Senator from 1857 to '60. He entered the Union army, in 1862, as Colonel of the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, and served until the close of the war, being brevetted Briftadier-Goncnil in Janviary, 18(>o; served as Presidential Elector for the State-at-large, 1868, and as Congressman, 1S7.5-95; later, as First Vice- President of National Board of Managers of Sol- diers' Homes and had sujfervision of the Home at Danville, 111. Died Feb. 5, 1911. HEXDERSON, "W'illiam H., politician and legis- lator, was born in Garrard County, Ky., Nov. 16, 1793. After serving in the "War of 1812, he settled in Tennessee, where he held many positions of public trust, including that of State Senator. In 1836 he removed to Illinois, and, two years later, , was elected to the General Assembly as Repre- sentative from Bureau and Putnam Counties, being reelected in 1840. In 1842 he was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Lieutenant- Governor, being defeated by John Moore. In 1845 he migrated to Iowa, where he died in 1864. HENDERSON COUNTY, a county comprising 380 square miles of territory, located in the west- ern section of the State and bordering on the Mis- sissippi River. The first settlements were made about 1827-28 at Yellow Banks, now Oquawka. Immigration was checked by the Black Hawk "War, but revived after the removal of the Indians across the Mississippi. The county was set off from "Warren in 1841, with Oquawka as the county-seat. Population (1880), 10,722; (1890), 9,876. The soil is fertile, and underlaid by lime- stone. The surface is undulating, and well tim- bered. Pop. (1900), 10,836; (1910), 9,734. HENNEPIN, the county-seat of Putnam County, situated on the left bank of the Illinois River, about 28 miles below Ottawa, 100 miles southwest of Chicago, and 3 miles southeast of Bureau Junction. It has a courthouse, a bank, two grain elevators, thi-ee churches, a graded school, a newspaper. It is a prominent shipping point for produce by the river. The Hennepin Canal, in process of construction (1902-07) from Illinois River to the Mississippi at the moutli of Rock River, leaves the Illinois about two miles above Hennepin. Populiition (18S0), 623; (1890), 574; (1900), 523; (1910), 151. HENNEPIN, Louis, a Franciscan (Recollect) friar and explorer, born at Ath, Belgium, about 1040. After several years of clerical service in Belgium and Holland, he was ordered ( 1075) by his ecclesiastical superiors to proceed to Canada. In 1679 he accompanied La Salle on his explo- rations of the great lakes and the upper Missis- sippi. Having reached the Illinois by way of Lake Michigan, early in the followingyear (1680), La Salle proceeded to construct a fort on the east 230 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. side of the Illinois River, a little below the present site of Peoria, which afterwards received the name of Fort Creve-Coeur. In February, 1680, Father Hennepin was dispatched by La Salle, with two companions, by way of the mouth of the Illinois, to explore the upper Mis- sissippi. Ascending the latter stream, his party was captured by the Sioux and carried to the villages of that tribe among the Minnesota lakes, but finally rescued. During his captivity he discovered the Falls of St. Anthony, which he named. After his rescue Hennepin returned to Quebec, and thence sailed to France. There he published a work describing La Salle's first expedition and his own explorations. Although egotistical and necessarily incorrect, this work was a valuable contribution to history. Because of ecclesiastical insubordination he left France for Holland. In 1697 he published an extraordi- nary volume, in which he set forth claims as a discoverer which have been wholly discredited. His third and last work, published at Utrecht, in 1698, was entitled a "New Voyage in a Country Larger than Europe." It was a compilation describing La Salle's voyage to the mouth of the Mississippi. His three works have been trans- lated into twenty-four different languages. He died, at Utrecht, between 1702 and 1705. HENNEPIN CANAL. (See lUinoiss & Minsis- tippi Canal. ) HENRY, a city in Marshall County, on the Illi- nois River and the Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 33 miles north- northeast of Peoria; is a thri\nng commercial center; has grain elevators, flour miUs, a creamery, banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,637; (1910), 1,687. HENRY, James D., pioneer and soldier, was born in Penns3-lvania, came to Illinois in 1822, locating at Edwardsville, where, being of limited educa- tion, he labored as a mechanic during the day and attended school at night; engaged in mer- chandising, removed to Springfield in 1826, and was soon after elected Sheriff; served in the Win- nebago War (1827) as Adjutant, and, in the Black Hawk War (1831-32) as Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, finally being placed in command of a brigade at the battle of Wisconsin and the Bad Axe, his success in both winning for him great popularity. His exposures brought on disease of the lungs, and, going South, he died at New Orleans, March 4, 1834. HENRY COUNTY, one of the middle tier of counties of Northern Illinois, near the western border of the State, having an area of 830 square miles, — named for Patrick Henry. The Ameri- can pioneer of the region was Dr. Baker, who located in 1835 on %vhat afterwards became the town of Colona. During the two years following several colonies from the eastern States settled at different points (Geneseo, Wethersfield, etc.;. The act creating it was passed in 1825, though organization was not completed until 1837. The first county coiirt was held at Dayton. Subse- quent county-seats have been Richmond (1837) ; Geneseo (1840); Morristown (1842); and Cam- bridge (1843). Population (1870), 36,597; (1890), 33,338, (1900), 40.049; (1910), 41,7.36. HERNDON, Archer G., one of the celebrated "Long Nine" members of the General Assembly of 1836-37, was born in Culpepper County, Va., Feb. 13, 1795; spent his youth in Green County, Ky., came to Madison County, 111., 1820, and to Sangamon in 1821, becoming a citizen of Spring- field in 1825, where he engaged in mercantile business ; served eight years in the State Senate (1834-42), and as Receiver of the Land OflSce 1842-49. Died, Jan. 3. 1867. Mr. Herndon was the father of William H. Herndon, the law part- ner of Abraham Lincoln. HERNDON, WiUiam H., lawyer, was born at Greensburg, Ky., Dec. 25, 1818; brought to Illi- nois by his father. Archer G. Herndon, in 1820, and to Sangamon County in 1821 ; entered Illinois College in 1836, but remained only one year on account of his father's hostility to the supposed abolition influences prevailing at that institution; spent several years as clerk iu a store at Spring- field, studied law two years with the firm of Lin- coln & Logan (1842-44), was admitted to the bar and became the partner of Mr. Lincoln, so con- tinuing until the election of the latter to the Presidency. Mr. Herndon was a radical oppo- nent of slavery and labored zealouslj- to promote the advancement of his distinguished partner. The offices he held were those of City Attorney, Mayor and Bank Commissioner under three Gov- ernors. Some years before his death he wrote, and, in conjunction with Jesse W.Weik, published a Life of Abraham Lincoln in three volumes — afterwards revised and issued in a two-volume edition by the Messrs. Appleton, New York. Died, near Springfield, March 18, 1891. HERRIN, a city of Williamson County, 10 miles northwest of Marion; junction of three lines of railroad and center of coal-mining district; has banks, powder plant, machine shops and foundrj'; two weekly new.-;papers. Pop. (1910), 6,861. HERRINGTON, Augustus M., lawyer and poli- tician, was born at or near Meadville. Pa., in 1833; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 231 when ten years of age was brought by his father to Chicago, the family removing two years later (1835) to Geneva, Kane County, where the elder Herrington opened the first store. Augustus was admitted to the bar in 1844 ; obtained great promi- nence as a Democratic politician, serving as Presidential Elector for the Stateat-large in 1856, and as a delegate to Democratic National Conventions in 1860, "64, '68, '76 and '80, and was almost invariably a member of the State Conven- tions of his party during the same period. He also served for many years as Solicitor of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Died, at Ge- neva. Kane County, August 14, 1883. — James (Herrington), brother of the preceding, was born in Mercer County, Pa., June 6, 1824; came to Chicago in 1833, but, two years later, was taken by his parents to Geneva, Kane County. In 1843 he was apprenticed to the printing business on the old "Chicago Democrat" (John Wentworth, publisher), remaining until 1848, when he returned to Geneva, where he engaged in farming, being also connected for a year or two with a local paper. In 1849 he was elected County Clerk, re- maining in office eight years; also served three terms on the Board of Supervisors, later serving continuously in the lower branch of the General Assembly from 1872 to 1886. He was also a mem- ber of the State Board of Agriculture and a fre- quent delegate to Democratic State Conventions. Died, July 7, 1890. — James Herrington, Sr., father of the two preceding, was a Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48) for the District embracing the counties of Kane, McHenry, Boone and De Kalb. HERTZ, Henry L., ex-State Treasurer, was born at Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1847; gradu- ated from the University of Copenhagen in 1866, and after pursuing the study of medicine for two years, emigrated to this country in 1869. After various experiences in selling sewing-machines, as bank-clerk, and as a farm-hand, in 1876 Mr. Hertz was emploj-ed in the Recorder's office of Cook County; in 1878 was record writer in the Criminal Court Clerk's office ; in 1884 was elected Coroner of Cook County, and re-elected in 1888. In 1892, as Republican candidate for State Treas- urer, he was defeated, but, in 1896, again a candidate for the same office, was elected by a majority of 115.000, serving until 1899. He is now a resident of Chicago. HESIJTG, Antone Caspar, journalist and politi- cian, was born in Prussia in 1823; left an orphan at the age of 15, he soon after emigrated to America, landing at Baltimore and going thence to Cin- cinnati. From 1840 to 1843 he worked in a gro- cery store in Cincinnati, and later opened a small hotel. In 1854 he removed to Chicago, where he was for a time engaged in the manufacture of brick. In 1860 lie was elected Sheriff of Cook County, as a Republican. In 1862 he purchased an interest in "The Chicago Staats Zeitung, " and in 1867 became sole proprietor. In 1871 he admitted his son, Washington Hesing, to a part- nership, installing him as general manager. Died, in Chicago, March 81, 1895.— Washington (Hesing), son of the preceding, was born in Cin- cinnati, Ohio, May 14, 1849, educated at Chicago and Yale College, graduating from the latter in 1870. After a year spent in study abroad, he returned to Cliicago and began work upon "The Staats Zeitung, " later becoming managing editor, and finally editor-in-chief. While yet a young man he was made a member of the Chicago Board of Education, but declined to serve a second term. In 1872 he entered actively into politics, making speeches in both English and German in support of General Grant's Presi- dential candidacy. Later he affiliated with the Democratic party, as did his father, and, in 1893, was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for the Chicago mayoralt}', being defeated by Carter H. Harrison. In December, 1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving four years. His administration was characterized by a high degree of efficiency and many improve- ments in the service were adopted, one of the most important being the introduction of postal cars on the street-railroads for the collection of mail matter. In April, 1897, he became an Inde- pendent candidate for Mayor, but was defeated by Carter H. Harrison, the regular Democratic nominee. Died. Dec. 18, 1897. UEYWORTH, a village of McLean County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles south of Bloomington ; has a bank, churches, gas wells, and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 6S3; (1910), f.SI. HIBBARD, Homer Nash, lawyer, was born at Bethel, Windsor County, Vt., Nov. 7, 1824, his early life being spent upon a farm and in attend- ance upon the common schools. After a short term in an academy at Randolph, Vt. , at the age of 18 he began the study of law at Rutland — also fitting himself for college with a private tutor. Later, having obtained means by teaching, he took a course in Castleton Academy and Ver- mont Univei-sity, graduating from the latter in 1850 Then, having spent some years in teach- ing, he entered the Dane Law School at Harvard, 232 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later continuing his studies at Burlington and finally, in the fall of 1853, removing to Chicago. Here he opened a law office in connection with his old classmate, the late Judge John A. Jame- son, but early in the following year removed to Freeport, where he subsequently served as City Attorney, Master in Chancery and President of the City School Board. Returning to Chicago in 1860, he became a member of the law firm of Cornell, Jameson & Hibbard, and still later the head of the firm of Hibbard, Rich & Noble. In 1870 he was appointed by Judge Drummond Register in Bankruptcy for the Chicago District, serving during the life of the law. He was also, for some time, a Director of the National Bank of Illinois, and Vice-President of the American Insurance Company. Died, Nov. 14, 1897. HICKS, Stephen G., lawyer and soldier of three wars, was born in Jackson County, Ga., Feb. 22, 1807— the son of John Hicks, one of the seven soldiers killed at the battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815. Leaving the roof of a step-father at an early age, he found his way to Illinois, working for a time in the lead mines near Galena, and later at the carpenter's trade with an uncle ; served as a Sergeant in the Black Hawk War, finally locating in Jefferson County, where he studied law and was admitted to the bar. Here he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth General Assembly (1840) and re-elected succes- sively to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth. Early in the Mexican War (1846) he recruited a com- pany for the Third Regiment, of which he was chosen Captain, a year later becoming Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the Sixth. At the beginning of the Civil War Colonel Hicks was practicing his profession at Salem, Marion County. He promptly raised a company which became a part of the Fortieth Regiment Volunteer Infantry, of which he was commissioned Colonel. The regi- ment saw active service in the campaign in West- ern Tennessee, including the battle of Shiloh, where Colonel Hicks was dangerously wounded through the lungs, only recovering after some months in hospital and at his home. He rejoined his regiment in July following, but found him- self compelled to accept an honorable discharge, a few months later, on account of disability. Having finally recovered, he was restored to his old command, and served to the close of the war. In October, 1863, he was placed in command at Paducah, Ky., where he remained eighteen months, after which he was transferred to Colum- bus, Ky. While in command at Paducah, the place was desperately assaulted by the rebel Colonel Forrest, but successfiolly defended, the rebel assailants sustaining a loss of some 1,200 killed and wounded. After the war Colonel Hicks returned to Salem, where he died, Dec. 14, 1869, and was birried, in accordance with his request, in the folds of the American flag. Born on Washington's birthday, it is a somewhat curious coincidence that the death of this brave soldier should have occurred on the anniversary of that of the "Father of His Country." HltJBEE, Channcey L., lawyer and Judge, was born in Clermont County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1821, and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1844. He early took an interest in politics, being elected to the lower house of the Legislature in 18.54, and two years later to the State Senate. In 1861 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Circuit Court, and was re-elected in 1867, '73, and '79. In 1877, and again in '79, he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court. Died, at Pittsfield, Dec. 7, 1884. HIG{tI>'S, Van Hollis, lawyer, was born in Genessee County, N. Y. , and received his early education at Auburn and Seneca Falls; came to Chicago in 1837 and, after spending some time as clerk in his brother's store, taught some months in Vermilion County: then went to St. Louis, where he spent a year or two as reporter on "The Missouri Argus," later engaging in commercial pursuits; in 1842 removed to Iroquois County, 111. , where he read law and was admitted to the bar; in 1845, established himself in practice in Galena, served two years as City Attorney there, but returned to Chicago in 1852, where he contin- ued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 1858 he was elected as a Republican Representative in the Twenty-first General Assembly ; served sev- eral years as Judge of the Chicago City Court, and was a zealous supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion. Judge Higgins was successful as a lawyer and business man, and was connected with a number of important busi- ness enterprises, especially in connection with real-estate operations; was also a member of sev- eral local societies of a professional, social and patriotic character. Died, at Darien, Wis., April 17, 1893. HIGGINSON, Charles M., civil engineer and Assistant Railway President, was born in Chica- go, July 11, 1846 — the son of George M.Higginson, who located in Chicago about 1843 and engaged in the real-estate business; was educated at the Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Mass., and entered the engineering department of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in 1867, remaining until 1875. He then became the pur- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 233 chasing agent of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, but, a year later, returned to Chicago, and soon after assumed the same position in con- nection with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, being transferred to the Auditorship of the latter road in 1879. Later, he became assistant to President Riplej' of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Line, where he remained until his death, which occurred at Riverside, 111., May 6, 1899. Mr. Higgin.son was. for several years, President of tlie Chicago Academy of Sciences, and a member of the Board of Managers of the Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago. HIGH, James L., la\vyer and author, was born at Belleville, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1844; in boyhood came to Wisconsin, and graduated at Wisconsin State University, at Madison, in 18G4, also serving for a time as Adjutant of the Forty-ninth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers ; studied law at the Michi- gan University Law School and, in 1867, came to Chicago, where he began practice. He spent the winter of 1871-73 in Salt Lake City and, in the absence of the United States District Attorney, conducted the trial of certain Mormon leaders for connection with the celebrated Mountain Meadow Massacre, also acting as correspondent of "The New York Times." his letters being widely copied. Returning to Chicago he took a high rank in his profession. He was the author of several volumes, including treatises on "The Law of Injunctions as administered in the Courts of England and America, ' ' and "Extraordinary Legal Remedies, Mandamus, Quo Warranto and Prohibi- tions," which are accepted as high authority with the profession. In 1870 he published a revised edition of Lord Erskine's Works, including all his legal arguments, together with a memoir of his Ufe. Died, Oct. 3, 1898. HIGHLA>'D, a city in the southeastern part of Madi.son County, founded in 1836 and located on the Vandalia line, 32 miles east of St. Louis. Its manufacturing industries include a milk-con- densing plant, creamery, flour and planing mills, breweries, embroidery works, etc. It contains several churches and schools, a Roman Catholic Seminary, a hospital, and has three newspapers — one Germ^i. Pop. (1900), 1,970; (1910), 2,G75. HIGHWOOD, a village of Lake County, on the Chicago & North Western Railroad, 24A miles north of Chicago; is adjacent to Fort Sheridan. Pop. (1910), 1,227. HIGHLAND PARK, an incorporated city of Lake County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Chicago. It has a salubrious site on a bluff 100 feet above Lake Michigan, and is a favorite residence and liealth resort. It has a large hotel, several churches, a military academy, and a weekly paper. Two Waukegan papers issue editions here. Pop. (1890), 2,163; (1900), 2,806; (1910), 4,209. HILDRUP, Jesse S., lawyer and legislator. wasborninMiddletown, Conn., March 14, 1833, at 15 removed to the State of New York and after- wards to Harrisburg, Pa. ; in 1860 came to Belvi- dere. 111., where he began the practice of law, also serving as Corporation Trustee and Township Supervisor, and, during the latter years of the war, as Deputy Provost Marshal. His first im- portant elective ofSee was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1870, but he was elected Representative in the General Assem- bly the same year, and again in 1872. While in the House he took a prominent part in the legis- lation which resulted in the organization of the Railroad and Warehouse Board. Mr. Hildrup was also a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois from 1877 to 1881. During the last few years much of his time has been spent in California for the benefit of the health of some members of his family. HILL, Charles Augustus, ex-Congressman, was born at Truxton, Cortland County, N. Y. , August 23, 1833. He acquired his early education by dint of hard labor, and much privation. In 18.54 he removed to Illinois, settling in Will County, where, for several years, he taught school, as he had done while in New York. Meanwhile he read law, his last instructor being Hon. H. C. Newcomb, of Indianapolis, where he was admitted to the bar. He returned to Will County in 1860, and, in 1862, enlisted in the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, participating in the battle of Antietam. Later he was commissioned First Lieutenant in the First United States Regi- ment of Colored Troops, with which he remained until the close of the war, rising to the rank of Captain. In 1865 he returned to Joliet and to the practice of his profession. In 1868 he was elected State's Attorney for the district comprising Will and Grundy Counties, but declined a renomina- tion. In 1888 he was the successful Republican candidate for Congress from the Eighth Illinois District, but was defeated for re-election in 1890 by Lewis Steward, Democrat. HILLSBORO, an incorporated citj', the county- seat of Montgomery County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. 67 miles northeast of St. Louis. Its manufactures are flour, brick and tile, carriages and harness. 234 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. fumiture and woolen goods. It has a liigh school, banks and two weekly newspapers. The surrounding region is agricultural, though con- siderable coal is mined in the %ncinity; dairying is also carried on. Pop. (1900), 1,937; (1910), 3,424. HINCKLEY, a village of De Kalb County, on the Rochelle Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 18 miles west of Aurora; in rich agricultural and dairying region; has grain elevators, brick and tile works, creamery, water and electric light plants. Pop. (1900), 587; (1910), 661. HINRICHSEX, William H., ex Secretary of State and ex-Congressman, was born at Franklin, Morgan County, 111., May 27, 1850; educated at the University of Illinois, spent four years in the office of his father, who was stock-agent of the Wabash Railroad, and six years (1874-80) as Deputy Sheriff of Morgan County; then went into the newspaper business, editing the Jackson- ville "Evening Courier," until 1880, after which he was connected with "The Quincy Herald," to 1890, when he returned to Jacksonville and re- sumed his place on "The Courier. ' ' He was Clerk of the House of Representatives in 1891, and elected Secretary of State in 1892, serving until January, 1897. Mr. Hinrichsen was also a member of the Democratic State Central Committee from 1890, and was Chairman of that body during 1894-96. In 1896 Mr. Hinrichsen was the nominee of his party for Congress in the Sixteenth Dis- trict and was elected by over 6,000 majority, but failed to secure a renomination in 1S9S. Died Dec. 18, 1907. HIXSDALE, a village in Du Page County and popular residence suburb, on the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles west-southwest of Cliicago. It has four churches, a graded school, an academy, electric light plant, waterworks, sewerage system, and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 2,578; (1010), 2,451. HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at Hanson, Plymouth Coimty, Mass., April 4, 1827; studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, soon afterward establishing himself for the prac- tice of his profession in Chicago. In 1869 Mr. Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, which was the only important pub- lic ofBoe that he held, though his capacity was recognized by his election to the Presidency of that body. Died, May 6, 1881. HITCHCOCK, Luke, clergyman, was born April 18, 1813, at Lebanon, N. Y., entered the ministry of the Metliodist Episcopal Church in 1834, and, after supplying various charges in that State during the next five years, in 1839 came to Chicago, becoming one of the most influential factors in the Methodist denomination in Noithem Illinois. Between that date and 1860 he was identified, as regular pastor or Pre- siding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa, Belvidere, Rockford, Mount Morris, St. Charles and Chicago (the old Clark Street church), with two years' service (1841-43) as agent of Rock River Seminary at Mount Morris — his itinerant labors being interrupted at two or three periods by ill-health, compelling him to assume a super- annuated relation. From 1852 to '80, inclusive, he was a delegate every four years to the General Conference. In 1860 he was appointed Agent of the Western Book Concern, and, as the junior representative, was placed in charge of the depository at Chicago — in 1868 becoming the Senior Agent, and so remaining until 1880. His subsequent service included two terms as Presid- ing Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Districts; the position of Superintendent of the Chicago Home Jlissionary and Church Extension Society ; Superintendent of the Wesley Hospital (which he assisted to organize), his last position being that of Corresponding Secretary of the Superannu- ates' Relief Association. He was also influential in securing the establishment of a church paper in Chicago and the founding of the Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died, while on a visit to a daughter at East Orange, N. J., Nov. 12, 1898. HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., June 13, 1810 — the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his slaves and removed to Urbana, Ohio, in 1814. In 1829 the son began the study of engineering and, removing to Illinois the following year, was ap- pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, later being employed in survey- ing some sixteen years. Being stationed at Prairie du Chien at the time of the Black Hawk War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson Rangers for a year, but at the end of that period resumed survejnng and, having settled in La Salle Coiinty, became the first Surveyor of that county. In 1861 he joined Colonel Cushnian, of Ottawa, in tlie organization of the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, was mustered into tlie service in Slarch, 1802, and commissioned its Lieutenant- Colonel. The regiment took part in various battles, including those of Shiloh, Corinth and La Grange, Tenn. In the latter Colonel Hitt received an injurj- by being thrown from his horse which compelled his resignation and from HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 235 which he never fully recovered. Returning to Ottawa, he continued to reside there until his death, May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of Andrew J. Hitt, General Superintendent of the Chic;igo, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and iincle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount Morris. Originally a Democrat, he allied himself with the Republican party on the breaking out of the Civil War. He was a thirty -second degree Ma.son and prominent in Grand Army circles. HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was born at Boonsboro, Md., June 3, 1828; in 1845 entered the freshman class at Asbury University, Ind., graduating in 1849. Then, removing to Ottawa, ni., he was engaged for a time in farming, but, in 1853, entered into the forwarding and com- mission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile devoted some attention to real-estate law, in 1853 he began buying and selling real estate while continuing his farming operations, adding thereto coal-mining. In Maj*, 1856, he was a delegate from La Salle County to the State Convention at Bloomington which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. Removing to Chicago in 1860, he engaged in the real-estate business there ; in 1863 was appointed on a com- mittee of citizens to look after the interests of wounded Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort Donelson, in that capacity visiting hospitals at Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Nashville. Dur- ing the war he engaged to some extent in the business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr. Hitt has been a member of both the Chicago and the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 1869, was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Com- mission to lay out the park system of Chicago. Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he aided in the erection of the Woman's College in connection with the Northwestern University. In 1876 he was appointed by the Governor agent to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp lands within its Umits, and gave much of his atten- tion to that business. Died June 13, 1909. HITT, Robert Roberts, Congressman, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 1834. When he was three years old his parents removed to Illinois, settling in Ogle County. His education was accjuired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount Morris College), and at De Pauw University, Ind. In 1858 Mr. Hitt was one of the reporters who reported the celebrated debate of that year between Lincoln and Douglas. From December, 1874, imtil March, '81, he was connected with the United States embassy at Paris, serving as First Secretary of Legation and Charge d'AlIaires ad interim. He vras Assistant Secretary of State in 1881, but resigned the post in 1883, having been elected to Congress from the Sixth Illinois Dis- trict to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. M. A. Hawk. By eight successive re-elec- tions he represented the District continuously since, his career being conspicuous for long service In that time ho had taken an important part in the deliberations of the House, serving as Chairman of many important committees, not- ably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he had been Chairman for several terms, and for which his diplomatic experience well qualified liim. In 1898 he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and report upon a form of government for that por- tion of the newly acquired national domain. Mr. Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably considered for the position of Slinister to Eng- land after the retirement of Secretary Day in 1898. Died Sept. 20, 1906. HOBART, Horace R., was born in Wisconsin in 1839; graduated at Beloit College and, after a brief experience in new.spaper work, enlisted, in 1861, in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and was assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster. Being wounded at Helena, Ark., he was com- pelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputy Provost Marshal of tlie Second Wisconsin Dis- trict. In 1866 he re-entered newspaper work as reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago Evening Post" and "Evening Mail"; later was editor of "The Jacksonville Daily Journal" and "The Chicago Morning Courier," also being, for some years from 1869, Western Manager of the American Press Association. In 1876, Mr. Ilobart became one of the editors of "The Railway Age" (Chicago), with which he remained until the close of the year 1898, when he retired to give his attention to real-estate matters. HOFFMAN, Francis A., Lieutenant-Governor (1861-65), was born at Herford, Prussia, in 1833, and emigrated to America in 1839, reaching Chica- go the same year. There he became a boot-black in a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching a small German school at Dunkley's Grove (now Addison), Du Page County, and later officiating as a Lutheran minister. In 1847 he represented that county in the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, and, the following year, entered the City Council. Later, he embarked in the real-estate business, and, in 1854, opened a banking house, but was 236 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. forced to assign in 1861. He early became a recognized anti-slavery leader and a contributor to the German press, and, in 1806, was nominated for Lieutenant-Governor on the first Republican State ticket with William H. Bissell, but was found ineligible by reason of liis short residence in the United States, and withdrew, giving place to John Wood of Quincy. In 1860 he was again nominated, and having in the meantime become eligible, was elected. In 186-1 he was a Repub- lican candidate for Presidential Elector, and assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul at Cliicago for several German States. For a number of years in his later life Mr. Hoffman was editor of an agricultural paper in Southern Wis- consin. Died Jan. 23, 1903. HOGAN, John, clergyman and early politician, was born in the city of Mallow, County of Cork, Ireland, Jan. 2, 180.5; brought in childhood to Baltimore, Md., and having been left an orphan at eight years of age, learned the trade of a shoe- maker. In 1826 he became an itinerant Metho- dist preacher, and, coming west the same year, preaclied at various points in Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. In 1830 he was married to Miss Mary Mitchell West, of Belleville, 111., and soon after, having retired from the itinerancy, engaged in mercantile business at Edwardsville and Alton. In 1836 he was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly from Madison County, two years later was appointed a Commissioner of Public Works and, being re-elected in 1840, was made President of the Board; in 1841 was ap- pointed by President Harrison Register of the Land Office at Dixon, where he remained until 1845. During the anti-slavery excitement which attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was re- garded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the pro-slavery faction. After retiring from the Land Office at Dixon, he removed to St. Louis, where he engaged in the wholesale grocery busi- ness. In his early political life he was a Whig, but later co-operated with the Democratic party ; in 1857 he was appointed by President Buchanan Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until the accession of Lincoln in 1861; in 1864 was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Con- gress, serving two years. He was also a delegate to the National Union (Democratic) Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. After his retirement from the Methodist itinerancy lie continued to officiate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed a speaker of unusual eloquence and ability. His death occurred, Feb. 5, 1892. He is author of sev- eral volumes, including "The Resources of Mis- souri," "Commerce and Manufactures of St. Louis," and a "History of Methodism." HOtiE, Joseph P., Congressman, was bom in Ohio early in the century and came to Galena, 111., in 1836, where he attained prominence as a lawyer. In 1842 he was elected Representative in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of the Mormon vote at Nauvoo, serving one term. In 1853 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and be- came a Judge in that State, dying a few years since at the age of over 80 years. He is repre- sented to have been a man of much ability and a graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Hoge was a son-in-law of Thomas C. Browne, one of the Jus- tices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois who held office until 1848. HOLLISTER, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physi- cian, was born at Riga, N. Y., in 1824; was brought to Romeo, Mich., by his parents in in- fancy, but his father having died, at the age of 17 went to Rochester, N. Y., to be educated, finally graduating in medicine at Berkshire College, Mass., in 1847, and beginning practice at Otisco, Jlich. Two years later he removed to Grand Rapids and, in 1855, to Chicago, where he held, for a time, the position of demonstrator of anat- omy in Rush Medical College, and, in 1856, be- came one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, in which he has held various chairs. He also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and was, for twenty years. Clinical Professor in the same institution; was President of the State Medical Society, and, for twentj" years, its Treas- urer. Other positions held by him have been those of Trustee of the American Medical Associ- ation and editor of its journal. President of the Young Men's Christian Association and of the Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been prominent in Sunday School and church work in connection with the Armour Mission, with which he has been associated for man)' years. HOME FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS, (FE- MALE). The establishment of this institution was authorized by act of June 22, 1893, which appropriated $75,000 towards its erection and maintenance, not more than §15,000 to be ex- pended for a site. (See also State Guardians for Oirls.) It is designed to receive girls between the ages of 10 and 16 committed thereto by any court of record upon conviction of a misdemeanor, the term of commitment not to be less than one year, or to exceed minority. Justices of the B o g H 1=) O to c-i <3 H Z H 1^ B t< !> O H D H fO CO O H IS > z sz cZ' P Q a Q Z a & & b O b D iJ CO «1 3 « a ■3 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 237 Peace, however, may send girls for a term not less than three months. The act of incorporation provides for a commutation of sentence to be earned by good conduct and a prolongation of the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are empowered, in their discretion, either to appren- tice the girls or to adopt them out during their minority. Temporary quarters were furnished for the Home during the first two years of its existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings for the institution have been erected on the banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane County. HOMER, a village in Champaign County, on the Wabash Railway, 2(1 miles west-soutliwest from Danville and about 18 miles east-southeast from Champaign. It supports a carriage factory ; also has two banks several churches, a seminary, an opera house, and one weekly paper. The region is chiefly agricultural. Population (1880), 92-1; (1S90), 917; (1900), 1,080; (1910), 1,086. HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws have been defined to be "legislation enacted to secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home and shelter for a family or individual by exempt- ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu- pied by the family or individual, from liability to be sold for tlie payment of tlie debts of its owner, and by restricting his rights of free alienation." In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm and dwelling thereon of every houseliolder hav- ing a family, and occupied as a residence, whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the value of §1,000. The exemption continues after death, for the benefit of decedent's wife or hus- band occupying the homestead, and also of the children, if any, until the youngest attain the age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in releasing the exemption, but the property is alwaj's liable for improvements thereon. — In 1863 Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers on public lands under certain restrictions as to active occupancy, under which most of that class of lands since taken for settlement have been purchased. HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 23 miles south of Chi- cago. Population (1900), 3.52; (1910), 713. HOOLEY, Richard M., theatrical manager, was born in Ireland, April 13, 1832; at the age of 18 entered the theater as a musician and, four years later, came to America, soon after forming an association with E. P. Christy, the originator of negro minstrelsy entertainments which went under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted a company of minstrels through the principal towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to some of the chief cities on the continent ; re- turned to America five years later, and subse- quently managed houses in San Francisco, Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New York, finally locating in Chicago in 1869, where he remained the rest of his life, — his theater becoming one of the most widely known and popular in the city. Died, Sept. 8, 1898. HOOPESTON, a prosperous city in Vermilion County at the intersection of the Chicago & East- ern Illinois and the Lake Erie & Western Rail- roads, 99 miles south of Chicago. It has grain elevators, a nai. factory, brick and tile works, carriage and machme shops, and two large can- ning factories, besides two banks and two news- papers, issuing daily and weeklj' editions, several churches, a high school and a business college. Pop. (1S90), 1,911; (1900), 3,823; (1910), 4,698. HOPKIXS, Albert J., Congressman, was born in De Kalb County, 111., August 15, 1846. After graduating from Hillsiiale College, Mich. , in 1870, he studied law and began practice at Aurora. He rapidly attained prominence at the bar, and, in 1873, was elected State's Attorney for Kane County, serving in that capacity for four years. He is an ardent Republican and high in the party's councils, having been Chairman of the State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan ticket in 1884. The same year he was elected to the Forty -ninth Congress from the Fifth District, serving by successive re-elections until 1903, when he was chosen United States Senator as successor to Hon. William E. Mason, serving one term. In 1908 he received a majority vote in the primaries for re election as Senator, but was defeated by William A. Lorimer in the General Assembly. In 1898 he received a majority of more than 18,000 over the combined vote of two competitors for Con- gress in his district. His residence is at Aurora, lU. HOUGHTOJf, Horace Hocking, pioneer printer and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt., Oct. 26, 1806, spent his 3'outh on a farm, and at eight- een began learning the printer's trade in the office of "The Woodstock Overseer" ; on arriving at his majority became a journeyman printer and, in 1828, went to New York, spending some time in the employment of the Harper Brothers. After a brief season spent in Boston, he took charge of "The Statesman" at Castleton, Vt., but, in 1834, again went to New York, taking with him a device for throwing the printed sheet off the press, which was afterwards adopted on the 238 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Adams and Hoe printing presses. His next move was to Marietta, Oliio, in 1834, thence by way of Cincinnati anii Louisville to St. Louis, working for a time in the office of the old "St. Louis Republican.'" He soon after went to Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later became associated with Sylvester M. Bartlett in the management of "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser,'' finally becoming sole proprietor. In 18-12 he sold out the paper, but resumed his connection with it the following year, remaining until 1863, when he finally sold out. He afterwards spent some time on the Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to the Sandwich Islands, but finally returned to Galena and, during the later years of his life, was Postmaster there, dying April 30, 1879. HOVET, Charles Edward, educator, soldier and lawyer, was born in Orange County, Vt., April 26, 1827 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 18.53, and became successively Principal of high schools at Fannington, Mass., and Peoria, 111. Later, he assisted in organizing the Illinois State Normal School at Normal, of which he was President from 1857 to 1861 — being also President of the State Teachers' Association (1856), mem- ber of the State Board of Education, and, for some years, editor of "The Illinois Teacher." In Au- gust, 1861, he assisted in organizing, and was com- missioned Colonel of, the Thirty-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "School- Masters' Regiment," from the fact that it was composed largely of teachers and young men from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few months later, to brevet ]Major-General for gallant and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military service in May, 1863, he engaged in the practice of law in Washington, D. C. Died, in Washing- ton, Nov 17, 1897. HOTVLAND, George, educator and author, was born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass., July 30, 1824. After graduating from Amherst College in 1850, he devoted two years to teaching in the public schools, and three years to a tutor- ship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in Latin, Greek and French. He began the study of law, but, after a year's reading, he abandoned it, removing to Chicago, where he became Assist- ant Principal of the city's one high school, in 1858. He became its Principal in 1860, and, in 1880. was elected Superintendent of Cliicago City Schools. This position he filled until August, 1891, when he resigned. He also served as Trus- tee of Amherst College for several years, and as a member of the Illinois State Board of Education, being President of that body in 1883. As an author he was of some note; his work being cliiefly on educational lines. He published a translation of the -.-Eueid adapted to the use of schools, besides translations of some of Horace's Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odyssey. He was also the author of an English grammar. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1892. HOTXE, Philip A., lawyer and United States Commissioner, was born in New York City, Nov. 20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after spending eleven years alternately in Galena and Chicago, finally located permanently in Chicago, in 1852 ; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Record- er's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five years; was admitted to the bar in March, 1856, and appointed United States Commissioner the same year, remaining in office until his death, Nov. 3, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an officer of the Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the t^nion League Club. HUBBARD, Gurdou Saltonstall, pioneer and Indian trader, was born at Windsor, Vt., August 22, 1802. His early youth was passed in Canada, cliiefly in the employ of the American Fur Com- pany. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and for nine years traveled back and forth in the interest of his employers. In 1827, having em- barked in business on his own account, he estab- lished several trading posts in Illinois, becoming a resident of Chicago in 1832. From this time forward he became identified with the history and development of tlie State. He served with distinction duiing the Black Hawk and Winne- bago Wars, was enterprising and public-spirited, and did much to promote the early development of Chicago. He was elected to the Legislature from Vermilion County in 1832, and, in 1835, was appointed bj- Governor Duncan one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Chicago, Sept. 14, 1886. From the time he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years, no man was more active or public-spirited in promoting its commercial development and general prosperity. He was identified with almost ever}' branch of business upon which its growth as a commercial city depended, from that of an early Indian trader to that of a real-estate operator, being manager of one of the largest pack- ing houses of his time, as well as promoter of early railroad enterprises. A zealous Republican, he was one of the most earnest supporters of Abraham Lincoln in the campaign of 1860, was prominently identified with every local measure UISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Vd9 for the maintenance of the Union cause, and, for a year, helJ a commission as Captain in the Eighty-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment." HUGHITT, MarTin, Railway President, was born, August, 1837, and, in 1850, began his rail- road experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-de- spatcher. In 18C0 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity, still later occupying the positions of Assistant Superintendent and General Superintendent, re- maining in the latter from 1865 to 1870, when he resigned to become Assistant General Manager of the Cliicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. In 1872 he became associated with the Chicago & North- western Railroad, in connection with which he has held the positions of Superintendent, General Manager, Second Vice-President and President — the last of which (1899) he still occupies. HULETT, Alta M., lawyer, was born near Rockford. 111., June 4, 185-t; early learned teleg- raphy and became a successful operator, but sub- sequently engaged in teaching and the study of law. In 1872, having passed the required exami- nation, she applied for admission to the bar, but was rejected on account of sex. She then, in conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others, interested herself in securing the passage of an act by the Legislature giving women the right that had been denied her, which having been accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted to the bar and began practice Died, in Cali- fornia, March 27, 1877. HUNT, Daniel D., legislator, was born in Wyoming County. N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to De Kalb County, 111., in 1857, and has since been engaged in hotel, mercantile and farming busi- ness. He was elected as a Republican Represent- ative in the Thirty-fifth General Assembly in 1886, and re elected in 1888. Two years later he was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in 1894, and again in 1898 — giving him a continuous service in one or the other branch of the General Assembly of sixteen years. During the se.ssion of 1895, Senator Hunt was especially active in the legislation which resulted in the location of the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De Kalb. HUNT, George, lawyer and ex-Attorney-Gen- eral, was born in Knox County, Ohio, in 1841 ; having lost both parents in childhood, came, with an uncle, to Edgar County, 111., in 1855. In July, 1861, at the age of 20, he enlisted in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enListing as a veteran in 1864, and rising from the ranks to a captaint^. After the close of the war, he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and, locating at Paris, Edgar County, soon acquired a large practice. He was elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in 1874, and re-elected in 1878 and '83. In 1884 he received his first nomination for Attorney -Gen- eral, was renominated in 1888, and elected both times, serving eight years. Among the im- portant questions with which General Hunt had to deal during his two terms were the celebrated "anarchist cases" of 1887 and of 1890-93. In tlie former the condemned Chicago anarchists applied through their counsel to the Supreme Court of the United .States, for a writ of error to the Su- preme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to grant them a new trial, which was refused. The case, on the part of the State, was conducted by General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massa- chusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia, Roger A. Pryor of New York, and Slessrs. W. P. Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab, who had been condemned to life imprisonment, attempted to secure their release — the former by an application similar to that of 1887, and the latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham of the United States Circuit Court refusing a writ of habeas corpus. The final hearing of these cases was had before the Supreme Court of the United States in January, 1893, General Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the plaintiffs — but with the same result as in 1887. General Hunt's management of these cases won for him much deserved commendation both at home and abroad. Died March 17, 1901. HUNTER, Andrew J., was born in Greencastle, Ind., Dec. 17, 1831, and removed in infancy by his parents, to Edgar County, this State. His early education was received in the common schools and at Edgar Academy. He commenced his business life as a civil engineer, but, after three years spent in that profession, began the study of law and was admitted to the bar. He has since been actively engaged in practice at Paris, Edgar County. From 1804 to 1868 he repre- sented that county in the State Senate, and, in 1870, led the Democratic forlorn hope in the Fif- teenth Congressional District against General Jesse H. Moore, and rendered a like service to his party in 1882, when Joseph G. Cannon was his Republican antagonist. In 1886 he was elected Judge of the Edgar County Court, and, in 1890, was re-elected, but resigned this office in 1893, having been elected Congressman for tlie State- 240 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. at-large on the Democratic ticket. He was a can- didate for Congress from tlie Nineteenth District again in 1896, and was again elected, receiving a majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, his Republican opponent and immediate predecessor. HUNTER, (Gen.) David, soldier, was born in Washington, D. C, July 21, 1802; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1823, and assigned to tlie Fifth Infantry with the rank of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During this period he twice crossed the plains to the Rocky Mountains, but, in 1836, resigned his com- mission and engaged in business in Chicago, Re-entering the service as Paymaster in 1842, he was Chief Paymaster of General Wool's command in the Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed at New Orleans, Washington, Detroit, St. Louis and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of President Lincoln, whom he accompanied when the latter set out for Washington in February, 1801, but was disabled at Buffalo, having his collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was appointed Colonel of the Sixth United States Cavalry, May 14, 1861, three days later commis- sioned Brigadier-General and, in August, made Major-General. In the Manassas campaign he commanded the main column of McDowell's army and was severely wounded at Bull Run; served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded him in command in November, 1861, remaining until March, 1862. Being transferred to the Department of the South in May following, he issued an order declaring the persons held as slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina free, which order was revoked by President Lin- coln ten days later. On account of the steps taken by him for the organization of colored troops, Jefferson Davis issued an order declaring him, in case of capture, subject to execution as a felon. In May, 1864, he was placed in com- mand of the Department of the West, and, in 1865, served on various courts-martial, being President of the commission that tried Mr. Lin- coln's assassins ; was brevetted Major-General in March, iseij, retired from active service July, 1860, and died in Washington, Feb. 2, 1886. Gen- eral Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie, the first permanent citizen of Chicago. HURD, Harvey B., lawyer, was born in Fair- field County, Conn. , Feb. 24, 1827. At the age of 15 he walked to Bridgeport, where he began life as office-boy in "The Bridgeport Standard," a journal of pronounced Whig proclivities. In 1844 he came to Illinois, entering Jubilee College, but, after a brief attendance, came to Chicago in 1846. There he found temporary employment as a compositor, later commencing the study of law, and being admitted to the bar in 1848, A portion of the present city of Evanston is built upon a 248-acre tract owned and subdivided by Mr. Hurd and his partner. Always in sympathy with the old school and most radical type of Abolitionists, he took a deep interest in the Kan- sas-Missouri troubles of 1856, and became a mem- ber of tlie "National Kansas Committee" appointed by the Buffalo (N. Y. ) Convention, of which body he was a member. He was chosen Secretary of the executive committee, and it is not too much to say that, largely through his earnest and poorly requited labors, Kansas was finally admitted into the Union as a free State. It was mainly through his efforts that seed for planting was gratuitously distributed among the free-soil settlers. In 1869 he was appointed a member of the Commission to revise the statutes of Illinois, a large part of the work devolving upon him in consequence of the withdrawal of his colleagues. The revision was completed in 1874, in conjunction with a Joint Committee of Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legis- lature of 1873. No statutory revision having been ordered by subsequent Legislatures, Mr. Hurd carried on the same character of work on inde- pendent lines, issuing new editions of the statutes from time to time, which are regarded as standard works by the bar. In 1875 he was nominated by the Republican party for a seat on the Supreme bench, but was defeated by the late Judge T. Lyle Dickey. For several years he filled a chair in the faculty of the Union College of Law. Died in his home, Evanston, 111., Jan. 20, 1906. HURLBUT, Stephen A., soldier. Congressman and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston, S. C, Nov. 29, 1815, received a thorough liberal education, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making his home at Belvidere. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, in 1848 was an unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Elector on the Whig ticket, but, on the organization of the Republican party in 1850, promptly identified him.self with that party and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assemblj' as a Republican in 1858 and again in 1860. During tlie War of the Rebellion he served with distinc- tion from May, 1861, to July, 1865. He entered the service as Brigadier-General, commanding the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg Landing ; was made a Major-General in Septeni- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 241 ber, 1862, and later assigned to the command of the Sixteenth Armj- Corps, at Memphis, and sub- sequently to the command of the Department of the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he served another term in the General Assembly (1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1868, and, in 1869, was appointed by President Grant Minister Resident to the United States of Colombia, serving until 1873. The latter year he was elected Representative to Congress, and re-elected two years later. In 1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an independent Republican, but was defeated by William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881 he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and died at Lima, March 27, 1882. HUTCHIXS, Thomas, was born in Monmouth, N. J., in 1730, died in Pitt.sburg, Pa., April 28, 1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre- quently called the "Geographer"; was also an officer of the Sixtieth Royal (British) regiment, and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at Fort Chartres, he resigned his commission be- cause of his sympathy with the patriots. Three years later he was charged with being in treason- able correspondence with Franklin, and im- prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to have devised the present system of Government surveys in this country, and his services in carry- ing it into effect were certainly of great value. He was the author of several valuable works, the best known being a "Topographical Description of Virginia." HUTSONVILLE, a village of Crawford County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The town has a bank, brick and tile works, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 743; (1910), 722. ILLINOIS. (gekeral history.) Illinois is the twenty-first State of the Federal Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth in present area and the third in point of popula- tion. A concise history of the region, of which it constituted the central portion at an early period, will be found in the following pages: The greater part of the territory now comprised within the State of Illinois was known and at- tracted eager attention from the nations of the old world — especially in France, Germany and England — before the close of the third quarter of the seventeenth century. More than one hun- dred years before the struggle for American Inde- pendence began, or the geographical division known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had an existence; before the names of Kentucky, Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, and while the early settlers of New England and Virginia were still struggling for a foothold among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the maps of North America as distinct and definite as New York or Pennsylvania. And from that time forward, until it assumed its position in the Union with the rank of a State, no other section has been the theater of more momentous and stirring events or has contributed more material, affording interest and instruction to the archaeol- ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than that portion of the American Continent now known as the "State of Illinois." The "Illinois Country." — What was known to the early French explorers and their followers and descendants, for the ninety years which intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to the English, as the "Illinois Country," is de- scribed with great clearness and definiteness by Capt. Philip Pittman, an Euglisli engineer who made the first survey of the Mississippi River soon after the transfer of the French possessions east of the Mississippi to the British, and who published the result of his observations in London in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a work of the highest authenticity, and is the more valuable because written at a transition period when it was of the first importance to preserve and hand down the facts of early French history to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: "The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the Mississippi on the west, by the river Illinois on the north, by the Ouabache and Miamis on the east and the Ohio on the south." From this it would appear that the country lying between the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to the west and northwest of the former, was not considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and 242 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. this agrees generally with the records of the early French explorers, except that they regarded the region which comprehends the site of the present city of Chicago — the importance of which appears to have been appreciated from the first as a connecting link between the Lakes and the upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the Gulf of Mexico — as belonging thereto Origin of the Name. — The "Country" appears to have derived its name from Inini, a word of Algonquin origin, signifying "the men," eu- phemized by the French into Illini with the suffix ois. signifying "tribe." The root of the term, applied both to the coimtry and the Indians occupying it, has been still further defined as "a perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and the derivative has been used by the French chroniclers in various forms though always with the same signification — a signification of which the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well as their successors of a different race, have not failed to be duly proud. Boundaries and Area. — It is this region which gave the name to the State of which it constituted so large and important a part. Its boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- cerned, are identical with those given to the "Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; on the east by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the Wabash River; southeast by the Ohio, flowing between it and the State of Kentucky ; and west and southwest by the Mississippi, which sepa- rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north bank of the Ohio River ; this seems to have been a sort of concession on the part of the framers of the Act to our proud neighbors of the "Dark and Bloody Ground. " Geographically, the State lies between the parallels of 36" 59' and 42° 30' north latitude, and the meridian of 10° 30' and 14° of longitude west from the city of Washington. From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north, its estimated length is 385 miles, with an extreme breadth, from the Indiana State line to the 5Iis- sissippi River at a point between Quincy and Warsaw, of 218 miles. Owing to the tortuous course of its river and lake boundaries, which comprise about three-fourths of the whole, its physical outline is extremely irregular. Between the Limits described, it has an estimated area of 56,650 square miles, of which 650 square miles is water — the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan. This area is more than one and one-half times that of all New England (Maine being excepted), and is greater than that of any other State east of the Mississippi, except Michigan, Georgia and Florida — Wisconsin lacking only a few hundred square miles of the same. When these figures are taken into account some idea may be formed of the magnificence of the domain comprised within the limits of the State of Illinois — a domain larger in extent than that of England, more than one-fourth of that of all France and nearly half that of the British Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, by any other State of the Union and with re- sources in agriculture, manufactures and com- merce unsurpassed in any country on the face of the globe, transcend all human conception. Streams and Navigation. — L3'ing between the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the Ohio, with the Wabash on the east, and inter- sected from northeast to southwest by the Illinois and its nvunerous affluents, and with no moun- tainous region within its limits, Illinois is at once one of the best watered, as well as one of the most level States in the Union. Besides the Sanga- mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers, chief tributaries of the Illinois, and the Kaskaskia draining the region between the Illinois and the Wabash, Rock River, in the northwestern portion of the State, is most important on account of its valuable water-power. All of these streams were regarded as navigable for some sort of craft, dur- ing at least a portion of the year, in the early history of the country, and with the magnificent Mississippi along the whole western border, gave to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters than that of any other single State. Although practical navigation, apart from the lake and by natural water courses, is now limited to the Mis- sissippi, Illinois and Ohio — making an aggregate of about 1,000 miles — the importance of the smaller streams, when the people were dependent almost wholly upon some means of water com- munication for the transportation of heavy com- modities as well as for travel, could not be over-estimated, and it is not witliout its effect upon the productiveness of the soil, now that water transportation has given place to railroads. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 243 The whole number of streams shown upon the best maps exceeds 380. Topography. — In physical conformation the surface of the State presents the aspect of an inclined plane with a moderate descent in the general direction of the streams toward the south and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern end of the State and the point of lowest depres- sion, has an elevation above sea-level of about 300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Micliigan at Chicago is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is reached near Scale's Mound in the northwestern part of the State — 1,257 feet — while a spur from the Ozark Mountains of Missoiu-i, projected across the southern part of the State, rises in Jackson and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet. The eastern end of this spur, in the northeast corner of Pope County, reaches an elevation of 1,046 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of the country between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers was originally covered with dense forests. These included some of the most valuable species of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm, linden, hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cotton- wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech. The native fruits included the persimmon, wild plum, grape and paw-paw, with various kinds of berries, such as blackberries, raspberries, straw- berries (in the prairie districts) and some others. Most of the native growths of woods common to the south were found along the streams farther north, except the cypress beech, pecan and a few others. Prairies. — A peculiar feature of the country, in the middle and northern portion of the State, wliich excited the amazement of early explorers, was the vast extent of the prairies or natural meadows. The origin of these has been attrib- uted to various causes, such as some peculiarity of the soil, absence or excess of moisture, recent upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other bodies of water, the action of fires, etc. In many sections there appears little to distinguish the soil of the prairies from that of the adjacent woodlands, that may not be accounted for by the character of their vegetation and other causes, for the luxuriant growth of native grasses and other productions has demonstrated that they do not lack in fertility, and the readiness with which trees take root when artificially propa- gated and protected, has shown that there is nothing in the .soil itself unfavorable to their growth. Whatever may have been the original cause of the prairies, however, there is no doubt that annually recurring fires have had much to do in perpetuating their existence, and even extending their limits, as the absence of the same agent has tended to favor the encroachments of the forests. While originally regarded as an obstacle to the occupation of the country by a dense population, there is no doubt that their existence has contributed to its rapid develop- ment when it was discovered with what ease these apparent wastes could be subdued, and how productive they were capable of becoming when once brought under cultivation. In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the State as a whole, many sections present a variety of surface and a mingling of plain and woodland of the most pleasing character. This is espe- cially the case in some of the prairie districts where the undulating landscape covered with rich herbage and brilliant flowers must have presented to the first explorers a scene of ravish- ing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than diminished in recent times by the hand of culti- vation. Along some of the streams also, espe- cially on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, and at some points on the Ohio, is found scenery of a most picturesque variety. Animals, etc. — From this description of the country it will be easy to infer what must have been the varieties of the animal kingdom which here found a home. These included the buffalo, various kinds of deer, the bear, panther, fox, wolf, and wild-cat, while swans, geese and ducks covered the lakes and streams. It was a veritable paradise for game, both large and small, as well as for their native hunters. "One can scarcely travel," wrote one of the earliest priestly explor- ers, "without finding a prodigious multitude of turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter, and mink were found along the streams. Most of these, especially the larger species of game, have disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and the different varieties of fish in the streams, pro- tected by law during certain seasons of the year, continue to exist in considerable numbers. Soil and Cumate.— The cajjabilities of the soil in a region thus situated can l)e readily under- stood. In proportion to the extent of its surface, Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than any other State in the Union, with a soil of supe- rior quality, much of it imsurpas.sed in natural fertility. This is especially true of the "American Bottom," a region extending a distance of ninety 244 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from a few miles below Alton nearly to Chester, and of an average width of five to eight miles. This was the seat of the first permanent white settle- ment in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it have been under cultivation from one hundred to one hundred and fifty years without exiiaustion. Other smaller areas of scarcely less fertility are found both upon the bottom-lands and in the prairies in the central portions of the State. Extending through five and one-half degrees of latitude, Illinois has a great variety of climate. Though subject at times to sudden alternations of temperature, these occasions have been rare since the country has been thoroughly settled. Its mean average for a series of years has been 48° in the northern part of the State and 56° in the southern, diSering little from other States upon the same latitude. The mean winter temper- ature ha.s ranged from 25° in the north to 34° in the south, and the summer mean from 67' in the north to 78° in the south. The extreme winter temperature has seldom fallen below 20° below zero in the northern portion, wliile the highest summer temperature ranges from 95' to 102°. The average difference in temperature between the northern and southern portions of the State is about 10°, and the difference in the progress of the seasons for the same sections, from four to six weeks. Such a wide variety of climate is favor- able to the production of nearly all the grains and fruits peculiar to the temperate zone. Contest for Occupation. — Three powers early became contestants for the supremacy on the North American Continent. The first of these was Spain, claiming possession on the ground of the discovery by Columbus; England, basing her claim upon the discoveries of the Cabots, and France, maintaining her right to a considerable part of the continent by virtue of the discovery and exploration by Jacques Cartier of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-35, and the settlement of Quebec by Champlain seventy-four years later. The claim of Spain was general, extending to both North and South America; and, while she early established her colonies in Mexico, the West Indies and Peru, the country was too vast and her agents too busy seeking for gold to interfere materially with her competitors. The Dutch, Swedes and Germans established small, though flourishing colonies, but they were not colonizers nor were they numeric- ally as strong as their neighbors, and their settle- ments were ultimately absorbed by the latter. Both the Spaniards and the French were zealous in proselyting the aborigines, but while the former did not hesitate to torture their victims in order to extort their gold while claiming to save their souls, the latter were more gentle and beneficent in their policy, and, by their kindness, succeeded in winning and retaining the friend- ship of the Indians in a remarkable degree. They were traders as well as missionaries, and tliis fact and the readiness with which they adapted them- selves to the habits of those whom they found in possession of the soil, enabled them to make the most extensive explorations in small numbers and at little cost, and even to remain for un- limited periods among their aboriginal friends. On the other hand, the English were artisans and tillers of the soil with a due proportion engaged in commerce or upon the sea; and, while they were later in planting their colonies in Virginia and New England, and less aggressive in the work of exploration, they maintained a surer foothold on the soil when they had once estab- lished themselves. To this fact is due the per- manence and steady growth of the English colonies in the New World, and the virtual domi- nance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than five-sevenths of the North American Continent — a result which has been illustrated in the history of every people that has made agriculture, manu- factures and legitimate commerce the basis of their prosperity. Early Explorations. — The French explorers were the first Europeans to visit the "Country of the Illinois," and, for nearly a century, they and their successors and descendants held undisputed possession of the country, as well as the greater part of the ^Mississippi Valley. It is true that Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this whole region, but she was kept too busy else- where to make her claim good, and, in 1763, she relinquished it entirely as to the Mississippi Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to strengthen herself elsewhere. There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that, while the English colonists wlio settled about Massachusetts Bay named that region "New England," the French gave to their possessions, from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mis- sissippi, the name of "New France," and the Spaniards called all the region claimed by them, extending from Panama to Puget Sound, "New Spain. " Tlie boimdaries of each were very indefi- nite and often conflicting, but were settled by the treaty of 1763. As early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way of Canada, discovered Lake Micliigan — then HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 245 called by the French, "Lac des Illinois" — entered Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous mission- aries had reached the Falls of St. Mary (called by the French "Sault Ste. Marie"), and, in 1658, two French fur-traders are alleged to have penetrated as far west as "La Pointe" on Lake Superior, where they opened up a trade with the Sioux Indians and wintered in the neighborhood of the Apostle Islands near where the towns of Ashland and Bayfield, Wis., now stand. A few years later (1665), Fathers Allouez and Dablon, French mis- sionaries, visited the Cliippewas on the southern shore of Lake Superior, and missions were estab- lished at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La Pointe. About the same time the mission of St. Ignace was established on the north shore of the Straits of Mackinaw (spelled by the French "Miohilli- macinac"). It is also claimed that the French traveler, Radisson, during the year of 1658-59, reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the claims of Joliet and Marquette as its discoverers by fourteen years. Nicholas Perrot, an intelli- gent chronicler who left a manuscript account of his travels, is said to have made extensive explor- ations about the head of the great lakes as far south as the Fox River of Wisconsin, between 1670 and 1690, and to have held an important conference with representatives of numerous tribes of Indians at Sault Ste. Marie in June, 1671. Perrot is also said to have made the first discovery of lead mines in the West. Up to this time, however, no white man appears to have reached the "Illinois Country," though much had been heard of its beauty and its wealth in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet, an enter- prising explorer who had already visited the Lake Superior region in search of copper mines, under a commission from the Governor of Canada, in company with Father Jacques Marquette and five voyageurs, with a meager stock of provisions and a few trinkets for trading with the natives, set out in two birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace on a tour of exploration southward. Coasting along the west shore of Lake Michigan and Green Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached the country of the Mascoutins on Fox River, ascended that stream to the portage to the Wis- consin, then descended the latter to tlie Mis- sissippi, whicli they discovered on June 17. Descending the Mississippi, which they named "Rio de la Conception," they passed the mouth of the Des Moines, where they are supposed to have encountered the first Indians of the Illinois tribes, by whom they were hospitably enter- tained. Later they discovered a rude painting upon the rooks on the east side of the river, which, from the description, is supposed to have been the famous "PiasaBird," which was still to be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the present generation. (See Piasa Bird, The Legend of.) Passing the mouth of the Jlissouri River and the present site of the city of St. Louis, and continuing past the mouth of the Ohio, they finally reached wliat Marquette called the village of the Akanseas, which has been assumed to be identical with the mouth of the Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the Jlississippi "had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf of Mexico, " and fearing capture by the Spaniards, they started on their return. Reaching the mouth of the Illinois, they entered that stream and ascended past the village of the Peorias and the "Illinois town of the Kaskaskias" — the latter being about where the town of Utica, La Salle County, novr stands — at each of which they made a brief stay. Escorted by guides from the Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage to Lake Michigan where Cliicago now stands, and re- turned to Green Bay, wliich they reached in the latter part of September. (See Joliet and Mar- quette.) The next and most important expedition to Illi- nois — important because it led to the first per- manent settlements — was undertaken by Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. This eager and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discov- erer had spent several years in exploration in tlie lake region and among the streams south of the lakes and west of the AUeghenies. It has been claimed that, during this tour, he descended the Ohio to its junction with the Mississippi; also that he reached the Illinois by waj- of the head of Lake Michigan and the Cliicago portage, and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th parallel, antedating Marquette's first visit to that stream by two years. The chief authority for this claim is La Salle's biographer, Pierre Margry, who bases his statement on alleged con- versations with La Salle and letters of his friends. The absence of any allusion to these discoveries in La Salle's own papers, of a later date, addressed to the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim. However this may liave been, there is conclusive evidence that, during this period, he met with Joliet while tlie latter was rei-urning Tom one of liis trips to the Lake Superior country. With an imagination fired by what he then leai-ned, ho made a visit to his native country, receiving a 246 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. liberal grant from the French Government which enabled him to carry out Ms plans. With the aid of Henry Je Tonty. an Italian who afterward accompanied him in his most important expedi- tions, and who proved a most valuable and effi- cient co-laborer, under the auspices of Frontenac, then Governor of Canada, he constructed a small vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which, with a company of thirty -four persons, he set sail on the seventh of August, 1679, for the West. This vessel (named the "Griffon") is believed to have been the first sailing-vessel that ever navigated the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, and he carried with him material for a boat which he intended to put together on that stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem- ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, load- ing the Griffon with furs, started it on its return with instructions, after discharging its cargo at the starting point, to join him at the head of Lake Michigan. With a force of seventeen men and three missionaries in four canoes, he started southward, following the western shore of Lake Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, on Nov. 1, 1679, and reached the mouth of the St. Joseph River, at the southeast corner of the lake, which had been selected as a rendez- vous. Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who had come by the eastern shore, but the Griffon never was heard from again, and is supposed to have been lost on the return voyage. While waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward called Fort Miami. The two parties here united, and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with the remaining thirty-three, he resumed his journey on the third of December. Ascending the St. Joseph to about where South Bend, Ind., now stands, he made a portage with his canoes and stores across to the headwaters of the Kan- kakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On the first of January he arrived at the great Indian town of the Kaskaskias, which Marquette had left for the last time nearly five years before, but found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illi- nois, on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria Lake and the next morning reached the Indian village of that name at the foot of the lake, and established friendly relations with its people. Having determined to set up his vessel here, he constructed a rude fort on the eastern bank of the river about four miles south of the village. With the exception of the cabin built for Mar- quette on the South Branch of the Chicago Rivet in the winter of 1674-75, this was probably the first structure erected by white men in Illinois. This received the name "Creve-Coeur — "Broken Heart" — which, from its subsequent history, proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dis- patched Father LouLs Hennepin with two com panions to the Upper Mississippi, by way of the mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony, La Salle started on his return to Canada for additional assistance and the stores which he had failed to receive m consequence of the loss of the Griffon Soon after his depar- ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at Fort Creve-Coeur mutinied, and, having plundered the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled Tonty and five companions who had remained true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illi- nois near "Starved Rock," between where the cities of Ottawa and La Salle now stand, where he spent the summer awaiting the return of La Salle. In September, Tonty "s Indian allies hav- ing been attacked and defeated by the Iroquois, he and his companions were again compelled to flee, reaching Green Bay the next spring, after having spent the winter among the Pottawato- mies in the present State of Wisconsin. During the next three years (1681-83) La .Salle made two other visits to Illinois, encountering and partiall}- overcoming formidable obstacles at each end of the journey. At the last visit, in company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had met at Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a separation of more than a year, he extended his exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of which he took formal possession on April 9, 1683, in the name of "Louis the Grand, King of France and Navarre." This was the first expedition of white men to pass down the river and determine the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois, in the fall of 1682, Tonty set about carrying into effect La Salle's scheme of fortifying "The Rock," to which reference has been made under the name of "Starved Rock." The buildings are said to have included store-houses (it was intended as a trading post), dwellings and a block-house erected on the summit of the rock, and to which the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a village of confederated Indian tribes gathered about its base on the south which bore the name of La Vantum. According to the historian, Parkman, the population of this colony, in the F i MR ^ i ^ f 1^ .,^ m k ^Hrsks I. A S.U.LE. HENRY DB TONTY. FORT DEARBORN FROM THE WEST, 1S08. WAR EAGLE. CHIEF CHICAGOU. FORT DEARBORN 2D. IX 1S53, FROM THE SOUTHWEST. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 247 days of its greatest prosperity, was not less than 30,000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort St. Louis for eighteen years, during which he made extensive excursions throughout tlie West. The proprietorship of the fort was granted to him in 1690. but. in 1702. it was ordered by the Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the plea that the charter had been violated. It con- tinued to be used as a trading pose, however, as late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. (See La Salle; Tonty; Hennepin, and Starved Bock. ) Other explorers who were the contemporaries or early successors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the Northwest, and many of whom are known to have visited the "Illinois Country," and probably all of whom did so, were Daniel Greysolon du Lhut (called by La Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly from Lake Superior, and from whom the city of Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel, a towns- man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony; Pierre Le Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota River, and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through Illinois in 1688-89, of which he published an accoimt in 1703. Chicago River early became a prominent point in the estimation of the French explorers and was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi- nois by way of the Des Plaines, though probably sometimes confounded with other streams about the head of the lake. The Calumet and Grand Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines, were also used, while the St. Joseph, from which portage was had into the Kankakee, seems to have been a part of the route first used by La Salle. Aborigines and Early Missions. — When the early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois Coimtry" they found it occupied by a number of tribes of Indians, the most numerous being the "Illinois," which consisted of several families or bands that spread themselves over the country on both sides of the Illinois River, extending even west of the Mississippi ; the Piankeshaws on the east, extending beyond the present western boundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the Woas were allied. The Illinois confederation included the Kaskaskias. Peorias, Cahokias, Tamaroas and Mitohigamies — the last being the tribe from which Lake Slichigan took its name. (See Illinois Indians. ) There seems to have been a general drift of some of the stronger tribes toward the south and east about tliis time, as AUouez represents that he found the Miamis and their neighbors, the Mascoutins. about Green Bay when he arrived there in 1670. At the same time, there is evidence that the Pottawatomies were located along the soutliern shore of Lake Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now known as "The Soo"). though within the next fifty years they had advanced southward along the western shore of Lake Michigan until they reached where Chicago now stands. Other tribes from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and Foxes, and Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees were a branch of a stronger tribe from the south- east Charlevoix, who wrote an account of his visit to the "Illinois Country" in 1721, says: "Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place called Chicago from the name of a small river which runs into the lake, the source of which is not far distant from that of the River Illinois." It does not follow necessarily that this was the Chicago River of to-day, as the name appears to have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the early explorers, both to a region of country between the head of the lake and the Illinois River, and to more than one stream emptying into the lake in that vicinity. It has been con- jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix was the Calumet, as his description would apply as well to that as to the Chicago, and there is other evidence that the Miamis. who were found about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana, ex- tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio. From the first, the Illinois seem to have con- ceived a strong liking for the French, and being pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and Foxes. Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin- ning of the eighteenth century we find them, much reduced in numbers, gathered about the French settlements near the mouth of the Kas- kaskia (or Okaw) River, in the western part of the present counties of Randolph. Monroe and St. Clair. In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis- sionaries, the contact of these tribes with the whites was attended with the usual results — demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi- nation. The latter result was hastened by the frequent attacKs to which they were exposed from their more warlike enemies, so that by the latter part of the eighteenth centurj'. they were S48 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. reduced to a few hundred dissolute and depraved survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race. During the early part of the French occupation, there arose a chief named Chicagou (from whom the city of Chicago received its name) who ap- pears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and Logan, to have been a man of unusual intelligence and vigor of character, and to have exercised great influence with his people. In 1735 he was sent to Paris, where he received the attentions due to a foreign potentate, and, on his return, was given a command in an expedition against the Chicka- saws, who had been making incursions from the south. Such was the general distribution of the Indians in the northern and central portions of the State, within the first fifty years after the arrival of the French. At a later period the Kickapoos ad- vanced farther south and occupied a considerable share of the central portion of the State, and even extended to the mouth of the Wabash. The southern part was roamed over by bands from bej'ond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including the Cherokees and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas tribes, some of whom were very powerful and ranged over a vast extent of country. The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after the forts erected for purposes of defense, were undoubtedly the posts of the fur-traders and the missionary stations. Fort Miami, the first mili- tary post, established by La Salle in the winter of 1679-80, was at the mouth of the St. Joseph River within the boundaries of what is now the State of Michigan. Fort Creve-Coeur, partially erected a few months later on the east side of the Illinois a few miles below where the city of Peoria now stands, was never occupied. Mr. Charles Ballance, the historian of Peoria, locates this fort at the present village of Wesley, in Tazewell County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria. Fort St. Louis, built by Tonty on the summit of "Starved Rock," in the fall and winter of 1C82, was the second erected in the "Illinois Country," but the first occupied. It has been claimed that Marquette established a mission among the Kas- kaskias. opposite "The Rock," on occasion of his first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re- newed it in the spring of 1675, when he visited it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission was more than a season of preaching to the natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism, etc. ; at least tlie story of an established mission has been denied. That this devoted and zealous propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, is evident from his own journal. He gave to it the name of the "Mission of the Immaculate Conception," and, although he was compelled by failing health to abandon it almost immediately, it is claimed tliat it was renewed in 1677 by Father AUouez, who had been active in founding missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it was maintained until the arrival of La Salle in 1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led to AUouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently returned and was succeeded in 16S8 by Father Gravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw to Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico. There is evidence that a mission had been established among the Miamis as early as 1698, under the name "Chicago," as it is mentioned by St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. This, for the reasons already given showing the indefinite use made of the name Chicago as applied to streams about the head of Lake Michi- gan, probably referred to some other locality in the vicinity, and not to the site of the present city of Chicago. Even at an earlier date there appears, from a statement in Tonty 's Memoirs, to have been a fort at Chicago — probably about the same locality as the mission. Speaking of his return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 1685, he says: "I embarked for the Illinois Oct. 30, 1685, but being stopped by the ice, I was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by land. After going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort Chicagou, where M. de la Durantaye com- manded." According to the best authorities it %vas during the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle- ment was established by Father Jacques Pinet among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia (or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles south of the present site of the city of East St. Louis. This was the first permanent settlement by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on the Illinois was broken up the same year. A few months after the establishment of the mission at Cahokia (which received the name of "St. Sulpice"), but during the same year, the Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the moutli of the river which bears their name, and the mission and village — the latter afterward becoming the first capital of the Territorj' and State of Illinois — came into being. This identity of names has led to some confusion in determin- ing the date and place of the first permanent settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being given by some authors as that of the settlement HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 249 at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven years later. Period of French Occupation. — As may be readily inferred from the methods of French colonization, the first permanent settlements gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas- kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later periods, but during the French occupation of the countr}', other villages were established, the most important being St. Philip and Prairie du Rocher; all of these being located in the fertile valley now known as the "American Bottom," between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas- kia. There were several Indian villages in the vicinity of the French settlements, and this became, for a time, the most populous locality in the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active trade carried on with the settlements near the mouth of the Mississippi. Large quantities of the products of the country, such as flour, bacon, pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco, cotton goods and such other fabrics as the simple wants of the people required, being brought back in return. These boats went in convoys of seven to twelve in number for mutual protection, three months being required to make a trip, of which two were made annually — one in the spring and the other in the autumn. The French possessions in North America went under the general name of "New France, " but their boundaries were never clearly defined, though an attempt was made to do so through Commission- ers who met at Paris, in 1752. They were under- stood by the French to include the valley of the St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to the northern boundaries of the British colonies; the region of the Great Lakes ; and tlie Valley of the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con- tested by England on the east and Spain on the southwest, they comprehended the very heart of the North American continent, a region unsur- passed in fertility and natural resources and now the home of more than half of the entire population of the American Republic. That the French should have reluctantly yielded up so magnificent a domain is natural. And yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur- rendering the region east of the Mississippi (except a comparatively small district near the mouth of that stream) to England, and the remainder to Spain — an evidence of the straits to which they had been reduced by a long series of devastating wars. (See French and Indian Wars.) In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under roj-al letters- patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a monopoly of the commerce, with control of the country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of Mexico) as far as the Illinois." This grant hav- ing been surrendered a few years later, was re- newed in 1717 to the "Company of the West," of which the celebrated John Law was the head, and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the trade of Illinois. On September 27 of the same year (1717), the "Illinois Country," which had been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated with Louisiana and became part of that province. Law's company received enlarged powers under the name of the "East Indies Company," and although it went out of existence in 1721 with the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble," leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private fortunes in France and England, it did much to stimulate the population and development of the Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres erected, being named after the Due de Chartres, son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois- briant was the first commandant of Illinois and superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort Chartres.) One of the privileges granted to Law's com- pany was the importation of slaves; and under it, in 1721, Philip F. Renault brought to the country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years later he received a large grant of land, and founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became slave territory before a white settlement of any sort existed in what afterward became the slave State of Missouri. During 1721 the country under control of the East Indies Company was divided into nine civil and military districts, each presided over by a commandant and a judge, with a superior coun- cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest and, next to New Orleans, the most populous, was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the present State, with the country west of the Mis- ssisippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree of latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included the present States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In 1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois, 250 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was afterwards gOTerned by officers appointed directly by the crown. (See French Oovernors.) As early as September, 1699, an attempt was made by an expedition fitted out by the English Government, under command of Captains Barr and Clements, to take possession of the country about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground of prior discovery; but they found the French under Bienville already in possession at Biloxi, and they sailed away without making any further effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean- while, in the early part of the next century, the English were successful in attaching to their interests the Iroquois, who were the deadly foes of the French, and held possession of Western New York and the region around the headwaters of the Ohio River, extending their incursions against the Indian allies of the French as far west as Illinois. The real struggle for territory be- tween the English and French began with the formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49, and the grant to it by the English Government of half a million acres of land along the Ohio River, with the exclusive right of trading with the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this grew the establishment, in the next two years, of trading posts and forts on the Miami and Maumee in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted French and Indian War, which was prosecuted with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem- ber, 1759, which broke their power on the Ameri- can continent. Among those who took part in this struggle, was a contingent from the French garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon de Villiers, commandant of the fort, was one of these, being the only survivor of seven brothers who partici- pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by its terms Canada, and all other territory east of the Mississippi as far south as the northern boundary of Florida, was surrendered to Great Britain, while the remainder, including the vast territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, was given up to Spain. Thus the "Illinois Country" fell into the hands of the British, although the actual transfer of Fort Chartres and the country dependent upon it did not take place until Oct. 10, 1765, when its veteran commandant, St. Ange — who had come from Vincennes to assume command on the retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfully for the conqueror — surrendered it to Capt. Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng- lish Government. It is worthy of note that this was the last place on the North American con- tinent to lower the French flag. British Occup.\tion. — The delay of the British in taking possession of the "Illinois Country," after the defeat of the French at Quebec and the surrender of their possessions in America by the treaty of 1703, was due to its isolated position and the difficulty of reaching it with sufficient force to establish the British authority. The first attempt was made in the spring of 1764, when JIaj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa- cola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with a force of four hundred regulars, but, being met by a superior Indian force, was compelled to retreat. In August of the same year, Capt Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses- sion of the Illinois Country." This expedition got as far as Fort Miami on the Maumee, when its progress was arrested, and its commander nar- rowly escaped death. The next attempt was made in 1765, when Maj. George Croghan, a Dep- uty Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name has been made historical by the celebrated speech of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained, Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompany him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas- kia, but met with so rough a reception from both the French and Indians, that he thought it advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by descending the Mississippi to New Orleans. Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied by a party of friendly Indians, but having been captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he finally returned to Detroit without reaching his destination. The first British official to reach Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De- scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred men, he reached Fort Chartres, Oct. 10, 1765, and received the surrender of the fort from the faith- ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that at least one-third of the French citizens, includ- ing the more wealthy, left rather than become British subjects. Those about Fort Chartres left almost in a body. Some joined the French colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then in Spanish territory. Much the larger number followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede, during the previous year, and which now received HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 251 what, in these later days, would be called a great "boom." Captain Stirling was relieved of his command at Fort Chartres, Dec. 4, by Maj. Robert Farmer. Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres were Col. Edward Cole, Col. John Reed, Colonel Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras- tel, Clievalier de Rocheblave. Tlie last had been an officer in the French army, and, having resided at Kaskaskia, transferred his allegiance on occu- pation of the country bj- the British. He was the last official representative of the British Govern- ment in Illinois. The total population of the French villages in Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England, has been estimated at about 1.600, of wliich 700 were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of Cahokia. Captain Pittman estimated the popu- lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on the Wabash, at the time of his vi.sit in 1770, at about 2,000. Of St. Louis — or "Paincourt," as it was called — Captain Pittman said: "There are about forty private houses and as many fa:nilies. " Most of these, if not all, had emigrated from the French villages. In fact, although nominally in Spanish territory, it was essentially a French town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant, two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one Sergeant one Corporal and twenty men." Action op Continental Congress. —The iirst official notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by the Continental Congress, was the adoption by that body, July 13, 1775, of an act creating three Indian Departments — a Northern, Middle and Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second, with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of Pennsylvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was appointed agent and successor to these Commis- sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im- mediately preceding and following that event, directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the Government of King George in a quarter where it was least expected, and where it was destined to have an immense influence upon the future of the new nation, as well as that of the American continent. Col. George Rogers Clark's Expedition. —During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers Clark, a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five years of age, having conceived a plan of seizing the settlements in the Mississippi Valley, sent trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The report brought to him gave him encouragement, and, in December of the same year, he laid before Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, his plans for the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were approved, and, on Jan. 3, 1778, Clark received authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men each for three months" service, and Governor Henry gave him 66,000 for expenses. Proceeding to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three companies, who were directed to rendezvous at Corn Island, opposite the present city of Louis- ville. It has been claimed that, in order to deceive the British as to his real destination, Clark authorized the announcement that the object of the expedition was to protect the settle- ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn Island another company was organized, making four in all, under the command of Captains Bow- man, Montgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of the Ohio, June 24. Reaching the island at the mouth of the Tennessee on the 28th, he was met by a party of eight American hunters, who had left Kaskaskia a few daj-s before, and who, join- ing his command, rendered good service as guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac. June 29, and, directing his course across the country, on the evening of the sixth day (July 4, 1778) arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia. The surprise of the unsuspecting citizens of Kas- kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His force having, under cover of darkness, been ferried across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile above tlie town, one detachment surrounded the town, while the other seized the fort, capturing Rocheblave and his little command without fir- ing a gun. The famous Indian fighter and hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort. This is supposed to have been what Captain Pitt- man called the "Jesuits' house," which had been sold by the French Government after the country was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having been suppressed. A wooden fort, erected in 1736, and known afterward by the British as Fort Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 17C6, and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt. Clark's expedition was thus far a complete suc- cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was 252 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, while his slaves were confiscated, the proceeds of their sale being divided among Clark's troops. The inhabitants were easily conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre Gibault — the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas- kia — the people of Vincennes were induced to swear allegiance to the United States, and, although the place was afterward captured by a British force from Detroit, it was, on Feb. 24, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together with a body of prisoners but little smaller than the attacking force, and S50,000 worth of prop- erty. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers.) Under Government of Virginia. — Seldom in the history of the world have such important results been achieved by such insignificant instru- mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as in this almost bloodless campaign of the youthful conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely through Virginia enterprise and valor and by material aid furnished through Governor Henry, the Virginia House of Delegates, in October, 1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that commonwealth over the settlements of the North- west, by organizing all the country west and north of the Ohio River into a county to be called "Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering the GoA-eruor to appoint a "County-Lieutenant or Commandant-in-Chief to exercise civil author- ity during the pleasure of the appointing power. Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the elo- quent orator of the Revolution, became ex-officio its first Governor. Col. John Todd, a citizen of Kentuckj', was appointed "County-Lieutenant," Dec. 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in May following. The militia was organized, Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskia and Cahokia appointed, and the first election of civil officers ever had in Illinois, was held under Colonel Todd's direction. His record-book, now in posses- sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shows that he was accustomed to exercise powers scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive. (See Todd, Col John.) In 1783 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" sub- scribed himself as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc." — but the origin of his authority is not clearly understood. He assumed to act as Commandant until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory, in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts ceased to be held and civil affairs fell into great disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor order in the 'Illinois Country' for the seven years from 1783 to 1790." During the progress of the Revolution, there were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war. The country, however, was singularly exempt from any serious calamity such as a genera) massacre. One reason for this was the friendly relations which had existed between the French and their Indian neighbors previous to the con- quest, and which the new masters, after the cap- ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate. Several movements were projected by the British and their Indian allies about Detroit and in Can- ada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that they had little time to put their plans into execu- tion. One of these was a proposed movement from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on the lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans proceeded to capture Fort JIanchac, Baton Rouge and Natchez from their British possessors, con- vinced the latter that tliis was a "game at which two could play." In ignorance of these results, an expedition, 7.50 strong, composed largely of Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early part of May, 17^0, to co-operate with the expedition on the lower Mississippi, but intending to deal a destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on the way. This expedition reached St. Louis, May 26, but Col. George Rogers Clark, having arrived at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four hours earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards on the western shore of the Mississippi, and the invading force confined their depredations to kill- ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a hasty retreat in the direction they had come. These were the last expeditions organized to regain the "Country of the IlUnois" or capture Spanish posts on the Mississippi. ExPEDiTio.vs Against Fort St. Joseph.— An expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention in this connection, as it originated in Illinois. This consisted of a company of seventeen men, led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Cahokia, who, marching across the country, in the month of October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair, from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap turing Fort St. Joseph about where La Salle had erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 253 Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady and his party captured a few British prisoners, and a large quantity of goods. On their return, while encamped on the Calumet, they were attacked by a band of Pottawatomies, and all were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty-five whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, with some 200 Indians, and headed by Don Eugenio Pourre, a Spaniard, started on a second expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing the Indians, whom they met on their way, with promises of plunder, they were able to reach the fort without discovery, captured it and, raising the Spanish flag, formally took possession in the name of the King of Spain. After retaining pos- session for a few days, the party returned to St. Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of the "Illinois Country" "by right of conquest." The Territorial Period. — At the very outset of its existence, the new Government of the United States was confronted with an embarrass- ing question which deeply aflfected the interests of the territory of which Illinois formed a part. This was the claim of certain States to lands lying between their western boundaries and the Mississippi River, then the western boundary of the Republic. The.se claims were based either upon the terms of their original charters or upon the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was under a claim of the former character, as well as by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex- ercise authority over the "Illinois Country" after its capture by the Clark expedition. This con- struction was opposed by the States which, from their geographical position or other cause, had no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, and the controversy was waged with considerable bitterness for several years, proving a formidable obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con- federation. As early as 1779 the subject received the attention of Congress in the adoption of a resolution requesting the States having such claims to "forbear settling or issumg warrants for unappropriated lands or granting the same during the continuance of the present (Revolu- tionary) War. " In the following year, New York authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its boundaries in such manner as they might think expedient, and to cede to the Government its claim to western lands. The case was further com- plicated by the claims of certain land companies which had been previously organized. New York filed her cession to the General Government of lands claimed by her in October, 1782, followed by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massa- chusetts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac- ter affecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir- ginia covering tlie southern part of the State, and Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the northern portion. It was from the splendid domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired from Virginia and other States, that the North- west Territory was finally organized. Ordinance of 1787.— The first step was taken in the passage by Congress, in 1784, of a resolution providing for the temporary government of the Western Ten-itory, and this was followed three years later by the enactment of the celebrated Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document contained numerous provisions which marked a new departure in the science of free government — as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, morality and knowledge being nece-ssary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged" — its crowning feature was the sixth article, as follows: "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Although there has been considerable contro- venay as to the authorship of the above and other provisions of this immortal document, it is worthy of note that substantially the same lan- guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784. by a Delegate from a slave State — Thomas Jeffer- son, of Virginia —though not, at that time, adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the Congress of 1787 (being then Mini.ster to France), and could have had nothing directly to do with the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the principle which he had advocated finally received the approval of eight out of the tliirteen States, — all that were represented in that Congress — includ- ing the slave States of Virginia, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See Ordinance of 17S7.) Northwest Territory Organized. — Under the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest Territory, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the first Governor on Feb. 1, 1788, with Winthrop Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Par.sons, 254 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. James Mitchell Vamum and John Cleves Symmes, Judges. All these were reappointed by President Washington in 1789. The new Terri- torial Government was organized at Marietta, a settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5, 1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him) was organized at this time, embracing all the settlements between the Wabash and the Missis- sippi. (See St. Clair Coiuity.) He found the inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, neglected by the Government, the courts of jus- tice practically abolished and many of the citizens sadly in need of the obligations due them from the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel Clark twelve years before. After a stay of tliree months, the Governor returned east. In 1795, Judge Turner held the first court in St. Clair County, at Cahokia, as the county-seat, although both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as county-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the disposition of the local authorities to retain the official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis- agreement over the county-seat question, at least in part, grew the order of 1795 organizing the second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge Symmes, who held court at both county-seats. On Nov. 4, 1791, occvirred the defeat of Gov- ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present State of Ohio, by a force of Indians under com- mand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sus- tained a heavy loss of both men and property — an event which had an unfavorable effect upon conditions throughout the Northwest Territory generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com- mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign, overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at Greenville, August 3, 1795, which was the begin- ning of a period of comparative peace with the Indians all over the Western Country. (See Wayne, (Ocn.) Anthony.) First Tekritorial Legislation.— In 1798, the Territory having gained the requisite population, an election of members of a Legislative Council and House of Representatives was lield in accord- ance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. This was the first Territorial Legislature organized in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin- nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Sliadrach Bond being the Delegate from St. Clair County and John Edgar from Randolph. Gen. William Henry Harri.son, who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary of the Territory, June 20, 1798, was elected Delegate to Congress, receiving a majority of one vote over Arthur St. Clair, Jr. , son of the Governor. Ohio and Indiana Territories.— By act of Congress, May 7, 1800, the Northwest Territory was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories ; the latter embracing the region west of the pres- ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint Vincent" (Vincennes). May 13, William Henry Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Con- gress from the Northwest Territory, was ap- pointed Governor of Indiana Territory, which at first consisted of three counties : Knox, St. Clair and Randolph — the two latter being within the boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their aggregate population at this time was estimated at less than 5,000. During his administration Governor Harrison concluded thirteen treaties with the Indians, of which six related to the ces- sion of lands in Illinois. The first treaty relating to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, con- cluded by General Wayne in 1795. By this the Government acquired six miles square at the mouth of the Chicago River ; twelve miles square at the mouth of the Illinois ; six miles square at the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Ma.ssac ; and 150,000 acres assigned to General Clark and his soldiers, besides all other lands "in possession of the French people and all other white settlers among them, the Indian title to which had been thus extinguished." (See Indian Treaties; also, Oreenville, Treaty of .) During the year 1803, the treaty with France for the purchase of Louisiana and West Florida was concluded, and on March 26, 1804, an act was passed by Congress attaching all that portion of Louisiana lying north of the thirty -third parallel of latitude and west of the Mississippi to Indiana Territory for governmental purposes. This in- cluded the present States of Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two Dakotas and parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Mon- tana. This arrangement continued only until the following March, when Louisiana was placed under a separate Territorial organization. P'or four years Indiana Territory was governed under laws framed by the Governor and Judges, but, the population having increased to the re- quired nutnber, an election was held, Sept. 11, 1804, on the proposition to advance the gov- ernment to the "second grade" by the election of a Territorial Legislature. The smallness of the vote indicated the indifference of the people on HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 255 the subject Out of 400 votes cast, the proposition received a majority of 138. The two Illinois counties cast a total of 143 votes, of which St. Clair furnished 81 and Randolph 61. The former gave a majority of 37 against the measure and the latter 19 in its favor, showing a net negative majority of 18. The adoption of the proposition was due, therefore, to tlie affirmative vote in the other counties. There were in the Territory at this time six counties; one of these (Wayne) was in Michigan, which was set off, in 1805, as a sep- arate Territory. At the election of Delegates to a Territorial Legislature, lield Jan. 3, 1805, Shad- rach Bond, Sr. , and William Biggs were elected for St. Clair County and George Fisher for Ran- dolpli. Bond having meanwhile become a mem- ber of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond, Jr., was chosen his successor. The Legislature convened at Vincennes, Feb. 7, 1805, but only to recommend a list of persons from whom it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative Council. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard was chosen for Randolph and John Hay for St. Clair. Illinois Territory Organized. — The Illinois counties were represented in two regular and one special session of the Territorial Legislature dur- ing the time they were a part of Indiana Terri- tory. By act of Congress, which became a law Feb. 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, the west- ern part being named Illinois. At this point the history of Illinois, as a sepa- rate political division, begins. While its bounda- ries in all other directions were as now, on the north it extended to the Canada line. From what has already been said, it appears that the earliest white settlements were established by French Canadians, chiefly at Kaskaskia, Cahokia and the other villages in the southern part of the American Bottom. At the time of Clark's in- vasion, there were not known to have been more than two Americans among these people, except such hunters and trappers as paid them occasional visits. One of the earliest American settlers in Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who came from Massachusetts and settled at an early day on the Ohio, near where Golconda now stands, afterward removing to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, where he died in 180G. In 1781, a company of immigrants, consisting (with one or two exceptions) of members of Clark's command in 1778, arrived with their families from Mary- land and Virginia and established themselves on the American Bottom. The "New Design" set- tlement, on the boundary line between St. Clair and Monroe Counties, and the first distinctively American colony in the "Illinois Country," was established by this party. Some of its members afterward became prominent in the history of the Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem- ber of the first Territorial Legislature, with others, settled in or near Kaskaskia about 1783, and William Arundel, the first American mer- chant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many years a leading citizen and mercliant at the capital, arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, and William Mor- rison, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, came from Philadelphia as early as 1790, followed some years afterward by several brothers. James Lemen came before the beginning of the present cen- tuiy, and was the founder of a large and influ- ential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. Clair County, and Rev. David Badgley headed a colony of 154 from Virginia, who arrived in 1797. Among other prominent arrivals of this period were John Rice Jones, Pierre Menard (first Lieutenant-Governor of the State), Shadrach Bond, Jr. (first Governor), John Hay, John Messinger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle; and of a later date, Nathaniel Pope (afterward Secretary of the Territory, Delegate to Congress, Justice of the United States Court and father of the late Maj.-Gen. John Pope), Elias Kent Kane (first Secretary of State and afterward United States Senator), Daniel P. Cook (first Attorney- General and second Representative in Congress), George Forquer (at onetime Secretary of State), and Dr. George Fisher — all prominent in Terri- torial or State history. (See biographical sketches of these early settlers under their re- spective names.) The government of the new Territory was organized by the appointment of Ninian Ed- wards, Governor; Nathaniel Pope, Secretary, and Alexander Stuart, Obadiah Jones and Jesse B. Thomas, Territorial Judges. (See Edwards, Ninian.) Stuart having been transferred to Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in his stead. Governor Edwards arrived at Kas- kaskia, the capital, in June, 1809. At that time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolph comprised the settled portion of the Territory, with a white population estimated at about 9,000. The Governor and Judges immediately proceeded to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint- ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded the Governor in his arrival in the Territory, were confirmed. Benjamin H. Doyle was the first Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few 256 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. months, when the place was offered to John J. Crittenden — the well-known United States Sen- ator from Kentuck\- at the beginning of the Civil War — but by him declined. Thomas T. Crittenden was then appointed. An incident of the year 1811 was the battle of Tippecanoe, resulting in the defeat of Tecuniseh, the great chief of the Shawnees, by Gen. WilUam Henry Harrison. Four companies of mounted rangers were raised in Illinois this yea.r under direction of Col. William Russell, of Kentucky, who built Camp Russell near Edwardsville the following year. They were commanded by Cap- tains Samuel Whiteside, William B. Whiteside, James B. Moore and Jacob Short. The memo- rable earthquake which had its center about New Madrid, Mo., occurred in December of this year, and was quite violent in some portions of Southern Illinois. (See Earthquake of ISll. ) War of 1812. — During the following year the second war with England began, but no serious outbreak occurred in Illinois until August, 1812, when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where Chicago now stands, took place. This had long been a favorite trading post of the Indians, at first under French occupation and afterward under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-04, a fort had been built near the mouth of Chicago River on the south side, on land acquired from the Indians by the treaty of Greenville in 1795. (See Fort Dearborn.) In the spring of 1812 some alarm had been caused by outrages committed by Indians in the vicinity, and in the early part of August, Capt. Nathan Heald, commanding the garrison of less than seventy-five men, received instructions from General Hull, in command at Detroit, to evacuate the fort, disposing of the public property as he might see fit. Friendly Indians advised Heald either to make prepara- tions for a vigorous iiefense, or evacuate at once. Instead of this, he notified the Indians of his in- tention to retire and divide the stores among them, with the conditions subsequently agreed upon in council, that his garrison should be afforded an escort and safe passage to Fort Wayne. On the 14th of August he proceeded to distribute the bulk of the goods as promised, but the ammunition, guns and liquors were de- stroyed. This he justified on the ground that a bad use would be made of them, while the Indians construed it as a violation of the agree- ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus de- scribed in Moses' "History of Illinois:" "Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie Chief, who had been on terms of friendship with the whites. appeared before Captain Heald and informed him plainly that his young men intended to imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites; that he was no longer able to restrain them, and, surrendering a medal he had worn in token of amity, closed by saying: 'I will not wear a token of peace wliile I am compelled to act as an enemy. ' In the meantime the Indians were riot- ing upon the provisions, and becoming so aggres- sive in their bearing that it was resolved to march out the next day. The fatal fifteenth arrived. To each soldier was distributed twenty-five rounds of reserved ammunition. The baggage and ambulance wagons were laden, and the gar- rison slowly wended its way outside the protect- ing walls of the fort — the Indian escort of 500 following in the rear. What next occurred in this disastrous movement is narrated by Captain Heald in his report, as follows: 'The situation of the country rendered it necessary for us to take the beach, with the lake on our left, and a high sand bank on our right at about three hundred yards distance. We had proceeded about a mile and a half, when it was discovered (by Captain Wells) that the Indians were prepared to attack us from behind the bank. I immediately marched up with the company to the top of the bank, when the action commenced; after firing one round, we charged, and the Indians gave way in front and joined those on our flanks. In about fif- teen minutes they got possession of all our horses, provisions and baggage of everj' description, and finding the Miamis (who had come from Fort Wayne with Captain Wells to act as an escort) did not assist us, I drew off the few men I had left and took possession of a small elevation in the open prairie out of shot of the bank, or any other cover. The Indians did not follow me but assembled in a body on top of the bank, and after some consultation among themselves, made signs for me to approach them. I advanced toward them alone, and was met by one of the Potta- watomie chiefs called Black Bird, with an inter- preter. After shaking hands, he recjuested me to surrender, promising to spare the lives of all the prisoners. On a few moments' consideration I concluded it would be most prudent to comply with this request, although I did not put entire confidence in his promise. The troops had made a brave defense, but what could so small a force do against such overwhelming numbers? It was evident with over half their number dead upon the field, or wounded, further resistance would be hopeless. Twenty-six regulars aud twelve militia, with two women and twelve children, were killed. Among the slain were Captain Wells, Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George Ronan. (Captain Wells, when young, had been captured by Indians and had married among them.) He (Wells) was familiar with all the wiles, stratagems, as well as the vindictiveness of the Indian character, and when the conflict began, he said to his niece (Mrs. Heald), by whose side he was standing, 'We have not the slightest chance for life; we must part to meet no more in this world. God bless you.' With these words he dashed forward into the thickest of the fight. He refiLsed to be taken prisoner, knowing what his fate would be, wheu a young HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 257 red-skin cut him down vritli his tomahawk, junijied upon liis body, cut out liis heart and ate a portion of it with savage delight. "The prisoners taken were Captain Heald and wife, both wounded. Lieutenant Helm, also wounded, and wife, with twenty-five non-com- missioned officers and privates, and eleven women and children. The loss of the Indians was fifteen killed. Mr. Kinzie's familj' had been entrusted to the care of some friendly Indians and were not with the retiring garrison. The Indians engaged in this outrage were principally Pottawatomies, with a few Chippewas, OttawaS: Winnebagoes, and Kickapoos. Fort Dearborn was plundered and burned on the next morning." (See Fort Dearborn; also War of ISIS.) Thus ended the most bloody tragedy that ever occurred on the soil of Illinois with Americans as victims. The place where this affair occurred, as described by Captain Heald, was on the lake shore about the foot of Eighteenth Street in the present city of Chicago. After the destruction of the fort, the site of the present city of Chicago remained unoccupied until 1816, when the fort was rebuilt. At that time the bones of the vic- tims of the massacre of 1813 still lay bleaching upon the sands near the lake shore, but they were gathered up a few years later and buried. The new fort continued to be occupied somewhat irregularly until 1837, when it was finally aban- doned, there being no longer any reason for maintaining it as a defense against the Indians. Other Events of the War.— The part played by Illinois in the War of 1812, consisted chiefly in looking after the large Indian population within and near its borders. Two expeditions were undertaken to Peoria Lake in the Fall of 1812; the first of these, under the direction of Governor Edwards, burned two Kickapoo vil- lages, one of them being that of "Black Part- ridge," who had befriended the whites at Fort Dearborn. A few weeks later Capt. Thomas E. Craig, at the head of a company of militia, made a descent upon the ancient French village of Peoria, on the pretext that the inhabitants had har- bored hostile Indians and fired on his boats. He burned a part of the town and, taking the people as prisoners down the river, put them ashore below Alton, in the beginning of winter. Both these affairs were severely censured. There were expeditions against the Indians on the Illinois and Upper Mississippi in 1813 and 1814. In the latter year, Illinois troops took part with credit in two engagements at Rock Island — the last of these being in co-operation with regu- lars, under command of Maj. Zachary Taylor, afterwards President, against a force of Indians supported by the British. Fort Clark at Peoria was erected in 1813, and Fort Edwards at War- saw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines, at the close of the campaign of 1814. A council with the Indians, conducted by Governors Edwards of Illinois and Clarke of Missouri, and Auguste Chouteau, a merchant of St. Louis, as Government Commissioners, on the Mississippi just below Alton, in July, 1815, concluded a treaty of peace with the principal Northwestern tribes, thus ending the war. First Territorial Legislature.— By act of Congress, adopted May 21, 1812, the Territory of Illinois was raised to the second grade— i. e. , em- powered to elect a Territorial Legislature. In September, three additional counties— Madison, Gallatin and Johnson — were organized, making five in all, and, in October, an election for the choice of five members of the Council and seven Representatives was held, resulting as follows: Councilmen— Pierre Menard of Randolph County ; William Biggs of St. Clair; Samuel Judy of Madison; Thomas Ferguson of Johnson, and Benjamin Talbot of Gallatin. Representatives- George Fisher of Randolph ; Joshua Oglesby and Jacob Short of St. Clair; William Jones of Madi- son; Philip Trammel and Alexander Wilson of Gallatin, and John Grammar of Johnson. The Legislature met at Kaskaskia, Nov. 25, the Coun- cil organizing with Pierre Menard as President and John Thomas, Secretary; and the House, with George Fisher as Speaker and William C. Greenup, Clerk. Shadrach Bond was elected the first Delegate to Congress. A second Legislature was elected in 1814, con- vening at Kaskaskia, Nov. 14. Menard was con- tinued President of the Council during the whole Territorial period; while George Fisher was Speaker of each House, except the Second. The county of Edwards was organized in 1814, and White in 1815. Other counties organized under the Territorial Government were Jackson, Mon- roe, Crawford and Pope in 1816; Bond in 1817, and Franklin, Union and Washington in 1818, making fifteen in all. Of these all but the three last-named were organized previous to the passage by Congress of the enabling act author- izing the Territory of Illinois to organize a State government. In 1816 the Bank of Illinois was established at Shawneetown, with branches at Edwardsville and Kaskaskia. Early Towns.— Be.sides the French villages in the American Bottom, there is said to have been a French and Indian village on the west bank of Peoria Lake, as early as 1711. This site appears to have been abandoned about 1775 and a new 258 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. village established on the present site of Peoria soon after, which was maintained until 1812, w hen it was broken up by Captain Craig. Other early towns were Shawneetown, laid out in 1808; Belleville, established as the county -seat of St. Clair County, in 1814; Edwardsville, founded in 1815; Upper Alton, in 1816, and Alton, in 1818. Carmi, Fairfield, Waterloo, Golconda, Lawrence- ville, Mount Carmel and Vienna also belonged to this period; while Jacksonville, Springfield and Galena were settled a few years later. Chicago is mentioned in "Beck's Gazetteer" of 1823, as "a village of Pike County." Admission as a State.— The preliminary steps for the admission of Illinois as a State, were taken in the passage of an Enabling Act bj' Congress, April 13, 1818. An important incident in this connection was the amendment of the act, mak- ing the parallel of 42° 30' from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River the northern boundar.v, instead of a line extending from the southern extremity of the Lake. This was obtained through the influence of Hon. Nathaniel Pope, then Delegate from Illinois, and by it the State secured a strip of country fifty-one miles in width, from the Lake to the Mississippi, embrac- ing what have since become fourteen of the most populous counties of the State, including the city of Chicago. The political, material and moral results which have followed this important act, have been the subject of much interesting dis- cussion and cannot be easily over-estimated. (See Northern Boundary Question; also Pope, Nathaniel.) Another measure of great importance, which Mr. Pope secured, was a modification of the provision of the Enabling Act requiring the appropriation of five per cent of the proceeds from the sale of pub- lic lands within the State, to the construction of roads and canals. The amendment which he secured authorizes the application of two-fifths of this fund to the making of roads leading to the State, but requires "the residue to be appropri- ated by the Legislature of the State for the encouragement of learning, of which one-sixth part shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or university." This was the beginning of that system of liberal encouragement of education by the General Government, which has been at- tended with such beneficent results in the younger States, and has reflected so much honor upon the Nation. (See Education; Railroads, and Illinois 9, the entire Republican State ticket was elected by pluralities ranging from 3,031 to 20.213— the latter being tlie majority for Miller, candidate for State Treas- urer, whose name was on both the Republican and American tickets. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention, and Bloomington Convention of 1S5G. ) Administration of Governor Bissell. — With the inauguration of Governor Bissell, the Republican party entered upon the control of the State Government, which was maintained with- out interruption until the close of the administra- tion of Governor Fifer, in January, 1893 — a period of thirty -six years. On account of physical disa- bility Bissell's inaugui'ation took place in the executive mansion, Jan. 12, 1857. He was immediately made the object of virulent personal abuse in the House, being charged with perjury in taking the oath of office in face of the fact that, while a member of Congress, he had accepted a challenge to fight a duel with Jefferson Davis. To this, the reply was made that the offense charged took place outside of the State and be- yond the legal jurisdiction of the Constitution of Illinois. (See Bissell. William H.) While the State continued to prosper under Bissell's administration, the most important events of this period related rather to general than to State policy. One of these was the deliv- ery by Abraham Lincoln, in the Hall of Repre- sentatives, on the evening of June 17, 1858, of the celebrated speech in which he announced the doctrine that "a house divided against itself can- not stand." This was followed during the next 270 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. few months by the series of memorable debates between those two great champions of their respective parties — Lincoln and Douglas— which attracted the attention of the whole land. The result was the re-election of Douglas to the United States Senate for a third term, but it also made Abraham Lincoln President of the United States. (See Lincoln and Douglas Debates. ) About the middle of Bissell's term (February. 1859), came the discovery of what has since been known as the celebrated "Canal Scrip Fraud." This consisted in the fraudulent funding in State bonds of a large amount of State scrip which had been issued for temporary purposes during the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, but which had been subsequently redeemed. A legislative investigation proved the amount ille- gally f imded to have been S223, 183, and that the bulk of the bonds issued therefor — so far as they could be traced — had been delivered to ex-Gov. Joel A. Matteson. For this amoimt, with ac- crued interest, he gave to the State an indemnity bond, secured by real-estate mortgages, from which the State eventually realized §238,000 out of $2.5."), 000 then due. Further investigation proved additional frauds of like character, aggre- gating Slfi.5,346. which the State never recovered. An attempt was made to prosecute Matteson criminally in the Sangamon County Circuit Court, but the grand jury failed, by a close vote, to find an indictment against him. (See Canal Scrip Fraud. ) An attempt was made during Bissell's adminis- tration to secure the refunding (at par and in violation of an existing law) of one hundred and fourteen $1,000 bonds hj-pothecated with Macalis- ter & Stebbins of New York in 1841, and for which the State had received an insignificant consideration. The error was discovered when new bonds for the principal had been issued, but the process was immediately stopped and the new bonds surrendered — the claimants being limited by law to 28.61 cents on the dollar. This subject is treated at length elsewhere in this vol- ume. (See Macalister d: Stebbins Bonds. ) Governor Bissell's administration was otherwise unevent- ful, altliough the State continued to prosper under it as it had not done since the "internal improvement craze" of 1887 had resulted in im- posing such a burden of debt upon it. At the time of his election Governor Bissell was an invalid in consequence of an injury to his spine, from which he never recovered. He died in oflace, March 18, 1860. a little over two months after having entered upon the last year of his term of office, and was succeeded by Lieut. -Gov. John Wood, who served out the unexpired term. (See Bissell, William H.: also Wood, John.) Political Campaign of 1860. — The political campaign of 1860 was one of unparalleled excite- ment throughout the nation, but especially in Illinois, which became, in a cei-tain sense, the chief battle-ground, furnishing the successful candidate for the Presidency, as well as being the State in which the convention which nominated him met. The Republican State Convention, held at Decatur, May 9, put in nomination Richard Yates of Morgan County, for Governor ; Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor, O. M. Hatch for Secretary of State, Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor, William Butler for Treasurer, and Newton Bateman for Superintendent of Pub- lic Instruction. If this campaign was memorable for its excitement, it was also memorable for the large number of National and State tickets in the field. The National Republican Convention assembled at Chicago, May 16, and, on the third ballot, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for President amid a whirlwind of enthusiasm unsur- passed in the history of National Conventions, of which so many have been held in the "conven- tion city" of the Northwest. The campaign was what might have been expected from such a beginning. Lincoln, tliough receiving consider- ably less than one-halt the popular vote, had a plurality over his highest competitor of nearly half a million votes, and a majority in the elect- oral colleges of fifty-seven. In Illinois he received 172.161 votes to 160,215 for Douglas, his leading opjjonent. The vote for Governor stood: Yates (Republican), 172,196; Allen (Douglas- Democrat). 159.253; Hope (Breckinridge Demo- crat), 2.049; Stuart (American), 1,626. Among the prominent men of different parties who appeared for the first time in the General Assembly chosen at this time, were William B. Ogden, Richard J. Oglesby, Washington Bushuell, and Henry E. Dummer, of the Senate, and Wil- liam R. Archer, J. Russell Jones. Robert H. McClellan, J. Young Scammon, William H. Brown. Lawrence Weldon, N. M. Broadwell. and John Scholfield, in the House. Shelby M. Cul- lom. who had entered the Legislature at the previous session, was re-elected to this and was chosen Speaker of the House over J. W. Single- ton. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected to tlie United States Senate bj' the votes of the Repub- licans over Samuel S. Marshall, the Democratic candidate. > •J. ft C c £ 5 ■ :-■:■ f r O x' g O « fa c z H CO Q -J x: a: d aJ (- CO 11 cxi-z: UJ- I _J ringfield on Sept. 3, which was addressed by distinguished speakers, including both Re- publicans and War-Democrats. An important incident of tliis meeting was the reading of the letter from President Lincoln to Hon. James C. Conkling, in which he defended his war policy, and especially his Emancipation Proclamation, in a characteristically logical manner. Political Campaign of 1864.— The year 1864 was full of exciting political and military events. Among the former was the nomination of George B. McClellan for President by the Democratic Con- vention held at Chicago, August 129. on a platform declaring tlie wara "failure" as an "experiment" for restoring the Union, and demanding a "cessa- tion of hostilities" with a view to a convention for the restoration of peace. Mr. Lincoln had been renominated by the Republicans at Philadelphia, in June previous, with Amlrew Johnson as the candidate for Vice-President. The leaders of the respective State tickets were Gen. Richard J. Oglesby, on the part of the Republicans, for Gov- ernor, with William Bross, for Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, and James C. Robinson as the Democratic candidate for Governor. Camp Douglas Conspiracy. — For months rumors had been rife concerning a conspiracy of rebels from the South and their sympathizers in the North, to release the rebel prisoners confined in Camp Douglas, Chicago, and at Rock Island, Springfield and Alton — aggregating over 23,000 men. It was charged that the scheme was to be put into effect simultaneously with the Novem- ber election, but the activity of the military authorities in arresting the leaders and seizing their arms, defeateil it. The investigations of a military court before whom a number of the arrested parties were tried, proved the existence of an extensive organization, calling itself "American Knights" or "Sons of Libert}'," of which a number of well-known politicians in Illinois were members. (See Cam}) Dotiglas Conspiracy.) At the November election Illinois gave a major- ity for Lincoln of 30,7.56, and for Oglesby, for Governor, of 33,67.5, with a proportionate major- ity for the rest of the ticket. Lincoln's total vote in the electoral college was 2 13, to 21 for McClellan. Legislature of 186.5. — The Republicans had a decided majority in both branches of the Legis- lature of 186.5, and one of its earliest acts was the election of Governor Yates, United States Sena- tor, in place of William A. Richardson, who had been elected two years before to the seat formerly held by Douglas. This was the lust public posi- tion held by the popular Illinois "War Gov- ernor." During his official term no more popular public servant ever occui)ied the executive chair — a fact demonstrated by the promptness with which, on retiring from it, he was elected to the United States Senate. His personal and political integrity was never questioned by his most bitter political opponents, while those who had known 274 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. him longest and most intimately, trusted him most implicitly. The service which he performed in giving direction to the patriotic sentiment of tlie State and in marshaling its lieroic soldiers for the defense of the Union can never be over- estimated. (See Yates, Richard.) Oglesby's Administration. — Governor Ogles- by and the other State officers were inaugu- rated Jan. 17, 1865. Entering upon its duties with a Legislature in full sympathy with it, the new administration was confronted by no such difficulties as those with which its predecessor had to contend. Its head, who had been identi- fied with the war from its beginning, was one of the first Illinoisans promoted to the rank of Major-General, was personally popular and enjoyed the confidence and respect of the people of the State. Allen C. Fuller, who had retired from a position on the Circuit bench to accept that of Adjutant-General, which he held during the last three years of the war, was Speaker of the House. This Legislature was the first among those of all the States to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, abolish- ing slavery, which it did in both Houses, on the evening of Feb. 1, 1865 — the same day the resolu- tion had been finally acted on by Congress and received the sanction of the President. The odious "black laws," which had di-sgraced the State for twelve years, were wiped from the statute-book at this session. The Legislature adjourned after a session of forty-six days, leav- ing a record as creditable in the disposal of busi- ness as that of its predecessor had been discredit- able. (See Oglesby, Richard J.) Assassination of Lincoln. — The war was now rapidly approaching a successful termination. Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, April 9, 1865, and the people were celebrating this event with joyful festivities tlirough all the loyal States, but nowhere with more enthusiasm than in Illinois, the home of the two great leaders — Lincoln and Grant. In the midst of these jubilations came the assassination of Presi- dent Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, on the evening of April 14, I860, in Ford's Theater, Washington. The appalling news was borne on the wings of the telegraph to every corner of the land, and instantly a nation in rejoicing was changed to a nation in mourning. A pall of gloom himg over every part of the land. Public buildings, business houses and dwellings in every city, village and hamlet throughout the loyal States were draped with the insignia of a univer- sal sorrow. Millions of strong men, and tender, patriotic women who had given their husbands, sons and brothers for the defense of the Union, wept as if overtaken by a great personal calam- ity. If the nation mourned, much more did Illi- nois, at the taking off of its chief citizen, the grandest character of the age, who had served both State and Nation with such patriotic fidel- ity, and perished in the verj- zenith of his fame and in the hour of his country's triumph. The Funeral. — Then came the sorrowful march of the funeral cortege from Washington to Springfield — the most impressive spectacle witnessed since the Day of the Crucifixion. In all this, Illinois bore a conspicuous part, as on the fourth day of Slay, 1865, amid the most solemn ceremonies and in the presence of sorrowing thousands, she received to her bosom, near his old home at the State Capital, the remains of the Great Liberator. The part which Illinois played in the great struggle has already been dwelt upon as fully as the scope of this work will permit. It only remains to be said that the patriotic service of the men of the State was grandly supplemented by the equally patriotic service of its women in "Soldiers' Aid Societies," "Sisters of the Good Samaritan," "Needle Pickets," and in sanitary organizations for tlie purpose of contributing to the comfort and health of the soldiers in camp and in hospital, and in giving them generous receptions on their return to their homes. The Avork done by these organizations, and by indi- vidual nurses in the field, illustrates one of the brightest pages in the history of the war. Election of 1866.— The administration of Gov- ernor Oglesby was as peaceful as it was prosper- ous. The chief political events of 1866 were the election of Newton Bateman, State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction, and Gen. Geo. W. Smith, Treasurer, while Gen. John A. Logan, as Representative from the State-at-large. reentered Congress, from which he had retired in 1861 to enter the Union army. His majority was un- precedented, reaching 55,987. The Legislature of 1867 reelected Judge Trumbull to the United States Senate for a third term, his chief competi- tor in the Republican caucus being Gen. John M. Palmer. The Fourteenth Amendment to the National Constitution, conferring citizenship upon persons of color, was ratified by this Legis- lature. Election of 1868.— The Republican State Con- vention of 1868. held at Peoria, May 6, nominated the following ticket: For Governor, John M. Palmer, Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 275 Secretary of State. Edward Rummell; Auditor, Charles E. Lippincott, State Treasurer, Erastus N. Bates; Attorney General. Washington Bushnell. John R. Eden, afterward a member of Congress for three terms, headed the Democratic ticket as candidate for Governor, with William H. Van Epps for Lieutenant-Governor. The Republican National Convention was held at Chicago, May 21, nominating Gen. U. S. Grant for President and Schuyler Colfax for Vice- President. They were opposed by Horatio Seymour for President, and F. P. Blair for Vice- President. The result in November was the election of Grant and Colfax, who received 214 electoral votes from 26 States, to 80 electoral votes for Sej-mour and Blair from 8 States — three States not voting. Grant's majority in Illinois was 51.150. Of course the Republican State ticket was elected. The Legislature elected at the same time consisted of eighteen Republicans to nine Democrats in the Senate and fifty-eight Republicans to twenty-seven Democrats in tlie House. Palmer's Administration. — Governor Palm- er's administration began auspiciously, at a time when the passions aroused by the war were sub- siding and the State was recovering its normal prosperity. (See Palmer, John M.) Leading events of the next four years were the adoption of a new State Constitution and the Chicago fire. The first steps in legislation looking to the con- trol of railroads were taken at the session of 1869, and although a stringent law on the subject passed both Houses, it was vetoed by the Gov- ernor. A milder measure was afterward enacted, and, although superseded by the Constitution of 1870, it furnished the key-note for much of the legislation since had on the subject. The cele- brated "Lake Front Bill," conveying to the city of Chicago and the Hlinois Central Railroad the title of the State to certain lands included in what was known as the "Lake Front Park," was passed, and although vetoed by the Governor, was re-enacted over his veto. This act was finally repealed by the Legislature of 1873, and after many years of litigation, the rights claimed under it by the Hlinois Central Railroad Com- pany have been recently declared void by the Supreme Court of the United States. The Fif- teenth Amendment of the National Constitution, prohibiting the denial of the right of suffrage to "citizens of the United States .... on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude," was ratified by a strictly party vote in each House, on March 5. The first step toward the erection of a new State Capitol at Sprinyfield had been taken in an appropriation of §450,000, at the session of 1867, the total cost being limited to §3,000,000. A second appropriation of .$650,000 was made at the session of 1869 The Constitution of 1870 limited the cost to $3,500,000, but an act passed by the Legislature of 1883, making a final appropriation of $531,712 for completing and furnishing the building, was ratified by the people in 1884. The original cost of the building and its furniture exceeded $4,000,000. (See State Houses. ) The State Convention for framing a new Con- stitution met at Springfield. Dec. 13, 1809. It consisted of eighty-five members — forty-four Republicans and forty-one Democrats. A num- ber classed as Republicans, however, were elected as "Independents" and cooperated with the Democrats in the organization. Charles Hitch- cock was elected President. The Convention terminated its labors, May 18, 1870; the Constitu- tion was ratified by vote of the people, July 2, and went into effect, August 8, 1870. A special provision establishing the principle of "minority representation" in the election of Representatives in the General Assembly, was adopted by a smaller vote than the main instrument. A lead- ing feature of the latter was the general restric- tion upon special legislation and the enumeration of a large variety of subjects to be provided for under general laws. It laid the basis of our present railroad and warehouse laws; declared the inviolability of the Illinois Central Railroad tax; prohibited the sale or lease of the Illinois & Michigan Canal without a vote of the people ; prohibited municipalities from becoming sub- scribers to the stock of any railroad or private corporation; limited the rate of taxation and amount of indebtedness to be incurred ; required tlie enactment of laws for the protection of miners, etc. The restriction in the old Constitu- tion against the re-election of a Governor as his own immediate successor was removed, but placed upon the oflJice of State Treasurer. The Legisla- ture consists of 204 members— 51 Senators and 133 Representatives — one Senator and three Repre- sentatives being chosen from each district. (See Constitutional Convention of 1869-70; also Con- stitution of 1S70. ) At the election of 1870, General Logan was re- elected Congressman-at-large by 24,672 majority; Gen. E. N. Bates, Treasurer, and Newton Bate- man, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Leoislatuke of 1871.— The Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1871), in its various sessions, 276 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. spent more time in legislation than any other in the history of the State — a fact to be accounted for, in part, by the Cliicago Fire and the exten- sive revision of the laws required in consequence of the adoption of the new Constitution. Besides the regular session, there were two special, or called, sessions and an adjourned session, cover- ing, in all, a period of 292 days. This Legislature adopted the system of "State control" in the management of the labor and discipline of the convicts of the State penitentiary, which was strongly urged by Governor Palmer in a special message. General Logan having been elected United States Senator at this session, Gen. John L. Beveridge was elected to the vacant position of Congressman-at- large at a special election held Oct. 4. CmcAOO FlEE OF 1871.— The calamitous fire at Chicago, Oct. 8-9, 1871, though belonging rather to local than to general State history, excited the profound sympathy, not only of the people of the State and the Nation, but of the civiUzed world. The area burned over, including streets, covered 2,124 acres, with 13,500 buildings out of 18,000, leaving 92,000 persons homeless. The loss of life is estimated at 250, and of prop- erty at 8187,927,000. Governor Palmer called the Legislature together in special session to act upon the emergency, Oct. 13, but as the State was pre- cluded from affording direct aid, the plan was adopted of reimbursing the city for the amount it liad expended in the enlargement of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, amounting to §2,955,340. The unfortunate shooting of a citizen by a cadet in a regiment of United States troops organized for guard duty, led to some controversy between Governor Palmer, on one side, and the Mayor of Cliicago and the military authorities, including President Grant, on the other; but the general verdict was, that, while nice distinctions between civil and military authority may not have been observed, the service rendered by the military, in a great emergency, was of the highest value and was prompted by the best intentions. (See Fire of 187 1 under title Chicago. ) Political Campaign of 1872.— The political campaign of 1872 in Illinois resulted in much con- fusion and a partial reorganization of parties. Dissatisfied with the administration of President Grant, a number of the State officers (including (Governor Palmer) and other prominent Repub- licans of the State, joined in what was called the "Liberal Republican" movement, and supported Horace Greeley for the Presidency. Ex-Gov- ernor Oglesby again became the standard-bearer of the Republicans for Governor, with Gen. John L. Beveridge for Lieutenant-Governor. At the November election, the Grant and Wilson (Repub- lican) Electors in Illinois received 241,944 votes, to 184,938 for Greeley, and 3,138 for O'Conor. The plurality for Oglesby, for Governor, was 40,690. Governor Oglesby's second administration was of brief duration. Within a week after his in- auguration he was nominated by a legislative caucus of his party for United States Senator to succeed Judge Trumbull, and was elected, receiv- ing an aggregate of 117 votes in the two Houses against 78 for Trumbull, who was supported by the party whose candidates he had defeated at three previous elections. (See Oglesby, Richard J. ) Lieutenant-Governor Beveridge thus became Governor, filling out the unexpired term of his chief. His administration was high-minded, clean and honorable. (See Beveridge, John L.) Republican Reverse of 1874. — The election of 1874 resulted in the first serious reverse the Republican party had experienced in Illinois since 1862. Although Thomas S. Ridgway, the Republican candidate for State Treasurer, was elected by a plurality of nearly 35,000, by a com- bination of the opposition, S. M. Etter (Fusion) was at the same time elected State Superintend- ent, while the Fusionists secured a majority in each House of the General Assembly. After a protracted contest, E. M. Haines^who had been a Democrat, a Republican, and had been elected to this Legislature as an "Independent" — was elected Speaker of the House over Shelb3- M. Cul- lom, and A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was chosen President of the Senate, thus becoming ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor. The session which fol- lowed — especially in the House— was one of the most turbulent and disorderly in the history of the State, coming to a termination, April 15, after having enacted very few laws of any im- portance. (See Twenty-ninth General Assembly.) Campaign of 1876. — Shelby M. Cullom was the candidate of the Republican part}' for Governor in 1876, with Rutherford B. Hayes heading the National ticket. The excitement which attended the campaign, the closeness of the vote between the two Presidential candidates — Hayes and Tilden — and the determination of the result tlu-ough the medium of an Electoral Commission, are fresh in the memory of the present gener- ation. In Illinois the Republican plurality for President was 19,631, but owing to the combina- tion of the Democratic and Greenback vote on Lewis Steward for Governor, the majority for i BOARD OF TRADE BUILDING. CHICAGO. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 277 Cullom was reduced to 6,798. The other State officers elected were: Andrew Sliuman, Lieu- teuaut-Governor; George H. Harlow, Secretary of State; Thomas B. Needles, Auditor; Edward Rutz, Treasurer, aud James K. Edsall, Attornej'- Geueral. Each of these had pluralities exceeding 20,000, except Needles, who, having a single com- petitor, had a smaller majority than Cullom. The new State House was occupied for the first time by the State officers and the Legislature chosen at this time. Although the Republicans had a majority in the House, the Independents held the "balance of power" in joint session of the General Assembly. After a stubborn and protracted struggle in the effort to choose a United States Senator to succeed Senator John A. Logan, David Davis, of Bloomington, was elected on the fortieth ballot. He had been a Whig and a warm personal friend of Lincoln, by whom he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1863. His election to the L'nited States Senate by the Demo- crats and Independents led to his retirement from the Supreme bench, thus preventing his appoint- ment on the Electoral Commission of 1877 — a cir- cumstance which,- in the opinion of many, may have had an important bearing upon the decision of that tribunal. In the latter part of bis terni he served as President pro tempore of the Senate, and more frequently acted with the Republicans than with their opponents. He supported Blaine and Logan for President and Vice-President, in 1884 (See Davis, David.) Strike of 1877. — The extensive railroad strike, in July, 1877, caused widespread demoralization of business, especially in the railroad centers of the State aud throughout the country generally. The newly -organized National Guard was called out and rendered efficient service in restoring order. Governor Cullom"s action in the premises was prompt, and has been generally commended as eminently wise and discreet. Election op 1878. — Four sets of candidates were in the field for the offices of State Treasurer and Superintendent of PuVdic Instruction in 1878 — Republican, Democratic, (ireenback and Pro- hibition. The Republicans were successful. Gen. John C. Smith being elected Treasurer, and James P. Slade, Superintendent, by pluralities averaging about 3.5,000. The same party also elected eleven out of nineteen members of Con- gress, and, for the first time in six years, secured a majority in each branch of the General Assem- bly. At the session of tliis Legislature, in Janu- ary following, John A. Logan was elected to the United States Senate as successor to Gen. R. J. Oglesby, whose term expired in JIarch following. Col. William A. James, of Lake County, served as Speaker of the House at this session. (See Smith, John Cor.sun; Slade, James P.; also Thirty' first General Assejnbly. ) Campaign of 1880. — The political campaign of 1880 is memorable for the determined struggle made by the friends of General Grant to secure his nomination for the Presidency for a third term. The Republican State Convention, begin- ning at Springfield, May 19, lasted three days, ending in instructions in favor of General Grant by a vote of 399 to 28.5. These were nullified, however, by the action of the National Conven- tion two weeks later. Governor Cullom was nominated for re-election ; John M. Hamilton for Lieutenant-Governor; Henry D. Dement for Sec- retary of State; Charles P. Swigert for Auditor; Edward Rutz (for a third term) for Treasurer, and James McCartney for Attorney-General. (See Dement, Henry D.; Swigert, Charles P.; Rutz, Edward, and McCartney, James.) Ex-Sena- tor Trumbull headed the Democratic ticket as its candidate for Governor, with General L. B. Par- sons for Lieutenant-Governor. The Republican National Convention met in Chicago, June 2. After thirty-six ballots, in which 306 delegates stood unwaveringly by Gen- eral Grant, James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was nominated, with Chester A. Arthur, of New York, for Vice-President. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock was the Democratic candidate and Gen. James B. Weaver, the Greenback nominee. In Illinois, 622,156 votes were cast, Garfield receiv- ing a plurality of 40,716. The entire Republican State ticket was elected by nearly the same plu- ralities, and the Republicans again had decisive majorities in both branches of the Legislature. No startling events occurred during Governor CuUom's second term. The State continued to increase in wealth, population and prosperity, and the heavy debt, b}' which it had been bur- dened tliirty years before, was practically "wii)ed out." Election of 1882.— At the election of 1882, Gen. John C. Smith, who had been elected State Treasurer in 1878, was re-elected for a second term, over Alfred Orendorff, while Charles T. Strattan, the Republican candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was de- feated by Henry Raab. The Republicans again had a majority in each House of the General Assembly, amovmting to twelve on joint ballot. Loren C. Collins was elected Speaker of the 278 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. House. In the election of United States Senator, which occurred at tliis session, Governor Cullom was chosen as the successor to David Davis, Gen. John M. Palmer receiving the Democratic vote. Lieut.-Gov. John M. Hamilton thus became Gov- ernor, nearly in the middle of his term. (See Cullom, Shelby M.; Hamilton, John M.; Collins, Loren C, and Raab, Henry.) The "Harper High License Law," enacted by the Thirty-third General Assembly (1883), has become one of the permanent features of the Illi- nois statutes for the control of the liquor traffic, and has been more or less closely copied in other States. Political Campaign of 1884. — In 1884, Gen. E. J. Oglesby again became the choice of the Republican party for Governor, receiving at Peoria the conspicuous compliment of a nomina- tion for a third term, by acclamation. Carter H. Harrison was the candidate of the Democrats. The Republican National Convention was again held in Chicago, meeting June 3, 1884 ; Gen. John A. Logan was the choice of the Illinois Repub- licans for President, and was put in nomination in the Convention by Senator Cullom. The choice of the Convention, however, fell upon James G. Blaine, on tlie fourth ballot, his leading competitor being President Artliur. Logan was then nominated for Vice-President by acclama- tion. At the election in November the Republican party met its first reverse on the National battle- field since 1856, Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks, the Democratic candidates, being elected President and Vice-President by the nar- row margin of less than 1,200 votes in the State of New York. The result was in doubt for sev- eral days, and the excitement throughout the country was scarcely less intense than it had been in the close election of 1876. The Green- back and Prohibition parties both had tickets in Illinois, polling a total of nearly 23,000 votes. The plurality in the State for Blaine was 25,118. The Republican State oiBcers elected were Richard J. Oglesby, Governor; John C. Smith. Lieuten- ant-Governor; Henry D. Dement, Secretary of State; Charles P. Swigert, Auditor; Jacob Gross, State Treasurer; and George Hunt, Attorney- General — receiving pluralities ranging from 14,- 000 to 25,000. Botli Dement and Swigert were elected for a second time, while Gross and Hunt were chosen for first terms. (See Gross, Jacob, and Hunt, Oeorge. ) Chicago Election Frauds.— An incident of this election was the fraudulent attempt to seat Rudolpli Brand (Democrat) as Senator in place of Henry W. Leman, in the Sixth Senatorial Dis- trict of Cook County. The fraud was exposed and Joseph C. Mackin, one of its alleged perpe- trators, was sentenced to the penitentiary for four years for perjury growing out of the investiga- tion. A motive for this attempted fraud was found in the close vote in the Legislature for United States Senator — Senator Logan being a candidate for re-election, while the Legislature stood 102 Republicans to 100 Democrats and two Greenbackers on joint ballot. A tedious contest on the election of Speaker of the House finally resulted in the success of E. M. Haines. Pending the struggle over the Senatorship, two seats in the House and one in the Senate were rendered vacant by death — the deceased Senator and one of the Representatives being Democrats, and the other Representative a Republican. The special election for Senator resulted in filling the vacancy with a new member of the same political faith as liis predecessor ; but both vacancies in the House were filled by Republicans. The gain of a Repub- lican member in place of a Democrat in the House was brought about by the election of Captain William H. Weaver Representative from the Tliirty-fourth District (composed of JIason, Menard, Cass and Schuyler Counties) over the Democratic candidate, to fill the vacancy caused by tlie death of Representative J. Henry Shaw, Democrat. This was accomplished by what is called a "still hunt" on the part of the Repub- licans, in which the Democrats, being taken by surprise, suffered a defeat. It furnished the sen- sation not only of the session, but of special elec- tions generally, especially as every county in the District was strongly Democratic. This gave the Republicans a majority in each House, and the re-election of Logan followed, though not until two months had been consumed in the contest. (See Logan, John A.) Oglesby's Third Term. — The onlj' disturbing events during Governor Oglesby's third term were strikes among the quarrj-men at Joliet and Leniont, in Jlay, 1885 ; by the railroad switchmen at East St. Louis, in April, 1886, and among the employes at the Union Stock-Yards, in November of the same year. In each case troops were called out and order finally restored, but not until sev- eral persons had been killed in the two former, and both strikers and employers had lost heavily in the interruption of business. At the election of 1886, John R. Tanner and Dr. Richard Edwards (Rfepublicans) were respec- tively elected State Treasurer and State Superin- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 279 tendent of Public Instruction, by 34,816 plurality for the former and 29,928 for the latter. (See Tanner, Jolin R.; Edwards, EicJiard.) In the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, whicli met January, 1S8T, the Republicans liad a major- ity in each House, and Charles B. Farwell was elected to the United States Senate in place of Gen. John A. Logan, deceased. (See Farwell, Charles B.) FiFER Elected Governor. — The political campaign of 1888 was a spirited one, though less bitter than the one of four years previous. Ex- Senator Joseph "VV. Fifer, of McLean County, and Ex-Gov. John M. Palmer were pitted against each other as opposing candidates for Governor. (See Fifer, Joseph IT'. ) Prohibition and Labor tickets were also in the field The Republican National Convention was again held in Chicago, June 20-25, resulting in the nomination of Benjamin Harrison for President, on the eighth ballot. The delegates from Illinois, with two or three excep- tions, voted steadily for Judge Walter Q. Gresham. (See Grcsham, Walter Q.) Grover Cleveland headed the Democratic ticket as a candidate for re-election. At the November elec- tion, 747,683 votes were cast in Illinois, giving the Republican Electors a plurality of 22,104. Fifer's plurality over Palmer was 12,547, and that of the remainder of the Republican State ticket, still larger. Those elected were Lyman B. Ray, Lieutenant-Governor; Isaac N. Pearson, Secre- tary of State ; Gen. Charles W. Pavey, Auditor ; Charles Becker, Treasurer, and George Hunt, Attorney-General. (See Ray, Lyman B.; rear- son, Isaac N.; Parey, Charles W; and Becker, Charles.) The Republicans secured twenty-six majority on joint ballot in the Legislature — the largest since 1881. Among the acts of the Legis- lature of 1889 were the re-election of Senator CuUom to the United States Senate, practically w' thout a contest ; the revision of the compulsory education law, and the enactment of the Chicago drainage law. At a special session held in July, 1890, the first steps in the preliminary legislation looking to the holding of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in the city of Chicago, were taken. (See World's Columbian Exposition.) Republican Defeat of 1890. — The campaign of 1890 resulted in a defeat for the Republicans on both the State and Legislative tickets. Edward S. Wilson was elected Treasurer by a plurality of 9,847 and Prof. Henry Raab, who had been Super- intendent of Public Instruction between 1883 and 1887, was elected for a second term by 34,042. Though lacking two of an absolute majority on joint ballot in the Legislature, the Democrats were able, with the aid of two members belonging to the Farmers" AUiance, after a prolonged and exciting contest, to elect Ex-Gov. John M. Palmer United States Senator, as successor to C. B. Farwell. The election took place on JIarch 11, resulting, on the 154th ballot, in 103 votes for Palmer to 100 for Cicero J. Lindley (Republican) and one for A. J. Streeter. (See Palmer, John M. ) Elections of 1892. — At the elections of 1892 the Republicans of Illinois sustained their first defeat on both State and National issues since 1856. The Democratic State Convention was held at Springfield, April 27, and that of the Republicans on May 4. The Democrats put in nomination John P. xVltgeld for Governor; Joseph B. (Jill for Lieutenant-Governor; William II. Hiarichsen for Secretary of State; Rufus N. Ramsay for State Treasurer; David Gore for Auditor ; Maurice T. Moloney for Attorney-Gen- eral, with John C. Black and Andrew J. Hunter for Congressmen-at-large and three candidates for Trustees of the University of Illinois. The can- . didates on the Republican ticket were: For Gov- ernor, Joseph W. Fifer; Lieutenant-Governor, Lyman B. Ray ; Secretary of State, Isaac N. Pear- son; Auditor, Charles W. Pavey; Attorney-Gen- eral, George W. Prince; State Treasurer, Henry L. Hertz ; Congressmen-at-large, George S. Willits and Richard Yates, with three University Trus- tees. Thei first four were all incumbents nomi- nated to succeed themselves. The Republican National Convention held its session at Minneapo- lis June 7-10, nominating President Harrison for re-election, while that of the Democrats met in Chicago, on June 21, remaining in session until June 24, for the third time choosing, as its standard-bearer, Grover Cleveland, with Adlai T. Stevenson, of Bloomington, 111., as his running- mate for Vice-President. The Prolubition and People's Party also had complete National and State tickets in the field. The State campaign was conducted with great vigor on both sides, the Democrats, under the leadership of Altgeld, mak- ing an especially bitter contest upon some features of the compulsory school law, and gaining many votes from the ranks of the German-Republicans. The result in the State shovv-ed a plurality for Cleveland of 26.993 votes out of a total 873,646— the combined Prohibition and People's Party vote amounting to 48,077. The votes for the respec- tive heads of the State tickets were; Altgeld (Dem.), 42,5,498; Fifer (Rep.), 402,659; Link (Pro.). 25,628;Barnet (Peo.), 20, 108— plurality for Altgeld, 22,808. The vote for Fifer was the high- 280 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. est given to any Republican candidate on either the National or the State ticket, leading that of President Harrison by nearly 3,400, while the vote for Altgeld, though falling behind that of Cleveland, led the votes of all his associates on the Democratic State ticket with the single exception of Ramsay, the Democratic Candidate for Treas- urer. Of the twenty-two Representatives in Congress from the State chosen at this time, eleven were Republicans and eleven Democrats, including among the latter the two Congressmen from the State-at-large. The Thirty-eighth Gen- eral Assembly stood twenty-nine Democrats to twenty-two Republicans in the Senate, and seventy -eight Democrats to seventy-five Republic- ans in the House. The administration of Governor Fifer — the last in a long and unbroken line under Republican Gov- ernors — closed with the financial and industrial interests of the State in a prosperous condition, the State out of debt with an ample surplus in its treasur}'. Fifer was the first private soldier of the Civil War to be elected to the Governorship, though the result of the next two elections have shown that he was not to be the last — both of his successors belonging to the same class. Governor Altgeld was the first foreign-born citizen of the State to be elected Governor, though the State has had four Lieutenant-Governors of foreign birth, viz. : Pierre Menard, a French Canadian ; John Moore, an Englishman, and. Gustavus Koemer and Francis A. Hoffman, both Germans. Altoeld's Administration. — The Thirty- eighth General Assembly began its session, Jan. 4, 1893, the Democrats having a majority in each House. (See Thirty-eiglith Ocncral Assembly.) The inauguration of the State officers occurred on January 10. The most important events con- nected with Governor Altgeld's administration were the World's Coliunbian Exposition of 1893, and the strike of railway employes in 1894. Both of these have been treated in detail under their proper lieads. (See World's Columbian Exposi- tion, and Labor Troubles.) A serious disaster befell the State in the destruction by fire, on the night of Jan. 3, 1893, of a portion of the buildings connected with the Southern Hospital for the Insane at Anna, involving a loss to the State of nearly $200,000, and subjecting the inmates and officers of the institution to great risk and no small amount of suffering, although no lives were lost. The Thirty-ninth General Assembly, which met a few days after the lire, made an appropri- ation of §171,970 for the restoration of the build- ings destroyed, and work was begun immediately. The defalcation of Charles W. Spalding, Treas- urer of the University of Illinois, which came to light near the close of Governor Altgeld's term, involved the State in heavy loss (the exact amount of which is not even yet fully known), and operated unfortunately for the credit of the retiring administration, in view of the adoption of a policy which made the Governor more directly responsible for the management of the State in- stitutions than that pursued by most of his prede- cessors. The Governor's course in connection with the strike of 1894 was also severely criticised in some quarters, especially as it brought him in opposition to the policy of the National adminis- tration, and exposed liim to the charge of sjnipa- thizing with the strikers at a time when they were regarded as acting in open violation of law. Election of 1894. — The election of 1894 showed as surprising a reaction against the Democratic party, as that of 1892 had been in an opposite direction. The two State offices to be vacated this year — State Treasurer and State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction — were fiUed by the elec- tion of Republicans by unprecedented majorities. The plurality for Henry Wulff for State Treas- urer, was 133,427, and that in favor of Samuel M. Inglis for State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, scarcely 10,000 less. Of twenty -two Repre- sentatives in Congress, all but two returned as elected were Republicans, and these two were unseated as the result of contests. The Legisla- ture stood thirty-three Republicans to eighteen Democrats in the Senate, and eighty-eight Repub- licans to sixty -one Democrats in the House. One of the most important acts of {he Tbirt3'- ninth General Assembly, at the following session, was the enactment of a law fixing the compensa- tion of members of the General Assembly at $1,000 for each regular session, with five dollars per day and mileage for called, or extra, sessions. This Legislature also passed acts making appropriations for the erection of buildings for the use of the State Fair, which had been permanently located at Springfield ; for the establishment of two ad- ditional hospitals for the insane, one near Rock Island and the other (for incurables) near Peoria; for the Northern and Eastern Illinois Normal Schools, and for a Soldiers' "Widows' Home at Wilmington. Peiim.\nent Location of the State Fair. — In consefiuonce of the absorption of public atten- tion — especially among the industrial and manu- facturing classes — by the AVorld's Columbian Exposition, the holding of the Annual Fair of the Illinois State Board of Agriculture for 1893 was H O K EO c z o 1 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 281 omitted for the first time since the Civil War. The initial steps were taken by the Board at its annual meeting in Springfield, in January of that year, looking to the permanent location of the Fair ; and, at a meeting of the Board held in Chi- cago, in October following, formal specifications were adopted prescribing the conditions to be met in securing the prize. These were sent to cities intending to compete for the location as tlie basis of proposals to be submitted by them. Responses were received from the cities of Bloomington, Decatur, Peoria and Springfield, at the annual meeting in January, 1894, with tlie result that, on the eighth ballot, the bid of Springfield was accepted and the Fair permanently located at that place by a vote of eleven for Springfield to ten divided bet%veen five other points. The Springfield proposal provided for conveyance to the State Board of Agriculture of 155 acres of land — embracing the old Sangamon County Fair Grounds immediately north of the city — besides a cash contribution of §50,000 voted by the San- gamon County Board of Supervisors for the erection of permanent buildings. Other contri- butions increased the estimated value of the donations from Sangamon County (including the land) to §139,800, not including the pledge of the city of Springfield to pave two streets to the gates of the Fair Grounds and furnish water free, be- sides an agreement on the part of the electric light company to furnish light for two years free of charge. The construction of buildings was begun tlie same year, and the first Fair held on the site in September following. Additional buildings have been erected and other improve- ments introduced each year, vmtil the grouniO.- LiS Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois to Peoria Lake. 1681.— Tonty betjins the erection of Fort St. Louis on •' Starved Rock" in La Salle County. 1682.— La Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers to the naoutb of the latter, and take possession (April 9, 1682) in the name of the King of France, 1700.— First permanent French settlement in Illinois and Mis- sion of St. Sulpice established at Cahokia. 1700.— Kaskaskia Indians remove from the Upper Illinois and locate near the mouth of the Kaskaskia River. P'rench settlement established here the same year becomes the town of Kaskaskia and future capital of Illinois 1718.— The first Fort Chartres. erected near Kaskaskia. 1718.— Fort St. Louis, on the Uppc-r Illinois, burnt-d by Indiana. U.")!.— Fort Chartre.s rebuilt and at rental bened. 1765.— The Illinois country surrendered by the French to the British under the treaty of 176S. 1778.— > July 4 I Col. George Rollers Clark, at the head of an expe- dition organized under authority of Gov, Patrick Henry of Virginia, arrives at Kaskaskia. The occupation of Illinois by the Anierican troops follows. 1778.— Illinois County created by Act of the Virginia House of Delegates, for the government of the settlements north- west of the Ohio River. 1787.— Congress adopts the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest Territory, embracing the pres»^nt States of Ohio. Indiana, Illinois. Michigan and Wisconsin. 1788.— General Arthur St. Clair appointed Governor of North- west 'I'erritory. 1790.— St Clair County organized. 1795. —Randolph County organized. 1800.— Northwest Territory divided into Ohio and Indiana Ter- ritories, Illinois being embraced in the latter. 1809.— Illinois Territory set off from Indiana, and Niniau Edwards appointed Governor. 1818.— i Dec. :ii Illinois admitted as a State. 1820. —State capital removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia. 1822-24.— Unsuccessful attempt to make Illinois a slave State. 1825.— ( April -Hi) General La Fayette visits Kaskaskia. 1832.— Black Hawk War. 1839.— (July 4 i .Springlield becomes the third capital of the State under an Act of the Legislature passed lu 1837. 1848.— Tlie second Constitution adopted. I860.— Abraham Lincoln is elected President. 1861.— War of the Itebellion begins. 1863.— {Jan. li Lincoln issues bis final Proclamation of £mau- cipation. 1864. — Lincoln's second election to the Presidency. 1865.— I April 14i .\braliam Lincoln assassinated in Washington. 1865.— 1 Mav 4 1 President Lincoln's funeral in Springlield. J865.— The'War of the Rebellion ends. 1868.— Gen. U. s. Grant elected to the Presidency. 1870.— The third State Constitution adopted. POPULATION OF ILLINOIS At Each Decennial Ccnsiis from isio to 1900, 1810 (23) 12.282 1820 (24) 55.162 1830 (20 1 157,445 1840 (14t 476,183 1850 (11) 851,470 1860 (4) 1.711,951 1870 (4) 2,539,891 1880 (4) 3.077,871 1890 (3) 3,826,.15l 1900 (3) 4,821 ,550 Note.— Figures in parenthesis indicate the rank of the State in order of population. ILLINOIS CITIES Having a Population of io,ooo and Over (1900). Name. Population, Chicago 1,698,765 Peoria 66,100 Quincy 36,262 Springlield 34,159 Rockl'ord 81.061 Joliet 29,353 East St Louis 29,665 Aurora 24,147 Bloomington 23,286 Klgm 22,4:13 Decalnr 20,754 Rock Island 19,498 Kvaustuu 19,259 Name. Population. Gale.sburg 18,607 Moline .... 17,248 Danville 1U,354 Jacksonville .... 15.078 Streator .... 14.07S Kankakee .... 13,5»o Freeport .... 13ii8 12.566 Ottawa .... 10.588 La SaUe.. 10,446 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 285 INDEX. Thia index relatesexcIuBlvely to matter embraced In the article under the title "Illinois." Subjecta of general State history will be fouud treated at leiigib, under topical heads, in the body of the Encyclopedia. Admission of Illinois as a State, 258. Altgeld, John P., adinitiistration aa Gov- ernor. 27y-su; defeated fur re-election, 2S1. Anderson, Stlnsun H,.264. Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention. 25fi, Anil-slavery contest of 1822-24; defeat of a convention scheme. 2fJU. Baker, Col, E. 1)., 2r.;i; orator at laying the corner-atone of State capitol. 264. Bateinan, Newton. State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 270,274,275. Beverid^e, John L., Congressman and Lieu teiiani-Oover nor : becomes Governor by re9i;^iiMilon of Governor Ogleaby.ZTti. Birkbeck. Morris. 200. Bissell, William H., Colonel in Mexican War. 265: flovernor. 269; death, 270. Black Hawk War. 262. Blodgett. Henry W., Free Soil member of the Legislature. 263, Bloomington Convention flS56>,269. Boisbriant, first French Commandant, 249. Bond, Shadrach. 255; Delegate iu Congress, 257; first Governor, 258. Breese, Sidney, 259. Browne. Thomas C, 260. Browning, Orville H., In Bloomington Convention. 269; U. S. Senator. 27;i. Cahokla, tirst French settlemeut at, 252. Camp Douglas conspiracy, 273, Canal Scrip Fiaud. 270. Carlin, Thomas, elected Governor, 263, Casey, Ziuluc, elected to Congress; re- signs the Lieutenant-Governorship, 2G2. Charlevoix visits Illinois. 247 Chicago and Calumet Rivers, importance of in estimation of early explorers, 247 Chicago election frauds, 278. Chicago, fire of 1871.276. Chicagou. Indian Chief for whom Chicago was iiametl.218. Clark. Vol, George Rogers, expedifiou to Illniois; capture of Kaskaskia, 251. Coles. Edward, ematici pates his slaves; candidate /or Governor, 259; his election, 260; persecuted by his enemies, 261. Constitutiniml Coiivtnition of IHIS, 258. Conslilutioii;il C.'Mveiiti..ii of 1^-17, 266. CoiistitutioiKil Cnvpiitlnnof 1H(V2. '.;72. Constitutiuiml Convention of 1S70.2/5. Cook. Daniel P., 255; Attorney-General, 268; elerted to Congress, 260-61. Craig, Capt. Thomas, expedition against Indiana at Peoria. 257. Cu Horn, Shelby M., Speaker of General As- sembly, 270; elected Governur. 276; feu- lurea of bia adminiatration; re-elected, 277; elei-ted to U. S. Senate. 27S. Davis. David. United States SeTiator, 277. Bouglaa, Stephen A.. 263: Justice Supreme Court. 264, U.S. Senator, 266; debates with Lincoln. 268-70: re-elected U. S. Sen- ator, 270: death, 272. Duncan, Joseph, Governor; character of hia administration. 262-63. Early towns, 258. Earthquake of 1811.256. Edwards, Nlnlan, Governor Illinois Terri- tory. 255, elected U. S. Senator. 259; elected Governor; admiuistratiou and death, 261. Ewing, William L. D.. becomes acting Governor; occupant of many offices, 262. Explorers, earlv French, 244-5. Farwell, Charles B..279 Fleld-MpClernand contest, 264. Flfer, Joseph W.. elected Governor, 279. Fisher, Dr. George, Speaker of Territorial Uouseof Representatives, 257. Ford, Thomas, Governor; embarrassing quesUons of his administration, 264. Fort Chartres. snrrpii'len-ii tu British, 250. Fort Uearljorn massacre. 256-57. Fort(J!ige burned, 251. Fort .Massac, starting pointou the Ohio of i Clark's ex|>edition,251. Fort St. Louis, 246; raided and burned by Indians. 247 Franklin, Benjamin. Indian Commissioner for Illinois lu 1776.251. French. Augustus C. Governor. 265-7. French aud Indian War, 25U. French occupation; settlement about Kas- ka-^kia and Cahokia, 249. French villages, population of in 1765,251. Gibault'. Pierre. 252. Grant. Ulyases s., arrival at Springfield; Colonel of Twenty-first Illinuis Volun- teers. 271 : elected President. 275. Greshain, Waiter Q.. supported by Illinois Republicans for the Presidency. 279. Hamilton, John M., Lieutenant-Governor, 277; succeeds Gov. Cuiiom,278. Hansen-Shaw contest, 260. Hardin. John J., 263; elected to Congress, 264; killed at Buena Vista. 265. Harrison, William Henry, first Governor of Indiana Territory. 254. Henry. Patrick, Indian Commissioner for Illinois Country: assists in planning Clark's expedition, 251; ex-ufflcio Gov- ernor of territorj' northwest of the Ohio River lUinuis. its rank in order of admission into theUnion, area and population. 241 : In- dian origin of the name: boundaries and area; geographical location; navigable Birt-ams. 242: t'lpograpliy, fauna and flora, 243; soil and climate, 243-44; con- teat for occupation, 244: part of Louisi- ana in 1721. 249; surrendered to the British in 1765, 251; under government of Virginia, 252: part of Indiana Territory, 254; Territorial Government organized; Ninian Edwards appointed Governor, 256, admitted as a Stale. 258 Illinois tfe Michigan Canal, 261. Illinois Central Railroad, 267-68. ■■lllinoia Country." bouiidarie.s defined by Captain Pitt man, 241; Patrick Henry, first American Governor. 252. Illinois County organized by Virginia Houseof Delegates. 252. Illinois Territory organized; first Territo- rial officers, 255. Indiana Territory organized. 254; first Territorial Legislature elected, 255. Indian tribes; location in Illinois, 247. Internal improvement scheme, 263. Joliet. Louis, accompanied by Marquette, visits Illinois in 1673, 245. Kane. Elias Kent, 258. Kansas-Nebraska contest. 268. Kaskaskia Indians remove from Upper Illinois to mouth of Kaskaskia. 248, Kenton, Simon, guide fur Clark's expedi- tion against Kaska.skia. 251. Labor disturbances. 270, 280. 283. La Fayette, visit of, to Ka.ska.skia, 261. La Salie, expedition to Illinois in 1679-80, 24a; builda Fort Miami, near mouth of St. Joseph: disasterof Fort Creve-Cieur; erection of Fort St. Louis, 24(i. Lincoln, Abraham, Representative in the General Assembly, 2i>3; elected to Con- gress, 266; un3ucces.sful candidate for the United States Senate; member of Bloomington Convention of lS5ii; " House divided-agalnst-itself" speuch, 269; elected President. 270; departure for Washington, 271; elected for a second term, 273; assa.s.sination and funeral, 274. Liticoln-Duuglas debates. 270. Lockwood, Samuel D., Attrorogucs Legislature of 1863; elected United States Senator, 273. 286 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ILES, Elijah, pioneer merchant, was born in Kentucky, March 28, 1796 ; received the rudiments of an education in two winters' schooling, and began his business career bj- purchasing 100 head of yearUng cattle upon whicli, after herding them three years in the valleys of Eastern Ken- tucky, he reabzed a profit of nearly §3,000. In 1818 he went to St. Louis, then a French village of 2,500 inhabitants, and, after spending three years as clerk in a frontier store at "Old Frank- lin," on the Missouri River, nearly opposite the present town of Boonville, in 1821 made a horse- back tour through Central Illinois, finally locating at Springfield, which had just been selected by a board of Commissioners as the temporary county-seat of Sangamon Coimty. Here he soon brought a stock of goods by keel-boat from St. Louis and opened the first store in the new town. Two years later (1823), in conjunction with Pascal P. Enos, Daniel P. Cook and Thomas Cox, he entered a section of land comprised within the present area of the city of Springfield, which later became the permanent county-seat and finally the State capital. Mr. lies became the first postmaster of Springfield, and, in 1826, was elected State Senator, served as Major in the Winnebago War (1827), enlisted as a private in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), but was soon advanced to the rank of Captain. In 1830 he sold his store to John Williams, who had been his clerk, and, in 1838-39, built the "American House," which afterwards became the temporary stopping-place of many of Illinois' most famous statesmen. He invested largely in valuable farming lands, and, at his death, left a large estate. Died, Sept. 4, 1883. ILLINOIS ASYLUM FOR INCURABLE IJf SAJTE, an institution founded under an act of the General Assembly, passed at the session of 1895, making an appropriation of $65,000 for the pur- chase of a site and the erection of buildings with capacity for the accommodation of 200 patients. The institution was located by the Trustees at Bartonville, a suburb of the city of Peoria, and the erection of buildings begun in 1896. Later these were found to be located on ground which had been undermined in excavating for coal, and their removal to a different location was under- taken in 1898. The institution is intended to relieve the other hospitals for the Insane by the reception of patients deemed incurable. ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL, a water- way connecting Lake Michigan with the Illinois River, and forming a connecting link in the water-route between the St. Lawrence and the Gulf of Mexico. Its summit level is about 580 feet above tide water. Its point of beginning is at the South Branch of the Chicago River, about five miles from the lake. Thence it flows some eight miles to the vallej' of the Des Plaines, fol- lowing the valley to the mouth of the Kankakee (fortj'-two miles), thence to its southwestern terminus at La Salle, the head of navigation on the Illinois. Between these points the canal has four feeders — the Calumet, Des Plaines, Du Page and Kankakee. It passes through Lockport, JoUet, Morris, and Ottawa, receiving accessions from the waters of the Fox River at the latter point. The canal proper is 96 miles long, and it has five feeders whose aggregate length is twenty-five miles, forty feet wide and four feet deep, with four aqueducts and seven dams. The difference in level between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River at La Salle is one hundred and forty-five feet. To permit the ascent of vessels, there are seventeen locks, ranging from three and one half to twelve and one-half feet in lift, their dimensions being 110x18 feet, and admitting the passage of boats carrjing 150 tons. At Lock- port, Joliet, Du Page, Ottawa and La Salle are large basins, three of which supply power to fac- tories. To increase the water supply, rendered necessary by the high summit level, pumping works were erected at Bridgeport, having two thirty-eight foot independent wheels, each capa- ble of delivering (through buckets of ten feet length or width) 15,000 cubic feet of water per minute. These pumping works were erected in 1848, at a cost of ?15,000, and were in ahnost con- tinuous use vmtil 1870. It was soon found that these machines might be utilized for the benefit of Chicago, by forcing the sewage of the Chicago River to the smnmit level of the canal, and allow- ing its place to be filled by pure water from the lake. This pumping, however, cost a large sum, and to obviate this expense $2,955,340 was ex- pended by Chicago in deepening the canal be- tween 1865 and 1871, so that the sewage of the south division of the city might be carried through the canal to the Des Plaines. This sum was returned to the Citj' by the State after the great fire of 1871. (As to further measures for carry- ing off Chicago sewage, see Cliicago Drainage Canal.) In connection with the canal tliree locks and dams have been built on tlie Illinois River, — one at Henrj', about twenty-eight miles below La Salle ; one at the mouth of Copperas Creek, about sixtj' miles Delow Henry ; and another at La Grange. The object of these works (the first HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 287 two being practically an extension of the canal) is to furnish slack-water navigation tlirough- out the year. The cost of that at Henry (6400,000) was defrayed by direct appropriation from the State treasury. Copperas Creek dam cost $410,831, of which amount the United States Government paid §62,360. The General Government also con- structed a dam at La Grange and appropriated funds for the building of another at Kampsville Landing, witli a view to making the river thor- oughly navigable the year round. The beneficial results expected from these works have not been realized and their demolition is advocated. History. — The early missionaries and fur- traders first directed attention to the nearness of the waters of Lake Michigan and the Illinois. The project of the construction of a canal was made the subject of a report by Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury in 1808, and, in 1811, a bill on the subject was introduced in Congress in connection with the Erie and other canal enter- prises. In 1822 Congress granted the right of way across the public lands "for the route of a canal connecting the Illinois Kiver with the south bend of Lake Michigan," which was fol- lowed five years later by a grant of 300,000 acres of land to aid in its construction, which was to be undertaken by the State of Illinois. The earliest surveys contemplated a channel 100 miles long, and the original estimates of cost varied between §639,000 and §716,000. Later survej's and estimates (1833) placed the cost of a canal forty feet wide and four feet deep at §4,040,000. In 1836 another Board of Commissioners was created and surveys were made looking to the construction of a waterway sixty feet wide at tlie surface, thirty-six feet at bottom, and six feet in depth. Work was begun in June of that j'ear; was suspended in 1841 ; and renewed in 1846, when a canal loan of §1,000,000 was negotiated. The channel was opened for navigation in April, 1848, by which time the total outlay had reached $6,170,226. By 1871, Illinois had liquidated its entire indebtedness on account of the canal and the latter reverted to the State. The total cast up to 1879 — including amount refunded to Chi- cago — was §9,513,831, while the sum returned to the State from earnings, sale of canal lands, etc., amounted to §8,819,731. In 1882 an offer was maile to cede the canal to the United States ujion condition that it should be enlarged and ex- tended to tlie Mississippi, was repeated in 1887, but has been declined ILLINOIS AM) MISSISSIPPI CANAL (gener- ally known as "Hennepin Canal"), a projected navigable water-way in course of construction (1899) by the General Government, designed to connect the Ujjper Illinois with the Mississipi>i River. Its object is to furnish a continuous navigable water-channel from Lake Michigan, at or near Chicago, by way of the Illinois & Michi- gan Canal (or the Sanitary Drainage Canal) and the Illinois River, to the Mississippi at the mouth of Rock River, and finally to the Gulf of Mexico. The Route. — The canal, at its eastern end, leaves the Illinois River one and three-fourths miles above the city of Hennepin, where the river makes the great bend to the south. Ascend- ing the Bureau Creek valley, the route passes over the dividing ridge between the Illinois River and the Mississippi to Rock River at the mouth of Green River; thence by slack- water down Rock River, and around the lower rapids in that stream at Milan, to the Mississippi. The esti- mated length of the main channel between its eastern and western termini is seventy-five miles — the distance having been reduced by changes in the route after the first survey. To this is to be added a "feeder" extending from the vicinity of SheflJield, on the summit-level (twenty-eight miles west of the starting point on the Illinois), north to Rock Falls on Rock River opposite the city of Sterling in Whiteside County, for the piu-pose of obtaining an adequate supply of water for the main canal on its highest level. The length of this feeder is twenty-nine miles and, as its dimensions are the same as those of the main channel, it will be navigable for vessels of the same class as the latter. A dam to be constructed at Sterling, to turn water into the feeder, will furnish slack-water navigation on Rock River to Dixon, practically lengthening the entire route to that extent. History, ^The subject of such a work began to be actively agitated as early as 1871, and, under authoritj' of various acts of Congress, preliminary surveys began to be made by Government engi- neers that year. In 1890 detailed plans and esti- mates, based upon these preliminary surveys, were submitted to Congress in accordance with the river and harbor act of August, 1888. This report became tho 'oasis of an aitpropriation in the river and harbor act of Sept. 19, 1890, for carr}-ing the work into practical execution. Actual work was begun on the western end of the canal in July, 1892, and at the eastei'n end in the spring of 1894. Since then it has been prosecuted as continuously as tlie appropriations made by Congress from year to year would permit. Ac- cording to the report of Major Marshall, Chief of 388 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. Engineers in charge of the work, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, the construction of the canal around the lower rapids of Rock River (four and one-half miles), with three locks, three swing bridges, two dams, besides various build- ings, was completed and that portion of the canal opened to navigation on April 17. 1895. In the early part of 1899, the bulk of the excavation and masonry on the eastern section was practi- cally completed, tlie feeder line under contract, and five out of the eighteen bridges required to be constructed in place; and it was estimated that the whole line, with locks, bridges, culverts and aqueducts, will be completed within two years, at the farthest, by 1902. Dimensions, Methods of Construction, Cost. ETC. — As already stated, the length of the main line is seventy-five miles, of which twenty -eight miles (the eastern section) is east of the junction of the feeder, and forty-seven miles (the vrestern section) west of that point — making, with the twenty-nine miles of feeder, a total of one hun- dred and four miles, or seven miles longer than the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The rise from the Illinois River datum to the summit-level on the eastern section is accomplished by twenty-one looks with a lift of six to fourteen feet each, to reach an altitude of 19G feet; while the descent of ninety-three feet to the low-water level of the Mississippi on the western end is accomplished through ten locks, varying from six to fourteen feet each. The width of the canal, at the water surface, is eighty feet, with a depth below the surface-line of seven feet. The banks are rip- rapped with stone the entire length of the canal. The locks are one hundred and seventy feet long, between tlie quoins, by thirty-five feet in width, admitting the passage of vessels of one hundred and forty feet in length and thirty -two feet beam and each capable of carrying six hundred tons of freight. The bulk of the masonry employed in the con- struction of locks, as well as abutments for bridges and aqueducts, is solid concrete manufac- tured in place, while the lock-gates and aque- ducts proper are of steel — the use of these materials resulting in a large saving in the first cost as to the former, and securing greater solid- ity and pertnanence in all. The concrete work, already completed, is found to have withstood the effects of ice even more successfully than natural stone. The smaller culverts are of iron piping and the framework of all the bridges of steel. The earlier estimates placed the entire cost of construction of the canal, locks, bridges, build- ings, etc., at $5,068,000 for the main channel and 51,8.58,000 for the Rock River feeder — a total of §6,926,000. This has been reduced, however, by changes in the route and unexpected saving in the material employed for masonry work. The total expenditure, as shown by official reports, up to June 30, 1898, was §1,748,905.13. The amount expended up to March 1, 1899, approxi- mated $2,500,000, while the amount necessary to complete the work (exclusive of an unexpended balance) was estimated, in rovind numbers, at $3,500,000. The completion of this work, it is estimated, will result in a saving of over 400 miles in water transportation between Chicago and the western terminus of the canal. In order to make the canal available to its full capacity between lake points and the Mississippi, the enlargement of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, both as to width and depth of channel, will be an indispensable necessity ; and it is anticipated that an effort will be made to secure action in this direction by the Illinois Legislature at its next session. Another expedient likely to receive strong support will be, to induce the General Government to accept the tender of the Illinois & Michigan Canal and, by the enlargement of the latter through its whole length — or, from Lockport to the Illinois River at La Salle, with the utilization of the Chicago Drainage Canal — furnish a national water- way between the lakes and the Gulf of Mexico of sufficient capacity to accommodate steamers and other vessels of at least 600 tons burthen. ILLINOIS BAND, THE, an association consist- ing of seven young men, then students in Yale College, wlio, in the winter of 1828-29. entered into a mutual compact to devote their lives to the promotion of Christian education in the West, especially in Illinois. It was composed of Theron Baldwin, John F. Brooks, Slason Grosvenor, Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, Julian M. Sturte- vant and Asa Turner. All of these came to Illi- nois at an early day, and one of the first results of their efforts was the founding of Illinois Col- lege at Jacksonville, in 1829, with which all became associated as members of tlie first Board of Trustees, several of them so remaining to the close of their lives, wliile most of them were con- nected with the institution for a considerable period, either as members of the faculty or finan- cial agents — Dr. Sturtevaiit having been Presi- dent for thirty-two years and an instructor or professor fifty-six years. (See Baldwin, Theron; Brooks, John F.; and Sturtevaiit, Julian M.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 289 ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, a corpo ration controlling the principal line of railroad extending through the entire length of the State from north to south, besides numerous side branches acquired by lease during the past few years. The main lines are made up of three gen- eral divisions, extending from Chicago to Cairo, III. 1^64.73 miles); from Centralia to Dubuque, Iowa. (340.77 miles), and from Cairo to New Orleans, La. (547,79 miles) — making a total of 1,253.29 miles of main line, of which 705.5 miles are in Illinois. Besides tliis the company con- trols, through lease and stock ownership, a large number of lateral branches which are operated by the company, making the total mileage officially reported up to June 30, 1898, 3,130.21 miles. — (History.) The Illinois Central Railroad is not only one of the lines earliest projected in the history of the State, but has been most inti- mately connected with its development. The project of a road starting from the mouth of the Ohio and extending northward through the State is said to have been suggested by Lieut. -Gov. Alexander M. Jenkins as early as 1833 ; was advocated by the late Judge Sidney Breese and others in 1835 under the name of the Wabash & Mississippi Railroad, and took the form of a charter gi-anted by the Legislature in January, 1836, to the first "Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany," to construct a road from Cairo to a point near the southern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Nothing was done under this act, although an organization was effected, with Governor Jenkins as President of the Company. The Company surrendered its charter the next year and the work was undertaken by the State, under the internal improvement act of 1837, and considerable money expended without complet- ing any portion of the line. The State having abandoned the enterprise, the Legislature, in 1843, incorporated the "Great Western Railway Company' ' under what came to be known as the "Holbrook cliarter," to be organized under the auspices of the Cairo City & Canal Company, the line to connect the termini named in the charter of 183G, via Vandalia, Shelbyville, Decatur and Bloomington. Considei'able money was expended imder this charter, but the scheme again failed of completion, and the act was repealed in 1845. A charter under the same name, with some modification as to organization, was renewed in 1849.— In January, 1850, Senator Douglas introduced a bill in the United States Senate making a grant to the State of Illinois of alternate sections of land along the line of a proposed road extending from Cairo to Dunleithin the northwest corner of the State, with a brancli to Chicago, which bill passed the Senate in 'May of the same year and the House in September, and became the basis of the Illinois Central Rail- road Company as it exists today. Previous to the passage of this act, however, the Cairo City & Canal Company had been induced to execute a full surrender to the State of its rights and privi- leges under the "Holbrook charter." This was followed in February, 1851, by the act of the Legislature incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and assigning thereto (under specified conditions) the grant of lands received fi'om the General Government. This grant covered alternate sections within six miles of the line, or the equivalent thereof (when such lands were not vacant), to be placed on lands within fifteen miles of the line. The number of acres thus assigned to the Company was 2,595,000, (about 3.840 acres per mile), which were con- veyed to Trustees as security for the performance of the work. An engineering party, organized at Chicago, May 21, 1851, began the pi^lim- inary survey of the Chicago branch, and before the end of the year the whole line was surveyed and staked out The first contract for grading was let on March 15, 1852, being for that portion between Chicago and Kensington (then known as Calumet). 14 miles. This was opened for traffic. May 24, 1852, and over it the Michigan Central, which had been in course of construction from the east, obtained trackage rights to enter Chicago. Later, contracts were let for other sections, some of them in June, and the last on Oct. 14, 1853. In May, 1853, the section from La Salle to Bloomington (61 miles) was com- pleted and opened for business, a temporary bridge being constructed over the Illinois near La Salle, and cars hauled to the top of the bluff with chains and cable bj' means of a stationary engine. In July, 1854, the Chicago Division was put in operation to Urbana, 128 miles; the main line from Cairo to La Salle (301 miles), completed Jan. 8, 1855, and the line from La Salle to Dunleith (now East Dubuque), 146.73 miles, on June 12, 1855— the entire road (705.5 miles) being com- pleted, Sept. 27, 1856.— (Financial Statement.) The share capital of the road was originally fixed at 517,000,000, but previous to 1869 it had been increased to §25,500,000, and during 1873-74 to $29.000, 000. The present capitalization (1898) is $103,352,593, of which $52,500,000 is Iq stock, $52,680,925 in bonds, and $51,367,000 in miscel laneous obligations. The total cost of the road 290 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in Illinois, as shown by a report made in 1889, was §35,110,609. By the terms of its charter the corporation is exempt from taxation, but in lieu thereof is required to pay into the State treasury, semi-annually, seven per cent upon the gross earnings of the line in Illinois. The sum thus paid into the State treasury from Oct. 31, 18.55, when the first payment of §29,751.59 was made, up to and including Oct. 31. 1898. aggregated $17,315,193.24. The last payment (October, 1898), amounted to .$334,. 527. 01. The largest payment in the history of the road was that of October, 1893, amounting, for the preceding six months, to $4.50,176 34. The net income of the main line in Illinois, for the year ending June 30, 1898, was $12,299,021, and the total expenditures within the State $13,831,161.— (Leased Lines) The first addition to the Illinois Central System was made in 1867 in the acquisition, by lease, of the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, extending from Dubuque to Sioux Falls, Iowa. Since then it has extended its Iowa connections, by the construction of new lines and the acquisition or extension of others. The most important addition to the line outside of the State of Illinois was an arrangement effected, in 1872, with the New Orleans, Jackson & Great Nortliern, and the Mississippi Central Rail- roads — with which it previously had traffic con- nections — giving it control of a line from Jackson, Tenn., to New Orleans, La. At first, connection was had between the Illinois Central at Cairo and the Southern Divisions of the system, by means of transfer steamers, but subsequentlj- the gap was filled in and the through line opened to traffic in December, 1873. In 1874 the New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern and the Slississippi Central roads were consolidated under the title of the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, but the new corporation defaulted on its interest in 1876. The Illinois Central, which was the owner of a majority of the bonds of tlie constitu- ent lines which went to make up the New Orleans, St Louis & Chicago Railroad, then acquired ownersliip of the whole line by foreclosure pro- ceedings in 1877, and it was reorganized, on Jan. 1, 1878, under the name of the Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad, and placed in charge of one of the Vice-Presidents of the Illinois Central Company. — (Illinois Branches.) The more im- portant branches of the Illinois Central within the State include: (1) The Springfield Division from Chicago to Springfield (111.47 miles), chartered in 1867, and opened in 1871 as the Oilman, Clinton & Springfield Railroad ; passed into the hands of 3 receiver in 1873, sold under foreclosure in 1876, and leased, in 1878, for fifty years, to the Illinois Central Railroad : (2) The Rantoul Division from Leroy to the Indiana State line (66.21 miles in Illinois), chartered in 1876 as the Havana, Ran- toul & Eastern Railroad, built as a narrow-gauge line and operated in 1881 ; afterwards changed to standard-gauge, and controlled by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific until May, 1884, when it passed into the hands of a receiver ; in December of the same year taken in charge by the bondholders; in 1885 again placed in the hands of a receiver, and, in October, 1886, sold to the Illinois Central : (3) The Chicago, Havana & Western Railroad, from Havana to Champaign, with a branch from White- heath to Decatur (total, 131.62 miles), constructed as the western extension of the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western, and opened in 1873; sold under foreclosure in 1879 and organized as the Champaign, Havana & Western; in 1880 pur- chased by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific; in 1884 taken possession of by the mortgage trustees and, in September, 1886, sold under foreclosure to the Illinois Central Railroad: (4) The Freeport Division, from Chicago by way of Freeport to Madison, Wis. (140 miles in Illinois), constructed under a charter granted to the Chicago, Madison & Nortliern Railroad (which see), opened for traffic in 1888, and transferred to the Illinois Central Railroad Company in January, 1889: (5) The Kankakee & Southwestern (131.26 miles), constructed from Kankakee to Bloomington under the charters of the Kankakee & Western and the Kankakee & Southwestern Railroads: acquired by the Illinois Central in 1878, begun in 1880, and extended to Bloomington in 1883 ; and (6) The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute (which see under its old name). Other Illinois branch lines of less importance embrace tlie Blue Island ; the Chicago & Texas ; the Mound City ; the South Chicago; the St. Louis, Belleville & Southern, and the St. Charles Air-Line, which furnishes an entrance to the City of Chicago over an ele- vated track. The total length of these Illinois branches in 1898 was 919.72 miles, with the main lines making the total mileage of the company within the State 1 , 624. 22 miles. For several years up to 1895 the Illinois Central had a connection with St. Louis over the line of the Terre Haute & Indianapolis from Effingham, but this is now secured by way of the Springfield Division and the main line to Pana. whence its trains pass over the old Indianapolis & St. Louis — now tli« Cleve- land, Cinciunati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. Between June 30, 1897 and April 30, 1898, branch lines in the Southern States (chiefly in Kentucky HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 291 and Tennessee), to the extent of 670 miles, were added to the Illinois Central System. The Cairo Bridge, constructed across the Ohio River near its moutli, at a cost of §3,000,000, for the purpose of connecting the Northern and Southern Divisions of the Illinois Central System, and one of the most stupendous structures of its kind in the world, belongs wholly to the Illinois Central Railroad Company. (See Cairo Bridge.) ILLINOIS COLLEGE, an institution of learn- ing at Jacksonville. 111., which was the first to graduate a collegiate class in the history of the State. It had its origin in a movement inaugu- rated about 182T or 1828 to secure the location, at some point in Illinois, of a seminary or college which would give the j-outh of the State the opportunity of acquiring a higher education. Some of the most influential factors in this move- ment were already citizens of Jacksonville, or contemplated becoming such. In January, 1828, the outline of a plan for such an institution was drawn up by Rev. John M. Ellis, a home missionary of the Presbyterian Church, and Hon. Samuel D. Lockwood. then a Justice of the Supreme Court of the State, as a basis for soliciting subscriptions for the organization of a stock-company to carry the enterprise into execution. The plan, as then proposed, contemplated provision for a depart- ment of female education, at least until a separate institution could be furnished — which, if not a forerunner of the co-educational system now so much in vogue, at least foreshadowed the estab- lishment of the Jacksonville Female Seminary, which soon followed the founding of the college. A few months after these preliminary steps were taken, Mr. Ellis was brought into communication with a group of young men at Yale College (see "Illinois Band") who had entered into a com- pact to devote their lives to the cause of educa- tional and missionary work in the West, and out of the union of these two forces, soon afterwards effected, grew Illinois College. The organization of the "Illinois" or "Yale Band," was formally consummated in February, 1829, and before the close of the year a fund of §10.000 for the purpose of laying the foundation of the proposed institu- tion in Illinois had been pledged by friends of education in the East, a beginning had been made in the erection of buildings on the present site of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in Decem- ber of tlie same year, the work of instruction of a preparatory class had been begun by Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant, who had taken the place of "avant- courier" of the movement. A year later (1831) Rev. Edward Beecher, the oldest son of the inde- fatigable Lyman Beecher, and brother of Henry Ward — already then well known as a leader in the ranks of those opposed to slavery — had be- come identified with the new enterprise and assumed the position of its first President. Such was the prejudice against "Yankees" in Illinois at that time, and the jealousy of theological influ- ence in education, that it was not until 183.'5 that the friends of the institution were able to secure a charter from the Legislature. An ineffectual attempt had been made in 1830, and when it was finally granted, it was in the form of an "omni- bus bill" including three other institutions, but with restrictions as to the amount of real estate that might be held, and prohibiting the organiza- tion of theological departments, both of which were subsequently repealed. (See Early Col- leges. ) The same year the college graduated its first class, consisting of two members — Richard Yates, afterwards War Governor and United States Senator, and Rev. Jonathan Spillman, the composer of "Sweet Afton. " Limited as was this first output of alumni, it was politicall}' and morally strong. In 1843 a medical department was established, but it was abandoned five years later for want of adequate support. Dr. Beecher retired from the Presidency in 1844, when he was succeeded by Dr. Sturtevant, who continued in that capacity until 1876 (thirty-two years), when he became Professor Emeritus, remaining until 1885 — his connection with the institution cover- ing a period of fifty-six years. Others who have occupied the position of President include Rufus C. Crampton (acting), 1876-82; Rev. Edward A. Tanner, 1882-92; and Dr. John E. Bradley, the incumbent from 1892 to 1899. Among the earli- est and influential friends of the institution, besides Judge Lockwood already mentioned, may be enumerated such names as Gov. Joseph Dun- can, Thomas Mather, Winthrop S. Oilman, Frederick Collins and William H. Brown (of Chicago), all of whom were members of the early Board of Trustees. It was found necessary to maintain a preparatory department for many years to fit pupils for the college classes proper, and, in 1866, Whipple Academy was established and provided with a separate building for this purpose. The standard of admission to the col- lege course has been gradually advanced, keeping abreast, in this respect, of other American col- leges. At present the institution has a faculty of I.') members and an endowment of some Sl.'iO.OOO, with a library (1898) numbering over 1,5,000 vol- umes and property valued at §360,000. Degrees are conferred in both classical and scientific 292 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. courses in the college proper. The list of alumni embraces some 750 names, including many who have been prominent in State and National affairs. ILLINOIS COUNTY, the name given to the first civil organization of the territory northvrest of the Oliio River, after its conquest by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778. This was done by act of the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in October of the same year, which, among other things, provided as follows: "The citizens of the commonwealth of Virginia, who are already set- tled, or shall hereafter settle, on the western side of the Ohio, shall be included in a distinct county which shall be called Illinois County; and the Governor of this commonwealth, with the advice of the Council, may appoint a County-Lieutenant or Commandant-in-chief of the county during pleasure, who shall take the oath of fidelity to this commonwealth and the oath of oflSce accord- ing to the form of their own religion. And all civil offices to which the inhabitants have been accustomed, necessary for the preservation of the peace and the administration of justice, shall be chosen by a majority of the citizens of their re- spective districts, to be convened for that purpose by the County-Lieutenant or Commandant, or his deputy, and shall be commissioned b)' said County-Lieutenant." As the Commonwealth of Virginia, by virtue of Colonel Clark's conquest, then claimed jurisdiction over the entire region west of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, Illinois County nominally embraced the territory comprised within the limits of the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- sin, though the settlements were limited to the vicinity of Kaskaskia. Vincennes (in the present State of Indiana) and Detroit. Col. John Todd, of Kentucky, was appointed by Gov. Patrick Henry, the first Lieutenant-Commandant under this act, holding office two years. Out of Illinois County were subsequently organized the follow- ing counties by "order" of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, after his assumption of the duties of Governor, following the passage, by Congress, of the Ordi- nance of 1787, creating the Northwest Territory, VIZ. : Name County-Seat Date op Oroa>jtzation WashingtOQ Marietta July 27. 1788 Hamilton Cincinnati f Cahukia Jan. 4, I7yo St. Clair } Prairie du Roclier ( Kaskftsiciu April 27. 1790 Kdox Post St. Vincennes June 20. 1790 Randolph Kaskaskia Oct. 6, 1795 Washington, originally comprising the State of Ohio, was reduced, on the organization of Hamil- ton County, to the eastern portion, Hamilton County embracing the west, with Cincinnati (originally called "Losantiville, " near old Fort Wasliington) as the county-seat. St. Clair, the third county organized out of this territory, at first had virtually three county-seats, but divi- sions and jealousies among the people and officials in reference to the place of deposit for the records, resulted in the issue, five years later, of an order creating the new county of Randolph, the second in the "Illinois Country" — these (St. Clair and Randolph) constituting the two counties into which it was divided at the date of organization of Illinois Territory. Out of these events grew the title of "Mother of Counties" given to Illinois County as the original of all the counties in the five States northwest of the Ohio, while St. Clair County inherited the title as to the State of Illinois. (See Illinois; also St. Clair, Arthur, and Todd, (Col.) John.) ILLINOIS FARMERS' RAILROAD. (See JacJcso7iville <& St. Louis Railway.) ILLINOIS FEMALE COLLEGE, a flourishing institution for the education of women, located at Jacksonville and incorporated in 1847. While essentially unsectarian in teaching, it is con- trolled by the Methodist Episcopal denomination. Its first charter was granted to the "Illinois Con- ference Female Academj" in 1847, but four years later the charter was amended and the name changed to the present cognomen. The cost of building and meager support in early years brought on bankiuptcj'. The friends of the insti- tution rallied to its support, however, and the purchasers at the foreclosure sale (all of whom were friends of Methodist education) donated the property to what was technically a new institu- tion. A second charter was obtained from the State in 1863, and the restrictions imposed upon the grant were such as to prevent alienation of title, by either conveyance or mortgage. While the college has only a small endowment fund (52,000) it owns §60,000 worth of real property, besides §9,000 invested in apparatus and library. Preparatory and collegiate departments are main- tained, both classical and scientific courses being established in the latter. Instruction i.s also given in fine arts, elocution and music. Tlie faculty (1898) numbers 15, and there are about 170 students. ILLINOIS FEMALE REFORM SCHOOL. (See Home for Female Offenders.) ILLINOIS INDIANS, a confederation belong- ing to the Algonquin family and embracing five tribes, viz. : the Cahokias, Ka.skaskias, Mitcha- . gamies, Peorias and Tamaioas. They early occu- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 293 pied Illinois, with adjacent portions of Iowa, Wisconsin and Missouri. The name is derived from mini, "man,"' the Indian plural "ek" being changed by the French to "ois. " They were intensely warlike, being almost constantly in conflict with the Winnebagoes, the Iroquois, Sioux and other tribes. They were migratory and depended for subsistence largely on the sum- mer and winter hunts. They dwelt in rudely constructed cabins, each accommodating about eight families. They were always faithful allies of the French, whom the3' heartily welcomed in 1673. French missionaries labored earnestly among them — notablj' Fathers Marquette, Allouez and Gravier — who reduced their language to grammatical rules. Their most distinguished Chief was Chicagou, who was sent to France, where he was welcomed with the honors accorded to a foreign prince. In their wars with the Foxes, from 1713 to 1719, they suffered severely, their numbers being reduced to 3,000 souls. The assassination of Pontiac by a Kaskaskian in 1765, was avenged by the lake tribes in a war of ex- termination. After taking part with the Miamis in a war against the United States, they partici- pated in the treaties of Greenville and Vincennes, and were gradually removed farther and farther toward the West, the small remnant of about 175 being at present (1896) on the Quapaw reservation in Indian Territory. (See also Cahokias; Foxes; Iroquois: Kaskaskias; Mitehagamies; Peorias; Tamaroas: and Winnebagoes.) ILLINOIS INSTITUTION FOR THE EDU- CATION OF THE BLIND, located at Jackson- ville. The institution had its inception in a school for the blind, opened in that town in 1847, by Samuel Bacon, who was himself blind. The State Institution was created by act of the Legis- lature, passed Jan. 13, 1849, which was introduced by Richard Yates, then a Representative, and was first opened in a rented house, early in 1850, under the temporary supervision of Mr. Bacon. Soon afterward twenty-two acres of ground were purchased in the eastern j)art of the city and the erection of permanent buildings commenced. By January, 1854, they were ready for use, but fif- teen years later were destroyed by fire. Work on a new building was begun without unnecessary delay and the same was completed by 1874. Numerous additions of wings and shops have since been made, and the institution, in its build- ings and appointments, is now one of the most complete in the country. Instruction (as far as practicable) is given in rudimentary English branches, and in such mechanical trades and avocations as may best qualify the inmates to be- come self-supporting upon their return to active life. ILLINOIS MASONIC ORPHANS' HOME, an institution established in the city of Chicago under the auspices of the Masonic Fraternity of Illinois, for the purpose of furnishing a home for the destitute children of deceased members of the Order. The total receipts of the institution, dur- ing the year 1895, were $29,204.98, and the expenditures, $27,258.70. The number of bene- ficiaries in the Home, Dec. 31, 1895, was 61. The Institution owns real estate valued at §75,000. ILLINOIS MIDLAND RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad.) ILLINOIS RIVER, the most important stream within the State ; has a length of about 500 miles, of which about 245 are navigable. It is formed by the junction of the Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers at a point in Grundy County, .some 45 miles southwest of Chicago. Its course is west, then southwest, and finally south, until it empties into the Mississippi about 20 miles north of the mouth of the Missouri. The Illinois & Michigan Canal connects its waters with Lake Michigan. Marquette and Joliet ascended the stream in 1673 and were probably its first white visitants. Later (1679-82) it was explored by La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and others. ILLINOIS RIVER RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of Illiiiois.) ILLINOIS SANITARY COMMISSION, a vol untary organization formed pursuant to a sug- gestion of Governor Yates, shortly after the battle of Fort Donelson (1862). Its object was the relief of soldiers in actual service, whether on the march, in camp, or in hospitals. State Agents were appointed for the distribution of relief, for which purpose large sums were collected and dis- tributed. The work of the Commission was later formally recognized by the Legislature in the enactment of a law authorizing the Governor to appoint "Military State Agents," who should receive compensation from the State treasury. Many of these "agents" were selected from the ranks of the workers in the Sanitary Commission, and a great impetus was thereby imparted to its voluntary work. Auxiliary associations were formed all over the State, and funds were readily obtained, a considerable proportion of which was derived from "Sanitary Fairs." ILLINOIS SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND MANUAL TRAINING FOR BOYS, an institution for the training of dependent boys, organized under the act of March 28, 1895, which was in 294 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. effect a re-enactment of the statute approved in 1883 and amended in 1885. Its legally defined object is to provide a home and proper training for such boys as may be committed to its charge. Commitments are made by the County Courts of Cook and contiguous counties. The school is located at Glenwood, in the county of Cook, and was first opened for the reception of inmates in 1888. Its revenues are derived, in part, from voluntary contributions, and in part from pay- ments by the counties sending boys to the institu- tion, which paj-ments are fixed by law at ten dollars per month for each boy, during the time he is actually an inmate. In 1898 nearlj' one-half of the entire income came from the former source, but the surplus remaining in the treasury at the end of any fiscal year is never large. The school is under the inspectional control of the State Commissioners of Public Charities, as though it were an institution founded and main- tained by the State. The educational curriculum closely follows that of the ordinary grammar schools, pupils being trained in eight grades, sub- stantially along the lines established in the public schools. In addition, a military drill is taught, with a view to developing physical strength, command of limbs, and a graceful, manly car- riage. Since the Home was organized there have been received (down to 1899). 2,333 boys. The industrial training given the inmates is both agricultural and mechanical, — the institution owning a good, fairly-sized farm, and operating well equipped industrial shops for the education of pupils. A fair proportion of the boys devote themselves to learning trades, and not a few develop into excellent workmen. One of the purposes of the school is to secure homes for those thought likely to prove creditable members of respectable households. During the eleven years of its existence nearly 3,300 boys have been placed in homes, and usually with the most satisfactory results. The legal safeguards thrown around the ward are of a comprehensive and binding sort, so far as regards the parties who take the children for either adoption or apprenticeship — the welfare of the ward always being the object primarily aimed at. Adoption is preferred to institutional life by the administration, and the result usually justifies their judgment. Many of the pupils are returned to their families or friends, after a mild course of correctional treat- ment. The S3'stem of government adopted is analogous to that of the "cottage plan" emplo}'ed in many reformatory institutions throughout the country. \n "administration building" stands in the center of a group of structures, each of which has its own individual name; — Clancy Hall, Wallace, Plymouth, Beecher, Pope, Windsor, Lincoln, Suunyside and Sheridan. While never a suppliant for benefactions, the Home has always attracted the attention of philantliropists who are interested in the care of society's waifs. The average annual number of inmates is about 27.5. ILLINOIS WESLETAN UMVERSITY, the leading educational institution of the Methodist Church in Illinois, south of Chicago; incorpo- rated in 1853 and located at Bloomington. It is co-educational, has a faculty of 34 instructors, and reports 1,106 students in 1896 — 458 male and 648 female. Besides the usual literary and scien- tific departments, instruction is given in theology, music and oratory. It also has preparatory and business courses. It has a library of 6,000 vol- umes and reports funds and endowment aggre- gating §187,999, and property to the value of §380,999. ILLINOIS & INDIANA RAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur dr Western Railway.) ILLINOIS & SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore A & ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAIL- ROAD. {See Indiana, Decatur & IVesterJi Rail- way.) INDIANA & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur A- Western Railway.) INDIANA & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Louis, Indianapolis <& Eastern Railroad.) INDIANAPOLIS, BLOOMINGTON & WEST- ERN RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Rail- road; also Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & SPRING- FIELD RAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur <£• Western Railway.) INDIANAPOLIS & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See St. Louis. Alton & Terre Haute Railroad.) INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR THE BLIND, a State Institution designed to furnish the means of employment to dependent blind persons of both sexes, established under authority of an act of the T.egislature passed at the session of 1893. The institution is located at Douglas Park Boule- vard and West Nineteenth Street, in the city of Chicago. It includes a four-story factory with steam-plant attached, besides a four-story build- ing for residence purposes. It was opened in 1894, and, in December, 1897, had 63 inmates, of whom 12 were females. The Fortieth General Assembly appropriated §13,900 for repairs, appli- ances, library, etc., and §8,000 per annum for ordinary expenses INGERSOLL, Ebon C, Congressman, was born in Oneida County, X. Y., Dec. 13, 1831. His first remove was to Paducah, Ky., where he com- pleted his education. He studied law and was admitted to the bar; removing this time to Illi- nois and settling in Gallatin County, in 1843. In 1856 he was elected to represent Gallatin County in the lower house of the General Assembly ; in 1862 was the Republican candidate for Congress for the State-at-large, but defeated by J. C. Allen; and, in 1864, was chosen to fill the unex- pired term of Owen Lovejoj', deceased, as Repre- sentative in the Thirty-eighth Congress. He was re-elected to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses, his term expiring, March 4, 1871. He was a brother of Col. Robert G. Ingersoll, and was, for some years, associated with him in the practice of law at Peoria, his home. Died, in Washington, May 31, 1879. INGERSOLL, Robert Green, lawyer and sol- dier, was born at Dresden, Oneida County, X. Y., August 11, 1833. His father, a Congregational clergyman of pronounced liberal tendencies, removed to the West in 1843, and Robert's boy- hood was spent in Wisconsin and Illinois. After being admitted to the bar, he opened an office at Shawneetown, in partnership with his brother Ebon, afterwards a Congressman from Illinois. In 18.57 they removed to Peoria, and, in 1860, Robert G. was an unsuccessful Democratic can- didate for Congress. In 1862 he was commis- sioned Colonel of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, which had been mustered in in December, 1861, and, in 1864, identified himself with the Repub- lican party. In February, 1867, he was appointed by Governor Oglesby the first Attorney-General of the State under the new law enacted that year. As a lawyer and orator he won great distinction. He nominated James G. Blaine for the Presidency in the Republican Convention of 1876, at Cincin- nati, in a speech that attracted wide attention by its eloquence. Other oratorical efforts which added greatly to his fame include "The Dream of the Union Soldier," delivered at a Soldiers' Reunion at Indianapolis, his eulogy at his brother Ebon's grave, and his memorial address on occa- sion of the death of Roscoe Conkling. For some twenty years he was the most popular stump orator in the West, and his services in political campaigns were in constant request throughout the Union. To the country at large, in his later years, he was known as an uncompromising assailant of revealed religion, by both voice and pen. Among his best-known publications are "The Gods" (Washington, 1878); "Ghosts" (1879); "Mistakes of Moses" (1879); "Prose Poems and Selections" (1884) ; "The Brain and the Bible" (Cincinnati, 1883). Colonel IngersoU's home for some twenty years, in the later part of his life, was in the city of New York. Died, suddenly, from heart disea.se, at his summer home at Dobb's Ferry, Long Island, July 21, 1899 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 397 IXGLIS, Samuel M., Superintendent of Public Instruction, born at Marietta, Pa., August 15, 1838: received his early education in Ohio and, in 1850, came to Illinois, graduating with first honors from the Mendota Collegiate Institute in 1861. The following year he enlisted in the One Hundred and Fourth Illinois Infautr}-, but, hav- ing been discharged for disability, his place was filled by a brother, who was killed at Knoxville, Tenn. In 1865 he took charge of an Academy at Ilillsboro. meanwhile studying law with the late Judge E. Y. Rice ; in 1868 he assumed the super- intendency of the public schools at Greenville, Bond County, remaining until 1883, when he became Professor of Mathematics in the Southern Normal University at Carbondale, being trans- ferred, three years later, to the chair of Literature, Rhetoric and Elocution. In 1894 he was nomi- nated as the Republican candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, receiving a pluralitj' at the November election of 123,. 593 votes over his Democratic opponent. Died, sud- denlv, at Kenosha, "Wis., June 1, 1898. INTERNAL IMPROVEMEXT POLICY, a name given to a scheme or plan of internal im- provement adopted b}' the Tenth General Assem- bl}' (1837), in compliance with a general wish of the peo[ile voiced at many public gatherings. It contemplated the construction of an extensive system of public works, chiefly in lines of rail- road which were not demanded by the commerce or business of the State at the time, but which, it was believed, would induce immigration and materially aid in the development of the State's latent resources. The plan adopted provided for the construction of such works by the State, and contemplated State ownership and management of all the lines of traffic thus constructed. The bill passed the Legislature in February, 1837, but was disapproved by the Executive and the Council of Revision, on the ground that such enterprises might be more successfully under- taken and conducted by individuals or private corporations. It was, however, subsequently passed over the veto and became a law, the dis- astrous effects of whose enactment were felt for many years. Tlie total amount appropriated by the act was 810,200,000, of which §400,000 was devoted to the improvement of waterways; §250,- 000 to the improvement of the "Great Western Mail Route"; ■$9,3.50,000 to the construction of railroads, and .$200,000 was given outright to counties not favored by the location of railroads or other improvements within their borders. In addition, the sale of .$1,000,000 worth of canal lands anil the issuance of .$500,000 in canal bonds were authorized, the j)roceeds to be used in the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, $500,000 of this amount to be expended in 1838. Work began at once. Routes were surveyed and contracts for construction let, and an era of reck- less speculation began. Large sums were rapidly expended and ne.arly $6,500,000 quickly added to the State debt. The sj'steni was soon demon- strated to be a failure and was abandoned for lack of funds, some of the "improvements" already made being sold to private parties at a heavy loss. This scheme furnished the basis of the State debt under which Illinois labored for manyj'ears, and which, at its maximum, reached nearly .$17,000,000. (See MacalUnter & Stebbins Bonds; State Debt; Tenth General Assembly; Eleventh General Assembly.) INUNDATIONS, REMARKABLE. The most remarkable fresliets (or floods) in Illinois history have been those occurring in the Jlississippi River; though, of course, the smaller tributaries of that stream have been subject to similar con- ditions. Probably the best account of early floods has been furnished bj' Gov. John Reynolds in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," — he having been a witness of a number of them. The first of which any historical record has been pre- served, occurred in 1770. At that time the only white settlements within the present limits of the State were in the American Bottom in the vicinity of Kaskaskia, and there the most serious results were produced. Governor Reynolds says the flood of that year (1770) made considerable encroachments on the east bank of the river adjacent to Fort Chartres, which had originally been erected by the French in 1718 at a distance of three-quarters of a mile from the main channel. The stream continued to advance in this direction until 1772, when the whole bottom was again inundated, and the west wall of the fort, having been undermined, fell into the river. The next extraordinary freshet was in 1784, when the American Bottom was again submerged and the residents of Kaskaskia and the neighboring villages were forced to seek a refuge on the bluffs — some of the people of Cahokia being driven to St. Louis, then a small French village on Spanish soil. The most remarkable flood of the present century occurred in May and June, 1844, as the result of extraordinary rains preceded by heavy winter snows in the Ro(;ky Mountains and rapid spring thaws. At this time the American Bot- tom, opposite St. Louis, was inundated from blulT to bluff, and large steamers passed over the sub- 298 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. merged lands, gathering up cattle and other kinds of property and rescuing the imperiled owners. Some of the villages affected by this flood — as Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskaskia — have never fully recovered from the disaster. Another considerable flood occurred in 1826, but it was inferior to those of 1T84 and 1844. A notable flood occurred in 1851, when the Mississippi, though not so high opposite St. Louis as in 1844, is said to have been several feet higher at Quincy than ip the previous year — the difference being due to the fact that the larger portion of the flood of 1844 came from the Missouri River, its effects being most noticeable below the mouth of that stream. Again, in 1868, a flood did con- siderable damage on the Upper Mississippi, reach- ing the highest point since 1851. Floods of a more or less serious character also occurred in 1876, 1880 and again in 1893. Although not so high as some of those previously named, the loss was pro- portionately greater owing to the larger area of improved lands. The flood of 1893 did a great deal of damage at East St. Louis to buildings and railroads, and in the destruction of other classes of property. — Floods in the Ohio River have been frequent and very disastrous, especially in the upper portions of that stream — usually resulting from sudden thaws and ice-gorges in the early spring. With one exception, the highest flood in the Ohio, during the present centiiry, was that of February, 1832, when the water at Cincinnati reached an altitude of sixty-four feet tliree inches. The recorded altitudes of others of more recent occurrence have been as follows: Dec. 17, 1847 — sixty -three feet seven inches; 1862— fifty -seven feet four inches; 1882— fifty- eight feet seven inches. The highest point reached at New Albany, Ind., in 1883, was seventy-three feet — or four feet higher than the flood of 1832. The greatest altitude reached in historic times, at Cincinnati, was in 1884 — ^the re- corded height being three-quarters of an inch in excess of seventy-one feet. Owing to the smaller area of cultivated lands and other improvements in the Ohio River bottoms within the State of Illinois, the loss has been comparatively smaller than on the Mississippi, although Cairo has suf- fered from both streams. The most serious dis- asters in Illinois territory from overflow of the Ohio, occurred in connection with the flood of 1883, at Shawneetown, when, out of six hundred houses, all but twent}' -eight were flooded to the second story and water ran to a depth of fifteen feet in the main street. A levee, which had been constructed for the protection of the city at great expense, was almost entirely destroyed, and an appropriation of $60,000 was made by the Legis- lature to indemnify the corporation. On April 3, 1898, the Ohio River broke through the levee at Shawneetown, inundating the whole city and causing the loss of twenty-five lives. Much suffering was caused among the people driven from their homes and deprived of the means of subsistence, and it was found necessary to send them tents from Springfield and supplies of food by the State Government and by private contri- butions from the various cities of the State. The inundation continued for some two or three weeks. — Some destructive floods have occurred in the Chicago River — the most remarkable, since the settlement of the city of Chicago, being that of March 12, 1849. Tliis was the result of an ice- gorge in the Des Plaines River, turning the waters of that stream across "the divide" into Mud Lake, and thence, by way of the South Branch, into the Chicago River. The accumula- tion of waters in the latter broke up the ice, which, forming into packs and gorges, deluged the region between the two rivers. Wlien the superabundant mass of waters and ice in the Chi- cago River began to flow towards the lake, it bore before it not only the accumulated pack-ice, but the vessels which had been tied up at the wharves and other points along the banks for the winter. A contemporaneous history of the event says that there were scattered along the streamat the time, four steamers, six propellers, two sloops, twent}'- four brigs and fifty-seven canal boats. Those in the upper part of the stream, being hemmed in by surrounding ice, soon became a part of the moving mass ; chains and hawsers were snapped as if they had been whip-cord, and the whole borne lakeward in indescribable confusion. The bridges at Madison, Randolph and Wells Streets gave waj- in succession before the immense mass, adding, as it moved along, to the general wreck by falling spars, crushed keels and crashing bridge timbers. "Opposite Kinzie wharf," saj'S the record, "the river was choked with sailing- craft of ever}' description, piled together in inex- tricable confusion." While those vessels near the mouth of the river escaped into the lake with comparatively little damage, a large number of those higher up the stream were caught in the gorge and either badly injured or totally wrecked. The loss to the city, from the destruction of bridges, was estimated at $20,000, and to vessels at $88,000 — a large sum for that time. The wreck of bridges compelled a return to the primitive system of ferries or extemporized bridges made HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 299 of boats, to furnish means of communication, between the several divisions of the city — a con- dition of affairs which lasted for several months. — Floods about the same time did considerable damage on the Illinois, Fox and Rock Rivers, their waters being higher than in 1838 or 1833, which were memorable Hood j'ears on these in- terior streams. On the former, the village of Peru was partially destroyed, while the bridges on Rock River were all swept away. A flood in the Illinois River, in the spring of 1855, resulted in serious damage to bridges and other property in the vicinity of Ottawa, and there were extensive inundations of the bottom lands along that stream in 1859 and subsequent j'ears. — In Febru- ary, 1857, a second flood in the Chicago River, similar to that of 1849, caused considerable dam- age, but was less destructive than that of the earlier date, as the bridges were more substan- tially constructed. — One of the most extensive floods, in recent times, occurred in the Mississippi River during the latter part of the month of April and early in May, 1897. The value of prop- erty destroyed on the lower Mississippi was estimated at many millions of dollars, and many lives were lost. At Warsaw, 111., the water reached a height of nineteen feet four inches above low-watermark on April 24, and, atQuincy, nearly nineteen feet on the 28th, while the river, at points between these two cities, was from ten to fifteen miles wide. Some 25,000 acres of farm- ing lands between Quincy and Warsaw were flooded and the growing crops destroyed. At Alton the height reached by the water was twenty-two feet, but in consequence of the strength of the levees protecting the American Bottom, the farmers in that region suffered less than on some previous j'ears. IPAYA,a town in Fulton County, on one of the branches o' the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 10 miles west-southwest of Lewistown, and some 44 miles north of Jacksonville. The county abounds in coal, and coal-mining, as well as agriculture, is a leading industry in the sur- rounding country. Other industries are the manufacture of flour ami woolen goods; two banks, four churches, a sanitarium, and a weekly newspaper are also located here. Population (1890), 067; (1900), 749; (1910), 652. IRON MANUFACTURES. The manufacture of iron, both pig and castings, direct from the furnace, has steadily increased in this State. In 1880, Illinois ranked seventh in the li.st of States producing manufactured iron, while, in 1890, it had risen to fourth place, Pennsylvania (which prodjices nearlj' fifty per cent of the total product of the country) retaining the lead, with Ohio and Alabama following. In 1890 Illinois had fifteen complete furnace stacks (as against ten in 1880), turning out 674,506 tons, or seven per cent of the entire output. Since then four additional fur- naces have been completed, but no figures are at hand to show the increase in production. During the decade between' 1880 and 1890, the percentage of increase in output was 616.53. The fuel used is chiefly the native bituminous coal, which is abundant and cheap. Of this, 674.506 tons were used; of anthracite coal, only 38,618 tons. Of the total output of pig-iron in the State, during 1890, 616,659 tons were of Bessemer. Charcoal pig is not made in Illinois. IRON MOUNTAIX, CHESTER & EASTERN RAILROAD. (See Wabash, Chester & Western Hailroatl. ) IROQUOIS COUNTY, a large county on the eastern border of the State; area, 1,100 square miles; population (1910), 35,543. In 1830 two pioneer settlements mere made almost simultane- ously, — one at Bunkum (now Concord) and tlie other at Milford. Among those taking up homes at the former were Gurdon S. Hubbard, Benja- min Fry, and Messrs. Cartwright, Thomas, New- comb, and Miller. At Milford located Robert Hill, Samuel Rush, Messrs. Miles, Pickell and Parker, besides the Cox, Moore and Stanley families. Iroquois County was set off from Ver- milion and organized in 1833, — named from the Iroquois Indians, or Iroquois River, which flows through it. The Kickapoos and Pottawatomies did not remove west of the Mississippi until 1836-37, but were always friendly. The seat of government was first located at Montgomery, wlience it was removed to Middleport, and finally to Watseka. The county is well timbered and the soil underlaid by both coal and building stone. Clay suitable for brick making and the manufacture of crockery is also found. The Iroquois River and the Sugar, Spring and Beaver Creeks thoroughly drain the county. An abun- dance of pure, cold water may be found anywhere by boring to the depth of from tliirtj- to eighty feet, a fact whicli encourages grazing and the manufacture of dairy products. The soil is rich, and well adapted to fruit growing. The prin- cipal towns are Oilman (population 1,112), Wat- seka (2,017). and Milford (957). IROQUOIS RIVER, (sometimes called Picka- minki, rises in AVestern Indiana and runs westward to Watseka, 111. ; thence it flows north- ward throutrh Irouuois and part of Kankakee 300 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Counties, entering the Kankakee River som^ five miles southeast of Kankakee. It is nearly 120 miles long. IRVING, a village in Montgomery County, on the line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 54 miles east-northea.st of Alton, and 17 miles east by north of Litchfield; has five churches, flounng and saw mills, creamery, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1000), 67.5; (1910), 678. ISHAM, Edward S., lawyer, was born at Bennington, Vt., Jan. l."), 1836; educated at Lawrence Academy and Williams College, Mass., taking Ids degree at the latter in 1857; was admitted to the bar at Rutland, Vt., in 1858, coming to Chicago the same year. Mr. Isham was a Representative in the Twenty-fourth General Assembly (1864-66) and, in 1881, his name was prominently considered for a position on tlie Supreme bench of the United States. He is the senior member of the firm of Isham, Lin- coln & Beale, which has had the management of some of the most important cases coming before the Chicago courts. Died Feb. 16, 1902. JACKSON, Huntington Wolcott, lawyer, born in Newark, N. J,, Jan. 28, 1841, being descended on the maternal side from Oliver Wolcott, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence ; received his education at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Princeton College, leav- ing the latter at the close of his junior year to enter the army, and taking part in tlie battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, a part of the time being on the staff of Maj.-Gen. John Newton, and, later, with Sherman from Chattanooga to Atlanta, finally receiving the rank of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel for gallant and meritorious service. Returning to civil life in 1865, he entered Harvard Law School for one term, then spent a year in Europe, on his return resuming his legal studies at Newark, N. J. ; came to Chicago in 1867, and the following year was admitted to the bar ; has served as Supervisor of South Chicago, as President of the Chicago Bar Association, and (by appointment of the Comptroller of the Currency) as receiver and attorney of the Third National Bank of Chicago. Under the will of the late John Crerar he became an executor of the estate, and a trustee of the Crerar Library. Died at Newark, N. J., Jan 3, 1901. JACKSON COUNTY, organized in 1816, and named in honor of Andrew Jackson; area, 580 square miles; ]>opu!ation (1910), .35,143. It lies in the southwest portion of the State, the Mis- sissippi River forming its principal western boundary. The bottom lands along the river are wonderfully fertile, but liable to overflow. It is crossed by a range of hills regarded as a branch of the Ozark range. Toward the east the soil is warm, and well adapted to fruit-growing. One of the richest beds of bituminous coal in the State crops out at various points, varying in depth from a few inclies to four or five hundred feet below the surface. Valuable timber and good building stone are found and there are numerous saline springs. Wheat, tobacco and fruit are principal crops. Early pioneers, with the date of their arrival, were as follows: 1814, W. Boon; 1815, Joseph Duncan (afterwards Governor) ; 1817, Oliver Cross, Mrs. William Kimmel, S. Lewis, E. Harrold, George Butcher and W. Eakin; 1818, the Bysleys, Mark Bradley, James Hughes and John Barron. Brownsville was the first county- seat and an important town, but owing to a dis- astrous fire in 1843, the government was removed to Murphysboro, where Dr. Logan (father of Gen. John A. Logan) donated a tract of land for county-buildings. John A. Logan was born here. The principal towns (with their respective popu- lation, as shown by the United States Census of 1890), were: Murphysboro, 3,880; Carbondale, 2,382; and Grand Tower, 634. JACKSONVILLE, the county-seat of Morgan County, and an important railroad center ; popu- lation (1890) about 13,000. The town was laid out in 1825, and named in honor of Gen. Andrew Jackson. The first court house was erected in 1836, and among early lawyers were Josiah Lara- born, John J. Hardin, Stephen A. Douglas, and later Richard Yates, afterwards the "War Gov- ernor" of Illinois. It is the seat of several im- portant State institutions, notably the Central Hospital for the Insane, and Institutions for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind — besides private educational institutions, including Illinois College, Illinois Conference Female Col- lege (Methodist), Jacksonville Female Academy, a Business College and others. The city has several banks, a large woolen mill, carriage fac- tories, brick yards, planing mills, and two news- paper establishments, each publishing daily and weekly editions. It justly ranks as one of the most attractive and interesting cities of the State, noted for the hospitality and intelligence of its citizens. Although immigrants from Kentucky and other Southern States predominated in its early settlement, the location there of Illinois College and the Jacksonville Female Academy, about 1830, brought to it many settlers of New England birth, so that it early came to be INSlTiriloX FOi: I>F,.\F .\N1> KIMi:. .lACKSONVII.LK. •, -•, A. A A ^ ^ A jk ' i . ^ ^ ^ ^ Main nnikiiuc and Girls' Cottage. INSTITUTIOX von 'PTIK lU.IXD. .TACKSOXVILLE. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 301 regarded as more distinctively New England in the character of its population than any other town in Southern Illinuis. Pop. (1910), 15,326. JACKSONVILLE FEMALE ACADEMY, an institution for tlie education of young ladies, at Jacksonville, the oldest of its class in the State. The initial steps for its organization were taken in 1830, the year after the establishment of Illinois College. It may be said to have been an otfshoot of the latter, these two constituting the originals of that remarkable group of educational and State Institutions which now exist in that city. Instruction began to be given in the Academy in May, 1833, under the principalship of Miss Sarah C. Crocker, and, in ISS.?, it was formally incorpo- rated by act of the Legislature, being the first educational institution to receive a charter from that body; though Illinois, McKendree and Shurtleflf Colleges were incorporated at a later period of the same session. Among its founders appear the names of Gov. Joseph Duncan, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant (for fifty years the President or a Profes.sor of Illi- nois College), John P. Wilkinson, Rev. John M. Ellis, David B. Ayers and Dr. Ero Chandler, all of whom, except the last, were prominently identified with the early history of Illinois Col- lege. The list of the alumnae embraces over five hundred names. On January 1, 1903, Jacksonville Female Academy was merged with Illinois College, and wliile retaining its buildings and grounds, it is now known as Academy Hall. JACKSONVILLE, LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See Jacksonville formal Scliool at St. Cloud, Minn., and George F. is instructor in the Cambridge Preparatory School of Chicago. JAMES, Edmund Janes, was born, May 21, 1855, at Jacksonville, Morgan County, 111., the fourth son of Rev. Colin Dew James of the Illi- nois Conference, grandson on his mother's side ^f Rev. Dr. Anthony Wayne Casad and great- grandson of Samuel Stites (all of whose sketches appear elsewhere in this volume) ; was educated in the Model Department of the Illinois State Normal School at Bloomington (Normal), from which he graduated in June, 1873, and entered the Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111., in November of the same year. On May 1, 1874, he was appointed Recorder on the United States Lake Survey, where he continued during one season engaged in work on the lower part of Lake Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence. He entered Harvard College, Nov. 2, 1874, but went to Europe in August, 1875, entering the University of Halle, Oct. 16, 1875, where he graduated, August 4, 1877, with the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. On his return to the United States he was elected Principal of the Public High School in Evanston, 111., Jan. 1, 1878, but resigned in June, 1879, to accept a position in the Illinois State Normal School at Bloomington as Professor of Latin and Greek, and Principal of the High School Department in connection with the Model School. Resigning this position at Christmas time, 1882, he went to Eiu'ope for study; accepted a position in the University of Pennsylvania as Professor of Public Administration, in Septem- ber, 1883, where he remained for over thirteen years. While here he was, for a time. Secretary of the Graduate Faculty and organized the in- struction in this Department. He was also Director of the Wharton School of Finance and Econoni}', the first attempt to organize a college course in the field of commerce and industry. During this time he oflSciated as editor of "The Political Economy and Public Law Series" issued by the University of Pennsylvania. Resigning his position in the University of Pennsylvania on Feb. 1. 1896, he accepted that of Professor of Pub- lic Administration and Director of the University Extension Division in the Universitj' of Chicago, where he has since continued. Professor James has been identified witli the progress of economic studies in the United States since the early eighties. He was one of the organizers and one of the first Vice-Presidents of the American Economic Association. On Dec. 14, 1889, he founded the American Academy of Political and Social Science with headquarters at Philadelphia, became its first President, and has continued such to the present time. He was also, for some years, editor of its publications. The Academy has now become the largest Association in the world devoted to the cultivation of economic and social subjects. He was one of the originators of, and one of the most frequent contributors to, "Lalor's Cyolopiedia of Political Science"; was also the pioneer in the movement to introduce into the United States the scheme of public instruction known as University Extension; was the first President of the American Society for the Exten- sion of University Teaching, under whose auspices the first effective extension work was done in this country, and has been Director of the Extension Division in the University of Chicago since Febru- ary, 1896. He has been especially identified with the development of higher commercial education in the United States. From his position as Director of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy he has affected the course of instruc- tion in this Department in a most marked way. He was invited by the American Bankers' Association, in the year 1892, to make a careful study of the subject of Commercial Education in Europe, and his report to this association on the Education of Business Men in Europe, republished by the University of Chicago in the year 1898, has become a standard authority on this subject. Owing largely to his efforts, departments similar to the Wharton School of Finance and Economy have been established under the title of College of Commerce, College of Commerce and Politics, and Collegiate Course in Commerce, in the Uni- versities of California and Chicago, and Columbia University. He has been identified with the progress of college education in general, espe- cially in its relation to secondary and elementary education, and was one of the early advocates of the establishment of departments of education in our colleges and universities, the policy of which is now adopted by nearly all the leading institu- tions. He was. for a time. State Examiner of High Schools in Illinois, and was founder of "The Illinois School Journal." long one of the most influential educational periodicals in the State, now changed in name to "School and Home." He has been especially active in the establish- ment of public kindergartens in different cities, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 303 and has been repeatedly offered the headship of important institutions, among tlieni being the University of Iowa, the University of Illinois, and the University of Cincinnati. He has served as Vice-President of the National Municipal League; of the American Association for tlie Advancement of Science, and the American Economic Association, and of the Board of Trus tees of the Illinois State Historical Library; is a member of the American Philosophical Society, of tiie Pennsylvania Historical Society, of the National Council of Education, and of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He was a member of the Committee of Thirteen of the National Teachers' Association on college entrance requirements; is a member of various patriotic and historical societies, including the Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of the Colonial "Wars, the Holland and the Huguenot Society. He is the author of more than one hun- dred papers and monographs on various economic, educational, legal and administrative subjects. Professor James was married, August 23, 1879, to Anna Margarethe Lange, of Halle, Prussia, daughter of the Rev. Wilhelm Roderich Lange, and granddaughter of the famous Professor Ger- lach of the Universitj' of Halle. JAMESON, John Alexander, lawyer and jur- ist, was born at Irasburgh, Vt., Jan. 35, 1834; graduated from the University of Vermont in 1846. After several j-ears spent in teaching, he began the study of law, and graduated from the Dane Law School (of Harvard College) in 1853. Coming west the same year he located at Free- port, 111., but removed to Chicago in 18.5G. In 1865 he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Chicago, remaining in office until 1883. During a portion of this period he acted as lec- turer in the Union College of Law at Chicago, and as editor of "The American Law Register." His literary labors were unceasing, his most notable work being entitled "Constitutional Con- ventions; their History, Power and Modes of Proceeding." He was also a fine classical scholar, speaking and reading German, French, Spanish and Italian, and was deeply interested in charitable and reformatory work. Died, sud- denly, in Chicago, June 16, 1890. JARROT, Nicholas, early French settler of St. Clair County, was born in France, received a liberal education and, on account of the disturbed condition there in the latter part of the last cen- tury, left his native country about 1790. After spending some time at Baltimore and New Orleans, he arrived at Cahokia, 111., in 1794, and became a permanent settler there. He early be- came a Major of militia and engaged in trade with the Indians, frequently visiting Prairie du Chien, St. Anthony's Falls (now Minneapolis) and the Illinois River in his trading expeditions, and on one or two occasions, incurring great risk of life from hostile savages. He acquired a large property, especially in lands, built mills and erected one of the earliest and finest brick houses in that part of the country. He also served as Justice of the Peace and Judge of the County Court of St. Clair County. Died, in 1823.— Vital (Jarrot), son of the preceding, inherited a large landed fortune from his father, and was an enterprising and public-spirited citizen of St. Clair County during the last generation. He served as Representative from St. Clair County in the Eleventh, Twentieth, Twenty-first and Twenty-second General Assemblies, in the first being an associate of Abraham Lincoln and always his firm friend and admirer. At the organization of the Twenty-second General Assembly (1857), he received the support of the Republican members for Speaker of the House in opposition to Col. W. R. Morrison, who was elected. He sacrificed a large share of his prop- erty in a public-spirited effort to build up a rolling mill at East St Louis, being reduced thereby from affluence to poverty President Lincoln appointed him an Indian Agent, which took him to the Black Hills region, where he died, some years after, from toil and exposure, at the age of 73 years. JASPER COUNTY, in the eastern part of Southern Illinois, ha\"iiig an area of 484 square mile.s, and a population (in 1910) of 18,157. It was organized in 1831 and named for Sergeant Jasper of Revolutionary fame. The county was placed un- der township organization in 1800. The first Board of County Commissioners consisted of B. Rey- nolds, W Richards and George Mattingley. The Embarras River crosses the county. The general surface is level, although gently undulating in some portions. Manufacturing is carried on in a small way; but the people are principally inter- ested in agriculture, the chief products consisting of wheat, potatoes, sorghum, fruit and tobacco. Wool-growing is an important industry. Newton is the county-seat, with a population (in 1890) of 1,428. JATNE, (Dr.) Gershom, early physician, was born in Orange County, NY., October, 1791 ; served as Surgeon in the War of 1813, and came to Illinois in 1819, settling in Springfield in 1821 ; was one of the Commissioners appointed to construct the 304 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. first State Penitentiary (1827), and one of the first Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. His oldest daughter (Julia Maria) became the wife of Senator TrumbulL Dr. Jayne died at Springfield, in 18GT.— Dr. William (Ja.yne), son of the preceding, was born in Springfield. 111., Oct. 8, 1826; educated by private tutors and at Illinois College, being a member of the class of 18-17, later receiving the degree of A.M. He was one of the founders of the Phi Alpha Society while in that institution ; graduated from the Medical Depart- ment of Missouri State University; in 1860 was elected State Senator for Sangamon County, and, the following year, was appointed by President Lincoln Governor of the Territory of Dakota, later serving as Delegate in Congress from that ferritory. In 1869 he was appointed Pension .4.gent for Illinois, also served for four terms as Mayor of his native city, and is now Vice-Presi- dent of the First National Bank, Springfield JEFFERSON COUNTY, a south-central county, cut off' from Edwards and White Counties in 1819, when it was separately organized, being named in honor of Thomas JeiTerson. Its area is 466 square miles, and its population (1910), 29,111. The Big Muddy River, with one or two tributaries, flows through the county in a southerly direc- tion. Along tue banks of streams a variety of hardwood timber is found. The railroad facilities are advantageous. Tne surface Is level and the soil rich. Cereals and truit are easily produced. A fine bed of limestone (.seven to fifteen feet thick) crosses the middle of the county. It has been quarried and found well adapted to building purposes. The county possesses an abundance of running water, much of which is slightly im- pregnated with salt. The upper coal measure underlies the entire county, but the seam is scarcely more than two feet thick at any point. The chief industry is agriculture, though lumber is manufactured to some e.xtent. Mount Vernon, the county-seat, was incorporated asacity in 18T2 Its population in 1890 was 3,233. It has several manufactories and is the seat of the Appellate Court for the Southern Judicial District of the State. JEFFERY, Edward Turner, Railway President and Manager, l)orn in Liverpool, Eng. , April 6, 1843, his father being an engineer in tlie British navy; about 18.50 came with his widowed mother to Wheeling, Va , and, in 1836, to Chicago, where he secured employment as office-boy in the machinery department of the Illinois Central Railroad. Here he finally became an apprentice and, passing through various grades of the me- chanical department, in May, 1877, became General Superintendent of the Road, and, in 1885, General Manager of the entire line. In 1889 he withdrew from the Illinois Central and, for several years past, has been President and General Manager of the Denver & Rio Grande Railway, with head- quarters at Denver, Colo. Mr. Jeffery's career as a railway man has been one of the most conspicu- ous and successful in the history of American railroads JENKINS, Alexander M., Lieutenant-Governor (1834-36), came to Illinois in his youth and located in Jackson County, being for a time a resident of Brownsville, the first county-seat of Jackson Coimty, where he was engaged in trade. Later he studied law and became eminent in his pro- fession in Southern Illinois. In 1830 Mr. Jenkins was elected Representative in the Seventh General Assembly, was re-elected in 1832, serving during his second term as Speaker of the House, and took part the latter year in the Black Hawk War as Captain of a comiiany. In 1834 Mr. Jenkins was elected Lieutenant-Governor at the same time with Governor Duncan, though on an opposing ticket, but resigned, in 1836, to become President of the first Illinois Central Railroad Company, which was chartered that year. The charter of the road was surrendered in 1837, when the State had in contemplation the policy of buiUling a system of roads at its own cost For a time he was Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Edwardsville. and, in 1847, was elected to the State Constitutional Convention of that year Other positions held by him included that of Jus- tice of the Circuit Court for the Third Judicial Circuit, to which he was elected in 18.59, and re-elected in 1861, but died in oflice, Febru;iry 13, 1864. Mr. Jenkins was an uncle of Gen. John A. Logan, who read law with him after his return from the Jlexiean War. JENNEY, William Le Baron, engineer and architect, born at Fairhaven, Mass., Sept. 25, 1832; was educated at Phillips Academy, An- dover, graduating in 1849; at 17 took a trip around the world, and, after a j'ear spent in the Scientific Department of Harvard College, took a course in the Ecole Centrale des Artes et Manu- factures in Paris, graduating in 18.56. lie then served for a year as engineer on the Tehuantepec Railroad, and, in 1861, was made an .\id on the staff of General Grant, being transferred the next year to the staff of General Sherman, with whom he remained three jears, participating in many of the most important battles of the war in the West. Later, he was engaged in the preparation HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 305 of maps of General Slierman"s campaigns, which were imblislieil in the "Memoirs" of the latter. In 1S6S he located in f'hicago, anil afterward gave his attention almost solely to architecture, the result being seen in some of Chicago's most note- worthy buildings. Died June 15, 1907. JERSEY COUNTY, situated in the western portion of the middle division of the State, bordering on the Illinois and Jlississippi Rivers. Originally a part of Greene County, it was sepa- ratelj- organized in 1839, with an area of 360 square miles. There were a few settlers in the county as early as 1816-17 Jorseyville, the county-seat, was platted in 1834, a majority of the early resi- dents being natives of, or at least emigrants from. New Jersey The mild climate, added to the character of the soil, is especially adapted to fruit growing and stock-raising The census of 1900 gave the population of the county as 14,612 and of Jerseyville, 3,517. Grafton, near the junction of the Mississippi with the Illinois, had a population of 927. The last mentioned town is noted for its stone quarries, which employ a number of men. Pop. (,1910), 13,954. JERSEYVILLE, a city and county-seat of Jer- sey County, the point of junction of the Chicago &. Alton and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railways, 19 miles north of Alton and 45 miles north of St. Louis, Mo. The city is in an agri cultural district, but has manufactories of flour, plows, carriages and wagons, shoe factory and watch-making machinery. It contains a hand- some courthouse, completed in 1894, nine churches, a graded public school, besides a sep- arate school for Colored children, a convent, library, telephone system, electric lights, artesian wells, and one paper, daily and weekly.- Pop. (1900), 3,517; (1910), 4,113. JO DAVIESS COUNTY, situated in the north- west corner of the State; has an area of 650 square miles; population (1910), 2'2.fi'u. It was first explored by Le Seuer, who reported the discovery of lead in 1700. Another Frenchman (Bouthil- lier) was the first permanent white settler, locat- ing on the site of the present city of Galena in 1820. About the same time came several Ameri- can families; a trading post was established, and the hamlet was known as Fredericks' Point, so called after one of the pioneers. In 1822 the Government reserved from settlement a tract 10 miles scpiare along the Mississippi, with a view of controlling the mining interest. In 1823 mining privileges were granted upon a royalty of one sixth, and the first smelting furnace was erected the same year. Immigration increased rapidly and, inside of three years, the "Point" had a popu- lation of 150, and a post-office was established with a fortnightly mail to and from Vandalia, then the State capital. In 1827 county organiza- tion was effected, the county being named in honor of Gen. Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who was killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe. The original tract, however, has been subdivided until it now constitutes nine counties The settlers took an active part in both tlie Winnebago and Black Hawk Wars In 1840-47 the mineral lands were placed on the market by the Government, and quickly taken by corporations and individuals. The scenery is varied, and the soil (particularly in the east) well suited to the cultivation of grain Tlie county is well wooded and well watered, and thoroughly drained by the Fever and Apple Rivers. The name Galena was given to the county-seat (originally, as has been said, Fredericks' Point) by Lieutenant Thomas, Gov- ernment Surveyor, in 1827, in which year it was platted. Its general appearance is picturesque. Its early growth was extraordinarj', but later (particularly after the growth of Chicago) it received a set-back. In 1841 it claimed 2,000 population and was incorporated, in 1870 it had about 7,000 population, and, in 1900, 5,005. The names of Grant, Rawlins and E. B. Washburne are associated with its history. Other important towns in the county are Warren (population 1,327), East Dubuque (1,146) and Elizabeth (659). JOHNSON, Caleb C, lawyer and legislator, was born in Whiteside Covmty, 111., May 23. 1844, educated in the common schools and at the Military Academy at Fulton, 111. ; served during the Civil War in the Sixty-ninth and One Hun- dred and Fortieth Regiments Illinois Volunteers; in 1877 was admitted to the bar and, two years later, began practice. He has served upon the Board of Township Supervisors of Whiteside County; in 1884 was elected to the House of Representatives of the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, was re-elected in 1886, and again in 1896. He also held the position of Deputy Col- lector of Internal Revenue for his District during the first Cleveland administration, and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1888. JOHNSON, (Rev.) Herrick, clergyman and educator, was liorn near Fonda. N. Y., Sept. 21, 1832; graduated at Hanailton College, 18.57, and at Auburn Theological Seminary, 1860; held Pres- byterian pastorates in Tro)', Pittsburg and Phila- delphia; in 1874 became Professor of Homiletics and Pastoral Theology in Auburn Theological 306 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Seminary, and, in 1880, accepted a pastorate in Chicago, also becoming Lecturer on Sacred Rhet- oric in McCormick Theological Seminary. In 1883 he resigned his pastorate, devoting his atten- tion thereafter to the duties of his professorship. He was Moderator of tlie Presbyterian General Assembly at Springfield, in 1882, and has served as President, for many years, of the Presbyterian Church Board of Aid for Colleges, and of the Board of Trustees of Lake Forest University. Besides many periodical articles, he has published several volumes on religious subjects. JOHXSOX, Hosmer A., M.D., LL.D., physi- cian, was born near Buffalo, N Y., Oct. 6, 1822; at twelve removed to a farm in Lapeer County, Mich. In spite of limited school privileges, at eighteen he secured a teachers' certificate, and, by teaching in the winter and attending an academy in the summer, prepared for college, entering the University of Michigan in 1846 and graduating in 1849. In 18.50 he became a student of medicine at Rush Medical College in Chicago, graduating in 1852, and the same year becoming Secretary of the Cook County Medical Society, and, the year following, associate editor of "The Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal." For three years he was a member of the faculty of Rush, but, in 1858, resigned to become one of the founders of a new medical school, which has now become a part of Northwestern University. During the Civil War, Dr. Johnson was Chair- man of the State Board of Medical Examiners ; later serving upon the Board of Health of Chi- cago, and upon the National Board of Health. He was also attending physician of Cook County Hospital and consulting physician of the Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. At the time of the great fire of 1871, he was one of the Direct- ors of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society. His connections with local. State and National Soci- eties and organizations (medical, scientific, social and otherwise) werj very numerous. He trav- eled extensivel}', both in this country and in Europe, during his visits to the latter devoting much time to the study of foreign sanitary con- ditions, and making further attainments in medi- cine and surger}'. In 1883 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Northwestern Uni- versity. During his later years, Dr. Johnson was engaged almost whollj' in consultations. Died, Feb. 2G, 1891. JOHNSON COUNTY, lies in the southern por- tion of the State, and is one of the smallest counties, having an area of only 340 square miles, and a population (liUO) of 14,331— named for CoL Richard M. Johnson. Its organization dates back to 1812. A dividing ridge (forming a sort of water shed) extends from east to west, the waters of the Cache and Bay Rivers running south, and those of the Big Muddy and Saline toward the north. A minor coal seam of variable thickness (perhaps a spur from the regular coal- measures) crops out here and there. Sandstone and limestone are abundant, and, under cliffs along the bluffs, saltpeter has been obtained in small quantities. Weak copperas springs are numerous. The soil is rich, the principal crops being wheat, corn and tobacco. Cotton is raised for home consumption and fruit-culture receives some attention. Vienna is the county-seat, with a population, in 1890, of 828. JOHNSTON, Noah, pioneer and banker, was born in Hardy County, Va., Dec. 20, 1799, and, at the age of 12 years, emigrated with his father to Woodford County, K}-. In 1834 he removed to Indiana, and, a few years later, to Jefferson County, 111., where he began farming. He sub- sequently engaged in merchandising, but proving unfortunate, turned his attention to politics, serving first as County Commissioner and then as County Clerk. In 1838 he was elected to the State Senate for the counties of Hamilton and Jefferson, serving four years; was Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the Senate during the session of 1844-45, and, in 1846, elected Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly. The following year be was made Paymaster in the United States Army, serving through the Mexican War; in 1852 served with Abraham Lincoln and Judge Hugh T. Dickey of Chicago, on a Commission appointed to investigate claims against the State for the construction of tlie Illinois & Michitran Canal, and, in 18.54, was appointed Clerk of the Supreme Court for the Third Division, being elected to the same position in 1861. Other posi- tions held b}' him included those of Deputy United States Marshal under the administration of Presi- dent Polk, Commissioner to superintend the con- struction of the Supreme Court Building at Mount Vernon, and Postmaster of that city. He was also elected Representative again in 1866. The later years of his life were spent as President of the Jlount Vernon National Bank. Died, No- vember, 1891, in his 92d year. JOLIET, the county-seat of Will County, situ- ated in the Des Plaines River Vallej-. 3fi miles southwest of Chicago, on tlie Illinois & Micliigan Canal, and the intersecting point of five lines of railway. A good quality of calcareous building stone underlies the entire region, and :s exten- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 307 si vely quarried. (! ravel, sand, and clay are also easily obtained in considerable quantities. Within twenty miles are productive coal mines. The Northern Illinois Penitentiary and a female penal institute stand just outside the city limits on the north. Joliet is an important manufac- turing center, the census of 1900 crediting the city with 4.55 establishments, having §1.5,453,186 capital, employing 0,523 hands, paying §3,957,529 wages and §17,891,836 for raw material, turning out an annual product valued at §27,765,104 The leading industries are the manufacture of foundry and macliine-shop products, engines, agricultural implements, pig-iron. Bessemer steel, steel bridges, rods, tin cans, wallpaper, matches, beer, saddles, paint, furniture, pianos, and stoves, besides quarrying and stone cutting. The Chi- cago Drainage Canal supplies valuable water- power. The city has many handsome public buildings and private residences, among the former being four high schools. Government postotfice building, two public libraries, and two public hospitals. It also has two public and two school parks, three daily and three weekly jjapers. Pop. (1890), 23,264; (1900), 29,3.53; (1910), 34,670. JOLIET, ArRORA & XORTHERX RAIL- WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet &• Eastern Railway.) JOLIET, Loui:^, a French explorer, born at Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645, educated at the Jesuits' College, and early engaged in the fur- trade. In 1669 he was sent to investigate the copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most important service began in 1673, when Frontenac commissioned him to explore. Starting from the missionary station of St. Ignace, with Father Marquette, he went up the Fox River within the present State of Wisconsin and down the Wis- consin to the Mississippi, which he descended as far as the mouth of the Arkansas. He was the first to discover that the Mississippi flows to the Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed) the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago. Although later appointed ro3-al hydrographer and given the island of Anticosti, he never revisited the Jlississippi Some historians assert that this was largely due to the influential jeal- ousy of La Salle. Died, in Canada, in May, 1700. JOLIET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, con stituting a part of and operated by the Calumet & Blue Island— a belt line, 21 miles in length, of standard gauge and laid with 60-lb. steel rails The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet, although originally projected to merely run from that city to a connection with the Calumet & Blue Island Railway. The capital stock author- ized and paid in is §100,000. The company's general oflSces are in Chicago. JOLIET & NORTHERN INDIANA RAIL- ROAD, a road running from Lake, Ind., to Joliet, 111., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois), and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the date of completion), to the Michigan Central Rail- road Company, which owns nearly all its stock. Its capital stock is §300,000, and its funded debt, $80,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the total amount of capital invested (1895) to $1,- 143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in 1894, §89,017; total expenditures, §62,370. (See Michigan Central Railroad.) JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator, was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought to McHenry Count)', 111., at 10 years of age, and, at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two winters in school at Rockford, and a short season in teaching, he spent a year in the book and jewelry business at Warren, Jo Daviess County. The following year (1858) he made a trip to Pike's Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expec- tations in regard to raining, returned almost immediately. The next few years were spent in various occupations, including law and real estate business, until 1873, when he was elected to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, p^nd re-elected two years later. Other positions successively held by him were those of Commis- sioner of the Joliet Penitentiary, Collector of Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. He was, for fourteen years, a member of the Republican State Central Committee, dur- ing twelve years of that period being its chair- man. From 1885, Mr. Jones was manager of the Bethesda Mineral Sjirings at Waukesha, Wis., but found time to make his mark in Wisconsin politics also. Died Julj' 8, 1910. JONES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illi- nois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after prac- ticing the latter in London for a short time, came to America in 1784, spending two years in Phila- delphia, where he made the acquaintance of Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in 1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition against the Indians on the Wabash. This having partially failed through the discontent and desertion of the troops, he remained at Vincennes four years, part of the time as Commissary- 308 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. General of the garrison there. In 1790 he went to Kaskaskia, but eleven years later returned to Vin- cennes, being commissioned the same year by Gov. William Henry Harrison, Attorney-General of Indiana Territor}-, and, in 1805, becoming a member of the first Legislative Council. He was Secretary of the convention at Vincennes, in December, 1802, which memorialized Congress to suspend, for ten years, the article in the Ordi- nance of 1787 forbidding slavery in the Northwest Territory. In 18U8 he removed a second time to Kaskaskia, remaining two years, when he located within the present limits of the State of Missouri (then the Territory of Louisiana), residing suc- cessively at St. Genevieve, St. Louis and Potosi, at the latter place acquiring large interests in mineral lands. He became prominent in Mis- souri politics, served as a member of the Conven- tion which framed the first State Constitution, was a prominent candidate for United States Senator before the first Legislature, and finally elected by the same a Justice of the Supreme Court, dying in office at St. Louis, Feb. 1, 1824. He appears to have enjoyed an extensive practice among the early residents, as shown by the fact that, the year of his return to Kaskaskia, he paid taxes on more than 16.000 acres of land in Monroe County, to say nothing of his possessions about Vincennes and his subsequent acquisitions in Missouri He also prepared the first revision of laws for Indiana Territory when Illinois com- posed a part of it. — Rice (Jones), son of the pre- ceding by a first marriage, was born in Wales, Sept. 28, 1781; came to America with his par- ents, and was educated at Transylvania University and the University of Pennsylvania, taking a medical degree at the latter, but later studying law at Litchfield, Conn., and locating at Kaskas- kia in 1806. Described as a young man of brilliant talents, he took a prominent part in politics and, at a special election held in September, 1808, was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, by the party known as "Divisionists" — i. e., in favor of the division of the Territory — which proved successful in the organization of Illinois Territory the following j'ear. Bitterness engendered in this contest led to a challenge from Shadrach Bond (afterwards first Governor of the State) which Jones accepted; but the affair was ami- cably adjusted on the field without an exchange of shots. One Dr. James Dunlap, who had been Bond's second, expressed dissatisfaction with the settlement; a bitter factional fight was main- tained between the friends of the respective parties, ending in the assassination of Jones, who was shot by Dunlap on the street in Kaskaskia, Dec. 7, 1808 — Jones dying in a few minutes, while Dunlap fled, ending his days in Texas. — Gen. John Rice (Jones), Jr., another son, was born at Kaskaskia, Jan. 8, 1792, served under Capt. Henry Dodge in the War of 1812, and, in 1831, went to Texas, where he bore a conspicuous part in securing the independence of that State from Mexico, dying there in 184.5 — the year of its annexation to the United States. — George Wallace (Jones), fourth son of John Rice Jones (1st), was born at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, April 12, 1804; graduated at Transylvania Uni- versity, in 1825; served as Clerk of the United States District Court in Missouri in 1826, and as Aid to Gen. Dodge in the Black Hawk War ; in 1834 was elected Delegate in Congress from Michigan Territory (then including the present States of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa), later serving two terms as Delegate from Iowa Terri- tor}-, and, on its admission as a State, being elected one of the first United States Senators and re- elected in 1852; in 1859, was appointed by Presi- dent Buchanan Minister to Bogota, Colombia^ but recalled in 1861 on account of a letter to Jefferson Davis expressing sj'mpathy with the cause of the South, and was imprisoned for two months in Fort Lafayette. In 1838 he was the sec- ond of Senator Cilley in the famous Cilley-Graves duel near Washington, which resulted in the death of the former. After his retirement from office, General Jones' residence was at Dubuque, Iowa, where he died, July 22, 1896, in the 93d year of his age. JOXES, Michae'j early politician, was a Penn- sylvanian by birth, who came to Illinois in Terri- torial days, and, as early as 1809, was Register of the Land Office at Kaskaskia; afterwards removed to Shawneetown and represented Gallatin County as a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818 and as Senator in the first four General Assemblies, and ajso as Repre- sentative in the Eighth. He was a candidate for United States Senator in 1819, but was defeated by Governor Edwards, and was a Presidential Elector in 1820. He is represented to have been a man of considerable ability but of bitter passions, a supporter of the scheme for a pro-slavery con- stitution and a bitter opponent of Governor Edward.s. JO>'ES, J. Russell, capitalist, was born at Conneaut, Aslitabula County, Oliio, Feb. 17, 1823; after spending two years as clerk in a store in his native town, came to Chicago in 1838; spent the next two years at Rocjcton, when he accepted a HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 309 clerkship in a leading mercantile establishment at Galena, finally being advanced to a partner- ship, which was dissolved in 1856. In 1860 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, and, in March following, was appointed by President Lincoln United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. In 1869, by appointment of President Grant, he became Minister to Belgium, remaining in office until 1875, when he resigned and returned to Chicago. "Subsequently he declined the position of Secretary of the Interior, but was appointed Collector of the Port of Chi- cago, from which he retired in 1888. Mr. Jones served as member of the National Republican Committee for Illinois in 1868. In 1863 he organ- ized the West Division Street Railway, laying the foundation (if ample fortuno. Died .Vpr. 11, 1909. JONES, William, pioneer merchant, was born at Charlemont, Mass., Oct. 22, 1789, but spent his boyhood and early manhood in New York State, ultimately locating at Buffalo, where he engaged in business as a grocer, and also held various public positions. In 1831 he made a tour of observation westward by way of Detroit, finally reaching Fort Dearborn, which he again visited in 1832 and in '33, making small investments each time in real estate, which afterwards appreciated immensely in value. In 1834, in partnership with Byram King of Buffalo, Mr. Jones engaged in the stove and hardware business, founding in Chicago the firm of Jones & King, and the next year brouglit his family. While he never held any important public office, he was one of the most prominent of those early residents of Chicago through whose enterprise and public spirit the city was made to prosper. He held the office of Justice of the Peace, served in the City Council, was one of the founders of the city fire depart- ment, served for twelve years (1840-52) on the Board of School Inspectors (for a considerable time as its President), and contributed liberally to the cause of education, including gifts of $50,000 to the old Chicago University, of which he was a Trustee and, for some time. President of its Executive Committee. Died, Jan. 18, 1868.— Fernando (Jones), son of the preceding, was born at Forestville, Chautauqua County, N. Y., May 26, 1820, having, for some time in liis boyhood, Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) as his teacher at Buffalo, and, still later, Reuben E. Fen- ton (afterwards Governor and a United States Senator) as classmate. After coming to Chicago, in 1835, he was employed for some time as a clerk In Government offices and by the Trustees of the Illinois & Michigan Canal; spent a season at Canandaigua Academy, N. Y. ; edited a periodical at Jackson, Mich., for a year or two, but finally coming to Chicago, opened an abstract and title office, in wliich he was engaged at the time of the fire of 1871, and which, by consolidation with two other firms, became the foundation of the Title Guarantee and Trust Company, which still plays an important part in the real-estate business of Chicago. Mr. Jones held various public positions, including that of Trustee of Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, and for years was a Trustee of University of Chicago. Died Nov. 8, 1911. — Kiler Kent (Jones), another son, was one of the found- ers of "The Gem of the Prairies" newspaper, out of which grew "The Chicago Tribune"; was for many years a citizen of Quinoy, 111. , and promi- nent member of the Republican State Central Committee, and, for a time, one of the publishers of "The Prairie Farmer." Died, in Quincy, August 20, 1886. JOJiESBORO, the county -seat of Union County, situated about a mile west of the line of the Illi- nois Central Railroad. It is some 30 miles north of Cairo, with which it is connected by the Mobile & Ohio R. R. It stands in the center of a fertile territory, largely devoted to fruit-growing, and is an important shipping-point for fruit and early vegetables; has a silica mill, pickle factory and a bank. There are also four churches, and one weekly newspaper, as well as a graded school. Population (1900), 1,130; (1910), 1,109. JOSLYN, Merritt L., lawyer, was born in Livingston County, N. Y., in 1827, came to Illi- nois in 1839, his father settling in McHenry County, where the son, on arriving at manhood, engaged in the practice of the law. The latter became prominent in political circles and, in 1856, was a Buchanan Presidential Elector. On the breaking out of the war he allied himself with the Republican party ; served as a Captain in the Thirty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in 1864, was elected to the Twenty-fourth General Assembly from McHenry County, later serving as Senator during the sessions of the Thirtieth and Thirty-first Assemblies (1876-80). After the death of President Garfield, he was appointed by President Arthur Assistant Secre- tary of the Interior, serving to the close of the administration. Returning to his home at Wood- stock, 111., he resumed the practice of his profes- sion, and, from 1889, .sierved as Master in Chancery for McHenry County. Died Oct. 10, 1904. JOUETT, Charles, Chicago's first lawyer, was born in Virginia in 1772, studied law at Charlottes- 310 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ville in that State; in 1802 was appointed by President Jefferson Indian Agent at Detroit and, in 1805, acted as Commissioner in conducting a treaty with the Wyandottes, Ottawas and otlier Indians of Northwestern Ohio and Michigan at Maumee City, Ohio. In the fall of the latter year he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, serring there until the year before the Fort Dear- bom Massacre. Removing to Mercer County, Ky., in 1811, he was elected to a Judgeship there, but, in 1815, was reappointed by President Madi- son Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, remaining until 1818, when he again returned to Kentucky. In 1819 he was appointed to a United States Judgeship in the newly organized Territory of Arkansas, but remained only a few months, when he resumed his residence in Kentucky, dying there. May 28, 1834. JOURNALISM. (See Newspapers, Early.) JUDD, Xorman Bnel, lawyer, legislator. For- eign Minister, was born at Rome, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1815, where he read law and was admitted to the bar. In 1836 he removed to Chicago and com- menced practice in the (then) frontier settle- ment. He early rose to a position of prominence and influence in public affairs, holding various municipal offices and being a member of the State Senate from 1844 to 1860 continuously. In 1860 he was a Delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention, and, in 1861, President Lin- coln appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary to Prussia, where he represented this country for four years. He was a warm personal friend of Lincoln, and accompanied him on his memorable journey from Springfield to Washington in 1861. In 1870 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress. Died, at Chicago, Nov. 10, 1878. JUDD, S. Corning, lawyer and politician, born in Onondaga County, N, Y., July 21, 1827; was educated at Aurora Academy, taught for a time in Canada and was admitted to the bar in New York in 1848 ; edited "The Syracuse Daily Star" in 1849, and, in 1850, accepted a position in the Interior Department in Washington. Later, he resumed his place upon "The Star," but, in 1854, removed to Lewistown, Fulton County, 111 , and began practice with his brother-in-law, the late W C. Goudy. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, entering into partnership with William Fitzhugh White- ho\ise, son of Bishop Whitehouse, and tecame prominent in connection with some ecclesiastical trials which followed. In 1800 he was a Demo- cratic candidate for Presidential Elector and, during the war, was a determined opponent of the war policy of the Government, as such mak- ing an unsuccessful campaign for Lieutenant- Governor in 1864. In 1885 he was appointed Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 1889. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 22. 1895. JUDICIAL SYSTEM, THE. The Constitution of 1818 vested the judicial power of the State in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Legislature might establish. The former consisted of one Chief Justice and three Associ- ates, appointed by joint ballot of the Legislature; but, until 1825, wtien a new act went into effect, they were required to perform circuit duties in the several counties, while exercising appellate jurisdiction in their united capacity In 1824 the Legislature divided the State into five circuits, appointing one Circuit Judge for each, but, two years later, these were legislated out of oflice, and circuit court duty again devolved upon the Supreme Judges, the State being divided into four circuits. In 1829 a new act authorized the appointment of one Circuit Judge, who was assigned to duty in the territory northwest of the Illinois River, the Supreme Justices continuing to perform circuit duty in the four other circuits. This arrangement continued until 1835, when the State was divided into six judicial circuits, and, five additional Circuit Judges having been elected, the Supreme Judges were again relieved from circuit court service. After this no mate- rial changes occurred except in the increase of the number of circuits until 1841, the whole number then being nine. At this time political reasons led to an entire reorganization of the courts. An act passed Feb. 10, 1841, repealed all laws author- izing the election of Circuit Judges, and provided for the appointment of five additional Associate Judges of the Supreme Court, making nine in all; and, for a third time, circuit duties devolved upon the Supreme Court Judges, the State being divided at the same time into nine circuits. By the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 the judiciary system underwent an entire change, all judicial officers being made elective by the people. The Constitution provided for a Supreme Court, consisting of three Judges, Circuit Courts, County Courts, and courts to be held by Justices of the Peace. In addition to these, the Legisla- ture had the power to create inferior civil and criminal courts in cities, but only upon a uniform plan. For the election of Supreme Judges, the State was divided into three Grand Judicial Divi- sions. The Legislature might, however, if it saw fit, provide for the election of ail three Judges on a general ticket, to be voted throughout the State-at-large; but this power was never exer- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 311 cised. Appeals lay from the Circuit Courts to the Supreme Court for the particular division in which the county might be located, although, by unanimous consent of all parties in interest, an appeal might be transferred to another district. Nine Circuit Courts were established, but the number might be increased at the discretion of the General Assembly. Availing itself of its constitutional power and providing for the needs of a rapidly growing community, the Legislature gradually increased the number of circuits to tliirty. The term of office for Supreme Court Judges was nine, and, for Circuit Judges, six years. Vacancies were to be filled by popular election, unless the unexpired term of the deceased or retiring incumbent was less than one year, in which case the Governor was authorized to appoint. Circuit Courts were vested with appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals, and each was required to hold at least two terms annually in each county, as might be fixed by statute. The Constitution of 1870, without changing the mode of election or term of office, made several changes adapted to altered conditions. As regards the Supreme Court, the three Grand Divisions were retained, but the number of Judges was increased to seven, chosen from a like number of districts, but sitting together to con- stitute a full court, of which four members con- stitute a quorum. A Chief Justice is chosen by the Court, and is usually one of the Judges nearing the expiration of his term. Tlie minor officers include a Reporter of Decisions, and one Clerk in each Division. By an act passed in 1897, the three Supreme Court Divisions were consoli- dated in one, the Court being required to hold its sittings in Springfield, and hereafter only one Clerk will be elected instead of three as hereto- fore. The salaries of Justices of the Supreme Court are fixed by law at $5,000 each. The State was divided in 1873 into twenty-seven circuits (Cook County being a circuit by itself), and one or more terms of the circuit court are required to be held each year in each county in the State. The jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts is both original and appellate, and includes mat- ters civil and criminal, in law and in equity. The Judges are elected by districts, and hold office for six years In 1877 the State was divided into thirteen judicial circuits (exclusive of Cook County), but without reducing the number of Judges (twenty-sixl already in office, and the election of one additional Judge (to serve two years) was ordered in each district, thus increas- ing the number of Judges to thirty-nine. Again in 1897 the Legislature passed an act increasing the nmnber of judicial circuits, exclusive of Cook County, to seventeen, while the number of Judges in each circuit remained the same, so that the whole number of Judges elected that year outside of Cook County was fifty-one. The salaries of Circuit Judges are §3,500 per year, except in Cook Countj', where they are $7,000. The Constitution also provided for the organiza- tion of Appellate Courts after the year 1874, hav- ing uniform jurisdiction in districts created for that purpose. These courts are a connecting link between the Circuit and the Supreme Courts, and greatly relieve the crowded calendar of the latter. In 1877 the Legislature established four of these tribunals: one for the County of Cook; one to include all the Northern Grand Division except Cook County; the third to embrace the Central Grand Division, and the fourth the South- ern. Each Appellate Court is held by three Cir- cuit Court Judges, named by the Judges of the Supreme Court, each assignment covering three years, and no Judge either allowed to receive extra compensation or sit in review of his own rulings or decisions. Two terms are held in each District every year, and these courts have no original jurisdiction. Cook County. — Tlie judicial system of Cook County is diff'erent from that of the rest of the State. The Constitution of 1870 made the county an independent district, and exempted it from being subject to any subsequent redistricting. The bench of the Circuit Court in Cook County, at first fixed at five Judges, has been increased under the Constitution to fourteen, who receive additional compensation from the county treas- ury. The Legislature has the constitutional right to increase the number of Judges according to population. In 18-19 the Legislature estab- lished the Cook County Court of Common Pleas. Later, this became the Superior Court of Cook County, which now (1898) consists of thirteen Judges. For this court there exists tlie same constitutional provision relative to an increase of Judges as in the case of the Circuit Court of Cook County. JUDY, Jacob, pioneer, a native of Switzer- land, who, having come to the United States at an early day, remained some years in ]\Iar3'land, when, in 1786, he started west, spending two years near Louisville, Ky., finally arriving at Kaskaskia, 111., in 1788. In 1792 he removed to New Design, in Monroe County, and, in 1800, located within the present limits of Madison 312 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Count}', where he died in 1807. — Samuel (Judy), son of the preceding, born August 19, 1773, was brought by his father to Illinois in 1788, and after- wards became prominent in political affairs and famous as an Indian fighter. On the organization of Madison County he became one of the first County Commissioners, serving many years. He also commanded a body of "Rangers" in the Indian campaigns during the War of 1812, gain- ing the title of Colonel, and served as a member from Madison County in the Second Territorial Council (181415). Previous to 1811 he built the first brick house within the limits of Madison County, which still stood, not manj' years since, a few miles from Edwardsville. Colonel Judy died in 1838. — Jacob (Judy), eldest son of Samuel, was Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville, 1845-49. — Thomas (Judy), younger son of Samuel, was born, Deo. 19, 1804, and represented JIadison County in the Eighteenth General Assembly (1852-54). His death occurred Oct. 4, 1880. JUDY, James William, soldier, was born in Clark Coimty, Ky., May 8, 1822— his ancestors on his father's side being from Switzerland, and those on his mother's from Scotland ; grew up on a farm and, in 1852, removed to Menard County, 111., where he has since resided. In August, 1862, he enlisted as a private soldier, was elected Cap- tain of his company, and, on its incorporation as part of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Regi- ment Illinois Volunteers at Camp Butler, was chosen Colonel by acclamation. The One Hun- dred and Fourteenth, as part of the Fifteenth Army Corps under command of that brilliant soldier. Gen. Wm. T. Sherman, was attached to the Army of the Tennessee, and took part in the entire siege of Vicksburg, from May, 1863, to the surrender on the 3d of July following. It also participated in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and numerous other engagements. After one year's service. Colonel Judy was compelled to resign by domestic affliction, having lost two children by death within eight days of each other, while others of his family were dangerously ill. On his retirement from the army, he became deeply interested in thorough-bred cattle, and is now the most noted stock auctioneer in the United States — having, in the past thirty years, sold more thoroughbred cattle than any other man living — his operations extending from Canada to Cali- fornia, and from Minnesota to Texas. Colonel Judy was elected a member of the State Board of Agriculture in 1874, and so remained continu- ously until 1890 — except two years — also serving as President of the Board from 1894 to 1896. He bore a conspicuous part in securing the location of the State Fair at Springfield in 1894, and the improvements there made under his administra- tion have not been paralleled in any other State. Originally, and up to 1856, an old-line Whig, Colonel Judy has since been an ardent Repub- lican ; and though active in political campaigns, has never held a political office nor desired one, being content with the discharge of his duty as a patriotic private citizen. KA>'AN, Michael F., soldier and legislator, was born in Essex County, N. Y., in November, 1837, at twenty j'ears of age removed to Macon County, 111., and engaged in farming. During the Civil War he enlisted in the Forty-first Illinois Volun- teers (Col. I. C. Pugh's regiment), serving nearly four years and retiring with the rank of Captain. After the war he served six years as Mayor of the city of Decatur. In 1894 he was elected State Senator, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assemblies. Captain Kanan was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and a member of the first Post of the order ever established — that at Decatur. KAXE, a village of Greene County, on the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railway, 40 miles south of Jacksonville. It has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 40S; (1890), 551; (1000), 588; (1910), .521. KAXE, Elias Kent, early United States Sena- tor, is said by Lanman's "Dictionary of Congress'' to have been born in New York, June 7, 1796. The late Gen. Geo. W. Smith, of Chicago, a rela- tive of Senator Kane's by marriage, in a paper read before the Illinois State Bar Associatior (1895), rejecting other statements assigning the date of the Illinois Senator's birth to various years from 1786 to 179G, expresses the opinion, based on family letters, that he was really born in 1794. He was educated at Yale College, gradu- ating in 1812, read law in New York, and emi- grated to Tennessee in 1813 or early in 1814, but, before the close of the latter year, removed to Illi- nois, settling at Kaskaskia. His abilities were recognized bj' his appointment, early in 1818, as Judge of the eastern circuit under the Territorial Government. Before the close of the same year he served as a member of the first State Consti- tutional Convention, and was appointed by Gov- ernor Bond the first Secretary of State under the new State Government, but resigned on the accession of Governor Coles in 1822. Two years later he was elected to the General Assembly as Representative from Randolph County, but HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 313 resigned before the close of the year to accept a seat iu the United States Senate, to which he was elected in 1824, and re-elected in 1830. Before the expiration of his second term (Dec. 12, 1835), having reached the age of a little more than 40 years, he died in "Washington, deeply mourned bj' his fellow-members of Congress and by his constituents. Senator Kane was a nousin of tlie distinguished Chancellor Kent of New York, through his mother's family, while, on his father's side, he was a relative of the celebrated Arctic explorer, Elisha Kent Kane. KAXE COCXTY, one of the wealthiest and most progressive counties in the State, situated in the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 540 sc|uare miles, and population (lOlO) of 01,862; was named for Senator Elias Kent Kane. Tim- ber and water are abundant, Fox River flowing through the (bounty from north to south. Immi- gration began in 1833, and received a new impetus in 183.J, when the Pottawatomies were removed west of the Mississippi A school was established in 1834, and a church organized in 1835. County organization was effected in June, 1836, and the public lands came on the market in 1842. The Civil "War record of the county is more than creditable, the number of volunteers e.xeeeding the assessed, quota. Farming, grazing, manufac- turing and dairy industries chiefly engage the attention of the people. The countj' lias manj' flourishing cities and towns. Geneva is the county- seat. (See Aurora. Dundee, Eldora, Elgin, Geneva and St. Charles.) KAXGLEY, a village of La Salle County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railwaj', three miles northwest of Streator. There are several coal shafts here. Pop. (1900), 1,004; (1910), 3S0. KAXK.iKEE, a city and county-seat of Kanka- kee County, on Kankakee River and 111. Cent. Railroad, at intersection of the "Big Four" with the Indiana, 111. & Iowa Railroad, 50 miles south of Chicago. It is an agricultural and stock-raising region, near extensive coal fields and l)og iron ore; has water-power, flour and paper mills, agri- cultural implement, furniture, and piano fac- tories, knitting and noveltj' works, besides two quarries of valuable building stone. The East- ern Hospital for the Insane is located here. There are three papers (daily and weekly), four banks, five schools, water-works, gas and electric light, electric cat lines, and Ciovernment postoflice ■ buildine Pop (1900), 13..59.'); (1910), 1:5,980. KAXK.VKEE COUXTY, a wealthy and popu- lous county in the northeast section of the .State, having an area of 080 square miles — receiving its name from its principal river. It was set apart from Will and Iroquois Counties under the act passed in 1S53, the owners of the site of the present city of Kankakee contributing $."),000 toward the erection of county buildings. Agri- culture, manufacturing and coal-mining are the principal pursuits. The first white settler was one Noah Vasseur, a Frenchman, and the first American, Thomas Durham. Pop. (1880), 25,047; (1890), 28,732; (1900), 37,154; (1910), 40,7.52. KAXKAKEE RIVER, a sluggish stream, rising in .St. Joseph County, Ind., and flowing west- southwest through English Lake and a flat marshy region, into Illinois. In Kankakee County it unites with the Iroquois from the south and the Des Plaines from the north, after the junction with the latter, taking the name of the Illinois. KAXKAKEE & SENECA RAILROAD, a line lying wholly in Illinois, 42.08 miles in length. It has a capital stock of 810,000, bonded debt of §6.50,000 and other forms of indebtedness (1895) reaching .?557, 629; total capitalization, $1,217,629. This road was chartered in 1881, and opened in 1882. It connects with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and is owned jointly by these two lines, but operated by the former (See Cleveland, Cineinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- road. ) KAXSAS, a village iu Edgar County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Chicago & Ohio River Railways, 156 miles northeast of St. Louis, 104 miles west of Indian- apolis, 13 miles east of Charleston and 11 miles west-southwest of Paris The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-raising. Kansas has tile works, two grain elevators, a canning factory, and railway machine shops, beside four churches, a collegiate institute, a National bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 723 ; (1890), 1,037; (1900), 1,049; (1910), 945. KASKASKI.X, a village of the Illinois Indians, and later a French trading post, flrst occupied ia 1700. It p.asseil into the hands of the British after the French-Indian War in 1705, and was captured by Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head of a force of Virginia troops, in 1778. (See Clark, George Rogers.) At that time the white inhab- itants were almost entirely of French descent. The first exercise of the elective franchise in Illi- nois occurred here in the year last named, and, in 1804, the United States Government opened a land oflice there. For many years the most important commercial town in the Territory, it remained the Territorial and State capital down 314 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. to 1819, when the seat of government was re- moved to Vandalia. Originally situated on the west side of the Kaskaskia River, some six miles from the Mississippi, early in 1899 its site had been swept away by the encroacluntnts of the latter stream, so that practiciiUy all that is left of the principal town of Illinois, in Territorial days, is simply its name. Pop. (1910), 142. KASKASKIA INDIANS, one of the five tribes constituting the Illinois confederation of Algon quin Indians. About the year 1700 they removed from what is now La Salle County, to Southern Illinois, where they established themselves along the banks of the river which bears their name. They were Anally removed, with their b-ethren of the Illinois, west of the Mississippi, and, as a distinct tribe, have become extinct. KASKASKIA RIVER, rises in Champaign County, and flows southwest through the coun- ties of Douglas, Coles, Moultrie, Shelby, Fayette, Clinton and St. Clair, thence southward through Randolph, and empties into the Mississippi River near Chester. It is nearly 300 miles long, and flows through a fertile, undulating country, which forms part of the great coal field of the State. KEITH, Edson, Sr., merchant and manufac- turer, born at Barre, Vt., Jan. 28, 1833, was edu- cated at home and in the district schools; spent 1850-54 in Montpelier, coming to Chicago the latter year and obtaining employment in a retail dry-goods store. In 1860 he assisted in establish- ing the firm of Keith, Faxon & Co. , now Edson Keith & Co. ; is also President of the corporation of Keith Brothers & Co. , a Director of the Metro- politan National Bank, and the Edison Electric Light Company. — Elbridge G. (Keith), banker, brother of the preceding, was born at Barre, Vt., July 16, 1840; attended local schools and Barre Academy ; came to Chicago in 1857, the next year taking a position as clerk in the house of Keith, Faxon & Co., in 1865 becoming a partner and, in 1884, being chosen President of the Metropolitan National Bank, where he still remains. Mr. Keith was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1880, and belongs to several local literary, political and social clubs; was also one of the Directors of the World's Columbian Exi)o- sition of 1892-93. KEITHSBURG, a town in Mercer County on the Mississippi River, at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Cen- tral Railways; 100 miles west-northwest of Peoria. Principal industries are fisheries, ship- ping, manufacture of pearl buttons and oilers; has one paper. Pop. (1900), L.^fifi; (1010), 1,515. KELLOGG, Hiram Huntingtoii, clergyman and educator, was born at Clinton (then Whites- town), N. Y., in February, 1803. graduated at Hamilton College and Auburn Seminary, after which he served for some years as pastor at various places in Central New York. Later, he established the Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary at Clinton, claimed to be the first ladies" semi- nary in the State, and the first experiment in the country uniting manual training of girls with scholastic instruction, antedating Mount Hoi yoke, Oberlin and other institutions which adopted this system. Color was no bar to admission to the institution, though the daughters of some of the wealthiest families of the State were among its pupils. Mr. Kellogg was a co-laborer with Gerritt Smith, Beriah Green, the Tappans, Garri- son and others, in the effort to arouse public senti- ment in opposition to slaver}'. In 1836 he united with Prof. George W. Gale and others in the movement for the establishment of a colony and the building up of a Christian and anti-slavery institution in the West, which resulted in the location of the town of Galesburg and the found, ing there of Knox College. Mr. Kellogg was chosen the first President of the institution and, in 1841, left his thriving school at Clinton to identify himself with the new enterprise, which, in its infancy, was a manual-labor school. In the West he soon became the ally and co-laborer of such men as Owen Lovejoy, Ichabod Codding, Dr. C. V. Dyer and others, in the work of extirpat- ing slavery. In 1843 he vi.sited England as a member of the World's Peace Convention, re- maining abroad about a j'ear, during which time he made the acquaintance of Jacob Bright and others of the most prominent men of that day in England and Scotland. Resigning the Presidency of Knox College in 1847, he returned to Clinton Seminary, and was later engaged in various busi- ness enterprises until 1861, when he again re- moved to Illinois, and was engaged in preaching and teaching at various points during the remainder of his life, dying suddenly, at his home school at Mount Forest, 111., Jan. 1, 1881. KELLOGG, WilHara Pitt, was born at Orwell, Vt., Dec. 8, 1831, removed to Illinois in 1848, studied law at Peoria, was admitted to the bar in 1854, and began practice in Fulton County. He was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 18.56 and 1860. being elected the latter year. Appointed Chief Justice of Nebraska in 1861, he resigned to accept the colonelcy of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry Fail- ing health caused his retirement from the army M .—Old Kaskaskia from Garrison Hill (1893). 2.— Kaskaskia Hotel where LaKayetto was feted in 1825. 3.— First Illinois State House. 1818. 4.— Interior of Room (1893) where LaFayette banquet was held. S.— Pierre .Menard .Mansion. 6.— House of Chief I")neoign, last of the Cascasquias (Kaskaskias). 1— Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (1898). 2.— View nu Principal Street (1891). 3.— Gen. John Edgar's House (1891). 4.— House of Gov. Bond (1891). 5.— •■Chcnu Mansion where L.v Fayette was entertained, as it appeared in 1898. 6— Old State Hous» (1900). HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 315 after the battle of Corinth. In 1865 he was appointed Collector of the Port at. New Orleans. Thereafter he became a conspicuous figure in both Louisiana and National poUtics, serving as United States Senator from Louisiana from 1868 to 1871, and as Governor from 1873 to 1876, during the stormiest period of reconstruction, and mak- ing hosts of bitter personal and political enemies as well as warm friends. An unsuccessful attempt was made to impeach him in 1876. In 1877 he was elected a second time to the United States Senate by one of two rival Legislatures, being awarded his seat after a bitter contest. At the close of his term (1883) he took his seat in the lower house to which he was elected in 1882, serving until 1885. While retaining his residence in Louisiana, Mr. Kellogg has spent much of his time of late years in Washington City. KENDALL COUJiTY, a northeastern county, with an area of 321 square miles and a population (1910) of 10.777. The surface is rolling and the soil fertile, although generallj- a light, sandy loam. The county was organized in 1841, out of parts of Kane and La Salle, and was named in honor of President Jackson's Postmaster General. The Fox River (running southwestwardly through the county), with its tributaries, affords ample drainage and considerable water power; the railroad facilities are admirable; timber is abundant. Yorkville and Oswego have been rivals for the county-seat, the distinction finally resting with the former. Among the pioneers may be mentioned Messrs. John Wilson, Ed- ward Ament, David Carpenter, Samuel Smith, the Wormley and Pierce brothers, and E. Morgan. KEN'DRICK, Adin A., educator, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1836; educated at Granville Academj', N. Y., and Middleburj' Col- lege; removed to Janesville, Wis., in 1857, studied law and began practice at Monroe, in that State, a )ear later removing to St. Louis, where he con- tinued practice for a short time. Then, having abandoned the law, after a course in the Theolog- ical Seminary at Rochester, N. Y., in 1861 he became pastor of the North Baptist Church in Chicago, but, in 1865, removed to St. Louis, where he remained in pastoral work until 1872, when he assumed the Presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton, 111. KENNEY, a village and railway station in Dewitt County, at the intersection of the Spring- field Division of the Illinois Central and the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroads. 3() miles northeast of Spriugtield. The town has two banks and two newspapers ; the district is agricultural. Pop. (1890), 497; (1900), .584; (1910), .570. KENT, (Rev.) Aratiis, pioneer and Congrega- tional missionary, was born in Suffield, Conn, in 1794, educated at Yale and Princeton and, in 1829, as a Congregational missionary, came to the Galena lead mines — then esteemed "a place so hard no one else would take it." In less than two years he had a Sunday-school with ten teachers and sixty to ninety scholars, and had also estab- lished a day-school, which he conducted himself. In 1831 he organized the First Presbyterian Church of Galena, of wliicli he remained pastor until 1848, when he became Agent of the Home Missionary Society. He was prominent in laying the foundations of Beloit College and Rockford Female Seminary, meanwliile contributing freely from his meager salary to charitable purposes. Died at Galena, Nov. 8, 1869. KEOKUK, (interpretation, "The Watchful Fox"), a Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born on Rock River, about 1780. He had the credit of shrewdness and bravery, which enabled him finally to displace his rival, Black Hawk. He always professed ardent friendship for the whites, although tliis was not infrequently attributed to a far-seeing policy. He earnestly dissuaded Black Hawk from the formation of his confeder- acy, and when the latter was forced to surrender himself to the United States authorities, he was formally delivered to the custody of Keokuk. By the Rock Island treaty, of September, 1832, Keo- kuk was formally recognized as the principal Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and granted a reser- vation on the Iowa River, 40 miles square. Here he lived until 1845, when he removed to Kansas, where, in June, 1848, he fell a victim to poison, supposedly administered by some parti.san of Black Hawk. (See Black Hawk and Black Hawk Wai:) KERFOOT, Samuel H., real-estate operator, was born in Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 18, 1823, and educated under tlie tutorship of Rev. Dr. Muh- lenburg at St. Paul's College, Flushing, Long Island, graduating at the ago of 19. He was then associated with a brother in founding St. James College, in Washington County, Md., but, in 1848, removed to Chicago and engaged in the real-estate business, in which he was one of the oldest operators at the time of his death, Dec. 28, 1896. He was one of the founders and a life member of the Chicago Historical Society and of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and associated with other learned and social organizations. He was also a member of the original Real Estate 316 KISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Stock Board of Chicago and its first Presi- dent. KEWANEE, a city in Henry County, on the Chicago, Burlington i*c Quincy Railroad, 131 miles southwest of Chicago. Agriculture and coal-mining are chief industries of the surround- ing country. The city contains eighteen churches, six graded schools, a public library of 10,000 volumes, three national banks, one weekly and two daily papers. It has extensive manufactories employing four to five thoasand hands, the out- put including tubing and soil-pipe, boilers, pumps and heating apparatus, agricultural implements, etc. Population (1890), 4,569; (1900), S,3S2; (1910), 9,307. KEYES, Willard, pioneer, was born at New- fane, Windsor County, Vt., Oct. 28, 1792; spent his early life on a farm, enjoying only such edu- cational advantages as could be secured by a few months' attendance on school in -winter; in 1817 started west by way of Mackinaw and, crossing Wisconsin (then an unbroken wilderness), finally reached Prairie du Chien, after whicli he spent a year in the "pineries." In 1819 he descended the Mississippi with a raft, his attention en route being attracted by tlie present site of the city of Quincy, to wliich, after two years spent in exten- sive exploration of the "Military Tract" in the interest of certain owners of bounty lands, lie again returned, finding it still unoccupied. Then, after two years spent in farming in Pike County, in 1824 lie joined his friend, the late Gov. John Wood, who had built the first house in Quincy two years previous. Mr. Keyes thus became one of the three earliest settlers of Quincy, the other two being John Wood and a Major Rose. On the organization of Adams County, in January, 182.^, he was appointed a member of tlie first Board of County Commission- ers, whicli held its first meeting in his house. Mr. Keyes acquired considerable landed property about Quincy, a portion of which he donated to the Chicago Theological Seminary, therebj- fur- nishing means for the erection of "Willard Hall" in connection with that institution. His death occurred in Quincy, Feb. 7, 1872. KICKAPOOS, a tribe of Indians whose eth- nology is closely related to that of the Mascou- tins. The French orthography of the word was various, the early explorers designating them as "Kic-a-pous," "Kicka-poux," "Kickabou," and "Quick-a-pous." The significance of the name is uncertain, different authorities construing it to mean "the otter's foot" and the "rabbit's ghost," according to dialect. From 1602, when the trilie was first visited by Samuel Champlain, the Kicka- poos were noted as a nation of warriors. They fought against Christianization, and were, for some time, hostile to tlie French, althougli they proved efficient allies of the latter during the French and Indian War. Their first formal recognition of the authority of the United States was in the treaty of Edwardsville (1819), in which reference was made to the treaties executed at Vincennes (180.') and 1809). Nearly a century before, they had left their seats in Wisconsin and established villages along the Rock River and near Cliicago (1712- 15). At the time of the Eilwardsville treat}' thej' had settlements in the valleys of the Wabash, Embarras, Kaskaskia, Sangamon and Illinois Rivers. While they fought bravel}' at the battle of Tippecanoe, their chief military skill lay in predator^' warfare. As compared with other tribes, they %vere industri- ous, intelligent and cleanlj-. In 1832-83 they were removed to a reservation in Kansas. Thence man}' of them drifted to the southwest, join- ing roving, plundering bands. In language, manners and customs, the Kickapoos closely resembled the Sacs and Foxes, with whom some ethnologists believe them to have been more or less closely connected. KILPATRICK, Thomas M., legislator and soldier, was born in Crawford County, Pa., June 1, 1807. He learned the potter's trade, and, at the age of 27, removed to Scott County, 111. He was a deep thinker, an apt and reflective student of public affairs, and naturally eloquent. He was twice elected to the State Senate (18-10 and '44), and, in 1846, was the Whig candidate for Governor, but was defeated by Augustus C. French, Democrat. In 18.50 he emigrated to California, but, after a few years, returned to Illinois and took an active part in tlie campaigns of 1858 and 1860. On the outbreak of the Civil War he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty- eighth Illinois Volunteers, for which regiment he had recruited a company. He was killed at the battle of Shiloh, ,\pril 6, 1862, while leading a charge. KINDERHOOK, a village and railway station in Pike County, on the Hannibal Division of the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Hannibal. Population (1890), 473; (1900), 370; (1910;, 371. KIN(J, John Lyle, lawyer, wa-s born in Madison, Ind., in 182.5 — the son of a pioneer settler who was one of the founders of Hanover College and of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary there, which afterwards became the "Presby- terian Theological Seminary of the Northwest, " HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 317 now the McCormick Theological Seminaiy of Chicago. After graduating at Hanover, Mr. King began the study of law with an uncle at JIadison, and the following year was admitted to the bar. In 18o2 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature and, while a member of that body, acted as Chair- man of the Committee to present Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian jmtriot and exile, to the Legisla- tuj-e: also took a prominent part, during the next few years, in the organization of the Republican party. Removing to Chicago in 1850, he soon became prominent in his profession there, and, in 18G0, was elected City Attorney over Col. James A. Mulligan, who became eminent a year ortwo later, in connection with the war for the Union. Hav- ing a fondness for literature, Mr. King wrote much for the press and, in 1878, published a volume of sporting experiences with a party of professional friends in the woods and waters of Northern Wis- consin and Michigan, under the title, "Trouting on the Brule River, or Summer Wayfaring in the Northern Wilderness." Died in Chicago, April 17, 1892. KING, William H., lawyer, was born at Clifton Park, Saratoga County, N.Y., Oct. 23, 1817; gradu- ated from Union College in 184G, studied law at Waterford and. having been admitted to the Ijar the following year, began practice at the same place. In 18.53 he removed to Chicago, where he held a number of important positions, including the Presidency of the Chicago Law Institute, the Chicago Bar Association, the Chicago Board of Education, and the Union College Alumni Association of the Northwest. In 1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty- seventh General Assembly, and, during the ses- sions following tlie fire of 1871 prepared the act for the protection of titles to real estate, made necessary by the destruction of the records in the Recorder's office. Mr. King received the degree of LL.D from his Alma Mater in 1879. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 6, 1892. KINGMAN, Martin, was born at Deer Creek. Tazewell County, 111., April 1, 1814; attended school at Washington, 111., then taught two or three years, and, in June, 1862, enlisted in the Eighty -sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serv- ing three years without the loss of a day — a part of the time on detached service in charge of an ambulance corps and, later, as Assistant Quarter- master. Returning from the war with the rank of Fir.st Lieutenant, in August, 1S(!5, lie went to Peoria, where he engaged in biLsiness and has re- mained ever since. He is now connected with the following business concerns: Kingman & Co., manufacturers and dealers in farm machinery, buggies, wagons, etc. , Tlie Kingman Plow Com- pany, Bank of Illinois, Peoria Cordage Company. Peoria General Electric Company, and National Hotel Companj', besides various outside enter- prises — all large concerns in each of which he is a large stockholder and a Director. Mr. Kingman was Canal Commissioner for six years — this being his only connection with politics. During 1898 he was also chosen Lieutenant-Colonel of the Peoria Provisional Regiment organized for the Spanish- American War. His career in connection with the industrial development of Peoria has been especially conspicuous and successful. KINKADE (or Kirikead), William, a native of Tennessee, settled in what is now Lawrence Countj', in 1817, and was elected to the State Senate in 1822, but appears to have served only one session, as he was succeeded in the Fourth General As.sembly by James Bird. Although a Tennesseean by birth, he was one of the most aggressive opponents of the scheme for making Illinois a slave State, being the only man who made a speech against the pro-slavery convention resolution, though this was cut short by the determination of the pro-con ventionists to permit no debate. Mr. Kinkade was appointed Post- master at Lawrenceville by President John Quincy Adams, and held the position for many years. He died in 184G. KINMUNDY, a city in Marion County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 229 miles south .of Chicago and 24 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit-growing and coal-mining are the principal industries of the surrounding country. Kinmundy has flouring mills ami brick-making plants, with other manufacturing establishments of minor impor- tance. There are five churches, a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890). 1,045; (1900), 1,221; (1910), 997 KINNEY, William, Lieutenant-Governor of Illinois from 1826 to 1830 ; was born in Kentucky in 1781 and came to Illinois early in life, finally .settling in St. Clair County. Of limited educa- tional advantages, he was taught to read by his wife after marriage. He became a Baptist preacher, was a good stump-orator; served two sessions in the State Senate (the First and Third), was a candidate for Governor in 1834, but was defeated by .Iose]ih Duncan ; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature a member of the Board of Publif^ Works, becoming its President. Died in 1843.— William C. (Kinney), son of the pre(;ed- ing, was born in Illinois, served as a member of 318 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and as Representative in the Nineteenth General Assem- bly (1855), and, in 1857, was appointed bj' Gov- ernor Bissell Adjutant-General of the State, dying in office the following year. KINZIE, John, Indian-trader and earliest citi- zen of Chicago, was born in Quebec, Canada, in 1763. His father was a Scotchman named McKenzie, but the son dropped the prefix "Mc," and the name soon came to be spelled "Kinzie" — an orthography recognized by the family. Dur- ing his early childhood his father died, and his mother gave him a stepfather by the name of William Forsythe. When ten years old he left home and, for three years, devoted himself to learning the jeweler's trade at Quebec. Fasci- nated by stories of adventure in the West, he removed thither and became an Indian-trader. In 1804 he established a trading post at what is now the site of Chicago, being the first solitary white settler. Later he established other posts on the Rock, Illinois and Kankakee Rivers. He was twice married, and the father of a numerous family. His daughter Maria married Gen. David Hunter, and his daughter-in-law, Mrs. John H. Kinzie, achieved literary distinction as the authoress of "Wau Bun," etc. (N. Y. 1850.) Died in Chicago, Jan. 6, 1828.— John Harris (Kinzie), son of the preceding, was born at Sand- wich, Canada, July 7, 1803, brought by his par- ents to Chicago, and taken to Detroit after the massacre of 1812, but returned to Chicago in 1816, Two years later his father placed him at Mackinac Agency of the American Fur Com- pany, and, in 1824, he was transferred to Prairie du Chien. The following year he was Sub- Agent of Indian affairs at Fort Winnebago, where he witnessed several important Indian treaties. In 1830 he went to Connecticut, where he %vas married, and, in 1833, took up his permanent resi- dence -in Chicago, forming a partnership with Gen. David Hunter, his brother-in-law, in the forwarding business. In 1841 he was appointed Registrar of Public Lands by President Harrison, but was removed by Tyler. In 1848 he was appointed Canal Collector, and, in 1849, President Taylor commissioned him Receiver of Public Moneys. In 1861 he was commissioned Pay- master in the army by President Lincoln, which ofiice he held until his death, which occurred on a railroad train near Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 18G5. KIRBT, Edward P., lawyer and legislator, was born in Putnam County, 111., Oct. 28, 1834 — the son of Rev. William Kirby, one of the found- ers and early professors of Illinois College at Jacksonville; graduated at Illinois College in 1854, then taught several years at St. Louis anu Jacksonville; was admitted to the bar in 1864, and, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Morgan County as a Republican ; was Representative in the General Assembly from Morgan County (1891-93) ; also served for several years as Trustee of the Central Hospital for the Insane and, tor a long period, as Trustee and Treasurer of Illinois College. KIRK, (tien.) Edward Jf., soldier, was born of Quaker parentage in Jefferson County, Oliio, Feb. 29, 1828; graduated at the Friends' Academj', at Mount Pleasant in the same State, and, after teaching for a time, began the study of law, completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was admitted to the bar in 1853. A year later he removed to Sterling, 111., where he continued in his profession until after the battle of the first Bull Run, when he raised a regiment. The quota of the State being already full, this was not im- mediately accepted; but, after some delay, was mustered in in September, 1861, as the Thirty- fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the subject of this sketcli as Colonel. In the field he soon proved himself a brave and dashing officer; at the battle of Shiloh, though wounded through the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After remaining with the army several days, inflam- matory fever set in, necessitating his removal to the hospital at Louisville, where he lay between life and death for some time. Having partially recovered, in August, 1862, he set out to rejoin his regiment, but was stopped en route by an order assigning him to command at Louisville. In November following he was commissioned Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry and ability" disjjlayed on the field. In the last days of December, 1802, he had sufficiently re- covered to take part in the series of engagements at Stone River, where he was again Avounded, this time fatally. He was taken to his home in Illinois, and, although he survived several months, the career of one of the most brilliant and promising soldiers of the war was cut short liy his death, July 21, 1863. KIRKLAND, Joseph, journalist and autlior, was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1W30 — the son of Prof. William Kirkland of Hamilton College; was brought by his parents to Michigan in 1835, where he remained until 1856, wlien lie came to the city of Chicago. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry (three- months' men), was elected Second Lieutenant, but later became Aid-de-Camp on the staff of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 319 General McClellan, serving there and on the staff of General Fitz-John Porter until the retirement of the latter, meanwliile taking part in the Pen- insular campaign and in the battle of Antietam. Returning to Chicago he gave attention to some coal-mining property near Danville, but later studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1H80. A few j-ears later he produced his first novel, and. from 1890. devoted liis attention solely to literary pursuits, for several years being liter- ary editor of "The Chicago Tr.bune." His works — several of whicli first appeared as serials in the magazines — include "Zury, the Meanest Man in Spring County" (1885); "The JlcVeys" (1887); "The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "His- tory of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The Story of Chicago" — the latter in two volumes. At the time of his death he had just concluded, in collaboration with Hon. John Moses, tlie work of editing a two-volume "History of Chicago," pub- lished by Messrs. Munsell & Co. (1895). Died, in Chicago. April 29, 1894.— Elizabeth Stansbury (Kirkland), sister of the preceding — teacher and author — was born at Geneva, N. Y. , came to Chicago in 1867 and, five years later, established a select school for young ladies, out of Avhich grew what is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement," which was continued until her death, July 30, 1896. She was the author of a number of vol- umes of decided merit, written with the especial object of giving entertainment and instruction to the young — including "Six Little Cooks," "Dora's Housekeeping," "Speech and Manners." a Child's "History of France," a "History of England," "History of English Literature," etc. At her death she left a "History of Italy" ready for the hands of the publisliers. KIRKPATRICK, John, pioneer Methodist preacher, was born in Georgia, whence he emi- grated in 1802; located at Springfield, 111., at an early day, where he built the first horse-mill in that vicinity ; in 1829 removed to Adams County, and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, where he died in 1815. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the first local Methodist preacher licensed in Illinois. Having inherited three slaves (a woman and two boys) while in Adams County, lie brought them to Illinois and gave them their freedom. The boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a trade, but mysteriously disappeared — presumably having been kidnaped with the connivance of the man in v\-hose charge they had lieen placed. KIRKWOOl), a city in Warren County, once known as "Voung America," situated about six miles southwest of Monnioutli, on the Chicago, Burlington A Quincy Railroad; is a stock-ship- ping point and in an agricultural region. The to\vn has two banks, five churches, and one weekly newspaper Pop. (1900), 1,008; (1910). 92(>. KISHWAUKEE RIVKR, rises in McHenry County, runs west through Boone, and enters Rock River in AVinnebago County, eight miles below Rockford. It is 75 miles long. An afflu- ent called the Soutli Kishwaukee River runs north-northeast and northwest through De Kalb County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winne- bago County, about eight miles southeast of Rockford. KITCHELL, Wickliflf, lawyer and Attorney- General of Illinois, was born in New Jersey, May 21, 1789, Feb. 29, 1812, he was married, at Newark, N. J., to Mi.ss Elizabeth Ross, and the same year emigrated west, passing down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittsburg, Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814 he became a resident of Southern Indiana, where he was elected sheriff, studied law and was admitted to the bar, finally becom- ing a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed to Palestine, Crawford County, 111., where, in 1820, he was elected Representative in the Second General Assembly, and was also a member of the State Senate from 1828 to 1832. In 1838 he re- moved to Hillsboro, Montgomery County, was appointed Attorney-General in 1839, serving until near the close of the following year, when he resigned to take his seat as Representative in the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 1846 and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa, but the latter year returned to Hillsboro. During liis early political career Mr. Kitchell had been a Democrat ; but, on the passage of tlie Kansas-Neb- raska act. became an earnest Republican. Pub- lic-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of his time on many public questions. Died, Jan. 2, 1869. — Alfred (Kitchell), son of the preceding, lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine. 111. , March 29, 1820 ; was educated at Indiana State Univer- sity and Hillsboro Academy, admitted to the bar in 1841, and, the following year, commenced practice at OIney; was elected State's Attorney in 1843, through repeated re-elections holding the office ten years ; was a member of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847 and, in 1849, was elected Judge of Richland County ; later as.sisted in establishing the fir.st newspaper p\iblished in Olney, and in organizing the Republican party there in 1856; in 18.59 was elected Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term, lie was also inlluontial in procuring a charter for 320 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and in the con- struction of the line, being an original corporator and subsequently a Director of the Companj'. Later he removed to Galesburg, where he died, Nov. 11, 1876. —Edward (Kitchell), another son, was born at Palestine, 111., Dec. 21, 1829; was educated at Hillsboro Academy until 1846, when he removed with his father's family to Fort Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to continue his studies ; in 1852 made the trip across the plains to California to engage in gold mining, but the following year went to Walla Walla, Washington Territorj', where he opened a law office; in 1854 returned to Illinois, locating at Olney, Ricliland County, forming a partnership with Horace Hayward, a relative, in the practice of law. Here, having taken position against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became, in 1856, the editor of the first Republican news- paper published in that part of Illinois known as "Egypt, ■' with his brother. Judge Alfred Kitchell, being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans in Richland County. In 1862 he assisted in organizing the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers at Centralia, which, in the following year having been mounted, became a part of the famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to the command of the regiment after the wounding of Colonel Funkhouser at Chickamauga in Sep- tember, 1863; was finally promoted to the colo- nelcy in July, 1865, and mustered out with the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming the practice of his profession at Olney, he was, in 1866, the Republican candidate for Congress in a district strongly Democratic; also served as Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time and, in 1868, was Presidential Elector for the same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869.— John Wickliff (Kitchell), youngest son of Wick- liff Kitchell, was born at Palestine, Crawford County, 111., May 30, 1835, educated at Hillsboro, read law at Fort Madison, Iowa, and admitted to the bar in that State. At tlie age of 19 years he served as Assistant Clerk of the House of Repre- sentatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk of the same bodj- at the session of 1861. Previous to the latter date he had edited "The Montgomery County Herald," and later. "The Charleston Courier." Resigning his position as Reading Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the first call of President Lincoln in the Ninth Illinois Volun- teers, served as Adjutant of the regiment and afterwards as Captain of his company. At the expiration of his term of enlistment he established "The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he con- ducted until drafted into the service in 1864, serving until the close of the war. In 1866 he removed to Pana (his present residence), resum- ing practice there ; was a candidate for the State Senate the same year, and, in 1870, was the Republican nominee for Congress in that District. KNICKERBOCKER, Joshua C, lawyer, was born in Gallatin, Columbia County, N. Y., Sept. 26, 1827 ; brought by his father to Alden, McHenry County, 111., in 1844, and educated in the com- mon schools of that j^lace ; removed to Chicago in 1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in 1862 ; served on the Board of Supervisors and in the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Repre- sentative in the General Assembly, serving one term. He was also a member of the State Board of Education from 1875 to '77, and the latter j'ear was elected Probate Judge for Cook County, serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890. KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS, a secret semi mill tary and benevolent association foiinded in the City of Washington, D. C, Feb. 19, 1864, Justus H. Rathbone (who died Dec. 9, 1889) being its recognized founder. The order was established in Illinois, Maj' 4, 1869, by the organization of "Welcome Lodge, No. 1," in the city of Chicago. On July 1, 1869, this Lodge had nineteen mem- bers. At the close of the year four additional Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate membership of 245. Early in the following year, on petition of these five Lodges, apprpved by the Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order for the State of Illinois was instituted in Chicago, with a membership of twenty-nine Past Chancel- lors as representatives of the five subordinate Lodges — the total membership of these Lodges at that date being 382. December 31, 1870, the total membership in Illinois had increased to 850. June 30, 1895, the total number of Lodges in the State was 525, and the membership 38,441. The assets belonging to the Lodges in Illinois, on Jan. 1, 1894, amounted to §418,151.77. KNOWLTON, Dexter A., pioneer and banker, was born in Fairfield, Herkimer County, N. Y., March 3, 1812, taken to Chautauqua County in infancy and passed his childhood and youth on a farm Having determined on a mercantile ca- reer, he entered an academj' at Fredonia, paying his own way ; in 1838 started on a peddling tour for the West, and, in the following year, settled at Freeport, 111., where he opened a general store; in 1843 began investments in real estate, finally laying off sundry additions to the city of Free- port, from which he realized large profits. He HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 321 was also prominently connected with the Galena & Cliicago Union Railroad anil, iu 1850. became a Director of the Company, remaining in office some twelve years. In 1853 he was the Free-Soil candidate for Governor of Illinois, but a few years later became e.xtensively interested in the Con- gress (& Empire Spring Company at Saratoga, K. Y. ; tlien, after a four years' residence in Brooklyn, returned to Freeport in 1870, where he engaged in banking business, dying in that city, March 10, 1876, KNOX, Joseph, lawyer, was born at Blanford, Mass., Jan. 11, 1805; studied law with his brother. Gen. Alanson Knox, in his native town, was admitted to the bar in 1828, subsequently removing to Worcester, in the same State, where he began the practice of his profession. In 1837 he removed west, locating at Stephenson, now Rock Island, 111. , where he continued in practice for twenty-tliree years. During the greater part of that time he was associated with Hon. John W. Drury, under the firm name of Knox & Drury, gaining a wide reputation as a lawyer throughout Northern Illinois. Among the important cases in which he took part during his residence in Rock Island was the prosecution of the murderers of Colonel Davenport in 1845. In 1852 he served as a Democratic Presidential Elector, but iu the next campaign identified himself with the Republican party as a supporter of John C. Fremont for the Presidency. In 1860 he removed to Chicago and, two years later, was appointed State's Attorney by Governor Yates, remaining in office until suc- ceeded by his partner, Charles H. Reed. After coming to Chicago he was identified with a num- ber of notable cases. His death occurred, August 6, 1881. KTfOX COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution for the higher education of the youth of both sexes, located at Galesburg, Knox County. It was founded in 1837, fully organized in 1841, and graduated its first class in 1846. The number of graduates from that date until 1894, aggregated 867. In 1893 it had 603 students in attendance, and a faculty of '20 professors. Its library con- tains about 6,000 volumes. Its endowment amounts to $300,000 and its buildings are valued at §150,000. Dr. Newton Bateman was at its head for more than twenty years, and, on his res- ignation (1893), John H. Finley, Ph.D., became its President, but resigned in 1899. KNOX COUIVTY, a wealthy interior county west of the Illinois River, having an area of 720 .S(Hiarc mill's ;iiid :i ]i(i|mlatinii (1!)1()) (jf 40, 150. It was named in liDiuir of (ion. Henry Knox. Its territorial limits were defined by legislative enactment in 1825, but the actual organization dates from 1830, when Riggs Pennington, Philip Hash and Charles Hansford were named the first Commissioners. Knoxville was the first county- seat selected, and here (in the winter of 1830-31) was erecteil the first court liouse, constructed of logs, two stories in height, at a cost of $192. The soil is rich, and agriculture flour- ishes. The present county -seat (1011) i.s (iales- burg, well known for its educational institutions, the best known of which are Knox College, founded in 1837, and Lombard University, founded in 1851. A flourishing Episcopal Semi- nary is located at Knoxville, and Hedding Col- lege at Abingdon. KNOXVILLE, a city in Knox County, on the Galesburg-Peoria Division of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, .50 miles west of Peoria, and 5 miles east of Galesburg; was formerly the county-seat, and still contains the fair grounds and almshouse. The municipal gov- ernment is composed of a mayor, six aldermen, with seven heads of departments. It has electric liglitingand street-car service, good water-works, flouring mills, banks, numerous churches, three public schools, one weekly paper, and is the seat of St. Mary's school for girls, and St. .\lban's for boys. Pop. (1800), 1,728; (1900), 1,8.57; (1910), 1,818. KOERNER, Gustavus, lawyer and Lieutenant- Governor, was born in Germany in 1809, and received a university education. He was a law- yer by profession, and emigi-ated to Illinois in 1833, settling finally at Belleville. He at once affiliated with tlie Democratic party, and soon became prominent in politics. In 1842 he was elected to the General Assembly, and three years later was appointed to the bench of the State Supreme Court. In 1852 he was elected Lieuten- ant-Governor on the ticket headed by Joel A. Matteson; but, at the close of his term, became identified with the Republican party and was a staunch Union man during the Civil War, serving for a time as Colonel on General Fremont's and General Halleck's staffs. In 1862 President Lin- coln made him Minister to Spain, a post which he resigned in January, 1865. He was a member of the Chicago Convention of 1860 that nominated Lincoln for the Presidency; was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1808, and a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention of 1872 that named Horace Greeley for the Presidency. In 1807 he served as President of the first Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and, in 1870, was elected to tlie Legislature a second time. The 322 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. following year he was appointed a member of the first Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis- sioners, and served as its President. He is the author of "Collection of the Important General Laws of Illinois, with Comments" (in German, St. Louis, 1838); "From Spain" (Frankfort on- the-Main, 1866); "Das Deutsche Element in den Vereiningten Staaten" (Cincinnati, 1880, second edition, New York, 188.5) ; and a number of mono- graphs. Died, at Belleville, April 9, 1896. KOHLSAAT, Christian C, Judge of United States Court, was born in Edwards County, 111., Jan. 8, 1844 — his father being a native of Germany who settled in Edwards County in 1825, while his mother was born in England. The family removed to Galena in 1854, wliere young Kohlsaat attended the public schools, later taking a course in Chicago University, after which he began the study of law. In 1867 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Journal," was admitted to the bar in the same year, and, in 1868, accepted a position in the office of the County Clerk, where he kept the records of the Coimty Court under Judge Bradwell's administration. During the sessions of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1871-72) , he served as First A.ssistant Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the House, after which he began practice; in 1881 was the Republican nominee for County Judge, but was defeated by Judge Prendergast; served as member of the Board of West Side Park Commissioners, 1884-90 ; in 1890 was appointed Probate Judge of Cook County (as successor to Judge Knickerbocker, who died in January of that year), and was elected to the office in November following, and re-elected in 1894, as he was again in 1898. Early in 1899 he was appointed, by President McKinJey, Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, as successor to Judge Grossoup, who had been appointed United States Circuit Judge in place of Judge Showalter, deceased. KOHLSAAT, Herman H., editor and news- paper publisher, was born in Edwards County, 111., March 22, 1853, and taken the following year to Galena, where he remained until 12 years of age, when the family removed to Chicago. Here, after attending tlie public schools some three years, he became a cash-boy in the store of Car- son, Pirie & Co., a year later rising to the position of cashier, remaining two years. Then, after having been connected with various business concerns, he became the junior member of the firm of Blake, Shaw & Co., for whom he had been a traveling salesman some five years. In 1880 he became associated with the Dake Bakery, in con- nection with which he laid the foundation of an extensive business by establishing a system of restaurants and lunch counters in the business portions of the city. In 1891 , after a somewhat pro- tracted visit to Europe, Mr Kohlsaat bought a con- trolling interest in "The Chicago Inter Ocean," but withdrew early in 1894. In April, 1895, he be- came principal proprietor of "The Cliicago Times- Herald," as the successor of the late James W. Scott, who died suddenly in New York, soon after effecting a consolidation of Chicago's two Demo- cratic papers, "The Times" and "Herald," in one concern. Although changing the political status of the paper from Democratic to Independent, Mr. Kohlsaafs liberal enterprise has won for it an assured success. He is also owner and pub- lisher of "The Chicago Evening Post." His whole business career has been one of almost phenomenal success attained by vigorous enter- prise and high-minded, honorable methods. Mr. Kohlsaat is one of the original incorporators of the University of Chicago, of which he continues to be one of the Trustees. KROME, WilHam Henry, lawyer, born of Ger- man parentage, in Louisville, Ky., July 1, 1812; in 1851 was brought by his father to Madison County, 111., where he lived and worked for some years on a farm. He acquired his education in the common schools and at McKendree College, graduating from the latter in 18G3. After spend- ing his summer months in farm labor and teach- ing school during the winter, for a year or two, he read law for a time with Judge 31. G. Dale of Edwardsville, and, in 1866. entered the law department of Michigan University, gradu- ating in 1869, though admitted the year previous to practice by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Mr. Krome has been successively the partner of Judge John G. Irwin, Hon W F. L. Hadley (late Congressman from the Eighteenth District) and C. W. Terry. He has held tlie office of Mayor of Edward.sviile (1873), State Senator (1874-78), and, in 1893, was a prominent candidate before the Democratic judicial convention for the nomina- tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed Justice Scholfleld, deceased. He is also President of the Madison County State Bank, KUEFFJTER, William C, lawyer and soldier, was born in Germany and came to St. Clair County, 111., in 1861 Early in 1865 he was com- missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Forty- ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, one of the latest regiments organized for the Civil War, and was soon after promoted to the rank of Brevet HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 323 Brigadier-General, serving until January, 186G. Later, General Kuetfner studied law at St. Louis, and having graduated in 1871, established himself in practice at Belleville, where he has since resided. He was a successful contestant for a seat in the Republican National Convention of 1880 from the Seventeenth District. Kl'YKENDALL, Andrew J., lawyer and legis- lator, was born of pioneer parents in Gallatin (now Hardin) County, 111., March 3, 1815; was self-educated chieflj', but in his early manhood adopted the law as a profession, locating at Vienna in Johnson County, where he continued to reside to the end of his life. In 1842 he was elected a Representative in the Thirteenth Gen- eral Assembly, and re-elected two j-ears later ; in 18.50 became State Senator, serving continuously in the same body for twelve years ; in 1861 en- listed, and was commissioned Major, in the Thirty-iir.st Illinois Volunteers (Gen. John A. Logan's regiment), but was compelled to resign, in May following, on acount of impaired health. Two years later (1864) he was elected Represent- ative in the Thirty-ninth Congress, serving one term; and, after several years in private life, was again returned to the State Senate in 1878, serving in the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General Assemblies. In all. Major Kuykendall saw twent}' years" service in the State Legislature, of which sixteen were spent in the Senate and four in the House, besides two years in Congress. A zealous Democrat previous to the war, he was an ardent supporter of the war policy of the Govern- ment, and, in 1864, presided over the "Union" (Republican) State Convention of that year. He was also a member of the Senate Finance Com- mittee in the session of 18.59, which had the duty of investigating the Matteson "canal scrip fraud. "' Died, at Vienna, 111., May 11, 1891. LABOR TROUBLES. 1. The Railroad Strike of 1877. — By this name is generally char- acterized the labor disturbances of 1877, which, beginning at Pittsburg in July, spread over the entire country, interrupting transportation, and, for a time, threatening to paralyze trade. Illi- nois suffered severely. The primary cause of the troubles was the general prostration of business resulting from the depression of values, which affected manufacturers and merchants alike. A reduction of expenses became necessary, and the wages of employes were lowered. Dissatisfaction and restlessness on the part of the latter ensued, which found expression in the ordering of a strike among railroad operatives on a larger scale than had ever been witnessed in this country. In Illi- nois, Peoria, Decatur, Braidwood, East St. Louis, Galesburg, La Salle and Chicago were the prin- cipal points affected. In all these cities angrj', excited men formed themselves into mobs, which tore up tracks, took possession of machine shops, in some cases destroyed roundhouses, applied the torch to warehouses, and, for a time, held com- merce by the throat, not onlj- defying the law, but even contending in arms against the military sent to disperse them. The entire force of the State militia was called into service, Major- General Arthur C. Ducat being in command. The State troops were divided into three brigades, commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals Torrence, Bates and Pavey. General Ducat assumed personal command at Braidwood, where were sent the Third Regiment and the Tenth Battalion, who suppressed the riots at that point with ease. Col. Joseph W. Stambaugh and Lieut. -Col. J. B. Parsons were the respective regimental commanders. Generals Bates and Pavey were in command at East St. Louis, where the excitement was at fever heat, the mobs terrorizing peaceable citizens and destroy- ing much property. Governor Cullom went to this point in person. Chicago, however, was the chief railroad cente* of the State, and only prompt and severely repressive measures held in check one of the most dangerous mobs which ever threatened property and life in that city. The local police force was inadequate to control the rioters, and Mayor Heath felt himself forced to call for aid from the State. Brig. -Gen. Joseph T. Torrence then commanded the First Brigade, I. N. G., with headquarters at Chicago. Under instructions from Governor Cullom, he promjjtly and effectively co-operated with the municipal authorities in quelling the uprising. He received valuable support from volunteer companies, some of which were largely composed of Union veter- ans. The latter were commanded by such ex- perienced commanders as Generals Reynolds, Martin Beem, and O. L. Mann, and Colonel Owen Stuart. General Lieb also led a company of veterans enlisted by him.self, and General Shaff ner and Major James H. D. Daly organized a cavalry force of 1.50 old soldiers, who rendered efficient service. The disturbance was promptly subdued, transportation resumed, and trade once more began to move in its accustomed channels. 3. The Strike of 1894.— This was an uprising which originated in Chicago and was incited by a com])aratively young labor organization called the American Railway Union. In its inception it 324 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was sympathetic, its ostensible motive, at the outset, being the righting of wrongs alleged to have been suffered by employes of the Pullman Palace Car Company. The latter quit work on May 11, and, on June 22, the American Eailway Union ordered a general boj'cott against all rail- road companies hauling Pullman cars after June 26. The General Managers of the lines entering Chicago took prompt action (June 25) looking toward mutual protection, protesting against the proposed boycott, and affirming their resolution to adhere to existing contracts, any action on the part of the strikers to the contrary notwithstand- ing. Trouble began on the 26th. The hauling of freight was necessarily soon discontinued; sub- urban traffic was interrupted ; switching had to be done by inexperienced hands under police or military protection (officials and clerks some- times throwing the levers), and in the presence of iJarge crowds of law-defying hoodlums gathered along the tracks, avowedly through sympathy with the strikers, but actually in the hope of plunder. Trains were sidetracked, derailed, and, in not a few instances, valuable freight was burned. Passengers were forced to imdergo the inconvenience of being cooped up for hours in crowded cars, in transit, without food or water, sometimes almost within sight of their destina- tion, and sometimes threatened with death should they attempt to leave their prison houses. The mobs, intoxicated by seeming success, finally ven- tured to interfere with the passage of trains carrying the United States mails, and, at this juncture, the Federal authorities interfered. President Cleveland at once ordered the protec- tion of all mail trains by armed guards, to be appointed by the United States Marshal. An additional force of Deputy Sheriffs was also sworn in by the Sheriff of Cook County, and the city police force was augmented. The United States District Court also issued a restraining order, directed against the officers and members of the American Railway Union, as well as against all other persons interfering with the business of railroads carrying the mails. Service was readily accepted by the officers of the Union, but the copies distributed among the insurgent mob were torn and trampled upon. Thereupon the Presi- dent ordered Federal troops to Chicago, both to protect Government property (notably the Sub- treasurj') and to guard mail trains. The Gov- ernor (John P. Altgeld) protested, hut without avail. A few days later, the Mayor of Chicago requested tlie State Executive to place a force of State militia at his control for the protection of property and the prevention of bloodshed. Gen- eral Wheeler, with the entire second division of the I. X. G., at once received orders to report to the municipal authorities. The presence of the militia greatly incensed the turbulent crowds, yet it proved most salutary. The troops displayed exemplary firmness under most trying circum- stances, dispersing jeering and tlii'eatening crowds by physical force or bayonet charges, the rioters being fired upon only twice. Gradually order was restored. The disreputable element subsided, and wiser and more conse^^•ative coun- sels prevailed among the ranks of the strikers. Impediments to traffic were removed and trains were soon running as though no interruption had occurred. The troops were withdrawn (first the Federal and afterwards those of the State), and the courts were left to deal with the subject in accordance with the statutes. The entire execu- tive board of the American Railway Union were indicted for conspiracy, but the indictments were never pressed. The oflicers, however, were all found guilty of contempt of court in having dis- obeyed the restraining order of the Federal court, and sentenced to terms ia the county jail. Eugene V. Debs, the President of the Union, was convicted on two charges and given a sentence of six months on each, but the two sentences were afterward made concurrent. The other members of the Board received a similar sentence for three months each. All but the Vice-President, George W. Howard, served their terms at Woodstock, McHenry County. Howard was sent to the Will Count}- jail at Joliet. LACET, Lyman, lawyer and jurist, was bom in Tompkins County, N.'y., May 6, 1833. In 1837 his parents settled in Fulton County, 111. He graduated from Illinois College in 1855 and was admitted to the bar in 1856, commencing practice at Havana, Mason County, the same year. In 1862 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the counties of Mason and Menard in the lower house of the Legislature: was elected to the Cir- cuit Court bench in 1873, and re-elected in 1879, '85 and '91; also served for several years upon the bench of the Appellate Court. LACON, a city and county-seat of Marshall County, situated on the Illinois River, and on the Dwight and Lacon branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 130 miles southwest of Chicago. A pontoon bridge connects it witli Sjjarland on the opposite bank of the Illinois. The surround- ing country raises large quantities of grain, for wliich Lacon is a shipping point. The river is navigable by steamboats to this point. The city HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 325 has grain elevators, woolen mills, marble works, a carriage factory and a national bank. It also has water works, an excellent telephone system, good drainage, and is lighted by electricity. Tliere are seven churches, a graded school and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,814; (1S90), 1,640; (1900), 1.601; (1910), 1,495. LA FAYETTE ^Mar the management, and, finally, to the proprietorship of the paper, was elected public printer at the next session of the Legisla- ture, and, in 1847, took into partnership George Walker, who acted as editor until 1858. Mr. Lan- phier continued the publication of the paper until 1863, and then sold out. During the war he was one of the State Board of Army Auditors appointed by Governor Yates ; was elected Circuit Clerk in 1864 and re-elected in 1868, and, in 1872, was Democratic candidate for State Treasurer hut defeated with the rest of his party. Died March 17, 1903. LARCOM, Lucy, author and teacher, bom at Beverly, Mass., in 1826; attended a grammar school and worked in a cotton mill at Lowell, becoming one of the most popular contributors to "The Lowell Offering," a magazine conducted by tlie factory girls, thereby winning the acquaint- ance and friendship of the poet Whittier. In 1846 she came to Illinois and. for three years, was a student at Monticello Female Seminary, near Alton, meanwhile teaching at intervals in the \ ;cinity. Returning to Massachusetts she taught for six years; in 1805 established "Our Young Folks,'' of which she was editor until 1874. Her books, both poetical and prose, have taken a high rank for their elevated literary and moral tone. Died, in Boston, April 17, 1893. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 329 LARXED, Edward Channin^, lawyer, was born in Providence, R. I., July 14, 1820; graduated at Brown University in 1840 ; was Professor of Mathe- matics one year in Kemper College, Wis., then studied law and, in 1847, came to Chicago. He was an earnest opponent of slavery and gained considerable deserved celebrity by a speech which lie delivered in 1851, in opposition to the fugitive slave law. He was a warm friend of Abraham Lincoln and, in 18C0, made speeches in his support; was an active member of the Union Defense Committee of Chicago during the war, and, in 1861, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln United States District Attorney of the Northern District of Illinois, but compelled to resign by failing health. Being absent in Europe at the time of the fire of 1871, he returned immediately and devoted his attention to the work of the Relief and Aid Society. Making a second visit to Europe in 1872-73, he wrote many letters for the press, also doing much other literary work in spite of declining liealth. Died at Lake Forest, 111., September, 1884. LA SALLE, a city in La Salle County, 99 miles southwest of Chicago, situated on the Illinois River at southern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and at intersection of three trunk lines of railroads. Bituminous coal abounds and is exten.sively mined; zinc smelting and the manufacture of glass and hydraulic and Portland cement are leading industries; has an abundant supply of fine sand for glass manufacture; is connected with adjacent to^vns by electric rail- ways, and with Peoria by daily river packets; two daily papers. Pop. (1900), 10,446; (1910), 11,537. LA SALLE, Reni Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, a famous explorer, born at Rouen, France, in 1643; entered the Jesuit order, but conceiving that he had mistaken his vocation, came to America in 16G6. He obtained a grant of land about the Lachine Rapids of the St. Lawrence, above Montreal. It was probably his intention to settle there as a grand seigneur ; but, becoming interested in stories told him by some Seneca Indians, he started two years later in quest of a great waterway, which he believed led to the South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and afforded a short route to China. He passed through Lake Ontario, and is believed to have discovered the Ohio. The claim that he reached the Illinois River at this time has been questioned. Having re-visited France in 1677 he was given a patent of nobility and extensive land-grants in Canada. In 1079 he visited the Northwest and explored the great lakes, finally reaching tlie head of Lake Michi- gan and erecting a fort near the mouth of the St. Joseph River. From there he made a portage to the Illinois, which he descended early in 1680 to Lake Peoria, where he began the erection of a fort to which, in consequence of the misfortunes attending the expedition, was given the name of Creve-Cceur. Returning from here to Canada for supplies, in the following fall he again appeared iu Illinois, but found his fort at Lake Peoria a ruin and his followers, whom he had left there, gone. Compelled again to return to Canada, in tlie latter part of 1681 he set out on his third expedition to Illinois, and making the portage by way of the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers, reached "Starved Rock,'" near the present city of Ottawa, where his lieutenant, Tonty, had already begun the erection of a fort. In 1682, accom- panied by Tout}', he descended the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, reaching the Gulf of Mexico on April 9. He gave the region the name of Louisi- ana. In 1683 lie again returned to France and was commissioned to found a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, which he unsuccessfully attempted to do in 1684, the expedition finally landing about Matagorda Bay in Texas. After otlier fruitless attempts (death and desertions having seriously reduced the number of his colo- nists), while attempting to reach Canada, he was murdered by his companions near Trinity River in the present State of Texas, March 19, 1687. Another theory regarding La Salle's ill-starred Texas expedition is, that he intended to establish a colony west of the Mississippi, with a view to contesting with the Spaniards for the possession of that region, but that the French government failed to give liim the support which had been promised, leaving him to his fate. LA SALLE COUNTV, one of the wealthiest counties in the northeastern section, being second m size and in population in the State It was organized in 1831, and has an area of 1,152 square miles; population (1900), 87,776. The history of this region dates back to 1675, when Marquette established a mission at an Indian village on the Illinois River about where L^tica now stands, eight miles west of Ottawa. La Salle (for whom the county is named) erected a fort here in 1682, which was, for many years, the headquarters for French missionaries and traders. Later, the Illinois Indians were well-nigh exterminated by starvation, at the same point, which has be- come famous in Western history as "Starved Rock." The surface of the county is undulat- ing and slo])es toward the Illinois River. The soil is rich, and timber abounds on the blulTs and 330 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. along the streams. Water is easily procured. Four beds of coal underlie the entire county, and good building stone is quarried at a depth of 150 to 200 feet. Excellent hydraulic cement is made from the calciferous deposit, Utica being espe- cially noted for this industry. The First Ameri- can settlers came about the time of Captain Long's survey of a canal route (ISIG). The Illinois & Michigan Canal was located by a joint corps of State and National engineers in 1830. (See TIU- nois 'E(tAR, David T., legislator, was born in Ohio, Feb. 12, 1830; came to Spencer County, Ind., in 1840, and to Wayne County, 111., in 1858, afterward locating at Cairo, where he served as Postmaster during the Civil War ; was a Repub- lican Presidential Elector in 1873, but afterwards became a Democrat, and served as such in the lower branch of the General Assembly (1880-86). Died at Cairo, Feb. 2, 1886. LIPPIXCOTT, Charles E., State Auditor, was born at Edwardsville, 111., Jan. 26, 1825; attended Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate; in 1849 graduated from the St. Louis Medical College, and began the practice of medi- cine at Chandlerville, Cass County. In 1852 he went to California, remaining there five years, taking an active part in the anti-slavery contest, and serving as State Senator (1853-55). In 1857, having returned to Illinois, he resumed practice at Chandlersnlle, and, in 1861, under authority of Governor Yates, recruited a company which was attached to the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry as Company K, and of which he was commissioned Captain, having declined the lieutenant-colo- nelcy. Within twelve months he became Colonel, and, on Sept. 16, 1865, was mustered out as brevet Brigadier-General. In 1866 he reluctantly con- sented to lead the Republican forlorn hope as a candidate for Congress in the (then) Ninth Con- gressional District, largely reducing the Demo- cratic majority. In 1867 he was elected Secretary of the State Senate, and the same year chosen Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives at Washington. In 1868 he was elected State Audi- tor, and re-elected in 1872 ; also served as Perma- nent President of the Republican State Conven- tion of 1878. On the establishment of the Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, he became its first Superintendent, assuming his duties in March, 1887, but died Sept. 13, following, as a result of injuries received from a runaway team while driving through the grounds of the institu- tion a few days previous. — Emily Webster Chandler (Lippincott), wife of the preceding, was born March 13, 1833, at Chandlerville, Cass County-, 111., the daughter of Dr. Charles Chand- ler, a prominent physician widely known in tliat section of the State ; was educated at Jacksonville Female Academy, and married, Dec. 25, 1851, to Dr. (afterwards General) Charles E. Uppincott. Soon after the death of her husband, in Septem- ber, 1887, Mrs. Lippincott, who had already endeared herself by her acts of kindness to the veterans in the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, was appointed Matron of the institution, serving until her death. May 21, 1895. The respect in which she was held by the old soldiers, to whose com- fort and necessities she had ministered in hos- pital and elsewhere, was shown in a most touching manner at the time of her deatli, and on the removal of her remains to be laid by the side of her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemetery at Spring- field. LIPPIXCOTT, (Rev.) Thomas, early clergy- man, was born in Salem, N. J., in 1791; in 1817 started west, arriving in St. Louis in February, 1818; the same year established himself in mer- cantile business at Milton, then a place of some importance near Alton. Tliis place proving unhealthy, he .subsequently removed to Edwards- ville, where he was for a time employed as clerk in the Land Office. He afterwards served as Secretary of the Senate (1822-23). That he was a man of education and high intelligence, as well as a strong opponent of slavery, is shown by his writings, in conjunction with Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, George Cliurchill and others, in oppo- sition to the scheme for securing the adoption of a pro-slavery Constitution in Illinois in 1824. In 1825 he purchased from Hooper Warren "The Edwardsville Spectator," which he edited for a year or more, but soon after entered the ministry of the Presbyterian Church and became an influ- ential factor in building up tliat denomination in Illinois. He was also partlj' instrumental in securing the location of Illinois College at Jack- sonville. He died at Pana, III., April 13, 1869. Gen. Charles E. Lippincott, State Auditor (1869-77), was a son of the subject of this sketch. LIQUOR LAWS. In the early history of the State, the question of the regulation of the sale of intoxicants was virtually relegated to the control of the local authorities, who granted license, col- lected fees, and fixed the tariff of charges. As early as 1851, however, the General Assembly, with a view to mitigating what it was felt had 340 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. become a growing evil, enacted a law popularly known as the "quart law,"' which, it was hoped, would do away with the indiscriminate sale of liquor by the glass. The law failed to meet the expectation of its framers and supporters, and, in 1855, a prohibitory law was submitted to the elect- ors, which was rejected at the polls. Since that date a general license system has prevailed, except in certain towns and cities where prohibitory ordinances were adopted. The regulations gov- erning the traffic, therefore, have been widely variant in different localities. The Legislature, however, has alwa}'s possessed the same constitu- tional power to regulate the sale of intoxicants, as aconite, henbane, strychnine, or other poisons. In 1879 the "Woman's Christian Temperance Union began the agitation of the license question from a new standpoint. In March of that year, a delegation of Illinois women, headed by Jliss Frances E. Willard, presented to the Legislature a monster petition, signed by 80,000 voters and 100,000 women, praying for the amendment of the State Constitution, so as to give females above the age of 21 the right to vote upon the granting of licenses in the localities of their residences. Miss Willard and :Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, of Iowa, addressed the House in its favor, and iliss Willard spoke to the Senate on the same lines. The measure was defeated in the House by a vote of fifty-five to fifty-three, and the Senate took no action. In 1881 the same bill was introduced anew, but again failed of passage. Nevertheless, persistent agitation was not without its results. In 1883 the Legislature enacted what is generally termed the "High License Law,"' by the provi- sions of which a minimum license of S500 per annum was imposed for the sale of alcoholic drinks, and §150 for malt licjuors, with the authority on the part of municipalities to impose a still higher rate by ordinance. This measure was made largely a partisan issue, the Repub- licans voting almost solidly for it, and the Demo- crats almost solidlj- opposing it. The bill was promptly signed by Governor Hamilton. The liquor laws of Illinois, therefore, at the present time are based upon local option, high license and local supervision. The criminal code of the State contains the customary provisions respecting the sale of stimulants to minors and other prohibited parties, or at forbidden times, but, in the larger cities, many of the provisions of the State law are rendered practically inoperative by the municipal ordinances, or absolutely rullified by the indifference or studied neglect of the local officials. LITCHFIELD, the principal city of Montgom- ery County, at the intersection of Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Wabash and the Illinois Central, with tliree other short-liae railways, 43 miles south of Springfield and 47 miles northeast of St. Louis. The surrounding country is fer- tile, undulating prairie, in which are found coal, oil and natural gas. A coal mine is operated within the corporate limits. Grain is extensively raised, and Litclitield has several elevators, flour- ing mills, a can factory, briquette works, etc. The output of the manufacturing establishments also includes foundry and machine shop prod- ucts, brick and tile, brooms, ginger ale and cider. The city is lighted by both gas and electricity, and has a Holly water-works system, a public library and public parks, two banks, twelve churches, high and gi-aded schools, and an Ursu- line convent, a Catholic hospital, and two monthly, two weekly, and two daily periodicals. Population (1890), 5,811; (1900), 5,918; (1910), 5,971. LITCHFIELD, CARROLLTON & WESTERN RAILROAD, a line which extends from Colum- biana, on the Illinois River, to Barnett, 111., 51.5 miles ; is of standard gauge, the track being laid with fifty-six pound steel rails. It was opened for business, in three different sections, from 1883 to 1887, and for three years was operated in con- nection with the Jacksonville Southeastern Railwaj-. In May, 1890, the latter was sold under foreclosure, and, in November, 1893, the Litch- field, CarroUtou & Western reverted to the former owners. Six months later it passed into the hands of a receiver, by whom (up to 1898) it has since been operated. The general offices are at Carlinville LITTLE, George, merchant and banker, was Ixjrn in Columbia; Pa., in 1808; came to Rush- ville, 111., in 1836, embarking in the mercantile business, which he prosecuted sixty years. In 1865 he established the Bank of Rushville, of which he was President, in these two branches of business amassing a large fortune. Died, March 5, 1896. LITTLE VERMILIOX RIVER rises in Ver- milion Count}", III., and flows eastwardly into Indiana, emptying into the Wabash in Vermilion County, Ind. LITTLE WABASH RIVER, rises in Effingham and Cumberland Counties, flows east and south througli Clay, Wayne and Wliite, and enters the Waba.sh River about 8 miles above the mouth of the latter. Its estimated length is about 180 miles. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 341 LITTLER, DaTid T., lawyer and State Senator, was born at Clifton, Greene County, Ohio, Feb. 7, 1836; was educateil in the common schools in his native State and, at twenty-one, removed to Lincoln, III., where he worked at the carpenter's trade for two j'ears, meanwhile studying law. He was admitted to the bar in 1860, soon after was elected a Justice of the Peace, and later appointed Master in Chancery. In 186G he was appointed b}' President Johnson Collector of Internal Revenue for the Eiglith District, but resigned in 18G8, removing to Springfield tlie same year, wliere he entered into partnership with the late Henry S. Greene, Milton Hay being admitted to the firm soon after, the partnership continuing imtil 1881. In 1882 Mr. Littler was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly from Sangamon County, was re-elected in 1886, and returned to the Senate in 1894, serv- ing in the latter body four years. In both Hou-ses Mr Littler took a prominent part in legislation on the revenue question. Died June 2.3, 1902. LIVERMORE, Mary Ashton, reformer and phi- lanthropist, was born (Mary Ashton Rice) in Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1821 ; taught for a time in a female seminary in Charlestown, and spent two years as a governess in Southern Virginia; later married Rev. Daniel P. Livermore, a LTiiiversalist minister, who held pastorates at various places in Massachusetts and at Quincy, 111., l)ecoining editor of "The New Covenant" at Cliicago, in 18.57. During this time Mrs. Livermore wrote much for denominational papers and in assisting her husband; in 1862 was appointed an agent, and traveled extensively in the interest of the United States Sanitary Commission, visiting ho.spitals and camps in the Mississippi Valley; also took a prominent part in the great North- western Sanitary Fair at Chicago in 1863. In her later years she labored and lectured extensively in the interest of woman suffrage and temperance, was also the author of several volumes, one entitled "Pen Pictures of Chicago" (1865). Her last home was in Boston. Died May 23, 1905. LIYIJiGSTON COUNTY, situated about mid- way between Chicago and Springfield. The sur- face is rolling toward the east, but is level in the west; area, 1,020 square miles; population (1000), 42,03.), named for Edward Livingston. It was organized in 1837, the first Commissioners being Robert Breckenridge, Jonathan Moon and Daniel Rockwood. Pontiac was selected as the countj'- seat, the proprietors donating ample lands and $3,000 in cash for the erection of public building.s. Vermilion River and Indian Creek are the i)rin- cipal streams. Coal underlies the entire county, and shafts aie in successful operation at various points. It is one of tlie chief agricultural coun- ties of the State, the yield of oats and corn being large. Stock-raising is also extensively carried on. The development of the county really dates from the opening of the Chicago & Alton Rail- road in 1854, since which date it has been crossed by numerous other lines. Pontiac, the county- seat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad center and the site of the State Reform School. Its population in 1890 was 2,784. Dwight has attained a wide reputation as the seat of the parent "Keeley" Institute for the cure of the liquor habit. Countv population (1910), 40,465. LOCKPORT, a village in Will County, laid out in 1837 and incorporated in 1853; situated 33 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, the Atchi- son, Topeka it Santa Fe and the Chicago & Alton Railroads. The surrounding region is agricul- tural ; limestone is extensively quarried. Manu- factures are flour, oatmeal, brass goods, paper and strawboard. It has ten churches, a public and high school, parochial schools, a bank, gas plant, electric car lines, and one weekly paper. The controlling works of the Chicago Drainage Canal and offices of the Illinois & Michigan Canal are located here. Population (1890), 2,449; (1900), 2,6.59; (1910), 2,555. LOCKWOOI), Samnel Drake, jurist, was bom at Poundridge, Westchester County, N. Y., August 2, 1789 , left fatherless at the age of ten, after a few months at a private school in New Jersey, he went to live with an uncle (Francis Drake) at Waterford, N. Y., with whom he studied law, being admitted to the bar at Bata\ia, N. Y'., in 1811. In 1813 he removed to Auburn, and later became Master in Chancery. In 1818 he descended the Ohio River upon a flat-boat in company with William H. Brown, afterwards of Chicago, and walking across the country from Shawneetown. arrived at Kaskaskia in Decem- ber, but finally settled at Carmi, where he remained a year. In 1821 he was elected Attor- ney-General of the State, but resigned the fol- lowing year to accept the position of Secretary of State, to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, and which he filled only three months, when President Monroe made him Receiver of Public Sloneys at Edwardsville. About the same time he was also appointed agent of the First Board of Canal Commissioners. The Legislature of 1824-25 elected him Jvidge of the Supreme Court, his service extending until the adoption 348 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Constitution of 1848, which he assisted in framing as a Delegate from Morgan County. In 1851 he was made State Trustee of the IlUnois Central Railroad, which office he held until liis death. He was alwaj^s an imcompromising antagonist of slavery and a leading supirorter of Grovernor Coles in opposition to the plan to secure a pro-slavery Constitution in 1824. His personal and political integrity was recognized by all parties. From 1828 to 1833 Judge Lockwood was a citizen of Jacksonville, where he proved him- self an efficient friend and patron of Illinois Col- lege, serving for over a quarter of a century as one of its Trustees, and was also influential in securing several of the State charitable institu- tions there. His later years were spent at Batavia, where he died, April 23, 1874, in the 85th year of his age. LODA, a village of Iroquois County, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 4 miles north of Paxton. The region is agricul- tural, and the town has considerable local trade. It also has a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 598; (1900), 668; (1910), 603. LOGAN, Cornelius Anil)rose, physician and diplomatist, born at Deerfleld, Mass., August 6, 1836, the son of a dramatist of the same name; was educated at Auburn Academy and served as Medical Superintendent of St. John's Hospital, Cincinnati, and, later, as Professor in the Hos- pital at Leavenworth, Kan. In 1873 he was appointed United Stat«s Minister to Chili, after- wards served as Minister to Guatemala, and again (1881) as Minister to Chili, remaining until 1883. He was for twelve years editor of "The Medical Herald," Leavenworth, Kan., and edited the works of his relative. Gen. John A. Logan (1886), besides contributing to foreign medical publi- cations and publishing two or three volumes on medical and sanitary questions. Resides in Cliicago. LOGAN, John, physician and soldier, was born in Hamilton County, Ohio. Dec. 30, 1809; at six years of age was taken to Missouri, his family settling near the Grand Tower among the Shaw- nee and Delaware Indians. He began business as clerk in a New Orleans commission house, but returning to Illinois in 1830, engaged in the blacksmith trade for two years; in 1831 enlisted in the Ninth Regiment Illinois Slilitia and took part in the Indian troubles of that year and the Black Hawk War of 1832. later being Colonel of the Forty-fourth Regiment State Militia. At the close of the Black Hawk War he settled in Carlinville, and having graduated in medicine. engaged in practice in that place until 1861. At the beginning of the war he raised a company for the Seventh Illinois Volunteers, but the quota being already- full, it was not accepted. He was finally commissioned Colonel of the Thirty- second Illinois Volunteers, and reported to Gen- eral Grant at Cairo, in January, 1862, a few weeks later taking part in the battles of Forts Henry and Donelson. Subsequently he had command of the Fourth Division of the Army of the Ten- nessee under General Hurlbut. His regiment lost heavily at the battle of Shiloh, he himself being severely wounded and compelled to leave the field. In December. 1864, he was discharged with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. In 1866 Colonel Logan was appointed by President Johnson United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, serving until 1870, when he resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- ville. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, serving as a delegate to the first Republican State Convention at Bloomington in 18.'56. He was a man of strong personal characteristics and an earnest patriot. Died at his home at Carlinville, August 24, 1885. LOG.VN, John Alexander, soldier and states- man, was born at old Brownsville, the original county-seat of Jackson County, 111., Feb. 9, 1826, the son of Dr. John Logan, a native of Ireland and an early immigrant into Illinois, where he attained prominence as a public man. Young Logan volunteered as a private in the Mexican War, but was soon promoted to a lieutenancy, and afterwards became Quartermaster of his regiment. He was elected Clerk of Jackson County in 1849, but resigned the office to prose- cute his law studies. Having graduated from Louisville University in 1851, he entered into partnership %vith his uncle, Alexander M. Jenk- ins ; was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat in 1852. and again in 1856, having been Prosecut- ing Attorney in the interim. He was chosen a Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket in 1856, was elected to Congress in 1858, and again in 1860, as a Douglas Democrat. During the special session of Congress in 1861, he left his seat, and fought in the ranks at Bull Run. In September, 1861, he organized the Thirty-first Regiment Illinois Infantry, and was commis- sioned by Governor Yates its Colonel. His mili- tary career was brilliant, and he rapidly rose to be Major-General. President Johnson tendered him the mission to Mexico, which he declined. In 1866 he was elected as a Republican to Con- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 343 gress for the State-at-large, and acted as one of the managers in the impeachment trial of the President; was twice re-elected and, in 1871, was chosen United States Senator, as he was again in 1879. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidential nomination at the Republican Convention in Chicago, but was finally placed on the ticket for the Vice-Presidency with James G. Blaine, the ticket being defeated in November following. In 1885 he was again elected Senator, but died during his term at Washington, Dec. 26, 1886. General Logan was the author of "The Great Conspiracy" and of "The Volunteer Soldier of America." In 1897 an equestrian statue was erected to his memory on the Lake Front Park in Chicago. LOGAN, Stephen Trigg, eminent Illinois jurist, was born in Franklin County. Ky., Feb. 24, 1800; studied law at Glasgow, Ky., and was admitted to the bar before attaining his majority. After practicing in his native State some ten years, in 1832 he emigrated to Illinois, settling in Sanga- mon County, one year later opening an office at Springfield. In 183.5 he was elevated to the bench of the First Judicial Circuit ; resigned two years later, was re-commissioned in 1839, but again resigned. In 1842, and again in 1844 and 1846, he was elected to the General Assem- bly; also served as a member of the Consti- tutional Convention of 1847. Between 1841 and 1844 he was a partner of Abraham Lin- coln. In 1854 he was again chosen a member of the lower house of the Legislature, was a delegate to the Republican National Conven- tion in 1860, and, in 1861, was commissioned by Governor Yates to represent Illinois in the Peace Conference, which assembled in Wash- ington. Soon afterward he retired to private life. As an advocate his ability was widely recognized. Died at Springfield, July 17, 1880. LOGAN COUNTY, situated in the central part of the State, and having an area of about 620 square miles. Its surface is chiefly a level or moderately undulating prairie, with some high ridges, as at Elkliart. Its soil is extremely fertile and well drained by numerous creeks. Coal- mining is successfully carried on. The other staple products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle and pork. Settlers began to locate in 1819-22, and the county was organized in 1839, being originally cut off from Sangamon. In 1840 a portion of Tazewell was added and, in 1845, a part of De Witt County. It was named in honor of Dr. Jolm Logan, father of Senator John A. Logan. Postville was the first county-seat, but. in 1847, a change was made to Mount Pulaski, and, later, to Lincoln, which is the present capi- tal. Pop. (1900), 28,080; (1910), 30,216. LOMBARD, a village of Dupage County, on the Chicago Great Western and the Chicago & North AA'estern Railways, 20 miles west of Chicago. Pop. (1900), 590; (1910), 883. LOMBARD UNIVERSITY, an institution at Galesburg under control of the Universalist denomination, founded in 1851. It has prepara- torj-, collegiate and theological departments. Tlie collegiate department includes both classical and scientific courses, with a specially arranged course of three years for young women, who con- stitute nearly half the number of students. Tlie University has an endowment of $200,000, and owns additional property, real and personal, of the value of §100,000. In 1898 it reported a fac- ulty of thirteen professors, with an attendance of 191 students. LONDON MILLS, a village and railway station of Fulton Count)', on the Fulton Narrow Gauge and Iowa Central Railroads, 19 miles southeast of Galesburg. The district is agricultural; the to^\'n has banks and a weekly paper; fine brick clay is mined. Pop. (1900), 528; (1910), 555. LONG, Stephen Harriman, civil engineer, was born in Hopkinton, N. H., Dec. 30, 1784; gradu- ated at Dartmouth College in 1809, and, after teacliing some years, entered the United States Army in December, 1814. as a Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers, acting as Assistant Professor of Mathematics at West Point; in 1816 was trans- ferred to the Topographical Engineers with tlie brevet rank of Major. From 1818 to 1833 he had charge of explorations between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, and, in 1823-24, to the sources of the Mississippi. One of the highest peaks of the Rocky Jlountains was named in his honor. Between 1827 and 1880 he was employed as a civil engineer on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and from 1837 to 1840, as Engineer- in-Chief of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in Georgia, where he introduced a system of curves and a new kind of truss bridge afterwards gener- ally adopted. On the organization of the Topo- graphical Engineers as a separate corps in 1838, he became Major of that body, and, in 1861, cliief, with the rank of Colonel. An account of his first expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1819-20) by Dr. Edwin James, was publislied in 1823, and the following year appeared "Long's Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the Woods, Etc." He was a member of the Ameri- can Pliilosophical Society and the author of the 344 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. first original treatise on railroad building ever published in this country, under the title of "Railroad Manual" (1829). During the latter days of his life his home was at Alton, 111. , where he died, Sept. 4, 1864. Though retired from active service in June, 1863, he continued in the discharge of important duties up to his death. LOXGEN'ECKER, Joel 31., lawyer, was born in Crawford County. 111., June 12, 1847; before reaching his eighteenth year he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, servinguntil the close of the war. After attending the high school at Robinson and teaching for some time, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar at Olney in 1870; served two years as City Attorney and four (1877-81) as Pro-secuting Attorney, in the latter year removing to Chicago. Here, in 1884, lie be- came the assistant of Luther Lafliu Mills in the office of Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County, retaining that position with Mr. Mills" successor. Judge Grinnell. On the promotion of tlie latter to the bench, in 1886, Mr. Longenecker succeeded to the office of Prosecuting Attorney, continuing in that position until 1893. While in this office he conducted a large number of important crimi- nal cases, the most important, perliaps, being the trial of the murderers of Dr. Cronin, in whicli he gained a wide reputation for skill and ability as a prosecutor in criminal cases. Died Sept. 19, 1906. LOOMIS, (Rev.) Hubbell, clergyman and edu- cator, was born in Colche.ster, Conn., May 01, 177.5; prepared for college in the common schools and at Plainfield Academy, in his native State, finally graduating at Union College, N. Y., in 1799 — liaving supported himself during a con- siderable part of his educational course by manual labor and teaching. He subsequently studied theology, and, for twenty-four years, served as pastor of a Congregation.al chinch at Willington, Conn., meanwhile fitting a number of j'oung men for college, including among them Dr. Jared Sparks, afterwards President of Har- vard College and author of numerous historical works. About 1829 his views on the subject of baptism underwent a change, resulting in liis uniting himself with the Baptist Church. Com- ing to Illinois soon after, he spent some time at Kaskaskia and Edwardsville, and, in 1832, located at Upper Alton, where he became a prominent factor in laying the foundation of ShurtletT Col- lege, first by the establishment of the Bapti.st Seminarv. of which he was the Principal for several years, and later by assisting, in 183.'), to secure the charter of the college in which the seminar}' was merged. His name stood first on the list of Trustees of the new institution, and, in proportion to his means, he was a liberal con- tributor to its support in the period of its infancy. The latter j'ears of his life were spent among his books in literary and scientific pursuits. Died at Upper Alton, Dec. 1.5, 1872, at the advanced age of nearly 98 years. — A son of his — Prof. Elias Loomis — an eminent mathematician and natural- ist, was the author of "Loomis" Algebra" and otlier scientific text-books, in extensive use in the colleges of the country. He held professorships in various institutions at different times, the last being that of Natural Philosopln- and Astronomy in Yale College, from 1860 up to his death in 1889. LORIMEK, William, Member of Congress, was born in Manchester, England, of Scotcli parent- age, April 27, 1861 ; came with his parents to America at five years of age, and, after spending some years in Michigan and Ohio, came to Chi- cago in 1870, where he entered a private school. Having lost his father by death at twelve j'ears of age, he became an apprentice in tlie sign-paint- ing business; was afterwards an employe on a street-railroad, finally engaging in the real-estate business and serving as an appointee of Mayor Roche and Maj'or Washburne in tlie city water deiiartment. In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for Clerk of the Superior Court, but was defeated. Two j-ears later he was elected to the Fifty- fourth Congress from the Second Illinois District, and re-elected in 1896, as he was again in 1898. His plurality in 1896 amounted to 26,736 votes. LOUISVILLE, the county -seat of Clay County; situated on the Little Wabasli River and on the Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. It is 100 miles south- southeast of Springfield and 7 miles north of Flora.; has a courthouse, three churches, a high school, a sa\ings bank and one weekly new.^paper. Pop. (1890), 637; (1900), 046; (1910), 670. LOUISTILLE, EV.VNSVILLE & NEW AL- RAW RAILRO.VD. (See Loiiis'i-itk'. Ennisrille (i- St. Louis (Consoliilated) Railroad) LOUISVILLE, EV.\XSVILLE ic ST. LOUIS (Consolidated) RAILROAD. The length of this entire line is 3.58.55 miles, of which nearly 1.50 miles are operated in Illinois. It crosses the State from East St. Louis to Mount Carmel, on the Wabash River. Witliin Illinois the system uses a single track of standard gauge, laid with steel rails on white-oak ties. The grades are usually light, although, as the line leaves tlie Mis,sissippi bottom, the gradient is aViout two per cent or 105.6 feet per mile. The total capitalization IIISTOniCAL KXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 345 (1898) was $18,236,246, of which §4,247,909 was in stock and §10,568,350 in bonds.— (History.) The original corporation was organized in both Indi- ana and Illinois in 18G9, and the Illinois section of the line opened from Mount Carmel to Albion (18 miles) in January, 1873. The Indiana division was sold under foreclosure in 1876 to the Louis- ville, New Albany & St. Louis Railway Com- pany, while the Illinois division was reorganized in 1878 under the name of the St. Louis, Mount Carmel & New Albany Railroad. A few months later the two divisions were consolidated under the name of the former. In 1881 this line was again consolidated with the Evansville, Rockport & Eastern Railroad (of Indiana!, taking the name of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad. In 1889, bj- a still fuither consolidation, it absorbed several short lines in Indiana and Illi- nois — those in tlie latter State being the Illinois & St. Louis Railroad and Coal Company, the Belleville, Centralia & Eastern (projected from Belleville to Mount Vernon) and the Venice & Carondelet — the new organization assuming the present name — Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consolidated ) Railroad. LOUISVILLE & XASHVILLE RAILROAD, a corporation operating an extensive system of railroads, chiefly south of the Ohio River and extending through Kentucky and Tennessee into Indiana. The portion of the line in Illinois (known as the St. Louis, Evansville & Nashville line) extends from East St. Louis to the Wabash River, in Wliite Count}' (133.64 miles), witli branches from Belleville to 0"Fallon (6.07 miles), and from JIcLeansboro to Shawneetown (40.7 miles) — total, 180.41 miles. The Illinois Divi- sion, though virtually owned by the operating line, is formally leased from the Southeast & .St. Louis Railway Company, whose corporate exist- ence is merely nominal. The latter company acquired title to the property after foreclosure in November, 1880, and leased it in perpetuity to the Louisville & Nashville Company. The total earnings and income of the leased line in Illinois, for 1898, were §1,053,789, and tlio total expendi- tures (including §47,198 taxes) were §657, 125. LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See JucksonviUe (i- St. Louis Riiilwny.) LOVEJOY, Elijah Parish, mini.ster and anti- slavery journalist, was born at Albion, Maine, Nov. 9, 1802 — the son of a Congregational minis- ter. He graduated at Waterville College in 1826, came west and taught scliool in St. Louis in 1827, and became editor of a Whig paper there in 1829. Later, he studied theology at Princeton and was licensed as a Presbyterian minister in 1833. Returning to St. Louis, he .started "The Observer" — a religious weekly, which condemned slave-holding. Threats of violence from the pro-slavery party induced him to remove his paper, presses, etc., to Alton, in July, 1836. Three times within twelve months his plant was de- stroyed by a mob. A fourth press having been procured, a number of his friends agreed to pro- tect it from destruction in tlie warehouse where it was stored. On tlie evening of Nov. 7, 1837, a mob, having assembled about the building, sent one of their number to the roof to set it on fire. Lovejoy, with two of his friends, stepped outside to reconnoiter, when he was shot down by parties in ambush, breathing liis last a few minutes later. His death did mucli to strengthen the anti-slavery sentiment north of Mason and Dixon's line. His party regarded him as a martyr, and his death was made the text for many impassioned and effective appeals in oppo- sition to an institution which employed moboc- racy and murder in its efforts to suppress free di.scussion. (.See Alton Riots.) LOVEJOY', Owen, clergyman and Congressman, was born at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 1811. Being the son of a clergyman of small means, he was thrown upon liis own resources, but secured a collegiate education, graduating at Bowdoin College. In 1836 he removed to Alton, 111., join- ing his brother, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who was conducting an anti-slavery and religious journal there, and whose assassination by a pro-slavery mob he witnessed the following year. (See Alton Riots and Elijah P. Lovejoy. ) This tragedy induced him to devote his life to a crusade against slavery. Having previously begun the study of theology, he was ordained to the minis- try and officiated for several years as p.astor of a Congregational church at Princeton. In 1847 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Constitu- tional Convention on the "Liberty" ticket, but, in 1854, was elected to the Legislature upon that issue, and earnestlj' supjiorted Abraham Lincoln for United States Senator. LTpon his election to the Legislature he resigned his pastorate at Princeton, his congre.gation presenting him with a solid silver service in token of their esteem. In 1856 he was elected a Representative in Congress by a majority of 7,000,, and was re-elected for three sviccessive terms. As an orator lie had few equals in the State, while his courage in the support of his principles was indomitable. In the campaigns of 18.50, ".58 and "GO he rendered valuable service to the Republican party, as he 346 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. did later in upholding the cause of the Union in Congress. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 25, 186-i. LOVINGTOX, a village of Moultrie County, on the Terre Haute-Peoria branch of the Vandalia Line and the Bement & Altaniont Division of the Wabash Railway, 23 miles southeast of Decatur. The town ships grain and live-stock, has a bank, a newspaper, water-works, electric lights and tele- phone. Pop. (1900), 81.5; (1910), 1,011. LUDLAM, (Dr.) Reuben, physician and author, was born at Camden, N. J., Oct. 11, 1831, the son of Dr. Jacob Watson Ludlam, an eminent phy- sician who, in his later years, became a resident of Evanston, 111. The younger Ludlam, having taken a course in an academy at Bridgeton, N. J., at sixteen years of age entered upon the study of medicine with his father, followed by a course of lectures at the University of Pennsyl- vania, where he graduated, in 1852. Having removed to Chicago the following year, he soon after began an investigation of tlie homoeopathic system of medicine, which resulted in its adop- tion, and, a few j'ears later, had acquired such prominence that, in 1859, he was appointed Pro- fessor of Physiology and Pathology in the newly established Hahnemann Medical College in the city of Chicago, with which he continued to be connected for nearly forty years. Besides serving as Secretary of the institution at its inception, he had, as early as 1854, taken a position as one of the editors of "The Chicago Homoeopath,'" later being editorially associated with "The North American Journal of Homojopathy," published in New York City, and "The United States Medical and Surgical J:)uruar of Chicago. He also served as President of numerous medical associ- ations, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor CuUom a member of the State Board of Health, serving, by two subsequent reappointments, for a period of fifteen years. In addition to his labors as a lecturer and practitioner. Dr. Ludlam was one of the most prolific authors on professional lines in the city of Chicago, besides numerous monographs on special topics, having produced a "Course of Clinical Lectures on Diphtheria" (1863); "Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the Diseases of Women"' (1871), and a translation from the Frencli of "Lectures on Clinical Medi- cine" (1880). The secon:l work mentioned is recognized as a valuable textbook, and has passed through seven or eight editions. A few years after his first connection with the Hahne mann Medical College, Dr. Ludlam became Pro- fessor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and, on the death of President C. S. Smith, was chosen President of the institution. Died suddenly from .'leart disease, while preparing to perform a surgi- cal operation on a patient in the Hahnemann Medical College, April 29, 1899. LUSDY, Benjamin, early anti-slavery journal- ist, was born in New Jersey of Quaker par- entage ; at 19 worked as a saddler at Wheeling, Va., where he first gained a practical knowledge of the institution of slavery ; later carried on business at Mount Pleasant and St. Clairsville, C, where, in 1815, he organized an anti-slavery association under the name of the "Union Humane Society," also contributing anti-slavery articles to "The Philanthropist,"' a paper pub- lished at Mount Pleasant. Removing to St. Louis, in 1819, he took a deep interest in the con- test over the admission of Missouri as a slave State. Again at Mount Pleasant, in 1821, he began the issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," a monthly, which he soon removed to Jonesbor- ough, Tenu., and finally to Baltimore in 1824, when it became a weekly. Mr. Lundy's trend towards colonization is shown in the fact that he made two visits (1825 and 1829) to Hayti, with a view to promoting the colonization of emanci- pated slaves in that island. Visiting the East in 1828, he made the acquaintance of William Lloyd Garrison, who became a f onvert to his views and a firm all}'. The following winter he was as- saulted by a slave-dealer in Baltimore and nearly killed; soon after removed his paper to Washing- ton and, later, to Philadelphia, where it took the name of "The National Enquirer," being finally merged into "The Pennsylvania Freeman." In 1838 his property was burned by the pro-slavery mob which fired Pennsylvania Hall, and, in the following winter, he removed to Lowell, La Salle Co., 111., with a view to reviving his paper there, but the design was f nistrated by his early death, which occurred August 22, 1839. The paper however, was revived by Zebina Eastman under the name of "The Genius of Liberty," but was re- moved to Chicago, in 1842, and issued under the name of "The Western Citizen." (See Eastman, Zebina.) LUXT, Orringtou, capitalist and philanthro- pist, was born in Bowdoinham, Maine, Dec. 24, 1815; came to Chicago in 1842, and engaged in the grain commission business, becoming a mem- ber of the Board of Trade at its organization. Later, he became interested in real estate oper- ations, fire and life insurance and in railway enterprises, being one of the early promoters of the Chicago & Galena Union, now a part of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 347 Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. lie also took an active part in municipal atfair-s, and, during the War, was an efficient member of the "War Finance Committee." A liberal patron of all moral and benevolent enterprises, as shown by his cooperation with the "Relief and Aid Soci- ety" after the lire of 1871, and his generous bene- factions to the Young Men"s Christian Association and feeble churches, his most efficient service was rendered to the cause of education as repre- sented in the Northwestern University, of which he was a Trustee from its organization, and much of the time an executive officer. To his noble benefaction the institution owes its splendid library building, erected some j-ears ago at a cost of §100,000. In the future history of Clii- cago, Mr. Lunt's name will stand beside that of J. Young Scammon, "Walter L. Newberr}', John Crerar, and others of its most liberal benefactors. Died, at his home in Evanston, April 5, 1897. LUSK, John T., pioneer, was born in South Carolina, Nov. 7, 1784; brought to Kentucky in 1791 by his father (James Lusk), who established a ferry across the Ohio, opposite the present town of Golconda, in Pope Count}-, 111. Lusk's Creek, which empties into the Ohio in that vicinity, took its name from this family. In 18().} the sub- ject of this sketch came to Madison County, 111., and settled near Edwardsville. During the War of 1813-14 he was engaged in the service as a "Ranger." When Edwardsville began its growth, he moved into the town and erected a hoase of hewn logs, a story and a half high and containing three rooms, which became the first hotel in the town and a place of considerable historical note. ilr. Lusk held, at different periods, the positions of Deputy Circuit Clerk, County Clerk, Recorder and Postmaster, dying, Dec. 22, 1857. LUTHERAIVS, The. Wliile this sect in Illi- nois, as elsewhere, is divided into many branches, it is a unit in accepting the Bible as the only in- fallible rule of faith, in the use of Luther's small Catechism in instruction of the young, in the practice of infant baptism and confirmation at an earlj- age, and in acceptance of the Augsburg Confession. Services are conducted, in various sections of the country, in not less than twelve different languages. The number of Lutheran ministers in Illinois exceeds 400, who preach in the English, German, Danish, Swedish, Fin- nish and Hungarian tongues. The churches over which they preside recognize allegiance to eight distinct ecclesiastical bodies, denomi- nated synods, as follows: The Northern, South- ern, Central and Wartburg Synods of the General Synod; the Illinois-Missouri District of the Sy nodical Conference; the Synod for the Norwegian Evangelical Church; the Swedish- Augustana. and the Indiana Synod of the General Council. To illustrate the large proportion of the foreign element in this denomination, reference may be made to the fact that, of sixty-tliree Lutheran churches in Chicago, only four use the English language. Of the remainder, thirty- seven make use of the German, ten Swedish, nine Norwegian and three Danish. The whole num- ber of communicants in the State, in 1892, was estimated at 90,000. The General Synod sustains a German Theological Seminary in Chicago. (See also Religious Denominations. LYONS, a village of Cook County, 12 miles southwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 486; (1890), 732; (1900), 951; (1910), 1,483. MACALISTER & STEBBINS BONDS, the name given to a class of Strate indebtedness incurred in the year 1841, through the hypothe- cation, by John D.Whiteside (then Fund Com- missioner of the State of Illinois), with Messrs. Macalister & Stebbins, brokers of New York City, of 804 interest-bearing bonds of §1,000 each, payable in 1865, upon which the said Macalistei & Stebbins advanced to the State .5201,560.83. This was done with the understanding that the firm would make further advances sufficient to increase the aggregate to forty per cent of the face value of the bonds, but upon which no further advances were actually made. In addi- tion to these, there were deposited witli the same firm, wjthin the next few months, with a like understanding, internal improvement bonds and State scrip amounting to .5109,215.44 — making the aggregate of State securities in their hands §913,- 215.44, upon which the State had received only tlie amount already named — being 28.64 per cent of the face value of such indebtedness. Attempts having been made by the holders of these bonds (with whom they had been hypothecated by Macalister & Stebbins), to secure settlement on their par face value, tlie matter became the sub ject of repeated legislative acts, the most impor- tant of which were passed in 1847 and 1849 — both reciting, in their respective preambles, the history of the transaction. The last of these provided for the issue to Macalister & Stebbins of new bonds, payable in 1865, for the amount of princi- pal and interest of the sum actually advanced and found to be due, conditioned upon the sur- render, by them, of the original bonds and otlier 348 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. evidences of indebtedness received by them in 1841. Tliis the actual holders refused to accept, and brouglit the case before the Supreme Court in an effort to compel the Governor (who was then ex-offieio Fund Commissioner) to recognize the full face of their claim. This the Supreme Court refused to do, on the ground that, the executive being a co-ordinate branch of the Gov- ernment, they had no authority over his official acts. In IS'>9 a partial refunding of these bonds, to the amoimt of SIU.OOO, was obtained from Governor Bissell, who, being an invalid, was probably but imperfectly acquainted with their history and previous legislation on the subject. Representations made to him led to a suspension of the proceeding, and, as the bonds were not transferable e>:cept on the books of the Funding Agency in the office of the State Auditor, they were treated as illegal and void, and were ulti mately surrendered by the holders on the basis originally fixed, without loss to the State. In 1865 an additional act was passed requiring the presentation, for payment, of the portion of the original bonds still outstanding, on pain of for- feiture, and this was finally done. MACK, Alonzo W., legislator, was born at More- town, Vt., in 1822; at 16 years of age settled at Kalamazoo, Mich., later began the study of medi- cine and gi'aduated at Laporte, Ind., in 1844. Then, having removed to Kankakee, 111., he adopted the practice of law ; in 1858 was elected Representative, and, in 1860 and '64, to the Senate, serving through five continuous sessions (1858-68). In 1862 he assisted in organizing the Seventy-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned, in January following, to take his seat in the Senate. Colonel Mack, who was a zealous friend of Governor Yates, was one of the leading spirits in the establishment of "The Chicago Repub- lican, " in May, 1865, and was its business mana- ger the first year of its publication, but disagreeing with the editor, Charles A. Dana, both finally retired. Colonel Mack then resumed the practice of Liw in Chicago, dying there, Jan. 4, 1871. M.iCKIXAW, the first county-seat of Tazewell County, at intersection of two railroad lines, 18 miles southeast of Peoria. The district is agri- cultural and stock-raising. There are manufacto- ries of farm implements, pressed brick, liarness, wagons and carriages , also a State bank and a weekly i«i)tT. Pop. (19U0), 8.59; (1910), 725. MAC MILLAX, Thomas C, Clerk of United States District Court, was born at Stranraer, Scotland, Oct. 4, 1850; came with his parents, in 1857, to Chicago, where he graduated from the nigh School and spent some time in the Chicago University; in 1873 became a reporter on "The Chicago Inter Ocean;'' two years later accom- panied an exploring expedition to the Black Hills and, in 1875-76, represented that paper with General Crook in the campaign against the Sioux After an extended tour in Europe, he assumed charge of the "Curiosity Shop" department of "The. Inter Ocean," served on the Cook County Board of Education and as a Director of the Chi cago Public Library, besides eight years in the General Assembly — 1885-89 in the House and 1889- 93 in the Senate. In January, 1896, Mr. MacMillan was appointed Clerk of the United States District Court at Chicago. He has been a Trustee of Illi- nois College since 1886, and, in 1885, received the honorary degree of A.M. from that institution. MACOMB, the county-seat of McDonough County, situated on the Chicago, Biu'lington & Quincy Railroad, 59 miles northeast of Quincy, 39 miles southwest of Galesburg. The principal manufactures are sewer-pipes, drain-tile, pot- tery, and school-desk castings. The city has interurban electric car line, banks, nine churches, high school and three daily and weekly papers; is the seat of the ^^'e.'^tern Illinois State Normal School, Preparatory School and Business College. Pop. (1890), 4,0.52:^1900), 5,375; (1010), 5,774. MACOX, a village in Macon County, on the Illi- nois Central Railroad. 10 miles south by west of Decatur. Macon County is one of the most fer- tile in the corn belt, and the city is an important shipping-point for corn. It has wagon and cigar factories, four churclies, a graded school, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 705; (1910), 683. MACOX COUXTT, situated near the geograph- ical center of the State. The census of 1910 gave its area as 580 square miles, and its population, 54,186. It was organized in 1829, and named for Nathaniel Macon, a revolutionary soldier and statesman. The surface is chiefly level prairie, although in parts there is a fair grow-th of timber. The countj- is well drained by the Sangamon River and its tributaries. The soil is that high grade of fertility which one might expect in the corn belt of the central portion of the State. Besides corn, oats, rye and barley are extensively cultivated, while potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the products. Decatur is the county-seat and principal city in the heart of a rich agricul- tural region. Jlaroa, in the northern part of the county, enjoys considerable local trade. MACOrPIN COrXTY, a south-central county, with an area of 864 square miles and a population HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 349 of 50,685 in iniO. The word Macoupin is of Indian derivation, signifying ''white iiotato." The county, originally a part of Sladison, and later of Greene, was separately organized in 1829, under tlie supervision of Setli Hodges, William Wilcox and Theodorus Davis. The first court house (of logs) was erected in 1830. It contained but two rooms, and in pleasant weather juries were wont to retire to a convenient grove to deliberate upon their findings. The surface of the county is level, with narrow belts of timber following the course of the streams. The soil is fertile, and both corn and wheat are extensively raised While agriculture is the chief industry in the south, stock-raising is successfully carried on in the north Carlinville is the county-seat and Bunker Hill, Stanton, Virden and Girard the other principal towns MAC VEAGH, Frankliu, merchant, lawyer and politician, was born on a farm in Chester Countj', Pa., graduated from Yale University in 1862, and, two years later, from Columbia Law School, New York. He was soon compelled to abandon practice on account of ill-health, and removed to Chicago, in .September, 1865, where he embarked in business as a wliolesale grocer. In 1874 he was chosen President of the Volunteer Citizens' Association, whicli inaugurated manj' important mimicipal reforms. He was thereafter repeatedly urged to accept other offices, among them the mayorality, but persistently refused until 1894, when he accepted a nomination for United States Senator by a State Convention of the Democratic Party. He made a thorough can- vass of tlie State, but the Republicans having gained control of the Legislature, he was defeated. At present (1911) Mr. MacVeagh occupies the office of Secretary of the Treasuiy, m Washing- ton, to wliich he was appointed by Pres.Taft in 1900. MADISON COUNTY, situated in the southwest division of the State, and bordering on the Mis- sissippi River. Its area is about 740 square miles. The surface of the county is liilly along the Mis- sissippi bluffs, but generally either level or only slightly undulating in the interior. The "Ameri- can Bottom"' occupies a strij) of country along the western border, four to six miles wide, as far north as Alton, and is exceptionally fertile. The covmty was organized in 1812, being the first county set off from St. Clair County after the organization of Illinois Territory, in 1809, and the third within the Territory. It was named in honor of James Madison, then President of the United States. At that time it embraced sub- stantially the whole of the northern part of tlie State, but its limits were steadily reduced by excisions until 1843. The soil is fertile, corn, wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes being raised and exported in large iiuantities. Coal seams under- lie the soil, and carboniferous limestone crops out in the neighborhood of Alton. American settlers began first to arrive about 1800. the Judj-s, GiU- hams and Whitesides being among the first, gen- erally locating in the American Bottom, and laying the foundation for the present county. In the early history of the State, Madison County was the home of a large number of prominent men who exerted a large influence in shaping its destiny. Among these were Governor Edwards, Governor Coles, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, ami many more whose names are intimately inter- woven witli State histor}'. The county-seat is at Edwardsville, and Alton is the principal city. Population of the county (1910), 89,847. MAORUDER, Benjamin D., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born near Natchez, Miss., Sept. 37, 1838; graduated from Yale College in 1856, and, for three years thereafter, engaged in teaching in his father's private academj' at Baton Rouge, La. , and in reading law. In 1859 he graduated from the law department of the University of Louisiana, and the same year opened an office at Slemphis, Tenn At the out- break of the Civil War, his sympathies being strongly in favor of the Union, he came North, and, after visiting relatives at New Haven, Conn., settled at Chicago, in June, 1861. While ever radically loyal, he refrained from enlisting or taking jiart in political discussions during the war, many members of his immediate family being in the Confederate service. He soon achieved and easily maintained a high standing at the Chicago bar; in 1868 was appointed Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County, and, in 1885, was elected to succeed Judge T. Lyle Dickey on the bench of the Supreme Court, being re-elected for a full term of nine years in 1888, and again in 1897. He was Chief Justice in 1891-92. Died April 21, 1910. MADISON, a village and station in the western part of JIadison County, opposite the city of St. Louis, and at the junction of several lines of railroad with the St Louis Bridge Terminal; has rolling mills, foundries and other manufacturing enterprises; is also an important shijjping point for river transpor- tation; has two weekly papers. Pop. (1910), 5,046. MA LTD Y, .lasper A., soldier, was born in Ash- tabula County, Ohio, Nov. 3, 1826, serve! as a lirivate in the Mexican War and was severely wounded at Chapultepeo. After his discharge he 350 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. established himself in the mercantile business at Galena, 111. ; in 1861 entered tlie volunteer service as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry, was wounded at Fort Donelson, pro- moted Colonel in November, 1862, and wounded a second time at Vicksburg; commissioned Brigadier- General in August, 1863; served through tlie subsequent campaigns of the Army of the Tennessee, and was mustered out, January, 1866. Later, he was appointed by the commander of tlie district Mayor of Vicksburg, dying in that office, Dec. 13, 1867. MAKA>'DA, a village of Jackson County on the Illinois Central Railroad, 49 miles north of Cairo at South Pass, a spur of the Ozark Mountains; is in a rich fruit-growing region; has a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 528; (1910), 400. MANIERE, George, early Chicago lawyer and jurist, born of Huguenot descent, at New Lon- don, Conn., in 1817. Bereft of his father in 1831, his mother removed to New York City, where he began the study of law, occasionally contributing to "The New York Mirror," then one of the leading literary periodicals of the country. In 1835 he removed to Chicago, where he completed his professional studies and was admitted to the bar in 1839. His first office was a deputyship in the Circuit Clerk's office; later, he was appointed Master in Chancery, and served one term as Alderman and two terms as City Attorney. While filling the latter office he codified the municipal ordinances. In 1855 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1861 without opposition. Before the expiration of his second term he died, May 31, 1863. He held the office of School Commissioner from 1844 to 1852, during which time, largely through his efforts, the school system was remodeled and the im- paired school fund placed in a satisfactory con- dition. He was one of the organizers of the Union Defense Committee in 1861, a member of the first Board of Regents of the (old) Chicago University, and prominentl}' connected with several societies of a semi-public character. He was a polished writer and was, for a time, in edi- torial control of "The Chicago Democrat." MANN, James R., lawyer and Congressman, was born on a farm near Bloomington, 111., Oct. 20, 1856, whence his father moved to Iroquois County in 1867; graduated at the University of Illinois in 1876 and at the Union College of Law in Chi- cago, in 1881, after which he established himself in practice in Chicago, finally becoming the head of the law firm of Mann, Hayes & Miller; in 1888 was elected Attorney of the village of H3'de Park and, after the annexation of that municipality to the city of Chicago, in 1892 was elected Alderman of the Thirty-second Ward, and reelected in 1894, while in the City Council becoming one of its most prominent members; in 1894, served as Temporary Chairman of the Republican State Convention at Peoria, and, in 1895, as Chairman of the Cook County Republican Convention. In 1896 he was elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty- fifth Congress, receiving a plurality of 28,459 over the Free Silver Democratic candidate, and 26,907 majority over all. In 1898 he was a can- didate for re-election,and was again successful, by over 17,000 plurality, on a largely reduced vote. Other positions held by Mr. Maim, previous to his election to Congress, include those of Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County and General Attorney of the South Park Com- missioners of the city of Chicago. M.4NN, Orriii L., lawyer and soldier, was bom in Geauga County, Ohio., and, in his youth, removed to the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Mich., where he learned the blacksmith trade, but, being compelled to abandon it on account of an injury, in 1851 began study with the late Dr. Hinman, then in charge of the Wesleyan Female College, at Albion, Mich. Dr. Hinman having, two years later, become President of the North- western University, at Evanston; Mr. Mann accompanied his preceptor to Chicago, continuing liis studies for a time, but later engaging in teaching; in 1856 entered the University of Michigan, but left in his junior year. In 1860 he took part in the campaign which resulted in the election of Lincoln ; early in the following spring had made arrangements to engage in the lumber- trade in Chicago, but abandoned this purpose at the firing on Fort Sumter; tlaen assisted in organizing the Thirty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (the "Yates Phalanx"), which having been accepted after considerable delay, he was chosen Major. The regiment was first assigned to duty in guarding the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, but afterwards took part in the first battle of Winchester and in operations in North and South Carolina. Having previously been commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, Major Mann «as now assigned to court-martial duty at Newbern and Hilton Head. Later, he partici- pated in the siege of Forts Wagner and Gregg, winning a brevet Brigadier-Generalship for meritorious service. The Thirty-ninth, having "veteranized" in 1864, was again sent east, and being assigned to the command of Gen. B. F. Butler, took part in the battle of Bermuda HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 351 Hundreds, where Colonel Mann was seriously wounded, necessitating a stay of several months in liospital. Returning to duty, he was assigned to the staff of General Ord, and later served as Provost Marshal of the District of Virginia, with headquarters at Norfolk, being finally mustered out in December, 1865. After the war he engaged in tlie real estate and loan business, but, in 1866, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District, serving until 1868, when he was succeeded by General Corse. Other positions held by him wore' Represen- tative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly (1S7-1-76), Coroner of Cook County (1S78-S0), and Sheriff (1880-82). General Mann was injured by a fall, some years since, inducing partial paralysis. Died Dec. 13, 1908. MANNING) Joel, first Secretary of the Illinois & Michigan Canal Commissioners, was born in 1793, graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1818, and came to Southern Illinois at an early day, residing for a time at Brownsville, Jackson County, where he held the office of County- Clerk. In 1836 he was practicing law, when he was appointed Secretary of the first Board of Commissioners of the Illinois & Alichigan Canal, remaining in office until 1845. He continued to reside at Lockport, Will County, until near the close of his life, when he removed to Joliet, dying there. Jan. 8, 1869. MANNINtJ, Julius, lawyer, was born in Can- ada, near Chateaugay, N. Y., but passed his earlier years chiefly in the State of New York, completin.g his education at Middlebury College, Vt. ; in 1839 came to Knoxville, 111., where he served one term as County Judge and two terms (1842-46) as Representative in the General Assem- bly. He was also a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1848. In 18.')3 he removed to Peoria, where he was elected, in 1861, a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of the following year. Died, at Knoxville, July 4, 1862. MANSFIELD, a village of Piatt County, at the intersection of the Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Chicago Division of the "Wabash Railways, 32 miles southeast of Bloomington. It is in the heart of a rich agricultural region ; has one news- paper. Pop. (1890), .533; (1900), 70S; (1910), 681. MANTENO, a village of Kankakee County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 47 miles south of Chicago; a shipping point for grain, live- stock, small fruits and dairy products; has one newspaper. Population (1880), 632; (1890), 627; (1900), 9.32; (1910), 1,229. M.\(JUO>', a village of Knox County, on the Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 16 miles southeast of Gales- burg. The region is agricultural. The town has banks and a weeklj' paper. Population (1880), 54S; (1890), .501; (1900), 475; (1010), 472. MARCY, (Dr.) Oliver, educator, was born in Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 13, 1820; received his early education in the grammar schools of his native town, graduating, in 1842, from t)ie Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn. He early mani- fested a deep interest in the natural sciences and became a teacher in an academy at Wilbraham, Mass., where he remained until 1862, meanwhile making numerous trips for geologic investigation One of these was made in 1849, overland, to Puget Sound, for the purpose of securing data for maps of the Pacific Coast, and settling dis- puted questions as to the geologic formation of the Rocky Mountains. During this trip he visited San Francisco, making maps of the mountain regions for the use of the Government. In 1862 he was called to the professorship of Natui'al History in the Northwestern University, at Evanston, remaining there until his death. The institution was then in its infancy, and he taught mathematics in connection with liis other duties. From 1890 he was Dean of the faculty. He received the degee of LL.D. from the University of Chicago in 1876. Died, at Evanston, March 19. 1899. MAREDOSIA (MARAIS de OGEE), a peculiar depression (or slougli) in the southwestern part of Whiteside County, connecting the Mississippi and Rock Rivers, through which, in times of freshets, the former sometmies discharges a part of its waters into the latter. On tlie other liand, when Rock River is relatively higher, it some- times discharges through the same channel into the Mississippi. Its general course is north and south. — Cat-Tall Slough, a similar depression, runs nearly parallel witli the Maredosia, at a dis- tance of five or six miles from the latter. The highest point in the Maredosia above low water in the Mississippi is tliirteen feet, and that in the Cat-Tail Slough is twent}--six feet. Each is believed, at some time, to have served as a channel for the Mississippi. MARENGO, a city of McHenry County, settled in 1835, incorporated as a town in 1857 and, as a city, in 1893; lies 68 miles northwest of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. It is in the heart of a dairying and fruit-growing dis- trict; has a foundry, stove works, condensed milk plant, canning factory, water-works, elec- 352 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. trie lights, Las six churches, good scliools and two weekly newsjjapers; also two large pickle factories. Pop. (1900), 2,00.5; (1910), 1,936. MARINE, a village of Madison County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles northeast of St. Lbuis. Several of its earliest settlers were sea cap- tains from the East, from whom the "Marine Settlement" obtained its name; has one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 666; (1910), 685. MARION, the county-seat of Williamson County, 173 miles southeast of Springfield, on the Illinois Central and Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroads ; in agricultural and coal region ; has cotton and woolen mills, electric cars, water- works, ice and cold-storage plant, pressed brick factory, churches, a graded school, one daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 2,510; (1910), 7,09.3. MARION COUNTY, located near the center of the southern half of the State, with an area of 576 square miles; was organized in 1823, and, by the census of 1910, had a population of 35,094. About half the county is prairie, the cliief prod- ucts being tobacco, wool and fruit. The remainder is timbered land. It is watered b}' the tributaries of the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash Rivers. The bottom lands have a heavy growth of choice timber, and a deep, rich soil. A large portion of the county is underlaid with a thin vein of coal, and the rocks all belong to the upper coal measures. Sandstone and building sand are also abundant. Ample shipping facilities are afforded by the Illinois Central and theBaltimore & Ohio (S.W.) Railroads. Salem is the county-seat, but Centralia is tlie largest and most important town, being a railroad junction and center of an extensive fruit-trade. Sandoval is a thriving town at the junction of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads. M.ilRISSA, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis & Cairo Short Line Railroad. 39 miles southeast of St. Louis. It is in a farming and mining district; has two banks, a newspaper and a magazine. Pop. (1900), 1,086; (1910), 2,004. MAROA, a city in Macon County, on the Illi- nois Central Railroad, 13 miles north of Decatur and 31 miles south of Bloomington. The city has three elevators, an agricultural implement fac- tory, water-works system, electric light plant, telephone service, two banks, one newspaper, three churches and a graded school. Population (ISOn), 1,161; (190(1), 1,213; (1910), 1,160. MARCJUETTE, (Father) Jacciurs, a French missionary and explorer, born at Laon, France, in 1637. He liecame a Jesuit at the a^e of 17, and, twelve years later (1666), was ordained a priest. The same year he sailed for Canada, landing at Quebec. For eighteen months he devoted him- self chiefly to the study of Indian dialects, and, in 1668, accompanied a party of Nez-Perces to Lake Superior, where he founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie. Later, after various vicissi- tudes, he went to Mackinac, and, in that vicinity, founded the Mission of St. Ignace and built a rude church. In 1673 he accompanfed Joliet on his voyage of discovery down the Mississippi, the two setting out from Green Bay on Slay 17, and reaching the Mississippi, by way of the Fo.x and Wisconsin Riverc, June 17. (For an interesting translation of Marquette's quaint narrative of the e.xpedition, see Shea's "Discovery and Explo- ration of the Mississippi,'' N. Y., 1852.) In Sep- tember, 1673, after leaving the Illinois and stop- ping for some time among the Indians near '.Starved Rock," he returned to Green Bay much broken in health. In October, 1674, under orders from his superior, he set out to establish a mis- sion at Kaskaskia on the Upper Illinois. In December lie reached the present site of Chicago, where he was compelled to halt because of exhaustion. On Marcli 29, 1675, he resumed his journey, and reached Kaskaskia, after much suffering, on April 8. After laboring indefati- gably and making many converts, failing health compelled him to start on his return to Macki- nac. Before the voyage was completed he died. May 18, 1675, at the mouth of a stream which long bore his name^but is not the present Mar- quette River — on the eastern shore of Lake Michi- gan. His remains were subsequently removed to Point St. Ignace. He was the first to attempt to explain the lake tides, and modern science haa not improved his theory. MARSEILLES, a city on the Illinois River, in La Salle County, 8 miles east of Ottawa, and 77 miles southwest of Chicago, on the line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Ex- cellent water power is furnished by a dam across the river. The city has several factories, among the leading products being flour, paper and agricultural implements. Coal is mined in the vicinity. The grain trade is large, sufficient to suiiport three elevators. There are two papers, one issuing a daily edition. Pop. (1900), 2,559; (1910), 3,291. M.VRSH, Benjamin P., Congressman, born in Wythe Township, Hancock County, 111., was edu- cated at private schools and at Jubilee College, leaving the latter institution one j'e.ar before graduation. He read law mider the tutelage of his brother. Judge J. W. Marsh, of Warsaw, and was IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 353 admitted to the bar in 1860. The same year he was an unsuccessful candidate for State's Attorney. Immediately upon the first call for troops in 18G1, he raised a conipauj- of cavalry, and, going to Springfield, tendered it to Governor Yates. No cavalrj' having been called for, the Governor felt constrained to decline it. On his way home Mr. Marsh stopped at Quincy and enlisted as a private in the Sixteenth Illinois Infantr}', in which regi- ment lie served until July 4, 18G1, when Gov- ernor Yates advised him by telegraph of his readiness to accept his cavalry company. Returning to Warsaw he recruited another com- pany witliin a few da3-s, of which he was com- missioned Captain, and which was attached to the Second Illinois Cavalry. lie served in the army until January, 1866, being four times wounded, and rising to the rank of Colonel. On his return home he interested himself in politics. In 1869 he was a Republican candidate for the State Constitutional Convention, and. in 1876, was elected to represent the Tenth Illinois Dis- trict in Congress, and re-elected in 1878 and 1880. In 188.5 he was appointed a member of the Rail- road and Warehouse Commissicm, serving until 1889. In 1894 he was again elected to Congress from his old district, wliich, under the new apportionment, had become the Fifteenth, was reelected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the Fifty-fifth Congress he was a member of the House Committee on Military Affairs and Cliair- man of Committee on Militia. iJicd June 2, 1905. MARSH, William, jurist, was born at Moravia, N. Y., May 11, 1822; was educated at Groton Academy and Union College, graduating from the latter in 1842. He studied law, in part, in the office of Millard Fillmore, at Buffalo, and was admitted to the bar in 1845, practicing at Ithaca until 1854, when he removed to Quincy, 111. Here he continued in practice, in partnership, at differ- ent periods, with prominent lawyers of that city, until elected to the Circuit bench in 1885, serv- ing until 1891. Died, April 14, 1894. MAKSHALIi, the county -seat of Clark County, and an incorporateil city, 16!^ miles southwest of Terre Haute, Ind., and a point of intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Vandalia Railroads. The surrounding country is devoted to farming and stock-rai.sing. The city has woolen, flour, saw and planing mills, and milk condensing plant. It has two banks, eiglit churches and a good public school system, which includes city and township high schools, and two newspapers. Pop. (1S9UJ, 1,'JOU; (.1900), 2,077; (1910), 2.,5R9. MARSHALL, Samuel S., lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Gallatin County. 111., in 1824; studied law and soon after located at McLeansboro. In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower house of the Fifteenth General Assembly, but resigned, early in the following year, to become State's Attorney, serving until 1848; was Judge of the Circuit Court from 1851 to 1854, and again from 1861 to 1865 ; was delegate from the State-at-large to the Charleston and Baltimore Conventions of 1860, and to the National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. In 1861 he received the complimentary vote of his party in the Legislature for United States Senator, and was similarly honored in the Fortieth Congress (1867) by receiving the Demo- cratic support for Speaker of the House. He was first elected to Congress in 1854, re-elected in 1856, and, later, served continuously from 1865 to 1875, when he returned to the practice of his profession. Died, July 26, 1890. MARSHALL COUNTY, situated in the north- central part of the State, with an area of 350 square miles — named for Chief Justice John Mar- shall. Settlers began to arrive in 1827, and county organization was effected in 1839. The Illinois River bisects the county, which is also drained by Sugar Creek. The surface is gener- ally level prairie, except along the river, although occasionally undulating". The soil is fertile, corn, wheat, haj' and oats forming the staple agricultural products. Hogs are raised in great number, and coal is extensively mined. Lacon is the county -seat. Population (1880), 15,053; (1890), 13,6.53; (1900), 16,370; (1910), 15,679. MARTIN, (Gen.) James S., ex Congressman and soldier, was born in Scott County, Va., August 19, 1826, educated in the common schools, and, at the age of 20, accompanied his parents to Soutliern Illinois, settling in Marion County. He served as a non-commissioned officer in the war with Mexico. In 1849, he was elected Clerk of the Marion County Court, which office he filled for twelve years. By profession he was a lawyer, and was in active jiractice when not in public or military life. For a number of years he was a member of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1862 he was commis- sioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Eleventh Illinois Volunteers, and, at the close of the war, brevetted Brigadier-General. On his return home he was elected County Judge of Slaripn County, and, in 1868, appointed United States Pension Agent. The latter po.st he resigned in 1872, hav- ing been elected, as a Republican, to represent 354 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Sixteenth District in the Forty-third Con- gress. He was Department Commander of the Grand Army (1S89-90). Died Xov. 20, 1907. MARTIXSVILLE, a village of Clark County, on the Terra Haute & ludianapoUs (\'andalia) Rail- road, 11 miles southwest of Marshall; has a bank, flouring mills and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 779; (1900), 1,000; (1910), 1,500. MASCOUTAH, a city in St. Clair County, 25 miles from St. Louis and 11 miles east of Belle- ville, on the Una of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Coal-mining and agriculture are the principal industries of the surrounding country. The city has flour mills, a brickyard, dairy, school, churches, and electric line; also bank and two weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 2,171; (1910), 2,081. MASON, Roswell B., civil engineer, was bom in Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1805; in his boyhood was employed as a teamster on the Erie Canal, a year later (1822) accepting a position as rodman under Edward F. Gay, assistant-engineer in charge of construction. Subsequently he was employed on the Schuylkill and Morris Canals, on the latter becoming assistant-engineer and, finally, chief and superintendent. Other works with which Mr. Mason was connected in a similar capacity were the Pennsylvania Canal and the Housatonic, New York & New Haven and the Vermont Valley Railroads. In 1851 he came west and took charge of the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, a work which required five years for its completion. The next four years were spent as contractor in the construction of roads in Iowa and Wisconsin, until 1860, when he became Superintendent of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, but remained only one year, in 1861 accepting the position of Controller of the land department of the Illinois Central Railroad, which he retained until 1867. The next two years were occupied in the service of the State in lowering the summit of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. In 1869 he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago, and it was in the closing days of his term that the great fire of 1871 occurred, testing his executive abiUty to the utmost. From 1873 to 1883 he served as one of the Trustees of the Illinois Industrial University, and was one of the incorporators, and a lifelong Director, of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the North- west. Died, Jan. 1, 1892.— Edward Gay(Mason), son of the preceding, was born at Bridgeport, Conn., August 23, 1839; came with his father's family, in 1852, to Chicago, where he attended school for several years, after which lie entered Yale College, graduating there in 1860. He then studied law, and, later, became a member of the law firm of Mattocks & Mason, but subsequently, in conjunction with two brothers, organized the firm of JIason Brothers, for the prosecution of a real-estate and law buiiiness. In 1881 Mr. Mason was one of the organizers of the Chicago Musical Festival, which was instrumental in bringing Theodore Thomas to Chicago. In 1887 he became President of the Chicago Historical Society, as the successor of EUhu B. "Washburne, retaining the position until his death, Dec. 18, 1898. During his incumbency, the commodious building, now occupied by the Historical Society Library, was erected, and he added largely to the resources of the Society by the collection of rare manuscripts and other historical records. He was the author of .several historical works, including "Illinois in the Eighteenth Century," "Kaskaskia and Its Parish Records." besides papers on La Salle and the first settlers of Illinois, and "The Story of James Willing — An Episode of the American Revolution." He also edited a volume entitled "Early Chicago and Illinois." which was pub- lished under the auspices of the Chicago Histor- ical Society. Mr. Mason was, for several years, a Trustee of Yale University and, about the time of his death, was prominently talked of for President of that institution, as successor to President Timothy Dwight. MASON, William E., United States Senator, was born at Frsnklinville, Cattaraugus Coimty, N. Y. , July 7, 18.50, and accompanied his parents to Bentousport, Iowa, in 1858. He was educated at the Bentonsport Academy and at Birmingham College. From 1866 to 1870 he taught school, the last two years at Des Moines. In that city he studied law with Hon. Thomas F. Withrow, who afterward admitted him to partnership. In 1872 he removed to Chicago, where he has since prac- ticed his profession. He soon embarked in poli- tics, and, in 1878, was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1882, to the State Senate. In 1884 he was the regular Repub- lican candidate for Congress in the Third Illinois District (then strongly Republican), but, owing to party dissensions, was defeated by James H. Ward, a Democrat. In 1886, and again in 1888, he was elected to Congress, but. in 1890. was defeated for re-election by Allan C. Durborow. He is a vigorous and effective campaign speaker. In 1897 he was elected United States Senator, receiving in the Legislature 125 votes to 77 for John P. Altgeld, the Democratic candidate. M.\SON CITY, a prosperous city in Mason County, at the intersection of the Chicago & HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 355 Alton and the Havana branch of the Illinois Central R w o s o t> o o f. I I-, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 363 iMcDOXOUGH COUNTY, org-anized uiuier an act passed, Jan. 25, lti26, ami attached, for judicial purposes, to Schuyler County until 1830. Its pre.'ic'nt area is 576 square miles — named in honor of Commodore McDonough. The first settlement in the county was at Industry, on the site of which William Carter (the pioneer of the county) birilt a cabin in 1826. James and John Vance and William Job settled in the vicinity in the following year. Out of this settlement grew Blandinsville. William Pennington located on Spring Creek in 1828, and, in 1831, James M. Campbell erected the first frame house on the site of the present city of Macomb. The first sermon, preached by a Protestant minister in the county, was delivered in the Job settlement by Rev. John Logan, a Baptist. Among the early officers were John Huston, County Treasurer; William Southward, Sheriff; Peter Hale, Coro- ner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor. The first term of the Circuit Court was held in 1880, and presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. The first railway to cross the county was the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (1857). Since then other lines have penetrated it, and there are numerous railroad centers and shipping points of consider- able importance. Population (1880), 25,037; (1890), 27,467; (1900), 28,412; (1910), 26,887. McDOUGALL, James Alexander, lawyer and United States Senator, was born in Bethlehem, Albany County, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1817; educated at the Albany grammar school, studied law and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1837; was Attor- ney-General of Illinois four years (1843-47) ; then engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized and led an exploring expedition to the Rio del Norte, Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of law. In 1830 he was elected Attorney-General of California, served several terms in the State Legislature, and, in 1852, was chosen, as a Demo- crat, to Congress, but declined a re-election ; in 1800 was elected United States Senator from Cali- fornia, serving as a War Democrat imtil 1867. At the expiration of his senatorial term he retired to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867. Though somewhat irregular in habits, he was, at times, a brilliant and effective speaker, and, dur- ing the War of the Rebellion, rendered valuable aid to the Union cause. McFARLAXD, Andrew, M.I)., alienist, was born in Concord, N. H., July 14, 1817, graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1841, and, after being engaged in general practice for a few years, was invited to assume the man- agement of the New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane at Concord. Here he remained some eight years, during which he acquired consider- able reputation in the treatment of nervous and mental disorders. In 1854 he was offered and accepted the position of Medical Superintendent of the Illinois State (now Central) Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, entering upon his duties in June of that year, and continuing his connection with that institution for a period of more than sixteen years. Having resigned his position in the State Hospital in June, 1870, he soon after established the Oaklawn Retreat, at Jacksonville, a private institution for the treat- ment of insane patients, which he conducted with a great degree of success, and with which he was associated during the remainder of his life, dying, Nov. 22, 1891. Dr. McFarland's serv- ices were in frequent request as a medical expert in cases before the courts, invariably, however, on the side of the defense. The last case in which he appeared as a witness was at the trial of Charles F. Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield, whom he believed to be insane. McGAHEY, David, settled in Crawford County, lU., in 1817, and served as Representative from that County in the Third and Fourth General As-semblies (1822-26), and as Senator in the Eighth and Ninth (1832-36). Although a native of Tennessee, Mr. McGahey was a strong opponent of slaver}', and, at the session of 1822, was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Constitu- tion resolution. He continued to reside in Law- rence County until his death in 1851. — James D. (McGahey), a son of the preceding, was elected to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford County, in 1834, but died during his term of service. MeGAX\, Lawrence Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1852. His father having died in 1884, the following year his mother emigrated to the United States, settling at Milford, Mass., where he attended the public schools. In 1865 he came to Chicago, and. for fourteen years, found emplo3meut as a shoe- maker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1, 1885, was ajipointed City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May, 1891. He was elected in 1892, as a Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Fifty -second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty- third. In 1894 he was a candidate for reelection and received a certificate of election by a siiuill majority over Hugli R. Belknap (Republican). An investigation having shown his defeat, he 364 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. magnanimously surrendered his seat to his com- petitor without a contest. He has large business interests in Chicago, especiall)' in street railroad property, being President of an important elec- tric line. McHENRT, a village in McHenry County, situ- ated on the Fox River and the Chicago & North- western Railway. The river is here navigable for steamboats of light draft, which ply between the town and Fox Lake, a favorite resort for sports- men. The town has bottling works, a creamery, marble and granite works, cigar factory, flour mills, brewery, bank, four churches, and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,013; (1910), 1,031. McHEXRY, William, legislator and soldier of the Black Hawk War, came from Kentucky to Illinois in 1809, locating in White County, and afterwards became prominent as a legislator and soldier in the War of 1812, and in the Black Hawk War of 1832, serving in the latter as Major of the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the battle of Bad Axe. He also served as Represent- ative in the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Gen- eral Assemblies, and as Senator in the Sixth and Seventh. While serving his last term in the House (183,5), he died and was buried at Vandalia, then the State capital. McHenry County— organ- ized by act of the Legislature, passed at a second session during the winter of 1835-36 — was named in his honor McHEXRY COUXTY, lies in the northern por- tion of the State, bounded on the north by Wis- consin — named for Gen. William McHenry. Its area is 612 square miles. With what is now the County of Lake, it was erected into a county in 1836, the county-seat being at McHenry. Three years later the eastern part was set off as the County of Lake, and the county-seat of McHenry County removed to Woodstock, the geograph- ical center. The soil is well watered by living springs and is highly productive. Hardwood groves are numerous. Fruits and berries are extensively cultivated, but the herbage is espe- cially adapted to dairying, Kentucky blue grass being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual pro- duction of butter and cheese reaches into the millions of pounds. The geological formations comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara groups of rocks. Near Fox River are found gravel ridges. Vegetable remains and logs of wood have been found at various depths in the drift deposits ; in one instance a cedar log. seven inches in diameter, having been discovered forty- frvro feet below the surface. Peat is found every- where, although the most extensive deposits are in the northern half of the county, where they exist in sloughs covering several thousands of acres. Several lines of railroad cross the county, and every important village is a railway station. Woodstock, Marengo, and Harvard are the prin- cipal towns. Population (1880), 34,908; (1890), 26,1U; (1900), 29,759; (1910), 32,.509. McIXTOSH. (Capt.) Alexander, was born in Fulton County, N. Y , in 1822; at 19 years of age entered an academy at Galway Center, remaining three years; in 1845 removed to Joliet, 111., and, two years later, started "The Joliet True Democrat," but sold out the next year, and, in 1849, went to California. Returning in 1852, he bought back "The True Democrat," which he edited until 1857, meanwhile (1856) having been elected Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder of Will County. In 1863 he was appointed by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quarter- master, serving under General Sherman in 1864 and in the "March to the Sea,' and, after the war, being for a time Post Quartermaster at Mobile. Having resigned in 1866, he engaged in mercantile business at Wilmington, Will County; but, in 1869, bought "The Wilmington Independ- ent," which he published until 1873. The next year he returned to Joliet, and, a few months after, became political editor of "The Joliet Republican," and was subsequently- connected, in a similar capacity, with other papers, including "The Phoenix" and "The Sun" of the same city. Died, in Joliet, Feb. 2, 1899. McKEXDREE, William, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, was bom in Virginia, in 1757, enlisted as a private in the War of the Revolution, but later served as Adjutant and in the commissary depart- ment. He was converted at 30 years of age, and the next year began preaching in his native State, being advanced to the position of Presiding Elder; in 1800 was transferred to the West, Illi- nois falling within his District. Here he remained until his elevation to the episcopacy in 1808. McKendree College, at Lebanon, received its name from him, together with a donation of 480 acres of land. Died, near Nashville, Tenn., March 5, 1835. McKEXDREE COLLEGE, one of the earliest of Illinois colleges, located at Lebanon and incorpo- rated in 1835. Its founding was suggested by Rev. Peter Cartwright, and it may be said to have had its inception at the Methodist Episcopal Conference held at Mount Carmel, in September, 1827. The first funds for its establishment were subscribed by citizens of Lebanon, who contrib- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 365 uted from their scanty means, §1,385. Instruc- tion began, Nov. 24. 1828, under Rev. Edward Ames, afterwards a Bishop of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. In 1830 Bishop McKendree made a donation of land to the infant institution, and the school was named in his honor. It cannot be said to liave become really a college imtil 1836, and its first class graduated in 1841. University powers were granted it by an amendment to its charter in 1839. At present the departments are as follows: Preparatory, business, classical, scientific, law, music and oratory. The institu- tion owns property to the value of 890,000, includ- ing an endowment of $25,000, and has about 200 students, of both sexes, and a facultj- of ten instructors. (See Colleges, Early.) MeLAREN, William Edward, Episcopal Bishop, was born at Geneva, X. Y . , Dec. 13, 1881 ; gradu- ated at Wasliington and Jefferson College (Wash- ington, Pa.) in 1851, and, after six years spent in teaching and in journalistic work, entered Alle- gheny Theological Seminary, graduating and entering the Presbyterian ministr}- in 1860. For three years he was a missionary at Bogota, South America, and later in charge of churclies at Peoria, 111., and Detroit, Mich. Having entered the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was made a deacon in Julj-, 1872, and ordained priest the fol- lowing October, immediately thereafter assuming the pastorate of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio. In July, 1875, he was elected Bishop of the Prot- estant Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, which then included the whole State. Subsequently, the dioceses of Quincy and Springfield were erected therefrom, Bishop McLaren remaining at the head of the Chicago See. During his episcopate, church work has been active and effective, and the Western Theological Seminary in Chicago has been founded. His published works include numerous sermons, addresses and poems, besides a volume entitled "Catholic Dogma the Antidote to Doubt" (New York, 1S84). Died Feb. 19, 1905. McLAUGHLIX, Robert K., early lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Virginia, Oct. 25, 1779; before attaining liis majoritj' went to Ken- tucky, and, about 1815, removed to Illinois, set- tling finally at Belleville, where he entered upon the practice of law. The first public position held by him seems to have been that of Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of botli Houses of the Third (or last) Territorial Legislature (1816-18). In August, 1819, he entered upon the duties of State Treasurer, as successor to John Thomas, who had been Treasurer during the whole Territorial period, serving until January, 1823. Becoming a citizen of Vandalia, by the removal thither of the State capital a few months later, he continued to reside there the remainder of his life. He subse- quently represented the Fayette District as Representative in the Fifth General Assembly, and as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh and Tenth, and, in 1837, became Register of the Land Office at Vandalia, serving until 1845. Although an uncle of Gen. Joseph Duncan, he became a can- didate for Governor against the latter, in 1834, standing third on the list. He married a Miss Bond, a niece of Gov. Shadrach Bond, under whose administration he served as State Treasurer. Died, at Vandalia, May 29, 1862. Mc'LEAJf, a village of McLean County, on the Chicago it Alton Railway, 14 miles southwest of Bloomington, in a farming, dairying and stock- growing district; has one weekly paper. Popu- btion (1900), 532; (1910), 707. McLEAN, John, early United States Senator, was born in North Carolina in 1791, brought by his father to Kentucky when four years old, and. at 23, was admitted to the bar and removed to Illinois, settling at Sliawneetown in 1815. Pos. sessing oratorical gifts of a high order and an almost magnetic power over men, coupled with strong common sense, a keen sense of humor and, great command of language, he soon attained prominence at the bar and as a popular speaker. In 1818 he was elected the first Representative in Congress from the new State, defeating Daniel P. Cook, but served only a few months, being de- feated by Cook at the next election. He was three times elected to the Legislature, serving once as Speaker. In 1824 he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Governor Edwards (who had resigned), serving one year. In 1828 he was elected for a second time by a unanimous vote, but lived to serve only one session, dying at Shawneetown, Oct. 4, 1830. In testimony of the public appreciation of the loss which the State liad sustained by his death, McLean County was named in his honor. McLEAN COUXTY, the largest county of the State. ha\-ing an area of 1,1G1 square miles, is central as to the region north of the latitude of St. Louis and about midway between that city and Chicago — was named for John McLean, an early United States Senator. The early immi- grants were largely from Ohio, although Ken- tucky and New York were well represented. The county was organized in 1830, the population at that time being about 1,200. The greater jxirtion of the surface is high, undulating prairie, with occasional groves and belts of timber. On the 366 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. creek bottoms are found black walnut, sycamore, buckeye, black ash and elm, while the sandy ridges are covered with scrub oak and black-jack. The soil is extremely fertile (generally a rich, brown loam), and the entire county is underlaid with coal. The chief occupations are stock-rais- ing, coal-mining, agriculture and manufactures. Sugar and Mackinaw Creeks, with their tribu- taries, afford thorough drainage. Sand and gravel beds are numerous, but vary greatly in depth. At Chenoa one has been found, in boring for coal, thirty feet thick, overlaid by forty-five feet of the clay common to this formation. The upper seam of coal in the Bloomington shafts is No. 6 of the general section, and the lower, No. 4 ; the latter averaging four feet in thickness. The principal towns are Bloomington (the county- seat), Normal, Lexington, LeRoy and Chenoa. Population (1900), 67,843; (1910), 68,008. McLEANSBORO, a city and the county- seat of Hamilton County, upon a branch of the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad, 102 miles east south- east of St. Louis and about 48 miles southeast of Centralia. The people are enterprising and pro- gressive, the city is up-to-date and prosperous, supporting three banks and six churches. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Popula- tion (1890), 1,355; (1900), 1,758; (1910), 1,796. McMULLIN, James C, Railway Manager, was born at Watertown. N. Y., Feb. 13, 183G; began work as Freight and Ticket Agent of the Great Western Railroad (now Wabash), at Decatur, 111., May, 1857, remaining until 1860, when he accepted the position of Freight Agent of the Chicago & Alton at Springfield. Here he re- mained until Jan. 1, 1863, when he was trans- ferred in a similar capacity to Chicago; in September, 1864, became Superintendent of the Northern Division of the Chicago & Alton, after- wards successively filling the positions of Assist- ant General Superintendent (1867), General Superintendent (1868-78) and General Manager (1878-83). The latter year he was elected Vice- President, remaining in office some ten years, when ill-health compelled his retirement. Died, in Chicago. Dec. 30, 1896. McMURTRY, William, Lieutenant-Governor, was born in Mercer County, Ky., Feb 20, 1801 ; removed from Kentucky to Crawford County, Ind. , and, in 1829, came to Knox County, 111., settling in Henderson Township. He was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. In 1848 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the same ticket with Gov. A. C. French, being the first to hold the office under the Constitution adopted that year. In 1862 he assisted in raising the One Hundred and Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, although advanced in years, was elected Colonel, but a few weeks later was compelled to accept a discharge on account of failing health. Died, April 10, 1875. McNEELET, Thompson W., lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, was born in Jacksonville, HI., Oct. 5, 1835, and graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg, at the age of 21. The following year he was licensed to practice, but continued to pur- sue his professional studies, attending the Law University at Louisville, Ky., from which insti- tution he graduated in 1859. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and chairman of the Democratic State Central Com- mittee in 1878. From 1869 to 1873 he represented his District in Congress, resuming his practice at Petersburg, Menard County, after his retire- ment. McNULTA, John, soldier and ex-Congressman, was born in New York City, Nov. 9, 1837, received an academic education, was admitted to the bar, and settled at Bloomington, in this State, while yet a j^oung man. On May 3, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Union army, and served until August 9, 1865, rising, successively, to the rank of Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. From 18G9 ta 1873 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assembly from McLean County, and, in 1872, was elected to the Forty-third Congress, as a Repub- lican. General McNulta has been prominent in the councils of the Republican party, standing second on the ballot for a candidate for Governor, in the State Convention of 1888, and serving as Permanent President of the State Convention of 1890. In 1896 he was one of the most earnest advocates of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for President. Some of his most important work, within the past few years, has been performed in connection with receiverships of certain railway cind other corporations, especially that of the AVabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, from 1884 to 1890. He is now (1898) Receiver of the National Bank t.f Illinois, Chicago. Died Feb. 22, 1900. McPHERSON, Simeon J., clergyman, de- scended from the Clan McPherson of Scotland, was born at Mumford, Monroe County, N. Y., Jan. 19, 1850 ; prepared for college at Leroy and Fulton, and graduated at Princeton, N. J., in 1874. Then, after a year's service as teacher of mathematics at his Alma Mater, he entered the Theological HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 367 Seminary there, and graduated from that depart- ment in 1879, having in tlie meantime traveled through Europe, Egypt and Palestine. He was licensed to preacli by the Rochester Presbytery in 1877, and spent tliree j-ears (1879-82) in pas- toral labor at East Oiange, N. J. ; %vhen he ac- cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until the early part of 1899, when he tendered his resignation to accept the position of Director of the Lawrenceville Prepar- atorj- Acaileniy of Princeton College, N. J. McROBERTS, Josiali, jurist, was born in Monroe County, 111., June 12, 1820; graduated from St. Mary's College (Mo.) in 1839; studied law at Danville, 111., with his brother Samuel, and, in 1842, entered the law department of Transylvania University, graduating in 1844, after which lie at once began practice. In 1846 he was elected to the State Senate for the Cham- paign and Vermilion District, at the expiration of his term removing to Joliet. In 1852 he was appointed by Governor Matteson Trustee of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, which- office he held for four years. In 1866 he was appointed Circuit Court Judge by Governor Oglesby, to fill a va- cancy, and was re-elected in 1867, '73, '79, and '85, but died a few months after his last election. McROBERTS, Samuel, United States Sena- tor, was born in Monroe Count}', 111., Feb. 20, 1T99; graduated from Transylvania University in 1819; in 1821. was elected the first Circuit Clerk of his native county, and, in 1825, appointed Circuit Judge, which office he held for three years. In 1828 he was elected State Senator, representing the district comprising Monroe, Clinton and Washington Counties. Later he was appointed United States District Attorney by President Jackson, but soon resigned to become Receiver of Public Moneys at Danville, by appointment of President Van Buren, and, in 1839, Solicitor of tlie General Land Office at Washington. Resigning the latter office in the fall of 1841, at the next session of the Illinois Legislature he was elected United States Senator to succeed Jolin M. Robinson, deceased. Died, at Cincinnati, Ohio, March 22, 1843, being suc- ceeded by James Semple. McVICKER, James Hubert, actor and theat- rical manager, was born in New York City, Feb. 14, 1822; thrown upon his own resources by the death of hLs father in infancy and the necessity of assisting to support his widowed mother, he early engaged in various occupations, until, at the age of 15, lie became an apprentice in the office of "The St. Louis Republican," three years later becoming a journeyman printer. He first appeared on the stage in the St. Charles Theater, New Orleans, in 1843; two years later was prin- cipal comedian in Rice's Theater, Chicago, re- maining until 18,52, when he made a tour of the country, appearing in Yankee characters. About 1855 he made a tour of England and, on his return, commenced building his first Chicago theater, which was opened, Nov. 3, 1857, and was conducted with varied fortune until burned down in the great fire of 1871. Rebuilt and remodeled from time to time, it burned down a second time in August, 1890, the losses from these several fires having imposed upon Mr. SlcVicker a lieavy burden. Although an excellent comedian, Mr. SlcVicker did not appear on the stage after 1882, from that date giving his attention entirely to management. He enjoyed in an eminent degree the respect and confidence, not only of the profession, but of the general public. Died in Chicago, March 7, 1890. McWILLIAMS, David, banker, Dwight, 111., was born in Belmont County, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834; was brought to Illinois in infancy and grew up on a farm until 14 j-ears of age, when he entered the office of the Pittsfleld (Pike County) "Free Press" as an apprentice. In 1849 he engaged in the lumber trade with his father, the management of which devolved upon him a few years later. In the early 50's he was, for a time, a student in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate ; in 1855 removed to Dwight, Livingston County, then a new town on the line of the Chi- cago & Alton Railroad, which had been completed to that point a few months previous. Here he erected the first store building in the town, and put in a §2,000 stock of goods on borrowed capi- tal, remaining in the mercantile business for eighteen years, and retaining an interest in the establishment seven years longer. In tlie mean- time, wliile engaged in merchandising, he began a banking business, which was enlarged on his retirement from the former, receiving his entire attention. The profits derived from his banking business were invested in farm lands until he became one of the largest land-owners in Living- ston County. Mr. McWilliams was one of the original members of the first Methodist Episcopal Church organized at Dwight, and served as a lay delegate to several General Conferences of that denomination, as well as a delegate to the Ecumenical Council in London in 1S81; was also a liberal contributor to the support of vari- ous literary and theological institutions of the church, and had served for many years as a Trus- 368 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tee of the Northwestern University at Evanston. In politics he was a zealous Republican, and repeatedly served as a delegate to the State Con- ventions of that party, including the Bloomington Convention of 1856, and was a candidate for Presi- dential Elector for the Ninth District on the Blaine ticket in 1884 He made several extended tours in Europe and other foreign countries, the last including a trip to Egypt and the Holy Land, during 1898-99. Died May 17, 1909. MECHAXICSBURO, a village of Sangamon County, near the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890), 426; (1900), 476; (1910), 417. MEDILL, Joseph, editor and newspaper pub- lisher, was born, April 6, 1823, in the vicinitj- (now a part of the city) of St. John, N. B , of Scotch- Irish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot descent. At nine years of age he accompanied his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where he enjoyed such educational advantages as belonged to that region and period. He entered an acad- emy with a view to preparing for college, but his family having suffered from a fire, he was com- pelled to turn his attention to business; studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and began practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas County. Here he caught the spirit of journalism by frequent visits to the office of a local paper, learned to set type and to work a hand-press. In 1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he assumed editorial charge, employing his brothers as assistants in various capacities. The name of this paper was "The Coshocton Whig," which he soon changed to "The Republican," in which he dealt vigorous blows at political and other abuses, which several times brought upon him assaults from his political opponents — that being the style of political argument in those days. Two years later, having sold out "The Repub- lican," he established "The Daily Forest Citj-" at Cleveland — a Whig paper with free-soil proclivi- ties. The following year "The Forest City" was consolidated with "The Free- Democrat," a Free- Soil paper under the editorship of John C. Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new paper taking the name of "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of Mr. Vaughan, then went to work to secure the consolidation of the elements opposed to slaverj' in one compact organization. In this he was aided bj' the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in Congress, in December, IS.jS. and, before its passage in May following, Mr. Medill had begun to agitate the question of a union of all opposed to that measure in a new party under the name "Republican." During the winter of 18.14-5.T he received a call from Gen. J. D. Web- ster, at that time part owner of "The Chicago Tribune," which resulted in his visiting Chicago a few months later, and his purchase of an inter- est in the paper, his connection with the concern dating from June 18, 1855. He was almost immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who had been editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian," and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred Cowles, who had been associated with him on "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed the position of managing editor, and, on the retirement of Dr. Ray, in 1863, became editor-in- chief until 1866, when he gave place to Horace White, now of "The New York Evening Post." During the Civil War period he was a zealous supporter of President Lincoln's emancipation policy, and served, for a time, as President of the "Loyal League," which proved such an influ- ential factor in upholding the hands of the Gov- ernment during the darkest period of the rebellion. In 1869 Mr. Meeu. Wesley (Merritt), another son, was born in New York, June 16, 1836, came with his father to Illi- nois in childhood, and was appointed a cadet at West Point Military Academy from tliis State, graduating in 1860 ; became a Second Lieutenant in the regular army, the same year, and was pro- moted to the rank of First Lieutenant, a year later. After the beginning of the Civil War, he was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers in 1862, and being mustered out, in 1866, with the brevet rank of Major-General. He re entered the regular army as Lieutenant-Colonel, was promoted to a colonelcy in 1876, and, in 1887, received a com- mission as Brigadier-General, in 1897 becoming Major-General. He was in command, for a time, of the Department of the Missouri, but, on his last promotion, was transferred to the Depart- ment of the East, with headquarters at Gov- ernor's Island, N. Y. Soon after the beginning of the war with Spain, he was assigned to the command of the land forces destined for the Philippines, and appointed Military Governor of the Islands. Towards the close of the year he returned to the United States and resumed his old command at New York. MESSlN(wER, John, pioneer surveyor and car- tographer, was Ijorn at West Stockbridge. Mass. , in 1771, grew up on a farm, but secured a good education, especially in mathematics. Going to Vermont in 1783, he learned the trade of a car- penter and mill- Wright; removed to Kentucky in 1799, and, in 1802, to Illinois (then a part of Indi- ana Territory), locating first in the American Bottom anl Assembly, serving as Sjieaker of that Kxly. After lejiving New Design, the later yeiwrs of his life were sjvnt on a farm two and a lialf miles north of Belleville, where he Jie<.l in 1S40. MET.\5I0RA, a town of AWxxlford County, on a branch of the Chicago A Alton Kailrostd. 19 miles east-northeast of Pet^ria and some thirty miles northwest of Bloomington; is center of a fine farming district. The town has a creamery, soda factory, one bank, three churches, two newsivipers. schoi->ls and a park. Population (ISSO) S-JS: (I9lHn. 75S. Metamora w[is the i>ounty-seat of Wixvlforvl County until 1S99. when the se»it of justice wtws removeti to Eureka. METO.tl.F, .Andrew >V., lawyer, was born in Guernsey County. Ohio. August 6. 1S3S; educateil at Madison College in his native State, graduating in 1S46. and. after studying law at Cambridge, Ohio, three years, was ailmitted to the Ivir in 1S50. The following year he went to Appleton. Wis. , but remained only a year, when he removed to St. Louis, then to Edwardsville. and shortly after to Alton, to take charge of the legal busi- ness of George T. Brown, then publisher of "The Alton Courier." In 1S53 he returned to Edwards- ville to reside permanently, and. in lSo9. wjis appointed by Governor Bissell State's Attorney for Madison County, serving one year. In IStU he was elected State Senator for a term of four years; was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1S70. and. in ISTC. a Lw delegate from the Southern Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church to the (.teneral Con- ference at Baltimore: has also been a Trustee of McKendree College, at Lebanon, IlL, for more than twenty-five ye;»rs. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, one of the mi^st numerous Protestant church organiza- tions in the United States and in Illinois. Rev. Joseph Lillard was the first preacher of this sect to settle in the Northwest Territory, and Capt. Joseph Ogle >vas the first class-leader ^1T95V It is stated that the first American preacher in the American Bottom was Rev. Hi^seii Riggs (179lil. Rev. Benjamin Young tiK>k charge of the first Methodist mission in iSOo. and, in ISlM. this mis- sion was attached to the Cumberland (Tenn.) circuit. Revs. Jvv^ph Oglesby and Charles R. Matheny were among the early circuit riders. In 18S0 there were seven circuits in Illinois, and. in ISiiO. twenty-eight, the actual memliership exceeding lO.lHKV The first Methtxlist service in ChicagV) was held by Rev. Jesse Walker, in 1826. The first MethiHlist society in that city was organized by Rev. Stephen R, Beggs, in June, 1S31. By 1S35 the numlier of ciri-uits had in- crejiseil to 61. with 370 ministers and 15,lK>0men>- Ivrs. Rev. Peter Cartwright was among the early revi\-alists. The grvnvth of this denomi- n.ation in the State has Kvn extraordinary. By 1SSK>. it had nearly 0.(HX> churches. 037 ministers, luid 151.00(>meml>ers — the total numl>erof Metho- dists in the Uniteil States, by the same census, lieing 4.9S0.040. The church property ownetl in 1SVK1 ^including juu^magesl appnxiched Jllt.tXXl.- iHHi. and the total contributions were estimated at $"'.073.90;>. The denomination in Illinois sup- jx^rts two the<.>Uigical seminaries and the Garrett Biblical Institute at Evanston. "The North- western Christian Advoi-ate. " with a circulation of son»e 80.000. is its ofticiiil organ in Illinois. (See also Relitjious Dcnomiuations.) METROPOLIS CITY, the county -seat of Massac County. 1"U) miles southeast of St. Louis, situated on the Ohio River and on the St. Ixiuis and Paducah Division of the Illinois Central Rail- road. The city was founded in lSo9. on the site of old Fort Massiic. which was erected by the French, aided by the Indians, alxnit 1711. Its industries consist largely of various forms of wood-working. Saw and planing mills are a commercial factor; other establishments turn out wheel, buggy and wagon material, liarrel staves and heads, boxes and baskets, and veneers. There are also flouring mills and potteries. The city has a public library, two lv»nks. water- works, electric light*, numerous chun^hes. high school and graded schix'ils. and three papers. Population (18801. •:.t!fv8: (181W. 3.573: (\9im. 4.069. MEXICAN' WAR. Briefly state*!, this war originate*! in the annexation of Texas to the United States, early in 1846. There was a -dis- agreement as to the western Ixnmdary *>f Texas. Mexico complained of encn.\!ichment Ufxin her territory, and lu^tilities l>egan with the Ivittle of Piilo Alto. May 8. and endeil with the treaty of pejice. concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, near the City of Mexico. Feb. 0. 184^?. Among the mi«t prominent figures were President Polk, under whose administration annexation was effecteil, and Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was chief in com- mand in the field at the beginning of the w.ar. and was elected Polk's succe.^si^r. Illinois furnished more than her fviU quota of troops for the strug- gle May 13, 1846. war was declared. On May HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 373 25, Governor Ford issued hLs proclamation calling for the enlistment of three regiments of infantry, the assessed (juota of the State. The resf>onse was prompt and general. Altfjn was named as the rendezvous, and Col. (afterwards General) Sylvester Churchill was the mu.stering officer. The regiments mustere'l in were commanded, respectively, by Col. John J. Ilardin, Col. Wm. 11. Bissell (afterwards Governor) and Col. Ferris Forman. An additional twelve months' regiment (the Fourth) was accepted, under command of Col. E. D. Baker, who later became United States Senator from Oregon, and fell at the tjattle of Ball's Bluff, in October, 1861. A second call was made in April, 1S47, under which Illinois sent two more regiments, for the war, towards the Mexican frontier. These were commanded by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and Col. James Collins. Independent companies were also tendered and accepted. Besides, there were some 150 volunteers who joined the rfjgiments already in the field. Commanders of the inde- pendent companies were Capts. A'lam Dunlap, of Schuyler County; Wyatt B. Stapp, of War- ren; Micliael K. Lawler, of Shawneetown, and Josiah Little. CoL John J. Hardin, of the First, was killed at Buena Vista, and the official mor- tuary list includes many names of Illinois' best and bravest sons. After participating in the battle of Buena Vi.sta, the Illinois troops shared in the triumphal entry into the City of Mexico, on Sept. 16, 1847, and (in connection with those from Kentucky) were especially comjjlimented in General Taylor's official report. The Third and Fourth regiments won distinction at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo and the City of Mexico. At the second of these battles, General Shields fell severely (and, as supposed for a time, mortally) wounded. Colonel Baker succeeded Shields, led a gallant cliarge, and really turned the day at Cerro Gordo. Among the officers honorably named by General Scott, in his official report, were C*jlonel Forman, Major Harris, Adjutant Fondey, Capt. J. S. Post, and Lieutenants Hammond and Davis. All the Illinois troops were mastered out between May 2r,, 1847 and Nov. 7, 1848, the inde- pendent companies being the last to quit the service. The total number of volunteers was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 160 wounded, 12 of the latter dying of their wound.s. Gallant service in the Mexican War soon became a i>as.s- port to jjolitical preferment, and some of the brave soldiers of 1846-47 subsequently achieved merited distinction in civil life. Many also be- came di.stinguished soldiers in the War of the Rebellion, including such names as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, M. K. Lawler, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Walla^je, B. M. Prentiss, W. R. Morrison, L. F. Ross, and others. The cost of the war, with $1.5,*X»0,00ort, 111., July 3, 189.i, during a special session of the General Assembly. MIAMIS, The. The preponderance of author- ity favors the l>elief that this trilje of Indians was originally a part of the lU-i-ni or Illinois, but the date of their separation from the parent stock cannot be told. It Ls likely, however, that it occurred tefore the French pushed their explo- rations from Canada westward and southward, into and along the Mi.ssLssippi Vallej'. Father Dablon alludes to the presence of Sliamis (whom he calls Ou-mi-a-mi) in a mixed Indian village, near the mouth of Fox River of Wisconsin, in 1670. Tlie orthography of their name is varied. The Iroquois and the British generally knew them as the "Twightwees," and so they were commonly called by the American colonists. The Weas and Piankesliaws were of the same tribe When La Salle founded his colony at Starved Rock, the Miamis had villages which could muster some 1,9.'>0 warriors, of which the Weas had 500 and the Piankeshaws 1-50, the re- maining 1,300 being Miamis projier. In 1671 (according to a written statement by Cliarlevoix in 1721), the Miamis occupied three villages- — one on the St. Joseph River, one on the Mau- mee and one on the "Ouabache" (Wabash). They were friendlj- toward the French until 1094, when a large number of them were ma.ssacred by a partj' of .Sioux, who carried firearms which had been furnished them by the Frenchmen. The breach thus caused was never closed. Having become possessed of guns 374 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. themselves, the Miamis were able, not only to hold their own, but also to extend their hunting grounds as far eastward as the Scioto, alternately warring with the French, British and Americans. General Harrison says of them that, ten years before the treaty of Greenville, they could have brought upon the field a body of 3,000 "of the finest light troox)S in the world," but lacking in discipline and enterprise. Border warfare and smallpox, however, had, by that date (1795), greatly reduced their numerical strength. The main seat of the Miamis was at Fort "Wayne, whose residents, because of their superior num- bers and intelligence, dominated all other bands except the Piankeshaws. The physical and moral deterioration of the tribe began immedi- ately after the treaty of Greenville. Little by little, they ceded their lands to the United States, the money received therefor being chiefly squan- dered in debauchery. Decimated by vice and disease, the remnants of this once powerful abo- riginal nation gradually drifted westward across the Mississippi, whence their valorous sires had emigrated two centuries before. The small rem- nant of the band finally settled in Indian Terri- tory, but they have made comparatively little progress toward civilization. (See also Pianke- shaws; Tl'ca.s. ) MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, under care of the association known as the United Hebrew Charities. Previous to 1871 this association maintained a small hospital for the care of some of its beneficiaries, but it was destroyed in the conflagration of that year, and no immediate effort to rebuild was made. In 1880, liowever, Michael Reese, a Jewish gentleman who had accumulated a large fortune in Cali- fornia, bequeathed .597,000 to the organization. With this sum, considerably increased by addi- tions from other sources, an imposing building was erected, well arranged and thoroughly equipped for hospital purposes. The institution thus founded was named after its principal bene- factor. Patients are received without discrimi- nation as to race or religion, and more than lialf those admitted are charity i)atients. The pre.sent medical staff consists of thirteen surgeons and physicians, several of whom are eminent specialists. MirHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD. Tlie main line of this road extends from Chicago to Detroit, 270 miles, with trackage facilities from Kensington, 14 miles, over the line of the Illinois Central, to its terminus in Cliicago. Branch lines (leased, proprietary and operated) in Canada, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois swell the total mileage to 1,643.56 miles.— (History.) The company was chartered in 1846, and purchased from the State of Michigan the line from Detroit to Kalamazoo, 144 miles,of which construction had been begun in 1886. The road was completed to Michigan City in 1850, and. in May, 1852, reached Kensington, 111. As at present constituted, the road (with its auxiliaries) forms an integral part of what is popularly known as the "Vanderbilt System." Only 35 miles of the entire line are operated in Illinois, of which 29 belong to the Joliet & Northern Indiana branch (which see). The outstanding capital stock (1898) was S18,- 738,000 and the funded debt, §19,101,000. Earn- ings in Illinois the same year, §484,002; total operating expenses, §540,905; taxes, 824,250. MICHIGAN, LAKE. {See Lake Michigan.) MIHALOTZY, (Jeza, soldier, a native of Hun- gary and compatriot of Kossuth in the Magyar struggle; came to Chicago in 1848, in 1861 enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Volunteers (first "Hecker regiment"), and, on the resignation of Colonel Hecker, a few weeks later, was promoted to the Colonelcy. A trained soldier, he .served with gallantry and distinction, but was fatally wounded at Buzzard 's Roost, Feb. 24, 1864, dying at Chattanooga, March 11, 1864. MILAN, a town of Rook Island County, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railway, six miles south of Rock Island. It is located on Rock River, has several mills, a bank and a newspaper. Popula- tion (1880), 845; (1890), 692; (1900), 719. MILBURN, (Rev.) William Henry, clergy- man, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 26. 1826. At the age of five years he almost totally lost sight in both eyes, as the result of an accident, and subsequent malpractice in their treatment. For a time he was able to decipher letters with difficulty, and thus learned to read. In the face of such obstacles he carried on his studies until 12 years of age, when he accompanied his father's familj' to Jacksonville, 111., and, five j'ears later, became an itinerant Methodist preacher. For a time he rotle a circuit covering 200 miles, preach ing, on q^n average, ten times a week, for $100 per year. In 1845, while on a Missis.sippi steamboat, he publicly rebuked a number of Congressmen, who were his fellow passengers, for intemperance and gaming. Tliis resvilted in his being made Chaplain of the House of Representatives. From 1848 to 1850 he was pastor of a church at Mont- gomery, Ala., during which time he was tried for heresy, and later became pastor of a "Free Church." Again, in 1853, he was chosen Cliap- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 375 lain of Congress. While in Europe, in 1859, he took orders in the Episcopal Church, but returned to Methodism in 1371. He has since been twice Chaplain of the House (1885 and "8") and three times (1893, "95 and '97) elected to the same posi- tion in the Senate He is generally known as "the blind preacher" and achieved considerable prominence by his eloquence as a lecturer on "What a Blind Man Saw in Europe." Among his published writings are, "Rifle, Axe and Sad- dlebags" (18.56), "Ten Years of Preacher Life" (1858) and "Pioneers, Preachers and People of the Mississippi Valley" (18(30). MILCHRIST, Thomas E., lawyer, was born in the Isle of Man in 1839, and, at the age of eight years, came to America with his parents, who settled in Peoria, 111. Here he attended school and worked on a farm until the beginning of the Civil War, when he enlisted in the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, serving until 1865, and being discharged with the rank of Cap- tain. After the war he read law with John I. Bennett — then of Galena, but later Master in Chancery of the United States Court at Chicago — was admitted to the bar in 1867, and, for a number of years, served as State's Attorney in Henry County. In 1888 he was a delegate from Illinois to the Republican National Convention, and the following year was appointed by Presi- dent Harrison United States District Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois. Since retiring from office in 1893, Mr. Milchrist has been engaged in private practice in Chicago. In 1898 he was elected a State Senator for the Fifth Dis- trict (city of Chicago) in the Forty-first General Assembly. MILES, Nelson A., Major-General, was born at Westminster, Mass., August 8, 1839, and, at the breaking out of the Civil War, was engaged in mercantile pursuits in the city of Boston. In October, 1861, he entered the service as a Second Lieutenant in a Massachusetts regiment, dis- tinguished himself at the battles of Fair Oaks, Charles City Cross Road^ and Malvern Hill, in one of which he was wounded. In Sep- tember, 1863, he was Colonel of the Sixty- first New York, which he led at Fredericksburg and at Chancellorsville, where he was again severely wounded. He commanded the First Brigade of the First Division of the Second Army Corps in the Richmond campaign, and was made Brigadier-General, May 12, 1864, and Major- General, by brevet, for gallantry shown at Ream's Station, in December of the same year. At the close of the war he was commissioned Colonel of the Fortieth United States Infantrj', and distin- guished himself in campaigns against the Indians; became a Brigadier-General in 1880, and Major- General in 1890, in the interim being in command of the Department of the Columbia, and, after 1890, of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chi- cago. Here he did much to give efficiency and importance to the post at Fort Sheridan, and, in 1894, rendered valuable service in checking the strike riots about Chicago. Near the close of the year he was transferred to the Department of the East. and. on the retirement of General Schofield in 1895, was placed in command of the army, with headquarters in Washington. During the Spanish- American war (1898) General Miles gave attention to the fitting out of troops for the Cuban and Porto Rican campaigns, and visited Santiago during the siege conducted by General Shafter, but took no active command in the field until the occupation of Porto Rico, which was conducted with rare discrimination and good judgment, and with comparatively little loss of life or suflfering to the troops. MILFORD, a prosperous village of Iroquois County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Rail- road, 88 miles south of Chicago; is in a rich farm- ing region; has water and sewerage systems, electric lights, two brick and tile works, three large grain elevators, flour mill, three churches, good schools, a public library and a weekly news- paper. It is an important shipping point for grain and live-stock. Population (1890), 957; (1900), 1,077. MILITARY BOUNTY LANDS. (See Military Tract.) MILITARY TRACT, a popular name given to a section of the State, set apart under an act of Congress, passed, May 6, 1812, as bounty-lands for soldiers in the war with Great Britain commenc- ing the same year. Similar reservations in the Territories of Michigan and Louisiana (now Arkansas) were provided for in the same act. The lands in Illinois embraced in this act were situated between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, and extended from the junction of these streams due north, by the Fourth Principal Merid- ian, to the northern boundary of Township 15 north of the "Base Line." This "base line" started about opposite the present site of Beards- town, and extended to a point on the Mississippi about seven miles north of Quincy. The north- ern border of the "Tract" was identical with the northern boundary of Mercer County, which, extended eastward, reached the Illinois about the present village of De Pue, in the southeastern 376 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. part of Bureau County, where the Illinois makes a great bend towards the south, a few miles west of the city of Peru. The distance between the Illinois and the Mississippi, by this line, was about 90 miles, and the entire length of the "Tract," from its northern boundary to the junction of the two rivers, was computed at 169 miles, — con- sisting of 90 miles north of the "base Une" and 79 miles south of it, to the junction of the rivers. The "Tract" was surveyed in 1815-16. It com- prised 207 entire townships of six miles square, each, and 61 fractional townships, containing an area of 5,360,000 acres, of which 3,500,000 acres— a little less than two-thirds — were appropriated to military bounties. The residue consisted partly of fractional sections bordering on rivers, partly of fractional quarter-sections bordering on township lines, and containing more or less than 160 acres, and partly of lands that were returned by the sur- veyors as unfit for cultivation. In addition to this, there were large reservations not coming within the above exceptions, being the overplus of lands after satisfying the military claims, and subject to entry and purchase on the same con- ditions as other Government lands. The "Tract" thus embraced the present covmties of Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Mc- Donough, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson and Mercer, with parts of Henry, Bureau, Putnam and Marshall — or so much of them as was necessary to meet the demand for bounties. Immigration to this region set in quite actively about 1823, and the development of some portions, for a time, was very rapid ; but later, its growth was retarded by the conflict of "tax- titles" and bounty -titles derived by purchase from the original holders. This led to a great deal of litigation, and called for considerable legislation; but since the adjustment of these questions, this region has kept pace with the most favored sections of the State, and it now includes some of the most important and prosperous towns and cities and many of the finest farms in Illinois. MILITIA. Illinois, taught by the experiences of the War of 1812 and the necessity of providing for protection of its citizens against the incur- sions of Indians on its borders, began the adop- tion, at an early date, of such measures as were then common in the several States for the main- tenance of a State militia. The Constitution of 1818 made the Governor "Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of this State," and declared that the militia of the State should "consist of all free male able-bodied persons (negroes, mu- lattoes and Indians excepted) resident in the State, oetween the ages of 18 and 45 years," and this classification was continued in the later con- stitutions, except that of 1870, which omits all reference to the subject of color. In each there is the same general provision exempting persons entertaining "conscientious scruples against bearing arms," although subject to payment of an equivalent for such exemption. The first law on the subject, enacted by the first General Assembly (1819), provided for the establishment of a general militia system for the State ; and the fact that this was modified, amended or wholly changed by acts passed at the sessions of 1821, '23, '25, '26, '27, '29, '33, '37 and '39, shows the estimation in which the subject was held. While many of these acts were of a special character, providing for a particular class of organization, the general law did little except to require per- sons subject to military duty, at stated periods, to attend county musters, which were often con- ducted in a very informal manner, or made the occasion of a sort of periodical frolic. The act of July, 1833 (following the Black Hawk War), required an enrollment of "all free, white, male inhabitants of military age (except such as might be exempt under the Constitution or laws)"; divided the State into five divisions by counties, each division to be organized into a certain speci- fied number of brigades. This act was quite elaborate, covering some twenty-four pages, and provided for regimental, battalion and company musters, defined the duties of oflBcers, manner of election, etc. The act of 1837 encoiu-aged the organization of volunteer companies. The Mexi- can War (1845-47) gave a new impetus to this class of legislation, as also did the War of the Rebellion (1861-65). While the office of Adju- tant-General had existed from the first, its duties — except during the Black Hawk and Mexican Wars — were rather nominal, and were discharged without stated compensation, the incumbent being merely Chief -of-staff to the Governor as Commander-in-Chief. The War of the Rebellion at once brought it into prominence, as an impor- tant part of the State Government, which it has since maintained. The various measures passed, during this period, belong rather to the history of the late war than to the subject of this chapter. In 1865, however, the office was put on a different footing, and the important part it had played, during the preceding four years, was recognized by the passage of "an act to provide for the ap- pointment, and designate the work, fix the pay and prescribe the duties, of tlie Adjutant-General HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 377 of Illinois." During the next four years, its most important work was the publication of eight volumes of war records, containing a com- plete roster of the officers and men of the various regiments and other military organizations from Illinois, wjtli an outline of their movements and a list of the battles in which they were engaged. To the Adjutant-General's office, as now adminis- tered, is entrusted the custody of the war- records, battle-flags and trophies of the late war. A further step was taken, in 1877, in the passage of an act formulating a military code and provid- ing for more thorough organization. Jlodifying amendments to this act were adopted in 1879 and 1885. While, under these laws, "all able-bodied male citizens of this State, between the ages of 18 and 45" (with certain specified exceptions), are declared "subject to military duty, and desig- nated as the Illinois State Militia," provision is made for the organization of a body of "active militia," designated as the "Illinois National Guard," to consist of "not more than oighty-four companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery and two troops of cavalry," recruited by volun- tary enlistments for a period of three years, with right to re-enlist for one or more years. The National Guard, as at present constituted, con- sists of three brigades, with a total force of about 9,000 men, organized into nine regiments, besides the batteries and cavalry already mentioned. Gatling guns are used by the artillery and breech- loading rifles by the infantry. Camps of instruc- tion are held for the regiments, respectively — one or more regiments participating — each year, usually at "Camp Lincoln" near Springfield, when regimental and brigade drills, competitive rifle practice and mock battles are had. An act establishing the "Naval Militia of Illinois," to consist of "not more than eight divisions or com- panies," divided into two battalions of four divi- sions each, was passed by the General Assembly of 1893 — the whole to be under the command of an officer with the rank of Commander. The commanding officer of each battalion is styled a "Lieutenant-Commander," and both the Com- mander and Lieutenant-Commanders have their respective staffs — their organization, in other respects, being conformable to the laws of the United States. A set of "Regulations," based upon these several laws, has been prepared by the Adjutant-General for the government of the various organizations. The Governor is author- ized, by law, to call out the militia to resist inva- sion, or to suppress violence and enforce execution of the laws, when called upon by the civil author- ities of any city, town or county. This authority, however, is exercised with great discretiou, and only when the local authorities are deemed unable to cope with threatened resistance to law The officers of the National Guard, when called into actual service for the suppression of riot or the enforcement of the laws, receive the same com- pensation paid to officers of the United States army of like grade, while the enlisted men receive S2 per day. During the time they are at any encampment, the officers and men alike receive $1 per day. witli necessary subsistence and cost of transportation to and from the encampment. (For list of incumbents in Adjutant-General's office, see Adjtitants-Oeneral; see, also, Spanish- A7nerican ^Var ) MILLER, James H., Speaker of the House of Representatives, was born in Ohio, May 29, 1843; in early life came to Toulon, Stark County, 111., where he finally engaged in the practice of law. At the beginning of the Rebellion he enlisted in the Union army, but before being mustered into.' the service, received an injury which rendered' him a cripple for life. Though of feeble physical organization and a sufferer from ill-healtli, ha was a man of decided ability and much influence. He served as State's Attorney of Stark County (1872-76) and, in 1884, was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, at tlie' following session being one of the most zealous supporters of Gen. John A. Logan, in the cele- brated contest which resulted in the election of the latter, for the third time, to the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he also served in the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth General Assemblies, during the session of the latter being chosen Speaker of the House, as successor to A. C. Matthews, who had been appointed, during the session. First Comptroller of the Treasury at Washington. In the early part of the summer of 1890, Mr. Miller visited Colorado for the bene- fit of his health, but, a week after his arrival at Manitou Springs, died suddenly, June 27, 1890. MILLS, Benjamin, lawyer and early poli- tician, was a native of Western Massachusetts, and described by his contemporaries as a highly educated and accomplished lawyer, as well as a brilliant orator. The exact date of his arrival in Illinois cannot be determined with certainty, but he appears to have been in the "Lead Mine Region" about Galena, as early as 1826 or '27, and was notable as one of the first "Yankees" to locate in that section of the State. He was elected a Representative in the Eighth General Assembly (1832), his di.strict embracing the 378 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. counties of Peoria, Jo Daviess, Putnam, La Salle and Cook, including all the State north of Sanga- mon (as it then stood), and extending from the Mississippi River to the Indiana State line. At this session occurred the impeachment trial of Theophilus W. Smith, of the Supreme Court, Mr. Mills acting as Chairman of the Impeachment Committee, and delivering a speech of great power and brilliancy, which lasted two or three days. In 1834 he was a candidate for Congress from the Northern District, but was defeated by William L. May (Democrat), as claimed by Mr. Mill's friends, unfairly. He early fell a victim to consumption and, returning to Massachusetts, died in Berkshire County, in that State, in 1841. Hon. R. H. McClellan, of Galena, saj's of him; "He was a man of remarkable ability, learning and eloquence," while Governor Ford, in his "History of Illinois," testifies that, "by common consent of all his contemporaries, Mr. Mills was regarded as the most popular and brilliant lawyer of his day at the Galena bar."' MILLS, Henry A., State Senator, was born at New Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1827; located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County, 111., in 1856, finally engaging in the banking business at that place. Having served in various local offices, he was, in 1874, chosen State Senator for the Eleventh District, but died at Galesburg before the expiration of his term, July 7, 1877. MILLS, Luther Laflin, lawyer, was born at North Adams, Mass., Sept. 3, 1848; brought to Chicago in infancy, and educated in the public schools of that city and at Michigan State Uni- versity. In 1868 he began the study of law, was admitted to practice three years later, and, in 1876, was elected State's Attorney, being re- elected in 1880. While in this office he was con- nected with some of the most important cases ever brought before the Chicago courts. Although he. has held no official position except that already mentioned, his abilities at the bar and on the rostrum are widely recognized, and his services, as an attorney and an orator, have been in frequent demand. MILLSTADT, a town in St. Clair County, on branch of Mobile tt Ohio Railroad. 14 miles south- southeast of St. Louis; has electric lights, churches, schools, bank, newspaper, coal mines, and manufactures flour, beer and butter. Popu- lation (1890), 1,186; (1900), 1.172. MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAILWAY. (See Chicago. Milwaukee &• St. Paul Railway.) MI\ER, Orlin H., State Auditor, was born in Vermont, May 13, 1825; from 1834 to '51 he lived in Ohio, the latter year coming to Chicago, where he worked at his trade of watch- maker. In 1855 he went to Central America and was with Gen- eral William Walker at Grey town. Returning to Illinois, he resumed his trade at Springfield; in 1857 he was appointed, by Auditor Dubois, chief clerk in the Auditor's office, serving until 1864, when he was elected State Auditor as successor to his chief. Retiring from office in 1869, he gave attention to liis private business. He was one of the founders and a Director of the Spring- field Iron Companj-. Died in 1879. MINIER, a village of Tazewell County, at the intersection of the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 26 miles southeast of Peoria ; is in fine farming district and has several grain elevators, some manufactures, two banks and a newspaper. Population (1890), 664; (1900), 746. MINONK, a city in Woodford County, 29 miles north of Bloomington and 53 miles northeast of Peoria, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Illinois Central Railways. The surrounding region is agricultural, though much coal is mined in the vicinitj'. The city has brick yards, tile factories, steam flouring-mills, several grain elevators, two private banks and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,913; (1890), 2,316; (1900), 2,.546. MINORITY REPRESENTATION, a method of choosing members of the General Assembly and other deliberative bodies, designed to secure rep- resentation, in such bodies, to minority parties. In Illinois, this method is limited to the election of members of the lower branch of the General Assembly — except as to private corporations, which may, at their option, apply it in the election of Trustees or Directors. In the apportionment of members of the General Assembly (see Legis- lative Apportionment), the State Constitution requires that the Senatorial and Representative Districts shall be identical in territory, each of such Districts being entitled to choose one Sena- tor and three Representatives. The provisions of the Constitution, making specific application of the principle of "minority representation" (or "cumulative voting," as it is sometimes called), declares that, in the election of Representatives, "each qualified voter may cast as many votes for one candidate as there are Representatives, or (he) may distribute the same, or equal parts thereof, among the candidates as he shall see fit." (State Constitution, Art. IV, sections 7 and 8.) In practice, this provision gives the voter power to cast three votes for one candidate, two HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 379 votes for one candidate ajid one for another, or one and a half votes to eacli of two candidates, or he may distribute his vote equally among three candidates (giving one to each); but no other division is admissible without invalidating his ballot as to this office. Other forms of minor- it}' representation have been proposed by various writers, among whom Mr. Thomas Hare, John Stuart Mill, and Mr. Craig, of England, are most prominent ; but that adopted in Illinois seems to be the simplest and most easy of application. MINSHALL, William A., legislator and jurist, a native of Ohio who came to Rushville, 111. , at an early day, and entered upon the practice of law ; served as Representative in the Eighth, Tenth and Twelfth General Assemblies, and as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1847. He was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth Circuit, under the new Con- stitution, in 1848, and died in office, early in 1853, being succeeded by the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker. MISSIONARIES, EAELT. The earliest Chris- tian missionaries in Illinois were of the Roman Catholic faith. As a rule, these accompanied the French explorers and did not a little toward the extension of French dominion. They were usually members of one of two orders — the "Recollects," founded by St. Francis, or the "Jesuits," founded by Loyola. Between these two bodies of ecclesi- astics existed, at times, a strong rivalry; the former having been earlier in the field, but hav- ing been virtually subordinated to the latter by Cardinal Richelieu. The controversy between the two orders gradually involved the civil authorities, and continued until the suppression of the Jesuits, in France, in 1764. The most noted of the Jesuit missionaries were Fathers AUouez, Gravier, Marquette, Dablon, Pinet, Rasle, Lamo- ges, Binneteau and Marest. Of the Recollects, the most conspicuous were Fathers Membre, Douay, Le Clerq, Hennepin and Ribourde. Besides these, there were also Father Bergier and Montigny, who, belonging to no religious order, were called secular priests. The first Catholic mission, founded in Illinois, was probably that at the original Kaskaskia. on the Illinois, in the present county of La Salle, where Father Mar- quette did missionary work in 1673, followed by Allouez in 1677. (See AUouez, Claude Jean.) The latter was succeeded, in 1688, by Father Grav- ier, who was followed, in 16'J2, by Father Sebas- tian Rasle, but who, returning in 1694, remained until 1695, when he was succeeded by Pinet and Binneteau. In 1700 Father Marest was in charge of the mission, and the number of Indians among whom he labored was, that year, considerably diminished by the emigration of the Kaskaskias to the south. Father Gravier, about this time, labored among the Peorias, but was incapacitated by a wound received from the medicine man of the tribe, which finally resulted in his death, at Mobile, in 1706. The Peoria station remained vacant for a time, but was finally filled by Father Deville. Another early Catholic mis- sion in Illinois was tliat at Cahokia. While the precise date of its establishment cannot be fixed with certainty, there is evidence that it was in existence in 1700, being the earliest in that region. Among the early Fathers, who ministered to the savages there, were Pinet, St. Cosme, Bergier and Lamoges. This mission was at first called the Tamaroa, and, later, the mission of St. Sulpice. It was probably the first permanent mission in the Illinois Country. Among those in charge, down to 1718, were Fathers de Montigny, Damon (prob- ably), Varlet, de la Source, and le Mercier. In 1707, Father Mermet assisted Father Marest at Kaskaskia, and, in 1720, that mission became a regularly constituted parish, the incumbent being Father de Beaubois. Rev. Philip Boucher preached and administered the sacraments at Fort St Louis, where he died in 1719, having been preceded by Fathers Membre and Ribourde in 1680, and by Fathers Douay and Le Clerq in 1687-88. The persecution and banishment of the early Jesuit missionaries, by the Superior Council of Louisiana (of which Illinois had formerly been a part), in 1763, is a curious chapter in State his- tory. That body, following the example of some provincial legislative bodies in France, officially declared the order a dangerous nuisance, and decreed the confiscation of all its property, in- cluding plate and vestments, and the razing of its churches, as well as the banishment of its members. This decree the Louisiana Council undertook to enforce in Illinois, disregarding the fact that that territory had pa.ssed under the jurisdiction of Great Britain. The Jesuits seem to have offered no resistance, either physical or legal, and all members of the order in Illinois were ruthlessly, and without a shadow of author- ity, carried to New Orleans and thence deported to France. Only one— Father Sebastian Louis Meurin— was allowed to return to Illinois ; and he, only after promising to recognize the ecclesiastical authority of the Superior Council as supreme, and to hold no communication with Quebec or Rome. The labors of the missionaries, apart from spiritual results, were of great value. They 380 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. perpetuated the records of early discoveries, reduced the language, and even dialects, of the aborigines, to grammatical rxiles, and preserved the original traditions and described the customs of the savages. (Authorities: Shea and Kip"s "Catholic Missions," "Magazine of Western Hi.s- tory," Winsor"s "America," and Shea's "Catholic Chtrrch in Colonial Days.") MISSISSIPPI RIVER. (Indian name, "Missi Sipi," the "Great Water.") Its head waters are in the northern part of Minnesota, 1,680 feet above tide-water. Its chief source is Itasca Lake, which is 1,575 feet higher than the sea, and which is fed by a stream having its source within one mile of the head waters of the Red River of the North. From this sheet of water to the mouth of the river, the distance is variously estimated at from 3,000 to 3,160 miles. Lake Itasca is in lat. 47' 10' north and Ion. 95° 20' west from Greenwich. The river at first runs north- ward, but soon turns toward the east and expands into a series of small lakes. Its course, as far as Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, below which point it rims southward to St. Cloud, thence south- eastward to Minneapolis, where occur the Falls of St. Anthony, establishing a complete barrier to navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than a mile the river descends 66 feet, including a per- pendicular fall of 17 feet, furnishing an immense water-power, which is utilized iu operating flour- ing-mills and other manufacturing establish- ments. A few miles below St. Paul it reaches the western boundary of Wisconsin, where it expands into the long and beautiful Lake Pepin, bordered by picturesque limestone bluffs, some 400 feet high. Below Dubuque its general direc- tion is southward, and it forms the boundary between the States of Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas and the northern part of Louisiana, on the west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mis- sissippi, on the east. After many sinuous turn ings in its southern course, it enters the Gulf of Mexico by three principal passes, or mouths, at the southeastern extremity of Plaquemines Parish, La., in lat. 29° north and Ion. 89' 13' west. Its principal affluents on the right are the Minnesota, Iowa, Des Moines, Missouri, Arkansas and Red Rivers, and, on the left, tlie Wisconsin, Illinois and Ohio. The Slissouri River is longer than that part of the Mississippi above tlie point of junction, the distance from its source to the delta of the latter being about 4,300 miles, whicli exceeds that of any other river in the world. The width of the stream at St. Louis is about 3,500 feet, at the mouth of the Ohio nearly 4,500 feet, and at New Orleans about 2,500 feet. The mean velocity of the current between St. Louis and the Gulf of Mexico is about five to five and one-half miles per hour. The average depth below Red River is said to be 121 feet, though, in the vicinitj" of New Orleans, the maximum is said to reach 150 feet. The princijjal rapids below the Falls of St. Anthony are at Rock Island and the Des Moines Rapids above Keokuk, the former having twenty-two feet fall and the latter twenty-four feet. A canal around the Des Moines Rapids, along the west bank of the river, aids navigation. The alluvial banks which pre- vail on one or both shores of the lower Mississippi, often spread out into extensive "bottoms" which are of inexhaustible fertility. The most impor- tant of these above the mouth of the Ohio, is the "American Bottom," extending along the east bank from Alton to Chester. Immense sums have been spent in the construction of levees for the protection of the lands along the lower river from overflow, as also in the construction of a system of jetties at the mouth, to improve navi- gation by deepening the channel. MISSISSIPPI RITER BRIDGE, THE, one of the best constructed railroad bridges in the West, spanning the Mississippi from Pike, 111. , to Loui- siana, Mo. The construction company was char- tered, April 25, 1872, and the bridge was ready for the passage of trains on Dec. 34, 1873. On Dec. 8, 1877, it was leased in perpetuity by the Chicago & Alton Railway Company, which holds all its stock and §150,000 of its bonds as an investment, paying a rental of $60,000 per annum, to be applied iu the payment of 7 per cent interest on stock and 6 per cent on bonds. In 1894, §71,000 was paid for rental, §16,000 going toward a sinking fund. MOBILE & OHIO R.4.ILR0AD. This company operates 100.6 miles of road in Illinois, of which 151.6 are leased from the St. Louis & Cairo Rail- road. (See St. Louis 'illiani, pioneer merchant, came from Philadelphia, Pa., to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1790, as representative of the mercantile house of Bryant & Morrison, of Philadelphia, and finally established an extensive trade throughout the Mississippi Valley, supplying merchants at St. Louis. St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New Madrid. He is also said to have sent an agent with a stock of goods across the plains, with a view to opening up trade with the Mexicans at Santa Fe. about 1804, but was defrauded by the agent, who appropriated the goods to his own benefit without accounting to his employer. He became the principal merchant in the Terri- tory, doing a thriving business in early days, when Kaskaskia was the principal supply point for merchants throughout the valley. He is de- scribed as a pulilic-spirited, enterprising man, to whom was due the chief part of the credit for securing construction of a bridge across the Kas- kaskia River at the town of that name. He died at Kaskaskia in 1837, and was buried in the ceme- tery there. — Robert (Morrison), a brother of the preceding, came to Kaskaskia in 1793, was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court in 1801, retaining the position for many years, besides holding other local offices. He was the father of Col. James L. D. Morrison, politician and soldier of the Mexican War, whose sketch is given elsewhere. — Joseph (Morrison), the oldest son of William Morrison, went to Ohio, residing there several years, but finally returned to Prairie du Rocher, where he died in 1.S4.'). — James, another son, went to Wisconsin; William located at Belleville, dying there in 1843; while Lewis* another son, settled at Covington, Washington County, 111., where he practiced medicine up to 1851; then engaged in mercantile business at Chester, dying there in 18."i6, MORRISON, William Ralls, ex-Congressman, Inter-State Commerce Commissioner, was born, Sept. 14, 1825, in Alonroe County, 111., and edu- cated at McKendree College ; served as a private in the Mexican War, at its close studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1855; in 1852 was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe County, but resigned before the close of his term, accepting the office of Representative in the State Legislature, to which he was elected in 1854; was re-elected in 185G, and again in 18.58, serving as Speaker of the House during the session of 18.59. In 1801 he as.si.sted in organizing the Forty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers and was commis- sioned Colonel. The regiment was mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861, and took part in the battle of Fort Donelson in February following, where he was severely wounded. While yet in the service, in 1862, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, when he resigned his commission, but was de- feated for re-election, in 1864, by Jehu Baker, as he was again in 1866. In 1870 he was again elected to the General Assembly, and. two years later (1872), returned to Congress from the Belle- ville District, after which he served in that body, by successive re-elections, nine terms and until 1887, being for several terms Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee and promi- nent in the tariff legislation of that period. In Marcli, 1887, President Cleveland appointed him a member of the first Inter-State Conmierce Com- mission for a period of five years ; at the close of his tertn he was reappointed, by President Harri- son, for a full term of six years, serving a part of the time as President of the Board, and retiring from office in 1898. Died .Sept. 29, 1909. MORRISON VILLE, a town in Christian County, situated on the Wabash Railway, 40 miles southwest of Decatur and 20 miles north- northeKst of Litchfield. Grain is extensively raised in the surrounding region, and Morri.son- ville, with its elevators and mill, is an important shipping-point. It has brick and tile works, a pump factory, electric lights, banks, several churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 9.34; (1010), 1,126. MORTON, a village of Tazewell County, at the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 10 miles southeast of Peoria; has factories, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 894; (1910), 1,004. MORTON, Joseph, pioneer farmer and legisla- tor, was born in Virginia, August 1, 1801 ; came to Madison County, 111., in 1819, and the follow- ing year to Morgan County, when he engaged in farming in the vicinity of Jacksonville. He served as a member of the House in the Tenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies, and as Senator in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth. He was a Democrat in politics, but. on questions of State and local policy, was non-partisan, faithfully representing the interests of his constituents. Died, .at his home near Jacksonville, March 2, 1881. MOSES, Adolph, lawj-er, was born in Speyer, Germany, Feb. 27, 1837, and, until fifteen years of age, was educated in the public and Latin schools of his native country ; in the latter part of 18,53, came to America, locating in New Orleans, and, for some years, being a law student 388 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in Louisiana T/niversity, under the preceptorship of Randall Hunt and otlier eminent lawyers of that State. In the early days of the Civil War he espoused the cause of the Confederacy, serving some two years as an officer of the Twenty-first Louisiana Regiment. Coming north at the expi- ration of this period, he resided for a time in Quincy, 111., but, in 1869, removed to Chicago, where he took a place in the front rank at the bar, and where he spent his last years. Although in sympathy with the general principles of the Democratic party, Judge Moses was an independent voter, as shown by the fact that he voted for General Grant for President in 1868, and supported the leading measures of the Republican party in 1896. He was editor and publisher of " The National Corporation Reporter," established in 1890, which was devoted to the discussion of corporation inter- ests. Died Nov. 6, 1905. MOSES, John, lawyer and author, was born at Niagara Falls, Canada, Sept. 18, 1835; came to Illinois in 1837, his family locating first at Naples, Scott County. He pursued the vocation of a teacher for a time, studied law, was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court for Scott County in 1856, and served as County Judge from 1857 to 1861. The latter year he became the private secretary of Governor Yates, serving until 1863, dui-ing that period assisting in the organization of seventy- seven regiments of Illinois Volunteers. While serving in this capacity, in company with Gov- ernor Yates, he attended the famous conference of loyal Governors, held at Altoona, Pa., in Sep- tember, 1862, and afterwards accompanied the Governors in their call upon President Lincoln, a few days after the issue of the preliminary proc- lamation of emancipation. Having received the appointment, from President Lincoln, of Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Tenth Illinois Dis- trict, he resigned the position of private secretary to Governor Yates. In 1874 he was chosen Representative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly for the District composed of Scott, Pike and Calhoun Counties ; served as a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Phila- delphia, in 1872, and as Secretary of the Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners for three years (1880-83). He was then appointed Special Agent of the Treasury Department, and assigned to duty in connection with the customs revenue at Chicago. In 1887 he was chosen Sec- retary of the Chicago Historical Society, serving until 1893. While connected with the Chicago Historical Library he brought out the mo.st com- plete History of Illinois yet published, in two volumes, and also, in connection with the late Major Kirkland, edited a History of Chicago in two large volumes. Other literary work done by Judge Moses, includes "Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the War Governor of Illinois," in the form of lectures or addresses. Died in Chicago, July 3, 1898. MOULTON, Samuel W., lawyer and Congress- man, was born at Wenham, Mass., Jan. 20, 1822, where he was educated in the public schools. After spending some years in the South, he removed to Illinois (1845), where he studied law, and was admitted to the bar, commencing prac- tice at Shelbyville. From 1852 to 1859 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assem- bly; in 1857, was a Presidential Elector on the Buchanan ticket, and was President of the State Board of Education from 1859 to 1876. In 1864 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in Congress for the State-at-large, being elected again, as a Democrat, from the Shelbyville Dis- trict, in 1880 and '82. During his last few years (including the campaign of 1896) Mr. Moulton acted in co-operation with the Republican party. Died June 3, 1905. MOULTRIE COUNTY, a comparatively smaU county in the eastern section of the middle tier of the State — named for a revolutionary hero. Area, 340 square miles, and population (by the census of 1910), 14,6.30. Moultrie was one of the early "stamping grounds" of the Kickapoos, who were always friendly to English-speaking settlers. The earliest immigrants were from the Southwest, but arrivals from Northern States soon followed. County organization was effected in 1843, both Shelby and Macon Counties surrendering a portion of territory. A vein of good bituminous coal underlies tlie county, but agriculture is the more important industry. Sullivan is the county-seat, selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was about 1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Gover- nor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil War) began the practice of law here. MOUND-BUILDERS, WORKS OF THE. One of the most conclusive evitlences that the Mis- sissippi Valley was once occupied by a people different in customs, character and civilization from the Indians found occupying the soil when the first white explorers visited it, is the exist- ence of certain artificial mounds and earthworks, of the origin and purposes of whi(^h the Indians seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. These works extend throughout the valley from the AUeghenj' to the Rocky Mountains, being much more numerous, however, in some portions than HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 389 in others, and also varying greatly in form. This fact, with the remains found in some of them, has heen regarded as evidence that the purposes of their construction were widely variant. They have con.sequentlj' been classified bj' archaeolo- gists as sepulchral, religioiLs, or defensive, while some seem to liave had a purpose of which writers on the subject are unable to form any satisfactory conception, and which are, therefore, still regarded as an unsolved mystery. Some of the most elaborate of these works are found along the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley, especially in Ohio; and the fact that they appear to belong to the defensive class, has led to the conclusion that this region was occupied by a race practically homogeneous, ami that these works were designed to prevent the encroachment of hostile races from beyond the Alleghenies. Illi- nois being in the center of the valley, compara- tively few of these defensive works are found here, those of this character which do exist being referred to a different era and race. (See Forti- fications, Prehistoric.) While these works are numerous in some portions of Illinois, their form and structure give evidence that they were erected by a peaceful people, however bloody may have been some of the rites performed on those designed for a religious purpose. Their numbers also imply a dense population. This is especially true of that portion of the American Bottom opposite the city of St. Louis, which is the seat of the most remarkable group of earth works of this character on the continent. The central, or principal structure of this group, is known, locally, as the great "Cahokia Mound," being situated near the creek of that name which empties into the Mississippi just below the city of East St. Louis. It is also called "Monks' Mound,'" from the fact that it was occupied early in the present century by a community of Monk.s of La Trajipe, a portion of whom succumbed to the malarial influences of the climate, while the survivors returned to the original seat of their order. Thi.s mound, from its form and com- manding size, has been supposed to belong to the class calleern spent chiefly in the practice of his profession, with occasional excursions into journalism. Originally a Democrat, he became one of the founders of the Republican party in Southern Illinois. Dictl Sept. 16, 1900. NIXOX, William Penn, journalist, Collector of Customs, was born in Wayne County, Ind., of North Carolina and Quaker ancestry, early in 1832. In 1853 he graduated from Farmers' (now Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After devoting two years to teaching, he entered the law department of the University ot Pennsyl- vania (1855), graduating in 1859. For nine years thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio Legislature. In 1868 he embarked in journalism, he and his older lirother. Dr. O. W. Xixon. \vith a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chron- icle." A few years later "The Times" was pur- chased, and the two papers were consolidated under the name of "The Times-Chronicle." In May, 1872, having disposed of his interests in Cincinnati, he assumed the business manage- ment of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875 he and his brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, secured a controlling interest in the paper, when the former assumed the position of editor-in-chief, which he continued to occupy until 1897, when he was appointed Collector of Customs for the City of Chicago, serving two terms. >'OKOMIS, a city of Montgomerj' County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- road, 81 miles east by north from St. Louis and 52 miles west of Mattoon; in important grain- growing and haj'-producing section ; has water- works, electric lights, three flour mills, two machine shops, wagon factory, creamery, .seven churches, high school, two banks and three papers; is noted foi' shipments of poultry, butter and eggs. Pop. (1900), 1,371; (1910), 1,872. NORMAL, a city in McLean County, 2 miles north of Bloomington and 134 southwest of Chi- cago; at intersecting point of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads. It lies in a rich coal and agricultural region, and has extensive fruit-tree nurseries, two canning fac- tories, one bank, hospital, and four periodicals. It is the seat of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, founded in 1869, and the Illinois State Normal University, founded in 1857; has city and rural mail delivery. Po)). (1900), 3,795; (1910), 4,024. NORMAL UNIVERSITIES. (See Southern lUhidis X'irmid Vnirrnsitij: State Norrnal Uni- versili/.) NOR R IS CITY, a village of White County, on the Bait. & Ohio S. W. and Big Four R.Rs. fruit and grain-grooving region. Pop. (1900), S6S: (1910), 1,055. NORTHCOTT, William A., Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born in Murfreesboro, Tenn. , Jan. 28, 1854 — the son of Gen. R. S. Northcott, whose loyalty to the Union, at the beginning «f the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 401 Rebellion, compelled liiiu to leave his Southern home and seek safety for himself and family in the North. He went to West Virginia, was com- missioned Colonel of a regiment and served through the war, being for some nine months a prisoner in Libby Prison. After acquiring his literary education in the public schools, the younger Northcott spent some time in the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., after which he was engaged in teaching. Meanwhile, he was prepar- ing for the pi'actice of law and was admitted to the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Green- ville, Bond County, 111., which has since been his home. In 1880, by appointment of President Hayes, he served as Supervisor of the Census for the Seventh District; in 1882 was elected State's Attorney for Bond County and re-elected suc- cessively in '84 and '88; in 1890 was appointed on the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy, and, by selection of the Board, delivered the annual address to the graduating class of that year. In 1892 he was the Repub- lican nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth Dis- trict, but was defeated in the general landslide of that year. In 1896 he was more fortunate, being elected Lieutenant-Governor by the vote of the State, receiving a plurality of over 137,000 over his Democratic opponent; was re-elected in 1900, serving two terras and at the present time (1911) is serving his third term as U. S. District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois. NORTHERN BOUNDARY QUESTION, THE. The Ordinance of 1787, making the first specific provision, by Congress, for the government of the country lying northwest of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi (known as the Northw-est Territor}-). provided, among other things (Art. v., Ordinance 1787), that "there shall be formed in the said Territory not less than three nor more than five States." It then proceeds to fix the boundaries of the proposed States, on the assump- tion that there shall be three in number, adding thereto the following proviso: "Provided, how- ever, and it is further understood and declared, that the boundaries of these three States shall be subject .so far to be altered that, if Congre.ss shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said Territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerl)' bend or extreme of Lake Micliigan." On the basis of this provision it has been claimed that the north- ern boundaries of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio should have been on the exact latitude of the southern limit of Lake Michigan, and that the failure to establish this boundary was a violation of the Ordinance, inasmuch as the fourteenth sec- tion of the preamble thereto declares that "the following articles shall be considered as articles of compact between the original States and the j)eopIe and States in the said Territory, and for- ever remain unalterable, unless by conunon con- sent. "—In the limited state of geographical knowledge, existing at the time of the adoption of the Ordinance, there seems to have been con- siderable difference of opinion as to the latitude of the .southern limit of Lake Michigan. The map of Mitchell (17.'),')) had placed it on the paral- lel of 42' 20', while that of Thomas Ilutchins (1778) fixed it at 41' 37'. It was officially estab- lished by Government survey, in 183,5, at 41" 37' 07.9". As a matter of fact, the northern bound- ary of neither of the three States named was finally fixed on the line mentioned in the proviso above quoted from the Ordinance — that of Ohio, where it meets the shore of Lake Erie, being a little north of iV 44'; that of Indiana at 41° 46' (some 10 miles north of the southern bend of the lake), and that of Illinois at 42' 30'— about 61 miles north of the same line. The boundary line between Ohio and Michigan was settled after a bitter controversy, on the admission of the latter State into the Union, in 1837, in the acceptance by her of certain conditions proposed by Congres.s. These included the annexation to Michigan of what is known as the "Upper Peninsula," lying between Lakes Michigan and Superior, in lieu of a strip averaging six miles on her southern border, which she demanded from Ohio, — The establishment of the northern bound- ary of Illinois, in 1818, upon the line which now exists, is universally conceded to have been due to the action of Judge Nathaniel Pope, then the Delegate in Congress from Illinois Territory. While it was then acquiesced in without ques- tion, it has since been the subject of considerable controversy and has been followed by almost incalculable results. The "enabling act," as originally introduced early in 1818, empowering the people of Illinois Territory to form a State Government, fixed the northern boundary of the proposed State at 41° 39', then the suppo.sed lati- tude of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. AVhile the act was under consideration in Com- mittee of the Whole, Mr. Pope offered an amend- n)ent advancing the northern boundary to 42° 30'. The object of his amendment (as he ex- plained) was to gain for the new State a coast line on Lake Michigan, bringing it into political and commercial relations with the States east of 402 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. it — Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York — thus ■"affording additional security to the per- petuity of the Union." He argued that the location of the State between the Mississippi, Wabash and Oliio Rivers — all flowing to the south — would bring it in intimate communica- tion with the Southern States, and that, in the event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it was important tliat it sliould be identified with the commerce of the Lakes, instead of being left entirely to the waters of the south-flowing rivers. ' 'Thus, ' ' said he, ' 'a rival interest would be created to check the wish for a Western or South- ern Confederacy. Her interests would thus be balanced and her inclinations turned to the North." He recognized Illinois as already "the key to the West," and he evidently foresaw that the time might come when it would be the Key- stone of the Union. While this evinced wonder- ful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his argument that, in time, a commercial emporium would grow up upon Lake Michigan, which would demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illi- nois River — a work which was realized in the completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal thirty years later, but which would scarcely have been accomplished had tlie State been practically cut off from the Lake and its chief emporium left to grow up in another commonwealth, or not at all. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted without division, and, in this form, a few days later, the bill became a law. — The almost super- human sagacity e.\hibited in Judge Pope's argu- ment, has been repeatedly illustrated in the commercial and political history of the State since, but never more significantly than in the commanding position which Illinois occupied during the late Civil War, with one of its citi- zens in the Presidential chair and another leading its 2.50,000 citizen soldiery and the armies of the Union in battling for the perpetuity of the Republic— a position which more than fulfilled every prediction made for it. — The territory affected by this settlement of the northern boundary, includes all that part of the State north of the northern line of La Salle County, and embraces the greater portion of the fourteen counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, Boone, DeKalb, Lee, Ogle, Winnebago, Stephen- son, Jo Daviess, Carroll and Whiteside, with por- tions of Kendall, Will and Rock Island— estimated at 8, .500 square miles, or more than one-seventh of the present area of the State. It has been argued that this territory belonged to the State of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordi- nance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between 1839 and 1843, to induce the people of these counties to recognize this claim. These were, in a few instances, partially successful, although no official notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illi- nois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by Governor Ford — who wrote his "History of Illi- nois" when the subject was fresh in the public mind — was that, while the Ordinance of 1787 gave Congress power to organize a State north of the parallel running through the southern bend of Lake Michigan, "there is nothing in the Ordi- nance requiring such additional State to be organized of the territory north of that line." In other words, that, when Congress, in 1818, authorized the organization of an additional State north of and in (i. e., within) the line named, it did not violate the Ordinance of 1787, but acted in accordance with it — in practically assuming that the new State "need not neces- sarily include the whole of the region north of that line. " The question was set at rest by Wis- consin herself in the action of her Constitutional Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first con- stitution, in form recognizing the northern boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act of 1818. NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, created by Act of the Legislature, approved, April 16, 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Gov- ernor Palmer to fix its location consisted of August Adams, B. F. Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L. Joslj'n, D. S. Hammond and William Adams. After considering many offers and examining numerous sites, the Commissioners finallj- selected the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres, 1V4 miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox River, and overlooking that stream, as a site — this liaving been tendered as a donation by the citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the latter part of 1869, the system of construction chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the United States Hospital for the Insane at Wash- ington, D. C. By January, 1872, the north wing and rear building were so far advanced as to per- mit the reception of sixty patients. The center building was ready for occupancy in April. 1873, and the south wing before the end of the follow- ing year. The total expenditures previous to 1876 had exceeded §637,000, and since that date liberal appropriations have been made for addi- tions, repairs and improvements, including the 2 O H O 7: s z HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 403 addition of between 300 and 400 acres to the lands connected with the institution The first Board of Trustees consisted of Charles N. Holden, Oliver Everett and Henry W. Sherman, with Dr. E. A. Kilbourne as the first Superintendent, and Dr. Richard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintend- ent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as liis Assistant. Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head of the institution until his death, Feb. 27, 1890, covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kil- bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks, and lie. by Dr. Loewy, in June, 1893, and the latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Super- vising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hos- pital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was $882,745.66, of which §701,330 was in land and buildings. Under the terms of the law estab- lisliing the hospital, provision is made for the care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is both a hospital and an asylum. The whole num- ber of patients under treatment, for the two years preceding June 30, 1894, was 1,797, the number of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,054, and the average daily attendance for treatment, for the year 1896, 1,296. The following counties comprise the dis- trict dependent upon the Elgin Hospital : Boone, Carroll, Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Ken- dall, Lake, Stephenson, Whiteside and Winne- bago. NORTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee County, 111., for the purpose of giving instruction in branches related to the art of teaching. Its last report claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom 885 were men and 744 women, receiving instruc- tion from thirty-six teachers. The total value of property' was estimated at more than $200,000, of which S160.000 was in real estate and $45,000 in apparatus. Attendance on the institution has been affected by the establishment, under act of the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State Normal School at DeKalb (which see). NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, an insti- tution for the confinement of criminals of the State, located at Joliet, Will County. The site was purchased by the State in 1857, and com- prises some seventy -two acres. Its erection was found necessary because of the inadeqiiacy of the first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Pent tt'nfianj.) Tlie original plan contemplated a cell-liouse containing 1,000 cells, %vhich, it was thought, would meet the public necessities for many years to come. Its estimated cost was $550,000; but, within ten years, there had been expended upon the institution the sum of $934,- 000, and its capacity was taxed to the utmost. Subsequent enlargements have increased the cost to over 81,000,000, but by 1877. the institution had become so overcrowded that the erection of another State penal institution became positively necessary. (See Soiitliern Penitentiary.) The prison has always been conducted on "the Auburn system," which contemplates associate labor in silence, silent meals in a common refec- tory, and (as nearly as practicable) isolation at night. Tlie system of labor has varied at differ- ent times, the "lessee system," the "contract sy.stem" and the "State account plan" being successively in force. {See Convict Labor.) The whole number of convicts in the institution, at the date of the official report of 1895, was 1,566. The total assets of tlie institution, Sept. 30, 1894, were reported at $2,121,308.86, of which $1,644,- 601.11 was in real estate. NORTH & SOUTH RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Peoria .011. OMELTENY, John, pioneer and head of a numerous family wliicli became prominent in Southern Illinois; was a native of Ireland who came to America aljout 1T98 or 1799. After resid- ing in Kentucljy a few jears, he removed to Illi- nois, locating in wliat afterwards became Pope County, whither his oldest son, Samuel, had preceded him about 1797 or 1798. The latter for a time followed the occupation of flat-boating, carrying produce to New Orleans. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 from Pope County, being the colleague of Hamlet Ferguson. A year later he removed to Randolph County, wliere he served as a member of the County Court, but, in 1820-22, we find him a member of the Second General Assembly from Union County, having successfully contested the seat of Samuel Alexander, who liad received the certificate of election. He died in 1828. — Edward (Omelvenj-), anotlier member of this family, and grandson of the elder John Omelvenj-, represented Monroe County in the Fifteenth General Assem- bly (18-16-48), and was Presidential Elector ia 1853, but died sometime during the Civil War. — Harvey K. S. (Omelveny), the fifth son of Wil- liam Omelveny and grandson of John, was born in Todd County, Ky., in 1823, came to Southern Illinois, in 1832, and engaged in the practice of law, being for a time the partner of Senator Thomas E. Merritt, at Salem. Early in 1858 lie was elected a Justice of the Circuit Court to succeed Judge Breese, who had been promoted to the Supreme Court, but resigned in 1861. He gained considerable notoriety bj' his intense hostility to the policy of the Government during the Civil War, was a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 18G2, and was named as a member of tlie Peace Commission proposed to be appointed by tlie General Assembly, in 1863, to secure terms of peace with the Southern Con- federacy. He was also a leading spirit in the peace meeting lield at Peoria, in August, 1863. In 1869 Mr. Omelveny removed to Los Angeles, Cal., which has since been his home, and where he has carried on a lucrative law practice. OXARGA, a town in Iroquois County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 85 miles soutli by west from Chicago, and 43 miles north by east from Champaign. It is a manufacturing town, flour, wagons, wire-fencing, stoves and tile being among the products. It has banlis, tilcworks, a can- ning factory, several churches, a graded school, a commercial college, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,270; (1910), 1,273. ONEIDA, a city in Knox County, on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles northeast of Galesburg; lias wagon, pump and furniture factories, two lianks, electric liglits, several churches, a graded scliool, and a weekly paper. The surrounding country is rich prairie, where coal is mined about twenty feet below the surface. Pop. (1900), 785; (1910), 589. 0(JUAWKA, the county-seat of Henderson Count}-, situated on the Mississippi River, about 15 miles above Burlington Iowa, and 32 miles west of Galesburg. It is in a farming region, but has some manufactories. The town has five cliurches. a graded school, a bank and three newspapers Pop. (1900), 1,010; (1910), 907. ORDINANCE OF 1787. This is the name given to the first organic act, passed by Congress, for the government of the territory northwest of tlie Ohio River, comprising the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Micliigan and Wisconsin. Tlie first step in tliis direction was taken in the appointment, by Congress, on March 1, 1784, of a committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was Chair- man, to prepare a plan for the temporary govern- ment of the region wliicli had been acquired, by tlie capture of Kaskaskia, by Col. George Rogers Clark, nearly six years previous. The necessity for some step of tliis sort had grown all the more urgent, in consequence of the recognition of the right of the United States to this region by the Treaty of Paris of 1783, and the surrender, by Vir- ginia, of the title she had maintained thereto on account of Clark's conquest under her auspices — a right which she liad exercised by furnishing whatever semblance of government so far existed northwest of the Ohio. The report submitted from Jefferson's committee proposed the division of the Territory into seven States, to which was added the jiroviso that, after the year 1800, "there sliall be neitlier slavery nor involuntary sers-itude in any of said States, otiierwise tlian in punish- ment of crime whereof tlie party sliall have been duly convicted." This report failed of adoption, however. Congress contenting itself with the pa.s.sage of a resolution providing for future organization of this territory into States by the people — the measures necessary for temporary government being left to future Congressional action. While the postponement, in the reso- lution as introduced by Jefferson, of the inhi- bition of slavery to the year 1800, has been criticised, its introduction was significant, as coming from a representative from a slave State, 410 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and being the first proposition in Congress look- ing to restriction, of any character, on the subject of slavery. Congress having taken no further step under the resolution adopted in 1784, the condition of the country (thus left practically without a responsible government, while increas- ing in population) became constant!}' more deplorable. An appeal from the people about Kaskaskia for some better form of government, in 178G, aided by the influence of the newly organized "Ohio Company," who desired to en- courage emigration to the lands which they were planning to secure from the General Government, at last brought about the desired result, in the passage of the famous "Ordinance," on the 13th day of July, 1787. While making provision for a mode of temporary self-government by the people, its most striking features are to be found in the six "articles" — a sort of "Bill of Rights" — with which the document closes. These assert: (1) the right of freedom of worship and religious opinion; (2) the right to the benefit of habeas corpus and trial by jury ; to proportionate repre- sentation, and to protection in liberty and prop- erty; (3) that "religion, morality and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall. forever be encouraged"; (4) that the States, formed within the territory referred to, "shall forever remain a part of this confeder- acy of the United States of America, subject to the Articles of Confederation and to such alter- ations therein as shall be constitutionally made" ; (5) prescribe the boundaries of the States to be formed therein and the conditions of their admis- sion into the Union ; and (6 — and most significant of all) repeat the prohibition regarding the introduction of slavery into the Northwest Terri- tory, as proposed by Jefferson, but without any qualification as to time. There has been consider- able controversy regarding the authorship of this portion of the Ordinance, into which it is not necessary to enter here. While it has been char- acterized as a second and advanced Declaration of Independence — and probably no single act of Congress was ever fraught with more important and far-reaching results — it seems remarkable that a majority of tlie States supporting it and securing its adoption, were then, and long con- tinued to be, slave States. ORE€rON, the county-s'eat of Ogle County, situated on Rock River and the Minneapolis Brancli of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, 100 miles west from Chicago. The sur- rounding region is agricultural; the town has water power and manufactures flour, pianos, steel tanks, street sprinklers, and iron castings. It has two banks, water-works supplied by flowing artesian wells, cereal mill, and two weekly news- papers ; has also obtained some repute as a summer resort. Pop. (1900), 1,577; (1910), 2,180. ORION, a village of Henry County, at the inter- section of the Rock Island Division of the Chicago Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railwaj'S, 19 miles southeast of Rock Island. Pop. (1900), 584; (1910), 655. OSBORN, William Henry, Railway President, was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 21, 1820. After receiving a high school education in his native town, he entered the counting room of the East India house of Peele, Hubbell & Co. ; was subse- quently sent to represent the firm at Manila, finally engaging in business on lus own account, during which he traveled extensively in Europe. Returning to the United States in 1853, he took up his residence in New York, and, having mar- ried the daughter of Jonathan Sturges, one of the original incorporators and promoters of the Illi- nois Central Railroad, he soon after became asso- ciated with that enterprise. In August, 1854, he was chosen a Director of the Company, and, on Dec. 1, 1855, became its third President, serving in the latter position nearly ten years (until July 11, 1865), and, as a Director, until 1877 — in all, twenty-two years. After retiring from his con- nection with the Illinois Central Raib'oad, Mr. Osborn gave his attention largely to enterprises of an educational and benevolent character in aid of the unfortunate classes in the State of New York. OSBORN, Thomas 0., soldier and diplomatist, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Augu.st 11, 1832; graduated from the Ohio University at Athens, in 1854; studied law at Crawfordsville, Ind., with Gen. Lew Wallace, was admitted to the bar and began practice in Chicago. Early in the war for the Union he joined the "Yates Phalanx," which, after some delay on account of the quota being full, was mustered into the serv- ice, in August, 1801, as tlie Thirty-nintli Illinois Volunteers, the subject of this sketch being com- missioned its Lieutenant-Colonel. His promotion to the colonelcy soon followed, the regiment being sent east to guard the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, where it met the celebrated Stonewall Jackson, and took part in many important en- gagements, including the battles of Winchester, Bermuda Hundreds, and Drurj-'s Bluff, besides the sieges of Charleston and Petersburg. At Bermuda Hundreds Colonel Osborn was severely HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 411 wounded, losing the use of his riglit arm. He bore a conspicuous part in tlie o[)erations about Richmond which resulted in the capture of tlie rebel capital, his services being recognized by promotion to the brevet rank of Major-General. At the close of the war he returned to the prac- tice of law in Cliicago, but, in 1874. was appointed Consul-General and Minister-Resident to the Argentine Republic, remaining in that position until June, 1885, when he resigned, resuming his residence in Chicago. Died March 27, 1904. OSWEGO, a village in Kendall County, on the Aurora and Streator branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincj- Railwaj-, 6 miles south of Aurora. Pop. (1890), 641; (1900), (US; (1910), 600. OTTAWA, the county-seat and principal city of La Salle Count3', being incorporated as a vil- lage in 1838, and, as a city, in 1853. It is located at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers and on the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is the intersecting point of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway and the Streator branch of the Clucago, Burlington & Quincj-, 98 miles east of Rock Island and 83 miles west-southwest of Chi- cago. The surrounding region abounds in coal. Sand of a superior quality for the manufacture of glass is foimd in the vicinity and the place has extensive glass works. Other manufactured products are brick, drain-tile, sewer-pipe, tile- roofing, pottery, pianos, organs, cigars, wagons and carriages, agricultural implements, hay carriers, liaj' presses, sash, doors, blinds, cabinet work, saddlery and harness and pumps. The citj' has some handsome public buildings including the Appellate (formerly Supreme) Court House for the Northern Division. It also has .several public parks, one of which (South Park) contains a medicinal spring. There are a dozen churches and numerous public school buildings, including a high school. Tlie city is lighted by gas and electricity, has electric street railways, good sewerage, and water-works supplied from over 150 artesian wells and numerous natural springs. It lias one private and two national banks, five libraries, and eight weekly newspapers (three German), of which four issue daily editions. Pop. (1890), 9,985; (1900), 10,588; (1910), 9,535. OTTAWA, CHICAGO & FOX RIVER VALLEY RAILROAD. (.See Chicago, Burlimjfon d- Qiiinci/ Railroad.) OUTAGAMIES, a name given, by the Frencli, to the Indian tribe known as the Foxes. (See Sacs and Fo.res. ) OWEX, Thomas J. V., early legislator and Indian Agent, was born in Kentucky, April 5, 1801; came to Illinois at an early day, and, in 1830, was elected to the Seventh General Assem- bly from Randolph County ; the following year was appointed Indian Agent at Chicago, as suc- cessor to Dr. Alexander AVolcott, who had died in the latter part of 1830. Mr. Owen served as Indian Agent until 1833; was a member of the first Board of Town Trustees of the village of Chi- cago, Commissioner of School Lands, and one of the Government Commissioners who conducted the treaty %vith the Pottawatomie and other tribes of Indians at Cliicago, in September, 1833. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 15, 1835. PADDOCK, Gains, pioneer, a native of Massa- chusetts, was born in 1758; at the age of 17 he entered the Colonial Army, serving until the close of the Revolutionary War, and being in Washington's command at the crossing of the Delaware. After the war he removed to Ver- mont; but, in 1815, went to Cincinnati, and, a jear later, to St. Charles, 51o. Then, after hav- ing spent about a year at St. Louis, in 1818 he located in Madison County, 111., at a point after- wards known as "Paddock's Grove," and which became one of the most prosperous agricultural sections of Southern Illinois. Died, in 1831. PAIXE, (Gen.) Eleazer A., soldier, was born in Parkman. Geauga Count}', Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815; graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1839, and was assigned to the First Infantry, serving in the Florida War (1839-40), but resigned, Oct. 11,-1840. He then studied law and practiced at Painesville, Ohio, (1843-48), and at Monmouth, 111., (1848-61), meanwhile serving in the lower branch of the Eighteenth General Assembly (1852-53). Before leaving Ohio, he had been Deputy United States Marshal and Lieutenant- Colonel of the State Militia, and, in Illinois, became Brigadier-General of Militia (1845-48). He was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Illinois in April, 18G1, and served through the war, being promoted Brigadier-General in September, 1861. The first duty performed by his regiment, after this date, was the occupation of Paducah, Ky., where he was in command. Later, it took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, the battles of Shiloh, New Madrid and Corinth, and also in the various engagements in Northern Georgia and in the "march to the sea." From November, 1W(J2, to Jlay, 1864, General Paine was guarding railroad lines in Central Tennessee, and, during a part of 1864, in command of the AVestern District of Kentucky. He resigned, April 5, 1865, and died in Jersey Cit)', Dec. 16, 412 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1882. A sturdj' Union man, lie performetl his duty as a soldier with great zeal and efficiency. PALATIXE, a village of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Division of the Cliicago & Xorthwest- ern Railroad, 26 miles northwest from Chicago. There are flour and i)laning mills here; dairying and farming are leading industries of the sur- rounding country. The village has good schools, churches and one newspaper. Pop. (1910). 1,144. PALESTINE, a town in Crawi'ord County, about 2 miles from the Wabash River, 7 miles east of Robinson, and 35 miles southwest of Terre Haute, on the Indianapolis Southern Railway; has churches, a graded school, a bank, weekly newspaper, flour mill, cold storage plant, canning factory, garment factorj', and municipal light and power plant. Pop. (1890), 732; (1900), 979; (1910), 1,399. PALMER, Frank W., journalist, ex-Congress- man and Public Printer, was born at Manchester, Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827; learned the printer's trade at Jamestown, N. Y., afterwards edited "The Jamestown Journal," and served two terms in the New York Legislature; in 18.5s removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and edited "The Dubuque Times," was elected to Congress in 1860, and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having purchased "The Des Moines Register," which he edited for several years. In 1873 he removeil to Chicago and became editor of "The Inter Ocean," remaining two years; in 1877 was appointed Post- master of the citj- of Chicago, serving eight years. Shortly after the accession of President Harrison, in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continu- ing in office until the accession of President Cleve- land in 1893. when he returned to newspaper work, but resumed bis old place at tlie head of the Government Printing Bureau after the inaugura- tion of President McKinley, 1897. Died Dec. 3. 1907. PALMER, John McAnley, lawyer, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Scott County. Ky.. Sept. 13, 1817; removed with his father to Madison County. 111., in 1831, and, four years later, entered Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, as a student; later taught and studied law. being admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was elected Probate Judge of Macoupin County, also served in the State Constitutional Convention of 1847 ; after discharging the duties of Probate and County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy, in 18.52. and re-elected in 18.54. as an Anti-Xebraska Democrat, casting his vote for Lyman Trumbull for L'nited States Senator in 18.55. but resigned his seat in 1856; was President of the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a delegate to the National Convention at Philadel- phia ; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in 1859. and chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1860; served as a member of the National Peace Conference of 1861 ; entered the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; was promoted Briga- dier General, in November, 1861, taking part in the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga, assuming the command of the Fourteenth Army Corps with the rank of MajorGeneral, but was relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In 1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to command of the Jlilitary Department of Ken- tucky, but, in September, 1866, retired from the service, and, in 18G7, became a citizen of Spring- field. The following year he was elected Gov- ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1872, supported Horace Greeley for President, and has since co- operated with the Democratic party. He was three times the unsuccessful candidate of his party for United States Senator, and was their nominee for Governor in 1888. but defeated. In 1890 he was nominated for United States Senator by the Democratic State Convention and elected in joint session of the Legislature. March 11. 1891, receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and two Farmers" Mutual Alliance votes. He became an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for President, although receiving no electoral votes, proving his devotion to principle. His last years were occupied in preparation of a volume of personal recollections, which was completed, under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life.'' a few weeks before his death, which occurred at his home in Springfield, September 25, 1900. PALMER, Potter, merchant and capitalist, was born in Albany County, N. Y., in 1825; received an English education and became a junior clerk in a country store at Durham, Greene County, in that State, three years later being placed in charge of the business, and finally engaging in business on his own account. Com- ing to Chicago in 1852, he embarked in the dry- goods business on Lake Street, establishing the house which afterwards became Field. Leiter & Co. (now Marshall Field & Co. ) . from which here- tired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune, which later was greatly increased by fortunate in- vestments. He died May 9, 1902. Mr. Palmer Avas Second Vice-President of the first Board of Local Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- sition in 1891. — Mrs. Bertha M, Honore (Palmer), wife of the preceding, is the daughter of H. H. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 413 Honore, formerly a prominent real-estate owner and operator of Chicago. Slie is a native of Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly spent, though she was educated at a convent near Baltimore, Md. Later she came witli her family to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized leader in many social and benevolent movements, but won the highest praise by her ability and administrative skill, exhibited as President of the Board of Lady JIanagers of the World's Colum- bian Exposition of 1893. PALMYRA, a village of Macoupin County, on the Springfield Divi.sion of the ."^t. Louis, Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Raihvay, 33 rriilcs southwest from Springfield; has some local manufactories, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 813; (1910), 873 PAN A, an important railway center and prin- cipal city of Christian County, situated in the southeastern part of the County, and at the inter- secting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern, the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35 miles south by west from Decatur, and 42 miles southeast of Springfield. It is an important ship- ping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its mechanical establishments include two flouring mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has banks, several churches, graded schools, and one paper issuing daily and weekly editions. Pop. (1890), 5,077; (1000), 5,,5.30; (1910), 0,055. PAXA, SPRIXiFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore d- Ohio South- western Ra ilroad. ) PARIS, a handsome and flourishing city, the county-seat of Edgar County. It is an important railway center, situated on the "Big Four" and the Vandalia Line, 160 miles south of Chicago, and 170 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in the heart of a wealthy and populous agricultural region, and has a prosperous trade. Its industries include foundries, three elevators, flour, saw and planing mills, gla.ss, broom, and corn product factories. The city has three banks, three daily and three weekly n wspapers, one monthly i)ul)lica- tion, several churches, and graded schools. Poj). (1900), 6,105; (1010), 7.0G.1. PARIS & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute & i'coria Railroad.) PARIS & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. (See Tcrrc Haute & Peoria Railroad.) PARKS, (jiavion D. A., lawyer, was born at Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., Sept. 17. 1817; went to New York City in 1838, where he com- pleted his legal .studies and was admitted to the bar, removing to Lockport, 111., in 1842, Here he successively edited a paper, served as Master in Chancery anil in an engineering corps on the Illinois & Michigan Canal; was elected County Judge in 1849, removed to Joliet, and, for a time, acted as an attorney of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Jlichigan Central and the Chicago & Alton Railroads; was also a Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- ville; was elected Representative in 1852, became a Republican and served on the first Republican State Central Committee (185G); the .same year was elected to the State Senate, and was a Commissioner of the State Penitentiary in 1864. In 1873 Mr. Parks joined in the Liberal-Repub- lican movement, was defeated for Congress, and afterwards acted with the Democratic party. Died, Dec. 28, 1895. PARKS, Lawson A., journalist, was born at Mecklenburg, N. C, April 15, 1813; learned the printing trade at Charlotte, in that State ; came to St. Louis in 1833, and, in 1836, assisted in estab- lishing "The Alton Telegraph," but sold his interest a few years later. Then, having offi- ciated as pastor of Presbyterian churches for some years, in 1854 he again became associated with "The Telegraph," acting as its editor. Died at Alton, March 31, 1875. PARK RIDGE, a suburban village on the Wis- consin Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Chicago. Popu- lation (1890), 987; (1900), 1,340; (1910), 2,009. PARTRIDGE, Charles Addison, journalist and Assi.stant Adjutant-General of the Grand Army of the Republic, was born in Westford, Chittenden County, Vt., Dec. 8, 1843; came with his parents to Lake County, 111., in 1844, and spent his boy- hood on a farm, receiving his education in the district school, with four terms in a high school at Burlington. Wis. At 16 he taught a winter district .school near his boyhood home, and at 18 enlisted in what became Company C of the Ninety-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, being mustered into the service as Eighth Corporal at Rockford. His regiment becoming attached to tlie Army of the Cumberland, he participated with it in the battles of Chickamauga and the Atlanta campaign, as well as those oi Franklin and Nashville, and has taken a just pride in tlie fact that he never fell out on the march, took medicine from a doctor or was absent from his regiment during its term of service, except for four months while recovering from a gun-shot 414 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. wound received ax Chickamauga. He was pro- moted successively to Sergeant, Sergeant-Major, and commissioned Second Lieutenant of liis old company, of which his father was First Lieuten- ant for six months and until forced to resign on account of impaired health. Receiving his final discharge, June 28, 1865, he returned to the farm, where he remained until 1809, in the meantime being married to Miss Jennie E. Earle, in 1866, and teaching school one winter. In 1809 he was elected County Treasurer of Lake County on the Republican ticket, and re-elected in 18T1 ; in January of the latter year, purchased an interest in "The Waukegan Gazette," with which he remained associated some fifteen years, at first as the partner of Rev. A. K. Fox, and later of his younger brother, H. E. Partridge. In 1877 he was appointed, by President Hayes, Postmaster at Waukegan, serving four years; in 1886 was elected to the Legislature, serving (by successive elections) as Representative in the Thirty-fifth, Thirty-sixth and Thirty -seventh General Assem- blies, being frequently called upon to occupy the Speaker's chair, and, especially during tlie long Senatorial contest of 1891, being recognized as a leader of the Republican minority. In 1888 he was called to the service of the Republican State Central Committee (of which he had previously been a member), as assistant to the veteran Secre- tary, the late Daniel Shepard, remaining imtil the death of his chief, when he succeeded to the secretaryship. During the Presidential campaign of 1892 he was associated with the late AVilliam J. Campbell, then the Illinois member of the Republican National Committee, and was en- trusted b}' him with many important and confi- dential missions. Without solicitation on his part, in 1894 he was again called to assume the secretaryship of the Republican State Central Committee, and bore a conspicuous and influ- ential part in winning the brilliant success achieved by the party in the campaign of that year. From 1893 to 189.') lie served as Mayor of Waukegan; in 1896 became Assistant Adjutant- General of the Grand Arnij- of the Republic for the Department of Illinois — a position which he held in 1889 under Commander James S. Martin, and to which he was reappointed by successive Department Commanders up to the year 1910. Mr. Partridge's ser\acc in the various public positions held by liim gave him an acquaintance extending to every county in the State. Died \ndoly mourned, Dec. 13, 1910. PATOKA, a village of Marion County, on the Western branch of the Illinois Central Railwav, 15 miles south of Vandalia. There are flour and saw mills here; the surrounding country is agri- cultm-al. Pop. (1900), 640; (1910), 676. PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, D.D., LL.D., clergyman, was born in Blount County, Tenn., Jan. 21, 1814; came to Bond County, 111., with his parents in 1822, his father dying two years later; at 18 had had onlj' nine months' schooling, but graduated at IlUnois College in 1837 ; spent a year at Lane Theological Seminary, another as tutor in Illinois College, and then, after two years more at Lane Seminarj' and preaching in Chicago and at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 established the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, of which he remained the "pastor over thirty 3'ears. In 1850 he received a call to the chair of Didactic Theology at Lane Seminary, as successor to Dr. Lyman Beecher, but it was declined, as was a similar call ten years later. Resigning his pastor- ship in 1873, he was, for several jears. Professor of Christian Evidences and Ethics in the Theological Seminary of the Northwest ; in 1876-78 served as President of Lake Forest University (of which he was one of the founders), and, in 1880-83, as lecturer in Lane Theological Seminary. He received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton Col- lege, X. Y., in 1854, that of LL.D. from Lake Forest University, and was Moderator of the Presbj'terian General Assembly (X. S.) at Wil- mington, Del., in 1859. Died, at Evanston, 111., Feb. 24, 1894. PAVEY, Charles W., soldier and ex-State Auditor, was born in Higliland County, Ohio, Nov. 8, 1835 ; removed to Illinois in 1859, settling in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and, for a time, followed the occupation of a farmer and stock- raiser. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the Eighti- etli Illinois Volunteers for the Civil War, and became First Lieutenant of Company E. He was severely wounded at the battle of Sand Mountain and, having been captured, was confined in Libby Prison, at Salisbury, N. C, and at Danville, Va., for a period of nearly two years, enduring great hardship and suffering. Having been exchanged, he served to the close of the war as Assistant Inspector-General on the Staff of Gen- eral Rousseau, in Tennessee. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1880, which nominated General Garfield for the Presi- dency, and was one of the famous "306" who stood by General Grant in that struggle. In 1882 lie was appointed by President Arthur Collector of Internal Revenue for the Southern District, and, in 1888, was nominated and elected State Auditor on the Republican ticket, but was de- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 415 feated for re-election in the "land-slide" of 1892. General Pavey has been prominent in "G. A. R. " councils, and held the position of Junior Vice- Commander for the Department of Illinois in 1878, and that of Senior Vice-Commander in 1879. He also served as Brigadier-General of the National Guard, for Southern IlUnois, during the railroad strike of 1877. In 1897 he received from President JIcKiuley the appointment of Special Agent of the Treasury Department. His liome was in Mount Vernon, 111. Died May 11, 1910. PAWNEE, a \'illage of Sangamon County, on the Chicago & Illinois Midland Railroad, 19 miles south of Springfield. The town has two elevators, a coal mine, a bank and a weekly paper. Popula- tion (1900), 595; (1910), 1,399. PAWNEE RAILROAD, a short line in Sanga- mon County, extending from Pawnee to Auburn (9 miles), where it forms a junction with the Chicago & Alton Railroad. The company was organized ami procured a charter in December, 1888, and the road completed the following year. The cost was ?101,774. Capital stock authorized, .$100,000; funded debt (1895), 550,000. PAW PAW, a village of Lee County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 8 miles northwest of Earlville. The town is in a farming region, but has a brick and tile faetorj', a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 765; (1910), 709. PAXTOX, the county-seat of Ford County, is situated at the intersection of the Chicago Divi- sion of the Illinois Central and the Lake Erie & Western Railroads, 103 miles south by west from Chicago, and 49 miles east of Bloomington. It contains a court house, two schools, water-works, electric light and water-heating system, two banks, nine churches, one daily and two weekly papers. It is an important shipping-point for the farm products of the surrounding territory, which is a rich agricultural region. Besides brick and tile works and flour mills, factories for the manu- facture of carriages, buggies, liardware, cigars, brooms, and plows are located here. Pop. (1890), 2,187; (1900), 3,036; (1910), 2,912. PAYSON, a \'illage in Adams County, 15 miles southeast of (Juincy; the nearest railroad station l)eing Fall Creek, on the (Juincy and Louisiana Division of the Chicago, Burlington & (Quincy Railway; has a l)ank and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 465; (1910), 467. PATSON, Lewis E., lawyer and ex-Congress- man, was born at Providence, R. I., Sept. 17, 1840; came to Illinois at the age of 12, and, after passing through the common schools, attended Lombard University, at Galesburg, for two years. He was admitted to the bar at Ottaw.a in 1862, and, in 1865, took up his residence at Poutiac. From 1809 to 1873 he was Judge of the Livingston County Court, and, from 1881 to 1891, represented his District in Congress, being elected as a Republican, but, in 1890, was defeated by his Democratic opjionent, Herman \V. Snow. After retiring from Congress he practiced his profession in Washington, D. C. Died Oct. 4, 1909. PE.VBODT, Selim Hobart, educator, was born in Rockingham County, Vt., August 20, 1829: after reaching 13 years of age, spent a year in a Boston Latin School, then engaged in various occupations, including teaching, until 1848, when he entered the University of Vermont, graduat- ing third in his class in 1852; was appointed Pro- fessor of- Mathematics and Engineering in the Polytechnic College at Philadelphia, in 1854, remaining three years, when he spent five years in Wisconsin, the last three as Superintendent of Schools at Racine. From 1805 to 1871 he was teacher of physical science in Chicago High School, also conducting night schools for work- ing men ; in 1871 became Professor of Physics and Engineering in Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege, but returned to the Chicago High School in 1874 ; in 1876 took charge of the Chicago Acad- emy of Sciences, and, in 1878, entered the Illinois Industrial University (now University of Illinois), at Champaign, first as Professor of Mechanical Engineering, in 1880 becoming President, but resigning in 1891. During the World's Colum- bian Exposition at Chicago, Professor Peabody was Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts, and, on the expiration of his service there, assumed the position of Curator of the newly organized Chicago Academy of Sciences, from which he retired two years later. Died May 26, 1903. PE.IRL, a village of Pike County, on the Kansas City branch of the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, 14 miles west of Roodhouse. Pojnilation (1890), 928; (1900), 722; (1910), 842. PEARSON, Isaac N., ex-Secretary of State, was born at Contrcville, Pa., July 27, 1842; removed to Macomb, McDonough County, 111., in 1858, and continued his residence tliore. In 1872 he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1870. Later he engaged in real-estate and banking business. He was a member of the lower house in the Thirty-third, and of the Senate in the Thirty-fifth, General Assembly, but before the expiration of his term in the latter, was elected Secretary of State, on the Republican ticket, in 1888. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election, 416 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. but was defeated, altliouRh, next to Governor Fifer, lie received tlie largest vote cast for any candidate for a political office on the Republican State ticket. Died Feb. 27, 1908. PEARSON, John M., ex-Railway and Ware- house Comniissioiier, born at Xewburyport, Mass., in 1832— the son of a ship-carpenter ; was educated in his native State and came to Illinois in 1849, locating at the city of Alton, where he was afterwards engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements. In 1873 he was ap- pointed a member of the first Railway and Ware- liouse Commission, serving four years; in 1878 was elected Representative in the Thirty-first General Assembly from Madison County, and was re-elected, successively, in 1880 and '82. He was appointed a member of the first Board of Live-Stock Commissioners in 1885, serving until 1893, for a considerable portion of the time as President of the Board. Mr. Pearson was a life- long Republican and prominent member of the Masonic fraternity. His home was at Godfrey, 111. Died June 4, 1910. PEARSONS, Daniel K., M.l)., real-estate oper- ator and capitalist, was born at Bradfordton, Vt. , April 14, 1820; began teaching at 16 years of age, and, at 21, entered Dartmouth College, taking a two years' coui-se. He then studied medicine, and, after practicing a short time in his native State, removed to Chicopee, Mass., where he remained from 1843 to 18.57. The latter year he came to Ogle County, 111., and began operating in real estate, finally adding to this a loan busi- ness for Eastern parties, but discontinued this line in 1877. He owns extensive tracts of timber lands in Michigan, is a Director in the Chicago City Railway Company and American Exchange Bank, besides being interested in other financial institutions. He has been one of the most liberal supporters of the Chicago Historical Societ}', and a princfily contributor to various benevolent and educational institutions, his gifts to colleges, in different parts of the country, aggregating over a million dollars. PECATONICA, a town in Pecatonica Township, Winnebago County, on the Pecatonica River. It is on the Chicago tt Northwestern Railway, mid- way beween Freeport and Rockford, being 14 miles from each. It contains a carriage factor}', machine shop, condensed milk factory, a bank, six churches, a graded school, and a weekly news- paper. Pop. (1900), 1,045; (1910), 1,022. PECATONICA RIVER, a stream formed by the confluence of two branches, both of which rise in Iowa County, Wis. They unite a little north of the Illinois State line, whence the river runs southeast to Freeport, then east and northeast, until it enters Rock River at Rockton. From the headwaters of either branch to the mouth of the river is about 50 miles. PECK, Ebenezer, early lawyer, was born in Portland, Maine, May 22, 1805; received an aca- demical education, studied law and was admitted to the bar in Canada in 1827. He was twice elected to the Provincial Parliament and made King's Counsel in 1833 ; came to Illinois in 1835, settling in Chicago; served in the State Senate (1838-40), and in the House (1840-42 and 1858-60); was also Clerk of the Supreme Court (1841-45), Reporter of Supreme Court decisions (1849-63), and member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Mr. Peck was an intimate personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, by whom he was appointed a member of the Court of Claims, at Washington, serving until 1875. Died, May 25, 1881. PECK, Ferdinand Wythe, lawyer and finan- cier, was born in Chicago, July 15, 1848 — the son of Philip F. W. Peck, a pioneer and early mer- chant of the metropolis of Illinois; was educated in the public schools, the Chicago University and Union College of Law, graduating from both of the last named institutions, and being admitted to the bar in 1869. For a time he engaged in practice, but his father having died in 1871, the responsibilitj' of caring for a large estate devolved upon him and has since occupied liis time, though lie has given much attention to the amelioration of the condition of the poor of his native city, and works of practical benevo- lence and public interest. He is one of the founders of the Illinois Humane Society, lias been President and a member of the Board of Control of the Chicago Athenaeum, member of the Board of Education, President of the Chicago Union League, and was an influential factor in securing the success of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in 1893, serving as First Vice-Presi- dent of the Chicago Board of Directors, Chair- man of the Finance Committee, and member of the Board of Reference and Control. Of late years. Mr. Peck has been connected with several important building enterprises of a semi-public cliar.acter, whicli have added to the reputation of Chicago, including the Auditorium, Stock Ex- change Building and others in which he is a leading .stockholder, and in the erection of which he has been a chief promoter. In 1898 he was appointed, by President McKinley. the United States Commissioner to the International Expo- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 417 sitioii at Paris of 1900, as successor to the late Maj. M. P. Handy, and the success which liiis followed his discharge of the duties of that position, has demonstrated the fitness of his selection. PECK, (ieorge R., railway attoiney, born in Steuben County, N. Y., in 1843; was early taken to Wisconsin, where he assisted in clearing his father's farm; at 16 became a country school- teacher to aid in freeing the same farm from debt; enlisted at 19 in the First Wisconsin Heavy Artillery, later becoming a Captain in the Tliirty- first Wisconsin Infantry, witli which he joined in "Sherman's March to the Sea." Returning liome at the close of the war, he began the study of law at Janesville, spending six years there as a student, Clerk of the Circuit Court and in prac- tice. From there he went to Kansas and, between 1871 and '74. practiced lii.s profession at Independ- ence, when he was appointed by President Grant United States District Attorney for the Kansas District, but resigned this position, in 1879, to return to general practice. In 1881 he became General Solicitor of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, removing to Chicago in 1893. In 1895 he resigned his position with the Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to accept a similar position with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, which (1898) he still holds. Mr. Peck is recognized as one of the most gifted orators in the West, and, in 1897, was chosen to deliver the principal address at the un- veiling of the Logan equestrian statue in Lake Front Park, Chicago; has also officiated as orator on a number of other important public occasions, alwaj's acquitting himself with distinction. PECK, John Mason, D.D., clergyman and edu- cator, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 31, 1789; removed to Greene Count}-, N. Y,, in 1811, where he united with the Baptist Church, the same year entering on pastoral work, while prosecuting his studies and supporting himself by teaching. In 1814 he became pastor of a church at Amenia, N. Y., and, in 1817, was sent west as a mission- ary, arriving in St. Louis in the latter part of the same year. During the next nine years he trav- eled extensively through Missouri and Illinois, as an itinerant preacher and teacher, finally locating at Rock Spring, St Clair County, where, in 182(5, he established the Rock Spring Seminary for the education of teacliers and ministers. Out of this grew Shurtletf College, founded at Upper Alton in 1835, in securing the endowment of which Dr. Peck traveled many thousands of miles and col- lected §20,000, and of which he served as Trustee for many j'ears. Up to 1843 he devoted nmch time to aiding in the establishment of a theolog- ical institution at Covington, Ky., and, for two years following, was Corresponding Secretary and Financial Agent of the American Bajrtist P\ibli- cation Society, with headquarters in Philadelphia. Returning to the West, he served as pastor of sev- eral important churches in Missouri, Illinois and Kentucky. " A man of indomitable will, unflag- ging industry and thoroughly upriglit in conduct, for a period of acjuarter of a century, in the early history of the State, probably no man exerted a larger influence for good and the advancement of the cause of education, among the piimeer citi- zens of all classes, than Dr. Peck. Tliough giving his attention so constantly to preaching and teaching, he found time to write much, not only for the various publications witli which he was, from time to time, connected, but also for other periodicals, besides publishing "A Guide for Emi- grants" (1831), of which a new edition appeared in 1830, and a "Gazetteer of Illinois" (Jackson- ville, 1834, and Boston, 1837), which continue to be valued for the information they contain of the condition of the country at that time. He was an industrious collector of historical records in the form of newspapers and pamphlets, which were unfortunately destroyed by fire a few years before his death. In 1852 he received the degree of D. D. from Harvard University. Died, at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, March 15, 1858. PECK, Philip F. W., pioneer merchant, was born in Providence, R. I., in 1809, the son of a wholesale merchant who had lost his fortune bj' indorsing for a friend. After some years spent in a mercantile house in New York, he came to Chicago on a prospecting tour, in 1830; the fol- lowing 3'ear brought a stock of goods to the embryo emporium of the Northwest — then a small backwoods liamlet — and, by trade and fortunate investments in real estate, laid the foundation of what afterwards became a large fortune. He died, Oct. 23, 1871, as the result of an accident occurring about the time of the great fire of two weeks previous, from which he was a heavy sufferer pecuniarily. Three of his sons, Walter L. , Clarence I. and Ferdinand W. Peck, are among Cliicago's most substantial citizens. PEKI\, a flourishing city, the county seat of Tazewell County, and an important railway cen- ter, located on the Illinois River, 10 miles south of Peoria and 5(> miles north of Sjjringfield. Agriculture and coal-mining are the chief occu- pations in the surrounding country, but the city itself is an important grain market with large 418 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. general shipping interests. It has several dis- tilleries, besides grain elevators, malt-houses, brick and tUe works, lumber yards, planing mills, marble works, plow and wagon works, and a factory for corn products. Its banking facilities are adequate, and its religious and educational advantages are excellent. The city has a public library, park, .steam-heating plant, two daily and three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 6,347; (1900), 8,420; (1910), 9,897. PEKIN, LINCOLN & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur ct' Eransrilk' Raihray.) PELL, (iilbert T., Representative in tlie Third Illinois General Assembly (1822) from Edwards County, and an opponent of the resolution for a State Convention adopted by tlie Legislature at that session, designed to open the door for the admission of slavery. Mr. Pell was a son-in-law of Morris Birkbeck, who was one of the leaders in opposition to the Convention scheme, and very naturally sympathized with his father-in-law. He was elected to the Legislature, for a second term, in 1828, but subsequently left the State, dying elsewhere, when his widow removed to Australia. PEXNSTLTAMA RAILROAD. As to oper- ations of this corporation in Illinois, see Calumet River; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago; Soutli Chicago & Southern, and Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railwa3's. The whole num- ber of miles owned, leased and operated by the Pennsylvania System, in 1898, was 1,987.21, of which only 61.34 miles were in Illinois. It owns, however, a controlling interest in the stock of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway (which see). PEORIA, the second largest city of the State and tlie county-seat of Peoria County, is 160 miles southwest of Chicago, and at the foot of an expan- sion of the Illinois River known as Peoria Lake. The site of the town occupies an elevated plateau, having a water frontage of four miles and extend- ing back to a bluff, which rises 2J0 feet above the river level and about 120 feet above the liighest point of the main .site. It was settled in 1778 or '79, although, as generally lielieved, the French missionaries had a station there in 1711. There was certainly a settlement there as early as 1725, when Renault received a grant of lands at Pimi- teoui, facing the lake then bearing the same name as the village. From that date until 1812, the place was continuously occupied as a French village, and is said to have been the most impor- tant point for trading in the Mississippi Valley. The original village was situated about a mile and a half above the foot of the lake ; but later, the pres- ent site was occupied, at first receiving the name of "La Ville de Maillet,'' from a French Canadian who resided in Peoria, from 176.5 to 1801 (the time of his death), and who commanded a company of volunteers in the Revolutionar}' War. The popu- lation of the old town removed to the new site, and the jjresent name was given to the place by American settlers, from the Peoria Indians, who were the occupants of tlie country when it was first discovered, but who had followed tlieir cog- nate tribes of the Illinois family to Cahokia and Kaskaskia, about a century before American occupation of this region. In 1812 the town is estimated to have contained about seventy dwell- ings, witli a population of between 200 and 300, made jip largel3' of French traders, hunters and voyageurs, with a considerable admixture of half-breeds and Indians, and a few Americans. Among the latter were Thomas Forsyth, Indian Agent and confidential adviser of Governor Edwards ; Michael La Croix, son-in- law of Julian Dubuque, founder of the city of Dubuque ; Antoine Le Claire, founder of Daven- port, and for whom Le Claire, Iowa, is named; William Arundel, afterwards Recorder of St. Clair County, and Isaac Darnielle, the second law- yer in Illinois. — In November, 1812. about lialf the town was burned, by order of Capt. Thomas E. Craig, who had been directed, by Governor Edwards, to proceed up the river in boats with materials to build a fort at Peoria. At the same time, the Governor himself was at the head of a force marching against Black Partridge's vil- lage, which he destroyed. Edwards had no com- munication Tvitii Craig, who appears to have acted solely on his own responsibility. That the latter's action was utterly unjustifiable, there can now b^ little doubt. He alleged, by way of excuse, that his boats had been fired upon from the shore, at night, by Indians or others, who were liarbored by the citizens. The testimony of the French, however, is to the effect that it was an unprovoked and cowardly assault, insti- gated by wine which the soldiers had .stolen from the cellars of the inhabitants. The bulk of those who remained after the fire were taken by Craig to a point below Alton and put ashore. This occurred in the beginning of winter, and the people, being left in a destitute condition, were subjected to great suffering. A Congre.ssional investigation followed, and the French, liaving satisfactorily established the fact tliat they were not hostile, were restored to their possessions. — In 1813 a fort, designed for permanent occupancy, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 419 was erected and named Fort Clark, in lienor of Col. George Rogers Clark. It had one (if not two) block-houses. %vith magazines and (juarters for officers and men. It was finally evacuated in 181S, and was soon afterwards burned bj' the Indians. Although a trading-post had been maintained here, at intervals, after the affair of 1812, there was no attempt made to rebuild tlie town until 1819, when Americans began to arrive. — In 1824 a post of the American Fur Com- pany was established here by John Hamlin, the company liaviug already had, for five j'ears, a station at Wesley City, three miles farther down the river. Hamlin also traded in pork and other products, and was the first to introduce keel- boats on the Illinois River. Bj' transferring his cargo to lighter draft boats, %vhen necessary, lie made the trip from Peoria to Chicago entirely by water, going from the Des Plaines to Mud Lake, and thence to the South Branch of the Chicago River, without unloading. In 1834 the town had but seven frame houses and twenty-one log cabins. It was incorporated as a town in 1835 (Rudolphus Rouse being the first President), and, as the City of Peoria, ten years later (Wm. Hale being the first Mayor). — Peoria is an important railway and business center, eleven railroad lines concentrating here. It presents many attractive features, such as handsome residences, fine views of river, bluff and valley scenerj^, with an elab- orate system of parks and drives. An excellent school system is liberally supported, and its public buildings (national, county and city) are fine and costly. Its churches are elegant and well attended, the leading denominations being Methodist Episcopal, Congregational, Presby- terian, Baptist, Protestant and Reformed Episco- pal, Lutheran, Evangelical and Roman Catholic. It is the seat of Bradley Polytechnic Institute, a young and fiourishing scientific school afl!iliated with the University of Chicago, and richly en- dowed through the munificence of Mrs. Lydia Bradley, who devotes her whole estate, of at least a million doUais, to this object. Right Rev. John L. Spaulding, Bishop of the Roman Catho- lic diocese of Peoria, is erecting a handsome and costly Vmildiug for the Spaulding In.stitute, a school for the higher education of young men. — At Bartonville, a suburb of Peoria, on an eleva- tion commanding a magnificent view of the Illi- nois River valley for many miles, the State has located an asylum for the incurable insane. It is now in process of erection, and is intended to be one of the most complete of its kind in the world. Peoria lies in a corn and coal region, is noted for the number and extent of its distilleries, and, in 1800, ranked eighth among the grain markets of the country. It also has an extensive commerce with Chicago, .St. Louis and other iniportant cities; was credited, by the census of 18'J0, with 554 manufacturing establishments, representing 90 different branches of industry, with a capital of $15,072,567 and an estimated annual product of $55,504,523. Its leading industries are the manu- facture of distilled and malt liquors, agricultural implements, glucose and machine-shop products. Its contributions to the internal revenue of the country are second only to those of the New York district. Population (1870), 22,849; (1880), 29,259; (1800), 41. 024; (1900), 56,100; (1910), 60.950. PEORIA COUNTY, originally a part of Fulton County, but cut off in 1825. It took its name from the Peoria Indians, who occupied that region when it was first discovered. As first organized, it included the present counties of Jo Daviess and Cook, with many others in the northern part of the State. At that time there were less than 1,500 inhabitants in the entire region; and John Hamlin, a Justice of the Peace, on his return from Green Ba}' (whither he had accompanied William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamil- ton, with a drove of cattle for the fort there), solemnized, at Chicago, the marriage of Alex- ander Wolcott, then Indian Agent, with a daughter of John Kinzie. The original Peoria County has been subdivided into thirty counties, among them being some of the largest and rich- est in the State. The first county officer was Norman Hyde, who was elected Judge of the Probate Court by the Legislature in January, 1825. His commission from Governor Coles was dated on the eighteenth of that month, but he did not qualify until June 4. following, when he took the oath of office before John Dixon, Circuit Clerk, who founded the city that bears his name. Meanwhile, Mr. Hyde had lieen appointed the first Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court, and served in that capacity until entering upon his duties as Probate Judge. The first election of county officers was held, March 7, 1825, at the house of William Eads. Nathan Dillon, Joseph Smith, and William Holland were chosen Com- missioners; .Samuel Fulton Sheriff, and William Phillips Coroner. The first County Treasurer was Aaron Hawley, and the first general election of officers took place in 1820. The first court house was a log cabin, anil the first term of the Circuit Court began Nov. 14, 1825, John York Sawyer sitting on the bench, with John Dixon, Clerk; Samuel Fulton, Sheriff; and John 420 HISTORICALr ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Twiney, tlie Attorne.y-General, present. Peoria County is, at present, one of the wealthiest and most populous counties in the State. Its soil is fertile and its manufactures numerous, especially at Peoria, the county-seat and principal city (which see). The area of the county is 630 square miles, and its population (1S80), 55,353; (18901, 70,378; (1900), 88,608; (1910), 100,255. PEORIA LAKE, an expansion of the Illinois River, forming the eastern boundary of Peoria County, which it separates from the counties of Woodford and Tazewell. It is about 20 miles long and 2}4 miles broad at the widest part. PEORIA, ATLAMA & DECATUR RAIL- ROAD. (See Tcrre Haute & Peoria Railroad.) PEORIA, DECATUR & EVA>SVILLE RAIL- WAY. The total length of this line, extending from Peoria, 111., to Evans ville, Ind., is 330.87 miles, all owned by the company, of which 373 miles are in Illinois. It extends from Pekin, southeast to Gray ville, on the Wabash River — is single track, unballasted, and of standard gauge. Between Pekin and Peoria the company uses the tracks of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, of which it is one-fourth owner. Between Hervey City and Midland Junction it has trackage privi leges over the line owned jointly by the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville and the Terre Haute & Peoria Companies (7.5 miles). Between Midland Junction and Decatur (2.4 miles) the tracks of the Illinois Central are used, the two lines having terminal facilities at Decatur in common. The rails are of fifty-two and sixty -pound steel. — (History.) The main line of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway is the result of the consoli- dation of several lines built under separate char- ters. (1) The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 18G7, built in 1869-71, and operated the latter year, was leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railway, but sold to representatives of the bond-holders, on account of default on interest, in 1876, and reorganized as the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway. (2) The Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, (projected from Decatur to Mattoon), was incorporated in 1871, completed from Mattoon to Hervey City, in 1872, and, the same year, consolidated with the Chi- cago & Great Southern; in January, 1874, the Decatur line passed into the hands of a receiver, and, in 1877, having been sold under foreclosure, was reorganized as tlie Decatur, Mattoon & South- ern Railroad. In 1879 it was placed in the hands of trustees, but the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway having acquired a controlling interest during the same year, the two lines were con- solidated under the name of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Company. (3) The Gray- ville & Mattoon Railroad, chartered in 1857, was consolidated in 1872 with the Mount Vernon & Grayville Railroad (projected), the new corpo- ration taking the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern (already mentioned). In 1872 the latter corporation was consolidated with the Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, under the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railway. Both consolidations, however, were set aside by decree of the United States District Court, in 1876, and the partially graded road and franchises of the Grayville & Mattoon lines sold, under foreclosure, to the contractors for the construction: 20 miles of the line from Olney to Newton, were completed during the month of September of that j'ear, and the entire line, from Grayville to Mattoon, in 1878. In 1880 this line was sold, under decree of foreclosure, to the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Compan3', which had alreadj- acquired the Decatur & Mattoon Division —thus placing the entire line, from Peoria to Grayville, in the hands of one corporation. A line under the name of the Evansville & Peoria Railroad, chartered in Indiana in 1880, was consolidated, the same year, with the Illinois corporation under the name of the latter, and completed from Grayville to Evansville in 1883. (4) The Chicago & Ohio River Railroad — chartered, in 1869, as the Dan- ville, Olnej' & Ohio River Railroad — was con- structed, as a narrow-gauge line, from Kansas to West Liberty, in 1878-81 ; in the latter year was changed to standard gauge and completed, in 1883, from Sidell to Olney (86 miles). The same year it went into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure, in February, 1886, and reorgan- ized, in May following, as the Chicago & Ohio River Railroad; was consolidated with the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway, in 1893, and used as the Chicago Division of that line. The property and franchises of the entire line passed into tht hands of receivers in 1894, and are still (1898) under their management. PEORIA, PEKIX & JACKSOXTILLE RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria &■ St. Louis Rail- road of niiiiois.) PEORIA & BUREAU VALLEY RAILROAD, a short line, 46.7 miles in length, operated by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Com- pany, extending from Peoria to Bureau .Junction, III. It was incorporated. Feb. 12, 18.53. com- pleted the following year, and leased to the Rock Island in perpetuity, April 14, 1854, the annual rental being $135,000. The par value of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 421 capital stock is §1,500,000. Annual dividenils of 8 per cent are guaranteed, payable semi-annu- ally. (See Chicago, Rock Island d- Pacific Railway.} PEORIA & EASTERN RAILROAD. Of this line the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Cliicago & St. Louis Railroad Company is the lessee. Its total length is 350jj miles, 132 of which lie in Illinois — 123 being owned by the Companj'. That por- tion within this State extends east from Pekin to the Ifidiana State line, in addition to which the Company has trackage facilities over the line of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway (9 miles) to Peoria. The gauge is standard. The track is single, laid with sixty and sixtj'-seven-pound steel rails and ballasted almost wholly with gravel. The capital stock is 810,000,000. In 1895 it had a bonded debt of 813,603,000 and a floating debt of §1,261,130, making a total capitalization of §24,864,130.— (History.) The original of this corporation was the Danville, Urbana, Blooming- ton & Pekin Railroad, which was consolidated, in July, 1809, with the Indianapolis, Crawfords- ville & Danville Railroad — the new corporation taking the name of the Indianapolis, Blooming- ton & Western — and was opened to Pekin the same j'ear. In 1874 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1879, and reorganized as the Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railway Company. The next change occurred in 1881, when it was consolidated with an Ohio corporation (tlie Ohio, Indiana & Pacific Railroad), again undergoing a slight change of name in its reorganization as the Indiana, Bloom- ington & Western Railroad Company. In 1886 it again got into financial straits, was placed in charge of a receiver and sold to a reorganization committee, and, in January, 1887, took the name of the Ohio, Indiana & Western Railway Com- pany. The final reorganization, under its present name, took place in February, 1890, when it was leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by whioli it is operated. (See Clei eland, Cincinnati, Cliicago tfc St. Louis Raihra!/.) PEORIA & HANMBAL RAILROAD. (Sec Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) PEORIA & 0(JUAWKA RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington <£■ Quincy Railroad.) PEORIA & PEKIN UNION RAILWAY. A line connecting the cities of Peoria and Pekin, which are only 8 miles apart. It was chartered in 1880, and acquired, by purchase, the tracks of the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville and the Peoria & Spring- field Railroads, between the two cities named in its title, giving it control of two lines, which are used by nearly all the railroads entering both cities from the east side of the Illinois River. The mileage, including both divisions, is 18.14 miles, second tracks and sidings increasing the total to nearly 60 miles. The track is of standard gauge, about two-thirds being laid with steel rails. The total cost of construction was §4,350,987. Its total capitalization (1898) was §4,177,763, includ- ing §1,000,000 in stock, and a funded debt of §2,904,000. The capital stock is held in equal amounts (each a, 500 shares) by the Waljash, the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville, the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Peoria & Eastern com- panies, with 1,000 shares by the Lake Erie & Western. Terminal charges and annual rentals are also paid by the Terre Haute & Peoria and the Iowa Central Railways. PEORIA & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See Cliicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.) PEOTONE, a village of Will County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 41 miles south-southwest from Chicago; has some manufactures, a bank and a newspaper. The surrounding country is agricultural. Pop. (1900), 1,003; (1910), 1,207. PERCY, a \illage of Randolph County, at the intersection of the Wabash, Chester & Western and the Mobile & Ohio Railways. Population (1890), .360; (1900), 660; (1910), 1,033. PERROT, Nicholas, a French explorer, wno visited the valley of the Fox River (of Wisconsin) and the country around the great lakes, at various times between 1670 and 1690. He was present, as a guide and interpreter, at the celebrated con- ference held at Sault Ste. Marie, in 1071, which was attended by fifteen Frenchmen and repre- sentatives from seventeen Indian tribes, and at which the Sieur de Lusson took formal po.ssession of Lakes Huron and Superior, with the smrround- ing region and "all the country southward to the sea," in the name of Louis XIV. of France. Perrot was the first to discover lead in the West, and, for several years, was Commandant in the Green Bay district. As a chronicler he was intelligent, interesting and accur.ate. His writ- ings were not published until 1864, but have always been highly prized as authority. PERRY, a town of Pike County ; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 770: (1890), 705; (1900), G42; (1910), 649. PERRY COUNTY, !ies in the southwest quarter of the State, with an area of 432 square miles and a population (1900) of 19,830. It was organized as a county in 1827, and n.amcd for Com. Oliver II. Perry. The general surface is rolling. 422 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. although flat prairies occupy a consiilerable por- tion, interspersed with "post-oak flats." Limestone is found in the southern, and sandstone in the northern, sections, but the chief mineral wealth of the county is coal, which is abundant, and, at several points, easily mined, some of it being of a superior quality. Salt is manufactured, to some extent, and the chief agricultural output is wheat. PinckneyviUe, the county-seat, has a central position and a population of about 2,70C. Duquoir is the largest citj'. Beaucoup Creek is the principal stream, and the county is crossed by several Unes of railroad. Pop. (1010), 22,088. PERU, a city in La Salle County, at the head of navigation on the Illinois River, which is here spanned by a handsome bridge. It is distant 100 miles southwest from Chicago, and the same dis- tance north-northeast from Springfield. It is connected by street cars with La Salle, one mile distant, which is the terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is situated in a rich coal- mining region, is an important trade center, and has several manufacturing establisliments, includ- ing zinc smelting works, rolling mills, nickeloid factory, metal novelty works, gas engine factory, tile works, plow, scale and patent-pump factories, foundries and machine shops, flour and saw mills, clock factory, etc. Two national banks, with a combined capital of §200,000, are located at Peru, and one daily.and one weekly paper. Population (1890), 5,5.50; (1900), 6,86.3; (1910), 7,984. PETERSBURG, a city of Menard County, and the county-seat, on the Sangamon River, at the intersection Chicago & Alton with the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway; 23 miles northwest of Springfield and 28 miles northeast of Jackson- ville. The town was surveyed and platted by Abraham Lincoln in 1837, and is the seat of the "Old Salem" Chautauqua. It has machine shops, two banks, two weekly papers and nine churches. The manufactures include woolen goods, brick and drain-tile, bed-springs, mattresses, and canned goods. Pop. (1900), 2,807; (1910), 2,587. PETERS, Onslow, lawyer and jurist, was born in Massachusetts, graduated at Brown Univer- sity, and was admitted to the bar and practiced law in his native State until 1837, when he set- tled at Peoria, 111. He served in the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847, was elected to the bench of the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit in 1853, and re-elected in 1855. Died, Feb. 28, 18.56. PHILO, a village of Champaign, on the Wabash Railroad, six miles northeast of Tolono; is a grain and (jroduce shipixng point; has a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 502; (1910), 562. PHILLIPS, David L , journalist and politician, was born where the town of Marion, Williamson County, 111., now stands, Oct. 28, 1823; came to St. Clair County in childhood, his father settling near Belleville; began teaching at an early age, and, when about 18, joined the Baptist Church, and, after a brief course with the distinguished Dr. Peck, at his Rock Spring Seminary, two years later entered the ministry, serving churches in Washington and other Southern Illinois counties, finallj' taking charge of a church at Jonesboro. Though originally a Democrat, his advanced views on slavery led to a disagreement with liis church, and he withdrew ; then accepted a posi- tion as paymaster in the construction department of the Illinois Central Railroad, finally being transferred to that of Land Agent for the South- ern section, in this capacity visiting different parts of the State from one end of the main line to the other. About 1854 he became associated with the management of "The Jonesboro Ga- zette," a Democratic paper, which, during his con- nection with it (some two years), he made an earnest opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. At the Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention (which see), held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, he was appointed a member of their State Central Committee, and, as such, joined in the call for the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloom- ington in Maj- following, where he served as Vice-President for his District, and was nomi- nated for Presidential Elector on the Fremont ticket. Two years later (18.58) he was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress in the Southern District, being defeated by John A. Logan ; was again in the State Convention of 1860, and a delegate to the National Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President the first time; was appointed by Mr. Lincoln United States Marshal for the Southern District in 1861, and re-appointed in 1865, but resigned after Andrew Johnson's defection in 1866. Dur- ing 1862 Mr. Phillips became part proprietor of "The State Journal" at Springfield, retaining this relation until 1878, at intervals performing editorial service; also took a prominent part in organizing and equipping the One Hundred and Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (sometimes called the "Pliillips Regiment"), and, in 1865, was one of the committee of citizens sent to escort the remains of President Lincoln to Springfield. He joined in the Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati in 1872, but, in 1876, was in line with his former party associates, and served in that yair as an unsuccessful candidate HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 433 for Congress, in the Springfield District, in opiio- sitiou to William M. Springer, early the following year receiving the appointment of Postmaster for the city of Springfield from President Hayes. Died, at Springfield, June 19, 1880. PHILLIPS, George S., author, was born at Peterborough, England, in January, 181G; gradu- ated at Cambridge, and came to the United States, engaging in journalism. In 1845 he returned to England, and, for a time, was editor of "The Leeds Times," still later being Principal of the People's College at Huddersfield. Return- ing to the United States, he came to Cook County, and, about 1866-68, was a writer of sketches over the nom de plume of "January Searle" for "The Chicago Republican" — later was literary editor of "The New York Sun" for several years. His mind becoming impaired, he was placed in an asylum at Trenton, N. J., finally dying at Morris- town, N. J., Jan. 14, 1889. Mr. Phillips was the author of several volumes, chiefly sketches of travel and biography. PHILLIPS, Jesse J., lawyer, soldier and jurist, was born in Montgomery County, 111., May 23, 1837. Shortly after graduating from the Hillsboro Academy, he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1860. In 1861 he organized a company of volunteers, of which he was chosen Captain, and which was attached to the Ninth Illinois Infantry. Captain Phillips was successively advanced to the rank of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; resigned on account of disability, in August, 1864, but was brevetted Brigadier-General at the close of the war. His military record was exceptionally brilliant He was wounded three times at Shiloh, and was personally thanked and compli- mented by Generals Grant and Oglesby for gal- lantry and efficient service. At the termination of the struggle he returned to Hillsboro and engaged in practice. In 1866, and again in 1868, he was the Democratic candidate for State Treas- urer, but was both times defeated. In 1879 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, and reelected in 1885. In 1890 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Fourth District, and, in 1893, was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Justice John M. Scholfield, his term expiring in 1897, when he was re-elected to succeed himself, but died before the expiration of his form, Feb. 16, 1901. PHILLIPS, Joseph, early jurist, was born in Tennessee, received a classical and legal edu- cation, and served as a Captain in the War of 1813; in 1816 was appointed Secretary of Illinois Territory, serving until the admission of Illinois as a State, when he became the first Chief Jus- tice of the Supreme Court, serving until July, 1822, when he resigned, being succeeded on the bench by John Reynolds, afterwards Governor. In 1822 he was a candiilate for Governor in the interest of the advocates of a pro-slavery amend- ment of the State Constitution, but was defeated bj- Edward Coles, the leader of the anti-slavery party. (See Coles, Edivttrd, and Slavery and Slave Laws.) He appears from the "Edwards Papers" to have been in Illinois as late as 1833, but is said eventually to have returned to Tennessee. The date of his death is unknown. PIANKESHAWS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of Indians. Their name, like those of their brethren, underwent many mutations of orthog- raphy, the tribe being referred to, variously, as the "Pou-an-ke-kiahs," the "Pi-an-gie-shaws," the "Pi-an-qui-shaws," and the "Py-an-ke- shaws." They were less numerous than the Weas, their numerical strength ranking lowest among the bands of the Miamis. At the time La Salle planted his colony around Starved Rock, their warriors numbered 150. Subsequent to the dispersion of this colony they (alone of the Miamis) occupied portions of the present territory of Illi- nois, having villages on the Vermilion and Wabash Rivers. Their earliest inclinations toward the whites were friendly, the French traders having intermarried with women of the tribe soon after the advent of the first explor- ers. Col. George Rogers Clark experienced little difficulty in securing their allegiance to the new government which he proclaimed. In the san- guinary raids (usually followed by reprisals), which marked Western history during the j-ears immediately succeeding the Revolution, the Piankeshaws took no part ; yet the outrages, per- petrated upon peaceable colonists, had so stirred the settlers' blood, that all Indians were included in the general thirst for vengeance, and each was unceremoniously dispatched as soon as seen. The Piankeshaws appealed to Washington for protec- tion, and the President issued a .special procla- mation in their behalf. After the cession of the last remnant of the Miami territory to the United States, the tribe was removed to a Kansas reser- vation, and its last remnant finally fouml a home in Indian Territory. (See also jViV/m/.s,- Weas.) "PIASA BIRD," LE(JEND OF THE. When the French explorers first descended the Upper Mississippi River, they found some remarkable figures depicted upon the face of the blulT, just 42J: HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. above the site of the present city of Alton, which excited their wonder and continued to attract interest long after the country was occupied by the whites. Tlie account given of the discov- ery by Marquette, who descended the river from the mouth of tlie Wisconsin, in June, 1073, is as follows: "As we coasted along" (after passing the mouth of the Illinois) "rocks frightful for their height and length, we saw two monsters painted on one of the rocks, which startled us at first, and upon which the boldest Indian dare not gaze long. They are as large as a calf, with horns on the head like a deer, a frightful look, red eyes, bearded like a tiger, the face somewhat like a man's, the body covered with scales, and the tail so long that it twice makes the turn of the body, passing over the head and down be- tween the legs, ending at last in a fish's tail. Green, red and black are the colors emploj-ed. On the whole, these two monsters are so well painted that we could not believe any Indian to have been the designer, as good painters in France would find it hard to do as well. Besides this, they are painted so high iipon the rock that it is hard to get conveniently at them to paint them." As the Indians could give no account of the origin of these figures, but had their terror even more excited at the sight of them than Mar- quette himself, they are supposed to have been the work of some prehistoric race occupying the country long before the arrival of the aborigines whom Marquette and his companions found in Illinois. There was a tradition that the figures were intended to repre.sent a creature, part beast and part bird, which destroyed immense numbers of the inhabitants by swooping down upon them from its abode upon the rocks. At last a chief is said to have offered himself a victim for his people, and when the monster made its appear- ance, twentj' of his warriors, concealed near by, discharged their arrows at it, killing it just before it reached its prey. In this manner the life of the chief was saved and his people were preserved from further depredations ; and it was to commemorate this event that the figure of the bird was painted on the face of the cliff on whose summit the chief stood. This story, told in a paper by Mr. John Russell, a pioneer author of Illinois, ol)tained wide circulation in this country and in Europe, about the close of the first quarter of the present century, as the genuine "Legend of the Piasa Bird." It is said, however, that Mr. Russell, who was a popular writer of fiction, acknowledged that it was drawn largely from his imagination. Many prehistoric relics and human remains are .said, by the late William McAdams, the antiquarian of Alton, to have been found in caves in the vicinitj', and it seems a well authenticated fact that the Indians, when pa.ssiug the spot, were accustomed to discharge their arrows — and, later, their firearms — at the figure on the face of the cliff. Traces of this celebrated pictograph were visible as late as 1840 to 184.5, but have since been entirely quarried away. PIATT COUNTY, organized in 1841. consist- ing of parts of Macon and Dewitt Counties. Its area is 440 square miles ; population(1910), 16,376. The first Commissioners were John Hughes, W. Bailey and E. Peck. John Piatt, after whose family the county was named, was the first Sheriff. The North Fork of the Sangamon River flows centrally through the county from north- east to southwest, and several lines of railroad afford transportation for its products. Its re- sources and the occupation of the people are almost wholly agricultural, tlie surface being level prairie and the soil fertile. Mouticello, the county-seat, has a population of about 1,700. Other leading towns are Cerro Gordo (939) and Bement (1,129). PICKETT, Thomas Johnson, journalist, was born in Louisville, Ky., March 17, 1821; spent six years (1830-36) in St. Louis, when his family removed to Peoria ; learned the printer's trade in the latter city, and, in 1840, began the publica- tion of "The Peoria News," then sold out and established "Tlie Republican" (afterwards "The Transcript") ; was a member of the Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, serving on the Committee on Resolutions, and being appointed on the State Central Com- mittee, which called the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington, in May follow- ing, and was there appointed a delegate to the National Convention at Philadelphia, which nominated General Fremont for President. Later, he published papers at Pekin and Rock Island, at the latter place being one of the first to name Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency ; was elected State Senator in 1860. and. in 1862, com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, being transferred, as Colonel, to the One Hundred and Thirty-second Illinois (100-days' men), and serving at Camp Douglas during the "Conspiracy" excitement. After the war. Colonel Pickett removed to Paducah, Ky., published a paper there called "The Federal Union." was appointed Postmaster, and, later, Clerk of the United States District Court, and HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 425 was the Republican nominee for Congress, in that District, in 1874. Removing to Nebraska in 1879, lie at different times conducted several papers in that State, residing for the most part at Lincoln. Died, at Ashland, Neb., Dec. 24, 1891. PIERSOX, David, pioneer banker, was born at Cazenovia, N. Y., July 9, 1806-; at the age of 13 removed west with his parents, arriving at St. Louis, June 3, 1820. The family soon after set- tled near CoUinsville, Madison County, 111., where the father having died, they removed to the vi- cinity of Carrollton, Greene County, in 1821. Here they opened a farm, but. in 1827, Mr. Pierson went to the lead mines at Galena, where he re- mained a year, then returning to Carrollton. In 1834, having sold his farm, he began merchandis- ing, still later being engaged in the pork and grain trade at Alton. In 1854 he added tlie bank- ing business to his dry-goods trade at Carrollton, also engaged in milling, and, in 1862-63, erected a woolen factory, which was destrojed by an incendiary fire in 1872. Originally an anti-slavery Clay Whig, Mr. Pierson became a Republican on the organization of that party in 1856, served for a time as Collector of Internal Revenue, was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia in 1872, and a prominent candi- date for the Republican nomination for Lieuten- ant-Governor in 1876. Of high integrity and unswerving patriotism. Mr. Pierson was generous in his benefactions, being one of tlie most liberal contributors to the establishment of the Langston School for the Education of Freedmen at Holly Springs, Miss., soon after the war. He died at Carrollton, May 8, 1891.— Oman (Pierson), a son of the subject of this sketch, was a member of the Thirtj'-second General Assembly (1881) from Greene County, and is present cashier of the Greene County National Bank at Carrollton. PIGGOTT, Isaac N., early politician, was born about 1792; served as an itinerant Methodist preacher in Missouri and Illinois, between 1819 and 1824, but finally located southwest of Jersey- ville and obtained a license to run a ferry be- tween Grafton and Alton; in 1828 ran as a candidate for the State Senate against Thomas Cariin (afterwards Governor) ; removed to St. Louis, in ln.W, and died there in 1874. PIKE COUXTY, situated in the western por- tion of the State, Ij'ing between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, having an area of 75G square miles — named in honor of the explorer, Capt. Zebulon Pike. The first American settlers came about 1820, and, in 1821, the county was organ- ized, at first embracing all tlie country north and west of the Illinois River, including the present county of Cook. Out of this territory were finally organized about one fourth of the counties of the State. Coles" Grove (now Gilead, in Calhoun County) was the first county-seat, but the seat of justice was removed, in 1824, to Atlas, and to Pittsfield in 1833. The surface is undulating, in some portions is hilly, and diversified with prai ries and hardwood timber. Live-stock, cereals and hay are tlie staple products, while coal and Niagara limestone are found in abundance. Population (1900), 31,595; (1910), 28,622. PILLSBl'RY, Nathaniel Joy, lawyer and judge, was born in York County. Maine, Oct. 21, 1834; in 1855 removed to Illinois, and, in 1858, began farming in Livingston County. He began the study of law in 1863, and, after admission to the bar, commenced practice at Pontiac. He represented La Salle and Livingston Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1873, was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit. He was re-elected in 1879 and again in 1885. He was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court in 1877, and again in 1879 and '85. He was severely wounded by a shot received from strikers on the line of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, near Chicago, in 1886, resulting in his being permanently disabled physically, in consequence of which he declined a re-election to the bench in 1891 PINCKNEYVILLE, a city and the county-seat of Perry County, situated at the intersection of tlie Paducah Division Illinois Central and the Wabash, Chester & Western Railways, 10 miles west-northwest of Duquoin. Coal-mining is carried on in the immediate vicinity, and flour, carriages, plows and dressed lumber are among the manufactured products. Pinckneyville has two baiik.s — one of which is national — two weekly newspapers, seven churches, a graded and a high school. Population (1880), 964; (1890), 1,298; (1900), 2,:!.57; (1910), 2.722. PITTSBURG, CINCIXNATI, CHICAGO At ST. LOUIS RAILROAD, one of the Pennsyl- vania Company's lines, operating 1,403 miles of road, of which 1,090 miles are owned and the remainder leased — length of line in Illinois, 28 miles. The Company is the outgrowth of a con- solidation, in 1890, of the Pittsburg. Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway with the Chicago. St. Louis & Pittsburg, the Cincinnati & liirlimiind and the Jeffersouville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroads. Tlie Pennsylvania Railroad Company controls the entire line through ownership of stock. Capital stock outstanding, in 1898, $47,791,601: 426 IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. funded debt, 348,433,000; floating debt, $2,214,703 —total capital §98,500,584. — (History.) The Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg Railroad, em- bracing the Illinois division of tliis line, was made up of various corporations organized under tlie laws of Illinois and Indiana. One of its compo- nent parts was the Cliicago & Great Eastern Railway, organized, in 1865, by consolidation of the Galena & Illinois River Railroad (cliartered in 1857), the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway of Indiana, the Cincinnati & Chicago Air-Line (organized 1860), and the Cincinnati, Logans- port & Chicago Railway. In 1869, the consoli- dated hne was leased to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway Company, and operated under the name of the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central between Bradford, Oliio, and Chicago, from 1869 until its consolidation, under the present name, in 1890. (See Pennsylvania Railroad.) PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chi- cago Railway.) PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILWAY. The total lengtli of this line is nearly 470 miles, but only a little over 16 miles are within Illinois. It was operated by the Penn- sylvania Railroad Company as lessee. The entire capitalization in 1898 was $52,549,990: and the earnings in Illinois, 8472,228.— (History.) The Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway is the result of the consolidation, August 1, 1856, of tlie Ohio & Pennsj'lvania, the Ohio & Indiana and the Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Companies, under the name of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad. The road was opened througli its entire length, Jan. 1, 18.59; was sold under foreclosure in 1861 ; reorganized under its present title, in 1862, and leased to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, for 999 years, from July 1, 1869. (See Pennsyh-ania Railroad.) PITTSFIELI), the county -seat of Pike County, situated on tlie Hannibal & Naples branch of the Wabash Railway, about 40 miles southeast of Quincy, and about the same distance soutli of west from Jacksonville. Its public buildings include a liandsome court house and graded and high school buildings. The city has an electric light plant, city water-works, a flour mill, a National and a State bank, nine churches, and three weekly newspapers; in an agricultural district. Pop- (1900), 2,293; (1910), 2,095. PLAINFIELD, a village of Will County, on the Elgin, Joliet it Eastern Railroad and an interur- ban electric line, 8 miles northwest of Joliet; is in a dairying section; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 852; (1900), 920; (1910), 1,019. PLANO, a city in Kendall County, situated near the Fox River, and on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 14 miles west-southwest of Aurora. The city is in an agricultural and dairj-ing district, has malleable iron works, agricultural implement factories, banks, several churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,6.34; (1910), 1,627. PLEASANT PLAINS, a \-illage of Sangamon County, on Springfield Division Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railroad, 16 miles northwest of Springfield; in rich farming region; has coal-shaft, bank, five churches, college and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 518; (1900), 575; (1910), 625. PLEASANTS, George Washington, jurist, was born in Harrodsburg, Ky. , Nov. 24. 1823; received a classical education at Williams College, Mass... graduating in 1842; studied law in New York City, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1845, establishing himself in practice at Williamstown, Mass., where he remained until 1849. In 1851 he removed to Washington. D. C, and, after residing there two years, came to Illi- nois, locating at Rock Island, which has since been his home. In 1861 he was elected, as a Republican, to the State Constitutional Conven- tion which met at Springfield in January follow- ing, and, in 1867, was chosen Judge for the Sixth (now Tentli) Judicial Circuit, having served by successive re-elections until June, 1897, retiring at the close of his fifth term— a record for length of service seldom paralleled in tlie judicial his- tory of the State. The last twenty years of this period were spent on the Appellate bench. For several years past Judge Pleasants has been a sufferer from failing eyesight, but has been faith- ful in attendance on his judicial duties. As a judicial officer and a man, his reputation stands among the highest. PLl'MB, Ralph, soldier and ex-Congressman, was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., March 29, 1816. After leaving school he became a mer- chant's clerk, and was himself a merchant for eighteen years. From New York he removed to Ohio, where he was elected a member of the Legislature in 1855, later coming to Illinois. During the Civil War he served four years in the Union army as Captain and Quartermaster, being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at its close. He made his home at Streator, where he was elected Mayor (1881-1883). There he engaged in coal- mining and lias been connected with several important enterprises. From 1885 to 1889 he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 427 represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- gress, after wliich he retired to private life. PLYMOUTH, a village of Hancock County, on the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 41 miles northeast of Quincy; is trade center of rich farming district; has two banks, electric lights, water-work;:;, and one paper. Pop. (1910), 829. POIXTE DE SAIBLE, Jpiin Captiste, a negro and Indian-trader, reputed to have been the first settler on the present site of the city of Chicago. He is said to have been a native of San Domingo, but is described by his contemporaries as "well educated and handsome," tliough dissijiated. He appears to have been at the present site of Chi- cago as early as 1794, his house being located on the north side near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River, where he carried on a considerable trade with the Indians. About 1796 he is said to have sold out to a French trader named Le Mai, and joined a countryman of his, named Glamorgan, at Peoria, where he died soon after. Glamorgan, who was the reputed owner of a large Spanish land-grant in the vicin- ity of St. Louis, is said to have been associated with Point de Saible in trade among the Peorias, before the latter came to Chicago. POLO, a citj' in Ogle County, at intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Burling- ton & Northern Railways, 23 miles south of Free- port and 13 miles north of Dixon. The surrounding region is devoted to agriculture and stock-raising, and Polo is a shipping point for large quantities of cattle and hogs. Agricultural implements (including harvesters) and buggies are manufactured here. The city has banks, one weekly and one semi weekly paper, seven churches, a graded public and high school, and a public library. Pop. (1900), 1,869; (1910), 1,829. PONTIAC, an Ottawa chief, born on the Ottawa River, in Canada, about 1720. While yet a young man he became the principal Chief of the allied Ottawas, Ojibwaysand Pottawatoraies. He was always a firm ally of the French, to whose interests he was devotedly attached, defending them at Detroit against an attack of the Northern tribes, and (it is generally believed) leading the Ottawas in the defeat of Braddock. He reluctantly acquiesced in the issue of the French and Indian War, although at first strongly disposed to dispute the progress of Major Rogers, the British officer sent to take possession of the western forts. In 1763 he dispatched emissaries to a large number of tribes, wliom he desired to unite in a league for the extermination of the English. His proposals were favorably received, and thus was organized what is commonly spoken of as the "Conspiracy of Pontiac." He himself undertook to lead an assault upon Detroit. The garrison, however, was apprised of his inten- tion, and made preparations accordingly. Pontiac thereupon laid siege to the fort, but was unable to prevent the ingress of provisions, the Canadian settlers furnishing supplies to botli besieged and besiegers with absolute impartiality. Finally a boat-load of ammunition and supplies was landed at Detroit from Lake Erie, and the English made an unsuccessful sortie on July 31, 1763. After a desultory warfare, lasting for nearly tliree months, the Indians withdrew into Indiana, where Pontiac tried in vain to organize another movement. Although Detroit had not been taken, the Indians captured Forts Sandusky, St. Joseph, Miami, Ouiatanon, LeBoeuf and Venango, besides the posts of Mackinaw and Presque Isle. The garrisons at all these points were massacred and innumerable outrages jierpetrated elsewhere. Additional British troops were sent west, and the Indians finally brought under control. Pontiac was present at Oswego when a treaty was signed with Sir William Johnson, but remained implacable. His end was tragic. Broken in heart, but still proud in spirit and relentle.ss in purpose, he applied to the former (and last) French Governor of Illinois, the j-ounger St. Ange, who was then at St. Louis, for co-operation and support in another raid against the British. Being refused aid or countenance, according to a story long popularly received, he returned to the vicinity of Cahokia, where, in 1769, he was mur- dered by a Kaskaskia Indian in consideration of a barrel of liquor. N. JIatson, author of several volumes bearing on early history in Illinois, cit- ing Col. Joseph N. Bourassa, an educated half- breed of Kansas, as authority for his statement, asserts that the Indian killed at Cahokia was an impostor, and that the true Pontiac was assassi- nated by Kineboo, the Head Chief of the Illinois, in a council held on the Des Plaines River, near the present site of Joliet. So well convinced, it is said, was Pierre Chouteau, the St. Louis Indian trader, of the truth of this last storj', that he caused a monument, wliich he had erected over the grave of tlie false Pontiac, to be removed. Out of the murder of Pontiac, whether occurring at Cahokia or Joliet, it is generally agreed, resulted the extermination of the Illinois and the tragedy of "Starved Rock. " (See Starved I^ock. ) PONTIAC, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Livingston County. It stands on the bank of the Vemillion River, and is also a point 428 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of intersection of tlie Chicago & Alton, the Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroads. It is 33 miles north-northeast from Bloomington and 93 miles south-southwest of Chicago. The sur- rounding region is devoted to agriculture, stock- raising and coal-mining. Pontiac has four banks and four weekly newspapers (two issuing daily editions), numerous churches and good schools. Various kinds of manufacturing are conducted, among the principal establishments being flour- ing mills, three shoe factories, straw paper and candy factories and a foundry. Tlie State Re- formatory for Juvenile Offenders is located here. Pop. (1890), 2,784; (1900), 4,260; (1910), 6,090. POOLj Orvalj merchant and banker, was born in Union County, Kj-., near Shawneetown, 111., Feb. 17, 1809, but lived in Shawneetown from seven years of age; in boyhood learned the saddler's trade, but, in 1843, engaged in the dr3--goods business, J. McKee Peeples and Thomas S. Ridg- way becoming his partners in 1846. In 1850 he retired from the dry-goods trade and became an extensive dealer in produce, pork and tobacco. In 1871 he established the Gallatin County National Bank, of which he was the first Presi- dent. Died, June 30, 1871. POOLE, William Frederick, bibliographer, librarian and historical writer, was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1831, graduated from Yale College in 1849, and, at the close of his sophomore year, was appointed assistant librarian of his col- lege society, which owned a library of 10,000 vol- umes. Here he prepared and published the first edition of his now famous ''Index to Periodical Literature." A second and enlarged addition was published in 1853, and secured for its author wide fame, in both America and Europe. In 1853 he was made Librarian of the Boston Mercantile Library, and, from 1856 to 1869, had charge of the Boston AtlieniBum, then one of the largest li- braries in the United States, which he relinquished to engage in expert library work. He organized libraries in several New England cities and towns, at the United States Naval Academy, and the Cincinnati Public Library, finally becoming Librarian of the latter institution. In October, 1873, he assumed charge of the Chicago Public Library, then being organized, and, in 1887, became Librarian of the Newberry Library, organizing this institution and remaining at its head until Ins death, which occurred, March 1, 1894. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the Northwestern University in 1882. Dr. Poole took a prominent part in the organization of library associations, and was one of the Vice- Presidents of the International Conference of Librariaps, held in London in 1871. His advice was nmch sought in relation to library architec- ture and management. He wrote much on topics connected with his profession and on historical subjects, frequently contributing to "The North American Review." In 1874-75 he edited a liter- ary paper at Chicago, called "The Owl." and was later a constant contributor to "The Dial." He was President of the American Historical Society and member of State Historical Societies and of other kindred associations. POPE, Natlianiel, first Territorial Secretary of Illinois, Delegate in Congress and jurist, was born at Louisville, Ky., in 1784; graduated with high honor from Transylvania University, at Lexing- ton, Ky., reail law with his brother. Senator John Pope, and, in 1804, emigrated to New Orleans, later living, for a time, at Ste. Genevieve, Mo. In 1808 he became a resident of Kaskaskia and, the next year, was appointed the first Territorial Secretary of Illinois. His native judgment was strong and profound and his intellect quick and far-reaching, while both were thoroughh' trained and disciplined by study. In 1816 he was elected a Territorial Delegate to Congress, and proved himself, not only devoted to the interests of his constituents, but also a shrewd tactician. He was largely instrumental in securing the passage of the act authorizing the formation of a State government, and it was mainly through his efforts that the northern boundary of Illinois was fixed at lat. 43° 30' north, instead of the southern bend of Lake Michigan. Upon the admission of Illinois into tlie Union, he was made United States Judge of the District, which then embraced the entire State. This office lie filled with dig- nity, impartiality and acceptability until his death, at tlie hon^ of his daughter, Mrs. Lu- cietia Yeatman, in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 33, 1850. Pope County was named in his honor. — Gen. Joliii (Pope), son of the preceding, was born in Louis- ville, Ky. , March 16, 1833 ; graduated at the United States Military Academy, 1843, and appointed brevet Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers; served in Florida (1843-44), on the northeast boundary survey, and in the Mexican War (1846-47), being promoted First Lieutenant for bravery at Monterey and Captain at Buena Vista. In 1849 he conducted an exploring expe- dition in Minnesota, was in charge of topograph- ical engineering service in New Mexico (1851-.53), and of the survey of a route for the Union Pacific Railway (18.53-59), meanwhile experimenting on the feasibility of artesian wells on the "Staked HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 429 Plains" in Northwestern Texas. He was a zeal- ous friend of Abraham Lincoln in the political campaign of 18(;0, and was court-martialed for criticising the policj- of President Buchanan, in a paper read before a literary society in Cincinnati, the proceedings being finally dropped on the recommendation of the (then) Secretary of War, Joseph Holt. In ISGl he was one of the officers detailed by the War Department to conduct Jlr. Lincoln to the capital, and, in May following, was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers and assigned to command in Jlissouri, wliere he per- formed valuable service in protecting railroad communications and driving out guerrillas, gain- ing an important victory over Sterling Price at Black water, in December of that year; in 1863 had command of the land forces co-operating with Admiral Foote, in the expedition against New Madrid and Island No. 10, resulting in the capture of that stronghold with 6,500 prisoners, 125 cannon and 7,000 small arms, thereby win- ning a Major-General's commission. Later, hav- ing participated in the operations against Corinth, he was transferred to command of the Army of Virginia, and soon after commissioned Briga- dier-General in the regular army. Here, being forced to meet a greatly superior force under General Lee, he was subjected to reverses which led to his falling back on Washington and a request to be relieved of his command. For fail- ure to give him proper support, Gen. Fitzjohn Porter was tried by court-martial, and, having been convicted, was cashiered and declared for- ever disqualified from holding any office of trust or profit under the United States Government — although this verdict was finally set aside and Porter restored to the army as Colonel, by act of Congress, in August, 1886. General Pope's sub- sequMit service was performed chiefly against the Indians in the Northwest, until 1865, when he took command of the military division of Mis- souri, and, in June following, of the Department of the Missouri, including all the Northwestern States and Territories, from which he was relieved early in 1866. Later, he held command, under the Reconstruction Acts, in Georgia, Ala- bama and Florida (1867-68) ; the Department of the Lakes (1868-70) ; Department of the Missouri (1870- 84) ; and Department of the Pacific, from 1884 to his retirement, March 16. 1886. General Pope published "Explorations from the Red River to the Rio Grande" and "Campaigns in Virginia" (1863). Died, at Sandusky, Ohio, Sept 23, 1892. POPE COUXTr, lies on the southern border of the State, and contains an area of about 360 square miles — named in honor of Judge Nathaniel Pope. It was erected in 1816 (two years before the admission of Illinois as a State) from parts of Gallatin and Johnson Counties. The county-seat was first located at Sandsville, but later changed to Golconda. Robert Lacy, Benoni Lee and Thomas Ferguson were the first Commissioners; Hamlet Ferguson was chosen Sheriff; John Scott, Recorder ; Thomas C. Browne, Prosecuting- Attor- ney, and Samuel Omelveney, Treasurer. The highest land in Southern Illinois is in the north- eastern part of this county, reaching an elevation of 1,046 feet. The bluffs along the Ohio River are bold in outline, and the ridges are surmounted by a thick growth of timber, notably oak and hick- ory. Portions of the bottom lands are submerged, at times, during a part of the year and are covered with cypress timber. Tlie remains of Indian mounds and fortifications are found, and some interesting relics have been exhumed. Sand- stone is quarried in abundance, and coal is found here and there. Mineral springs (with copperas as the chief ingredient) are numerous. Iron is found in limited quantities, among the rocks toward the south, while spar and kaolin clay are found in the north. The chief agricultural products are potatoes, com and tobacco. Pop. (1890), 14,016; (1900), 13,585; (1910), 11,215. PORT BYRON, a village of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railway, 16 miles above Rock Island; has lime kilns, grain elevator, two banks, academy, public schools, and a newspaper. Pop. (1910), 642. The (IlHnois) Western Hospital for the Insane is located at Watertown, twelve miles below Port Byron. PORTER, (Bey.) Jeremiah, pioneer clergy- man, was born at Hadley, Mass., in 1804; gradu- ated from Williams College in 1825, and studied theology at both Andover and Princeton semi- naries, graduating from the latter in 1881. The same year he made the (then) long and perilous journey to Fort Brady, a military post at the Sault Ste. Marie, where he began his work as a missionary. In 1833 he came to Chicago, where he remained for two years, organizing the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, with a member- ship of twenty-six persons. Afterwards he had pastoral charge of churches at Peoria and Farm- ington. While in Chicago he was married to Miss Eliza Chappell, one of the earliest teachers in Chicago. From 1840 to '58 he was located at Green Bay, Wis. , accepting a call from a Chicago Church in the year last named. In 1861 he was commissioned Chaplain in the volunteer service 430 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by Governor Yates, and mustered out in 1865. The next five years were divided between labors at Brownsville, Tex., in the service of the Sani- tary Commission, and a pastorate at Prairie du Chien. In 1870 he was commissioned Cliaplain in the regular army, remaining in the service (with occasional leaves of absence) until 1883, when he was retired from active service on account of advanced age. His closing years were spent at the homes of his children in Detroit and Beloit; died at the latter city, July 25, 1893, at tlie age of 89 years. POSEY, ((ien.) Thomas, Continental and Revolutionary soldier, was born in Virginia, July 9, 1750 ; in 1774 took part in Lord Dunmore's expe- dition against the Indians, and, later, in various engagements of the Revolutionary War, being part of the time imder the immediate command of Washington; was with General Wayne in the assault on Stony Point and present at Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown ; also served, after the war, with Wayne as a Brigadier-General in the North- west Territory. Removing to Kentucky, he served in the State Senate, for a time being presiding officer and acting Lieutenant-Governor ; later (1812), was elected United States Senator from Louisiana, and, from 1813 to '16, served as Territorial Governor of Indiana Died, at the home of his son-in-law, Joseph M. Street, at Shawneetown, 111., March 18, 1818, where he lies buried. At the time of his death General Posey was serving as Indian Agent. POST, Joel S., law-yer and soldier of the Mexi- can War; was born in Ontario (now Wayne) County, N. Y., April 27, 1816; in 1828 removed with his father to Washtenaw County, Mich., remaining there until 1839, when he came to Maoon County, 111. The following year, he com- menced the study of law with Judge Charles Emmerson, of Decatur, and was admitted to the bar in 1841. In 1846 he enlisted in tlie Mexican War, and served as Quartermaster of the Fourth Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) ; in 1856 was elected to the State Senate, and, at the following session, was a leading supporter of the measures which resulted in the establishment of the State Nor- mal School at Bloomington. Capt. Post's later years were spent at Decatur, where he died, June 7, 1886. POST, Philip Sidney, soldier and Congress- man, was born at Florida, Orange Countj', N. Y., March 19, 1833; at the age of 22 graduated from Union College, studied law at Poughkeepsie Law School, and, removing to Illinois, was admitted to the bar in 1856 At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Fifty-ninth Illinois Volunteers. He was a gallant, fearless soldier, and was re- peatedly promoted for bravery and meritorious service, until he attained the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. He participated in many important battles and was severely wounded at Pea Ridge and Nashville. In 1865 he was in com- mand in Western Texas. After the close of the war he entered the diplomatic service, being appointed Consul-General to Austria-Hungary in 1874, but resigned in 1879, and returned to his home iu Galesburg. From 1882 to 1886 he was a member of the Republican State Central Com- mittee, and, during 1886, was Commander of the Department of Illinois, G. A. R. He was elected to Congress from the Tenth District on the Repub- lican ticket in 1886, serving continuously by re- election vintil his death, which occurred in Washington, Jan. 6, 1895. POST, Truman Marcellu8, D.D., clergyman, was born at Middlebury, Vt. , June 3, 1810; gradu- ated at Middlebury College in 1829, was Principal of Castleton Academy for a year, and a tutor at Middlebury two years, meanwhile studying law. After a winter spent in Washington, listening to the orators of the time in Congress and before the Supreme Court, including Clay, Webster, Wirt and their contemporaries, he went west in 1833, first visiting St. Louis, but finally settling at Jacksonville, 111., where he was admitted to tlie bar, but soon after accepted the Professorship of Classical Languages in Illinois College, and later that of History ; then began the study of theology, was ordained in 1840, and assumed the pastorship of the Congregational Church in Jack- sonville. In 1847 he was called to the pastorate of the Third Presbyterian Church of St. Louis, and, in 1851, to the First Congregational Church, of which the former furnished the nucleus. For a year or two after removing to St. Louis, he continued his lectures on history at Illinois Col- lege for a short period each year; also held the professorship of Ancient and Modern Historj' in Washington University, in St. Louis; in 1873-75 was Southworth lecturer on Congregationalism in Andover Theological Seminary and, for sev- eral years. Professor of Ecclesiastical History in Chicago Tlieological Seminary. His splendid diction and his noble style of oratory caused him to be much sought after as a pulilic lecturer or platform speaker at college commencements, while his purity of life and refinement of charac- ter attracted to him all with whom he came in personal contact. He received the degree of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 431 D.D. from Middlebury College iu ISoS; was a fre- quent contributor to "The Biblical Repository" and otlier religious publications, and, besides numerous addresses, sermons and pamidilets, lie was the author of a volume entitled "The Skep- tical Era in Modern History" (New York, ISnC). He resigned his pastorate iu January, 1882, but continued to be a frequent speaker, eitlier in the pulpit or on the lecture platform, nearly to the period of his death, which occurred in St. Louis, Dec. 31, 188G. For a quarter of a century he was one of the Trustees of Monticello Female Semi- narj-, at Godfrey, 111., being, for a considerable portion of the time, President of the Board. POTTAWATOMIES, THE, an Indian tribe, one of the tlu'ee subdivisions of the Ojibwas (or Ojibbeways), who, in turn, constituted a numer- ous family of the Algonquins. The other branches were the Ottawa and the Chippewas. The latter, however, retained the family name, and hence some writers have regarded the "Ojib- beways" and the "Chippewas" as essentially identical. This interchanging of names has been a prolific source of error. Inherently, the dis- tinction was analogous to that existing between genus and species, although a confusion of nomenclature has naturally resulted in errors more or less serious. Tiiese three tribes early separated, the Pottawatomies going south from Green Bay along the western shore of Lake Michigan. The meaning of the name is, "we are making a fire," and the word is a translation into the Pottawatomie language of the name first given to the tribe by the Miamis. These Indians were tall, fierce and haughty, and the tribe was divided into four branches, or clans, called by names which signify, respectively, the golden carp, the tortoise, the crab and the frog. Accord- ing to the "Jesuit Relations," the Pottawatomies were first met by the French, on the north of Lake Huron, in 1039-40. More than a quarter of a century later (1(560) Father Allouez speaks of them as dwellers on the shores of Lake Michigan. The same Father described them as idolatrous and polygamous, yet as possessing a rude civilitj' and as being kindly disposed toward the French. This friendship continued unbroken until the expulsion of the latter from the Northwest. About 1678 they spread southward from Green Bay to the liead of Lake Michigan, a portion of the tribe settling in Illinois as far south as the Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, crowding the Winnebagoes and tlie Sacs and Foxes on the west, and advancing, on the east, into the country of the Miamis as far as the Wabash and the Maumee. They fought on the side of the French in the French and Indian War, and later took i)art in the conspiracy of Pontiac to capture and reduce tlie British posts, and were so influenced by Tecumseh and tlie Prophet tliat a considerable number of their warri- ors fought against Genei-al Harrison at Tippe- canoe. During the War of 1812 they actively supported the British. They were also prominent at the Chicago massacre. Schoolcraft says of them, "They were foremost at all treaties where lands were to be ceded, clamoring for the lion's share of all presents and annuities, particularly where these last were the price paid for the sale of other lands than their own." The Pottawato- mies were parties to the treaties at Chicago in 1833 and 1833, and were among the last of the tribes to remove beyond the Mississippi, their final emigration not taking place until 1838. In 1846 the scattered fragments of this tribe coalesced with those of tlie Chippewas and Ottawas, and formed the Pottawatomie nation. They ceded all their lands, wherever located, to the United States, for §850,000, agreeing to accept 576,000 acres in Kansas in lieu of §87,000 of this amount. Through the rapacity and trespasses of white settlers, this reservation was soon dismembered, and the lands passed into other hands. In 1807, under an ena- bling act of Congress, 1,400 of the nation (then estimated at 2,500) became citizens. Their pres- ent location is in the southeastern part of Okla- homa. POWELL, John Wesley, Pli.D., LL.D., geolo- gist and anthropologist, was born at Mount Morris N. Y., March 24, 1834, the son of a Methodist itinerant preacher, passing his early life at vari- ous places in Ohio, Wisconsin and Illinois ; studied for a time in Illinois College (Jacksonville), and subsequently in Wlieaton College, but, in 18,';4, began a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching at intervals in public schools. Having a predi- lection for the natural sciences, he spent much time in making collections, which he placed in various Illinois institutions. Entering the army in 1861 as a private of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, he later became a Captain of the Second Illinois Artillery, being finally promoted Major. He lost his right arm at tlie battle of Sliilnh, but returned to his regiment as soon as sufficiently recovered, and continued in active service to the close of tlie war. In 1865 he became Profes.sor of Geology and Curator of the Museum in Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, but resigned to accept a similar position in the State Normal University. In 1867 he began his 432 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. greatest work in connection with science by leading a class of pupils to the mountains of Colorado for the studj' of geology, which he fol- lowed, a year later, by a more thorough survey of the canon of the Colorado River than had ever before been attempted. This led to provision by Congress, in 1870, for a topographical and geo- logical survey of the Colorado and its tributaries, which was appropriately placed under his direc- tion. Later, he was placed in charge of the Bureau of Ethnology in connection with the Smithsonian Institute, and, again in 1881, was assigned to the directorship of the United States Geological Survey, later becoming Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, in connection with the Smithsonian Institute in Washington City, but died September 23, 1902. In 1886 Major Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidel- berg University, and that of LL.D. from Har- vard the same year. He was also a member of the leading scientific associations of the country, while his reports and addresses fill numerous \olumes issued by the Covernment. POWELL, William Henry, soldier and manu- factui-er, was born in South Wales, Maj' 10, 1825; came to America in 1830, was educated in the common schools of Tennessee, and (1856-61) was manager of a manufacturing company at Iron- ton, Ohio; in 1861, became Captain of a West Virginia cavalry company, and was advanced through the grades of Slajor, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel ; was wounded while leading a charge at Wytheville, Va., left on the field, captured and confined in Libbj' Prison six months. After ex- change he led a cavalry division in the Army of the Shenandoah ; was made Brigadier-General in October, 1864; after the war settled in West Vir- ginia, and was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868. He was at the head of a nail mill and foundry in BelleN-ille, and was Commander of the firand .\rmy of the Republic for the Department of Illinois during 1S9.5-96. Died Dec. 26, 1904. PRAIRIE CITY, a village in McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 23 miles soutlivvest from Galesburg and 17 miles northeast of Macomb; lias a carriage factory, flour mill, elevators, lumber and stock yards, a nursery, a bank, four churches and two weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 818; (1910), 719. PRAIRIE DU POXT, (in English, Bridge Prairie), an early French settlement, one mile south of Caliokia. It was commenced about 17G0, located on the banks of a creek, on which was the first mill, operated by water-power, in that section, having been erected by missionaries from St. Sulpice, in 1754. In 1765 the village contained fourteen families. In 1844 it was inundated and nearly destroyed. PRAIRIE du ROCHER, (in English, Prairie of the Rock), an early French village in what is now Randolph County, which began to spring up near Fort Chartres (see Fort Chartres), and by 1722 had grown to be a considerable settlement. It stood at the foot of the Mississippi bluffs, about four miles northeast of the fort. Like other French \'illages in Illinois, it had its church and priest, its common field and commons. The village is on the line of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 48 miles south of St. Louis. Near the outlet of a creek which runs through the bluff may be seen the vestiges of a water mill, said to have been erected by the .Jesuits during the days of French occupation. Pop. (1910), 511. PRENTICE, William S., Methodist Episcopal clergyman, was born in St. Clair County, 111., in 1819; licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1849, and filled pastorates at Paris, Danville, CarUn- ville, Springfield, Jacksonville and other places — the latter part of his life, serving as Presiding Elder; was a delegate to the General Conference of 1860, and regularly re-elected from 1873 to the end of his life. During the latter part of his life his home was in Springfield. Died. June 28, 1887. PRENTISS, Benjamin Mayberry, soldier, was born at Belleville, Wood County, Va., Nov. 33, 1819; in 1835 accompanied his parents to Mis- souri, and, in 1841, removed to Quincy, 111., where he learned a trade, afterwards embarking in the commission bu.siness. In 1844-45 he was Lieuten- ant of a company sent against the Slormons at Nauvoo, later serving as Captain of Volunteers in the Mexican War. In 1860 he was an unsuccess- ful Republican candidate for Congress; at the outbreak of the Civil War tendered his .services to Governor Yates, and was commissioned Colonel of the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, was almost immediately promoted to Brigadier-General and l)laced in command at Cairo, so contiuviing until relieved by General Grant, in September, 1861. At the battle of Shiloh, in April following, he was captured with most of his command, after a most vigorous fight with a superior rebel force, but, in 1862, was exchanged and brevetted Major- General of Volunteers. He was a member of the court-martial that tried Gen. Fitzjohn Porter, and, as commander at Helena, Ark , defeated the Confederate Generals Holmes and Price on July 3, 1863. He resigned his commission, Oct. 28, 1863. In 1869 lie was appointed by President Grant Pension Agent at Quincy, serving four HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 433 years. At present (1898) General Prentiss' resi- dence is at Bethany, Mo., where he served as Postmaster, during the administration of Presi- dent Benjamin Harrison, and was reappointed by President McKinley. Died Feb. 8, 1901. PRESIDEXTIAL ELECTORS. {See Elections.) PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, located at Chi- cago, was organized in 1883 by a number of wealth}- and liberal Presbyterians, "for the pur- pose of affording medical and surgical aid to sick and disabled persons, and to provide them, while inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations of the gospel, agreeably to the doctrines and forms of the Presbyterian Church" Rush Med- ical College offered a portion of its ground as a site (see Rush Medical College), and through generous subscriptions, a well-planned building was erected, capable of accommodating about 250 patients. A corridor connects the college and liospital buildings. The medical staff comprises eighteen of Chicago's best known physicians and surgeons. PRESBYTERIANS, THE. The first Presby- terian society in Illinois was organized by Rev. James McGready, of Kentucky, in 181G, at Sharon, White County. Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith, also Presbj-terians, had visited the State in 1814, as representatives of the Massa- chusetts Slissionary Society, but had formed no society. The members of the Sharon church were almost all immigrants from the South, and were largely of Scotch-Irish extraction. Two other churches were established in 1819 — one at Shoal Creek, Bond County, and the other at Edwardsville. In 1825 there were but three Presbyterian ministers in Illinois — Revs. Stephen Bliss, John Brich and B. F. Spilman. Ten years later there were 80 churches, with a membership of 2,500 and GO ministers. In 1880 the number of churches had increased to 487; but, in 1890, (as shown by the United States census) there were less. In the latter year there were 405 ministers and 52,945 members. The Synod of Illinois is the' highest ecclesiastical court of the denomination in the State, and, under its jurisdiction, the church maintains two seminaries: one (the Mc- Cormick) at Chicago, and the other (the Black- burn University) at Carlinville. The organ of the denomination is "The Interior," founded by Cyrus H. McCormick, and published weekly at Chicago, with William C. Gray as editor. The Illinois Synod embraced witliin its jurisdiction (1895) eleven Presbyteries, to which were attached 483 churches, 464 ministers and a meml)ership of 63,247. (See also Religious Denominations.) PRICKETT, Ahrahiuu, pioneer merchant, was born near Lexington, Ky., came to Madison County, 111., in 1808; was employed for a time in the drug business in St. Louis, then ojiened a store at Edwardsville, where, in 1818, he received from the first County Court of Madison County, a license to retail merchandise. In 1818, he served as one of the three Delegates from Madison County to the Convention which framed the first State Constitution, and, the same year, was elected a Representative in the First General Assembly; was also Postmaster of the town of Edwardsville for a number of years. In 1825 he removed to Adams County and laid out an addi- tion to the city of Quincy; was also engaged there in trade with the Indians. In 1836, while engaged on a Government contract for the re- moval of snags and other obstructions to the navi- gation of Red River, he died at Natchitoches, La. —George W. (Prickett) a son of the preceding, and afterwards a citizen of Chicago, is said to have been the first white child born in Edwards- ville.— Isaac (Prickett), a brother of Abraham, came to St. Louis in 1815, and to Edwardsville in 1818, where he was engaged in mercantile busi- ness with his brother and, later, on lus own account. He held the offices of Postmaster, Pub- lic Administrator, Quartermaster-General of State Militia. Inspector of the State Penitentiary, and, from 1888 to '42, was Receiver of Public Moneys at Edwardsville, dying in 1844. PRICKETT, David, pioneer lawyer, was born in Franklin County, Ga., Sept. 31, 1800; in early childhood wastaken by his parents to Kentucky and from there to Edwardsville, lU. He gradu- ated from Transylvania University, and, in 1821, began the practice of law ; was the first Supreme Court Reporter of Illinois, Judge of the Madison County Probate Court, Representative in the General Assembly (1826 28), Aid-de-Camp to General Whiteside in the Black Hawk War, State's Attorney for Springfield Judicial Circuit (1837), Treasurer of the Board of Canal Commis- sioners (1840), Director of the State Bank of Illi- nois (1842), Clerk of the House of Representatives for ten sessions and Assistant Clerk of the same at the time of his death, March 1, 1847. PRIXCE, David, physician and surgeon, was born in Brooklyne, Windham Countj-, Conn., June 21, 1816; removed with his parents to Canandaigua, N. Y., and was educated in the academy there ; began the study of medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Xew Y'ork, finishing at the Ohio Medical College. Cin- cinnati, where he was associated, for a year and a 434 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. half, with the celebrated surgeon. Dr. Mvizzy. In 1843 he came to Jacksonville, 111., and, for two years, was Professor of Anatomy in the Medical Department of Illinois College; later, spent five years practicing in St. Louis, and lecturing on surgery in the St. Louis Medical College, when, returning to Jacksonville in 1852, he established himself in practice there, devoting special atten- tion to surgery, in which he had already won a wide reputation. During the latter part of the Civil War he served, for fourteen months, as Brigade Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac, and, on the capture of a portion of his brigade, voluntarily surrendered himself that he might attend the captives of his command in Libby Prison. After the close of the war he was employed for some months, by the Sanitary Com- mission, in writing a medical history of the war. He visited Europe twice, flr.st in 1881 as a dele- gate to the International Medical Congress in London, and again as a member of the Copen- hagen Congress of 1884 — at each visit making careful inspection of the hospitals in London, Paris, and Berlin. About 1867 he established a Sanitarium in Jacksonville for the treatment of surgical cases and chronic diseases, to which he gave the closing years of his life. Thoroughly devoted to his profession, liberal, public-spirited and sagacious in the adoption of new methods, he stood in the front rank of his profession, and his death was mourned by large numbers who had received the benefit of his ministrations without money and without price. He was member of a number of leading professional associations, besides local literary and social organizations. Died, at Jacksonville, Dec. 19, 1889. PRINCE, Ednard, lawyer, was born at West Bloomfield, Ontario County, N. Y., Dec. 8, 1832; attended school at Payson, 111., and Illinois Col lege, Jacksonville, graduating from the latter in 18.52 ; studied law at Quincy, and after admission to the bar in 1853, began dealing in real estate. In 1861 he offered his services to Governor Yates, was made Captain and Drill-master of cavalry and, a few months later, commis-sioned Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, tak- ing part, as second in command, in the celebrated "Grierson raid" through Mississippi, in 1863, serving until discharged with the rank of Colonel of his regiment, in 1864. After the war he gave considerable attention to engineering and the construction of a system of water-works for the city of Quincy. Died December, 1908. PBINCE, (ieorgre Vi'., lawyer and Congressman, born in Tazewell County, 111., March 4, 1854; was educated in the public schools and at Knox Col- lege, graduating from the latter in 1878. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880; was elected City Attorney of Galesburg the following year ; served as chairman of the Knox County RepubUcan Central Committee in 1884, and, in 1888, was elected Representative in the General Assembly and re-elected two years later. In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for Attorney-General of the State of Illinois, but was defeated with the rest of the State ticket; at a special election, held in April, 1895, he was chosen Representative in Congress from the Tenth District to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Col. Philip Sidney Post, which had occurred in January preceding. In common with a majority of his colleagues, Mr. Prince was re-elected in 1896, receiving a plurality of nearly 16,000 votes, and was elected for a third term in November, 1898. PRINCETON, a city and the county-seat of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 22 miles west -south west of Mendota, and 104 miles west-southwest of Chi- cago; has a court house, gas-works, electric lights, graded and high schools, numerous churches, three newspapers and several banks. Coal is mined five miles east, and the manufac- tures include flour, carriages and farm imple- ments. Pop. (1890), 3,396; (1900), 4,023. Prince- ton is populated with one of the most intelligent and progressive communities in the State. It was the home of Owen Lovejoy during the greater part of his life in lUinois. Pop. (1910), 4,131. PRINCETON & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See Chicago & Northivestern Railway.) PRINCEVILLE, a village of Peoria County, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Rock Island & Peoria Railways, 22 miles northwest of Peoria ; is a trade center for a prosperous agricul- tural region. Pop. (1900), 735; (1910), 982. PROPHETSTOWN, a town in Whiteside County, on Rock River and the Fulton Branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 45 miles northwest of Mendota; is a grain trade center, has some manufactories, banks and a weekly news- paper. Pop. (1900), 1,143; (1910), 1,083. PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION. (See Miiiurity Representatitm. ) PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The pioneer Episcopal clergyman in this State was the Rt. Rev. Philander Chase, who was made Bishop of Illinois in 1S35, and was the founder of Jubi- lee College. (See Chase, Rev. Philander.) The State at present is organized under the provincial HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 435 system, the province comprising the dioceses of Chicago. Quincy and Springfield. At its head (1898) is the Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren. Bisliop of Chicago. Rev. George F. Seymour of Spring- field is Bishop of the Springfield Diocese, with C. R. Hale. Coadjutor at Cairo, and Rev. Alex- ander Burgess, Bishop of the Quincy Dioce.se, with residence at Peoria. The numerical strength of the church in Illinois is not great, although between 1880 and 1890 its membership was almost doubled. In 1840 there were but eighteen jiarishes. with thirteen clergymen and a member- ship of 267. By 1880 the number of parishes had increased to 89, there being 127 ministers and 9,843 communicants. The United States Census of 1890 showed the following figures : Parishes, 197; clergymen. 150, membership, 18,609. Total contributions (1890) for general church and mis- sion work, §373,798. The chief educational insti- tution of the denomination in the West is the Western Theological Seminary at Chicago. (See Silso ReligivHS Denominations.) PRTOR, Joseph Everett, pioneer and early steamboat captain, was born in Virginia, August 10, 1787 — the son of a non-commissioned officer of the Revolution, who emigrated to Kentucky about 1790 and settled near Louisville, which was then a fort with some twenty log cabins. In 1813 the son located where Golconda. Pope County, now stands, and early in life adopted the calling of a boatman, which he pursued some forty j'ears. At this time he held a commission as a "Falls Pilot," and piloted the first steamer that ascended the Ohio River from New Orleans. During his long service no accident happened to any steamer for wliich he was re.sponsible. although the Mis- sissippi than bristled with snags. He owned and commanded the steamer Telegraph, which was sunk, in 1835, by collision with the Duke of Orleans on the Mississippi, but, owing to his pres- ence of mind and the good discipline of his crew, no lives were lost. The salient features of his character were a boundless benevolence mani- fested to others, and his dauntless courage, dis- played not only in the face of dangers met in his career as a boatman, but in his encounters with robbers who then infested portions of Southern Illinois. He had a reputation as a skillful pilot and popular commander not excelled by any of his contemporaries. He died, at his home in Pope County, Oct. 5 1851. leaving one daughter, now Mrs. Cornelia P. Bozman. of Cairo, 111. PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, SUPERINTEND- ENTS OF. (See Superintendents of Public Instruction.) PUGH, Isaac C, soldier, was born in Christian County, Ky, Nov. 23, 1805; came to Illinois, in 1831, with his father, who first settled in Shelby County, but, in 1839, removed to Macon County, where the subject of this sketch resided until his death, at Decatur, Nov. 14, 1874. General Pugh served in three wars — first in the Black Hawk War of 1833; then, with the rank of Captain and Field Officer in the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) in the war with Mexico, and, during the Civil War, entering upon the latter as Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in September, 1861, and being mustered out with the rank of full Briga- dier-General in August, 1864, %vhen his regiment was consolidated with the Fifty-third. He took part with his regiment in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the operations around Vicksburg. being wounded at the latter. In the year of his retirement from the army (1864) he was elected a Representative in the Twenty-fourth General Assembly, and, tlie fol- lowing year, was chosen County-Clerk of Macon County, serving four years. PUGH, Jonathan H., pioneer lawyer, was born in Bath County, Ky. , came to Bond County, 111., finaUy locating at Springfield in 1833, and being the second lawyer to establish himself in practice in that city. He served in the Tliird, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh General Assemblies, and was defeated for Congress by Joseph Duncan (after- wards Governor), in 1831. Died, in 1833. Mr. Pugh is described by his contemporaries as a man of brilliant parts, an able lawyer and a great wit. PULASKI COUNTY, an extreme southern county and one of the smallest in the State, bordering on the Ohio River and having an area of 190 square miles and a population (1900), of 14,554. It was cut off from Alexander County in 1843, and named in honor of a Polish patriot who had aided the Americans during the Revolution. The soil is generally rich, and the surface varied with much low land along the Cache and tlie Ohio Rivers. Wheat, corn and fruit are the principal crops, while considerable timber is cut upon the bottom lands. Mound City is the county-seat and was conceded a population, by tlie census of 1890, of 3,550. Only the lowest, barren portion of the carboniferous formation extends under tlie soil, the coal measures being absent. Traces of iron have been found and sulphur and copperas spring.s abound. Population (1910), 15,650. PULASKI, a village of Pulaski County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 12i miles north of Cairo; in lumber district. Pop. (1910), 592. 436 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. PULLMAN, a former suburb, now part of the city of Chicago; where the Pullman Palace Car Company began the erection of buildings in 1S80, the first family locating here in 1881. Within the next few years, it became the center of the largest manufacturing establishments in the country, iucluiliug the Pullman Car Works, the Allen Paper Car Wheel Works and extensive steel forging works, employing thousands of mechanics. Large numbers of sleeping and din- ing cars, besides ordinary passenger coaches and freight cars, were manufactured here every j'ear, not only for use on the railroads of the United States, but for foreign countries as well. The town was named for the late George M. Pullman, the founder of the car-works, and was regarded as a model city, made up of comfortable homes erected by the Palace Car Company for the use of its employes. It was well supplied with school- houses, and churches, and a public library was established there and opened to the public in 1883. The town was annexed to the city of Chi- cago in 1890. PULLMAN, George Mortimer, founder of the Pullman Palace Car Company, was born at Broc- ton, N. Y., March 3, 1831. enjoyed ordinarj' edu- cational advantages in his boyhood and, at fourteen years of age, obtained employment as a clerk, but a year later joined his brother in the cabinet -making business at Albion. His father, who was a house-builder and house-mover, hav- ing died in 1853, young Pullman assumed the responsibility of caring for the family and, hav- ing secured a contract for raising a number of buildings along the Erie Canal, made necessary by the enlargement of that thoroughfare, in this way acquired some capital and experience which was most valuable to him in after years. Com- ing to Chicago in 1859, when the work of raising the grade of the streets in the business portion of the city had been in pi-ogress for a year or two, he found a new field for the exercise of his inventive skill, achieving some marvelous trans- formations in a number of the principal business blocks in that part of the city. As early as 1858, Mr. Pullman had had his attention turned to devising some means for increasing the comforts of night-travel upon railways, and, in 1859, he remodeled two old day-coaches into a species of sleeping-cars, %vhich were used upon the Alton Road. From 1860 to 1863 he spent in Colorado devoting his engineering skill to mining; but returning to Chicago the latter year, entered upon his great work of developing the idea of the sleeping-car Into practical reality. The first car was completed and received the name of the "Pioneer." This car constituted a part of the funeral train which took the remains of Abraham Lincoln to Springfield. 111., after his assassination in April, 1865. The development of the "Pull- man palace sleeping-car," the invention of the dining-car, and of vestibule trains, and the build- ing up of the great industrial town which bears his name, and is now a part of the city of Chi- cago, constituted a work of gradual development which resulted in some of the most remarkable achievements in the history of the nineteenth century, both in a business sense and in promot- ing the comfort and safety- of the traveling pub- lic, as well as in bettering the conditions of workingmen. He lived to see the results of his inventive genius and manufacturing skill in use upon the principal railroads of the United States and introduced upon a number of important lines in Europe also. Mr. Pullman was identified with a number of other enterprises more or less closely related to the transportation business, but the Pullman Palace Car Company was the one with which he was most closely connected, and by which he will be longest remembered. He was also associated with some of the leading educa- tional and benevolent enterprises about the city of Chicago, to which he contributed in a liberal manner during his life and in his will. His death occurred suddenly, from heart disease, at his home in Chicago, Oct. 19, 1897. PURPLE, Norman H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Litchfield County, Conn., read law and was admitted to the bar in Tioga County, Pa., settled at Peoria, 111., in 1836, and the following year was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for the Ninth Judicial District, which then embraced the greater portion of the State ea.st of Peoria. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector, and, in 1845, Governor Ford appointed him a Ju-stice of the Supreme Court, vice Je.sse B. Thomas, Jr., who had resigned. As required by law, he at the same time served as Circuit Judge, his district embracing all the counties west of Peoria, and his home being at Quincy. After the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 he returned to Peoria and resumed practice. He compiled the Illinois Statutes relating to real property, and, in 1857, made a compilation of the general laws, gener- ally known to the legal profession as the "Purple Statutes." He subsequentlj- undertook to com- pile and arrange the laws passed from 1857 to "63. and was engaged on this work when overtaken by death, at Chicago, Aug 9, 1863. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1863, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 437 and, during the last ten years of his life, promi- nent at the Chicago bar. PUTERBAUGH, Sabin D., judge and author, was born in Miami County, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1834; at 8 years of age removed with his parents to Taze- well County, 111; settled in Pekin in 18.53, where he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. At the outbreak of the rebellion he was commis- sioned, by Governor Yates, Major of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, and took part in numerous engagements in Western Tennessee and Missis- sippi, including the battles of Shiloh and Corinth. Resigning his commission in 1862, he took up his residence at Peoria, where he resumed practice and began the preparation of his first legal work — "Common Law Pleading and Practice." In 1864 he formed a partnership with Col. Robert G. IngersoU, wliich continued until 1867, when Mr. Puterbaugh was elected Circuit Court Judge. He retired from the bench in 1873 to resume pri- vate practice and pursue his work as an author. His first work, having already run through three editions, was followed by "Puterbaugh"s Chan- cery Pleading and Practice,"" the first edition of which appeared in 1874, and "Michigan Chancery Practice,'" which appeared in 1881. In 1880 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republi- can ticket. Died, Sept. 25, 1893. Leslie D. (Puterbaugh), a son of Judge Puterbaugh, is Judge of tlie Circuit Court of the Peoria Circuit. PUTNAM COUXTY, tlie smallest county in the State, both as to area and population, containing only 170 square miles; population (1900), 4,746. It lies near the center of the north half of the State, and was named in honor of Gen. Israel Putnam. The first American to erect a cabin within its limits was Gurdon S. Hubbard, who was in business there, as a fur-trader, as early as 1825, but afterwards became a prominent citizen of Chicago. The county was created by act of the Legislature in 1825, although a local govern- ment was not organized until some years later. Since that date, Bureau, Marshall and Stark Counties have been erected therefrom. It is crossed and drained by the Illinois River. The surface is moderately undulating and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief staple, although wheat and oats are extensively cultivated. Coal is mined and exported. Hennepin is the county- seat. Population of the county (1910), 7,561. (JUINCT, the principal city of Western Illinois, and the county seat of Adams County. It was founded in 1822 — the late Gov. John Wood erect- ing the fiist log-cabin there — and was incorporated in 1 839. The site is naturallj- one of the most beauti- ful in the State, the principal part of the city being built on a limestone bluff having an elevation of 125 to 150 feet, and overlooking the Mississippi for a long distance. Its location is 112 miles west of Springfield and 264 miles southwest of Chi- cago. Besides being a principal shipping point for the river trade north of St. Louis, it is the converging point of several important railway lines, including the Wabash, four branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City, giving east and west, as well as north and south, connections. At the present time (1904) several important lines, or extensions of railroads already constructed, are in contemplation, which, when completed, will add largely to the commercial importance of the city. The city is regularly laid out, the streets inter- secting each other at right angles, and being lighted with gas and electricity. Water is obtained from the Mississippi. There are several electric railway lines, four public parks, a fine railway bridge across the Mississippi, to which a wagon bridge has been added within the past two years ; two fine railway depots, and several elegant public buildings, including a handsome county court-house, a Government building for the use of the Post-ofBce and the United States District Court. The Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home is located here, embracing a large group of cot- tages occupied by veterans of the Civil War, besides hospital and administration buildings for the use of the officers. The city has more than thirty churches, three libraries (one free-public and two college), with excellent schools and other educational advantages. Among the liigher institutions of learning are the Chaddock College (Methodist Episcopal) and the St. Francis Solanus College (Roman Catholic). There are two or three national banks, a State bank with a capital of §300,000, beside two private banks, four or five daily papers, witli several weekly and one or two monthly publications. Its advantages as a shipping point by river and railroad have made it one of the most important manufacturing cen- ters west of Chicago. The census of 1890 showed a total of 374 manufacturing establishments, havingan aggregate capital of §6,187,845, employ- ing 5,0.58 persons, and turning out an annual product valued at .?10. 160,492. The cost of material >ised was .?5, .597, 990, and the wages paid §2,383,571. The number of different industries reported aggregated seventy-six, the more impor- tant being foundries, carriage and wagon fac- tories, agricultural implement works, cigar and 438 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tobacco factories, flour-mills, breweries, brick- yards, lime works, saddle and harness shops, paper mills, furniture factories, organ works, and artiticial-ice factories. Population (1880), 37,368; (1S90), 31,494; (1900), 36,252; (1910), 36,589. QUINCT, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington &■ Quincy Railroad.) QUINCT & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chi- cago. Burlington '.W Thomas J. Turner, D Abraham Lincoln, W William H. Bisseli, D William H . Bissell, D Timothy R. Young, B Thomas L. Harris, D Thomas L. Harris, D Willis Allen, D Willis Allen, D Richard S. Maloney, 1> Thompson Campbell, D Richard Vates, W Rii-hard Vati-i, w K. B. WaihUurue, K KesID£NCK. Kaskaskia Territory. Edwards viUe Territory. Kaskaskia Territory. Shawneetowu State Kaskaskia 'State JacksonA Morgan Cos Stale Jacksonville Third Springfield | Third Belleville (First Belleville I First Belleville First Mt. Vernon Second ... Belleville ) First Ispringtield jTnird Springfield I Eighth . . . .^Iton iFirst Shawneetowu Second ... Springfield Slxtn Charleston [Third Charleston Third Chicago j Fourth . . . Chicago Second — First Fifth Firth Si.\th Sixth Seventh .. Seventh . . Sixth Seventh . . Sixth Seventh... Cliicago. Quincy Rushville and Quiacy Quincy Galena Jacksonville Springfield Galena Jacksonville Freeport Sprinptield Belleville First.... Belleville Eighth.. .Marshall iThird. . Petersburg Seventh Petersburg Sixth ... Marion Second.. Marion Ninth... Belvidere Fourth.. .Galena Sixth... 'Jacksonville 'Seventh. Jacksonville 'Sixth — Galena 'First ... E. B. Washburne, R Galena . Third. Janiea 11. Woodvvorth, R.. IChicago Jacob C. Davis, D 'Quincy Lyman Trumbull, B Belleville J. L. D. Morrison. D Belleville Samuels. Marshall, D 'McLeansboro... Samuel .s. Marshall, D .McLeansboro.. Samuels. Marshall, D McLeansboro... John F. Farnswortb. rt Chicago John F. Farnsworth.R iSt. Charles Owen Lovejoy.R Princeton Owen Lovejov. R Princeton 'Fifth William Kellogg, R Icanton Fourth. Isaac N. Morris. D iQuincy IFifth... Charles D Hodges, D ... Carrolllon ...Sixth... Aaron Shaw, D l.awrenceville ISeveolh Second . Fifth Eighth Eighth Ninth Eleventh Nineteenth. Second Second Third 1SIM4 1814-16 181G-IS 1818-19 1819-27 1827-33 1833-34 18*1-39 1833-34 18Ji-37 lS.TO-43 1833-43 1837-39 1839-43 1863-65. .• 184:1-49 1843-51 1859-62. 1843-49 1851-53 1843-51 1853-55 1865-67 1843-47 1847-56 1861-63 1843-45 1843-45 1845-46 1849-51 Feb, to Mar., 1847. 1847-49 1847-49 1849-53 1853-55 1849-51 1849-51 1855-58 1851-53 1853-55 1851-53 1851-53 1851-53 1853-,55 1853^)3 1863-69 Je-sseO. Norton, R Joliet Third Jesse O. Norton, R Joliet sixth James Knox.R iKnoxviUe 'Fourth James C. Allen. 1) 'Palestine Seventh James C. Allen, D 'Palestine |stale-at-large . 1853-57 1863-65 1853-57 1853-57 1863-65 1855-57 1856-67 1855 1855-57 1855-59 1865-73 1873-75 1857-61 1863-73 1857-63 1863-65 1857-63 1857-61 Jan. to Mar.. 1859. 1857-59 Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. Elected U. S. Senator, 1824 and '29. Elected Governor; resigned. To succeed Duncan. Died: term completed by Reynolds. One and oue-balf terms. Resigned, Dec., *61 ; succeeded by A. Ii. Knapp. El'd U.S. Seil,..\pr..'47:suc.byW..\.Richardsoii Res'd.Aug.. '56; term tilled by Jacob C. Davis. Resigned, Dec, '46; succeeded by John Henry. Served Baker's unexpired term. Died, Nov. 24, '58; sue. by Chas. D. Iludges. I Resignd, March 9, *69 to accejit Fi ench mis* [ sion: term filled by H. C. Uurcliard. To fill unexpired term of Richardson. Chosen U. S. Senator; reslgne3-£5 James C. Robinson, D Springfield 1871-73 James C. Robinson, D 1873-75 Philip B. Fouke, D Belleville 1859-63 John A. Logan, R 1859-6** Res'd, Apr. -62; term filled by W. J. Allen. ( Chosen U. S. Senator. 1871; resigned; term \ filled by John L. Beveridge. John A. Logan, D State-at-large. Second 1869-71 1861-63 Isaac N. Arnold, R Chicago Chicago Marion Marion Isaac N. Arnold. R William J. Allen, D Ninth 1862-63 Served Logan's unexpired term. William J. Allen, D Thirteenth Fifth 1863-65 Jersey ville Served McClernand's unexpired term. Charles M. Harris, R Fourth Fifth 1863-65 1864-'65 filled Lovejoy'8 unexpired term. John R Eden, D Sullivan Seventh Fifteenth 1863-65 John R. Eden, D John R. Eden. D Sullivan 1885-87 Lewia W. Rosn, D Ninth 1SC3-69 William R. Morrison, 1).... Waterloo Twelfth Seventeenth... Eighteenth.... Stale-at-large. 1863-65 WiUiam R. Morrison. D ... Waterloo 1873-83 . William R. Morrison, D.... Waterloo 1883-87 S. W. Moulton, R Shelby ville 1865-67 . S. W. Moulton, D Shelbyville Fifteenth Seventeenth... Fourth Sixth 1881-83 a W. Muiilton, D Shelbyville 1883-85 1865-69 Burton C Cook, R Ottawa 1865-71.. Re-elected, '70 but res'd before beg'ng of term. H. P. H. Bromweil.R Seventh ... — Eighth Tenth 1865-69 Shelby M. Cullom, R 1865-71 Anthony Thorn toa, D Shelbyville 1865-67 Belleville Twelfth Eighteenth.... Twentv-firat .. Thirteeniii.... First Tenth Thirteenth Third Fifth 1865-69 Jehu Baker, R Belleville 1887-89 Jehu Baker. P Belleville 1897-99 A. J. Kuvkendall, R 1865-67.. .. Norman B. Judd, R Chicago 1867-71 Albert G Burr, D 1867 71 .. . Green B. Raum, K Metropolis 1867-69 Filled unexpired term of Washhuriie. 1873-79 Fourth Sixth 1869-73 ■ '* John B. Hawley, R Rock Island 1873-75 Seventh Ninth 1869-73 Thomas W McNeeley, D.. Petersburg Belleville 1869-73 John B. Hav, R.... Twelfth Thirteenth.... State-at-large. First 1869 73 John M. L'rebs I) 1869 73 Evansion .. Chicago Chicago 1871-73 Served unexpired term of Logan. Charles B Farvvell R 1871-73 Charles B. Farwell. R Charles B. Farwell, R Third Third 1873-76 1881-83 May, '76, seat awarded to J. V. Le Moyne. Princeton Joliet Fifth Sixth Tenth First First 1871-73 1.871-73 1871 73 Filled unexpired term'of B. C. Cook. Edward V. Rice D HiUsboro John B. Kice,R B G CaulHi'ld D Chicago Chicago 1S73-74 1874-77 Died Dec, '74: succeeded by B. Q. Caulfleld. Jasper U. Ward. R Stephen A. Hurlbut, R Second Fourth 187.3-75 Beividere 1873-77 Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Lacon 1,S7.3-81 1.S73-75 1873-75 Willlaoi II. Ray. R Robert M. K napp, D Robert M. Knapp, D Rushville Jerseyville Jerseyville Eleventh Eleventh Thirleeilth.... Fuurteentli Fifteenth Fir eenth Twelfth Sixteenth Eighteenth .,.. Second Third 1873-75 1877-79 Joseph O.Cannon, R Joseph G. Cannon, R Joseph G.Cannon, R Joseph G. Camion, R Tuscola and Danville. 1873-83 1873-76 Carbondale Chicago 1873-75 1875 79 John V. Le >r<»yne. D 1876-77 Princeton A Geneseo. . Sixth 1875 83 T.J UHiidffSiin R Seventh Seventh Ninth 1883 95 LaSalle 1875 77 Richard II. WliUmg. R 1S75-77 Rushville Tenth 1875-77 Scott Wike, D Pi Ctj* field Eleventh Twelfth Twelfth Thirteenth. ... Thirteenth Thlrteenih. .. .Sixteenth Eighteenth.... Nineteenth — First Pittsfield Springfield Springfield — Bloomington Bloomington Carlyle Chester Mt. Vernon Chicago William M. Springer, D. .. William M. Springer. D. . 1875 83 1883 95 1875-77. Adlal E. Stevenson, I) William A J Sparks. D.... William Hartzell.D .. .. William B. Anderson, D .. William Aldrich. B Carter H Jlarrison, D Lorenz Brentano. R William Lathrnp, R Philip C Hayes. R Thomas A. Boyd, R Benlamin F Marah. R .. 1875-83 1875 79 1875-77 1877-83 Second 1877-79 Chicago Rockford Morris Lewiston Warsaw Third 1877-79 Fourth Seventh Ninth 1877-79 1877-81 Tenth 1877-83 448 HISTORICAL E^X'YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Residence. Benjamin F. Marsh, R Waraaw Benjamin F. Marsh. R Tlioma.s F. Tiplon. R K. W. Townshend, D Goorge R. Davis. R George R. Davis, K Hiram Barber. R John C. Sherwin, R R. M. A. Hawk-.R James W . Singleton, J) A. P. Forsvthe.G. B JohnR, Tl'iomas, R Jolin R Tliomas. R William Cullen,R William C'ullen,R Lewis E. Pay son, R Lewis E. Paysoii. R Jobn H. Lewis. R Dietrich C.Smith. R R. W. Dunham, R John F. Finerty, R George E. Adams, R Reuben EUwootl. R Robert R. Hitt.R Robert R. Hitt.R N. E. Worthington, D William H. Neece, D James M. Riggs, D Jonathan H. Rowell, R,.. Frank Lawler, D James H. Ward, D Alliert J. Hopkins, R. Albert J. Hopkins, R Ralph Plumb, R SilasO. Landes, D William E. Mason, R. PliilipSidney Post, R William H. Gest, R George A. Anderson, D — Edward Lane, D AbnerTavlor, R Charles A. Hill. R Geo. W. Fithian. D Williams. Forman. D James R. Williams. D James R. Williams. D George W. Smith, R George W. Smith. R Lawrence E. McQann, D. . Allan C. Diirborow. Jr.. D Walter C. Newberry, D... Lewis steward, Ind Herman W. Snow, R Warsaw Bluomiugtoii Shawneetown Chicago Chicago Chicago Geneva and Elgin. lit. Carroll Quincy Isabel Metropolis Metropolis Ottawa Ottawa Pontiac Pontiac Knoxville Pekin Chicago Chicago Chicago Sycamore Mt. Morris Mt. Morris Peoria Macomb Winchester RIoomington Chicago Chicago Aurora -Aurora Streator Mt. Carmel. . Eleventh .... . ' fifteenth .... . Thirteenth.. . Nineteenth.. . Second . Third Third . Fourth . Fifth . Eleventh... Fifteenth . Eighteenth.. . Twentieth — . Seventh . Eighth . Eighth . Ninth Ninth . Thirteenth . , , First . Second . Fourth . Fifth . Sixth , Ninth . Tenth , Eleventh.... . Twelfth , Fourteenth.. Second . Third . Fifth . Eighth . Eighth ... sixteenth. ... 1893-95.... 1895-Ii)01. 1879-si!!!i!.!!!!!!i Died, '82; succeeded by B. R. Hitt. 1879 81., 1879-83., IS8I 83., 1883 85., I8S1-83., 1883-91 . . 1881-8.3.. 1881-83.. 1883-89. 1883-85 1883-91 1882-85 I 1882-95 SuceeededR. M. A. Hawk, deceased. 1895-1903 ' 1883-87 1883-87 ; 1883-87 IS83-91 1885-91 1885-87 1895-1903. 1885-89 Chicago iThird. , Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Seventeenth., First Eighth Sixteenth Eighteenth... Nineteenth. . . . Galesburg Rock Island, Quincy Hillsboro ... Chicago Joliet Newton Nashville... Carmi Carmi Tiventietli Murphvaboro jTwentielh Murpnysboro iTwenty-sec' nd Chicago , 'Second Chicago (Third Chicago I Fourth PI ano I Eighth _ _ ._ Sheldon Ninth Benjamin T. Cable. D Rock Island Eleventh Owen Scott, D Bloomington Fourteenth ,.. . Samuel T. Busey, D lUrbana |Fifteenth John C. Black, D , Chicago ;State-at-large . Andrew J. Hunter, D 'Paris State-at-large, Andrew J. Hunter. D :Paris Nineteenth.... J. Frank Aldrich, R Chicago 'First Julius Goldzier. D > Chicago Fourth Robert A, Childs, R 'Hinsdale i Eighth Hamilton K. Wheeler, R... Kankakee Ninth John J. McDannold. D .Mt. Sterling Twelfth Benjamin F. Funk. R Bloom ington William Lorimer, R Cliicago Hugh R. Belknap. R 'Chicago Charles W. Woodman, R.. Chicago Fourth, Geo. E. White, R Chicago Fifth.... Chicago Sixth ... . Chicago !Seventh . Galesburg Tenth.. . . Streator i Eleventh Clintoa iThirteeuth Pelcin Fourteenth .. Cirllnrtllo Sixteenth Jacksunville sixteenth ... .Springfield 'Seventeenth. . Vandal la ; Eighteenth ... EdwardsviUe Eighteenth.... Emngham .N'iueteenth. ., Carmi Twentieth... East St. Louis Twenty-first . Chicaco First Chicago F.iurlh Hillsboro Eighteenth.., McLeansboro Twentieth ... , Chioogo iThird Chicago 'Fourth Chicago iFlf th Chicago 'Sixth Pittsfteld Six teenth . . . . Seventeeiilh. Nineteenth .. 1887-91 1887-95 Died, Jan. 6,1895. 1887-89. 1887-95.. 1891-95.. 1891-93.. 1:91-93.. 1191-93.. 1891-93.. 1693-95.. 1897-99. 1893-97.. Fourteenth . Second Third . E... Jehu Baker, Pop Wni. A. Rodenberg, R. . . Fretl J. Kern, 1> John J. Feeley. D James McAiuirews. D Wm. F. Miihoney. i^ J, Hoss Miv^'key, D Thos. Jefferson »ell)y. I). Martin Emerlch. D Martin B. Madden. U James R. Mann, R Wm. Warfleld Wilson. R. Geo. P. Foster, D Charles S. Wharton. !>.. James T. MeDermott. 1). . James McAndrews, D Anthony Meiclialek. R... Adolph J. Sahath. D William Lorinier. R Wm, J. Moxley. R Pliilip Knopf. R Fred Liindin. R Wm. F. Mahones'. D Cliarles McGavln. R Thomas Gallagher, D.... Henr>- S. Boutell. R Geo. Edmund Foss, R. . . Howard X. Snapp. R.... Charles E. Fuller, R Robert R. Hitt, R Frank O. Lowden. R Benj. F. Marsh. R James McKinney, R Ceo. W. Prince, R Joseph V. Graff, R John A. Sterling. R Joseph G. Cannon. R. . . . Vespasian Warner, R Wm. B. McKinley. R Henry T. Rainey. D Benj. F. Caldwell. D Zeno S. Rives, R Benj. F. Caldwell. D Jaraes M, Graham, D..,, Wm, A. Rodenberg. R Joseph B. Crowley. D Frank L. Dickson. R Martin D. Foster, D , James R. Williams, D..,. Pleasant T Chapman, R. , Geo. W. Smith. R , X, B. Thistlewootl. R Residence. Caniii BellevilU- Kast St. Ix)uls. BeUevllle Chicago Chicago Chicago Macomb HardlD Chicago ClUcago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chiciigo Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Joliet , Belvidere Mt. Morris Oregon Warsaw Aledo Galesburg Peoria Blooniinglon. . . Danville Clinton Champaign. . . . CarroUlon Chatham Litchfield C hatham Springfield East St. Louis. Robinson Ramsey , Olney Carmi Vienna Murphysboro, . . Cairo DlST. Twentieth Twenty-fliisl Twenty-first Twfcnty-flrat Second Fourth Fifth Fifteenth Sixteenth , First First Second 'lliird Fourth Fourth Fourth Fifth Fifth Fifth Sixth Sixth Seventh Seventh Eighth Eighth Eightli Xinth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Thirteenth Fourteentli Fourteenth Fifteenth Sixteenth Seventeenth. .. . Eighteenth Xineteenth. . . . . Xineteenth Twentieth Twenty-flrst Twenty-first Twenty-flrst Twenty-flrst Twemlj-seoond. Twenty-third.. . T\venty-lhlrd. ,. Twenty-third. .. Twenty-fourtli. . Twenty-fourth. . Twenty-fifth Tiventv-flfth Term. 1899-1903, 1897-99... 18119-1901, IltOl-03... 1901-03.., 1901-03.., 19U1-03... 1901-03... 1901-03.,. 1903-05,,. 1905-11... 1903-11... 1903-11... 1903-05... 1905-07... 1907-11... 1903-05.., 1905-07.,. 1907-11... 1903-09... 1909-11... 1903-09... 1909-11... 1903-05,.. 19U5-09... 1909-11... 1903-11... 1903-11... 190.1-11,.. 1903-11,., 1903-06.,. 1906-11... 1903-05... 1905-11... 1903-11,.. 190.1-11... 1903-11. 1903-11, 1903-05, 1905-11. 190,1-11, 1903-05. m05-07. 1907-09. 1909-11, 1903-11. 1903-05, 1905-07, 1907-11. 1903-05," 1905-11. 1903-07, 1908-11. Remakes. Resigned to enter U. S. Senate. Vice Wui, Lorimer Died Sept. 20. 1906, VUe R. R. Ilitt Died June 2. 1905.,. Vice B. F. Marsh .Elected Speaker 1903. Died Xov. 30, 1907, Vice G. W. Smith.. REPRESENTATIVES IN SIXTY-SECOND CONGRESS. The following is a list of Representatives in the Sixty-second (1911-1913) Congress as chosen at the Xovember election. 1910: 1. Martin B. Madden. R fhicago 2. Jcimes R- Mann, R Chicago .1. Wniiam W.Trfield Wilson. R Chicago 4. James T. McDennnit. n Chicago 5, Adolph J. S^ihath. D Chicago 6, Edmund J. Stack, D Chicago 7. Frank Buchanan. D Chicago 8. Thomas Gallagher, D Oilcago 9, Lynden Evans, D Chicago 10. George E. Foss, R Chicago n, Ira C, Copley, R Aurora 12. Charles E. Fuller, R Belvidere 13. John C. McKenzie. R Elizabeth 14. James McKinney. R Aledo 15. Geo. W. Prince. R Galesburg 16. Claude U. Stone. D Peoria 17. John A Sterling. R Bloomington 18. Joseph G. Cannon, R Danville 19. William B. McKinley. R Champaign 20. Henry T. Rainej-. D Carrollton 21. James M. Gratiam, D Springfield 22. William A. Rodenberg. R East St. Louis 23. Martin D. Foster, D Olney 24. H. Robert Fowler, P Ellzabethtown 25. X. B. ThJsUewood, R Cairo 448b HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS BOARD OF CIVIL SERVICE. The State Board of Ci\'il Service, consisting of three members, was created by act of the General Assembly in 1905. With the exception of the Superintendent, Chief Clerk, Treasurer and stenographer, in each State charitable institution, all appointments to subordinate positions in the same are made after examination of applicants on the basis of qualifi- cations and merit, and removals are made only on the ground of incompetency, disobedience or other reasonable cause. Political assessments upon employes are also prohibited. BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, organized under act of the General Assembly, approved March 8, 1867; after various changes now (1911) consists of 25 members chosen by popular vote — one from each Congressional District — with the State Auditor as ex-officio member and Chairman. It meets annually on the first Tuesday after August 10th, its duty then being to examine abstracts of assessments from the several counties and equalize the same in order that equal rates may be imposed upon propertj- according to value in all parts of the State. For this purpose property is divided into five classes, viz.: Personal property; town and city lots; land other than town lots; railroad, telegraph and tele- phone stock and property; and capital stock of franchise corporations. Separate committees are appointed to deal vdth these classes, besides a com- mittee of general equalization. Each member receives a salary of $5 per day while in session, and the Board chooses its Secretary, the necessary number of clerks and other employes, and provides for printing and distribution of copies of proceed- ings after each session. The most difficult problem the Board has to meet is the equitable assessment upon capital stock and franchises of corporations. After the work of the Board is completed, the Governor, Auchtor and State Treasurer fix the rate of taxation requisite to meet the appropriations made by the General .\ssembly. BOARD OF HEALTH, created by act of the Legislature in 1877, with supervision of measures for protection of the health and lives of the people, matters pertaining to quarantine, and investigation of the sanitary condition of hotels and lodging houses in cities having over 100,000 inhabitants. In 1899 its jurisdiction was extended over th„ examination and Ucensing of surgeons and physi clans, reporting the standing of medical colleges, and, by a later act, it is required to keep a record of all births and deaths within the State; is also charged with the examination, licensing and regis- tration of embahners, the appointment of agents for the distribution of diphtheria antitoxins, is empowered to investigate the water of cities having a population of 2,000 or over, to supervise measures for the prevention and restriction of consumption, investigate fraudulent medical colleges and other- wise protect the public health. BOARD OF PHARMACY, created by an act of 18S1, is composed of five members, registered pharmacists of at least ten years' experience, empowered to examine all appUcants and issue certificates to the same when entitled to receive them, and to prosecute violations of the pharmacy act. The Board is required to hold meetings for the examination of appUcants for registration, and is empowered to issue three grades of certificates — to apprentices, assistant and registered pharmacists. BOARD OF PARDOXS. This Board was created by act of the Legislature on recommenda- tion of Governor Tanner in 1897, under provision of the Constitution (Art. 5, Sec. 13) empowering the Governor to "grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, after convictions, for all offenses . . . subject to such regulations as may be provided by law"^the object being to reduce the personal labor of the Governor in this department. All apjilications for pardon are required to be presented to the Board, and, after investigation, reports are submitted to the Governor, v\ith such recommenda- tions as may be agreed upon by a majority of the Board. Before the adoption of this policy, all petitions were submitted to the Governor. The Board is non-partisan, consisting of three appointive members, of whom only two may belong to the same partv'. Regular sessions of the Board are held quarterly, but in case of emergency, special meet- ings may be held under call of the Governor or Chairman. The duty of administering the parole law is also imposed upon the Board. The present Board (1911) con.sists of G. De F. Kinney, Charles G. Eckhart and Ethan Allan Snively (Chairman). The Board visits each penitentiary once each month for the purpose of investigating the records of jirisoners petitioning for parole. STATE PURE FOOD COMMISSION. The act establishing the State Food Commission went into effect July 1, 1899, Alfred H. Jones, of Robinson, 111., being then apiiointcd Commissioner and hold- ing office to the present time (1911). An act passed May 14, 1807, enlarged the powers of the Com- mission, authorizing the appointment of an Assistant Commissioner, a State Analyst, an Attorney and a Chief Clerk, besides several chemists, inspectors and other employes, whose duty it is to investigate and report upon the condition of raw material and manufactured food products to prevent adultera- tion and protect the consumer from fraud. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 449 REYNOLDS, John, Justice of Supreme Court and fourth Governor of Illinois, was born of Irish ancestrj', in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 26, 1789, and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1800, spending the first nine years of his life in Illinois on a farm. After receiving a com- mon school education, and a two years' course of study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied law and began practice. In 1812-13 he served as a scout in the campaigns against the Indians, winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The Old Ranger." Afterwards he removed to Cahokia, where he began the practice of law, and. in 1818, became Associate Justice of the first Sujireme Court of the new State. Retiring from the bench in 1825, he served two terms in the Legislature, and was elected Governor in 1830, in 1832 personally commanding the State volunteers called for service in the Black Itawk War. Two weeks before the expiration of his term (1834), he resigned to accept a seat in Con- gress, to which he had been elected as the suc- cessor of Charles Slade, who had died in office, and was again elected iu 1838, always as a Demo- crat. He also served as Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the Eighteenth (1852-54), being chosen Speaker of the latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Su- perintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Demo- cratic candidates. For some years he edited a daily paper called "The Eagle," which was pub- lished at Belleville. While Governor Reynolds acquired some reputation as a "classical scholar," from the time spent in a Tennessee College at that early day, this was not sustained by either his colloquial or written style. He was an ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early days of the Rebellion, gained unfavorable notori- ety in consequence of a letter written to Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of "seces-sion. " Nevertheless, in spite of inten.se prejudice and bitter partisanship on some ques- tions, he possessed many amiable qualities, as shown by his devotion to temperance, and his popularity among persons of opposite political opinions. Although at times crude in style, and not always reliable in his statement of historical facts and events, Governor Reynolds has rendered a valuable service to posterity by his writings relating to the early history of the State, espe- cially those connected with his own times. His best known works are: "Pioneer History of Illi- nois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at the Crystal Palace, and Sketches of Travel" (1854); and "My Life and Times" (18.5.5). His death occurred at Belleville, May 8, 1865. REYNOLDS, John Parker, Secretary and President of State Board of Agriculture, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, ]\Iarch 1, 1820, and graduated from the Miami University at the age of 18. In 1840 he graduated from the Cincinnati Law School, and soon afterward began practice. He removed to Illinois in 1854, settling fijst in Win- nebago County, later, successively in Marion County, in Springfield and in Chicago. From 1860 to 1870 he was Secretary of the State Agri- cultural Society, and, upon the creation of the State Board of Agriculture in 1871, was elected its President, filling that position until 1888, when he resigned. He has also occupied numer- ous other posts of honor and of trust of a public or semi-public character, having been President of the Illinois State Sanitary Commission during the War of the Rebellion, a Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector from 1878 to 1882, and Secretary of the Inter- State Industrial Exposition Comjiany of Chicago, from the date of its organization (1873) until its final dissolution. His most important public service, in recent years, was rendered as Director- in-Chief of tlie Illinois exliibit in the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and legis- lator, was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3, 1839; at 17 years of age went to Chicago, was educated in the high school there, within a month after graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixty- fourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he rose to a colonelcy through the gradations of Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July, 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On his return home after nearly four j-ears" .service, he entered the law department of the Chicago University, graduating therefrom and beginning practice in 1866. General Reynolds has been prominent in public life, having served as a member of both branches of the General Assem- bl3S and having been a State Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition of 1873. He is a member of the G. A. R. , and, in 1875, was elected Senior Vice-Commander of the order for the United States. REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, was born in Fayette County, Pa., March 4, 1812; after graduating at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1833, was connected with various institutions in that State, as well as President of Capital University at 450 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Columbus, Ohio, ; then, coming to Illinois, was President of the Illinois State University at Springfield, 1857-60, after wliich he became Prin- cipal of a female seminary in Chicago. Previ- ously a Lutheran, he took orders in tlie Protestant Episcopal Church in 1864, and served several parishes until his death. In his early life he founded, and, for a time, conducted several reli- gious publications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides issuing a number of printed addresses and otlier published works. Died at Oak Park, near Chi- cago, Sept. 5, 1876. RHOADS, (Col.) Franklin Lawrence, soldier and steamboat cajjtain, was born in Harrisburg, Pa., Oct. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin, Tazewell County, 111., in 1836, where he learned the print- er's trade, and, on the breaking out of the Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close. Returning home he engaged in the river trade, and, for fifteen years, commanded steamboats on the Illinois, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In April, 1861, he was commissioned Captain of a company of three months' men attached to the Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the three- years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant- Colonel, soon after being promoted to the colo- nelcy, as successor to Col. Richard J. Oglesby, wlio had been promoted Brigadier-General. After serving through the spring campaign of 1863 in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was com- pelled V)y rapidly declining healtK to resign, when he located in Shawneetown, retiring in 1874 to his farm near tliat city. During the latter years of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at Shawneetown, Jan. 6, 1879. RHOADS, Joshua, M.D., A.M., physician and educator, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 1806; studied medicine and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania with the degree of M.D., also receiving the degree of A.M., from Princeton ; after several years spent in practice as a physician, and as Principal in some of the public schools of Philadelphia, in 1839 he was elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, and, in 18.50, took charge of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, 111., then in its infancy. Here he remained until 1874. when he retired. Died, February 1, 1876. RICE, Edward Y., lawjer and jurist, born in Logan County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1820, was educated in the common schools and at Shurtleff College, after which he read law witli Jolm M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to practice, in 1845, at Hillsboro ; in 1847 was elected County Recorder of Montgomery County, and, in 1848, to the Six- teenth General Assemblj', serving one term. Later he was elected Coimty Judge of Montgom- ery County, was Master in Chancery from 1853 to 1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the Eighteenth Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and again in 1867. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the election of the latter year, was chosen Repre- sentative in the Forty-second Congress as a Democrat. Died, April 16, 1888. RICE, John B., theatrical manager. Mayor of Chicago, and Congressman, was born at Easton, Md., in 1809. By profession he was an actor, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, built and opened there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected in 1867. He was also prominent in the early stages of the Civil War in the measures taken to raise troops in Chicago. In 1872 he was elected to the Forty-third Congress as a Republican, but, before the expiration of his term, died, at Nor- folk, Va., on Dec. 6, 1874. At a special election to fill tlie vacancy, Bernard G. Caullield was chosen to succeed him. RICHARDSON, William A., lawyer and poli- tician, born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11, 1811, was educated at Transylvania University, came to the bar at 19, and settled in Schuj-ler County, 111., becoming State's Attorney in 1835; was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature in 1836, to the Senate in 1838, and to the House again in 1844, from Adams County — the latter year being also chosen Presidential Elector on the Polk and Dallas ticket, and, at the succeeding session of the General Assembly, serving as Speaker of the House. He entered the Jlexican War as Captain, and won a Majority through gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856 (when he resigned to become a candidate for Governor), he was a Democratic Representative in Congress from the Quincy District; re-entered Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was cliosen United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention of 1868, but after that retired to private life, acting, for a short time, as editor of "The Quincj- Herald." Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875. RICHLAND COrXTY, situated in the south- east ([uarter of the State, and h;is an area of 380 square miles. It was organized from Edwards County in 1841. Among the early pioneers may be mentioned the Evans brothers. Thaddeus HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 451. Morehouse, Hugh Calhoun and son, Thomas Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long, James Gilmore and Elijah Nelson. In 1820 there were but thirty families in the district. The first frame houses — the Nelson and More- house homesteads — were built in 1831, and, some years later, James Laws erected the first brick house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but, in 1825, a store was opened at Stringtown by Jacob 5Iay ; and the same year the first school was opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Chaun- cey. The first church was erected by the Baii- tists in 1822, and services were conducted by WilUam Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time the mails were carried on liorseback bj' Louis and James Beard, but, in 1824. Mills and AVhet- sell established a line of four-horse stages. The principal road, known as the "trace road," lead- ing from Louisville to Cahokia, followed a buffalo and Indian trail about where the main street of Olney now is. Olney was selected as the county-seat upon tlie organization of the county, and a Mr. Lilly built tlie first house there. The chief branches of industry followed by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruit- growing. Population (1880), 15,545; (1890), 15,019; (1900), 16,391; (1910). 15,970. RICHMOND, a \-illage of McHenry County, on the Chicago & North Western R R.. 60 miles north- west of Chicago ; a grain and li ve-stock region ; has a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 554. RIDGE FARM, a \-iliage of Vermilion County, at junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail- roads, 174 miles northeast of St. Louis; has electric light plant, planing mill, elevators, bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 933; (1910), 967. RIDGELY, Charles, manufacturer and capi- talist, born in Springfield, III.. Jan. IT, 183G; was educated in private schools and at Illinois Col- lege ; after leaving college spent some time as a clerk in his father's bank at Springfield, finally becoming a member of the firm and successively Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but later was affiliated with the Republican party. About 1872 he became identified with the Si)ring- field Iron Company, of which he served as President for many years; had also been President of the Co.i- solidated Coal Company of St. Louis and, for some time, was a Director of the Wabash Railroad. Mr. Ridgely served some time as a Trustee of Illinois College. Died Aug. 11, 1910. RIDGELY, Mrholas n., early banker, was bom in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1800; after leaving scliool was engaged, for a time, in the dry -goods trade, but. in 1829. came to St. Louis to assume a clerkship in the branch of the United States Bank just organized there. In 1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was established at Springfield, and Mr. Ridgely became its cashier, and, when it went into liqui- dation, was appointed one of the trustees to wind up its affairs. He subsequently became Presi- dent of the Clark's Exchange Bank in that city, but this having gone into liquidation a few years later, he went into the private banking business as head of the "Ridgely Bank," which, in 1866, became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the strongest financial institutions in the State out- side of Chicago. After the collapse of the inter- nal improvement scheme, Sir. Ridgely became one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system extending from the Illinois river to Springfield), when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying therefor §21,100. He was also one of the Spring- field bankers to tender a loan to the State at the beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of the builders and principal owner of the Springfield gas-light system. His business career was an eminently successful one, leaving an estate at Ids death, Jan. 31, 1888. valued at over ^2,000,000. RIDGWAY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 12 miles northwest of Shawneetown; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 1,0.54. RIDGWAY, Thomas S., merchant, banker and politician, was born at Carmi, 111., August 30, 1826. His father having died when he was but 4 years old and his mother when he was 14, his education was largely acquired through contact with the world, apart from such as he received from his mother and during a year's attendance at a private school. When he was 6 years of age the family removed to Shawneetown, where he ever afterwards made his home. In 1845 lie em- barked in business as a merchant, and the firm of Peeples & Ridgway soon became one of the most prominent in Southern Illinois. In 1865 the partners closed out their business and organized the first National Bank of Shawneetown, of which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875, Mr. Riilgway was Presiiient. He was one of the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois South- eastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to 1874, served as its President. He was an ardent and active Republican, and served as a delegate 452 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEUIA OF 11.LINOIS. to every State and National Convention of his party from 1868 to 1896. In 1874 he was elected State Treasurer, the candidate for Superintendent of Public Instruction on the same ticket being defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccess- ful candidate for his party's nomination for Gov- ernor. Three times he consented to lead the forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate for Congress from an impregnably Democratic stronghold. For several years he was a Director of the MoCormick Theological Seminary, at Chi- cago, and, for nineteen j-ears, was a Trustee of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- dale, resigning in 1893. Died, at Shawneetown, Nov. 17, 1897. RIGGS, James M., ex-Congressman, was born in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, w-liere he received a common school education, supple- mented by a partial collegiate course. He is a practicing lawyer of Winchester. In 1864 he was elected Sheriff, serving two years. In 1871-72 he represented Scott County in the lower house of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and was State's Attorney from 1873 to 1876. In 1883, and again in 1884, he was the successful Democratic candidate for Congress in the Twelfth Illinois District. RIGGS, Scott, pioneer, was born in North Carolina about 1790; removed to Crawford County, 111, early in 1815, and represented that county in the First General Assembly (1818-20). In 1825 he removed to Scott County, where lie continued to reside until hisdeatli, Feb. 24, 1872. RIXAKER, John I., lawyer and Congressman, born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 18, 1830. Left an orphan at an early age, he came to Illinois in 1836, and, for several years, lived on farms in Sangamon and Morgan Counties: was educated at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, graduating from the latter in 1851 ; in 1853 began reading law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. In August, 1862, he recruited the One Hundred and Twenty-seconu Illinois Volunteers, of wliich he was commis- sioned Colonel. Four months later he was wounded in battle, but served witli his regiment through the war, and was brevetted Brigadier- General at its close. Returning from the war he resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- ville. Since 1858 he has been an active Repub- lican; has twice (1872 and '76) served his party as a Presidential Elector^the latter year for the State at-large — and, in 1874, accepted a notuina- tion for Congress against William R. Morrison, largely reducing the normal Democratic major- ity. At the State Republican Convention of 1880 he was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidat^i for the Republican nomination for Governor, t 1894 he made the race as the Republican candi- date for Congress in the Sixteenth District and, although his opponent was awarded the certifi- cate of election, on a bare majority of 60 votes on the face of the returns, a re-count, ordered by the Fifty-fourth Congress, showed a majority for General Rinaker, and he was seated near the close of the first session. He was a candidate for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly Democratic District. RIPLEY, Edward Payson, Railway President, %vas born in Dorchester (now a part of Boston), Mass., Oct. 30, 1845, being related, on his mother's side, to the distinguished author. Dr. Edward Payson. After receiving his education in the high school of his native place, at the age of 17 he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk in a wholesale dry-goods establishment in Boston. About the time he became of age, he entered into the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a clerk in the freight department in the Boston oflSee, but, a few years later.assumed a responsible position in connection with the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy line, finally becoming General Agent for the business of that road east of Buffalo, though retaining his headquarters at Boston. In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept the position of General Freight Agent of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy System, with which he remained twelve years, serving successively as General Traffic Manager and General Manager, until June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become Third Vice-President of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. This relation was continued until Jan. 1, 1896, when Mr. Ripley accepted the Presidency of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, wliich (1899) lie now holds. Mr. Ripley was a prominent factor in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exjxisition at Chicago, and, in Aiiril, 1891, was chosen one of the Directors of the Ex])osition, serving on the Executive Committee ami the Committee of Ways and Means and Transportation, being Chair- man of the latter. RIVERSIDE, a suburban town on the Des Plaines River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 11 miles west of Chicago; has handsome parks, several churches, a bank, two local papers and numerous fine residences. Pop. (1S90), 1,000; (1900), 1,551; (1910), 1,702. RIVERTON, a village in Clear Creek Town- ship, Sangamon County, at the crossing of tha HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 453 SVabash Railroad over the Sangamon River, 6'/2 miles east-northeast of Springfield. It has four churches, a nursery, and two coal mines Popu- lation (ISSO), 705; (1S90), 1,127; (1900), 1,511; (1910), 1,911. RITES, John Cook, early banker and journal- ist, was born in Franklin County, Va., May 24, 1795; in 1806 removed to Kentucky, where he grew up under care of an uncle, Samuel Casey. He received a good education and was a man of high character and attractive manners. In his early manhood he came to Illinois, and was con- nected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to Shawneetown and held a position in the bank there; also studied law and was admitted to practice. FinaUy, having accepted a clerkship in the Fourth Auditor's Office in Washington, he removed to that city, and, in 1830, became associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the establishment of "The Congressional Globe" (the predecessor of "The Congressional Record"), of which he finally became sole proprietor, so remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair, althougli a native of Virginia and a life-long Democrat, he was intensely loyal, and contrib- uted liberally of his means for the equipment of soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for the support of their families, during the Civil War. His expenditures for these objects have been estimated at some §30,000. Died, in Prince George's County, Md., April 10, 1864. R0.4.N0KE, a village of Woodford County, on the Atchison, Topeka . SCHWATKA, Frederick, Arctic explorer, was born at Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849; graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1871, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877, meantime studying law and medicine, being admitted to the bar in 187,5, and graduating in medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by reports of traces of Sir John Franklin's expedi- tion, found by the Esquimaux, he obtained leave of absence in 1878, and, with VVm. H. Gilder as second in command, sailed from New York in the "Eothen," June 19, for King William's Land. The party returned, Sept. 23, 1880, having found and buried the skeletons of many of Franklin's party, besides discovering relics which tended to clear up the mystery of their fate. During this period he made a sledge journey of 3,251 miles. Again, in 1883, he headed an exploring expedition up the Yukon River. After a brief return to army duty he tendered his resignation in 188,5, and the next year led a special expedition to Alaska, under the auspices of "The New York Times," later making a vojage of discovery among the Aleutian Islands. In 1889 he con- ducted an expedition to Northern Mexico, where he found many interesting relics of Aztec civili- zation and of the cliff and cave-dwellers. He received the Roquette Arctic Medal from the Geographical Society of Paris, and a medal from the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia ; also published several volumes relating to his re- searches, under the titles, "Along Alaska's Great River"; "The Franklin Search Under Lieutenant Schwatka"; "Nimrod of the North"; and "Children of the Cold." Died, at Portland, Ore., Nov. 2, 1892. SCOTT, JameH W., journalist, was born in Walworth County, Wis., June 26, 1849, the son of a printer, editor and publisher. While a boy he accompanied his father to Galena, where the latter established a newspaper, and where he learned the printer's trade. After graduating from tiie Galena high school, he entered Beloit College, but left at the end of his sophomore year. Going to NewYork, he became interested in flori- culture, at the same time contributing short articles to horticultural periodicals. Later he was a compositor in Washington. His first news- paper venture was the publication of a weeklj' newspaper in Maryland in 1872. Returning to Illinois, conjointly with his father he started "The Industrial Press" at Galena, but, in 1875, removed to Chicago. There he purchased "The Daily National Hotel Reporter," from which he withdrew a few years later. In May, 1881, in conjunction with others, he organized The Chi- cago Herald Company, in which he ultimately secured a controlling interest. His journalistic and executive capability .soon brought additional responsibilities. He was chosen President of the American Ne%v.spaper Publishers' As.sociation, of the Chicago Press Club, and of the United Press — the latter being an organization for the collec- tion and dissemination of telegraphic news to journals throughout the United States and Can- ada. He was also conspicuously connected with the preliminary organization of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Press Committee. In 1893 he started an evening paper at Chicago, which he named "The Post." Early in 1895 he purchased "The Chicago Times," intending to consolidate it with "The Herald," but before the final consummation of his plans, he died suddenly, while on a business visit in New York, April 14, 1895. SCOTT, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born in St. Clair County, 111., August 1, 1824; his father being of Scotch-Irish descent and his mother a Virginian. His attendance upon dis- trict schools was supplemented by private tuition, and his early education was the best that the comparatively new countrj' afforded. He read law at Belleville, was admitted to the bar in 1848, removed to McLean County, which con- tinued to be his home for nearly fifty j-ears. He served as County School Commissioner from 1849 to 18,52, and. in the latter j-ear. waselected County Judge. In 18.50 he was an unsuccessful Repub- lican candidate for the State Senate, frequently speaking from the same platform with Abraham Lincoln. In 1862 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, to succeed David Davis on the elevation of the latter to the bench of the United States Supreme Court, and was re-elected in 1867, In 1870, a new judicial election being rendered nece,ssary by the adoption of the new Constitution, Judge Scott was chosen Justice of the Supreme Court 472 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. for a term of nine years; was re-elected in 1879, but declined a renomination in 1888. The latter years of his life were devoted to his private affairs. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 31. 1898. Shortly before his death Judge Scott published a volume containing a History of the Illinois Supreme Court, including brief sketches of the early occupants of the Supreme Court bench and early lawyers of the State. SCOTT, Matthew Thompson, agriculturist and real-estate operator, was born at Lexington, Ky., Feb. 24, 1828; graduated at Centre College in 1846, then spent several years looking after his father's landed interests in Ohio, when he came to Illinois and invested largely in lands for him- self and others. He laid out the town of Chenoa in 1856; lived in Springfield in 1870-72, when he removed to Bloomington, where he organized the McLean County Coal Company, remaining as its head until his death; was also the founder of "The Bloomington Bulletin," in 1878. Died, at Bloomington, May 21, 1891. SCOTT, Owen, journalist and ex-Congressman, was born in Jackson Township, Effingham County, 111., July 6, 1848, reared on a farm, and, after receiving a thorough common-school edu- cation, became a teacher, and was, for eight years. Superintendent of Schools for his native county. In January, 1874, he was admitted to the bar, but abandoned practice, ten years later, to engage in newspaper work. His first publi- cation was "The Effingham Democrat." which he left to become proprietor and manager of "The Bloomington Bulletin." He was also publisher of "The Illinois Freemason," a monthly periodi- cal. Before removing to Bloomington he filled the offices of City Attorney and Mayor of Effing- ham, and also served as Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue. In 1890 he was elected as a Democrat from the Fourteenth Illinois District to the Fifty-second Congress. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by his Republican opponent. Benjamin F. Funk. Dur- ing the past few years, Mr. Scott has been editor of "The Bloomington Leader." SCOTT COUNTY, lies in the western part of the State adjoining the Illinois River, and has an area of 252 square miles. The region was origi- nally owned by the Kickapoo Indians, who ceded it to the Government by the treaty of Edwardsville, Juh' 30, 1819. Six months later (in January, 1820) a party of Kentuckians settled near Lynnville (now in Morgan County), their names being Thomas Stevens, James Scott, Alfred Miller, Thomas Allen, John Scott and Adam Miller. Allen erected the first house in the county, John Scott the second and Adam Miller the third. About the same time came Stephen M. Umpstead, whose wife was the first white woman in the county. Other pioneers were Jedediah Webster, Stephen Pierce, Joseph Dens- more, Jesse Roberts, and Samuel Bogard. The country was rough and the conveniences of civi- lization few and remote. Settlers took their corn to Edwardsville to be ground, and went to Alton for their mail. Turbulence early showed itself, and, in 1822, a band of "Regulators" was organized from the best citizens, who meted out a rough and ready sort of justice, until 1830, occasionally shooting a desperado at his cabin door. Scott County was cut off from ilorgan and organized in 1839. It contains good farming land, much of it being originally timbered, and it is well watered by the Illinois River and numeroiis small streams. Winchester is the county-seat. Population of the county (1880), 10,741; (1890), 10,304; (1900). 10,455; (liUdi, l(l,0(i7. SCRIPPS, John L., journalist, was born near Cape Girardeau, Mo., Feb. 18, 1818; was taken to Rushville, 111., in childhood, and educated at McKendree College; studied law and came to Chicago in 1847, with the intention of practicing, but, a year or so later, bought a third interest in "The Chicago Tribune," which had been estab- lished during the previous year. In 1852 he withdrew from "The Tribune," and, in conjunc- tion with William Bross (afterwards Lieuten- ant-Governor), established "The Daily Demo- cratic Press," which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in July, 1858, under the name of "The Press and Tribune," Mr. Scripps remaining one of the editors of the new concern. In 1861 he was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, .serving until 1865, when, having sold his interest in "The Tribune," he engaged in the banking business as a member of the firm of Scripps, Preston & Kean. His health, however, soon showed signs of failure, and he died, Sept. 21, 1866, at Minneapolis, Minn. . whither he had gone in hopes of restoration. Mr. Scripps was a finished and able writer who did much to elevate the standard of Chicago journalism. SCROGGS, George, journalist, was born at Wilmington. Chnton, County. Oliio, Oct. 7, 1842 — the son of Dr. John W. Scroggs, who came to Champaign County, 111., in 1851, and, in 1858, took charge of "The Central Illinois Gazette. " In 186()-67 Dr. Scroggs was active in securing the location of the State University at Champaign, afterwards serving as a member of the first Board HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 473 of Trvistees of that institution. The son, at the age of 15, became an apprentice in his father's printing olKce, continuing until 1863, when he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Twenty-tiftli Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being promoted through the positions of Sergeant-Major and Second Lieutenant, and finally serving on the staffs of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis and Gen. James D. Morgan, but decUning a commission as Adju- tant of the Sixtieth Illinois. He particijjated in the battles of Perrj-ville, Chickamauga, Slission Ridge and the march with Sherman to the sea. in the latter being severely wounded at Bentonville, N. C. He remained in the service until July, 1865. when he resigned ; then entered the Uni- versity at Champaign, later studied law, mean- while writing for "The Champaign Gazette and Union," of which he finally became sole propri- etor. In 1877 he was appointed an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Governor Cullom, and, the follow- ing year, was elected to the Thirty-first General Assembly, but, before the close of the session (1879). received the appointment of United States Consul to Hamburg. Germany. He was com- pelled to surrender this position, a year later, on account of ill-health, and, returning home, died, Oct. 15, 1880, SEATONVILLE, a village in Hall Township, Bureau County. Pop. (1900), 909; (1910), 1,370. SECRETARIES OF STATE. The following is a list of the Secretaries of State of Illinois from its admission into the Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each incumbent : Elias Kent Kane, 1818-22; Samuel D. Lockwood, 1823-33; David Blackwell, 1823-24; Morris Birkbeck, October, 1824 to January, 1825 (failed of confirmation by the Senate) ; George Forquer, 1835-28; Alexander Pope Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41 (served three months — resigned to take a seat on the Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull, 1841-43; Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley, 1846-.50; David L. Gregg, 1850-.53; Alexander Starne, 1853-57; Ozias M. Hatch, 18.j7-65; Sharon Tyndale, 1865-69; Edward Rummel, 1869-73; George H. Harlow, 1873-81; Henry D. Dement, 1881-89; Isaac N. Pearson, 1889-93; William H. Hinrichsen, 1893-97; James A. Rose, 1897 . Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816. and the latter from 1810 to 1818. Under the first Con- stitution (1818) the office of the Secretary of State was filled by appointment by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, but without limitation as to term of office. By the Constitution of 1848, and again by that of 1870, that officer was made elective by the people at the same time as the Governor, for a term of four years. SECRET TREASONABLE SOCIETIES. Early in the War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at various points in the Northwest, organizations of persons disaffected toward the National Govern- ment. They were most numerous in Ohio, Indi- ana, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. At first they were known by such titles as "Circles of Honor," "Mutual Protective Associations," etc. But they had kindred aims and their members were soon united in one organization, styled "Knights of the Golden Circle." Its secrets having been partially disclosed, this body ceased to exist — or, it would be more correct to say, changed its name — being soon succeeded (1868) by an organization of similar character, called the "American Knights." These societies, as first formed, were rather political than military. The "American Knights" had more forcible aims, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the order was re organized under the name of "Sons of Liberty." The last named order started in Indiana, and, owing to its more perfect organi- zation, rapidly spread over the Northwest, acquiring much more strength and influence than its predecessors had done. The ultimate author- ity of the organization was vested in a Supreme Council, whose officers were a "supreme com- mander, " "secretary of state, "and "treasurer." Each State represented formed a division, under a ' 'deputy grand commander. '" States were divided into military districts, under "major-generals." County lodges were termed "temples." The order was virtually an officered army, and its aims were aggressive. It had its commander-in- chief, its brigades and its regiments. Three degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy taken at each initiation surpassed, in binding force, either the oath of allegiance or an oath taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive policy by the Government in dealing with seces- sion, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its methods and purposes were to discourage enlist- ments and resist a draft; to aid and protect deserters; to disseminate treasonable literature; to aid the Confederates in destroying Government projierty. Clement L. Vallandigham, the expat- riated traitor, was at its head, and, in 1864, claimed that it had a numerical strength of 400,- 000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois. Many overt 474 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. acts were committed, but the organization, hav- ing been exposed and defeated in its objects, dis- banded in 186.5. (See Camp Douglas Consj^iraeij. ) SELBY, PanI, editor, was born in Picliaway County, Ohio, July 20, 1825; removed with his parents, in 1837, to Van Buren County, Iowa, but, at the age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, where he spent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison County. In 1848 he entered the preparatory department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, but left the institution during his junior year to assume the editorship of 'The Morgan Journal," at Jacksonville, with which he remained until tlie fall of 18.58, covering the period of the organization of the Republican party, in which "The Journal" took an active part. He was a member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known as Republican) State Convention, which met at Springfield, in October, 18.54 (the fir.stever held in tlie State), and, on Feb. 22, 18.:'6, attended and presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a line of policy for the newly organizing Repub- lican party. (See Anti-Xebraska Editorial Convention.) This body appointed the first Republican State Central Committee and desig- nated the date of the Bloomingtou Convention of Slay 29, following, whicli put in nomination the first Republican State ticket ever named in Illinois, which ticket was elected in the following November (See Bloomingtou Convention.) In 18.59 he prepared a pamphlet giving a history of the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, whicli was widely circulated. (See Canal Sa-i}} Fraud.) Going South in the fall of 1859, he was engaged in teaching in the State of Louisiana until the last of June, 1861. Just two weeks before the fall of Fort Sumter he was denounced to his Southern neighbors as an "abolitionist" and falsely charged with having been connected with the "underground railroad," in letters from secession sympathizers in the North, whose per- sonal and political enmity he liad incurred while conducting a Republican paper in Illinois, some of whom referred to Jefferson Davis, Senator Slidell, of Louisiana, and other Southern leaders as vouchers for their characters. He at once invited an investigation by tlie Board of Trus- tees of the institution, of whicli he was the Principal, when that body — although composed, for the most part, of Southern men — on the basis of testimonials from prominent citizens of Jack- sonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions declaring the charges prompted by personal hos- tility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into his hands. Returning North with his family in July, 1861, he spent some nine months in the com- missary and transportation branches of the ser- vice at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. In July, 1802, he became associate editor of "The Illinois State Journal" at Springfield, remaining until Novem- ber, 1865. The next six months were spent as Assistant Deputy Collector in the Custom House at New Orleans, but, returning North in June, 1866, he soon after became identified with the Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The Evening Journal" and, later, on "The Repub- lican." In May, 1868. he assumed the editorship of "The Quinc}' Whig," ultimately becoming part proprietor of that paper, but, in January, 1874, resumed his old place on "Tlie State Jour- nal," four years later becoming one of its propri- etors. In 1880 he was appointed by President Hayes Postmaster of .Springfield, was reappointed by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1886. Mean- while he had sold his interest in "The Journal," but the following year organized a new company for its purchase, when he resumed his former position as editor. In 1889 he disposed of his holding in "The Journal," finally removing to Chicago, where he has been employed in literary work. In all he has been engaged in editorial work over thirty-five years, of which eighteen were .spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860 Mr. Selby was complimented by his Alma Mater with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Spring- field, who died in November, 1865, leaving two daughters, and, in 1870, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitch- cock, of Quincy, bj- whom he liad two children, both of wliora died in infancy. SEMPLE, James, United States Senator, was born in Green County, Ky. , Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch descent ; after learning the tanner's trade, studied law and emigrated to Illinois in 181S, removing to Missouri four years later, wliere lie was ad- mitted to the bar. Returning to Illinois in 1828, he began practice at Edwardsville. but later became a citizen of Alton. During the Black Hawk War he served as Brigadier-General. He was thrice elected to the lower house of the Legislature (1832, "34 and '36), an;i was Speaker during the last two terms. In 1833 he was elected Attorney General by the Legislature, but served only until the following j-ear. and, in 1837, was appointed Minister to Granada, South America. In 1813 he was appointed, and after- wards elected. United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Samuel McRoberts, at the expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 475 life. He laid out the town of Elsah, in Jersey County, just south of wliich he owned a large estate on the Jlississippi bluffs, where he died, Dec. 20, 18G6. SENECA (formerly Crotty). a village of La Salle County, situated on the Illinois River, the Illinois & Micliigan Canal and the Chicago, Rook Island i Pacific and the "Big Four'' Raihvay.s, 18 miles east of Ottawa; has a bank, some manufac- tures, coal mines, and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,0.36: (1910), 1,005. SESSER, a ^-illage (incorp. 1906) in coal mining district in Franklin County. Pop. (1910), 1,292. SENN, (Dr.) Nicholas, physican and surgeon, was born in the Canton of St. Gaul, Switzerland, Oct. 31, 1841; was brought to America at 8 years of age. his parents settling at Washington. AVis. He received a grammar school education at Fond du Lac, and, in 1804, began the study of medi- cine, graduating at the Chicago Medical College in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as resident physician in the Cook County Hospital, he began practice at Ashford, Wis., but removed to Milwaukee in 1874, where he became attending physician of the Milwaukee Hospital. In 18TT he visited Europe, graduated the following year from the University of Munich, and, on his return, became Professor of the Principles of Surgery and Surgical Pathology in Rush Medical College in Chicago — also has held the chair of the Prac- tice of Surgery in the same institution. Dr. Senn has achieved great success and won an international reputation in the treatment of difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the author of a number of volumes on different branches of surgery which are recognized as standard authorities. A few j-ears ago he pur- chased the extensive library of the late Dr. Will- iam Baum, Professor of Surgery in the University of Gottingen, which he presented to the New- berry Library of Chicago. In 1893, Dr. Senn was appointed Surgeon-General of the Illinois National Guard, and has also been President of the Association of Military Surgeons of the National Guard of the United States, besides being identified with various other medical bodies. Soon after the beginning of the Si)anish- American War, he was appointed, by President McKinley, a Surgeon of Volunteers with the rank of Colonel, and rendered most efficient servico in the military' branch at Camp Chickamauga and in the Santiago campaign. Died Jan. 2, 190S. SEXTON, (Col.) James A., Commander-in- Chief of Grand Army of the Repulilic, was born in the city of Chicago, Jan. 5, 1844; in April, 18G1, being then only a little over 17, enlisted as a private soldier under the first call for troops issued by President Lincoln ; at the close of his term was appointed a Sergeant, with authority to recruit a company which afterwards was attached to the Fifty-first Volunteer Infantry. Later, he was transferred to the Sixty-seventh with the rank of Lieutenant, and, a few months after, to the Seventy-second with a commission as Captain of Companj- D, which he had recruited. As com- mander of liis regiment, then constituting a part of the Seventeenth Army Corps, he participated in the battles of Columbia, Duck Creek, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville, and in the Nash- ville campaign. Both at Nashville and Franklin he was wounded, and again, at Spanish Fort, by a piece of shell which broke liis leg. His regiment took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes, and, while it went out 967 strong in officers and men, it returned with onlj- 332, all told, although it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known as "The boy Captain," being only 18 years old when he received liis first commission, and 21 when, after participating in the Mobile cam- paign, he was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. A fter the clo.se of the war he engaged in planting in the South, purchasing a plantation in Lowndes County, Ala., but, in 1867, returned to Chicago, where he became a member of the firm of Cribben, Sexton & Co., stove manufacturers, from which he retired in 1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District, and, in 1889, wasappointed, by President Harrison, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving over five years. In 1888 he was chosen Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the State of Illinois, and. ten years later, to the position of Comm.ander-in-Claief of the order, which he held at the time of his death. He had also been, for a number of years, one of the Trus- tees of the Soldiers" and Sailors' Home at Quincy, and, during most of the time. President of the Board. Towards the close of the year 1898, he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Commission to investigate the conduct of the .Spanish-American War. but, before the Com- mission had concluded its labors, was taken with "the grip," which developed into pneumonia, from which he died in Washington, Feb. ft, 1899. SEYMOrU, (Jporge Franklin, Protestant Epis- copal Bishop, was born in New York Citj', Jan. >5, 1829; graduated from Columbia College in 1850, and from the General Theological Seminary (New York) in 1854. He received both minor 476 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and major orders at the hands of Bishop Potter, being made deacon in 185-t and ordained priest in 1855. For several years he was engaged in mis- sionary work. During this period he was promi- nently identified with the founding of St. Stephen's College. After serving as rector in various parishes, in 1865 he was made Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Semi- nary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of the institution, still retaining his professorship. Racine College conferred upon him the degree of S.T.D., in 1867, and Columbia that of LL.D. in 1878. In 1874 he was elected Bishop of Illinois, but failed of confirmation in tlie House of Depu- ties. Upon the erection of the new diocese of Springfield (1877) he accepted and was conse- crated Bishop at Trinity Church, N. Y., June 11, 1878. He was a prominent member of the Third Pan- Anglican Council (London, 1885), and has done much to foster the growth and extend the influence of liis church in his diocese. SHABBONA, a village of De Kalb County, on the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 35 miles west of Aurora. Pop. (1900), 587; (1910), 591. SHABONA (or Shabbona). an Ottawa Chief, was born near the Maumee River, in Ohio, about 1775, and served under Tecumseh from 1807 to the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell (see Saugtmash) to the homes of the Pottawato- mies and other tribes within the present limits of Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-oper- ation in driving the white settlers out of the country. At tlie battle of the Thames, he was by the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he and Caldwell, losing faith in their British allies, soon after submitted to the United States tlirough General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed to Black Hawk in 1833. and did much to thwart the plans of the latter and aid the whites. Hav- ing married a daughter of a Pottawatomie chief, who had a village on the Illinois River east of the present city of Ottawa, he lived there for some time, but finally removed 25 miles north to Shabona's Grove in De Kalb County. Here he remained till 1837, when he removed to Western Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a reservation near by, hostilities began between them, in which a son and nephew of Shabona were killed. He finally returned to his old home in Illinois, but found it occupied by whites, who drove him from the grove that bore his name. Some friends then bouglit for him twenty acres of land on Mazon Creek, near Morris, where he died, July 27, 1859. He is described as a noble specimen of his race. A life of him has been published by N. Matson (Chicago, 1878). SHANNON, a village of Carroll County, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 18 miles southwest of Freeport. It is an important trade center, has a bank and one newspaper. Popu- lation (1900), 678; (1910), 633. SHAW, Aaron, former Congressman, born in Orange County, N. Y., in 1811; was educated at the Montgomery Academy, studied law and was admitted to tlie bar at Goshen in that State. In 1833 he removed to Lawrence County, 111. He has held various important public offices. He was a member of the first Internal Improvement Convention of the State; was chosen State's Attorney by the Legislature, in which body he served two terms ; served four years as Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit; was elected to the Thirt)^ fifth Congress in 1856, and to the Forty-eighth in 1882, as a Democrat. SHAW, James, lawyer, jurist, was born in Ire- land. May 3, 1832, brought to this countrj' in in- fancy and gi-ew up on a farm in Cass County, 111. ; graduated from Illinois College in 1857, and, after admission to the bar, began practice at Mount Carroll. In 1870 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, being re-elected in 1872, '76 and '78. He was Speaker of the House during the session of 1877, and one of the Republican leaders on tlie floor during tlie suc- ceeding session. In 1872 he was chosen a Presi- dential Elector, and, in 1891, to a seat on the Circuit bench from tlie Thirteenth Circuit, and, in 1897 was re-elected for the Fifteenth Circuit. SHAWNEETOWN, a city and the county-seat of Gallatin County, on the Ohio River 120 miles from its mouth and at the terminus of the Shaw- neetowu Divisions of the Baltimore & OhioSouth- western and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads; is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been laid out in 1808, and noted for the number of prominent men who resided there at an early day. Coal is extensively mined in that section, and Shawneetown is one of the largest shipping points for lumber, coal and farm products between Cairo and LouisviUe, navigation being open the year round. Some manufacturing is done here; the city has several mills, a foundry and machine sliop, two or three banks, several churches, good schools and two weekly papers. Since the disastrous floods of 1884 and 1898. Shaw- neetovm has reconstructed its levee system on a, substantial scale, which is now believed to furnish HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 477 ample protection against the recurrence of similar disaster. Pop. (1900), l.GtlS: (lOlO), 1.803. SHEAHAX, James W., journalist, was born in Baltimore. Mil., spent his early life, after reaching manhood, in Washington City as a Congressional Reporter, and, in 1847. reported the proceedings of the Illinois State Con-stitutional Convetition at Springfield. Through tlie influence of Senator Douglas he was induced, in is.")4, to accept the editorship of '"The Young America" new.spaper at Chicago, which was soon after changed to "The Chicago Times." Here he remained until the fall of 1860, when, "The Times" having been sold and consolidated with "The Herald," a Buchanan-Breckenridge organ, he established a new paper called "The Morning Post." This lie made representative of the views of the "War Democrats" as against "The Times," which was opposed to the war. In Slay, 1865, he sold the plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago Republican" — now "Inter Ocean." A few months later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago Tribune," which he retained until his death, June 17, 1883. SHEFFIELD, a prosperous village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 44 miles east of Rock Island; has valu- able coal mines, a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,26.5; (1910), 1,009. SHELBY COUNTY, lies south of the center of the State, and contains an area of 760 square miles. The tide of immigration to this county -was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina, although later it began to set in from the Northern States. The first cabin in the county was built by Simeon Wakefield on what is now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold Spring. Joseph Daniel was the earliest settler in what is now Shelbyville, pre-empting ten acres, which he soon afterward sold to Joseph Oliver, the pioneer merchant of the county, and father of the first white child born within its limits. Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield, Levi Casey and Samuel Hall. In lieu of hats the early settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin, with the tails dangling at the backs, and he was regarded as well dressed who boasted a fringed buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins. The count}' was formed in 1827, and Shelbj'ville made the county-seat. Both county and town are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Ken- tucky. County Judge Joseph Oliver held the first court in the cabin of Barnett Bone, and Judge Theophilus W. Smith presided over the first Circuit Court in 1828. Coal is abundant, and limestone and sandstone are also found. The surface is somewhat rolling and well wooded. The Little Wabash and Kaskaskia Rivers flow through the central and southeastern portions. The county lies in the very he&rt of the great corn belt of the State, and has excellent transpor- tation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of railway. Population (1880). 30,270; (1890), 31,- 191; (1900). 32,126; (1910), 31.693. SHELBYVILLE, the county-seat and an ineor- porated city of Shelby County, on the Kaskaskia River and two lines of railway, 32 miles southeast of Decatur. Agriculture is carried on exten- sively, and there is considerable coal mining in the immediate vicinity. The city has two flour- ing mills, a handle factory, a creamery, one National and one State bank, one daily and three weekly papers and one monthly periodical, an Orphans' Home, ten churches, two gradeii schools, and a public library. Population (1890), 3,162; (1900), 3,546; (1910), 3,590. SHELDON, a \-illage of Iroquois County, at the intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo, Peoria & \\'cstern Rail- ways, 9 miles east of Watseka; has two banks and a newspaper. The region is agricultural. Pop. (1890), 910; (1900), 1,103; (1910), 1,143. SHELDON, Benjamin R., jurist, was born in Mas.sachusetts in 1813, gi-aduated from Williams College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law School, and was admitted to practice in 1836. Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at Hennepin, Putnam County, but soon removed to Galena, and finally to Rockford. In 1848 he was elected Circuit Judge of the Sixth Circuit, which afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was re- elected in 1879, but retired in 1888, being suc- ceeded by the late Justice Bailey. Died, April 13, 1897. SHEPPARD, Nathan, author and lecturer, was born in Baltimore. Md., Nov. 9, 1834; graduated at Rochester Theological Seminary in 18ii9; dur- ing the Civil War was special correspondent of "The New York World" and "The Chicago Jour- nal" and "Tribune," and, during the Franco- German War, of "The Cincinnati Gazette;" also served as special American correspondent of "The London Times," and was a contributor to "Frazer's Magazine" and "Temple Bar." In 1873 he became a lecturer on Modern English Liter- ature and Rhetoric in Chicago University and, 478 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. four years later, accepted a similar position in Allegheny College; also spent four years in Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1884 he founded the "Athenaeum'" at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., of which he was President until his death, early in 1888. "The Dickens Reader." "Character Head- ings from George Eliot" and "Essays of George Eliot" were among the volumes issued by him between 1881 and 1887. Died in New York City, Jan. 24, 1888. SHERMAN, Alson Smith, early Chicago Mayor, was born at Barre, Vt., April 21, 1811, remaining there until 1836, when he came to Chicago and began business as a contractor and builder. Sev- eral years later he opened the first stone quarries at Lemont, 111. Mr. Sherman spent many years in the service of Chicago as a public official. From 1840 to 1842 he was Captain of a company of militia; for two years served as Chief of the Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in 1842, serving again in 1840. In 1844, he was chosen Mayor, his administration being marked by the first extensive public improvements made in Chicago. After his term as Mayor he did much to secure a better water supply for the city. He was especially interested in promoting common school education, being for several years a member of the City School Board. He was Vice-President of the first Board of Trustees of Nortliwestern University. Retired from active pursuits, Mr. Sherman spent his last >'ears at Wau- kegan, 111., dying Aug. 22, 1903. — Oren (Sherman) brother of the preceding and early Chicago mer- chant, was born at Barre, Vt., March 5, 1816. After spending several years in a mercantile house in Montpelier, Vt. , at the age of twenty he came west, first to New Buffalo, Mich. , and, in 1836, to Chicago, opening a dry-goods store there the next spring. With various jxirtners Mr. Sherman continued in a general mercantile busi- ness until 18r)3, at the same time being exten.sively engaged in the provision trade, one-half the entire transactions in pork in the city passing through Lis hands. Next he engaged in developing stone quarries at Lemont, 111. ; also became extensively interested in the marble business, continuing in this until a few years after the panic of 1873, when he retired in consequence of a shock of paralysis. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 15, 1898. SHERMAN, Elijah IJ., lawyer, was born at Fairfield, Vt., June 18, 1832— his family being distantly related to Roger Slierman, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the late Gan. W. T. Sherman; gained his education in the common schools and at Middlebury College, where he graduated in 1860 ; began teaching, but soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the Union; received a Lieutenant's commission, and served until captured on the eve of the battle at Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp Douglas. Chicago, awaiting exchange. During this jjeriod he commenced reading law and, hav ing resigned his commission, graduated from the law department of Chicago University in 1864 In 1876 he was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Cook County, and re- elected in 1878, and the following year appointed Master in Chancery of the United States District Court., a position which he la.st occupied. Ho had re]5eatedly been called upon to deliver addresses on political, literary and patriotic occasions, one of these being before the alumni of his alma mater, in 1884, when he was comijliniented with the degree of LL.D. Died May 1, 1910. SHIELDS, James), soldier and United States Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated to the United States at the age of sixteen and began the practice of law at Kaskaskia in 1833. He was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he became a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and, in 1845, was made Commissioner of the General Land Office. In July, 1846, he was commissioned Brigadier-General in the Mexican War gaining the brevet of Major-General at Cerro-Gordo, where he was severely wounded. He was again wounded at Chapultepec. and mustered out in 1848. The same year he was appointed Governor of Oregon Territory. In 1849 the Democrats in the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, and he resigned his office in Oregon. In 1856 he removed to Minnesota, and, in 1858, was chosen United States Senator from that State, his term expiring in 1859, when he established a residence in California. At the outbreak of the Civil War (1861) he was superintending a mine in Mexico, but at once hastened to Washington to tender his services to the Governmnet. He was commis- sioned Brigadier-General, and served with dis- tinction imtil March. 1863, when the effect of numerous wounds caused him to resign. He sub- sequently removed to Jlissouri, practicing law at Carrollton and serving in the Legislature of that State in 1874 and 1879. In the latter year he was elected United States Senator to fill out the unex- pired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in office — serving only six weeks, but being the only man in the history ot the country who filled the office of United States Senator from three differ HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 47'J ent States. Died, at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879. SHERII).iX, a \-illage of La Salle County, on C, B. & Q. R. R., Peoria Branch. Pop. (1910)" 506. SHERRARD, a village of Mercer County, a coal mining district. Pop. (1910), 906. SHIPMAX, George E., M.D., physician and philanthropist, born in New York City, Slarch 4, 1820; graduated at the University of New York in 1839, and took a course in the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at Peoria, 111., but, in 1840, located in Chicago, wiiere he assisted in organizing the first Homeopathic Hospital in that city, and, in 1855, was one of the first Trustees of Hahnemann College. In 1871 be established, in Chicago, the Foundlings' Home at his own expense, giving to it the latter years of his Ufe. Died, Jan. 20, 1893. SHOREY, Daniel Lewis, lawyer and pliilan- thropist, was born at Jonesborough, Washington County, Maine, Jan. 31, 1824; educated at Phil- lips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Dartmouth College, graduating from the latter in 1831 ; taught two years in Wasliington City, meanwhile reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane Law School, Cambridge ; was admitted to tlie bar in Boston in 1854, the next year locating at Davenport, Iowa, where he remained ten years. In 1865 he removed to Chicago, where he prose- cuted his profession until 1890, when he retired. Mr. Shorey was prominent in tlie establishment of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the first Library Board; was also a prominent member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a Director in the new University of Chicago and deeply interested in its prosperity. Died, in Chi- cago, March 4, 1899. SHORT, (Rev.) William F., clergyman and educator, was born in Ohio in 1829, brought to Morgan County, 111. , in childhood, and lived upon a farm txntil 20 years of age, when he entered McKendree College, spending his senior year, however, at Wesleyan University, Bloomington, where he graduated in 1854. He had meanwhile accepted a call to the Missouri Conference Semi- nary at Jackson, 5Io. ; where he remained three years, when he returned to Illinois, serving churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a part of the time lieing Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville District. In 1875 he was elected President of Illinois Female College at Jackson- ville, continuing in that position until 1893, when he was appointed Superintendent of the Illinois State Institution for the Blind at the same place, but resigned early in 1897. Dr. Short received the degree of D.D., conferred upon him by Ohio Wesleyan University Died Aug. 29, 1909. SHOUP, George L., United States Senator, was born at Kittanning, Pa., June 15, 1830; came to Illinois in 18.52. his father locating on a stock- farm near Galesburg; in 1859 removed to Colo- rado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile business until 1861, when he enlisted in a com- pany of scouts, being advanced from the rank of First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864. Retiring to private life, he again engaged in mer- cantile and mining business, first in Nevada and then in Idaho; served two terms in the Terri- torial Legislature of the latter, was appointed Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was chosen the first Governor of the State, in October of the same year being elected to the United States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one of the few Western Senators who remained faith- ful to the regular Republican organization, diu-ing the political campaign of 1896. SHOWALTER, John W., jurist, was born in Mason County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some years in Scott County in that State, and was educated in the local schools, at Maysville and Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale Col- lege in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He returned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but, in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the employment of the firm of Moore & Caulfield, with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879 he became a member of the firm of Abbott, Oliver & Sliowalter (later, Oliver & Showalter), where he remained until his appointment as United States Circuit Judge, in Marcli, 1895. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 12, 1898. SHU MAN, Andrew, journalist and Lieutenant- Governor, was born at Manor, Lancaster County, Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. His father dying in 1837, he was reared by an uncle. At the age of 15 he became an apprentice in the office of "The Lan- caster Union and Sentinel." A year later he ac- companied his employer to Auburn. N.Y. .working for two j'ears on "The Daily Advertiser" of that city, then known as Governor Seward's "home organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published and distributed — during his leisure liours — a small weekly paper called "The Auburnian." At the conclusion of liis apprenticeship he was em- ployed, for a year or two, in editing and publish- jujr "The Ca^-uga Chief," a temperance journal. 480 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In 1851 he entered Hamilton College, but, before the completion of his junior year, consented, at the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward, to assume editorial control of "The Syracuse Daily Journal." In July, 1856, he came to Chi- cago, to accept an editorial position on "The Evening Journal" of that city, later becoming editor-in-chief and President of the Journal Com- pany. From 1865 to 1870 (first by executive appointment and afterward by popular election) he was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni- tentiary at Joliet, resigning the office four years before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Repub- lican ticket. Owing to declining health, he abandoned active journalistic work in 1888, dying in Chicago, May 5, 1890. His home during the latter years of his life was at Evanston. Governor Shuman was author of a romance entitled "Loves of a Lawyer," besides numerous addresses before literary, commercial and scien- tific associations. SHUMWAY, Dorice Dwight, merchant, was born at Williamsburg, Worcester County, Mass., Sept. 28, 1813, descended from French Huguenot ancestry; came to Zanosville, Ohio, in 1837, and to Montgomery County, 111., in 1841; married a daughter of Hiram Rountree, an early resident of HiUsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian County ; was engaged for a time in merchandis- ing at Taylorville, but retired in 18.58, thereafter giving his attention to a large landed estate. In 1846 he was chosen Representative in the General Assemblj-, served in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1847, and four years as County Judge of Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870. — Hiram P. (Shumway), eldest son of the preceding, was born in Montgomery County, 111., June, 1843; spent his boyhood on a farm in Christian County and in his father's store at Taylorville ; took an academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercan- tile business ; was Representative in the Twenty- eighth General Assembly and Senator in the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh, afterwards removing to Springfield, where he engaged in the stone business. Died April 30, 1903. SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, an institution located at Upper Alton, and the third estab- lished in Illinois. It was originally incorporated as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special charter which was not accepted, but re-incorpo- rated in 1835, in an "omnibus bill" with Illi- nois and McKendree Colleges. (See Early Col- leges.) Its primal origin was a school at Rock Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824, by Rev. John M. Peck. This became the "Rock Spring Seminary" in 1827, and, about 1831, was united with an academy at Upper Alton. This was the nucleus of "Alton" (afterward "Shurt- leflf") College. As far as its denominational control is concerned, it has always been domi- nated by Baptist influence. Dr. Peck's original idea was to found a school for teaching theologj- and Biblical literature, but this project was at first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis and John Russell were among the first instruc- tors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Shurtleff donated the college §10,000, and the institution was named in his honor. College classes were not organized until 1840, and several years elapsed before a class graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over §126,000, in addition to §125,000 worth of real and personal property. About 355 students were in attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate departments, the college also maintains a theo- logical school. It has a faculty of twenty instructors and is co-educational. SIBLEY, Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was born at Westfield, Mass., in 1818; learned the trade of a whip-maker and afterwards engaged in mer- chandising. In 1843 he began the study of law at Syracuse, N. Y., and, upon admission to the bar, came west, finally settling at Xauvoo, Han- cock County. He maintained a neutral attitude during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offen.se to a section of the community. In 1847 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature, but was elected in 18.50, and re-elected in 1853. In 1853 he removed to Warsaw, and, in 1855, was elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1861, '67 and '73, being assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in 1877. His residence, after 1865, was at Quincy, where he died, June 18, 1897. SIDELL, a village of Vermillion County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Cincinnati, Hamil- ton & Dayton Railroads; has a bank, electric light plant and a newspaper. Pop. (1910), 741. SIDNEY, a \illage of Champaign County, on the main line of the Wabash Railway, at the junction of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It is in a farming district; has a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 564; (1910), 481. SII.VIS, a \illage of Rock Island County, three miles east of the city of Rock Island and north of Rock River; incorporated 1906; adjacent to a rich coal producing district, and a manufacturing point. Pop. (1910), 1,163. SIM, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1795, came to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 481 America in early manhood, and was the first phy- sician to settle at Golconda, in Pope County, which lie represented in the Fourth and Fifth General Assemblies (1824 and "28). He married a Miss Elizabeth Jack of Philadelphia, making the journey from Golconda to Philadelphia for that purpose on horseback. He had a familj- of five children, one son. Dr. Francis L. Sim, rising to distinction as a physician, and, for a time, being President of a Medical College at Memphis, Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in 1868. SIMS, James, early legislator and Methodist preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but removed to Kentucky in early manhood, thence to St. Clair County, 111., and, in 1820, to Sanga- mon County, where he was elected, in 1822, as the first Representative from that county in the Third General Assembly. At the succeeding ses- sion of the Legislature, he was one of those who voted against the Convention resolution designed to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave State. Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard County, but finally removed to Morgan. SINGER, Horace M., capitalist, was born in Schnectady. N. Y., Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago in 1836 and found employment on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of repairs upon the Canal until IS.'iS. While thus employed he became one of the proprietors of the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed by the firm of Singer & Talcott until about 1890, when they became the property of the Western Stone Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican during the Civil War, and served as a member of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly (1867) for Cook County, was elected County Com- missioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the Republican County Central Committee in 1880. He was also a.ssociated with several financial institutions, being a director of the First National Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chi- cago, and a member of the Union League and Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena, Cal., Dec. 28, 1896. SINGLETON, James W., Congressman, born at Paxton, Va., Nov. 23, 1811; was educated at the Winchester (Va. ) Academy, and removed to Illinois in 1833, settling first at Mount Sterling, Brown County, and, some twenty years later, near Quincy. By profession he was a lawyer, and was i)rouiinent in political and commercial affairs. In his later years he devoted consider- able attention to stock-raising. He was elected Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844, being identified to some extent with the "5Ior- mon War"; was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, served six terms in the Legislature, and was elected, on the Demo- cratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in 1880. In 1882 he ran as an independent Demo- crat, but was defeated by the regular nominee of his party, James M. Riggs. During the War of the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous leaders of the "peace party." He constructed the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash) and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) Railways, being President of both companies. His death occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4. 1892. SINNET, John S., pioneer, was born at Lex- ington, Ky., March 10, 1796; at three years of age, taken by his parents to Missouri ; enli.sted in the War of 1812, but, soon after the war, came to Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now Christian County, locating on land constituting a part of the present city of Taylorville. In 1840 he removed to Tazewell County, dying there, Jan. 13, 1872. SKINNER, Mark, jurist, was born at Manches- ter, Vt., Sept. 13. 1813; graduated from Middle- bury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1836, came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in 1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later Master in Chancery for Cook Countj', and finally United States District Attorney under President Tyler. As member of the House Finance Committee in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), he aided influentially in securing the adoption of measures for refunding and paying the State debt. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook County, but declined a reelection in 18.53. Origi- nally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a liberal supporter of the Government policy dur- ing the rebellion. He liberally aided the United States Sanitary Commission and was identified with all the leading charities of the city. Among the great business enterprises with which lie was officially associated were the Galena & Chi- cago Union and the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railways (in each of which he was a Director), the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, the Gas-Light and Coke Company and others. Died, Sept. 16, 1887. Judge Skinner's only sur- viving son was killed in the trenches before Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War. SKINNER, Otis Ainswortli, clergyman and author, was born at Royalton, Vt., July 3, 1807; 482 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. taught for some time, became a Universalist minister, serving churches in Baltimore, Boston and New York between 1831 and 1807; then came to Elgin, 111., was elected President of Lom- bard University at Galesburg, but the following year took charge of a church at Joliet. Died, at Naperville, Sept. 18, 1861. He wrote several vol- umes on religious topics, and, at different times, edited religious periodicals at Baltimore, Haver- hill, Mass., and Boston. SKINNER, Ozias C, lawyer and jurist, was born at Floyd, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1817; in 1836, removed to Illinois, settling in Peoria County, where he engaged in farming. In 1838 he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840. Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois, and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County, removing to Quinoy in 1844. During the "Mor- mon War" he served as Aid-de-camp to Governor Ford. In 1848 he was elected to the lower house of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a short time, served as Prosecuting Attorney for the district including Adams and Brown Coun- ties. In 18.51 he was elected Judge of the (then) Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1855, suc- ceeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench, resigning this position in April, 1858, two months before the expiration of his term. He was a large land owner and had extensive agricultural interests. He built, and was the first President of the Carthage & Quincy Railroad, now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He was a prominent member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. Died in 1877. SLADE, Charles, early Congressman ; his early history, including date and place of birth, are unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative from Washington County in the Second General Assembly, and, in 1826, was re-elected to the same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1833 he was elected one of the three Congressmen from Illinois, representing the First District. After attending the first session of the Twenty- third Congress, while on his way home, he was attacked with cholera, dying near Vincennes, Ind., July 11, 1834. SLADE, James P., ex-State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born at Westerlo, Albany County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837, and spent his boy- hood with his parents on a farm, except while absent at school; in 18.56 removed to Belleville, 111., where he soon became connected with the public schools, serving for a number of years as Principal of the Belleville High School. While connected with the Belleville schools, he was elected County Superintendent, remaining in office some ten years ; later had charge of Almira College at Greenville, Bond County, served six years as Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the Republican party. On retirement from the office of State Superintendent, he resumed his place at the head of Almira College, but, in his last few years, served as Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis. Died Apr. 18, 1908. SLAVERY AGITATION OF 1823-24. (See Slavery and Slave Lairs.) SLAVERY AND SLAVE LAWS. African slaves were first brought into the Illinois country by a Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about 1733. At that time the present State formed a part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was regulated by French roj'al edicts. When Great Britain acquired the territory, at the close of the French and Indian War, the former subjects of France were guaranteed security for their per- sons "and effects," and no interference with slavery was attempted. Upon the conquest of Illinois by Virginia (see Clark, George Rogers), the French very generally professed allegiance to that commonwealth, and, in her deed of cession to the United States, Virginia expressly stipulated for the protection of the "rights and liberties'' of the French citizens. This was construed as recognizing the right of property in negro slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, while pro- hibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, pre- served to the settlers (reference being especially made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kas- kaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring villages, their laws and customs, now (then) in force, relative to the descent and conveyance of prop- erty. " A conservative construction of tliis clause was, that while it prohibited the extension of slavery and the importation of slaves, the status of those who were at that time in involuntary servitude, and of their descendants, was left un- changed. There were those, however, who denied the constitutionality of the Ordinance in toto, on the ground that Congress had exceeded its powers in its passage. There was also a party which claimed that all children of slaves, born after 1787, were free from birth. In 1794 a con- vention was held at Vincennes, pursuant to a call from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Con- gress was adopted, praying for the re])eal — or. at least a modification — of the sixth clause of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 483 Ordinance of 1787. The first Congressional Com- mittee, to which this petition was referred, reported adversely upon it ; but a second commit- tee recommended the suspension of the operation of the clause in question for ten years. But no action was takeu bj' the National Legislature, and, in 1807, a coimter petition, extensively signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note that some of the most earnest opponents of the measure were Representatives from Southern Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being one of them. The pro-slavery party in the State then prepared what is popularly known as the "Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts adopted by Governor Edwards and his Council, and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legis- lature in 1812. It was entitled, "An Act relating to the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into this Territory," and gave permission to bring slaves above 15 j'ears of age into the State, when they might be registered and kept in servitude within certain limitations. Slaves under that age might also be brought in, registered, and held in bondage until they reached the age of 35, if males, and 30, if females. Tlie issue of registered slaves were to serve their mother's master until the age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The effect of this legislation was rapidly to increase the number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 pro- hibited the introduction of slavery thereafter — that is to say, after its adoption. In 1822 the slave-holding party, with their supporters, began to agitate the question of so amending the organic law as to make Illinois a slave State. To effect such a change the calling of a convention was necessaiy, and, for eighteen months, the struggle between "conventionists" and their opponents was bitter and fierce. The question was submitted to a popular vote on August 2, 1824, the result of the count showing 4,972 votes for such convention and G,640 again.st. This decisive result settled the question of slave-hold- ing in Illinois for all future time, though the existence of slaverj' in the State continued to be recognized by the National Census until 1840. The number, according to the census of 1810. was 1G8; in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then the number began to diminish, being reduced in 1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the la.st census which shows any portion of the population held in bondage), it was 331. Hooper Warren — who has been mentioned else- where as editor of "The Edwardsville Spectator," and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1822 — in an article in the first number of "The Genius of Liberty" (January, 1841), speaking of that con- test, says there were, at its beginning, only three papers in the State — "The Intelligencer" at Van- dalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of these, at the outset, favored the Convention scheme, while "The Spectator" opposed it. The management of the campaign on the part of the pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J. West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly, and a paper was established by the name of "The Illinois Republican," with Smith as editor. Among the active opponents of the measure were George Churchill, Thomas Lippincott, Samuel D. Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincin- nati), Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. James Lemen, of St. Clair County. Others who con- tributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of Jackson Coujity, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond; William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards editor of "The New York Evening Post"), Ben- jamin Lundy (then of Missouri), David Blackwell and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County. Still others were Nathaniel Pope (Judge of the United States District Court), William B. Archer, Wil- liam H. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of Vandalia), John Tillson, Dr. Horatio Newhall, George For- quer. Col. Thomas Mather, Thomas Ford, Judge David J. Baker, Charles W. Hunter and Henry H. Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest as coming from one who probably had more to do with defeating the scheme, with the exception of Gov. Edward Coles. Outside of the more elabor- ate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and detailed accounts of this particular period are to be found in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the late E. B. Washburne, and "Early Movement in Illi; nois for the Legalization of Slavery," an ad- dress before the Chicago Historical Society (1864), by Hon. WiUiam H. Brown, of Chicago. (See also. Coles, Edward; Warren .Hooper ; Brovm, William H.; Chiirehill, George; Lippincott, Tliomas; and Neicspaj^ers, Early, elsewhere in this volume. ) SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and jurist, was born in Dorche.ster County, Md., Feb. 20,, 1806. At the age of 17, having received a fair academic education, he accompanieil his parents to Phila- delphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the same time studying law, and being admitted to 484 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838, going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskas- kia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, which continued to be his home the remainder of his life. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature, and re-elected in 1850, '53, and '.56, serving three times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. He was one of the members of the first State Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18, 1857, and took a prominent part in the founding and organization of the State educational insti- tutions. In 1857 lie was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1861, but declined a re-election for a third term. Died, Jan. 15, 1887, SMITH, Abner, jurist, was born at Orange, Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1843, of an old New England family, whose ancestors came to Massachusetts Colony about 1630; was edu- cated in the public schools and at Middlebury College, Vt. , graduating from the latter in 1866. After graduation he spent a year as a teaclier in Newton Academy, at Shoreham, Vt., coming to Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the study of law, being admitted to the bar in 1868. The next twenty-five years were spent in the practice of his profession in Chicago, within that time serv- ing as the attorney of several important corpo- rations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected in 1897, his term of service continuing until 1903. SMITH, (Dr.) Charles Oilman, physician, was born at Exeter, N. H., Jan. 4, 1838, received his early education at Plullips Academy, in his native place, finally graduating from Harvard Univer- sity in 1847. He soon after commenced the study of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but completed his course at the University of Penn- sylvania in 1851. After two years spent as attending physician of the Alms House in Soutli Boston, Mass., in 1853 he came to Chicago, where he soon acquired an extensive practice. During the Civil War he was one of six physicians employed by the Government for the treatment of prisoners of war in hospital at Camp Douglas. In 1868 lie visited Europe for tlie purpose of observing the management of liospitals in Ger- many, France and England, on his return being invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College in Chicago, and also becoming consulting phy- sician in the Women's and Children's Hospital, as well as in the Presbyterian Hospital — a position which he continued to occupy for the remainder of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat- ment of women's and children's diseases. Died, Jan. 10, 1894. SMITH, David Allen, lawyer, was born near Richmond, Va., June 18, 1809; removed with his father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17 went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala., where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and began practice. His father, dying about 1831, left him the owner of a number of slaves whom, in 1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111., and emanci- pated, giving bond that they should not become a charge to tlie State. In 1839 he removed to Jacksonville, where he practiced law until liis deatli. Col. John J. Hardin was his partner at tlie time of his death on the battle-field of Buena Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous patron of Illinois College, for a quarter of a cen- tury, but never held any political office. As a lawyer lie was conscientious and faithful to the interests of his clients; as a citizen, liberal, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liber- ally to the support of the Government dur- ing the war for the Union. Died, at Anoka, Minn., July 13, 1865, where he had gone to accompany an invalid son. — Thomas William (Smith), eldest son of the preceding, born at Courtland, Ala., Sept. 37, 1833; died at Clear- water, Minn., Oct. 39, 1865. He graduated at Illinois College in 1853, studied law and served as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, until, broken in health, lie returned home to die. SMITH, Dietrich C, ex-Congressman, was born at Ostfriesland, Hanover, April 4, 1840, in boyhood came to the United States, and, since 1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell Coimty. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Illi- nois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy, and, while so serving, wsts severely wounded at Sliiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hun- dred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was mustered out of service as Captain of Companj- C of that regiment. His business is that of banker and manufacturer^ besides which he has had con- siderable experience in the construction and management of railroads. He was a member of the Thirtieth General Assembly, and, in 1880, was elected Representative in Congress from what was then the Thirteenth District, on the Repub- lican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Stevenson, after- wards Vice-President. In 1883, his county (Taze- well) having been attached to the district for many years represented by Wm. M. Springer, he was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re- election. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 485 SMITH, George, one of Chicago's pioneers and early bankers, was born in Aberdeenshire, Scot- land, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen Col- lege with this end in view, but was forced to quit the institution at the end of two years, because of impaired vision. In 1833 he came to America, and, in 1834, settled in Chicago, where lie resided until 1861, meanwhile spending one year in Scot- land. He invested largely in real estate in Chi- cago and Wisconsin, at one time owning a considerable portion of the present site of Mil- waukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was reallj- the owner of the company, although Alex- ander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary. Under this charter Mr. Smith was able to issue §1,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely as currency. In 1839 he founded Chicago's first private banking house. About 1843 he was inter- ested in a storage and commission business in Chicago, with a Mr. W^ebster as partner. He was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of construction, by loans of money; was also a charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade, organized in 1848. In 1854, the State of Wiscon- sin having prohibited the circulation of the Wis- consin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates above mentioned, Mr. Smith sold out the com- pany to his partner, Mitchell, and bought two Georgia bank charters, which, together, em- powered him to issue §3,000,0(10 in currency. The notes were duly issued in Georgia, and put into circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George Smith & Co.'s Chicago bank. About 1856 Mr. Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago, meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland, but, returning in 1860, made extensive invest- ments in railroad and otlier American securities, which netted him large profits. The amount of capital which he is reputed to have taken with him to his native land has been estimated at $10,000,000, though he retained considerable tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about Chicago. Among those who were associated with him in business, either as employes or otherwise, and who have since been prominently identified with Chicago business affairs, were Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I. Tinkham (after- wards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W. Willard, now of Newport, R. I., and others. Mr. Smith made several visits, during the last forty years, to the United States, but divided his time chiefly between Scotland (where he was the owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899. SMITH, (ieorge W., soldier, lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col- legiate education, but his fatlier's business embarrassments having compelled the abandon- ment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In 1856 he returned to Albany and began the study of law, gi-aduating from the law school in 1858. In October of that year he removed to Cliicago, where he remained continuously in practice, with the exception of the years 1862-65, when he was serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he filled the office of State Treasurer. He was mus- tered into service, August '27, 1862, as a Captain in the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry — the second Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he was seriously wounded and captured. After four days' confinement, he was aided by a negro to escape. He made his way to the Union lines, but was granted leave of absence, being incapaci- tated for service. On his return to duty he joined his regiment in the Chattanooga cam- paign, and was officially complimented for his bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he was again severely wounded, and was once more personally complimented in the official report. At Kenesaw Mountain (June 27, 1864), Capt. Smith commanded the regiment after the killing of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was pro- moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelc}' for braveiy on the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the com- mander for his gallant service. In the spring of 1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and, in June following, was mustered out. Returning to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his pro- fession, and gained a prominent position at the bar. In 1866 he was elected State Treasurer, and, after the expiration of his term, in January, 1869, held no public office. General Smith was, for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Histor- ical Society, and Vice-President of the Board. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 16, 1898. SMITH, (ieorge W., lawyer and Congressman, was born in Putnam County, Ohio, August 18, 1846. When he was four years old, his father removed to Wayiio County, 111., settling on a farm. He attended the common schools and graduated from the literary department of Mc- Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith, but 486 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later determined to study law. After reading for a time at Fairfield, 111., he entered the Law Department of tlie Bloomington (Ind.) Univer- sity, graduating there in 1870. The same year he was admitted to the bar in Illinois, and continued practice at Murphysboro. In ISSO he was a Repub- lican Presidential Elector, and, in 18S8, was elected a Republican Representative to Congress from the Twentieth Illinois District, and was continuously re-elected up to 1906. Died Nov. 30, 1907, during his tenth term, being then Representative from the Twentj'-second District. SMITH, tiiles Alexander, soldier, and Assist- ant Postmaster-General, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; engaged in dry- goods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington, 111., in 1861 being proprietor of a hotel in the latter place; became a Captain in the Eighth Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth, and promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in 1863; led his regiment on the iirst attack on Vicksburg, and was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was pro- moted Brigadier-General in August. 1863, for gallant and meritorious conduct ; led a brigade of the Fifteenth Army Corps at Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta cam- paign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in the "March to the Sea." After the surrender of Lee he was transferred to the Twenty-fifth Army Corps, became Major-General in 186.5, and resigned in 1866, having declined a commission as Colonel in the regular army ; about 1869 was appointed, by President Grant. Second Assistant Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of failing health in 1872. Died, at Bloomington, Nov. 8, 1876. General Smith was one of the founders of the Society of the Army of the Tennessee. SMITH, Gnstarus Adolphns, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1820; at 16 joined two brothers who had located at Springfield, Oliio, where he learned the trade of a carriage-maker. In December, 1837, he arrived at Decatur, 111., but soon after located at Springfield, where he resided some six years. Then, returning to Decatur, he devoted his attention to carriage manufac-tm-e, doing a large business with the South, but losing heiivily as the result of the war. An original Whig, he became a Democrat on the dissolution of the Whig party, but early took ground in favor of the Union after the firing on Fort Sumter; was offered and accepted the colonelcy of the Tliirty-fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor Yates in the selection of C^mp Butler as a camp of recruiting and instruction. Having been assigned to duty in Missouri, in the summer of 1861, he proceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fre- mont at Cartilage in that State, and made a forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking part in the campaign in Arkansas and in the battle of Pea Ridge, wliere he had a horse shot under him and was severely (and, it was supposed, fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868. Being compelled to return home, he received authority to raise an independent brigade, but was unable to accompany it to the field. In Sep- tember, 1862, he was commissioned a Brigadier- General by President Lincoln, "for meritorious conduct," but was unable to enter into active service on account of his wound. Later, he was assigned to the command of a convalescent camp at Murfreesboro, Tenn., under Gen. George H. Thomas. In 1864 lie took part in securing the second election of President Lincoln, and, in the early part of 1865. was commissioned by Gov- ernor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Illinois), but, on account of his wounds, was assigned to court- martial duty, remaining in the service until January, 1866, when he was mustered out with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During the second year of his service he was presented with a magnificent sword b}- the rank and file of liis regiment (the Tliirty-fifth), for brave and gal- lant conduct at Pea Ridge. After retiring from tlie army, he engaged in cotton planting in Ala- bama, but was not successful ; in 1868, canvassed Alabama for General Grant for President, but declined a nomination in his own favor for Con- gress. In 1870 he was appointed, by General Grant, United States Collection and Disbursing Agent for the District of New Mexico, where he continued to reside. SMITH, John Corson, soldier, ex-Lieutenant- Governor and ex-State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia, Feb. 13, 1832. At the age of 16 he was apprenticed to a car])enter and builder. In 18.54 he came to Chicago, and worked at his trade, for a time, but .soon removed to Galena, where he fiuall3- engaged in business as a contractor. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth Illinois Volunteers, but. Iiaving received author- ity from Governor Yates, raised a company, of wliich he was chosen Captain, and which was incorporated in the Ninety-sixtli Illinois Infan- tiy. Of this regiment lie wa.s soon elected Major. After a sliort service about Cincinnati, Oliio, and Covington and Newport, Ky., the Ninety- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 487 sixth was sent to the front, and took part (among other battles) in the second engagement at Foi-t Donelson and in the bloody fight at Franklin, Tenn. Later, Major Smith was assigned to staff duty imder Generals Baird and Steedman, serv- ing through the TuUahoma campaign, and par- ticipating in the battles of Chickaniauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Kidge. Being promoted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, he rejoined his regi- ment, and was given command of a brigade. In the Atlanta campaign he served gallantly, tak- ing a conspicuous part in its long series of bloody engagements, and being severely wounded at Kenesaw Mountain. In February, 1865, he was hrevetted Colonel, and, in June, 186.5, Brigadier- General. Soon after his return to Galena he was appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, but was legislated out of office in 1872. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and embarked in business. In 1874-70 he was a member (and Secretary) of the Illinois Board of Commissioners to the Cen- tennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1875 he was appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago, and held the office for several years. In 1872 and '76 he was a delegate to the National Republican Conventions of those years, and, in 1878, was elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1883. In 1881 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, serv- ing until 1SS9. He was a prominent Mason, Knight Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distin- guished member of the Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and was prominently connected with the erection of the " Masonic Temple Build- ing" in Chicago. Died Dec. 31, 1910. SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born in Switzerland, August 3, 1816, the son of an officer who had served under Napoleon, and after the downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadeliihia. The subject of this sketch received an academic; education and became a jeweler; in 1861 entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry ; took part in the capture of Forts Henrj- and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh and siege of Corinth ; was jiromoted a Brigadier- General in November, 18()2, and placed in com- mand of a division in the Si.xteenth Army Corps; led the Third Division of the Seventeenth Army Corps in the Vicksburg campaign, later being transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking part in the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta and Carolina campaigns of 1864-65. He received the brevet rank of Major-Geueral of Volunteers in January, 1865, and, on his muster-out from the volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twenty- seventh United States Infantry, being transferred. in 1870, to the Fourteenth. In 1867 his serviceB at Vicksburg and Savannah were further recog- nized by conferring upon him the brevets of Brig- adier and Major-General in the regular army. In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing in Chicago, where he died, Jan. 29, 1897. SMITH, Joseph, the founder of the Mormon sect, was born at Sharon, Vt., Dec. 23, 1805. In 1815 his parents removed to Palmyra, N. Y., and still later to Manchester. He early showed a dreamy mental cast, and claimed to be able to locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone. In 1820 he claimed to have seen a vision, but his pretensions were ridiculed by his acquaintances. His story of the revelation of the golden plates by the angel Moroni, and of the latter"s instruc- tions to him, is well known. With the aid of Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared the "Book of Mormon," alleging that he had deciphered it from heaven-sent characters, through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This was published in 1830. In later years Smith claimed to have received supplementary reve- lations, which so taxed the credulity of his fol- lowers that some of them apostatized. He also claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism, etc. He soon gained followers in considerable numbers, whom, in 1832, he led west, a part settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in Jackson County, Mo. Driven out of Ohio five years later, the bulk of the sect found the way to their friends in Missouri, whence they were finally expelled after many conflicts with the authorities. Smith, with the other refugees, fled to Hancock County, 111., founding the city of Nauvoo, which was incorporated in 1840. Here was begun, in the following j'ear, the erection of a great temple, but again he aroused the hostility of the authorities, although soon wielding con- siderable political power. After various unsuc- cessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, Smith and a number of his followers were induced to sur- render themselves under the promise of protection from violence and a fair trial. Having been taken to Carthage, the county-seat, all were dis- charged under recognizance to ajjpear at court except Smith and his brother Hyrum, who were held under the new charge of "treason, " and were l)laced in jail. So intense had been the feeling against the Mormons, that Governor Ford called out the militia to preserve the peace; but it is evident that the feeling among the latter was in sympathy with that of the populace. Most of the militia were disbanded after Smith's arrest, one company being left on duty at Carthage, 488 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. from whom only eight men were detailed to guard the jail. In this condition of affairs a mob of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from Warsaw, appeared before the jail on the evening of June 27, and, forcing the guards — who made only a feeble resistance, — Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were both shot down, while a friend, who had remained with them, was wounded. The fate of Smith undoubtedly went far to win for him the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse to the Mormon faith. (See 3Iorynons; A'auvoo. ) SMITH, Justin Almerin, D.D., clergyman and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Deo. 29, 1819, educated at New Hampton Literary and Theological Institute and Union College, gradu- ating from the latter in 1843; served a year as Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, Vt., followed by four years of pastoral work, when he assumed the pastorate of the First Bap- tist church at Rochester, N. Y., where he remained five years. Then (1853) he removed to Chicago to assume the editorship of "The Chris- tian Times" (now "The Standard"), with which he was associated for the remainder of his life. Meanwhile he assisted in organizing three Baptist churches in Chicago, serving two of them as pastor for a considerable period; made an ex- tended tour of Europe in 1869, attending the Vatican Council at Rome; was a Trustee and one of the founders of the old Chicago Univer- sity, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist Theological Seminary; was also the author of several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park, near Chicago, Feb. 4, 1896. SMITH, Perry H., lawyer and politician, was born in Augusta, Oneida County, N. Y., March 18, 1828 ; entered Hamilton College at the age of 14 and graduated, second in his class, at 18; began reading law and was admitted to the bar on com- ing of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton, Wis., when 23 years of age he was elected a Judge, served later in both branches of the Legislature, and, in 1857, became Vice-President of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railway, retaining the same position in the reorganized corporation when it became the Chicago & Northwestern. In 1856 Mr. Smith came to Chi- cago and resided there till his death, on Palm Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railway circles and in the councils of the Democratic party, being the recognized representative of Mr. Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam- paign of 1876. SMITH, Robert, Congressman and lawyer, was born at Petersborough, N. H., June 12, 1802; was educated and admitted to the bar in his native town, settled at Alton, 111., in 1832, and engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected to the General Assemblj- from Madison County, and re-elected in 1838. In 1842 he was elected to the Twenty-eighth Congress, and twice re-elected, serving three successive terms. During the Civil War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the rank of Major, and was stationed at St. Louis. He was largely interested in the construction of water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in railroad enterprises in IlUnois. He was a promi- nent Mason and a public-spirited citizen. Died, at Alton. Dec. 20. 1867. SMITH, Samuel Lisle, lawyer, was born in Philadelpliia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a wealthy family, enjoyed superior educational advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law School at an age too early to admit of his receiv- ing a degree. In 1836 he came to Illinois, to look after some landed interests of his father's in the vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and, for a time, occupied an office with the well-known law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was one of the principal speakers, establishing a reputation as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and was also a prominent speaker at the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a mas- ter of repartee and invective, he achieved popu- larity, both at the bar and on the lecture platform, and had the promise of future success, which was unfortunately marred by his con%'ivial habits. Died of cholera, in Cliicago, July 30, 1854. Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of Philadelphia, an eminent clergj-nian of the Episcopal Church. SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in Washing- ton County, N. Y., May 12, 1829; studied law and was admitted to the bar at Albion, in that State, in 1851 ; came to Chicago in 1850 and entered into partnership with Grant Goodrich and Will- iam W. Farwell, both of whom were afterwards elected to places on the bench — the first in the Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In 1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior Court of Cook County, serving until 1885, when he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of Trade. He was the Republican candidate for HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 489 Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in 18S5, and is believed by many to have been honestly elected, though defeated on the face of the returns. A recount was ordered by the court, but so much delay was incurred and so many obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order into effect, that Judge Smith abandoned the con- test in disgust, although making material gains as far as it had gone. During his professional career he was connected, as counsel, with some of the most important trials before the Chicago courts ; was aLso one of the Directors of the Chi- cago Public Library, on its organization in 1871. Died suddenly, in Chicago, Oct. 6. 1898. SMITH, Theophilus Washiiig'toii, Judge and politician, was born in New York Cit)', Sept. 28, 1784, served for a time in the United States navy, was a law student in the office of Aaron Burr, was admitted to the bar in his native State in 1805, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at Edwards%-ille, where he soon became a prominent figure in early State history. In 1820 he was an unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for the office of Attorney-General, being defeated by Samuel D. Loekwood, but was elected to the State Senate in 1822, serving four years. In 1823 he was one of the leaders of the "Conventionist" party, whose aim was to adopt a new Constitution which would legalize slavery in Illinois, during this period being the editor of the leading organ of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, but resigned, Dec. 36, 1842. He was im- peached in 1832 on cliarges alleging oppressive conduct, corruption, and other high misdemean- ors in office, but secured a negative acquittal, a two-thirds vote being necessary to conviction. The vote in the Senate stood twelve for convic- tion (on a part of the charges) to ten for acquittal, four being excused from voting. During tlie Black Hawk War he served as Quartermaster- General on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, he was charged by his political opponents with being unable to divest himself of his partisan bias, and even with privately advising counsel, in political causes, of defects in the record, which they (the counsel) had not discovered. He was also a member of the first Board of Commission- ers of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, appointed in 1823. Died, in Chicago, May 6, 1S46. SMITH, William Henry, journalist. Associ- ated Press Manager, was born in Columbia County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1833; at three years of age was taken by his parents to Ohio, where he enjoyed the best educational advantages that State at the time afforded. After completing his school course he began teaching, and, for a time, served as tutor in a Western college, but soon turned his attention to journalism, at first as assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincin- nati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855, city editor of "The Cincinnati Gazette," with which he was connected in a more responsible position at the beginning of the war, incidentally doing work upon "The Literary Review." His connection with a leading paper enabled him to exert a strong influence in support of the Govern- ment. This lie used most faithfully in assisting to raise troops in tlie first years of the war, and, in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the election of John Brough as a Union candidate for Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandi- gham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he was nominated and elected Secretary of State, being re-elected two years later. After retiring from office he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as editor of "The Evening Chronicle," from which he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the West- ern Associated Press, with headquarters, at first at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success in this line was demonstrated by the final union of the New York and Western Associated Press organizations under his management, continuing until 1893, when he retired. Mr. Smith was a strong personal friend of President Hayes, by whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of Chicago in 1877. While engaged in official duties he found time to do considerable Literary work, having published, several years ago, "The St. Clair Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals. After retiring from the management of the Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "His- tory of American Politics" and a "Life of Ruther- ford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well advanced at the time of his death, which took place at his home, at Lake Forest, 111., July 27, 1896. SMITH, William M., merchant, stock- breeder and politician, was born near Frankfort, Ky., May 23, 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father's family to Lexington, McLean County, 111., where they settled. A few years later he bouglit forty acres of government land, finally increasing his holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural pursuits the business of a mercliant. Having early identified himself with the Republican party, he remained a firm adherent of its prin- ciples during the Civil War, and, while declining 490 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. a commission tendered him by Governor Yates, devoted his time and means liberally to the re- cruiting and organization of regiments for serv- ice in the field, and procming supplies for the sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, and was re-elected in 1868 and '70, serving, during his last term, as Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor CuUom a member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, of which body he served as President until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popu- larity. Died, March 25, 1886. SMITH, William Sooy, soldier and civil engi- neer, was born at Tarlton, Pickaway County, Ohio, July 23, 1830; graduated at Ohio University in 1849, and, at the United States Military Acad- emy, in 1853, having among his classmates, at the latter, Generals McPherson, ScholieUl and Sheri- dan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he first found employment as an engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assist- ant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graham in engineer service on the lakes ; a year later took charge of a select school in Buffalo; in 1857 made the first surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara Falls, then went into the service of extensive locomotive and bridge-works at Trenton, N. J. . in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also superintending the construction of a bridge across the Savannah River. The war intervening, he returned Nortli and was appointed Lieutenant- Colonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adju- tant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in June, 1863, was commissioned Colonel of the Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers, participating in the West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shilohand Perryville. In April, 1862, he was promoted Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall of 1863, when he joined Grant and took part in tlie Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on account of impaired health. During the war General Smitii rendered valuable service to the Union cause in great emergencies, by his knowl- edge of engineering. On retiring to private life he resu^ned his profession at Chicago, and since has been employed by the Government on some of its most stupendous works on the lakes, and has also planned several of the most important railroad bridges across the Missouri and other streams. He has been much consulted in refer- ence to municipal engineering, and his name is connected with a number of the gigantic edifices in Chicago. SOMOXAUK, a v-illage of DeKalb County on the C, B. & Q. R. R. ; in farming district; has some fac- tories, a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 591. SJiAPP, Henry, Congressman, bom in Livings- ton County, N. Y., June 30, 1833, came to Illinois with his father when 11 years old, and, having read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in 1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty years before entering public life. In 1868 he was elected to the State Senate and occupied a seat in that body until his election, in 1871, to the Forty- second Congress, by the Republicans of the (then) Sixth Illinois District, as successor to B. C. Cook, who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 23, 1895. SNOW, Herman W., ex-Congressman, was born in La Porte County, Ind., July 3, 1836, but was reared in Kentucky, working upon a farm for five years, while yet in his minority becoming a resident of Illinois. For several years he was a school teacher, meanwhile studying law and being admitted to the bar. Early in the war he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, rising to the rank of Captain. His term of service having expired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he resumed teaching at the Chicago High School, and later served in the General Assembly (1873-74) as Representative from Wood- ford County. In 1890 he was elected, as a Demo- crat, to represent the Ninth Illinois District in Congress, but was defeated by his Republican opponent in 1892. SNOWHOOK, William B., first Collector of Customs at Chicago, was born in Ireland in 1804: at the age of eight years was brought to New York, where he learned the printer's trade, and worked for some time in the same office with Horace Greeley. At 16 he went back to Ireland, remaining two years, but, returning to the United States, began the study of law ; was also emploj'ed on the Passaic Canal; in 1836, came to Chicago, and was soon after associated with William B. Ogden in a contract on the Illi- nois & Michigan Canal, which lasted until 1841. As early as 1840 he became prominent :vs a leader in tlie Democratic party, and, in 1846, received from President Polk an appointment as first Col- lector of Customs for Chicago (h'aving previously served as Special Surveyor of the Port, while HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 491 attached to tlie District of Detroit) ; in 1853, was re-appointeif to the Collectorship by President Pierce, serving two years. During the "Mormon War" (1S44) he organized and equipped, at his own exjjense, the Montgomery Guards, and was commissioned Colonel, but the disturbances were brought to an end before tlie oriler to march. From 185G he devoted his attention chiefly to his practice, but, in 1862, was one of the Democrats of Chicago who took part in a movement to sus- tain the Government by stimulating enlistments; was also a member of the Convention which nominated Mr. Greeley for President in 1872. Died, in Chicago, May 5, 1882. SJfYDER, Adam Wilson, pioneer lawyer, and early Congressman, was born at Connellsville, Pa., Oct. 6, 1799. In early life he followed the occupation of wool-curling for a livelihood, attending school in the winter. In 1815, he emi- grated to Columbus, Ohio, and afterwards settled in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, 111. Being offered a situation in a wool-curling and fulling mill at Cahokia, he removed thither in 1817. He formed the friendship of Judge Jesse B. Thomas, and, through the latter's encouragement and aid, studied law and gained a solid professional, poli- tical, social and financial position. In 1830 he was elected State Senator from St. Clair County, and re-elected for two successive terms. He served through the Black Hawk War as private. Adjutant and Captain. In 1833 he removed to Belleville, and, in 183-t, was defeated for Congress by Governor Reynolds, whom he, in turn, defeated in 1836. Two years later Re.vuolds again defeated him for the same position, and, in 1840, he was elected State Senator. In 1841 he was the Demo- cratic nominee for Governor. The election was held in August, 1842, but, in May preceding, he died at his home in Belleville. His place on the ticket was filled by Thomas Ford, who was elected.— William H. (.Snyder), son of the pre- ceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., July 12, 1825 ; educated at McKendree College, studied law with Lieutenant-Governor Koerner, and was admitted to practice in 1845; also served for a time as Postmaster of the city of Belleville, and, during the Mexican War. as First-Lieutenant and Adjutant of tlie Fifth Illinois Volunteers. From 18.50 to "54 he represented his county in the Legis- lature ; in 1855 was appointed, by Governor Slat- teson, State's Attorney, which position he filled for two years. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the office of Secretary of State in 1856, and, in 1857, was elected a Judge of the Twenty- fourth Circuit, was re-elected for the Third Cir- cuit in "73, '79 and '85. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 24, 1892. SOLDIERS' AXD SAILORS' HOME, a State charitable institution, founded by act of the Legislature in 1885, and located at Quincy, Adams County. The object of its establish- ment was to provide a comfortable home for such disabled or dependent veterans of the United States land or naval forces as had honorably served during the Civil War. It was opened for the reception of veterans on March 3, 1887, the first cast of site and build- ings having been about §3.50,000. The total num- ber of inmates admitted up to June 30, 1894, was 2,813; the number in attendance during the two previous years 988, and the whole number present on Nov. 10, 1894, 1,088. The value of property at that time was $393,636.08. Considerable appro- priations have been made for additions to the buildings at subsequent sessions of the Legisla- ture. The General Government pays to the State SlOO per year for each veteran supported at the Home. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME, ILLINOIS, an institution, created by act of 1865, for the main- tenance and education of children of deceased soldiers of the Civil War. An eighty -acre tract, one mile north of Normal, was selected as the site, and the first principal building was com- pleted and opened for the admission of benefici- aries on June 1, 1869. Its first cost was §135,000, the site having been donated. Repairs and the construction of new buildings, from time to time, have considerably increased this sum. In 1875 the benefits of the institution were extended, by legislative enactment, to the children of sol- diers who had died after the close of the war. The aggregate number of inmates, in 1894, was 572, of whom 323 were males and 249 females. SOLDIERS' WIDOWS' HOME. Provision was made for the establishment of this institution by the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, in an act, approved, June 13, 1895, appropriating $20,000 for the purchase of a site, the erection of buildings and furnishing the same. It is designed for the reception and care of the mothers, wives, widows and daughters of such honorably discharged soldiers or .sailors, in the United States service, as may have died, or may be physically or men- tally unable to provide for the families natu- rally dependent on them, provided that such persons have been residents of the State for at least one year previous to admission, and are without means or ability for self-support. 492 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The affairs of the Home are managed by a boaid of five trustees, of whom two are men and three women, the former to be members of the Grand Army of the Republic and of different political parties, and the latter members of the Women's Relief Corps of this State. The institu- tion was located at Wibiiington, occupying a site of seventeen acres, where it was formally opened in a house of eighteen rooms, March 11, 1896, with twenty-six applications for admit- tance. The plan contemplates an early enlarge- ment by the erection of additional cottages. SORENTO, a village of Bond County, at the intersection of the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railways. 14 miles southeast of Litchfield; has a bank and a newspaper. Its interests are agricultural and mining. Pop. (1900), 1,000; (1910), 1,018. SOULARD, James Gaston, pioneer, born of French ancestry in St. Louis, Mo., July 1.5, 1T98; resided there until 1821, when, having married the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, he received an appointment at Fort Snelling, near the present city of St. Paul, then under command of Col. Snelling, who was his wife's brother-in- law. The Fort was reached after a tedious jour- ney by flat-boat and overland, late in the fall of 1821, his wife accompanying him. Three years later they returned to St. Louis, where, being an engineer, he was engaged for several years in surveying. In 1837 he removed with bis family to Galena, for the next six years bad charge of a store of the Gratiot Brothers, early business men of that locality. Towards the close of this period he received the appointment of County Recorder, also holding the position of County Surveyor and Postmaster of Galena at the same time. His later years were devoted to farming and horti- culture, his death taking place, Sept. 17, 1878. Mr. Soulard was probably the first man to engage in freighting between Galena and Chicago. "The Galena Advertiser"' of Sept. 14, 1829, makes mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to Chicago, his team taking back a load of salt, the paper remarking: "This is the first wagon that has ever passed from the Mississippi River to Chicago." Great results were predicted from the exchange of commodities between the lake and the lead mine district. — Mrs. Eliza M. Hunt (Soulard), wife of the preceding, was born at Detroit, Dec. 18, 1804, her father being Col. Thomas A. Hunt, who had taken part in the Battle of Bunker Hill and remained in the army until his death, at St. Louis, in 1807. His descend- ants have maintained their connection with the army ever since, a son being a prominent artillery officer at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mrs. Soulard was married at St. Louis, in 1820, and sur\'ived her husband some sixteen years, dying at Galena, August 11, 1894. She had resided in Galena, nearly seventy years, and at the date of her death, in the 90th year of her age, she was that city's oldest resident. SOUTH CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA RAILROAD. (See Chicago sed. since the close of the fiscal year 181)5, to the Illi- nois Central. (For sketches of these several roads see headings of each. ) ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL RAIL. ROAD, (Bluff Line), a line running from Spring- field to Granite City, 111., (opposite St. Louis), 102.1 miles, with a branch from Lock Haven to Grafton, 111., 8.4 miles — total length of line in Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard gauge, laid with 56 to 70-pound steel rails. — (His- tory.) The road was originally incorporated under the name of the St. Louis, Jerseyville & Springfield Railroad, built from Bates to Grafton in 1882, and absorbed by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com])any ; was surrendered by the receivers of the latter in 1886, and passed under the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was transferred to a corporation known as the St. Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In June, 1887, the St. Louis, Alton & Springfield Railroad Company was organized, witii power to build extensions from Newbern to Alton, and from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed by a reorganization under the present name (St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made on the interest and, in June following, it was again placed in the hands of receivers, by whom it was operated until 1898. The total earnings and income for the fiscal year 1897-98 were §318,815, operating expenses, $373,270; total capitalization, $4,853,526, of which, $1,500,000 was in the form of stock and $1,235 000 in income bonds. ST. LOUIS, INDIANAPOLIS k EASTERN RAILROAD, a railroad line 90 miles in length, extending from Switz City, Ind., to Effingham, 111. — 56 miles being within the State of Illinois. It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefly with iron rails. — (History.) The orginal corpo- ration was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield, Effingham & Quincy Railway Company. It was built as a narrow-gauge line by the Cincinnati, Effingham & Quincy Construction Company, which went into the hands of a I'eceiver in 1878. The road was comjdeted by the receiver in 1880, and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com- pany by the discharge of the receiver. For a short time it was operated in connection with the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was reorganized in 1886 as the Indiana & lUinoi.s Sovithern Railroad, and the gauge changed to standard in 1887. Having made default in the jiayment of interest, it was .sohl under foreclosure in 1S90 and iiurcha.sed in the interest of tlie bond- holders, by whom it was conveyeil to the St. Louis. Iiuliana])olis & Eastern Railroad (-'()mpan_v, in whose name the line is operated. Its business 500 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. is limited, and chiefly local. The total earnings in 1898 were SS."!, 083 and the expenditures §69,112. Its capital stock was §740,900; bonded debt. S978,000, other indebtedness increasing the total capital investment to §1,816,736. ST. LOUIS, JACKSONVILLE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago d- Alton Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, JERSEYVILLE & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago <& St. Paul Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, MOUNT CARMEL & NEW AL- BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansville <& St. Louis {Consolidated) Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, PEORIA & NORTHERN RAIL- WAY, known as "Peoria Short Line," a corpo- ration organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and unite the properties of the St. Louis & Eastern, the St. Louis & Peoria and the North and South Railways, and to extend the same due north from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence to Fulton or East Clinton, 111., on the Upper Mis- sissippi. The line extends from Springfield to Glen Carbon (84.46 miles), with trackage facilities over the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad and the Merchants' Terminal Bridge (18 miles) to St. Louis. — (History.) This road has been made up of three sections or divisions. (1) The initial section of the line was constructed under the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of Illinois, incorporated in 1885, and opened from Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1887. It passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- closure in 1889, and reorganized, in 1890. as the St. Louis & Peoria Railroad. The St. Louis & East- ern, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1893 ; the following year, bought the St. Louis & Peoria line, and, in 1895, constructed tlie link (8 miles) between AUiambra and Marine. (3) The North & South Railroad Company of Illinois, organized in 1890, as successor to the St. Louis & Chicago Railway Company, proceeded in the construction of the line (50.46 miles) from Mt. Olive to Spring- field, which was subsequently leased to the Chi- cago, Peoria & St. Louis, then under the management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway. The latter corporation having defaulted, the property passed into the hands of a receiver. By expiration of the lease in Decem- ber, 1896, the property reverted to the proprietary Company, which took possession, Jan. 1, 1896. The St. Louis & Southeastern then bought the line outright, and it was incorporated as a part of the new organization under the name of the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway, the North & South Railroad going out of existence. In Ulay, 1899, the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern was sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad Companj', to be operated as a sliort line between Peoria & St. Louis. ST. LOUIS, ROCK ISLAND & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington f. Y., by his father in infancy, and, after reaching maturity, engaged in mercantile business with his brother in Che- mung County ; in 1835 accompanied his father in a tour through the West, finally locating at Rockton, where he engaged in agriculture. On the organization of Winnebago County, in 1836, he was elected one of the first County Commis- sioners, and, in 1850, to the State Senate, serving four years. He also held various local offices. Died, Sept. 80, 1894.— Hon. Wait (Talcott), second son of Capt. William Talcott, was born at He- bron, Conn., Oct. 17, 1807, and taken to Rome, N. Y., where he remained until his 19th year, when he engaged in business at Booneville and, still later, in Utica; in 1838, removed to Illinois and joined his fatiier at Rockton, finally becoming a citizen of Rockford, where, in his later years, he was extensively engaged in manu- facturing, having become, in 1854, with his brother Sylvester, a partner of the firm of J. H. Manny & Co., in the manufacture of the Manny reaper and mower. He was an original anti- slaverj' man and, at one time.a Free-Soil candidate for Congress, but became a zealous Republican and ardent friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he employed as an attorney in the famous suit of McCormick vs. the Manny Reaper Company for infringement of patent. In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate, succeeding his brother, Thomas B., and was the first Collector of Internal Revenue in the Second District, appointed by Mr. Lincoln in 1863, and continuing in office some five j'ears. Though too old for active service in the field, during the Civil W^ar, he voluntarily hired a substitute to take his place. Mr. Talcott was one of the original incorporators and Trus- tees of Beloit College, and a founder of Rockford Female Seminary, remaining a trustee of each for many years. Died, June 7, 1890. — SylTCster (Talcott), third son of William Talcott, born at Rome, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1810; when of age, engaged in mercantile business in Chemung County; in 1837 removed, with other members of tiie family, to Winnebago County, 111. , where he joined his father in the entry of Government lands and the erection of mills, as already detailed. He became one of the first Justices of the Peace in Winne- bago County, also served as Supervisor for a immber of years and, although a farmer, became interested, in 1854, with his brother Wait, in the Manny Reaper Company at Rockford. He also followed the example of his brother, just named, in furnishing a substitute for the War of the Rebellion, though too old for service himself Died, June 19, 1885.— Henry Walter (Talcott), fourth son of William Talcott, was born at Rome, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1814; came with his father to Winnebago Coimty, 111., in 1835, and was connected with his father and brothers in busi- ness. Died, Dec. 9, 1870.— Dwight Lewis (Tal- cott), oldest son of Henry AValter Talcott, born in Winnebago County; at the age of 17 years enlisted at Belviilere, in January, 1804, as a soldier in the Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry; served as provost guard some two months at Fort Picker- ing, near Memphis, and later took part in many of the important battles of that year in Missis- sippi and Tennessee. Having been captured at Campbellsville, Tenn. , he was taken to Anderson- ville, Ga., where he suffered all the horrors of that famous prison-pen, until March, 1865, when he was released, arriving at home a helpless skeleton, the day after Abraham Lincoln's as.sas- sination. Mr. Talcott subsequently settled in Muscatine County, Iowa. TALLULA, a prosperous village of Menard Countj', on the Jacksonville branch of the Chi- cago & Alton Railway, 24 miles northeast of Jacksonville; is in the midst of a grain, coal- mining, and stock-growing region ; has a local bank and newspaper. Pop. (1900), 639; (1910), 742. TAMAROA,a village in Perry County, situated at the junction of the Illinois Central with the Wabash, Chester & Western Railroad, 8 miles north of Duquoin, and 57 miles east-southeast of Belleville. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a large public school, five churches and two flour- ing mills. Coal is mined here and exported in large quantities. Pop. (1900), 853; (1910), 910. TAMAROA k 3I0UNT VERNON RAILROAD. (See Wahuiih, Clicstcr A Western Railroad.) TANNER, Edward Allen, clergyman and edu- cator, was born of New England ancestry, at Waverly, 111., Nov. 29, 1837— being the first child who could claim nativity there; was educated in the local schools and at Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1857; spent four j-ears teaching in his native place and at Jack- sonville; then accepted the Professorship of Latin in Pacific Universitj- at Portland. Oregon, remaining four years, when he returned to his Alma Mater (1865), assiuning there the chair of 518 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Latin and Rhetoric. In 1881 he was appointed financial agent of the latter institution, and, in 1882, its President. While in Oregon he had been ordained a minister of the Congregational Church, and, for a considerable period during his connection with Illinois College, officiated as Chaplain of the Central Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, besides supplying local and other pulpits. He labored earnestly for the benefit of the institution under his charge, and, during his incunibencj', added materially to its endowment and resources. Died, at Jackson- ville, Feb. 8, 1893. TANNER, John R., Governor, was born in Warrick County, Ind., April 4, 1844, and brought to Southern Illinois in boyhood, where he grew up on a farm in the vicinity of Carbondale, enjoying only such educational advantages as were afforded by the common school ; in 1863, at the age of 19, enlisted in tlie Ninety-eighth Illi- nois Volunteers, serving until June, 186.5, when he was transferred to the Sixty-first, and finally mustered out in September following. All the male members of Governor Tanner's family were soldiers of the late war, his father dying in a rebel prison at Columbus, Miss., one of his bro- thers suffering the same fate from wounds at Nash- ville, Teun., and another brother dying in hospital at Pine Bluff, Ark. Only one of this patriotic famih', besides Governor Tanner, still survives — Mr. J. M. Tanner of Clay County, who left the service with the rank of Lieutenant of the Thir- teenth Illinois Cavalry. Returning from the war, Mr. Tanner established him.self in business as a farmer in Clay County, later engaging suc- cessfully in the milling and lumber business as the partner of his brother. The public positions held by him, since the war, include those of Sheriff of Clay County (1870-72), Clerk of the Cir- cuit Court (1872-76), and State Senator (1880-83). During the latter 3'ear he received the appoint- ment of United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, serving until after the acces- sion of President Cleveland in 1885. In 1886, he was the Republican nominee for State Treasurer and was elected by an unusually large majority ; in 1891 was appointed, by Governor Fifer, a member of the Riiilroad and Warehouse Commis- sion, but, in 1892, received the appointment of Assistant United States Treasurer at Chicago, continuing in the latter office until December, 1893. For ten years (1874-84) he was a member of the Republican State Central Committee, re- turning to that body in 1894, when he was chosen Chairman and conducted the campaign which resulted in the unprecedented Republican suc- cesses of that year. In 1896 he received the nomination of his party for Governor, and was elected over Gov. John P. Altgeld, liis Demo- cratic opponent, by a plurality of over 113,000. Died after expiration of his term, May 23, 1901. TANNER, Tazewell B., jurist, was born in Henry County, Va., and came to Jefferson Comity, 111., about 1846 or '47, at first taking a position as teacher and Superintendent of Public Schools. Later, he was connected with "The Jeffersonian," a Democratic paper at Mount Ver- non, and, in 1849, went to the gold regions of California, meeting with reasonable success as a miner. Returning in a year or two, he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, while in the discharge of his duties, prosecuted the study of law, finally, on admission to the bar, entering into partnership with the late Col. Thomas S. Casey. In 1854 he was elected Representative in the Nineteenth General Assembly, and was in- strumental in securing the appropriation for the erection of a Supreme Court building at Mount Vernon. In 1862 he served as a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of that year; was elected Circuit Judge in 1873, and, in 1877, was assigned to duty on the Appellate bench, but, at the expiration of his term, declined a re-election and resumed the practice of his profession at Mount Vernon. Died, March 25, 1880. T.\XATION, in its legal sense, the mode of raising revenue. In its general sense its purposes are the support of the State and local govern- ments, the promotion of the public good by fostering education and works of public improve- ment, the protection of society bj' the preser- vation of order and the punishment of crime, and the support of the helpless and destitute. In practice, and as prescribed by the Constitution, the raising of revenue is required to be done "by levj-ing a tax by valuation, so that every person and corporation shall pay a tax in proportion to the value of his, her or its property — such value to be ascertained b)' some person or persons, to be elected or appointed in such manner as the Gen- eral Assembly shall direct, and not otherwise." (State Constitution, 1870 — Art. Revenue, Sec. 1.) The person selected under the law to make this valuation is the Assessor of the county or the township (in counties under township organiza- tion), and he is required to make a return to the County Board at its July meeting each year — the latter having authority to hear complaints of tax- payers and adjust inequalities when found to exist. It is made the duty of the Assessor to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 519 inclutle in his return, as real-estate, all lands and the buildings or other improvements erected thereon; and, under the head of personal prop- ert}% all tangible effects, besides moneys, credits, bonds or stocks, shares of stock of coinj)anies or corporations, investments, annuities, franchises, royalties, etc. Property used for school, church or cemetery purposes, as well as public buildings and other propertj' belonging to the State and General Government, municipalities, public charities, public libraries, agricultural and scien- tific societies, are declared exempt. Nominally, all property subject to taxation is required to be assessed at its cash valuation ; but, in reality, the valuation, of late j-ears, has been on a basis of twentj'-five to thirty-three per cent of its esti- mated cash value. In the larger cities, however, the valuation is often much lower than this, while very large amounts escape assessment altogether. The Revenue Act, passed at the special session of the Fortieth General Assembly (1898), requires the Assessor to make a return of all property subject to taxation in his district, at its cash valuation, upon which a Board of Review fixes a tax on the basis of twenty per cent of such cash valuation. An abstract of the property assessment of each county goes before the State Board of Equalization, at its annual meeting in August, for the purpose of comparison and equal- izing valuations between counties, but the Board has no power to modify the assessments of indi- vidual tax-payers. (See State Board of Equali- zation.) This Board has exclusive power to fix the valuation for purposes of taxation of the capital stock or franchises of companies (except certain specified manufacturing corporations) , in- corporated under the State laws, together with the "railroad track" and "rolling stock" of railroads, and the capital stock of railroads and telegraph lines, and to fix the distribution of the latter between counties in which they lie. — The Consti- tution of 1S48 empowered the Legislature to impose a capitation tax, of not less than fifty cents nor more than one dollar, upon each free white male citizen entitled to the right of suf- frage, between the ages of 21 and 60 years, but the Constitution of 1870 grants no such power, though it authorizes the extension of the "objects and subjects of taxation" in accordance with the principle contained in the first section of the Revenue Article. — Special assessments in cities, for the construction of sewers, pavements, etc., being local and in the form of benefits, cannot be said to come under the liead of general tax- ation. The same is to be said of revenue derivd from fines and penalties, which are forms of punishment for specific offenses, and go to the benefit of certain specified funds. TAYLOR, Abner, ex-Congressman, was a native of Maine, and a resitlcnt of Chicago. He had been in active business all his life as contractor, builder and merchant, and, for some time, a member of the wholesale dry-goods firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. , of Chicago. He was a member of the Thirty- fourth General Assembly, a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1884. and represented the First Illinois District in the Fifty- first and Fifty-second Congresses, 1889 to 1893. He was one of the contractors for the erection of the new State Capitol of Texas. Died April 1.3, 1903. TAYLOR, Benjamin Franklin, journalist, poet and lecturer, was born at Lowville, N. Y , July 19, 1819; graduated at Madison University in 1839, the next year becoming literary and dra- matic critic of "The Chicago Evening Journal" Here, in a few years, he acquired a wide reputa- tion as a journalist and poet, and was much in demand as a lecturer on literary topics. His letters from the field during the Rebellion, as war correspondent of "The Evening Journal," won for him even a greater popularity, and were complimented by translation into more than one European language. After the war, he gave his attention more unreservedlj' to literature, his principal works appearing after that date. His publications in book form, including both prose and poetry, comprise the following "Attractions of Language" (1845); "January and June" (1853); "Pictures in Camp and Field" (1871); "The World on Wheels" (1873); "Old Time Pic- tures and Sheaves of Rhyme" (1874); "Songs of Yesterday" (1877); "Summer Savory Gleaned from Rural Nooks" (1879) ; "Between the Gates" — pictures of California life — (1881) ; "Dulce Domum, the Burden of Song" (1884), and "Theo- philus Trent, or Old Times in the Oak Openings," a novel (1887). The last was in the hands of the publisliers at his death, Feb. 27, 1887. Among his most popular poems are ' 'The Isle of the Long Ago," "The Old Village Choir," and "Rhymes of the River." "The London Times" complimented Mr. Taylor with the title of "The Oliver Gold- smith of America." TAY'LOR, Edmund Dick, early Indian-trader and legislator, was born at Fairfield C. H. , Va., Oct. 18, 1803 — the son of a commissary in the army of the Revolution, under General Greene, and a cousin of General (later. President) Zachary Taylor; left his native State in his youth and, at an early day, came to Springfield. 111., where he 520 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. opened an Indian-trading post and general store ; was elected from Sangamon County to the lower branch of the Seventh General Assembly (1830) and re-elected in 1832 — the latter year being a competitor of Abraham Lincoln, whom he defeated. In 1834 he was elected to the State Senate and, at the next session of the Legislature, was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who secured the removal of the State Capital to Springfield. He resigned before the close of liis term to accept, from President Jackson, tlie ap- pointment of Receiver of Public Moneys at Chi- cago. Here he became one of the promoters of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (1837), serving as one of the Commissioners to secure subscriptions of stock, and was also active in advocating the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The title of "Colonel," by which he was known during most of Ins life, was acquired by service, witli tliat rank, on the staff of Gov. John Reynolds, during the Black Hawk War of 1833. After coming to Chicago, Colonel Taylor became one of the Trustees of the Chicago branch of the State Bank, and was later identified with various banking enterprises, as also a some- what extensive operator in real estate. An active Democrat in the early part of his career in Illi- nois, Colonel Taylor was one of the members of his party to take ground against the Kansas- Neb raska bill in 1854, and advocated the election of General Bissell to the governorship in 18.i6. In 1860 he was again in line with his party in sup- port of Senator Douglas for the Presidency, and was an opponent of the war policy of the Govern- ment still later, as shown by his participation in the celebrated "Peace Con\ention" at Spring- field, of June 17, 1863. In the latter years of his life he became extensivelj' interested in coal lands in La Salle and adjoining counties, and, for a considerable time, served as President of the Northern Illinois Coal & Mining Company, his home, during a part of this period, being at Mendota. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 4, 1891. TAYLORVILLE, a city and county-seat of Christian County, on the South Fork of the Sanga- mon River and on the Wabash Railway at its point of intersection with the Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. It is about 37 miles southeast of Springfield, and 28 miles southwest of Decatur. It has several banks, flour mills, paper mill, electric light and gas plants, water-works, two coal mines, carriage and wagon shops, a manufactory of farming implements, two daily and weekly papers, nine churches and five graded and township high schools. Much coal is mined in this vicinity. Pop. (1890), 2,839; (1900), 4,248; (1910), .5,446. TAZEWELL COUNTY, a central county on the Illinois River; was first settled in 1823 and organized in 1827 ; has an area of 650 square miles — was nanie: (1900), 33,221; (lOKIV 34,027 TEMPLE, John Taylor, M.D., early Chicago physician, born in Virginia in 1804, graduated in medicine at Middlebury College, Vt. , in 1830, and, in 1833, arrived in Chicago. At this time he had a contract for carrying the United States mail from Chicago to Fort Howard, near Green Bay, and the following year undertook a similar con- tract between Chicago and Ottawa. Having sold these out three years later, he devoted his atten- tion to the iiractice of his profession, though interested, for a time, in contracts for the con- struction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Dr. Temple was instrumental in erecting the first house (after Rev. Jesse Walker's missionary station at Wolf Point), for public religious worship in Chicago, and, although himself a Baptist, it was used in common by Protestant denominations. He was a member of the first Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College, though he later became a convert to homeopathy, and finally, removing to St. Louis, assisted in founding the St. Louis School of Homeopathy, dying there, Feb. 24, 1877. TEM'RE OF OFFICE. (See Elections.) TERRE HAUTE, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Riiilroiid.) TERRE HAUTE & ALTON RAILROAD (See St. Lonin. Alton &• Terre Haute Railroad.) TERRE HAUTE k INDIANAPOLIS RAIL- ROAD, a corporation operating no line of its own within the State, but the lessee and operator of the following lines (which see): St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute, 158.3 miles; Terre Haute & Peoria, 145.13 miles; East St. Louis & Carondelet, 12.74 miles — total length of leased HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 521 lines in Illinois. 316.16 miles. The Terre Haute & ludiauapolis Railroad was incorporated in Indiana in 1847. as the Terre Haute & Rich- mond, completed a line between the points named in the title, in 1S.")0, and took its present name in 18GC. The Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany purchased a controlling interest in its stock in 1893. TERRE HAUTE & PEORIA RAILROAD, (Vandalia Line), a line of road extending from Terre Haute. Ind., to Peoria, 111., 14,1.12 miles, with 28.78 miles of trackage, making in all 173.9 miles in operation, all being in Illinois — operated by the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Com- pany. The gauge is standard, and the rails are steel. (History. ) It was organized Feb. 7, 1887, successor to the Illinois Jlidland Railroad. The latter was made up by the consolidation (Nov. 4, 1874) of three lines; (1) The Peoria, Atlanta & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 18G9 and opened in 1874; (2) the Paris & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1861 and opened in December, 1872; and (3) the Paris & Terre Haute Railroad, chartered in 1873 and opened in 1874 — the consolidated lines assuming the name of the Illinois Midland Rail- road. In 1886 the llUnois Midland was sold under foreclosure and, in February, 1887, reorganized as the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad. In 1892 it was leased for ninety-nine years to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company, and is operated as a part of the "Vandalia System."' The capital stock (1898) was §3,764,200; funded debt, S2,280,000,total capital invested, ?6.227,481. TEUTOPOLIS, a village of Effingham County, on the \ audalia Railroad line, four miles east of Effingham, is a strictly agricultural region and was originally settled by a colony of Germans from Cincinnati. Population (1900), 498; (1910), 592. THOMAS, Horace H., lawyer and legislator, was born in Vermont, Dec. 18, 1831, graduated at Middlebury College, and, after admission to the bar, removed to Chicago, where he commenced practice. At the outbreak of the rebellion he enUsted and was commissioned xVssistant Adju- tant-General of the Army of the Ohio. At the close of the war he took up his residence in Ten- nessee, serving as Quartermaster upon the staff of Governor Brownlow. In 1867 he returned to Chicago and resumed practice. He was elected a Representative in the Legislature in 1878 and re-elected in 1880, being chosen Speaker of the House during his latter term. In 1888 he was elected State Senator from the Sixth District, serving during the sessions of the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh General Assemblies. In 1897, General Thomas was api>ointed United States Appraiser in connection with the Custom House in Chicago. Died March 17, 1004. THOMAS, Jesse Burgess, jurist and United States Senator, was born at Hagerstown, Md., claiming direct descent from Lord Baltimore. Taken west in childhood, he grew to manhood and settled at Lawrenceburg, Indiana Territory, in 1803; in 180.5 was Speaker of the Territorial Legislature and, later, represented the Territory as Delegate in Congress. On the organization of Illinois Territory (which he had favored), he removed to Kaskaskia, was appointed one of the first Judges for the new Territory, and, in 1818, as Delegate from St. Clair County, presided over the first State Constitutional Convention, and, on the admission of the State, became one of the first United States Senators — Governor Edwards being his colleague. Though an avowed advo- cate of slavery, he gained no little prominence as the author of the celebrated "Missouri Com- promise," adopted in 1820. He was re-elected to the Senate in 1823, serving imtil 1829. He sub- sequently removed to Mount Vernon, Ohio, where he died by suicide. May 4, 1853. — Jesse Burgess (Thomas), Jr., nephew of the United States Sena- tor of the same name, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, July 31, 1806, was educated at Transylvania University, and, being admitted to the bar, located at Edwardsville, 111. He first appeared in connection with public affairs as Secretary of the State Senate in 1830, being re-elected in 1833; in 1834 was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Madison County, but, in Febru- ary following, was appointed Attorney-General, serving only one year. He afterwards held tlie position of Circuit Judge (1837-39), his home being then in Springfield; in 1843 he became Associ- ate Justice of the Supreme Court, by appointment of the Governor, as successor to Stephen A. Doug- las, and was afterwards elected to the same ortice by the Legislature, remaining until 1848. During a part of his professional career he was the partner of David Prickett and William L. May, at Springfield, and afterwards a member of the Galena bar, finally removing to Chicago, where he died, Feb. 21, 18.50.— Jesse B. (Thomas) third, clergyman and son of the last named; born at Edwardsville, 111., July 29, 1832; educated at Kenyon College, Ohio, and Rochester (N. Y.) Theological Seminary; practiced law for a time in Chicago, but finally entered the Bapti.st minis- try, serving churches at Waukegan, III., Brook- lyn, N. Y., and San Francisco (1862-69). He 532 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. then became pastor of the Michigan Avenue Bap- tist Church, in Cliicago, remaining until 1874, wlien he returned to Brooklyn. In 1887 he became Professor of Biblical History in the Theological Seminary at Newton, Mass., where he has since resided. He is the author of several volmnes, and, in 1866, received the degree of D.D. from the old University of Chicago. THOMAS, John, pioneer and soldier of the Black Hawk War, was born in Wythe County, Va., Jan. 11, 1800. At the age of 18 he accom- panied his parents to St. Clair County, 111., where the family located in what was then called the Alexander settlement, near the present site of Shiloh. When he was 22 he rented a farm (althougli lie had not enough money to buy a horse) and married. Six years later he-bought and stocked a farm, and, from that time forward, raindly accumulated real property, until he became one of the most extensive owners of farm- ing land in St. Clair County. In early life he was fond of military exercise, holding various offices in local organizations and serving as a Colonel in the Black Hawk War. In 1824 he was one of the leaders of the party opposed to the amendment of the State Constitution to sanction slavery, was a zealous opponent of the Kansas- Nebraska bill in 18.54, and a firm supporter of the Republican party from the date of its formation. He was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly in 1838. '62, "64, "72 and '74; and to the State Senate in 1878, serving four years in the latter body. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 16, 1894, in the 95th year of his age. THOMAS, John R., ex-Congressman, was born at Mount Vernon, 111., Oct. 11, 1846. He served in the Union Army during the War of the Rebel- lion, rising from the ranks to a captaincy. After his return home he studied law, and was adnut- ted to the bar in 1869. From 1873 to 1876 he was State's Attorney, and, from 1879 to 1889, repre- sented his District in Congress. In 1897, Mr. Thomas was appointed by President McKinley an additional United States District Judge for Indian Territory. His home is now at Vanita, in that Territory. THOMAS, Hiltiam, pioneer lawyer and legis- lator, was born in what is now Allen County, Ky., Nov. 22, 1802; received a rudimentarj- edu- cation, and served as deputy of his father (who was Sheriff), and afterwards of the County Clerk ; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1823 ; in 1826 removed to Jacksonville, 111., where he taught school, served as a. private in the Winne- bago War (1827), and at the session of 1828-29, reported the proceedings of the General Assem- bly for "The Vandalia Intelligencer"; was State's Attorney and School Commissioner of Morgan County ; served as Quartermaster and Commis- sary in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), first under Gen. Joseph Duncan and, a year later, under General Whiteside ; in 1839 was appointed Circuit Judge, but legislated out of office two j-ears later. It was as a member of the Legislature, however, that he gained the greatest prominence, first as State Senator in 1834-40, and Representative in 1846-48 and 18.50-52, when he was especiallj- influ- ential in the legislation which resulted in estab- lishing the institutions for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, and the Hospital for the Insane (the first in the State) at Jacksonville — serving, for a time, as a member of the Board of Trustees of the latter. He was also prominent in connec- tion with many enterprises of a local character, including the establishment of the Illinois Female College, to which, although without children of his own, he was a liberal contributor. During the first year of the war he was a member of the Board of Army Auditors by appointment of Gov- ernor Yates. Died, at Jacksonville, August 23, 1889. THORNTON, Anthony, jurist, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 9, 1814 — being descended from a Virginia family. After tlie usual primary instruction in the common schools, he spent two years in a high scliool at Gallatin, Tenn., when he entered Centre College at Dan- ville, Ky., afterwards continuing his studies at Miami Universitj', Ohio, where he graduated in 1834. Having studied law with an uncle at Paris, Ky., he was licensed to practice in 1836, when he left his native State with a view to set- tling in Missouri, but, visiting his uncle. Gen. William F. Thornton, at Shell )yville. 111., was induced to establish himself in practice there. He served as a member of the State Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, and as Represent- ative in the Seventeenth General Assembly (1850-52) for Shelby County. In 1864 he was elected to the Thirty-ninth Congre.ss, and, in 1870, to the Illinois Supreiue Court, but .served only mitil 1873, when he resigned. In 1879 Judge Thornton removed to Decatur, HI., but subsequentlj' returned to Shelbyville, where lie cIrmI Sept. 10, 19U4. THORNTON, WiUiaiu Fltzhugh, Conmiissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, was born in Hanover County, Va., Oct. 4, 1789; in 1806, went to Alexandria, Va., where he conducted a drug business for a time, also acting as associate niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 523 editor of "The Alexandria Gazette." Subse- quently removing to Washington City, he con- ducted a paper there in the interest of John Quincy Adam.s for the Presidency. During the War of 1812-14 he served as a Captain of cavalry, and, for a time, as staff-officer of General Winder. On occasion of the visit of Marquis La Fayette to America (1824-2.5) he accompanied the distin- guished Frencliinan from Baltimore to Rich- mond. In 1829 he removed to Kentucky, and, in 1833, to Shelby vi He, 111., where he soon after engaged in mercantile busine.ss, to which he added a banking and Ijrokerage business in 18.59, with which he was actively associated until his death. In 1836, he was appointed, by Governor Duncan, one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as President of the Board until 1842. In 1840, he made a visit to London, as financial agent of the State, in the interest of tlie Canal, and succeeded in making a sale of bonds to the amount of §1.000.000 on what were then considered favorable terms. General Thornton was an ardent Whig until the organi- zation of the Republican party, when he became a Democrat. Died, at Shelbyville, Oct. 21, 1873. TILLSON, John, pioneer, was born at Halifax, Mass., March 13, 1796; came to Illinois in 1819, locating at Hillsboro, Montgomery County, where he became a prominent and enterprising operator in real estate, doing a large business for eastern parties; was one of the founders of Hillsboro Academy and an influential and liberal friend of Illinois College, being a Trustee of the latter from its establishment until his death ; was sup- ported in the Legislature of 1827 for State Treas- urer, but defeated by James Hall. Died, at Peoria, May 11, 18.53.— Christiana Holmes (Till- son), wife of the preceding, was born at Kingston, Mass., Oct. 10, 1798; married to John Tillson in 1823, and immediately came to Illinois to reside ; was a woman of rare culture and refinement, and deeply interested in benevolent enterjirises. Died, in New York City. May 29, 1872.— Charles Holmes (TilLson), son of John and Christiana Holmes TilLson, was born at Hillsboro, 111. , Sept. 15, 1823; educated at Hillsboro Academy and Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1844; studied law in St. Louis and at Transyl- vania University, was admitted to the bar in St. Louis and practiced there some years — also served several terms in the City Council, and was a member of the National Guard of Missouri in the War of the Rebellion. Died, Nov. 25, 1865.— John (Tillson), Jr., another son, was born at Hillsboro, 111., Oct. 12. 1825; educated at Hills- boro Academy and Illinois College, but did not graduate from the latter; graduated from Tran- sylvania Law School, Ky., in 1847, and was admitted to the bar at Quincy. 111., the same year; practiced two years at Galena, when he returned to Quincy. In 1861 he enlisted in the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, became its Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion of Col. J. D. Morgan to Brigadier-General, was advanced to the colonelcy, and, in July, 1865, was mustered out with the rank of brevet. Brigadier-General ; for two years later hehl a commission as Captain in tlie regular army. During a portion of 1869-70 he was editor of "The Quincy Whig"; in 1873 was elected Representative in the Twenty -eighth General Assembly to succeed Nehemiah Bushnell, who had died in office, and, during the same year, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy District, serving until 1881. Died, August 6, 1892. TILLSON, Robert, pioneer, was born in Hali- fax County, Mass., August 12, 1800; came to Illi- nois in 1822, and was employed, for several years, as a clerk in the land agency of his brother, John Tillson, at Hillsboro. In 1836 he engaged in the mercantile business with Charles Holmes, Jr., in St. Louis, but, in 1828, removed to Quincy, 111., where he opened the first general store in that city; also served as Postmaster for some ten years During this period he built the first two- story frame building erected in Quincy, up to that date. Retiring from the mercantile business in 1840 he engaged in real estate, ultimately becoming the proprietor of considerable property of this character ; was also a contractor for fur- nishing cavalry accouterments to the Government during the war. Soon after the war he erected one of the handsomest business blocks existing in the city at that time. Died, in Quincy, Dec. 27, 1893. TINCHER, John L., banker, was born in Ken- tucky in 1821 ; brought by his parents to Vermil- ion County, Ind., in 1839, and left an orphan at 17; attended school in Coles County, 111 , and was employed as clerk in a store at Danville, 1843-53. He then became a member of the firm of Tincher & English, merchants, later establish- ing a bank, which became the First National Bank of Danville. In 1804 Mr. Tincher was elected Representative in the Twenty-fourth General A.ssembly and, two years later, to the Senate, being re-elected in 1870. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, in Springfield, Dec. 17. 1871, 524 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. while in attendance on the adjourneJ session of that year. TIPTON, Thomas F., lawj-er and jurist, was born in Franklin County, Ohio, August 29, 1833 ; and was a resident of McLean County, 111., from the age of 10 years, his last home being in Bloomington. He was admitted to the bar in 18.57, and, from January, 1867, to December, 1868, was State's Attorney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit. In 1870 he was elected Judge of the same circuit, and under the new Constitution, was chosen Judge of the new Fourteenth Circuit. From 1877 to 1879 he represented the (then) Thirteenth Illinois District in Congress, but, in 1878, was defeated by Adlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic nominee. In 1891 he was re-elected to a seat on the Circuit bench for the Bloomington Circuit, but resumed practice at the expiration of Ills term in 1S97. Died Feb. 7, 1904. TISKILWA, a village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 7 miles southwest of Princeton; has creameries and cheese factories, churches, school, library, water- works, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1910), 857. TODD, (Col.) John, soldier, was born in Mont- gomery County, Pa., in 1750; took part in the battle of Point Pleasant, Va., in 1774, as Adju- tant-General of General Lewis; settled as a lawyer at Fincastle, Va., and, in 1775, removed to Fayette County, Ky., the next year locating near Lexington. He was one of the first two Delegates from Kentucky County to the Virginia House of Burgesses, and, in 1778, accompanied Col. George Rogers Clark on his expedition against Kaskaskia and Vincennes. In Decem- ber, 1778, he was appointed by Gov. Patrick Henry, Lieutenant Commandant of Illinois County, embracing the region northwest of the Ohio River, serving two years; in 1780, was again a member of the Virginia Legislature, where he procured grants of land for public schools and introduced a bill for negro-emancipation. He ■was killed by Indians, at the battle of Blue Licks, Ky., August 19, 1783. TODD, (Dr.) John, physician, born near Lex- ington, Ky., April 27, 1787, was one of the earli- est graduates of Transylvania University, also graduating at the Medical University of Pliila- delphia ; was appointed Surgeon-General of Ken- tucky troops in the War of 1812, and captured at tne battle of River Raisin. Returning to Lex- ington after his release, he practiced there and at Bardstown, removed to Edwardsville, 111., in 1817, and, in 1827, to Springfield, where he had been appointed Register of the Land Office by President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by Jackson in 1829. Dr. Todd continued to reside at Springfield \intil his death, which occurred, Jan. 9, 18G5. He was a grandson of John Todd, who was apijointed Commandant of Illinois County by Gov. Patrick Henry in 1778, and an uncle of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. — John Dlair Smith (Todd), son of the preceding, was born at Lexington, Ky., April 4, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1817 ; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1837, serving after- wards in the Florida and Mexican wars and on the frontier; resigned, and was an Indian-trader in Dakota, 1856-61 ; the latter year, took his .seat as a Delegate in Congress from Dakota, then served as Brigadier-General of Volun- teers, 1861-G2; was again Delegate in Congress in 1863-65, Speaker of the Dakota Legislature in 1867, and Governor of the Territory, 1869-71. Died, at Yankton City, Jan. 5, 1873. TOLEDO, a village and the county-seat of Cumberland County, on the Illinois Central Rail- road; founded in 1854; has five churches, a graded school, two banks, creamery, flour mill, elevator, and two weekly newspapers. There are no consider- able manufactories, the leading intlustry in the surrounding country being agriculture. Pop. (1900), 818; (1910), 900. TOLEDO, CINCINNATI & ST. LOUIS RAIL- ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas Cit} Railroad.) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WARSAW RAILROAD. (See Toledo, Peoria ct Western Raihray.) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Toledo. Peoria <$• Western Railway.) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILWAY, a line of railroad wholly within the State of Illi- nois, extending from Eflner, at the Indiana State line, west to the Mississippi River at Warsaw. The length of the whole line is 330.7 miles, owned entirely by the company. It is made up of a division from Effner to Peoria (110.9 miles) — which is practically an air-line throughout nearly its entire length — and the Peoria and Warsaw Division (108.8 miles) with branches from La Harpe to Iowa Junction (10.4 miles) and 0.6 of a mile connecting with the Keokuk bridge at Hamilton. — (History.) The original charter for this line was granted, in 1863, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad ; the main line was completed in 1868. and the La Harjie & Iowa Junction branch in 1873. Default was made in 1873, the road sold under foreclosure, in 1880, and reorganized as the Toledo. Peoria & Western Railroad, and the line leased for 49^ HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 525 years to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company. The latter defaulted in July. lS8-i, and, a year later, the Toledo, Peoria & Western was transferred to trustees for the first mortgage bond-holders, was sold under foreclosure in October, 1886, and, in March, 1887, the present company, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway Company, was organized for the purpose of taking over the property. In 1893 the Pennsylvania Railroad Company obtained a controlling interest in the stock, and, in 1894, an agreement, for joint ownership and management, was entered into between that corporation and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Com- pany. The total capitalization, in 1898, was $9,712,433, of which .$4,076,900 was in stock and $4,895,000 in bonds. TOLEDO, ST. LOUIS & KANSAS CITY RAIL- ROAD. This line crosses the State in a northeast direction from East St. Louis to Humrick, near the Indiana State line, with Toledo as its eastern terminus. The length of the entire line is 450.73 miles, of which 179Vi miles are operated in Illi- nois. — (History.) The Illinois portion of the line grew out of the union of charters granted to the Tuscola. Charleston & Vincennes and the Charleston, Neoga & St. Louis Railroad Com- panies, wliich were con.solidated in 1881 with certain Indiana lines under the name of the Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. During 1883 a narrow-gauge road was constructed from Ridge Farm, in Vermilion County, to East St. Louis (173 miles). In 1885 this was sold under foreclosiu'e and, in June. 1886, consolidated with the main line under the name of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railroad. The whole line was changed to standard gauge in 1887-89, and otherwise materially improved, but, in 1893, went into the hands of receivers. Plans of re- organization have been under consideration, but the receivers were still in control in 1898. TOLEDO, WABASH & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) TOLONO, a village in Champaign County, situ- ated at the intersection of the Waliasli and the Illinois Central Railroads, 9 miles south of Cham- paign and 37 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It is the bu.*iness center of a prosperous agricultural region. The town has several churches, a graded school, a bank, some manufactories and a weekly newspaper; much grain is shipi)ed here. Pop. (1890), 902; (1900), 845; (1910), 700. TOLUCA, a city of Marsliall County, on the Atchison, Topoka & Santa Fe and the Toluca, Marquette & Northern R. Rs., 10 miles southwest of Wenona: has two coal mines and. two weekly papers. Pop. (1910), 2.407. TONTY, Chevalier Henry de, explorer and sol- dier, born at Gaeta. Italy, about 1650 What is now known as the Tontine system of insurance vmtloubtedly originated with his father. The yovmger Tonty was adventurous, and, even as a youtli, took part in numerous land and naval encounters. In the course of his experience he lost a hand, which was replaced by an iron or copper substitute. He embarked with La Salle in 1678, and aided in the construction of a fort at Niagara. He advanced into the country of the Illinois and established friendly relations with them, only to witness the defeat of his putative savage allies by the Iroquois. After various encounters (chiefly under the direction of La Salle) with the Indians in Illinois, he returned to Green Bay in 1681. The same year — under La Salle's orders — he began the erection of Fort St. Louis, on what is now called "Starved Rock" in La Salle County. In 1683 he descended the Mis- sissippi to its mouth, with La Salle, but was ordered back to Mackinaw for assistance. In 1684 he returned to Illinois and successfully repulsed the Iroquois from Fort St. Louis. In 1686 he again descended the Mississippi in search of La Salle. Disheartened by the death of his commander and the loss of his early comrades, he took up his residence with the Illinois Indians. Among them he was found by Iberville in 1700, as a hunter and fur-trader. He died, in Mobile, in September, 1704. He was La Salle's most efl5- cient coadjutor, and next to his ill-fated leader, did more than any other of the early French explorers to make Illinois known to the civilized world. TOPOGRAPHY. Illinois is, generally speak- ing, an elevated table-land. If low water at Cairo be adopted as tlie maximum depression, and the summits of the two ridges hereinafter men- tioned as the highest points of elevation, the alti- tude of this table land above the sea-level varies from 300 to 850 feet, the mean elevation being about 600 feet. The State has no moimtain chains, and its few hills are probably the result of unequal deiuidation during the drift epoch. In some localities, particularly in the valley of tlie upper Mississippi, the streams have cut channels from 300 to 300 feet deep through the nearly horizontal strata, and here are found pre- cipitous scarps, but. for the most part, the fundamental rocks are covered by a thick layer of di'trital material. In the northwest there is a broken tract of uneven ground ; the central por- 526 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tion of the Stale is almost wliolly flat prairie, and, in the alluvial lands in the State, there are many deep valleys, eroded by the action of streams. The surface generallj' slopes toward the south and southwest, but the uniformity is broken by two ridges, which cross the State, one in either extremity. The northern ridge crosses the Rock River at Grand Detour and the Illinois at Split Rock, with an extreme altitude of 800 to 850 feet above sea-level, though the altitude of Mount Morris, in Ogle County, exceeds 900 feet. That in the .south consists of a range of hills in the latitude of Jonesboro, and extending from Shawneetown to Grand Tower. These hills are also about 800 feet above the level of the ocean. The highest point in the State is in Jo Daviess County, just south of the Wisconsin State line (near Scale's Mound) reaching an elevation of 1,257 feet above sealevel, while the highest in the south is in the northeast corner of Pope County — 1,046 feet — a spur of the Ozark moun- tains. The following statistics regarding eleva- tions are taken from a report of Prof. C. W. Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, based on observations made under the auspices of the Illi- nois Board of World's Fair Commissioners: The lowest gauge, of the Ohio river, at its mouth (above sea-level), is 268.58 feet, and the mean level of Lake Michigan at Chicago 581.28 feet. The altitudes of a few prominent points are as follows: Highest point in Jack.son County, 695 feet; "Bald Knob" in Union County, 985; high- est point in Cook County (Barrington), 818; in La Salle County (Mendota), 747; in Livingston (Strawn), 770; in Will (Monee), 804; in Pike (Arden), 790; in Lake (Lake Zurich), 880; in Bureau, 910; in Boone, 1,010; in Lee (Carnahan), 1,017; in Stephenson (Waddam's Grove), 1,018; in Kane (Briar Hill). 974; in Winnebago, 985. The elevations of important towns are: Peoria, 465; Jacksonville, 602; Springfield, 596; Gales- burg, 7.55; Joliet, 537; Rockford, 728; Blooming- ton, 821. Outside of the immediate valleys of the streams, and a few isolated groves or copses, little timber is found in the northern and central portions of the State, and such growth as there is, lacks the thriftiness characteristic of the for- ests in the Ohio valley. These forests cover a belt extending some sixty miles north of Cairo, and, while they generally include few coniferous trees, they aboimd in various species of oak, black and white walnut, white and j-ellow pop- lar, ash, elm, sugar-maple, linden, honey locust, Cottonwood, mulberry, sycamore, pecan, persim- mon, and (in the immediate valley of the Ohio) the cypress. From a commercial point of view, Illinois loses nothing through the lack of timber over three-fourths of the State's area. Chicago is an accessible market for the product of the forests of the upper lakes, so that the supply of lumber is ample, while extensive coal-fields sup- ply abundant fuel. The rich soil of the prairies, with its abundance of organic matter (see Oeo- logical Formations), more than comjjensates for the want of pine forests, whose soil is ill adapted to agriculture. About two-thirds of the entire boundary of the State consists of navigable waters. These, with their tributary streams, ensure sufficient drainage. TORRENS LAXD TITLE SYSTEM. A system for the registration of titles to, and incumbrances upon, land, as well as transfers thereof, intended to remove all unnecessary obstructions to the cheap, simple and safe sale, acquisition and transfer of realty. The system has been in suc- cessful operation in Canada, Australia, New Zea- land and British Columbia for many years, and it is also in force in some States in the American Union. An act providing for its introduction into Illinois was first passed by the Twenty- ninth General Assembly, and approved, June 13, 1895. The final legislation in reference thereto was enacted by the succeeding Legislature, and was approved. May 1, 1897. It is far more elalx>- rate in its consideration of details, and is believed to be, in many respects, much better adapted to accomplish the ends in view, than was the origi- nal act of 1895. The law is applicable only to counties of the first and second class, and can be adopted in no county except by a vote of a majority of the qualified voters of the same — the vote "for" or "against" to be taken at either the November or April elections, or at an election for the choice of Judges. Thus far the only county to adopt the system has been Cook, and there it encountered strong opposition on the part of certain parties of influence and wealth. After its adoption, a test ca.se was brought, rais- ing the question of the constitutionality of the act. The i.ssue was taken to the Supreme Court, which tribunal finally upheld the law. — The Torrens system substitutes a certificate of regis- tration and of transfer for the more elaborate deeds and mortgages in use for cent\iries. Under it there can be no actual transfer of a title until the same is entered upon the public land legis- ter, kept in the office of the Registrar, in which case the deed or mortgage becomes a mere power of attorney to authorize the transfer to be made, upon the principle of an ordinary stock transfer. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 527 or of the registration of a United States bond, the actual transfer and public notice thereof being simultaneous. A brief synopsis of the pro- visions of the Illinois statute is given below; Recorders of deeds are made Registrars, and required to give bonds of either §50,000 or $200,- 000, according to the poj)ulation of the county. Any person or corporation, having an interest in land, may make application to any court having chancery jurisdiction, to have his title thereto registered. Such application must be in writ- ing, signed and verified by oath, and must con- form, in matters of specification and detail, with the requirements of the act. The court may refer the application to one of the standing examiners appointed bj' the Registrar, who are required to be competent attorneys and to give bond to ex- amine into the title, as well as the truth of the applicant's statements. Immediately upon the filing of the application, notice thereof is given by the clerk, through publication and the issuance of a summons to be served, as in other proceed- ings in chancery, against all persons mentioned in the petition as having or claiming any inter- est in the property described. Any person inter- e.sted, whether named as a defendant or not, may enter an appearance within the time allowed. A failure to enter an appearance is regarded as a confession by default. The court, in passing upon the application, is in no case bound by the examiner's report, but may require other and further proof ; and, in its final adjudication, passes upon all questions of title and incmubrance, directing the Registrar to register the title in the part)- in whom it is to be vested, and making provision as to the manner and order in which incumbrances thereon shall appear upon the certificate to be issued. An appeal maj' be allowed to the Supreme Court, if prayed at the time of entering the decree, upon like terms as in other cases in chancery; and a writ of error may be sued out from that tribunal within two years after the entry of the order or decree. The period last mentioned may be said to be the statutory period of limitation, after which the decree of the court must be regarded as final, although safeguards are provided for those who may have been defrauded, and for a few other classes of persons Upon the filing of the order or decree of the court, it becomes the duty of the Registrar to issue a certificate of title, the form of which is prescribed by the act, making such notations at the end as shall show and preserve the priorities of all estates, mortgages, incum- brances and changes to which the owner's title is subject. For the jiurpose of preserving evidence of the owner's handwriting, a receipt for the certificate, duly witnessed or acknowledged, is required of him, which is preserved in the Regis- trar's oiTice. In case any registered owner should desire to transfer the whole or any part of his estate, or any interest therein, he is required to execute a conveyance to the transferee, whicli, together with the certificate of title last issued, must be surrendered to the Registrar. That official thereupon issues a new certificate, stamp- ing the word "cancelled" across the surrendered certificate, as well as upon the corresponding entry in his books of record. When land is first brought within the operation of the act, the receiver of the certificate of title is required to pay to the Registrar one-tenth of one per cent of the value of the land, the aggregate so received to be deposited with and invested l>y the County Treasurer, and reserved as an indemnity fund for the reimbursement of persons sustaining any loss through any omission, mistake or malfea- sance of the Registrar or his subordinates. The advantage claimed for the Torrens system is, chieflj', that titles registered thereunder can be dealt with more .safely, quickly and inexpensively than under the old system ; it being possible to close the entire transaction within an hour or two, without the need of an abstract of title, while (as the law is administered in Cook County) the cost of transfer is only $3. It is asserted that a title, once registered, can be dealt with almost as quickly and cheaply, and quite as safely, as shares of stock or registered bonds. TOULONv the county-seat of Stark Couijty, on the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad, 37 miles north- northwest of Peoria, and 11 miles southeast of Galva. Besides the county court-house, the town has five churches and a high school, an academy, steam granite works, two banks, and one weekly paper. Population (1880), 967; (1890), 945; (1900), 1,0,57; (1910), 1,208. TOWER HILL, a village of Shelby County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads, 7 miles east of Pana; has liank, elevators, coal mines and one wecklv paper. Pop. (1010), 1,010. TOWNSHEiVD, Richard W., lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Prince George's County, Md., April 30, 1840. Between the ages of 10 and 18 he attended public and private schools at Washington, D. C. In ISSS lie came to Illinois, where he began teaching, at the same time reading law with S. S. Marshall, at Mc- Leansboro, where he was admitted to the bar 528 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in 1862, and %vhere he began practice. From 1863 to 1868 lie was Circuit Clerk of Hamilton County, and, from 1868 to 1872, Prosecuting Attorney for the Twelfth Judicial Circuit. In 1873 he removed to Shawneetown, where he became an officer of the Gallatin National Bank. From 1164 to 1875 he was a member of the Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, and a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore, in 1872. For twelve years (1877 to 1889) he represented his District in Congress; was re-elected in 1888, but died, March 9, 1889, a few days after the beginning of his seventh term. TRACY, John M., artist, was born in Illinois about 1842; served in an Illinois regiment during the Civil War; studied painting in Paris in 1866-76 ; established himself as a portrait painter in St. Louis and, later, won a high reputation as a painter of animals, being regarded as an author- ity on the anatomy of the horse and the dog. Died, at Ocean Springs, Miss., March 20, 1893. TREASURERS. (See State Treasurers.) TREAT, Samuel Hnhbel, lawyer and jurist, was born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N, Y., June 21, 1811, worked on his father's farm and studied law at Richfield, where he was admitted to practice. In 1834 he came to Springfield, 111. , traveling most of the way on foot. Here he formed a partnership with George Forquer, who had held the offices of Secretary of State and Attorney-General. In 1839 he was appointed a Circuit Judge, and, on the reorganization of the Supreme Court in 1841, was elevated to the Supreme bench, being acting Chief Justice at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. Having been elected to the Supreme bench vmder the new Constitution, he remained in office until March, 1855, when he resigned to take the posi- tion of Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois, to which he had been appointed by President Pierce. This position he continued to occupy until his death, which occurred at Springfield, March 27, 1887. Judge Treat's judicial career was one of the long- est in the history of the State, covering a period of forty-eight years, of which fourteen were spent upon the Supreme bench, and thirtj'-two in the position of Judge of the United States Dis- trict Court. TREATIES. (See Greenville, Treaty of; Indian Treaties. ) TREE, Lambert, jurist, diplomat and ex-Con- gressman, was born in Washington, D. C, Nov. 29, 1832, of an ancestry distinguished in the War of the Revolution. He rece.ived a superior clas- sical and professional education, and was admit- ted to the bar, at Washington, in October, 1855. Removing to Chicago soon afterward, his profes- sional career has been chiefly connected with that city. In 1864 he was chosen President of the Law Institute, and served as Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, from 1870 to 1875, when he resigned. The three following years he spent in foreign travel, returning to Chicago in 1878. In that year, and again in 1880, he was the Democratic candidate for Congress from the Fourth Illinois District, but was defeated by his Republican opponent. In 1885 he was the candi- date of his party for United States Senator, but was defeated b}' John A. Logan, by one vote. In 1884 he \\ as a member of the National Democratic Convention which first nominated Grover Cleve- land, and, in July, 1885, President Cleveland appointed him Minister to Belgium, conferring the Russian mission upon him in September, 1888. On March 3, 1889, he resigned this post and returned home. In 1890 he was appointed by President Harrison a Commissioner to the Inter- national Monetary- Conference at Washington. The year before he had attended (although not as a delegate) the International Conference, at Brus- sels, looking to the suppression of the slave-trade, where he exerted all his influence on the side of humanity. In 1892 Belgium conferred upon him the distinction of "Councillor of Honor" upon its commission to the World's Columbian Exposi- tion. In 1896 Judge Tree was one of the most earnest opponents of the free-silver policy, and, after the Spanish-American War, a zealous advo- cate of the policy of retaining the territory ac(|uired from Spain. Died October 9, 1910. TREMONT, a town of Tazewell County, on the Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles southeast of Pekin; has two banks, two telephone exchanges, and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 782. TRENTON, a town of Clinton County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 31 miles east of St. Louis; in agricultural district; has creamery, milk condensery, two coal mines, six churches, a public school and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,384; (1900), 1,706; (1910), 1,694. TROY, a city of Madison County, on the Terre Haute & Indiana|3olis Railroad, 21 miles northeast of St. Louis; has coal mines, a bank and a news- paper. Pop. (1900), l.OSO; (1910), 1,447. TRUITT, James Madison, lawyer and soldier, a native of Trimljle Comity, Ky., was born Feb. 12, 1842, but lived in Illinois since 1843, his father having settled near CarrolUon that year; was HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 539 educated at Hillsboro and at McKendree College ; enlisted in tlie One Hundred and Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers in lSb2, and was promoted from the ranks to Lieutenant. After the war he studied law with Jesse J. Phillips, now of the Supreme Court, and, in 1872, was elected to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, and, in 1888, a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. Mr. Truitt has been twice a prominent but unsuc- cessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Attorney-General. His home is at Hillsboro, where he is engaged in the practice of his profes- sion. Died July 26, 1900. TRUMBl'LL, Lyman, statesman, was born at Colchester, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813, descended from a historical family, being a grand-nephew of Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, from whom the name "Brother Jonathan'" was derived as an appellation for Americans. Having received an academic education in his native town, at the age of 16 he began teaching a district school near his home, went South four years later, and en- gaged in teaching at Greenville, Ga. Here he studied law with Judge Hiram Warner, after- wards of the Supreme Court, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Leaving Georgia the same year, he came to Illinois on horseback, visiting Vandalia, Belleville, Jacksonville, Springfield, Tremontand La Salle, and finally reaching Chicago, then a village of four or five thousand inhabitants. At Jacksonville he obtained a license to practice from Judge Lockwood, and, after visiting Michi- gan and his native State, he settled at Belleville, which continued to be his home for twenty years. His entrance into public life began with his elec- tion as Representative in the General Assembly in 1840. This was followed, in February, 1841, by his appointment by Governor Carlin, Secre- tary of State, as the successor of Stephen A. Douglas, who, after holding the position only two months, had resigned to accept a seat on the Supreme bench. Here he remained two years, when he was removed by Governor Ford, March 4, 1843, but, five years later (1848), was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, was re-elected in 1852, but resigned in 1853 on account of impaired health. A year later (1854) he was elected to Congress from the Belleville District as an anti- Nebraska Democrat, but, before taking his seat, was promoted to the United States Senate, as the successor of General Shields in the memorable con- test of 1855, which resulted in the defeat of Abra- ham Lincoln. Senator Trumbull's career of eighteen years in the United States Senate (being re-elected in 1861 and 1867) is one of the most memorable in the history of that body, covering, as it does, the whole history of the vrar for the Union, and the period of reconstruction which followed it. During this period, as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Judiciary, he had more to do in shaping legislation on war and recon- struction measures than any other single member of that body. While he disagreed with a large majority of his Republican associates on the ques- tion of Andrew Johnson's impeachment, he was always found in sympathy with them on the vital questions affecting the war and restoration of the Union. Tlie Civil Rights Bill and Freedmen's Bureau Bills were shaped by his hand. In 1872 he joined in the ''Liberal Republican" movement and afterwards co-operated with the Democratic party, being their candidate for Governor in 1880. From 1863 his home was in Chicago, where, after retiring from the Senate, he con- tinued in the practice of his profession until his death, which occurred in that city, June 25, 1896. TVQ MILLS. These were a sort of primitive machine used in grinding corn in Territorial and early State days. The mechanism consisted of an upright shaft, into the upper end of which were fastened bars, resembling those in the capstan of a ship. Into the outer end of each of these bars was driven a pin. A belt, made of a broad strip of ox-hide, twisted into a sort of rope, was stretched around these pins and wrapped twice around a circular piece of wood called a trundle head, through which passed a perpendicular flat bar of iron, which turned the millstone, usually about eighteen inches in diameter. From the upright shaft projected a beam, to which were hitched one or two horses, which furnished the motive power. Oxen were sometimes emplojed as motive power in lieu of horses. These rudi- mentary contrivances were capable of grinding about twelve bushels of corn, each, per day. TULET, Murray Floyd, lawyer and jurist, was born at Louisville, Ky., March 4, 1827, of English extraction and descended from the early settlers of Virginia. His father died in 1832, and, eleven years later, his mother, having married Col. Richard J. Hamilton, for many years a prominent lawyer of Chicago, removed with her family to that city. Young Tuley began reading law with his step-father and completed his studies at the Louisville Law Institute in 1847, the same year being admitted to the bar in Chicago. About the same time he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Volun- teers for service in the Mexican War, and was commissioned First Lieutenant. The war having ended, he settled at Santa Fe, N. M., where he 530 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. practiced law, also served as Attorney-General and in the Territorial Legislature. Returning to Chicago in 1854, he was associated in practice, successively, with Andrew Harvie, Judge Gary and J. N. Barker, and finally as head of the firm of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. From 1869 to 1873 he was Corporation Counsel, and during this time framed the General Incorporation Act for Cities, under which the City of Chicago was reincor- porated. In 1879 he was elevated to the bench of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re- elected every six years thereafter, his last election being in 1S97. He died Dec. 25, 1905, during his finirth term, some ten years of his incumbency having been spent as Chief Justice. TUN JiICLIFFE, Damon G., lawyer and jurist, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 20, 1829; at the age of 20, emigrated to Illinois, set- tling in Vermont, Fulton County, where, for a time, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He subsequently studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1854 he established himself at Macomb, McDonough County, where he built up a large and lucrative practice. In 1868 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Repub- lican ticket, and, from February to June, 1885, by appointment of Governor Oglesby, occupied a seat on the bench of the Supreme Court, vice Pinkney H. Walker, deceased, who had been one of his professional preceptors. Died Dec. 20, 1901. TURCHIN, John Basil (Ivan Vasilevitch Tur- chinoff), soldier, engineer and author, was born in Russia, Jan. 30, 1822. He graduated from the artillery school at St. Petersburg, in 1841, and was commissioned ensign; participated in the Hungarian campaign of 1849,. and, in 1852, was assigned to the staff of the Imperial Guards; served through the Crimean War, rising to the rank of Colonel, and being made senior staff officer of the active corps. In 1856 he came to this country, settling in Chicago, and, for five years, was in the service of the Illinois Central Railway Company as topographical engineer. In 1861 he was commissioned Colonel of the Nine- teenth Illinois Volunteers, and, after leading his regiment in Missouri, Kentucky and Alabama, was, on July 7, 1862, promoted to a Brigadier- Generalship, being attached to the Army of the Cumberland until 1864, when he resigned. After the war he was, for six years, solicitor of patents at Chicago, but, in 1873, returned to engineering. In 1879 he established a Polish colony at Radom, in Washington County, in this State, and settled as a farmer. He was an occasional contributor to the press, writing usually on military or scientific subjects; was the author of the "Campaign and Battle of Chickaraauga." Died June IS, 1901. TURNER (now WEST CHICAGO), a town and manufac4:uring center in AVinfield Township, Du Page County, 30 miles west of Chicago, at the junction of two divisions of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The town has a rolling-mill, manufactories of wagons and pumps, and railroad repair shops. It also has five churches, a graded school and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,877; with suburb, 2,270. TURNER, (Col.) Henry L., soldier and real- estate operator, was born at Oberlin, Ohio, . August 26, 1845, and received a part of his edu- cation in the college there. During the Civil War he served as First Lieutenant in the One Hundred and Fiftieth Ohio Volunteers, and later, with the same rank in a colored regiment, taking part in the operations about Richmond, the capture of Fort Fisher, of Wilmington and of Gen. Joe Johnston's army. Coming to Chi- cago after the close of the war, he became con- nected with the business office of "The Advance," but later was employed in the banking house of Jay Cooke & Co. , in Philadelphia. On the failure of that concern, in 1873, he returned to Chicago and bought "The Advance," which he conducted some two 5'ears, when he sold out and engaged in the real estate business, with which he has since been identified — being President of the Chicago Real Estate Board in 1888. He has also been President of the Western Publishing Company and a Trustee of Oberlin College. Colonel Turner is an enthusiastic member of the Illinois National Guard and, on the declaration of war between the United States and Spain, in April, 1898, promptly resumed his connection with the First Regiment of the Guard, and finally led it to Santiago de Cuba during the fighting there — his regiment being the only one from Illinois to see actual serv- ice in the field during the progress of the war. Colonel Turner won the admiration of his com- mand and the entire nation by the manner in which he discharged his duty. The regiment was mustered out at Chicago, Nov. 17, 1898, when he retired to private life. TURNER, John Bice, Railway President, was born at Colchester, Delaware County, N. Y., Jan. 14, 1799; after a brief business career in his native State, he became identified with the con- struction and operation of railroads. Among the works with which he was thus connected, were the Delaware Division of the New York & Erie and tlie Troy & Schenectady Roads. In 1843 he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 531 came to Chicago, having previously purchased a large body of land at Blue Island. In 1847 he joined with W. B. Ogden and others, in resusci- tating the Galena & Chicago Union Railway, which had been incorporated in 1836. He became President of the Company in 1850. and assisted in constructing various sections of road in Northern Illinois and Wisconsin, which have since become portions of the Chicago & Northwestern sj'stem. He was also one of the original Directors of the North Side Street Railway Company, organized in 1859. Died, Feb. 2(j, 1871. TURXER, Jonathan Baldwin, educator and agriculturist, was born in Templeton, Mass., Dec. 7, 1805; grew up on a farm and, before reaching his majority, began teaching in a counti'j' school. After spending a short time in an academy at Salem, in 1827 he entered the preparatory depart- ment of Yale College, supporting himself, in part, by manual labor and teaching in a gymnasium. In 1829 he matriculated in the classical depart- ment at Yale, graduated in 1833, and the same year accepted a position as tutor in Illinois Col- lege at Jacksonville, 111, which had been opened, three years previous, by the late Dr. J. M. Sturte- vant. In the next fourteen years he gave in- struction in nearly every branch embraced in the college curriculum, though holding, during most of this period, the chair of Rhetoric and English Literature. In 1847 he retired from college duties to give attention to scientific agriculture, in which he had always manifested a deep inter- est. The cultivation and sale of the Osage orange as a hedge-plant now occupied his attention for many years, and its successful introduction in Illinois and other Western States — where the absence of timber rendered some substitute a necessity for fencing purposes — was largely due to his efforts. At the same time he took a deep interest in the cause of practical scientific edu- cation for the industrial classes, and, about 1850, began formulating that system of industrial edu- cation which, after twelve years of labor and agitation, he had the satisfaction of seeing recognized in the act adopted by Congress, and approved by President Lincoln, in July, 18C3, making liberal donations of puljlic lands for the establishment of "Industrial Colleges" in the several States, out of which grew the University of Illinois at Champaign. While Professor Tur- ner had zealous colaborers in this field, in Illinois and elsewhere, to him, more than to any other single man in the Nation, belongs the credit for this magnificent achievement. (See Education, and University of Illinois.) He was also one of the chief factors in founding and building up the Illinois State Teachers" Association, and the State Agricultural and Horticultural Societies. His address on "The Millennium of Labor," delivered at the first State Agricultural Fair at Springfield, in 1853, is still remembered as mark- ing an era in industrial progress in Illinois. A zealous champion of free thought, in both political and religious att'airs, he long bore the reproach which attached to the radical AbuUtionist, only to enjoy, in later years, the respect universally accorded to those who had the courage and independence to avow their honest convictions. Prof. Turner was twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress — once as a Republican and once as an "Independent" — and wrote much on political, religious and educational topics. The evening of an honored and useful life was spent among friends in Jacksonville, which was his home for more than sixty years, his death taking place in that city, Jan. 10, 1899. at the advanced age of 93 years.— Mrs. Mary Turner Carriel, at the pres- ent time (1899) one of the Trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois, is Prof. Turner's only daughter. TURNER, Thomas J., lawyer and Congress- man, born in Trumbull County, Ohio, April 5, 1815. Leaving home at the age of 18, he spent tliree years in Indiana and in the mining dis- tricts about Galena and in Southern Wisconsin, locating in Stephenson County, in 1836, wliere he was admitted to the bar in 1840, and elected Probate Judge in 1841. Soon afterwards Gov- ernor Ford appointed him Prosecuting Attorney, in which capacity he secured the conviction and punishment of the murderers of Colonel Daven- port. In 1846 he was elected to Congress £is a Democrat, and, the following year, founded "The Prairie Democrat" (afterward "The Freeport Bulletin"), the first newspaper published in the county. Elected to the Legislature in 1854, he was chosen Speaker of the House, the next year becoming the first Mayor of Freeport. He was a member of the Peace Conference of 1861, and, in May of that year, was commissioned, by Governor Yates, Colonel of the Fifteenth Illinois Volun- teers, but resigned in 1863. He served as a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1871, was again elected to the Legisla- ture, where he received the Democratic caucus nomination for United States Senator against General Logan. In 1871 he removed to Chicago, and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the office of State's Attorney. In February, 1874, he went to Hot Springs, Ark., for medical treatment, and died there, April 3 following. 532 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. TUSCOLA, a city and the county-seat of Douglas County, located at the intersection of the Illinois Central and two other trunk lines of rail- way, 23 miles south of Champaign, and 36 miles east of Decatur. Besides a brick court-house it has five churches, a graded school, a national bank, two weekly newspapers and two establish- ments for the manufacture of carriages and wagons; in a farming district. Pop. (1890), 1,897; (1900), 2,.569; (1910), 2,4.53. TUSCOLA, CHARLESTON & YINCENNES RAILROAD. (See Toledo. St. Louis &• Kansas Ciiy Railroad.) TUTHILL, Richard Stanley, jurist, was born at Vergennes, Jackson Coimty, III., Nov. 10, 1841. After passing through the common schools of his native county, he took a preparatory course in a high school at St. Louis and in Illinois College, Jacksonville, when he entered Middlebury Col- lege, Vt., graduating there in 1863. Immediately thereafter he joined the Federal army at Vicks- burg, and, after serving for some time in a com- pany of scouts attached to General Logan's command, was commissioned a Lieutenant in the First Michigan Light Artillery, with which he served until the close of the war, meanwhile being twice promoted. During this time he was with General Sherman in the march to Jleridian, and in the Atlanta campaign, also took part with General Thomas in the operations against the rebel General Hood in Tennessee, and in the battle of Nashville. Having resigned his com- mission in May, 1865, he took up the study of law, which he had prosecuted as he had opportu- nity while in the armj', and was admitted to the bar at Nashville in 1866, afterwards serving for a time as Prosecuting Attorney on the Nashville circuit. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, two years later was elected City Attorney and re- elected in 1877 ; was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1880 and, in 1884, was appointed United States District Attorney for the Northern District, serving until 1886. In 1887 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to fill tlie vacancy caused by the death of Judge Rogers, was re-elected for a full term in 1891, and again in 1897. TYJi'DALE, Sharon, Secretary of State, born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 19, 1816; at the age of 17 came to Belleville, 111., and was engaged for a time in mercantile business, later being emplo3'ed in a surveyor's corps under the internal improve- ment system of 1837. Having married in 1839, he returned soon after to Philadelphia, where he engaged in mercantile business with his father; then came to Illinois, a second time, in 184.'5, spend- ing a year or two in business at Peoria. About 1847 he returned to Belleville and entered upon a course of mathematical studj', with a view to fitting himself more thoroughly for the profession of a civil engineer. In 1851 he graduated in engineering at Cambridge, Mass., after which he was employed for a time on the Suubury & Erie Railroad, and later on certain Illinois railroads. In 1857 he was elected County Survej-or of St. Clair County, and, in 1861, by appointment of President Lincoln, became Postmaster of the city of Belleville. He held this position until 1864, when he received the Republican nomination for Secretary of State and was elected, remaining in oiKce four years. He was an earnest advocate, and virtually author, of the first act for the regis- tration of voters in Illinois, passed at the session of 1865. After retiring from office in 1869, he continued to reside in Springfield, and was em- ployed for a time in the survey of the Gilman, Clinton & Springfield Railway — now the Spring- field Division of the Illinois Central. At an early hour on the morning of April 29, 1871, while going from his home to the railroad station at Springfield, to take the train for St. Louis, he was assassinated upon the street by shooting, as sup- posed for the purpose of robbery — his dead body being found a few hom's later at the scene of the tragedy. Mr. Tyndale was a brother of Gen. Hector Tyndale of Pennsylvania, who won a high reputation by his services during the war. His second wife, who survived him, was a daughter of Shadraoh Penn, an editor of con- siderable reputation who was the contemporary and rival of George D. Prentice at Louisville, for some years. "UNDERGROUND RAILROAD," THE. A history of Illinois would be incomplete without reference to the unique system which existed there, as in other Northern States, from forty to seventy years ago, known by the somewhat mys- terious title of "The Underground Railroad." The origin of the term has been traced (probably in a spirit of facetiousness) to the expression of a Kentucky planter who, having pursued a fugi- tive slave across the Ohio River, was so surprised by his sudden dis;ippearance, as soon as he had reached the opposite shore, that he was led to remark, "The nigger must have gone off on an underground road." From "underground road" to "underground i-ailroad," the transition would appear to have been easy, especially in view of the increased facility with which the work was performed when railroads came into use. For HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 533 readers of the present generation, it nuij- be well to explain what "The Underground Railroad" really was. It may be defined as the figurative appellation for a spontaneous movement in the free States — extending, sometimes, into the slave States themselves — to assist slaves in their efforts to escape from bondage to freedom. The movement dates back to a period close to the Revolutionary War, long before it received a definite name. Assistance given to fugitives from one State by citizens of another, became a cause of complaint almost as soon as the Govern- ment was organized. In fact, the first President himself lost a slave who took refuge at Ports- mouth, N. H., where the public sentiment was so strong against his return, that the patriotic and philosophic "Father of his Country" chose to let him remain unmolested, rather than "excite a mob or riot, or even uneasy sensations, in the minds of well-disposed citizens. " That the mat- ter was already one of concern in the minds of slaveholders, is shown by the fact that a provision was inserted in the Constitution for their concili- ation, guaranteeing the return of fugitives from labor, as well as from justice, from one State to another. In 1793 Congress passed the first Fugitive Slave Law, which was signed by President Washing- ton. This law provided that the owner, his agent or attorney, might follow the slave into any State or Territory, and, upon oath or affi- davit before a court or magistrate, be entitled to a warrant for his return. Any person who should liinder the arrest of the fugitive, or who should harbor, aid or assist him, knowing him to be such, was subject to a fine of ^.JOO for each offense. — In 18.50, fifty-seven years later, the first act having proved inefficacious, or conditions having changed, a second and more stringent law was enacted. This is the one usually referred to in discussions of the subject. It provided for an increased fine, not to exceed §1,000, and im- prisonment not exceeding six months, with liability for civil damages to the party injured. No proof of ownership was required beyond the statement of a claimant, and the accused was not permitted to testify for himself. The fee of the United States Commissioner, before whom the case was tried, was ten dollars if he found for the claimant: if not, five dollars. This seemed to many an indirect form of bribery; clearly, it made it to the Judge's pecuniary advantage to decide in favor of the claimant. The law made it possible and easy for a white man to arrest, and carry into slavery, any free negro who could not immediately prove, by other witnesses, that he was born free, or had purchased his freedom. Instead of discouraging the disposition, on the part of the opponents of slavery, to aid fugi- tives in their efforts to reach a region where they would be secure in their freedom, the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law of 18.50 (as that of 1793 had been in a smaller degree) was the very oppo- site of that intended by its authors — unless, indeed, they meant to make matters worse. The provisions of the act seemed, to many people, so unfair, so one-sided, that they rebelled in spirit and refused to be made parties to its enforce- ment. The law aroused the anti-slavery senti- ment of the North, and stimulated the active friends of the fugitives to take greater risks in their behalf. New efforts on the part of the slaveholders were met by a determination to evade, hinder and nullify the law. And here a strange anomaly is presented. Tlie slaveholder, in attempting to recover his slave, was acting within his constitutional and legal rights. The slave was his proiiertj' in law. He had purchased or inherited his bondman on the same plane with his horse or his land, and, apart from the right to hold a human being in bond- age, regarded his legal rights to the one as good as tlie other. From a legal standpoint his posi- tion was impregnable. The slave was his, repre- senting so much of money value, and whoever was instrumental in the loss of that slave was, both theoretically and technii'ally, a partner in robbery. Therefore he looked on "The Under- ground Railway" as the work of thieves, and en- tertained bitter hatred toward all concerned in its operation. On the otiier hand, men who were, in all other respects, good citizens — often relig- iously devout and pillars of the church — became bold and flagrant violators of the law in relation to this sort of property. They set at nought a plain provision of the Constitution and the act of Congress for its enforcement. AVithout hope of personal gain or reward, at the risk of fine and imprisonment, with the certainty of social ostra- cism and bitter opposition, they harbored the fugitive and helped him forward on every occasion. And why? Because they saw in him a man, with the same inherent right to "life, liberty and tlie pursuit of happiness" that they themselves possessed. To them this was a higher law than any Legislature, State or National, could enact. Tliey denied that there could be truly such a thing as property in man. Believing that the law violated Iniman rights, they justified themselves in rendering it null and void. 534 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. For the most ^lart, the "Uuderground Rail- road" operators and cromoters were plain, obscure men, without hope of fame or desire for notoriety. Yet there were some whose names are conspicuous in history, such as Wendell Phillips, Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Theodore Parker of Massachusetts ; Gerrit Smith and Thurlow Weed of New York: Joshua R. Giddings of Ohio, and Owen Lovejoy of Illinois. These had their followers and sympathizers in all the Northern States, and even in some por- tions of the South. It is a curious fact, that some of the most active spirits connected with the "Underground Railroad" were natives of the South, or had resided there long enougli to become thoroughly acquainted with the "insti- tution." Levi CofSn, who had the reputation of being the "President of the Underground Rail- road" — at least so far as the region west of the Ohio was concerned — was an active operator on the line in North Carolina before his removal from that State to Indiana in 1820. Indeed, as a system, it is claimed to have had its origin at Guilford College, in the "Old North State" in 1819, though the evidence of this may not be conclusive. Owing to the peculiar nature of their business, no official reports were made, no lists of officers, conductors, station agents or operators preserved, and few records kept wliich are now accessible. Consequently, we are dependent chiefly upon the personal recollection of individual operators for a history of their transactions. Each station on the road was the house of a "friend" and it is significant, in this connection, that in every settlement of Friends, or Quakers, there was sure to be a house of refuge for the slave. For this reason it was, perhaps, that one of the most frequently traveled lines extended from Vir- ginia and Maryland through Eastern Pennsyl- vania, and then on towards New York or directly to Canada. From the proximity of Ohio to Virginia and Kentucky, and the fact that it offered the shortest route through free soil to Canada, it was traversed by more lines than any other State, although Indiana was pretty thoroughly "grid-ironed" by roads to freedom. In all, however, the routes were irregular, often zigzag, for purposes of security, and the "con- ductor" was any one who conveyed fugitives from one station to another The "train" was some- times a farm-wagon, loaded with produce for market at some town (or depot) on the line, fre- quently a closed carriage, and it is related tliat once, in Ohio, a number of carriages conveying a large party, were made to represent a funeral procession. Occasionally the train ran on foot, for convenience of side-tracking into the woods or a cornfield, in case of pursuit by a wild loco- motive. Then, again, there were not wanting lawyers who, in case the operator, conductor or station agent got into trouble, were ready, without fee or reward, to defend either him or his human freight in the courts. These included such names of national repute as Salmon P. Chase, Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, William H. Seward, Rutherford B. Hayes, Richard H. Dana, and Isaac N. Arnold, while, taking the whole country over, their "name was legion." And there were a few men of wealth, like Thomas Garrett of Delaware, willing to contribute money by thousands to their assistance. Although technically acting in violation of law — or, as claimed by themselves, in obedience to a "higher law" — the time has alreadj' come when tliere is a disposition to look upon the actors as, in a certain sense, heroes, and their deeds as fitly belonging to the field of romance. The most comprehensive collection of material relating to the history of this movement has been furnished in a recent volume entitled, "The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Free- dom," by I'rof. Wilbur H. Siebert, of Ohio State University ; and, while it is not wholly free from errors, both as to individual names and facts, it will probably remain as the best compilation of historj- bearing on this subject — especially as the principal actors are fast passing away. One of the interesting features of Prof. Sieberfs book is a map purporting to give the principal routes and stations in the States northwest of the Ohio, yet the accuracy of this, as well as the correct- ness of personal names given, has been questioned by some best informed on the subject. As might be expected from its geographical position between two slave States — Kentucky and Mis- souri — on the one hand, and the lakes offering a highway to Canada on the other, it is naturally to be assumed that Illinois would be an attract- ive field, both for the fugitive and his .sympa- thizer. The period of greatest activity of the system in this State was between 1840 and 1801 — the latter being the year when the pro-slavery party in the South, bj- their attempt forcibly to dissolve the Union, took the business out of the hands of the secret agents of the "Underground Railroad." and — in a certain sense — placed it in the hands of the Union armies. It was in 1841 that Abra- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 535 ham Lincoln — then a conservativr opponent of the extension of slavery — on an appeal from a judgment, rendered by the Circuit Court in Taze- well County, in favor of the holder of a note given for the service of the indentured slave- girl "Nance," obtained a decision from the Supreme Court of IlUnois upholding the doctrine that tlie girl was free under the Ordinance of 1787 and the State Constitution, and that the note, given to the person who claimed to be her owner, was void. And it is a somewhat curious coincidence that the same Abraham Lincoln, as President of the United States, in the second year of the War of the Rebellion, issued the Proclamation of Emancipation which finally resulted in striking the shackles from the limbs of every slave in the Union. In the practical operation of aiding fugitives in Illinois, it was natural that the towns along tlie border upon the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, should have served as a sort of entrepots, or initial stations, for the reception of this class of freight — especially if adjacent to some anti- slavery community. Tliis was the case at Ches- ter, from which access was easy to Sparta, wliere a colony of Covenanters, or Seceders, was located, and whence a route extended, by way of Oakdale, Nashville and Centralia, in the direction of Chicago. Alton offered convenient access to Bond County, where there was a community of anti-slavery people at an early day, or the fugi- tives could be forwarded northward by way of JerseyviUe, Waverly and Jacksonville, about each of which there was a strong anti-slavery sentiment. Quincv, in spite of an intense hos- tility among the mass of the community to any- thing savoring of abolitionism, became the theater of grea-t activity on the part of the opponents of the institution, especially after the advent there of Dr. David Nelson and Dr. Rich- ard Eells, both of whom had rendered themselves obnoxious to the people of Missouri by extending aid to fugitives. The former was a practical abolitionist who, Iiaving freed his slaves in his native State of Virginia, removed to Missouri and attempted to establish Marion College, a few miles from Palmyra, but was soon driven to Illinois. Locating near Quincy, he founded the "Mission Institute" there, at which he continued to dis- seminate his anti-slavery views, while educating young men for missionary work. The "Insti- tute" was finally burned by emissaries from Mis- souri, while tliree young men wlio had been connected with it, having been caught in Mis- souri, were condemned to twelve years' confine- ment in the penitentiary of that State — partly on the testimony of a negro, altliougli a negro was not then a legal witness in the courts against a white man. Dr. Eells was prosecuted before Stephen A. Douglas (then a Judge of the Circuit Court), and fined for aiding a fugitive to escape, and the judgment against him was finally con- firmed by the Supreme Court after his death, in 1853, ten years after the original indictment. A map in Professor Siebert's book, showing the routes and principal stations of the "Undergound Railroad," makes mention of the following places in Illinois, in addition to those already referred to: Carlinville, in Macoupin County; Payson and Mendon, in Adams; Washington, in Taze- well ; Metamora, in Woodford ; Magnolia, in Put- nam; Galesburg, in Knox; Princeton (the home of Owen Lovejoy and the Bryants), in Bureau; and many more. Ottawa appears to have been the meeting jjoint of a number of lines, as well as the home of a strong colony of practical abo- litionists. Cairo also became an important transfer station for fugitives arriving by river, after the completion of the Illinois Central Rail- road, especially as it offered the speediest way of reaching Chicago, towards which nearly all the lines converged. It was here that the fugitives could be most safely disposed of by placing them upon vessels, which, without stopping at inter- mediate ports, could soon land them on Canadian soil. As to methods, these differed according to cir- cumstances, the emergencies of the occasion, or the taste, convenience or resources of the oper- ator. Deacon Levi Morse, of Woodford County, near Metamora, had a route towards Magnolia, Putnam County; and his favorite "car" was a farm wagon in which there was a double bottom. The passengers were snugly placed below, and grain sacks, filled with bran or other light material, were laid over, so that the whole presented the appearance of an ordinary load of grain on its way to market. The same was true as to stations and routes. One, who was an operator, says: "Wherever an abolitionist happened on a fugi- tive, or the converse, there was a station, for the time, and the route was to the next anti-slavery man to the east or the north. As a general rule, the agent preferred not to know anything beyond the operation of his own immediate section of the road. If he knew nothing about the operations of another, and the other knew nothing of his, they could not be witnes.ses in court. We have it on the authority of Judge Harvey B. Hurd, of Chicago, that runaways were usually 536 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. forwarded from that city to Canada by way of the Lakes, there being several steamers available for that purpose. On one occasion thirteen were put aboard a vessel under the eyes of a United States Marshal and his deputies. The fugitives, secreted in a woodshed, one by one took the places of colored stevedores carrying wood aboard the ship. Possibly the term, "There's a nigger in the woodpile," may have originated in this incident. Thirteen was an "unlucky num- ber" in this instance — for the masters. Among the notable trials for assisting runaways in violation of the Fugitive Slave Law, in addi- tion to the case of Dr. Eells, already mentioned, were those of Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, and Deacon Gushing of Will County, both of whom were defended by Judge Jas. H. Collins of Chi- cago. John Hossack and Dr. Joseph Stout of Ottawa, with some half-dozen of their neighbors and friends, were tried at Ottawa, in 1859, for assisting a fugitive and acquitted on a techni- cality. A strong arraj' of attorneys, afterwards widely known through tlie northern part of tlie State, appeared for the defense, including Isaac N. Arnold, Joseph Knox, B. C. Cook, J. V. Eus- tace, Edward S. Leland and E. C. Larned. Joseph T. Morse, of Woodford County, was also arrested, taken to Peoria and committed to jail, but acquitted on trial. Anotlier noteworthy case was that of Dr. Samuel Willard (now of Chicago) and his father, Julius A. Willard, charged with assisting in the escape o-f a fugitive at Jacksonville, in 1843, when the Doctor was a student in Illinois College. "The National Corporation Reporter," a few years ago, gave an account of this affair, together with a letter from Dr. Willard, in wliich he states that, after protracted litigation, during which the case was carried to the Supreme Court, it was ended by his pleading guilty before Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, when he was fined one dollar and costs— the latter amounting to twenty dollars. The Doctor franklj' adds: "My father, as well as myself, helped many fugitives afterwards." It did not always happen, however, that offenders escaped so easily. Judge Harvey B. Hurd, already referred to, and an active anti-slavery man in the days of the Fugitive Slave Law, relates the following : Once, when the trial of a fugitive was going on before Justice Kercheval, in a room on the second floor of a twostory frame building on Clark Street in the city of Chicago, the crowd in attendance filled the room, the stairway and the adjoining sidewalk. In some way the prisoner got mixed in with the audience, and passed down over the heads of those on the stairs, where the officers were unable to follow. In another case, tried before United States Commissioner Geo. W. Meeker, the result was made to liinge upon a point in tlie indictment to the effect that the fugitive was "copper-colored." The Commissioner, as the story goes, being in- clined to favor public sentiment, called for a large copper cent, that he might make comparison. The decision was, that the prisoner was "off color," so to speak, and he was hustled out of the room before the officers could re arrest him, as they had been instructed to do. Dr. Samuel Willard, in a review of Professor Sieberfs book, published in "The Dial" of Chi cago, makes mention of Henry Irving and Will- iam Chauncey Carter as among his active allies at Jacksonville, with Rev. Bilious Pond and Deacon Lyman of Farmington (near the present village of Farmingdale in Sangamon County), Luther Ransom of Springfield, Andrew Borders of Randolpli Count}', Joseph Gerrish of Jersey and William T. Allan of Henry, as their coadju- tors in other parts of the State. Other active agents or promoters, in the same field, included such names as Dr. Charles V. Dyer, Philo Carpen- ter, Calvin De Wolf, L. C. P. Freer, Zebina East- man, James H. Collins, Harvey B. Hurd, J. Young Scammon, Col. J. F. Farnsworth and otliers of Cliicago, whose names liave already been men- tioned; Rev. Asa Turner, Deacon Ballard, J. K. Van Dorn and Erastus Benton, of Quincy and Adams County ; President Rufus Blanchard of Knox College, Galesburg; John Leeper of Bond; the late Prof. J. B. Turner and Eliliu Wolcott of Jacksonville; Capt. Parker Morse and his foiu- sons — Joseph T., Levi P., Parker, Jr.. and Mark — of Woodford County; Rev. William Sloane of Randolph; William Strawn of La Salle, besides a host who were willing to aid their fellow men in their aspirations to freedom, witiiout advertising their own exjjloits. Among the incidents of "Underground Rail- road" in Illinois is one whicli had some importance politically, having for its climax a dramatic scene in Congre.ss, but of which, so far as known, no full account has ever been written. About 1855, Epliraim Lombard, a Mississippi planter, but a New Englander by birth, purchased a large body of prairie land in the nortlieastern jiart of Stark County, and, taking up his residence temporarily in the village of Bradford, began its improve- ment. He had brought witli liim from Mississippi a negro, gray-haired and bent with age, a slave HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 537 of probably no great value. "Old Mose, " as lie was called, soon came to be well known and a favorite in the neighborhood. Lombard boldly stated that he had brought him there as a slave ; that, by virtue of the Ured Scott decision (then of recent date), he had a constitutional right to take his slaves wherever he pleased, and that "Old 5Io.se" was just as much his property in Illinois as in Mississippi. It soon became eviiient to some, that his bringing of the negro to Illinois was an experiment to test the law and the feel- ings of the Northern people. This being the case, a shrewd play would have been to let him have his way till other slaves should have been brought to stock the new plantation But this was too slow a process for the abolitionists, to whom the holding of a slave in the free State of Illinois ai^peared an unbearable outrage. It was feared that be might take the old negro back to Mississippi and fail to bring any others. It was reported, also, that "Old Mose" was ill-treated; that he was given only the coarsest food in a back shed, as if he were a horse or a dog, instead of being permitted to eat at table with the family. The prairie citizen of that time was very par- ticular upon this point of etiquette. The hired man or woman, debarred from the table of his or her employer, would not liave remained a day. A quiet consultation with "Old Mose" revealed the fact that he would hail the gift of freedom joyously. Accordingly, one Peter Risedorf, and another equally daring, met him by the light of the stars and, before morning, he was placed in the care of Owen Lovejoy, at Princeton, twenty miles away. From there he was speedily "franked" b}- the member of Congre.ss to friends in Canada. There was a great commotion in Bradford over the "stealing " of "Old Mose. " Lombard and his friends denounced the act in terms bitter and profane, and threatened vengeance upon the per- petrators. The conductors were known only to a few, and they kept their secret well. Lovejoy's part in the affair, however, soon leaked out. Lombard returned to Mississippi, where he related his experiences to Mr. Singleton, the Repre.sentative in Congiess from his district. During the next session of Congress, Singleton took occasion, in a speech, to sneer at Lovejoy as a "nigger-stealer, " citing the case of "Old Mose." Mr. Lovejoy replied in his usual fervid and dramatic style, making a speech which ensured his election to Congress for life — "Is it desired to call attention to this fact of my assisting fugitive slaves?" he said. "Owen Lovejoy lives at Prince- ton, 111., three-quarters of a mile east of the village, and he aids every slave that comes to his door and asks it. Thou invisible Demon of Slavery, dost thou think to cross my humble threshold and forbid me to give bread to the hungry and shelter to the homeless? I bid you defiance, in the name of my God I" With another incident of an amusing charac- ter this article may be closed: Uon. J. Young Scammon, of Chicago, being accused of conniving at the escape of a slave from officers of the law, was asked by the court what he would do if sum- moned as one of a posse to pursue and capture a fugitive. "I would certainly obey the summons," he replied, "but — I should probably stub my toe and fall down before I reached him." Note.— Those who wish to pursue the subject of the " Underpround Railroad " in Illinois further, are referred to the work of Dr. Siehert, already mentioned, and to the various County Histories which have been issued and may be foimd in the iJublic libraries; also for interesting inci- dents, to "Keminiscences of Levi Coffin," Johnson's " From Dixie to Canada." I'etifs Sketches, ".Still, Under- ground Railroad," and a pamphlet of the same title by James H. Fairchild, ex-President of Oberlin College. UNDERWOOD, William H., lawyer, legislator and jurist, %vas born at Schoharie Court House, N. Y., Feb. 31, 1818, and, after admission to the bar, removed to Belleville, 111., where he began practice in 18i0. The following year he was elected State's Attorney, and re-elected in 1843. In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1848-54, sat as Judge of the Second Circuit. During this period he declined a nomination to Congress, although equivalent to an election. In 1856 he was elected State Senator, and re-elected in 1800. He was a member of the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1869-70, and, in 1870, was again elected to the Senate, retiring to private life in 1872. Died, Sept. 23, 1875. UNION COUNTY, one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the time of its admission as a State — having been organized, under the Territorial Government, in Januar}', 1818. It is situated in the southern divi.sion of the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River, and has an area of 400 .square miles. The .eastern and interior portions are drained by the Cache River and Clear Creek. The western part of the county comprises the broad, rich bottom lands lying along the Mi.ssi.ssippi. but is subject to freciueut overflow, while the eastern portion is liilly, and most of its area originally heavily tim- bered. The county is especially rich in minerals. Iron-ore, lead, bituminous coal, chalk, alum and 638 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. potter's clay are found in considerable abun- dance. Several lines of railway (the most impor- tant being the Illinois Central) either cross or tap the county. The chief occupation is agri- culture, although manufacturing is carried on to a limited extent. Fruit is extensively cultivated. Jonesboro is the county -seat, and Cobden and Anna important shipping stations. The latter is the location of the Southern Hospital for the Insane. The poijulation of the county, in 1890, was 21,529. Being next to St. Clair, Randolph and Gallatin, one of the earliest settled counties in the State, many prominent men found their first home, on coming into the State, at Jones- boro, and this region, for a time, exerted a strong influence in public affairs. Pop. (1910), 21,S.>6. UjVION league of AMERICA, a secret poUt- ical and patriotic order which had its origin early in the late Civil War, for the avowed pur- pose of sustaining the cause of the Union and counteracting the machinations of the secret organizations designed to promote the success of the Rebellion. The first regular Council of the order was organized at Pekin, Tazewell County, June 25, 18R3, consisting of eleven members, as follows: John W. Glasgow, Dr. D. A. Cheever, Hart Montgomery, Maj. Richard N. Cullom (father of Senator Cullom), Alexander Small, Rev. J. W. M. Vernon, George H. Harlow (after- ward Secretary of State), Charles Turner, Col. Jonathan Merriam, Henry Pratt and L. F. Gar- rett. One of the number was a Union refugee from Tennessee, who dictated the first oath from meniorj', as administered to members of a some- what similar order which had been organized among the Unionists of his own State. It sol- emnly pledged the taker. (1) to preserve invio- late the secrets and business of the order; (2) to "support, maintain, protect and defend the civU liberties of the Union of these United States against all enemies, either domestic or foreign, at all times and under all circumstances, " even "if necessary, to the sacrifice of life"; (3) to aid in electing only true Union men to oflSces of trust in the town, county. State and General Government; (4) to assist, protect and defend any member of the order who might be in peril from his connection with the order, and (5) to obey all laws, rules or regulations of anj' Coimcil to which the taker of the oath miglit be attached. The oath was taken upon the Bilile, the Decla- ration of Independence and Constitution of the United States, the taker pledging his sacred honor to its fulfillment. A special reason for the organization existed in the activity, about this time, of the "Knights of the Golden Circle," a disloyal organization which had been introduced from the South, and which afterwards took the name, in the North, of "American Knights " and "Sons of Libert}'. " (See Secret Treasonable Soci- eties.) Three months later, the organization had extended to a number of other counties of the State and, on the 25th of September following, the first State Council met at Bloomington — twelve counties being represented — and a State organization was effected. At this meeting the following general officers were chosen: Grand President — Judge Mark Bangs, of Marshall County (now of Chicago) ; Grand Vice-President — Prof. Daniel Wilkin, of McLean ; Grand Secre- tary — George H. Harlow, of Tazewell; Grand Treasurer — H. S. Austin, of Peoria, Grand Mar- shal— J. R. Gorin, of Macon; Grand Herald— A. Gould, of Henry; Grand Sentinel — John E. Rosette, of Sangamon. An Executive Committee was also appointed, consisting of Joseph Medill of "The Chicago Tribune"; Dr. A. J. McFar- land, of Morgan County ; J. K. Warren, of Macon ; Rev. J. C. Rybolt, of La Salle; the President, Judge Bangs; Enoch Emery, of Peoria; and John E. Rosette. Under the direction of this Committee, with Mr. Medill as its Chairman, the constitution and by-laws were thoroughly revised and a new ritual adopted, wliich materi- ally changed the phraseology and removed some of the crudities of the original obligation, as well as increased the beauty and impressiveness of the initiator}- ceremonies. New signs, grips and pass-words were also adopted, which were finally accepted by the various organizations of the order throughout the Union, which, by this time, included many soldiers in the army, as well as civilians. The second Grand (or State) Council was held at Springfield, January 14, 1863, with only seven counties represented. The limited representation was discouraging, but the mem- bers took heart from the inspiring words of Gov- ernor Yates, addressed to a committee of the order who waited upon him. At a special ses- sion of the Executive Committee, held at Peoria, six days later, a vigorous campaign was mapped out, under which agents were sent into nearly every county in the State. In Oc- tober, 1862, the strength of the order in Illi- nois was estimated at three to five thousand; a few months later, the number of enrolled members had increased to 50,000 — so rapid had been the growth of the order. On March 25, 1863, a Grand Council met in Chicago — 404 Councils in Illinois being represented, with HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 539 a number from Oliio, Indiana, Michigan, Wiscon- sin, Iowa and Minnesota. At this meeting a Committee was appointed to prepare a plan of organization for a National Grand Council, which was carried out at Cleveland, Ohio, on the 20th of May following — the constitution, ritual and signs of the Illinois organization being adopted with slight modifications. The icvised obligation — taken upon the Bible, the Declaration of Inde- pendence and the Constitution of the United States— bound members of tlie League to "sup- port, protect and defend the Government of the United States and the flag thereof, against all enemies, foreign and domestic," and to" bear true faith and allegiance to the same"; to "defend the State against invasion or iusurrection" ; to support only "true and reliable men" for offices of trust and profit; to protect and defend worthy members, and to preserve inviolate the secrets of the order. The address to new mem- bers was a model of impressiveness and a powerful appeal to their patriotism. The organization extended rapidly, not only throughout the North- west, but in the South also, especiaUy in the army. In 1864 the number of Councils in Ilhnois was estimated at 1,300, with a membership of 175,000; and it is estimated that the total mem- bership, throughout the Union, was 2,000,000. The influence of the silent, but zealous and effect- ive, operations of the organization, was shown, not only in the stimulus given to enlistments and support of the war policy of the Government, but in the raising of supphes for the sick and wounded soldiers in the field. Within a few weeks before the fall of Vicksbm-g, over §25,000 in cash, besides large quantities of stores, were sent to Col. Jolm Williams (then in charge of the Sanitary Bureau at Springfield), as the direct result of appeals made through circulars sent out by the officers of the "League." Large contri- butions of money and supplies also reached the sick and wounded in hospital through the medium of the Sanitary Commission in Cliicago. Zealous efforts were made by the opposition to get at the secrets of the order, and, in one case, a complete copy of the ritual was published by one of their organs ; but the effect was so far the reverse of what was anticipated, that this line of attack was not continued. During the stormy session of the Legislature in 1803, the League is said to have rendered effective service in protecting Gov- ernor Yates from threatened assassination. It continued its silent but effective operations until the complete overthrow of the rebellion, when it ceased to exist as a political organization. UNITED STATES SENATORS. The follow- ing is a list of United States senators from Illinois, from the date of the admission of the State into the Union until 1899, with the date and duration of the term of each: Ninian Edwards, 1818-24; Jesse B. Thomas, Sr,, 1818-29; John McLean, 1824-25 and 1829-30; Elias Kent Kane, 1825-35; David Jewett Baker, Nov. 12 to Dec. 11, 1830; John M. Robinson, 1830-41 ; William L. D. Ewing, 1835-37; Richard M. Young, 1837-43; Samuel Mc- Roberts, 1841-43; Sidney Breese, 1843-49; James Semple, 1843-47; Stephen A. Douglas, 1847-61; James Shields, 1849-55; Lyman Trumbull, 185.5-73; Orville H. Browning, 1861-63; William A. Rich- ardson, 1863-05; Richard Yates, 1865-71; John A. Logan, 1871-77 and 1879-86; Richard J. Oglesby, 1873-79; David Davis, 1877-83; Shelby M. CuUom, first elected in 1883, and re-elected four times, his fifth term expiring in 1912; Charles B. Farwell, 1887-91; John McAuley Palmer, 1S91-97; William E. Mason, 1897-1903; Albert J. Hopkms, 1903-09; William Lorimer, 1909 — . UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The New). One of the leading educational institutions of the country, located at Chicago. It is the outgrowth of an attempt, put forth by the American Educa- tional Society (organized at Washington in 1888). to supply the place which the original institution of the same name had been designed to fill. (See Unireiviti/ of Chicago — TVic Old.) The following year, Mr. John D. Rockefeller of New York ten- dered a contribution of §600,000 toward the endow- ment of the enterprise, conditioned upon securing additional pledges to Jie amount of §400,000 by June 1, 1890. The offer was accepted, and the sum promptl}' raised. In addition, a site, covering four blocks of land in the city of Chicago, was secured — two and one-half blocks being acquired by purchase for §282,500, and one and one-half (valued at §125,000) donated by Mr. Marshall Field. A charter was secured and an organiza- tion effected. Sept. 10, 1890. The Presidency of the institution was tendered to, and accepted by. Dr. William R. Harper. Since that time the University has been the recipient of other gener- ous benefactions by Mr. Rockefeller and others, until the aggregate donations (189S) e.xceed $10,- 000,000. Of this amount over one-half has been contributed by Mr. Rockefeller, while he has pledged himself to make additional contributions of §3,000.000, conditioned upon the raising of a like sum, from other donors, by Jan. 1, 1900. The buildings erected on the campus, prior to 1890, include a chemical laboratory costing §182,000; ,a lecture hall, §150,000; a physical laboratory 540 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. §150,000; a museum, 5100,000; an academy dor- mitory, $30,000; three dormitories for women, $150,000; two dormitories for men, §100,000, to which several important additions were made during 1896 and 97. The faculty embraces over 150 instructors, selected with reference to their fitness for their respective departments from among the most eminent scholars in America and Europe. Women are admitted as students and graduated upon an equality with men. The work of practical instruction began in October, 1892, with 589 registered students, coming from nearly every Northern State, and including 250 gradu- ates from other in.stitutions, to which acces.sion3 were made, during the year, raising the aggregate to over 900. The second year the number ex- ceeded 1,100; the third, it rose to 1.750, and the fourth (1895-96), to some 2,000, including repre- sentatives from every State of the Union, besides many from foreign countries. Special features of the institution include the admission of gradu- ates from other institutions to a post-graduate course, and the University Extension Division, which is conducted largelj' by means of lecture courses, in otlier cities, or through lecture centers in the vicinity of tlie University, non-resident students having tlie privilege of written exami- nations. Tlie various libraries embrace over 300,000 volumes, of which nearly 60,000 belong to what are called the "Departmental Libraries," besides a large and valuable collection of maps and pamphlets. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The Old), an educational institution at Chicago, under the care of the Baptist denomination, for some years known as the Douglas University. Senator Stephen A. Douglas offered, in 1854, to donate ten acres of land, in what was then near the southern border of the city of Chicago, as a site for an institution of learning, provided buildings co.st- ing $100,000, be erected thereon witliin a stipu- lated time. The corner-stone of the main building was laid. July 4, 1857, but the financial panic of that year prevented its completion, and Mr. Doug- las extended the time, and finally deeded the land to the trustees without reserve. For eigliteen years tlie institution led a precarious existence, struggling under a heavy debt. By 1885, mort- gages to the amount of §320,000 having accumu- lated, the trustees abandoned further effort, and acquiesced in the sale of the property under fore- closure proceedings. The original plan of the institution contemplated preparatory and col- legiate departments, together with a college of law and a theological school. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, the leading edu- cational institution under control of the State, located at Urbana and adjoining the city of Champaign. The Legislature at the session of 1863 accepted a grant of 480,000 acres of land under Act of Congress, approved July 2, 1862, making an appropriation of public lands to States — 30,000 acres for each Senator and each Representative in Congress — establishing colleges for teacliing agri- culture and the mechanic arts, though not to the exclusion of classical and scientific studies. Land- scrip umler this grant was issued and placed in the hands of Governor Yates, and a Board of Trustees appointed imder tlie State law was organ- ized in March, 1867, the institution being located the same year. Departments and courses of study were established, and Dr. John M. Gregory, of Michigan, was chosen Regent (Piesident). — The landscrip issued to Illinois was sold at an early day for wliat it wonld bring in open market, except 25,000 acres, which was located in Ne- braska and Minnesota. Tliis has recently been sold, realizing a larger sum than was received for all tlie scrij) otherwise disposed of. The entire sum thus secured for permanent endowment ag- gregates 8613,026. The University revenues were further increased by donations from Congress to eacli institution organized under the Act of 1862, of 815,000 per annum for the maintenance of an Agricultural Experiment Station, and, in 1890, of a similar amount for instruction — the latter to be increased 81,000 annually until it sliould reacli $25,000.— A mechanical building was erected in 1871, and this is claimed to have been the first of its kind in America intended for strictly educa- tional purposes. What was called "the main buiUling" was formally opened in December, 1873. Other buildings embrace a "Science Hall," opened in 1892; anew "Engineering Hall," 1894; a fine Library Building, 1897. Eleven other prin- cipal structures and a number of smaller ones have been erected as conditions required. The value of property aggregates nearly $2, 500, 000, and appropriations from the State, for all purposes, previous to 1904, foot up 85,123,517.90.— Since 1871 the institution has been open to women. Tlie courses of study embrace agriculture, cliem- istry, polytechnics, military tactics, natural and general sciences, languages and literature, eco- nomics, liousehold science, trade and commerce. The Graduate School dates from 1891. In 1898 the Chicago College of Pliarmacy was connected with the University: a College of Law and a Library School were opened in 1S97. and the same year the Chicago College of Physicians and ^Sur- a 0) B3 ^ a a ^6 ■< z n D o Eh K > D w HI "^ ■3 B HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 541 geons vvas affiliated as the College of Medicine — a School of Dentistry being added to the latter in 1901. In 1885 the State Laboratory of Natural History was transferred from Normal, 111., and an Agricultural E.xperiment Station entablished in 1888, from which bulletins are sent to farmers throughout the State who may desire them. — Tlie first name of the Institution was "Illinois Indus- trial University," but, iu 188.5, this was changed to "University of Illinois." In 1887 the Trustees (of whom there are nine) were made elective by popular vote — three being elected every tv.-o years, each holding office six years. Dr. Gregory, having resigned the office of Regent in 1880, was succeeded by Dr. Selira H. Peabody, who had been Professor of Mechanical and Civil Engineer- ing. Dr. Peabody resigned in 1891. Tlie duties of Regent were then discharged by Prof. Thomas J. Burrill until August, 1894, when Dr. Andrew Sloan Draper, former State Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of New York, was installed as President, serving until 1904. — The corps of instruction (1904) includes over 100 Pro- fessors, 60 Associate and Assistant Professors and 200 Instructors and Assistants, besides special lecturers, demonstrators and clerks. The num- ber of students has increased rapidly in recent years, as shown by the following totals for suc- cessive years from 1890-91 to 1903-04, inclusive: 519; 583; 714; 743; 810; 8.53; 1,075: 1,582; 1,824; 2,234; 2,505; 2,932: 3,289; 3.589. Of the last num- ber, 2,271 were men and 718 women. During 1903-04 there were in all departments at Urbana, 2,547 students (256 being in the Preparatory Aca- demy) ; and in the three Professional Departments in Chicago, 1,042, of whom 694 were in the Col- lege of Medicine, 185 in the School of Pharmacy, and 163 in the School of Dentistry. The Univer- sity Library contains 03,700 volumes and 14,500 pamphlets, not including 5,3.50 volumes and 15,850 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat- ural History. — The University occupies a con- spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres adjacent to the line between Uibana and Cham- paign, and near the residence portion of the two cities. The athletic field of 11 acres, on which stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed with an ornamental iron fence. The campus, otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with fine landscape effects. UNORGANIZED COUNTIES. In addition to the 102 counties into which Illinois is divided, acts were passed by the (leneral Assembly, at different times, providing for tlie organiza- tion of a number of others, a few of which were subsequently organized under diflferent names, but the majority of which were never organized at all — the proposition for such or- ganization being rejected by vote of the people within the proposed boundaries, or allowed to lapse by non-action. These imorganized coun- ties, with the date of the several acts authorizing them, .nd the territory which they were in- tended to include, were as follows: Allen County (1841) — comprising portions of Sanga- mon, Morgan and Macoupin Counties ; Audobon (Audubon) County (1843) — from portions of Mont- gomery, Fa3'ette and Shelby; Benton Comity (1843) — from Morgan, Greene and Macoupin; Coffee County (1837) — with substantially the same territory now comprised within the bound- aries of Stark County, authorized two years later; Dane County (1839) — name changed to Christian in 1840; Harrison County (1855) — from McLean, Champaign and Vermilion, com- prising territory since partially incorpoi'ated in Ford County; Holmes County (18.57) — from Champaign and Vermilion; Marquette County (1843), changed (1847) to Highland — compris- ing the northern portion of Adams, (this act was accepted, with Columbus as the coimty- seat, but organization finally vacated); Michi- gan County (1837)— from a part of Cook; Milton County (1843)— from the south part of Vermil- ion; Okaw County (1841) — comprising substan- tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized under act of 1843; Oregon County (1851) — from parts of Sangamon, Morgan and Macoupin Coun- ties, and covering substantially the same terri- tory as proposed to be incorporated in Allen Count}' ten years earlier. The last act of this character was passed in 1867, when an attempt was made to organize Lincoln County out ol" parts of Champaign and Vermilion, but which failed for want of an affirmative vote. UPPER ALTON, a city of Madison County, situated on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, about IJ miles northeast of Alton— laid out in 1816. It has several churches, and is the seat of Sliurtleff College and the Western Military Academy, the former founded about 1831, and controlled by the Baptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are found in the vicinity and utilized in pottery manufacture. Pop. (1900), 2,373; (1910), 2,918. U PTON, Georiare Putnam, journalist, was born at Roxburj', Mass., Oct. 25, 1834; graduated from Brown University in 1854, removed to Chicago in 1855, and began newsjiaper work on "The Native American," tlie following year taking the place of city editor of "The Evening Jour- 542 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. nal." In 1863, Mr. Upton became musical critic on "The Chicago Tribune," serving for a time also as its war correspondent in tlie field, later (about 1881) taking a place on the general edi- torial staff, which he still retams. He is regarded as an authority on musical and dramatic topics. Mr. Upton is also a stockholder in, and, for sev- eral years, has been Vice-President of the "Trib- une" Company. Besides numerous contributions to magazines, his works include: "Letters of Peregrine Pickle" (1869) ; "Memories, a Story of German Love," translated from the German of Max Muller (1879); "Woman in Music" (1880); "Lives of German Composers" (3 vols. — 1883-84); besides four volumes of standard operas, oratorios, cantatas, and symphonies (1885-88). URBANA, a flourishing city, the county-seat of Champaign County, on the "Big Four," the Illinois Central and the AVabash Railways: 130 miles south of Chicago and 31 miles west of Dan- ville; in agricultural and coal-mining region. The mechanical industries include extensive rail- road shops, manufacture of brick, suspenders and lawn-mowers. The Cunningham Deaconesses' Home and Orphanage is located here. The city has water-works, gas and electric light plants, electric car-lines (local and interurban), superior schools, nine churches, three banks and three newspapers. Urbana is the .seat of the University of Illinois. Pop. (1900), .5,728; (1910), 8,24.5. DSREY, William J., editor and soldier, was born at Washington (near Natchez), Miss., May 16, 1837; was educated at Natchez, and, before reaching manhood, came to Macon County, 111., vi^here he engaged in teaching until 1846, when he enlisted as a private in Company C, Fourth Illinois Volunteers, for the Mexican War. In 18.5.5, he joined with a Mr. Wingate in the estab- lishment, at Decatur, of "The Illinois State Chron- icle," of which he soon after took sole charge, conducting the paper until 1861, when he enlisted in the Thii'ty-fifth Illinois Volunteers and was appointed Adjutant. Although born and edu- cated in a slave State, Mr. Usrey was an earnest opponent of slavery, as proved by the attitude of his paper in opposition to the Kan.sas-Nebraska Bill. He was one of the most zealous endorsers of the proposition for a conference of the Anti- Nebraska editors of the State of Illinois, to agree upon a line of policy in opposition to the further extension of slavery, and, when that bodj' met at Decatur, on Feb. 33, 18.56, he served as its Secre- tary, thus taking a prominent part in the initial steps which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) After returning from the war he resumed his place as editor of "The Chronicle," but finally retired from newspaper work in 1871. He was twice Postmaster of the city of Decatur, first previous to 18.50, and again under the administration of President Grant; served also as a member of the City Council and was a member of the local Post of the G. A. R., and Secretary of the Macon County Association of Mexican War Veterans. Died, at Decatur, Jan. 30, 1894. UTICA, (also called North Utica), a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 10 miles west of Ottawa, situated on the Illinois River opposite "Starved Rock," also believed to stand on the site of the Kaskaskia village found by the French Explorer, La Salle, when he first visited Illinois. "Utica cement" is produced here; it also has several factories or mills, besides banks and a weekly paper. Popu- lation (1890), 1,094; (1900), 1,150; (1910), 976. VAN ARNAM, John, lawyer and soldier, was born at Plattsburg, N. Y., March 3, 1820. Hav- ing lost his father at five years of age, he went to live with a farmer, but ran away in his boj'hood; later, began teaching, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar in New York City, beginning practice at Marshall, Mich. In 1858 he removed to Chicago, and, as a member of the firm of Walker, Van Arnam & Dexter, became promi- nent as a criminal lawyer and railroad attorney, being for a time Solicitor of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad. In 1863 he assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled to resign on account of illness. After spending some time in California, he resumed practice in Chicago in 1865. His later years were spent in California, dying at San Diego, in that State, April 6, 1890. VANDALIA, the principal city and county -seat of Fayette County. It is situated on the Kas- kaskia River, 30 miles north of Centralia, 62 miles south by west of Decatur, and 68 miles east-northeast of St. Louis. It is an intersecting point for the Illinois Central and the St. Louis, Vandalia and Terre Haute Railroads. It was the capital of the State from 1830 to 1839, the seat of government being removed to Springfield, the latter year, in accordance with act of the General Assembly passed at the session of 1837. It con- tains a court house (old State Capitol building), six churches, two banks, three weekly papers, a HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 543 graded school, flour, saw and paper mills, foundry, stave and heading mill, carriage and wagon and brick works. Pop. (1000), 2,665; (1910), 2,974. VANDEVEEK, Huratio M., pioneer lawyer, was born in Washington County. Ind., March 1, 1816 ; came with his faiuilj' to Illinois at an early age, settling on Clear Creek, now in Chi-istian County; taught school and studied law, using books borrowed from the late Hon. John T. Stuart of Springfield ; was elected fii'st County Recorder of Christian County and, soon after, appointed Circuit Clerk, filling both offices three years. He also held the office of County Judge from 1848 to 18.57 ; was twice chosen Representative in the General Assembly (1843 and 1850) and once to the State Senate (1862); in 1846, enlisted and was chosen Captain of a company for the Mexican War, but, having been rejected on account of the quota being full, was appointed Assistant-Quarter- master, in this capacity serving on the staff of General Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. Among other offices held by Mr. Vandeveer, were those of Postmaster of Taylorville, Master in Chancery, Presidential Elector (1848), Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 18()3, and Judge of the Circuit Court (1870-79). In 1868 Judge Vandeveer established the private banking firm of H. M. Vandeveer & Co., at Taylorville, which, in conjunction with his sons, he continued successfully during the remainder of his life. Died, March 13, 1894. VAN HORNE, WiUiam C, Railway Manager and President, was born in Will County, 111., February, 1843; began his career as a telegraph operator on the Illinois Central Railroad in 1856, was attached to the Michigan Central and Chi- cago & Alton Railroads (1858-73). later being General Manager or General Superintendent of various other lines (1873-79). He next served as General Superintendent of the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul, but soon after became General Manager of the Canadian Pacific, which he assisted to construct to the Pacific Coast ; was elected Vice-President of the line in 1884, and its President in 1888. His services have been recog- nized by conferring upon him the order of knighthood by the British Government. VASSEUR, >'oel C, pioneer Indian-trader, was born of French parentage in Canada, Deo. 35, 1799; at the age of 17 made a trip with a trading party to the West, crossing Wisconsin by wa}' of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the route i)ursued by Joliet and Marquette in 1673 ; later, was associ- ated with Gurdon S. Hubbard in the service of the American Fur Company, in 1820 visiting the region now embraced in Iroquois County, where he and Hubbard subsequently established a trad- ing post among the Pottawatomie Indians, believed to have been the site of the present town of Iroquois. The way of reaching their station from Chicago was by the Chicago and Des Plaiues Rivers to the Kankakee, and ascending the latter and the Irocjuois. Here Vasseur re- mained in trade until the removal of the Indians west of the Mississippi, in which he served as agent of the Government. While in the Iroquois region he married Watseka, a somewhat famous Pottawatomie woman, for whom the town of Watseka was named, and who had previously been the Indian wife of a fellow-trader. His later years were spent at Bourbonnais Grove, in Kankakee County, where he died, Dec. 13, 1879. VENICE, a city of Madison County, on the Mississippi River opposite St. Louis and 3 miles north of East St. Louis ; is touched by six trunk lines of railroad, and at the eastern approach to the new "Merchants' Bridge," with its round- house, has two ferries to St. Louis, street car line, electric lights, water-works, some manufactures and a newspaper. Pop. (1000), 2,4.50; (1910), 3,718. VENICE & CARONDELET RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evaniwille & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) VERMILIOIV COUNTY, an eastern county, bordering on the Indiana State line, and drained by the Vermilion and Little Vermilion Rivers, from which it takes its name. It was originally organized in 1826, when it extended north to Lake Micliigan. Its present area is 882 square miles. The discovery of salt springs, in 1819, aided in attracting immigration to this region, but the manufacture of salt was abandoned many years ago. Early settlers were Seymour Treat, James Butler, Henry Johnston, Harvey Lidington, Gurdon S. Hubbard and Daniel W. Beckwith. James Butler and Achilles Morgan were the first County Commissioners. Many interesting fossil remains have been found, among them the skeleton of a mastodon (1868). Fire clay is found in large quantities, and two coal seams cross the county. The surface is level and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief agricultural product, although oats, wheat, rye, and potiitoes are extensively cultivated. Stock-raising and wool-growing are important industries. There are also several manufactories, chiefly at Dan- ville, which is the county-seat. Coal mining is carried on extensively, especially in the vicin- ity of Danville. Population (1880), 41,588; (1890), 49,905; (1900), 65,635; (1010), 77,996. 544 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. TERMILION RIVER, a tributary of the lUr- nois; rises in Ford and the northern part of McLean Count}', and, running northwestward through Livingston and the southern part of La Salle Counties, enters tlie Illinois River nearly opposite the city of La Salle ; has a length of about 80 miles. VERMILION RIVER, an affluent of the Wa- bash, formed by the union of the North, Middle and South Forks, which rise in Illinois, and come together near Danv-.lle in this State. It flows southeastward, and enters the "Wabash in Vermilion County, Ind. The main stream is about 28 miles long. Tlie South Fork, liowever, which rises in Champaign County and runs east- ward, has a length of nearlj' 75 miles. The Little Vermilion River enters the Wabash about 7 or 8 miles below the Vermilion, which is some- times called the Big Vermilion, by way of distinction. VERMONT, a village in Fulton County, at junction of Galesburg and St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 34 miles north of Beardstown ; has a carriage manu- factory, flour and saw-mills, brick and tile works, electric light plant, besides two banks, four churches, two graded schools, and one weekly newspaper. An artesian well has been sunk here to the depth of 2,600 feet. Pop (1910), 1,118. VERSAILLES, a town of Brown County, on the Waliash Railway, 48 miles east of Quinoy; is in a timber and agricultural district; has a bank and weekly newspaper. Pop. (1910), 5.57. VIENNA, the county-seat of Johnson County, situated on the Cairo and Vincennes branch of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 36 miles north-northwest of Cairo. It has a court house, several churches, a graded school, banks and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 828; (1900), 1,217; (1910), 1,124. VIGO, Francois, pioneer and early Indian- trader, was born at Mondovi, Sardinia (Western Italy), in 1747, served as a private soldier, first at Havana and afterwards at New Orleans. When he left the Spanish army he came to St. Louis, then the military headquarters of Spain for Upper Louisiana, where he became a pai-tner of Com- mandant de Leba, and was extensively engaged in the fur-trade among the Indians on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. On the occupation of Kaskaskia bj- Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778. he rendered valuable aid to the Americans, turn- ing out supplies to feed Clark's destitute .soldiers. and accepting Virginia Continental money, at par, in payment, incurring liabilities in excess of §20,000. This, followed by the confiscation policy of the British Colonel Hamilton, at Vincennes, wliere Vigo had considerable property, reduced him to extreme penury. H. W. Beckwith says that, towards the close of his life, he lived on his little homestead near Vincennes, in great poverty but cheerful to the last He was never recom- pensed during his life for his sacrifices in behalf of the American cause, though a tardj- restitution was attempted, after his death, by the United States Government, for the benefit of his heirs. He died, at a ripe old age, at Vincennes, Ind., March 22, 1835. VILLA GROVE, a village of Douglas County on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, eight miles northeast of Tuscola. Pop. (1910), 1,828. VINCENNES, Jean Baptiste Bissot, a Canadian explorer, born at Quebec, January, 1688, of aris- tocratic and wealthy ancestry. He was closely connected with Louis Joliet — probably his brother-in law, although some historians saj- that he was the latter's nephew. He entered the Canadian army as ensign in 1701, and had a long and varied experience as an Indian fighter. About 1725 he took up his residence on what is now the site of the present city of Vincennes, Ind., which is named in his honor. Here he erected an earth fort and established a trading- post. In 1726. under orders, he co-operated with D'Artaguiette (then the French Governor of Illi- nois) in an expedition against the Chickasaws. The expedition resulted disastrously. Vincennes and D'Artaguiette were captured and burned at the stake, togetlier with Father Senat (a Jesuit priest) and others of the command. (See also D'Artaguiette; French Governors of Illinois. ) VIRDEN, a city of Macoupin County, on the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. 21 miles south by west from Springfield, and 31 miles east-southeast of Jack- sonville. It has five churches, two banks, two newspapers, telephone service, electric lights, grain elevators, machine shop, and extensive coal mines. Pop. (1900), 2,280; (1910), 4,000. VIRGINIA, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Cass County, situated at the intersection of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, with the Spring- field Division of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad. 15 miles north of Jacksonville, and 33 miles west-northwest of Springfield. It lies in the heart of a rich agricultural region. There is a flouring mill here, besides manu- factories of wagons and cigars. The city has two National and one State bank, five churches, a HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 545 high school, and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 1,602; (1900), 1,600; (1910), 1,501. VOCKE, William, lawyer, was born at Min- den, Westphalia (Germany), in 1839, the son of a Government Secretary in the Prussian service. Having lost his father at an early age, he emi- grated to America in 1S5G, and, after a short stay in New York, came to Chicago, where he found employment as a paper-carrier for "The Staats-Zeitung, " meanwhile giving his attention to the study of law. Later, he became associated with a real-estate firm; on the commencement of the Civil War, enlisted as a private in a three months" regiment, and, finally, in the Twenty-fourth Illinois (the first Hecker regi- ment), in which lie rose to the rank of Captain. Returning from the army, he was employed as city editor of "The Staats-Zeitung," but, in 1865, became Clerk of tlie Chicago Police Court, serving until 1869. Meanwhile he had been admitted to the bar, and, on retirement from office, began practice, but, in 1870, was elected Representative in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, in which he bore a leading part in framing "the burnt record act" made necessary by the fire of 1871. He was still later engaged Lq the practice of his profession, having been, for a number of years, attorney for the German Consulate at Chicago, also serving, for several years, on the Chicago Board of Education. Mr. Vocke was a man of high literary tastes, as shown by his publication, in 1869, of a volume of poems translated from the German, which has been highly commended, besides a legal work on "The Administration of Justice in the United States, and a Synopsis of the Mode of Procedure in our Federal and State Comts and All Federal and State Laws relating to Subjects of Interest to Aliens," which lias been published in the Ger- man Language, and is highly valued by German lawyers and business men. Mr. Vocke was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1872 at Philadelphia, which nominated General Grant for the Presidency in 1872. Died May 3, 1907. TOLK, Leonard Wells, a distinguished IlUnois sculptor, born at Wellstown (afterwards Wells), N. Y., Nov. 7, 1828. Later, his father, who was a marble cutter, removed to Pittsfield, Mass., and, at the age of 16, Leonard began work in his shop. In 1848 lie came west and began model- ing in clay and drawing at St. Louis, being only self-taught. He married a cousin of Steplien A. Douglas, and the latter, in 1855, aided him in the prosecution of his art studies in Italy. Two years afterward he settled in Chicago, where he modeled the first portrait bust ever made in the city, having for his subject his first patron — the "Little Giant." The next year (1858) he made a life-size marble statue of Douglas. In 1860 he made a portrait bust of Abraham Lincoln, which passed into the possession of the Chicago His- torical Society and was destroyed in the great fire of 1871. In 1808-69, and again in 1871-72, he revisited Italy for purposes of study. In 1867 he was elected academician of the Chicago Academy, and was its President for eight years. He was genial, companionable and charitable, and always ready to assist his j'ounger and less fortunate pro- fessional brethren. His best known works are the Douglas Monument, in Chicago, several soldiers' monuments in different parts of the country, the statuary for the Henry Keep mausoleum at Watertown, N. Y. , life-size statues of Lincoln and Douglas, in the State House at Springfield, and numerous portrait busts of men eminent in political, ecclesiastical and commercial life. Died, at Osceola, Wis., August 18, 1895. VOSS, Arno, journalist, lawyer and soldier, born in Prussia, April 16, 1821 ; emigrated to the United States and was admitted to the bar in Chicago, in 18-18, the same year becoming editor of "The Staats-Zeitung"; was elected City Attorney in 18.52, and again in 1853; in 1861 became Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, but afterwards assisted in organizing the Twelfth Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Colonel, •still later serving with his command in Vir- ginia. He was at Harper's Ferry at the time of the capture of that place in September, 1862, but succeeded in cutting his way, with his command, through the rebel lines, escaping into Pennsyl- vania. Compelled by ill-health to leave the serv- ice in 1863, he retired to a farm in Will County, but, in 1869, returned to Chicago, where he served as Master in Chancery and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly in 1876, but declined a re-election in 1878. Died, in Chi- cago, March 23, 1888. WABASH, CHESTER & WESTEEN RAIL- ROAD, a railway running from Chester to Mount Vernon, 111. , 63. 33 miles, with a branch extend- ing from Chester to Menard. 1.5 miles; total mileage, 6-i.83. It is of standard gauge, and almost entirely laid with 60-pound steel rails. — (History.) It was organized, Feb. 20, 1878, as successor to the Iron Mountain, Chester & East- ern Railroad. During the fiscal year 1893-94 the Company purchased the Tamaroa & Jloiint Ver- non Railroad, extending from Mount Vernon to 546 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Tamaroa, 22.5 miles. Capital stock (1898), $1,- 250,000; bonded indebtedness, §690,000; total capitalization, §3,028,573. WABASH COUNTY, situated in the southeast corner of the State ; area 220 square miles. The county was carved out from Edwards in 1824, and the first court house built at Centerville, in May, 182G. Later, Mount Carmel was made the county-seat. (See Mount Carmel.) The Wabash River drains the county on the east; other streams are the Bon Pas, Coifee and Crawfish Creeks. The surface is undulating with a fair growth of timber. The chief industries are the raising of live-stock and the cultivation of cere- als. The wool-crop is likewise valuable. The county is crossed by the Louisville, Evansville & 3t. Louis and the Cairo and Vincennes Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads. Population (1880), 4,945; fl890), 11,806; (1900), 12,.5S.3; (1010), 14,913. WABASH RAILROAH, an extensive raib-oad system connecting the cities of Detroit and Toledo, on the east, with Kansas City and Council Bluffs, on the west, with branches to Chicago, St. Louis, Quincj' and Altamont, 111., and to Keokuk and Des Moines, Iowa. The total mileage (1898) is 1,874.96 miles, of which 677.4 miles are in Illi- nois — all of the latter being the property of the company, besides 176.7 miles of yard -tracks, sid- ings and spurs. The company has trackage privileges over the Toledo, Peoria & Western (G.5 miles) between Elvaston and Keokuk bridge, and over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (21.8 miles) between Camp Point and Quincy. — (His- tory.) A considerable portion of this road in Illinois is constructed on the line upon which the Northern Cross Railroad was projected, in the "internal improvement"' scheme adopted in 1837, and embraces the only section of road completed imder that scheme — that between the Ilhnois River and Springfield. (1) The construction of this section was begun by the State, May 11, 1837, the first rail laid. May 9, 1838, the road completed to Jack.sonville, Jan. 1, 1840, and to Springfield, May 13, 1842. It was operated for a time by "mule power." but the income was in- sufficient to keep the line in repair and it was finally abandoned. In 1847 the line was sold for §21,100 toX. H. Ridgelyand Thomas Mather of Springfield, and by them transferred to New York capitalists, who organized the Sangamon & Morgan Railroad Company, reconstructed the road from Springfield to Naples and opened it for business in 1849. (2) In 1853 two corporations were organized in Ohio and Indiana, respectively. under the name of the Toledo & IlUnois Railroad and the Lake Erie, "Wabash & St. Louis Railroad, which were consolidated as the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railroad, June 25, 1856. In 1858 these lines were sold separately tinder foreclo- sure, and finally reorganized, under a special char- ter granted by the Illinois Legislature, under the name of the Great Western Railroad Company. (3) The Quincy & Toledo Railroad, extending from Camp Point to the Illinois River opposite Meredosia, was constructed in 1858-59, and that, with the Illinois & Southern Iowa (from Clay- ton to Keokuk), was united, July 1, 1865, with the eastern divisions extending to Toledo, the new organization taking the name of the main line, (Toledo, Wabash & Western). (4) The Hannibal & Naples Division (49.6 miles), from Bluffs to Hannibal, Mo., was chartered in 1863, opened for business in 1870 and leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western. The latter defaulted on its interest in 1875, was placed in the hands of a receiver and, in 1877, was turned over to a new company under the name of the Wabash Railway Company. (5) In 1868 the company, as it then existed, promoted and secured the con- struction, and afterwards acquired the owner- ship, of a line extending from Decatur to East St. Louis (110.5 miles) under the name of the Deca- tur & East St. Louis Railroad. (6) The Eel River Railroad, from Butler to Logansport, Ind., was acquired in 1877, and afterwards extended to Detroit xmder the name of the Detroit, Butler & St. Louis Railroad, completing the connection from Logansport to Detroit. — In November, 1879, the Wabasli, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com- pany was organized, took the property- and con- solidated it with certain lines west of the Mississippi, of which the chief was the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern. A line had been pro- jected from Decatur to Chicago as early as 1870, but, not having been constructed in 1881, the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific purchased what was known as the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, imiting with the main line at Bement, and (by way of the Decat\ir and St. Louis Division) giv- ing a direct line between Chicago and St. Louis. At this time the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific wal operating the following additional leased lines: Pekiu, Lincoln & Decatur (67.2 miles); Hannibal & Central Missouri (70.2 miles); Lafayette, Mun- cie & Bloomington (36.7 miles), and the Lafayette Bloomington & Muncie (80 miles). A connection between Chicago on the west and Toledo and Detroit on the east was established over the Grand Tnmk road in 1882, but, in 1890, the com- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 547 pany constructed a line from Montpelier, Ohio, to Clark, Ind. (149.7 miles), thence by track lease to Chicago (17.0 miles), giving an independent line between Chicago and Detroit by what is known to investors as the Detroit & Chicago Division. The total mileage of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific system, in 1884. amounted to over 3,600 miles; but, in May of that j'ear, default having been made in the pa3iuent of interest, the work of di.sintegration began. The main line east of the Mississippi and that on the west were sepa- rated, the latter taking the name of the "Wabash Western." The Eastern Division was placed in the hands of a receiver, so remaining until May, 1889, when the two divisions, having been bought in by a purchasing committee, were consolidated under the present name. The total earnings and income of the road in Illinois, for the fiscal year 1898, were §4,403,621, and the expenses §4,836,110. The total capital invested (1898) was §139,889,643, including capital stock of §53,000,000 and bonds to the amount of §81,- 534,000. WABASH KIVER, rises in northwestern Ohio, passes into Indiana, and runs northwe.st to Hun- tington. It then flows nearlj- due west to Logans- port, thence southwest to Covington, finally turning southward to Terre Haute, a few miles below which it strikes the western boundary of Indiana. It forms the boundary between Illinois and Indiana (taking into account its numerous windings) for some 200 miles. Below Vincennes it runs in a south-southwesterly direction, and enters the Ohio at the south-west extremity of Indiana, near latitude 37" 49' north. Its length is estimated at 557 miles. WABASH & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Railrouil.) WABASH, ST. LOUIS & PACIFIC RAIL- ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) WABASH & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) WAIT, William Smith, pioneer, and original suggestor of the Illinois Central Railroad, was born in Portland, Maine, JIarch 5, 1789, and edu- cated in the public schools of his native place. In his youth he entered a Iwok-publishing house in which his father was a partner, and was for a time associated with the publication of a tveekly paper. Later the business was conducted at Boston, and extended over the Eastern, Middle, and Southern States, the subject of this sketch making extensive tours in the interest of the firm. In 1817 he made a tour to the West, reaching St. Louis, and, early in the following year, visited Bond County, 111., where he made his first entry of land from the Government. Returning to Boston a few months later, he con- tinued in the service of the publishing firm until 1820, when he again came to Illinois, and, in 1821, began farming in Ripley Township, Bond County. Returning East in 1824, he spent the next ten j'ears in the employment of the pubUsh- ing firm, with occasional visits to Illinois. In 1835 he located permanently near Greenville, Bond County, and engaged extensively in farm- ing and fruit-raising, planting one of the largest apple orchards in the State at that early day. In 1845 he presided as chairman over the National Industrial Convention in New York, and, in 1848, was nominated as the candidate of the National Reform Association for Vice-President on the tic ket with Gerrit Smith of Ne«- York, but declined. He was also prominent in County and State Agricultural Societies. Mr Wait has been credited with being one of the first (if not the very first) to suggest the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, which he did as early as 1835 ; was also one of the prime movers in the construction of the Mississippi & Atlantic Rail- road — now the "Vandalia Line" — giving much time to the latter enterprise from 1846 for many years, and was one of the original incorporators of the St. Louis & Illinois Bridge Company. Died, July 17, 1805. WALKER, Cyrus, pioneer, lawyer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., May 14, 1791 ; was taken while an infant to Adair County, Ky., and came to Macomb, 111., in 1833, being the second lawyer to locate in McDonough County. He had a wide reputation as a successful advocate, especially in criminal cases, and practiced extensively in the courts of Western Illinois and also in Iowa. Died, Dec. 1, 1875. Mr. Walker was uncle of the late Pinkney H. W^alker of the Supreme Court, who studied law with him. He was Whig candidate for Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1840. WALKER, James Barr, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia, July 29, 1805; in his youth served as errand-boy in a country store near Pittsburg and spent four years in a printing office ; then became clerk in the office of Mordecai M. Noah, in New York, studied law and gradu- ated from Western Reserve College, Ohio ; edited various religious papers, including "The Watch- man of the Prairies" (now "The Advance") of Chicago, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Chicago, and for some time was lecturer on 548 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Harmony between Science and Revealed Reli- gion" at Oberlin College and Chicago Theological Seminary. He was author of several volumes, one of which — "The Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation," published anonymously under the editorship of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe (1855) — ran through several editions and was translated into five different languages, including Hindustanee. Died, at Wheaton, 111., March 6, 1887. WALKER, James Monroe, corporation lawyer and Railway President, was born at Claremont, N. H., Feb. 14, 1830. At fifteen he removed with his parents to a farm in Michigan ; was educated at Oberlin, Ohio, and at the University of Michi- gan, Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 1849. He then entered a law office as clerk and student, was admitted to the bar the next year, and soon after elected Prosecuting Attorney of Washtenaw Count)' ; was also local attorney for the Michigan Central Railway, for which, after his removal to Chicago in 1853, he became Gen- eral Solicitor. Two years later the firm of Sedg- wick & Walker, which had been organized in Michigan, became attorneys for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and, until his death, Mr. Walker was associated with this com- pany, either as General Solicitor, General Counsel or President, filling the latter position from 1870 to 1875. Mr. Walker organized both the Chicago and Kansas City stock-yards, and was President of these corporations, as also of the Wilmington Coal Company, down to the time of his death, which occurred on Jan. 32, 1881, as a result of heart disease. WALKER, (Rev.) Jesse, Methodist Episcopal missionary, was born in Rockingham County, Va. , June 9, 1766; in 1800 removed to Tennessee, became a traveling preacher in 1802, and, in 1806, came to Illinois under the presiding-elder- ship of Rev. William McKendree (afterwards Bishop), locating first at Turkey Hill, St. Clair County. In 1807 he held a camp meeting near Edwardsville — the first on Illinois soil. Later, he transferred liis labors to Northern Illinois; was at Peoria in 1824; at Ottawa in 1825, and devoted much time to missionary work among the Pottawatomies, maintaining a school among them for a time. He visited Chicago in 1826, and there is evidence that he was a prominent resident there for several years, occupying a log house, which he used as a church and living-room, on "Wolf Point" at the junction of the North and South Branches of the Chicago River. While acting as superintendent of the Fox River mis- sion, his residence appears to have been at Plain- field, in the northern part of Will County. Died, Oct. 5, 1835. WALKER, Pinkney H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Adair County, Ky., June 18, 1815. His boyhood was chiefly passed in farm work and as clerk in a general store ; in 1834 he came to Illi- nois, settling at Rushville, where he worked in a store for four years. In 1838 he removed to Macomb, where he began attendance at an acad- emy and the study of law with his uncle, Cyrus Walker, a leading lawyer of his time. He was admitted to the bar in 1839, practicing at Macomb until 1848, when he returned to Rushville. In 1853 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1855. This position he resigned in 1858, having been appointed, by Governor Bissell, to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court occasioned by the resignation of Judge Skinner. Two months later he was elected to the same position, and re-elected in 1867 and '76. He presided as Chief Justice from January, 1864, to June, "67, and again from June, 1874, to Jime, '75. Before the expiration of his last term he died, Feb. 7, 1885. WALL, George Willard, lawyer, politician and Judge, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, April 22, 1839; brought to Perry County, 111., in infancy, and received his preparatory education at McKen. dree College, finally graduating from the Uni- versity of Michigan m 1858, and from the Cincmnati Law School in 1859, when he began practice at Duquoin, 111. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1863, and, from 1864 to '68, served as State's Attorney for the Third Judicial District ; was also a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1872 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candi- date for Congress, although running ahead of his ticket. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Third Circuit, and re-elected in '79, '85 and '91, much of the time since 1877 being on duty upon the Appellate bench. His home is at Duquoin. WALLACE, (Rev.) Peter, D.D., clergyman and soldier; was born in Mason County, Ky., April 11, 1813; taken in infancy to Brown County, Ohio, where he grew up on a farm until 15 years of age, when he was apprenticed to a carpenter; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, where he became a contractor and builder, fol- lowing this occupation for a number of years. He was converted in 1835 at Springfield, 111., and, some years later, having decided to enter the ministry, was admitted to the Illinois Conference as a deacon by Bishop E. S. Janes in 1855, and HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 549 placed in charge of the Danville Circuit. Two years later he was ordained by Bishop Scott, and, in the next few years, held pastorates at various places in the central and eastern parts of the State. From 1867 to 1874 he was Presiding Elder of the Blattoon and Quincy Districts, and, for six years, held the position of President of the Board of Trustees of Chaddock College at Quincy, from which he received the degree of D.D, in 1881. In the second year of the Civil War he raised a company in Sangamon County, was chosen its Captain and assigned to the Seventy-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "preachers' regiment" — all of its officers being ministers. In 1864 he was compelled by ill-health to resign his commission. While pastor of the church at Say- brook, 111., he was offered the position of Post- master of that place, which he decided to accept, and was allowed to retire from the active minis- try. On retirement from office, in 1884, he removed to Chicago. In 1889 he was appointed by Governor Fifer the first Cliaplain of the Sol- diers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, but retired some four years afterward, when he returned to Chicago. Dr. Wallace was an eloquent and effective preacher and continued to preacli, at intervals, until within a short time of his decease, which occurred in Chicago, Feb. 21, 1897, in his 84th year. A zealous patriot, he frequently spoke very effectively upon the political rostrum. Originally a Whig, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, and took pride in the fact that the first vote he ever cast was for Abraham Lincoln, for Representative in the Legis- lature, in 1834. He was a Knight Templar, Vice- President of the Tippecanoe Club of Chicago, and, at his death. Chaplain of America Post, No. 708, G. A. R. WALLACE, William Henry Lamb, lawyer and soldier, was born at Urbana, Ohio, July 8, 1821 ; brought to Illinois in 1833, his father settling near La Salle and, afterwards, at Mount Morris, Ogle County, where young Wallace attended the Rock River Seminary ; was admitted to the bar in 1845; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the First Illi- nois Volunteers (Col. John J. Hardin's regiment), for the Mexican War, rising to the rank of Adju- tant and participting in the battle of Buena Vista (where his commander was killed), and in other engagements. Returning to his profession at Ottawa, he served as District Attorney (1852-56), then became partner of his father-in-law, Col. T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards of the Supreme Court. In April, 18G1, he was one of the first to answer the call for troops by enlisting, and became Colo- nel of the Eleventh Illinois (three-months' men), afterwards re-enlisting for three years. As commander of a brigade he participated in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in Feb- ruary, 1862, receiving promotion as Brigadier- General for gallantry. At Pittsburg Landing (Shiloh), as commander of Gen. C. F. Smith's Division, devolving on him on account of the illness of his superior officer, he showed great courage, but fell mortally wounded, dying at Charleston, Tenn., April 10, 1862. His career promised great brilliancy and his loss was greatly deplored.— Martin R. M. ( Wallace), brother of the preceding, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Sept. 29, 1829, came to La Salle County, 111., with his father's family and was educated in the local schools and at Rock River Seminary ; studied law at Ottawa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, soon after locating in Chicago. In 1861 he assisted in organizing the Fourth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, of which he became Lieutenant- Colonel, and was complimented, in 1865, with tlie rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war he served as Assessor of Internal Revenue (1866-69) ; County Judge (1869-77) ; Prosecuting Attorney (1884); and, for many years was one of the Justices of the Peace of the city of Chicago. Died March 6, 1902. WALNUT, a town of Bureau County, on the Mendota and Fulton branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west of Mendota ; is in a farming and stock-raising dis- trict ; has two banks and two newspapers. Popu- lation (1900), 791; (1910), 763. WAR OF 1812. Upon the declaration of war by Congress, in June, 1812, the Pottawatomies, and most of the other tribes of Indians in the Territoj-y of Illinois, strongly sympathized with the British. The savages had been hostile and restless for some time previous, and blockhouses and family forts had been erected at a number of points, especially in the settlements most exposed to the incvirsions of the savages. Gov- ernor Edwards, becoming apprehensive of an- outbreak, constructed Fort Russell, a few miles from Edwardsville. Taking the field in person, he made this his headquarters, and collected a force of 250 mounted volunteers, who were later reinforced by two companies of rangers, under Col. William Russell, numbering about 100 men. An independent company of twenty -one spies, of wliich John Reynolds — afterwards Governor — was a member, was also formed and led by Capt. Samuel Judy. The Governor organized his little army into two regiments under Colonels Rector 550 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Stephenson, Colonel Russell serving as second to the commander-in-chief, other mem- bers of his staff being Secretary Nathaniel Pope and Robert K. McLaughlin. On Oct. 18, 1812, Governor Edwards, with his men, set out for Peoria, where it was expected that their force would meet that of General Hopkins, who had been sent from Kentuckj- with a force of 2,000 men. En route, two Kickapoo villages were burned, and a number of Indians imnecessarily slain by Edwards" party. Hopkins had orders to di.sperse the Indians on the Illinois and Wabash Rivers, and destroy their villages. He deter- mined, however, on reaching the headwaters of the Vermilion to proceed no farther. Governor Edwards reached the head of Peoria Lake, but, failing to meet Hopkins, returned to Fort Russell. About the same time Capt. Thomas E. Craig led a party, in two boats, up the Illinois River to Peoria. His boats, as he alleged, having been fired upon in the night by Indians, who were har- bored and protected by the French citizens of Peoria, he burned the greater part of the village, and capturing the population, carried them down the river, putting them on shore, in the early part of the winter, just below Alton. Other desultory expeditions marked the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. The Indians meanwhile gaining courage, remote settlements were continually harassed by marauding bands. Later in 1814, an expedi- tion, led by Major (afterwards President) Zachary Taylor, ascended the Mississippi as far as Rock Island, where he found a large force of Indians, supported by British regulars with artillery. Finding himself unable to cope with so formida- ble a foe. Major Taylor retreated down the river. On the site of the present town of Warsaw he threw up fortifications, which he named Fort Edwards, from which point he was subsequently compelled to retreat. The same year the British, with their Indian alUes, descended from Macki- nac, captured Prairie du Chien, and burned Forts Madison and Johnston, after which they retired to Cap au Gris. The treaty of Ghent, signed Dec. 24, 1814, closed the war, although no formal treaties were made with the tribes until the year following. WAR OF THE REBELLION. At the outbreak of the Civil War, the executive chair, in Illinois, was occupied by Gov. Richard Yates. Immedi- ately upon the issuance of President Lincoln's first call for troops (April 15, 1861), the Governor issued his proclamation summoning the Legisla- ture together in special session and, the same day, issued a call for "six regiments of militia," the quota assigned to the State under call of the President. Public excitement was at fever heat, and dormant patriotism in both sexes was aroused as never before. Party lines were broken down and, with comparatively few excep- tions, the mass of the people were actuated by a common sentiment of patriotism. On April 19, Governor Yates was instructed, by the Secretary of War, to take possession of Cairo as an important strategic point. At that time, the State militia organizations were few in number and poorly equipped, consisting chiefly of independent com- panies in the larger cities. The Governor acted with great promptitude, and, on April 21, seven companies, numbering 595 men, commanded by Gen. Richard K. Swift of Chicago, were en route to Cairo. The first volunteer comp-in}- to tender its services, in response to Governor Yates' proc- lamation, on April 16, was tlie Zouave Grays of Springfield. Eleven other companies were ten- dered the same day, and, by the evening of the 18th, the number had been increased to fifty. Simultaneously with these proceedings, Chicago bankers tendered to the Governor a war loan of 5500,000, and those of Springfield, $100,000. The Legislature, at its special session, passed acts in- creasing the efficiency of the militia law, and provided for the creation of a war fund of §3,- 000,000. Besides the six regiments already called for, the raising of ten additional volunteer regi- ments and one battery of light artillery was authorized. The last of the six regiments, apportioned to Illinois under the first presidential caU, was dispatched to Cairo early in May. The six regiments were numbered the Seventh to Twelfth, inclusive — the earlier numbers, First to Sixth, being conceded to the six regiments wliich had served in the war with Slexico. The regi- ments were commanded, respectively, by Colonels Jolin Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan, William H. L. Wallace, and John McArthur, constituting the "First Brigade of Illinois Volunteers." Benjamin M. Prentiss, having been chosen Brigadier-General on arrival at Cairo, assumed command, relieving General Swift. The quota under the second call, consist- ing of ten regiments, was mustered into service within sixty days, 200 companies being tendered immediately. Many more volunteered than could be accepted, and large numbers crossed to Mis- souri and enlisted in regiments forming in that State. During June and Jul}- the Secretary of War authorized Governor Yates to recruit twenty- two additionivl regiments (seventeen infantry and five cavalry), which were promptly raised. On HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 551 July 23, the day following the defeat of the Union army at Bull Run, President Lincoln called for 500.000 more volunteers. Governor Yates im- mediate!}' responded with an offer to the War Department of sixteen more regiments (thirteen of infantry and three of cavalry), and a battalion of artillery, adding, that the State claimed it as her right, to do her full share toward the preser- vation of the Union. Under supplemental author- ity, received from the Secretary of AVar in August, 1861, twelve additional regiments of in- fantry and five of cavalry were raised, and, by De- cember, 18G1, the State had 43,000 volunteers in the field and 17,000 in camps of instruction. Other calls were made in July and August, 18113, each for 300,000 men. Illinois' quota, under both calls, was over 53,000 men, no regard being paid to the fact that the State had already furnished 16,000 troops in excess of its quotas under previ- ous calls. Unless this number of volunteers was raised by September 1, a draft would be ordeved. The tax was a severe one, inasmuch as it would fall chiefly upon the prosperous citizens, the float- ing population, the idle and the extremely poor having already followed the army's march, either as soldiers or as camp-followers. But recruiting was actively carried on, and, aided by liberal bounties in many of the counties, in less than a fortnight the 53,000 new troops were secured, the volunteers coming largely from the substantial classes — agricultural, mercantile, artisan ami professional. By tlie end of December, fift}' nine regiments and four batteries had been dispatched to the front, besides a considerable number to fill up regiments already in the field, which had suf- fered severely from battle, exposure and disease. At this time, Illinois had an aggregate of over 135,000 enlisted men in the field. The issue of President Lincoln's preliminary proclamation of emancipation, in September, 1863, was met by a storm of hostile criticism from his political opponents, who — aided by the absence of so large a proportion of the loyal population of tlie State in the field — were able to carry the elec- tions of that year. Consequently, when the Twenty-third General Assembly convened in regular session at Springfield, on Jan. 5, 1863, a large majority of that body was not only opposeil to both the National and State administrations, but avowedly opposed to the further prosecution of the war under the existing policy. The Leg- islature reconvened in June, but was prorogued by Governor Yates Between Oct. 1, 1863, and July 1, 1864, 10,000 veterans re-enlisted and 87,000 new volunteers were enrolled ; and, by the date last mentioned, Illinois had furnished to the Union army 344.4% men, being 14,596 in ex- cess of the allotted quotas, constituting fifteen per cent of the entire poi)ulation. These were comprised in 151 regiments of infantry, 17 of cavalry and two complete regiments of artillery, besides twelve independent batteries. The total losses of Illinois organizations, during the war, has been reported at 34,834, of which 5,874 were killed in battle, 4,030 died from wounds, 22,786 from disease and 3,154 from other causes — being a total of thirteen per cent of the entire force of the State in the service. The part wliich Illinois played in the contest was conspicuous for patriot- ism, promptness in response to every call, and the bravery and eflScienoy of its troops in the field — reflecting honor upon the State and its his- tory. Nor were its loyal citizens — who, while staying at home, furnished moral and material support to the men at the front — less worthy of praise than those who volunteered. B3' uphold- ing tlie Government — National and State^and by their zeal and energy in collecting and sending forward immense quantities of supplies — surgical, medical and other — often at no little sacrifice, they contributed much to the success of the Union arms. (See also Caviji Douglas; Camp Douglas Conspiracy; Secret Treasonable Soci- eties. ) WAR OF THE REBELLION (History of Illi- nois Regiments). Tlie following is a list of the various military organizations mustered into the service during the Civil War (1801-65), with the terms of service and a summary of the mora important events in the history of each, while in the field : Seventh Infantry. IllinoLs having sent six regiments to the Mexican War, by courtesy the numbering of the regiments which took part in the war for the Union began with number Seven. A number of regiments which responded to the first call of the President, claimed the right to be recognized as the first regiment in the field, but the honor was finally accorded to that organized at Springfield by Col. John Cook, and hence his regiment was numbered Seventh. It was mustered into the service, April 25, 1861. and remained at Mound City during the three months' service, the period of its first enlistment. It was subsequently reorganized and mustered for the three years' .service, July 35, 1801, and was engaged in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Cherokee, AUatoona Pass, Salkahatchie Swamp, Bentonville and Columljia. The regi- ment re-enlisted as veterans at Pulaski, Tenn., 552 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Dec. 22, 1863; was mustered out at Loviisville, July 9, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, July 11. Eighth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in for three months" service, April 26, 1801, Richard J. Oglesby of Decatur, being appointed Colonel. It remained at Cairo during its term of ser%-ice. wlien it was mustered out. July 2.5, 1861, it was reorganized and mustered in for three years' service. It participated iu the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Port Gibson, Thompson Hill, Raymond, Champion Hill, Vicks- burg, Brownsville, and Spanish Fort ; re-enlisted as veterans, March 24, 1864; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, May 4, 1866, paid off and dis- charged. May 13, having served five years. Ninth Infantry. Mustered into the service at Springfield, April 26, 1861, for the term of three months, under Col. Eleazer A. Paine. It was reorganized at Cairo, in August, for three years, being composed of companies from St. Clair, Madison, Montgomery, Pulaski, Alexander and Mercer Counties; was engaged at Fort Donel- son, Shiloh, Jackson (Tenn.), Meed Creek Swamps, Salem, Wyatt, Florence, Montezuma, Athens and Grenada. The regiment was mounted, March 15, 1863, and so continued during the remainder of its service. Mustered out at Louis- ville, July 9, 1865. Tenth Infantry. Organized and mustered into the service for three months, on April 29, 1861, at Cairo, and on July 29, 1861, was mustered into the service for three years, with Col. James D. Jlorgan in command. It was engaged at Sykeston, New Madrid. Corinth, Missionary Eidge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw, Chattahoochie, Savannah and Bentonville. Re- enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, and mustered out of service, July 4, 1865, at Louisville, and received final discharge and pay, July 11, 1865, at Chicago. Eleventh Infantry. Organized at Spring- field and mustered into service, April 30, 1861, for three months. July 30, the regiment was mustered out, and re-enlisted for three years' service. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Tallahatchie, Vicksburg, Liver- pool Heights, Yazoo City, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards Brigadier-General and killed at Shiloh. wa-s its first Colonel. Mustered out of service, at Baton Rouge, July 14, 1865 ; paid off and discharged at Springfield. TSvelfth Infantry. Mustered into service for three years, August 1, 1861 ; was engaged at Columbiis, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Lay's Ferry, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw, Nickajack Creek, Bald Knob, Decatur, Ezra Church, Atlanta, Allatoona and Goldsboro. On Jan. 16, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans. John McArthur was its first Colonel, suc- ceeded by Augustus L. Chetlain, both being promoted to Brigadier-Generalships. Mustered out of service at Louisville, Ky., July 10, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, at Spring- field, July 18. Thirteenth Infantry. One of the regiments organized under the act known as the "Ten Regi- ment Bill"' ; was mustered into service on May 24, 1861, for three years, at Dixon, with John B. Wyman as Colonel ; was engaged at Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Mis- sionary Ridge, Rossville and Ringgold Gap. Mustered out at Springfield, June 18, 1864, hav- ing served three years and two montlia. Fourteenth Infantry. One of the regiments raised under the "Ten Regiment Bill," which anticipated the requirements of the General Government by organizing, equipping and dril- ling a regiment.in each Congressional District in the State for thirty days, unless sooner required for service by the United States. It was mustered in at Jacksonville for three years. May 25, 1861, under command of John M. Palmer as its first Colonel ; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Meta- mora, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Beauregard and Meridian ; consolidated with the Fifteenth Infan- try, as a veteran battalion (both regiments hav- ing enlisted as veterans), on July 1, 1864. In October, 1864. the major part of the battalion was captured by General Hood and sent to Andersonville. The remainder participated in the "March to the Sea," and through the cam- paign in the CaroUuas. In the spring of 1865 the battalion organization was discontinued, both regiments having been filled up by recruits. The regiment was mustered out at Fort Leaven- worth, Kan., Sept. 16, 1865; and arrived at Springfield, 111. , Sept. 22, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge. The aggregate number of men who belonged to this organization was 1,980, and the aggregate mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, 480. During its four years and four months of service, the regiment marched 4.490 miles, traveled by rail, 2,330 miles, and, by river, 4,490 miles — making an aggregate of 11,670 miles. Fifteenth Infantry. Raised under the "Ten Regiment Act," in the (then) First Congressional District; was organized at Freeport, and mus- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 553 tered into service, May 24, 1861. It was engaged at Sedalia, Shiloh, Corinth, Metamora Hill, Vicksburg, Fort Beaui-egard, Champion Hill, Allatoona and Bentonville. In March, 18G4, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in July, 1864, was consolidated with the Fourteenth Infan- try as a Veteran Battalion. At Big Shanty and Ackworth a large portion of the battalion was captured by General Hood. At Raleigh the Veteran Battalion was discontinued and the Fifteenth reorganized. From July 1, to Sept. 1, 1865, the regiment was stationed at Forts Leaven- worth and Kearney. Having been mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, it was sent to Springfield for final payment and discharge — having served four years and four months. Miles marched, 4,299; miles by rail, 2,403, miles by steamer, 4,310; men enlisted from date of organization, 1,963; strength at date of muster-out, 640. Sixteenth Infantry. Organized and mus- tered into service at Quincy under the "Ten-Regi- ment Act," May 24, 1861. The regiment was engaged at New Madrid, Tiptonville, Corinth, Buzzards" Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia, Fayetteville, Averysboro and Bentonville. In December, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans; was mustered out at Louisville. Ky.. July 8, 1805, after a term of service of four j-ears and three months, and, a week later, arrived at Spring- field, where it received its final pay and discharge papers. Seventeenth Infantry. Mustered into the service at Peoria, 111., on May 24, 1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Greenfield (Ark.), Shiloh, Corinth, Hatchie and Vicksburg. In May, 1864, the term of enlistment having expired, the regiment was ordered to Springfield for pay and discharge. Those men and oflScers who re-enlisted, and those whose term had not expired, were consolidated with the Eighth Infan- try, which was mustered out in the spring of 1866. Eighteenth Infantry. Organized under the provisions of the "Ten Regiment Bill," at Anna, and mustered into the .service on May 28, 1861, the term of enlistment being for three years. The regiment participated in the capture of Fort McHenry, and was actively engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth. It was mustered out at Little Rock, Dec. 16, 1865, and Dec. 31, thereafter, arrived at Springfield, 111., for pay- ment and discharge. The aggregate enlistments in the regiment, from its organization to date of discharge (rank and file), numbered 2,043. Nineteenth Infantry. Mustered, into the United States service for three years, June 17, 1861, at Chicago, embracing four companies which had been accepted under the call for three months' men; participated in the battle of Stone River and in the Tullahoma and Chatta- nooga campaigns: was also engaged at Davis' Cross Roads, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and Resaca. It was mustered out of service on July 9, 1864, at Chicago. Originally consisting of nearly 1,000 men, besides a large number of recruits received during the war, its strength at the final muster-out was less than 350. Twentieth Infantry. Organized, May 14, 1861, at Joliet, and June 13, 1861, and mustered into the service for a term of three years. It participated in the following engagements, bat- tles, sieges, etc.: Fredericktown (Mo.), Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Thompson's Planta- tion, Champion Hills, Big Black River, Vicks- burg, Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta. Afte.» marching through the Carolinas, the regiment was finallj' ordered to Louisville, where it was mustered out, July 16, 1865, receiving its fina.1 discharge at Chicago, on July 24. Twenty-first Infantry. Organized under the "Ten Regiment Bill," from the (then) Sev- enth Congressional District, at Mattoon, and mustered into service for three years, June 28, 1861. Its first Colonel was U. S. Grant, who was in command until August 7, when he was com- missioned Brigadier-General. It was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Corinth, Perry ville, Mur- freesboro, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Chattanooga, in February, 1864. From June, 1864, to December, 1865, it was on duty in Texas. Mustered out at San Antonio, Deo. 16, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, Jan. 18, 1866. Twenty-second Infantry. Organized at Belleville, and mustered into service, for three years, at Casey ville, III., June 25, 1861; was engaged at Belmont, Charleston (Mo.), Sikestown, Tiptonville, Farmington, Corinth, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New Hojx) Church, and all the battles of the Atlanta campaign, except Rocky Face Ridge. It was mustered out at Springfield, July 7, 1864, the vet- erans and recruits, whose term of service had not expired, being consolidated with the Forty-second Regiment Illinois Infantry Volunteers. Twenty-third Infantry. The organization of the Twenty-third Infantry Volunteers com- menced, at Chicago, under the popular name of 554 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the "Irish Brigade," immediately upon the opening of hostilities at Sumter. The formal muster of the regiment, under the command of Col. James A. Mulligan, was made, June 15, 1861, at Chicago, when it was occupying barracks known as Kane's brewery near the river on West Polk Street. It was early ordered to North- ern Missouri, and was doing garrison duty at Lexington, when, in September, 1861, it surren- dered with the rest of the garrison, to the forces under the rebel General Price, and was paroled. From Oct. 8, 1861, to June 14, 1862, it was detailed to guard prisoners at Camp Douglas. Thereafter it participated in engagements in the Virginias, as follows: at South Fork, Greenland Gap, Phi- lippi, Hedgeville, Leetown, Maryland Heights, Snicker's Gap, Kernstown, Cedar Creek, Win- chester, Charlestown, Berryville, Opequan Creek, Fisher's Hill, Harrisonburg, Hatcher's Run and Petersburg. It also took part in the siege of Richmond and the pursuit of Lee, being present at the surrender at Appomattox. In January and February, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Greenland Gap, W. Va. In August, 1864, the ten companies of the Regiment, then numbering 440, were consolidated into five com- panies and designated, "Battalion, Twenty-third Regiment, Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry. " The regiment was thanked by Congress for its part at Lexington, and was authorized to inscribe Lexington upon its colors. (See also Mulligan, James A.) Twenty-fourth Infantry, (known as the First Hecker Regiment). Organized at Chicago, with two companies — to-wit: the Union Cadets and the Lincoln Rifles — from the three months' service, in June, 1861, and mu.stered in, July 8, 1861. It participated in the battles of Perryville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain and other engagements in the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out of service at Chicago, August 6, 1864. A fraction of the regi- ment, which had been recruited in the field, and whose term of service had not expired at the date of muster-out, was organized into one company and attached to the Third Brigade, First Divi- sion, Fourteenth Army Corps, and mustered out at Camp Butler, August 1, 1865. Twenty-fifth Infantry. Organized from the counties of Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Vermil- ion, Douglas, Coles, Champaign and Edgar, and mustered into service at St. Louis, August 4, 1861. It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone River, Chickamau,ga, Missionary Ridge, in the siege of Corinth, the battle of Kenesaw Moun- tain, the siege of Atlanta, and innumerable skir- mislies; was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 5, 1864. During its three years' service the regi- ment traveled 4,962 miles, of which 3,252 were on foot, the remainder by steamboat and railroad. Twenty-sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, consisting of seven companies, at Springfield, August 31, 1861. On Jan. 1, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. It was authorized by the commanding General to inscribe upon its ban- ners "New Madrid" ; "Island No. 10 ;" "Farming- ton;" "Siege of Corinth;" "luka;" "Corinth — 3d and 4th, 1863;" "Resaca;" "Kenesaw;" "Ezra Church;" "Atlanta;" "Jonesboro;" "Griswold- ville;" "McAllister;" "Savannah;" "Columbia," and " Benton ville." It was mustered out at Louisville, July 20, 1865, and paid off and discharged, at Springfield, July 28 — the regiment having marched, during its four years of service, 6,931 miles, and fought twenty-eight hard battles, besides innumerable skirmishes. Twenty-seventh Infantry. First organized, with only seven companies, at Springfield, August 10, 1861, and organization completed by the addition of three more companies, at Cairo, on September 1. It took part in the battle of Bel- mont, the siege of Island No. 10, and the battles of Farmington, Nashville, Murfreesboro, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Calhoun, Adairsville, Dallas, Pine Top Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain, as well as in the investment of Atlanta; was relieved from duty, August 25, 1864, wliile at the front, and mustered out at Springfield, September 20. Its veterans, with the recruits whose term of serv- ice had not expired, were consolidated with the Ninth Infantry. Twenty-eighth Infantry. Composed of companies from Pike, Fulton, Schuyler, Mason, Scott and Menard Counties; was organized at Springfield, August 15, 1861, and mustered into service for three years. It participated in the battles of Shiloh and Metamora, the siege of Vicksburg and the battles of Jackson, Mississippi, and Fort Beauregard, and in the capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. From June, 1864, to March, 1866, it was stationed in Texas, and was mustered out at Brownsville, in that State, March 15, 1866, having served four years and seven months. It was discharged, at Springfield, May 13, 1866. Twenty-ninth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice at Springfield, August 19, 1861, and was engaged at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the sieges of Corinth, Vicksburg and Mobile. Eight HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 555 companies were detailed for duty at Holly Springs, and were there captured by General Van Dorn, in December, 18()3, but were exclianged, six months later. In January, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, from June, 1804, to November, 18C.5. was on duty in Texas. It was niu.stered out of service in that State, Nov. 6, 1865, and received final discharge on November 28. Thirtieth Inf.^ntry. Organized at Spring- field, August 28, 1801 ; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, the siege of Corinth, Medan Station, Raymond, Champion Hills, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, Big Shanty, Atlanta, Savannah. Pocotaligo, Orangeburg, Columbia, Cheraw, and Fayetteville; mustered out, July 17, 180.5, and received final payment and discharge at Springfield, July 27, 180.5. Thirty-first Infantry. Organized at Cairo, and there mustered into service on Sept. 18, 1861; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the two expeditions against Vicks- burg, at Thompson's Hill, Ingram Heights, Ray- mond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejo)' Station and Jonesboro; also participated in the "March to the Sea" and took part in the battles and skir- mishes at Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville and Bentonville. A majority of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans in March, 180-1. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 19, 180.5, and finally discharged at Springfield, July 23. Thirty-second Infantry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Dec. 31, 1861. By special authority from the War Depart- ment, it originally consisted of ten companies of infantry, one of cavalry, and a battery. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the sieges of Corinth and Vicksburg, and in the battles of La Grange, Grand Junction, Metamora, Harrison- burg, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, Allatoona, Savannah, Columbia, Cheraw and Bentonville. In January, 1804, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in June, 1805, was ordered to Fort Leavenworth. Mustered out there, Sept. 16, 1865, and finally discharged at Springfield. Thirty-third Infantry. Organized and mus- tered into service at Springfield in September, 1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, the assault and siege of Vicksburg, siege of Jackson, Fort Esperanza, and in the expedition against Mobile. The regiment veteranized at Vicksburg, Jan. 1, 1804 ; was mustered out, at the same point, Nov. 24, 1865, and finally discharged at Spring- field, Dec. 6 and 7, 1805. The aggregate enroll- ment of the regiment was between 1,900 and 2,000. Thirty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 7, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh, Corintli, Murfreesboro, Rocky Face Ridge, Re- saca. Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, and, after participating in the "March to the Sea" and through the Carolinas, took part in the battle of Bentonville. After the surrender of Johnston, the regiment went with Sherman's Army to Washington, D. C, and took part in the grand review. May 24, 1865; left AVashington, June 19, and arrived at Louisville, Ky., June 18, where it was mustered out, on July 12; was dis- charged and paid at Chicago, Julj' 17, 1865. Thirty-fifth Infantry. Organized at De- catur on July 3, 1861, and its services tendered to the President, being accepted by the Secretary of War as "Col. G. A. Smith's Independent Regi- ment of Illinois Volunteers," on July 23, and mustered into service at St. Louis, August 12. It was engaged at Pea Ridge and in the siege of Corinth, also participated in the battles of Perry- ville. Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca. Dallas and Kenesaw. Its final muster-out took place at Springfield, Sept. 27, 1864, the regiment having marched (exclusive of railroad and steamboat transportation) 3,056 miles. Thirty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Camp Hammond, near Aurora, 111., and mustered into service, Sept. 23, 1861, for a term of three years. The regiment, at its organization, numbered 965 officers and enlisted men, and had two companies of Cavalry ("A" and "B"), 186 officers and men. It was engaged at Leetown, Pea Ridge, Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, the siege of Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Jones- boro, Franklin and Nashville. Mustered out, Oct. 8, 1865, and disbanded, at Springfield, Oct. 27, having marched and been transported, during its term of service, more than 10.000 miles. Thirty-seventh Infantry. Familiarly known as "Fremont Rifles"; organized in August, 1861, and mustered into service, Sept. 18. The regi- ment was presented with battle-flags by the Chi- cago Board of Trade. It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Neosho, Prairie Grove and Chalk Bluffs, the .siege of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Yazoo City and Morgan's Bend. In October, 1803, it was ordered to the defense of the frontier along the Rio Grande; re-enlisted as 556 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. veterans in February, 1864; took part in the siege and storming of Fort Blakely and the cap- ture of Mobile; from July, ISfio, to May, 1866, was again on duty in Texas ; was mustered out at Houston, May 15, 1866, and finally discharged at Springfield, May 31, having traveled some 17,000 miles, of which nearly 3,300 were bj' marching. Thirty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, in September, 1861. The regiment was engaged in the battles of Fredericktown, Perryville, Knob Gap, Stone River. Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Pine Toj), Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans in February, 1864; from June to December, 1865, was on duty in Louisi- ana and Texas; was mustered out at Victoria, Texas, Dec. 31, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield. Thirty-ninth Infantry. The organization of this Regiment was commenced as soon as the news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Chi- cago. General Thomas O. Osborne was one of its contemplated field officers, and labored zealously to get it accepted under the first call for troops, but did not accomplish his object. The regiment had already assumed the name of the "Yates Phalanx" in honor of Governor Yates. It was accepted by the War Department on the day succeeding the first Bull Run disaster (Julj' 22, 1861), and Austin Light, of Chicago, was appointed Colonel. Under his direction the organization was completed, and the regiment left Camp Mather, Chicago, on the morning of Oct. 13, 1861. It par- ticipated in the battles of Winchester, Malvern Hill (the second), Morris Island, Fort Wagner, Drury'a Bluff', and in numerous engagements before Petersburg and Richmond, including the capture of Fort Gregg, and was present at Lee's surrender at Appomattox. In the meantime the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Hilton Head, S. C. , in September, 1863. It was mustered out at Norfolk, Dec. 6, 1865, and received final dis- charge at Chicago, December 16. Fortieth Infantry. Enlisted from the coun- ties of Franklin, Hamilton, Wayne, White, Wabash, Marion, Clay and Fayette, and mustered into' service for three years at Springfield, August 10, 1861. It was engaged at Shiloli, in the siege of Corinth, at Jackson (Miss.), in the siege of 'Vicksburg, at Slissionary Ridge, New Hope Church, Black Jack Knob, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Ezra Chapel, Gris- woldville, siege of Savannah, Columbia (S. C), and Bentonville. It re-enlisted, as veterans, at Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864, and was mustered out at Louisville, July 24, 1865, receiving final discharge at Springfield. Forty- FIRST Infantry. Organized at Decatur during July and August, 1861, and was mustered into service, August 5. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth, the siege of 'Vicksburg and Jackson, in the Red River campaign, at Guntown, Kenesaw Mountain and Allatoona, and partici- pated in the "March to the Sea." It re-enli.sted, as veterans, March 17, 1864, at Vicksburg. and was consolidated with tlie Fifty-third Infantry, Jan. 4, 1865, forming Companies G and H. Forty-second Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, July 22, 1861 ; was engaged at Island No. 10, the siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, Columbia (Tenn. ), was besieged at Nashville, engaged at Stone River, in the TuUahoma cam- paign, at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Pine and Kenesaw Mountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro. Lovejoy Station, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It re- enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864; was stationed in Texas from July to December, 1865 ; was mus- tered out at Indianola, in that State, Dec. 16, 1865, and finally discharged, at Springfield, Jan. 12, 1866. Forty-third Infantry. Organized at Spring- field in September, 1861, and mustered into service on Oct. 12. The regiment took part in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh and in the campaigns in West Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas; was mustered out at Little Rock, Nov. 30, 1865, and returned to Springfield for final pay and discharge, Dec. 14, 1865. Forty-fourth Infantry. Organized in Au- gust, 1861, at Chicago, and mustered into service, Sept. 13, 1861; was engaged at Pea Ridge, Perryville, Stone River, Hoover's Gap, Shelby- ville, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Adairsville, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kene- saw Mountain, Gulp's Farm, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta. Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans in Tennessee, in January. 1864. From June to September, 1865, it was stationed in Louisiana and Texas, was mustered out at Port Lavaca, Sept. 25, 1865, and received final discharge, at Springfield, three weeks later. Forty-fifth Infantry. Originally called the "Washburne Lead Mine Regiment": was organized at Galena, July 23, 1861, and mustered HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 557 into service at Chicago, Dec. 25, 1861. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, battle of Medan, the campaign against Vieksburg, the Meridian raid, the Atlanta cam- paign, the "'March to the Sea," and tlie advance through the Carolinas. The regiment veteran- ized in January, 1864; was mustered out of serv- ice at Louisville, Ky., July 12, 1865, and arrived in Chicago, July 15, 1865, for final pay and dis- charge. Distance marched in four years, 1,750 miles. Forty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, Dec. 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donel- son, Shiloli, the siege of Corinth, battle of Metamora, siege of Vieksburg (where five com- panies of tlie regiment were captured), in the reduction of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered in as a veteran regiment, Jan. 4, 1864. From May, 1865, to January, 1866, it was on duty in Louisi- ana ; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, Jan. 20, 1866, and, on Feb. 1, 1866, finally paid and dis- charged at Springfield. Forty-seventh Infantry'. Organized and mustered into service at Peoria, 111., on August 16, 1861. The regiment took part in the expe- dition against New Madrid and Island No. 10; also participated in the battles of Farmington, luka, the second battle of Corinth, the capture of Jackson, the siege of Vieksburg, the Red River expedition and the battle of Pleasant Hill, and in the struggle at Lake Chicot. It was ordered to Chicago to assist in quelling an antici- pated riot, in 1864, but, returning to the front, took part in the reduction of Spanish Fort and the capture of Mobile; was mustered out, Jan. 21, 1866, at Selma, Ala., and ordered to Spring- field, where it received final pay and discharge. Those members of the regiment who did not re-en- li.st as veterans were mustered out, Oct. 11, 1864. FoRTY'-ElOHTH INFANTRY'. Organized at Spring- field, September, 1861, and participated in battles and sieges as follows: Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (siege of), Vieksburg (first e-vpedition against). Missionary Ridge, as well as in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the Sea." The regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans, at Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864; was mus- tered out, August 15, 1865, at Little Rock, Ark., and ordered to Springfield for final discharge, arriving, Augu.st 21, 1865. The distance marched was 3,000 miles; moved by water, 5,000; by rail- road, 3,450~total, 11,4,50. FouTY-NiNTH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- field, 111., Dec. 31, 1861; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Little Rock; took part in the campaign against Meridian and in the Red River expedition, being in the battle of Pleasant Hill, Jan. 15, 1864; three-fourths of the regiment re-enlisted and were mustered in as veterans, returning to Illinois on furlough. The non- veterans took part in the battle of Tupelo. The regiment participated in the battle of Nashville, and was mustered out, Sept. 9, 1865, at Paducah, Ky., and arrived at Springfield, Sept, 15, 1865, for final payment and discharge. Fiftieth Infantry'. Organized at Quincy, in August, 1861, and mustered into service, Sept. 12, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth, Allatoona and Bentonville, besides many minor engagements. The regiment was mounted, Nov. 17, 1863; re-enlisted as veterans. Jan. 1, 1864, was mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, and reached Springfield, the following day. for final pay and discharge. FiFTY'-FlRST Infantry'. Organized at Chi- cago, Dec. 24, 1861 ; was engaged at New JIadrid, Island No. 10, Farmington, the siege of Corinth, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionarj' Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jones- boro. Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment was mustered in as veterans, Feb. 16, 1864 ; from July to September, 1865, was on duty in Texas, and mustered out, Sept. 25, 1865, at Camp Irwin, Texas, arriving at Springfield, 111., Oct. 15, 1865, for final pa3'ment and discharge. Fifty-second Infantry'. Organized at Ge- neva in November, 1861, and mustered into serv- ice. Nov. 19. The regiment participated in the following battles, sieges and expeditions : Shiloh, Corinth (siege and second battle of), luka. Town Creek, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Lay's Ferry, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, Decatur, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Bentonville. It veteranized, Jan. 9, 1864; was mustered out at Louisville, July 4, 1865, and received final payment and discharge at Springfield, Jul}' 12. Fifty'-third Infantry'. Organized at Ottawa in the winter of 1861-62, and ordered to Chicago, Feb. 27, 1862, to complete its organization. It took part in the siege of Corinth, and was engaged at Davis' Bridge, the siege of Vieksburg, in the Meridian campaign, at Jackson, the siege of Atlanta, the "March to the Sea," the capture of Savannah and the campaign in the Carolinas, inchuling the battle of Bentonville. The regi- ment was mustered out of service at Louisville, 558 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. July 23, 1865, ami received final discliarge, at Cliicago, July 28. It marched 2,85.j miles, and was transported by boat and cars, 4,168 miles. Over 1.800 officers and men belonged to the regi- ment during its term of service. Fifty-fourth I.nfantey. Organize, with 343 officers and men, the aggregate number enrolled having been 1.001. Seventy-fifth Inf.wjtry. Organized at Dixon, and mustered into service, Sept. 2, 1862. The regiment participated in the battles of Perry- ville, Nolansville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Dalton, Resaca, Marietta. Kenesaw. Franklin ami Nashville; was mustered out at Nashville, June 12, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 1, following. Seventy'-sixth Infantry. Organized at Kan- kakee, 111. , in August, 1862, and mustered into the ser%-ice, August 22, 1862 ; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the engagement at Jackson, the cam- paign against Meridian, the expedition to Yazoo City, and the capture of Mobile, was ordered to Texas in June. 1865, and mustered out at Galves- ton, July 33, 1865, being paid off and disbanded at Cliicago, August 4, 1865 — having traveled 10,000 miles. Seventy-sf.vf.nth Infantry. Organized and mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862, at Peoria; was engaged in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg (including the battle of Champion Hills), the capture of Jackson, the Red River expedition, and the bat- tles of Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant Hill : the reduction of Forts Gaines and Jlorgan, and the capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. It was mustered out of service at Mobile, July 10, 1865, and ordered to Springfield for final pay- ment and discharge, where it arrived, July 22, 1865, having participated in sixteen battles and sieges. Seventy'-eighth iNF^iJNTRY. Organized at Quincy, and mustered into service, Sept. 1, 1862; participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville ; was mustered out, June 7, 1865, and sent to Chicago, wliere it was paid off and dis- charged, Jime 12, 1865. Seventy-ninth Infantry. Organized at Mat- toon, in August, 1862, and mustered into service, August 28, 1862; participated in the battles of Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kene- saw Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy, Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out. June 12, 1865; arrived at Camp Butler. June 15, and, on June 23, received final p.ay and discharge. Eightieth Infantry". Organized at Centralia, 111., in August, 1862, and mustered into service, August 25, 1862. It was engaged at Perryville, Dug's Gap, Sand Mountain and Blunt's Farm, surrendering to Forrest at the latter point. After being exclianged, it participated in the battles of Wauhatchie, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca, Adairsville, Cassville, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The regiment traveled 6.000 miles and participated in more than twenty engagements. It was mustered out of service, June 10, 1865, and proceeded to Camp Butler for final pay and discharge. Eighty-first Infantry-. Recruited from the counties of Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Jack- son, LTnion, Pulaski and Alexander, and mustered into service at Anna. August 26, 1862. It partici- pated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Black River Bridge, and in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. Later, the regiment was engaged at Fort de Russey, Alexandria, Guntown and Nashville, besides a.ssisting in the investment of Mobile. It was mustered out at Chicago, August 5. 186-1. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 561 Eighty-second Infantry. Sometimes called the "Second Hecker Regiment," in honor of Col- onel Frederick Hecker, its first Colonel, and for merly Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illinois Infantry — being chiefly composed of German members of Chicago. It was organized at Spring- field, Sept. 26, 1862. and mustered into service, Oct. 23, 1862; participated in the battles of Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, AVauhatchie, Or- chard Knob, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, Dallas, Marietta, Pine Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Bentonville ; was mustered out of service, June 9, 186.5, and returned to Chicago, June 16 — having marched, during its time of service, 2, .503 miles. Eighty-third Infantry. Organized at Mon- mouth in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- ice, August 21. It participated in repelling the rebel attack on Fort Donelson, and in numerous hard-fought skirmishes in Tennessee, but was chiefly engaged in the performance of heavy guard duty and in protecting lines of communi- cation. The regiment was mustered out at Nash- ville, June 26, 186.5, and finally paid off and discharged at Chicago, July 4, following. Eighty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, in August, 1862, and mustered intoserv- ice, Sept. 1, 1862, with 939 men and officers. The regiment was authorized to inscribe upon its battle-flag the names of Perryville, Stone River, Woodbury, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Dalton, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Burnt Hickory, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Sta- tion, Franklin, and Nashville. It was mustered out, June 8, 1865. Eighty-fifth Infantry. Organized at Peoria, about Sept. 1, 1862, and ordered to Louisville. It took part in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Knoxville, Dalton, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Savannah, Ben- tonville, Goldsboro and Raleigh; was mustered out at Washington, D. C. , June 5, 1865, and sent to Springfield, where the regiment was paid off and discharged on the 20th of the same month. Eighty-sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, August 27, 1862, at Peoria, at which time it numbered 923 men, rank and file. It took part in the battles of PerryviUe, Chickamauga. Mis- sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resiica, Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville; was mustered out on June 6, 1865, at Washington, D. C, arriving on June 11, at Cliieago. where, ten days later, the men received their pay and final discharge. Eighty-seventh Inf.\ntky. Enlisted in Au- gust, 1862; was composed of companies from Hamilton, Edwards, Wayne and White Counties; was organized in the latter part of August, 1863, at Shawneetown; mustered in, Oct. 3, 1862, the muster to take effect from August 2. It took part in the siege and captui'e of Warrenton and Jackson, and in the entire campaign through Louisiana and Southern Mississippi, participating in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads and in numer- ous skirmishes among the bayous, being mustered out, June 16, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where it arrived, June 24, 1865, and was paid off and disbanded at Camp Butler, on Julj- 2. Eighty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, in September. 1862, and known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment." It was mustered in, Sept. 4, 1863; was engaged at Perrj'- ville. Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Mud Creek, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 9, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 13, 1865, where it received final pay and discharge, June 23, 1865. Eighty-ninth Infantry. Called the "Rail- road Regiment"; was organized by the railroad companies of Illinois, at Chicago, in August, 1862, and mustered into service on the 27th of that month. It fought at Stone River, Cliicka- mauga, Jlissionary Ridge, Knoxville, Resaca, Rock}' Face Ridge, Pickett's Slills, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Spring Hill, Columbia. Frank- lin and Nashville; was mustered out. June 10, 1865, in the field near Nashville, Tenn. : arrived at Chicago two days later, and was finally dis- charged, June 24, after a service of two years, nine months and twenty -seven days. Ninetieth Infantry. Mustered into service at Chicago. Sept. 7, 1863 ; participated in the siege of Vicksburg and tlie campaign against Jackson, and was engaged at Missionary Ridge, Re.saca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Nickajack Creek, Rosswell, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Fort McAllister. After the review at Washington, the regiment was mustered out, June 6, and returned to Cliieago, June 9, 186.5, where it was finally discharged. Ninety-first Infantry. Organized at Camp Butler, near Springfield, in August, 1862, and 562 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mustered in on Sept. 8, 1862 ; participated in the campaigns against Vicksburg and New Orleans, and all along the soutlinestern frontier in Louisiana and Texas, as well as in the investiture and capture of Jlobile. It was niustereil out at Mobile, July 12, I860, starting for liome the same day, and being finally paid off and discharged on July 38, following. • Ninety-second Infantry (Mounted). Organ- ized and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862, being recruited from Ogle, Stephenson and Car- roll Counties. During its term of service, the Ninety-second was in more than sixty battles and skirmishes, including Ringgold, Chickamauga, and the numerous engagements on the "March to the Sea," and during the pursuit of Jolinston through the Carolinas. It was mustered out at Concord, N. C. , and paid and discharged from the service at Chicago, July 10, 1865. Ninety-third Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1862, and mustered in, Oct. 13, 998 strong. It participated in the movements against Jackson and Vicksburg, and was engaged at Champion Hills and at Fort Fisher ; also was engaged in the battles of Missionarj' Ridge, Dallas, Resaca, and many minor engagements, following Sherman in his campaign though the Carolinas. Mustered out of service, June 23, 1865, and, on the 2.5th, arrived at Chicago, receiv- ing final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865, the regiment liaving marched 2.554 miles, traveled by water, 2,296 miles, and, by raih-oad, 1,237 miles— total, 6,087 miles. Ninety-fourth Infantry. Organized at Bloomington in August, 1862, and enlisted wholly in McLean County. After some warm experi ence in Southwest Missouri, the regiment took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and was, later, actively engaged in the campaigns in Louisiana and Texas. It participated in the cap- ture of Mobile, leading the final assault. After several months of garrison duty, the regiment was mustered out at Galveston, Texas, on Julj- 17, 1865, reaching Bloomington on August 9, follow- ing, having served just three years, marched 1,200 miles, traveled by railroad 610 miles, and, by steamer, 6,000 miles, and taken part in nine bat- tles, sieges and skirmishes. Ninety-fifth Infantry. Organized at Rock- ford and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862. It was recruited from the counties of McHenry and Boone — three companies from the latter ami seven from the former. It took part in the cam- paigns in Northern Mississippi and against Vicks- burg, in tlie Red River expedition, the campaigns against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against Slobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles in wliich tlie regiment was engaged were those of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond, Champion Hills, Fort de Ru.s,sey, Old River, Cloutierville, Mansura, Yellow Bayou, Guntown, Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely, Kenesaw Mountain, Chattahoochie River. Atlanta, Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The distance traveled by the regiment, while in the service, was 9,960 miles. It was transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infan- try, August 25, 1863. Ninety-sixth Infantry. Recruited during the months of July and August, 1862, and mus- tered into service, as a regiment, Sept. 6, 1862. The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson, Spring Hill, Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap, Shelbyville, Chickamauga, AVauhatchie, Lookout Mountain, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca. Kingston, New Hojie Cliurch, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Rough and Ready, Jonesboro, Lovejoy "s Station, Frank- lin and Nashville. Its date of final pay and dis- charge was June 30, 1865. Ninety-seventh Infantry. Organized in August and September, 1862, and mustered in on Sept. 16; participated in tlie battles of Chickasjiw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson and Mobile. On July 29, 1865, it was mustered out and proceeded homeward, reaching Springfield, August 10, after an absence of three years, less a few days. Ninety-eighth Infantry. Organized at Cen- tralia, September, 1862, and mustered in, Sept. 3 ; took part in engagements at Cliickamauga, Mc- Minnville, Farmington and Selma. besides many others of less note. It was mustered out. June 27, 1865, the recruits being transferred to the Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers. The regiment arrived at Springfield, June 30, and received final payment and discliarge, July 7, 1865. Ninety-ninth Inf.vntry. Organized in Pike County and mustered in at Florence, August 23, 1862; participated in the following battles and skirmishes: Beaver Creek, Hartsville. Magnolia Hills. Raymond, Champion Hills, Black River, Vicksburg. Jackson, Fort Espei-anza. Grand Coteau. Fish River, Spanish Fort and Blakely: days under fire, 62; miles traveled, 5,900; men killed in battle. 38; men died of wounds and disease, 149; men discharged for disability, 127; men deserted, 35; officers killed in battle, 3; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 563 officers died, 2; officers resigned, 2(3. Tlie regi- ment was mustered out at Baton Rouge, July 3J, 1865, and paid off and disciiarged, August 9, following. One Hundredth Inf.^xtry. Organized at Joliet, in August, 1803, and mustered in, August 30. The entire regiment was recruited in Will County. It was engaged at Bardstown. Stone River, Lookout Jlountain, Missionary Ridge, and Nashville; was mustered out of service, June 12, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 15, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and First Infantry. Organ- ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the month of Augu.st, 1862, and, on Sept. 2, 1802, was mustered in. It participated in the battles of Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resaca, New Hope Churcli, Kenesaw and Pine Jlountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboroand Bentonville. On Dec. 20, 1862, five companies were captured at Holly Springs, Miss., paroled and sent to Jefferson Barracks, Mo., and formally exchanged in June, 1863. On the Tth of June, 1865, it was mustered out, and started for Springfield, where, on the 21st of June, it was paid off and disbanded. One Hundred and Second Infantry. Organ- ized at Knoxville, in August, 1862, and mustered in, September 1 and 2. It was engaged at Resaca, Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory, Big Shanty, Peach Tree Creek and Averj'sboro; mustered out of service June 6, 1805. and started home, arriving at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14, received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Third Infantry. Re- cruited whollj- in Fulton County, and mustered into the service, Oct. 2, 1862. It took part in the Grierson raid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jack- son, Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Dal- las, Kenesaw Mountain and Griswoldsville; was also in the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, June 21. and received final discharge at Chi- cago, July 9, 1805. The original strength of the regiment was 808, and 8-1 recruits were enlisted. One Hundred and Fourth Infantry. Organ- ized at Ottawa, in August, 1862, and composed almost entirely of La Salle County men. Tlie regiment was engaged in the battles of Ilarts- ville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Mission- ary Ridge, Resjica, Peach Tree Creek, Utoy Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville, l)esides many severe skirmishes; was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C. , June 6, 1865, and, a few days later received final discharge at Chicago. One Hundred and Fifth Infantry. Mus- tered into service, Sept. 3, 1863, at Dixon, and participated in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing, also took part in the "March to the Sea" and the campaign in the Carolinas, including the siege of Savannah and the battles of Averysboro and Bentonville. It was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C, June 7, 1865, and paid off and dis- charged at Chicago, June 17. One Hundred and Sixth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18, 1862, eight of the ten companies having been recruited in Logan County, the other two being from San- gamon and Menard Counties. It aided in the defense of Jackson, Tenn., where Company "C"' was captured and paroled, being exchanged in the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and per- formed service at various points in Arkansas. It was mustered out, July 12, 1865, at Pine Bluff, Ark., and arrived at Springfield, July 24, 1865, where it received final paj-ment and discharge One Hundred and Seventh Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Springfield, Sept. 4, 1862; was composed of six companies from DeWitt and four companies from Piatt County. It was engaged at Campbell's Station, Dandridge, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Spring HiU, Franklin, Nashville and Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 21, 1865, at Salisbury, N. C, reaching Springfield, for final payment and discharge, July 3, 1865. One Hundred and Eighth Infantry. Organ- ized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August 28, 1862 ; took part in the first expedition against Vicksburg and in the battles of Arkansas Post (Fort Hindmau), Port Gib.son and Champion Hills; in the capture of Vicksburg, the battle of Guntown, the reduction of Spanish Fort, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicks- burg, August 5, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, August 1 1. One Hu.ndred and Ninth Infantry. Re- cruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and mustered into the service, Sept. 11, 1863. Owing to its number being greatly reduced, it was con- soli(late3. (See Eleventh Infantry.) One Hundred and Tenth Infantry. Organ- ized at Anna and mustered in, Sept. 11, 1862; was 564 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. engaged at Stone Rirer, WooUbuiy, and in numerous skirmishes iu Kentucky and Tennessee. In Ma3', 1863, the regiment was consolidated, its numbers having been greatly reduced. Subse- quently it participated in the battles of Chicka- mauga and Missionary Ridge, tlie battles aroimd Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas, being present at Johnston's surrender. The regi- ment was mustered out at Washington, D. C. , June 5, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, June 15. The enlisted men whose term of service had not expired at date of muster-out, were consolidated into four comjianies and trans- ferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Eleventh Infantry. Re- cruiteil from Marion, Clay, Washington, Clinton and Wayne Counties, and miistered into the serv- ice at Salem, Sept. 18, 1862. The regiment aided in the capture of Decatur, Ala. ; took part in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro ; partici- pated in the "March to the Sea"' and the cam- paign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles of Fort McAllister and Bentonville. It was mus- tered out at Washington, D. C, June 7, 1865, receiving final discharge at Springfield, June 27, having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 was on the march. One Hundred and Twelfth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Peoria, Sept. 20 and 23, 1862 ; participated in the campaign in East Ten- nessee, under Burnside, and in that against Atlanta, under Sherman; was also engaged in the battles of Columbia, Franklin and Na.shville, and the capture of Fort Anderson and Wilming- ton. It was mustered out at Goldsboro, N. C, Jime 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 7, 1865. One Hundred and Thirteenth Infantry. Left Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front, Nov. 6, 1802; was engaged in the Tallahatchie expedition, participated in the battle of Chicka- saw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prison- ei's and recruit. The regiment also took part in the siege and capture of Vieksburg, was mustered out, June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chi- cago, five da}-s later. One Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry. Organized in July and August, 1862, and mustered in at Springfield, Sept. 18, being recruited from Cass. Menard and Sangamon Counties. .The regi- ment participated in the battle of Jackson (Miss.), the siege and capture of Vieksburg, and in the battles of Guntown and HarrisviUe, the pursuit of Price through Missouri, the battle of Nash- ville, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vieksburg, August 3, 1865, receiving final payment and discharge at Springfield. August 15, 1805. One Hundred .\nd Fifteenth Infantry. Ordered to the front from Springfield, Oct. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Resaca and in all the principal battles of the Atlanta campaign, and in the defense of Nashville and pursuit of Hood; was mustered out of ser\-ice, June 11, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, June 23, 1865, at Springfield. One Hundred .\nd Sixteenth Infantry. Recruited almost wholly from Macon County, numbering 980 officers and men when it started from Decatur for the front on Nov. 8, 1862. It participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Stone Slountain, Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and was mustered out, June 7, 1865, near Washington, D. C. One Hundred and Seventeenth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Sept. 19, 1862; participated in the Meridian campaign, the Red River expedition (assisting in the cap- ture of Fort de Russey), and in the battles of Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Franklin, Nashville, Sisanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865, having traveled 9,276 miles, 2,307 of which were marched. One Hundred and Eighteenth Infantry. Organized and mustered into the service at Springfield, Nov. 7, 1862 ; was engaged at Chicka- saw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Cham- pion Hills, Black River Bridge, Jackson (Miss.), Grand Coteau, Jackson (La.), and Amite River. The regiment was mounted, Oct. 11, 1863, and dismounted. May 22, 1865. Oct. 1, 1865, it was mustered out, and finally discharged, Oct. 13. At the date of the muster-in, the regiment num- bered 820 men and oflBcers, received 283 recruits, making a total of 1,103; at muster-out it num- bered 523. Distance marched, 2,000 miles; total distance traveled, 5,700 miles. One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, in September, 1862, and was mustered into the United States service, October 10 ; was engaged in the Red River cam- paign and in the battles of Shreveport, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 565 Blakely. Its final muster-out took place at Mobile, August 2G, 1865, and its discharge at Springfield. One Hundred and Twentiety Infantry. Mustered into the service, Oct. 28, 1862, at Spring- field ; was mustered out, Sept. 7, 186.5, and received final payment and discharge, September 10, at Springfield. One Hundred and Twenty-first Infan- try. (The organization of this regiment was not completed.) One Hundred and Twenty-second Infan- try. Organized at Carlinville, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service, Sept. 4, with 960 enlisted men. It participated in the battles of Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, and was mustered out, July 15, 1865, at Mobile, and finally dis- charged at Springfield, August 4. One Hundred and Twenty-third Infan- try. Mustered into service at Mattoon, Sept. 6, 1862; participated in the battles of Perry ville, Milton, Hoover's Gap, and Farmington ; also took part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching as cavalry and fighting as infantry. Later, it served as mounted infantry in Kentucky, Tennes- see and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the capture of Selma. The regiment was discharged at Springfield, July 11, 1865 — the recruits, whose terms had not expired, being transferred to the Sixtj'-first Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Infan- try. Mustered intotlie service, Sept. 10, 1862, at Springfield ; took part in the Vicksburg campaign and in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond and Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the capture of Mobile. On the 16th of August, 1865, eleven days less than three years after the first company went into camp at Springfield, the regi- ment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel Howe's history of the battle-flag of the regiment, stated that it had been borne 4, 100 miles, in four- teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of forty-seven days and nights, and thirteen days and nights, respectively. One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Infan- try. Mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862; par- ticipated in the battles of Perryville, Chicka- mauga. Missionary Ridge, Kenes;iw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and in the "Ma'ch to the Sea" and the Carolina cam- paign, being engaged at Averysboro and Benton- ville. It was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 9, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago. One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Infan- try. Organized at Alton and mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg. Six companies were engaged in skirmish line, near Humboldt, Tenn., and the regiment took part in the capture of Little Rock and in the fight at Clarendon, Ark. It was mustered out July 12, 1865. One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Infan- try. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 6, 1862; took part in the first campaign against Vicksburg, and in the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksbmg under Grant, the capture of Jackson (Miss.), the battles of Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, the Meridian raid, and in the fighting at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Slountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro; also accom- panied Sherman in his march through Georgia and the Carolinas, taking part in the battle of Bentonville ; was mustered out at Chicago June 17, 1865. One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Infan- try. Mustered in, Dec. 18, 1862, but remained in service less than five months, when, its num- ber of officers and men having been reduced from 860 to 161 (largely by desertions), a number of officers were dismissed, and the few remaining officers and men were formed into a detachment, and transferred to another Illinois regiment. One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Infan- try. Organized at Pontiac, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service Sept. 8. Prior to May, 1864, the regiment was chiefly engaged in garri- son duty. It marched with Sherman in the Atlanta campaign and through Georgia and the Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Resaca, Buzzard's Roost, Lost Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averj'sboro and Benton- ville. It received final pay and discharge at Chi- caf-o, June 10, 1865. One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Oct. 25, 1862 ; was engaged at Port Gib- son, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Vicks- burg, Jackson (Miss.), and in the Red River expedition. While on this expedition almost the entire regiment was captured at the battle of Mansfield, and not paroled until near the close of the war. The remaining officers and men were consolidated with the Seventy -seventh Infantry in January, 1865, and participated in the capture of Mobile. Six months later its regimental re- organization, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth, was ordered. It was mustered out at New Orleans, August 15, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, August 31. 566 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. One Hundred axd Thirty-first Infan- try. Organized in September, 1862, and mus- tered into the service, Nov. 13, with 815 men, exclusive of officers. In October, 1863, it was consolidated with tlie Tweuty-ninth Infantry, and ceased to exist as a separate organization. Up to that time tlie regiment liad been in but a few conflicts and in no pitched battle. One Hundred and Thirty-second Infan- try. Organized at Chicago and mustered in for 100 days from June 1, 1864. The regiment re- mained on duty at Paducah until the expiration of its service, when it moved to Chicago, and was mustered out, Oct. 17, 1864. One Hundred and TmRTY-TniRD Intan- TRY. Organized at Springfield, and mu.stered iji for one liundred days, May 31, 1864; was engaged during its term of service in guarding prisoners of war at Rock Island ; was mustered out, Sept. 4, 1804, at Camp Butler. One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Infan- try. Organized at Chicago and mustered in. May 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garrison duty at Columbus, Ky., and mustered out of service, Oct. 2'>, 1864, at Chicago. One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Infan- try. Mustered in for 100-days' service at Slat- toon, June 6, 1804, having a strength of 852 men. It was chiefly engaged, during its term of service, in doing garrison duty and guarding railroads. It was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 28, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Inf.\n- TRY. Enlisted about the first of May, 1864, for 100 days, and went into camp at Centralia, 111., but was not mustered into service until June 1, following. Its principal service was garrison duty, with occasional scouts and raids amongst guerrillas. At the end of its term of service the regiment re-enlisted for fifteen days; was mus- tered out at Springfield, Oct. 22, 1864, and dis- charged eight days later One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Inf.vn- TRY. Organized at Quincy, with ex-CJov John Wood as its Colonel, and mustered in, June 5, 1864, for lUO days. Was on duty at Memphis, Tenn , and mustered out of service at Spring- field. 111.. Sept. 4, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Inf.vn- TRY Organized at Quincy, and mustered in, June 21, 1804, for 100 days; was assigned to garri- son duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and in Western Missouri. It was mustered out of serv- ice at Springfield, 111., Oct. 14, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Infan- try. Mustered into service as a 100-day's regi- ment, at Peoria, June 1, 1864; was engaged in garrison duty at Columbus and Cairo, in making reprisals for guerrilla raids, and in the pursuit of the Confederate General Price in Missouri. The latter service was rendered, at the President's request, after the term of enlistment had expired. It was mustered out at Peoria, Oct. 25, 1864, hav- ing been in the service nearly five months. One Hundred and Fourtieth Infantry'. Organized as a 100-days' regiment, at Springfield, June 18, 1864, and mustered into service on that date. The regiment was engaged in guarding railroads between Memphis and Hollj' Springs,and in garrison duty at Memphis. After the term of enlistment bad expired and the regiment had been mustered out, it aided in the pursuit of General Price through Missouri; was finally dis- charged at Cliicago, after serving about five inontlis One Hundred and Forty-first Infan- try. Mustered into service as a 100- days' regi- ment, at Elgin. June 16, 1864 — strength, 842 men; departed for the field, June 27, 1864; was mus- tered out at Chicago, Oct. 10, 1864. One Hundred and Forty-second Infan- try. Organized at Freeport as a battalion of. eight companies, and sent to Camp Butler, where two companies were added and the regiment mustered into service for 100 days, June 18, 1864. It was ordered to Memj^his, Tenn., five days later, and assigned to duty at White's Station, eleven miles from that city, where it was employed in guarding the Memphis & Charleston railroad. It was mustered out at Chicago, on Oct, 27, 1864, the men having voluntarily served one month beyond their term of enlistment. One Hundred and Forty-third Infan- try. Organized at Mattoon, and mustered in, June 11, 1864, for 100 days. It was assigned to garrison duty, and mustered out at Mattoon, Sept. 26, 1864. One Hundred and Forty-fourth Infan- try. Organized at Alton, in 1864, as a one-year regiment; was mustered into the service, Oct. 21, its strength being 1,159 men. It was mustered out, July 14, 1865. One Hundred and Forty-fifth Infan- try. Mustered intc service at Springfield, June 9, 1864 ; strength, 880 men. It departed for the field, June 12, 1864; was mustered out, Sept. 23, 1864. One Hundred and Forty^-sixth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 18, 1864, for one year. AVas assigned to the duty of guarding drafted men at Brighton, Quincy, Jacksonville HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 567 and Springfield, and mustered out at Springfield, July 5, 1S6.J. One Huxdked and Forty-seventh Infan- try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered into service for one year, Feb. 18 ami li), 1865; was engaged chielly on guartl or garrison dutj-, in scouting and in skirmishing with guerrillas. Mustered out at Nashville, Jan. 22, 18G6, and received final discharge at Springfield, Feb. 4. One IIl-NDRED AND FoRTY-EIGHTH INFAN- TRY. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1863, for the term of one year ; was assigned to garrison and guard duty and mustered out, Sept. 5, 1805, at Nashville, Tenn ; arrived at Springfield, Sept. 9, 1865. where it was paid off and discharged. One Hundred and Forty-ninth Infan- try". Organized at Springfield, Feb. 11, 1865, and mustered in for one year; was engaged in garrison and guard duty ; mustered out, Jan. 27, 1866, at Dalton, Ga. , and ordered to Springfield, where it received final paj-ment and discharge. One Hundred and Fiftieth Inf.vntry*. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Feb. 1-1, 1865, for one year ; was on duty in Tennessee and Georgia, guarding railroads and garrisoning towns. It was mustered out, Jan. 16, 1866, at Atlanta, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it received final paj'ment and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-first Infantry'. This regiment was organized at Quincy, 111., and mustered into the United States service, Feb. 23, 1865, and was composed of companies from various parts of the State, recruited, under the call of Dec. 19, 1864. It was engaged in guard duty, with a few guerrilla skirmishes, and was present at the surrender of General War- ford's army, at Kingston, Ga. ; was mustered out at Columbus, Ga., Jan. 34, 1860, and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge, Feb. 8, 1860. One Hundred and Fifty-second Infan- try'. Organized at Springfield and mustered in, Feb. 18, 1865, for one year; was mustered out of service, to date Sept. 11, at Memphis, Tenn., and arrived at Camp Butler, Sept. 9, 1805, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-third Infan- try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered in, Feb. 27, 1865, for one year; was not engaged in any battles. It was mu.stered out, Sept. 15, 1865, and moved to Springfield, 111., and, Sept. 24, received final pay and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for one year. Sept. 18, 1865, the regiment was mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge, where it arrived, Sept. 22; was paid oil and dis- charged at Camp Butler, Sept. 29. One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in Feb. 28, 1865, for one year, 904 strong. On Sept. 4, 1865, it was mustered out of service, and moved to Camp Butler, where it received final pay and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-sixth Infan- try. Organized and mustered in during the months of February and March, 1865, from the northern counties of the State, for the term of one year. The officers of the regiment have left no written record of its histor5', but its service seems to have been rendered chiefly in Tennessee in the neighborhood of Memphis, Nashville and Chattanooga. Judging by the muster-rolls of the Adjutant-General, the regiment would appear to have been greatly depleted by desertions and otherwise, the remnant being finally mustered out, Sept. 20, 1865. First Cavalry'. Organized — consisting of seven companies, A, B, C, D, E, F and G — at Alton, in 1861, and mustered into the United States service, July 3. After some service in Mis.souri, the regiment participated in the battle of Lexington, in that State, and was surrendered, with the remainder of the garrison, Sept. 20, 1801. The officers were paroled, and the men sworn not to take up arms again until discharged. No ex- change having been effected in November, the non-commissioned officers and privates were ordered to Springfield and discharged. In June, 1862, the regiment was reorganized at Benton Barracks, Mo., being afterwards employed in guarding supply trains and supply depots at various points. Mustered out, at Benton Bar- racks, July 14, 1802. Second Cavalry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, August 12, 1801, with Company M (which joined the regiment some months later), numbering 47 commissioned oflS- cers and 1,040 enlisted men. This number was in- creased by recruits and re-enlistments, during its four and a half year's term of service, to 2,236 enlisted men and 145 commissioned officers. It was engaged at Belmont ; a portion of the regi- ment took part in the battles at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and Sliiloh. another portion at Merriweather's Ferry. Bolivar and Holly Springs, and participated in the investment of Vicksburg. In January, 1864, the major part of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, later, participating in the 368 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Red River expedition and the investment of Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at San Antonio, Tex., Nov. 33, 186.5, and finally paid and dis- charged at Springfield, Jan. 3, 18G6. Third Cavalry. Composed of twelve com- panies, from various localities in the State, the grand total of company ofiicers and enlisted men, under the first organization, being 1,4.33. It was organized at Springfield, in August, 1861 ; partici- pated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Haines' Blufl", Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg. In July, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans. The remainder were mus- tered out, Sept. .5, 1864. The veterans participated in the repulse of Forrest, at Memphis, and in the battles of Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, Campbells- Tille and Franklin. From May to October, 1865, engaged in service against the Indians in the Korthwest The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, Oct. 18, 1865. Fourth Cavalry. Mustered into service, Sept. 26, 1861, and participated in the battles of Fort Henry, Fort DoneLson, and Shiloh: in the siege of Corinth, and in many engagements of less historic note ; was mustered out at Springfield in November, 1864. By order of the War Depart- ment, of June 18, 1805, the members of the regiment whose terms had not expired, were con- solidated with the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry. Fifth Cavalry, Organized at Camp Butler, in November, 1861; took part in the Meridian raid and the expedition against Jackson, Miss., and in numerous minor expeditions, doing effect- ive work at Canton, Grenada, Woodville, and other points. On Jan. 1, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. Its final muster-out took place, Oct. 37, 186.5, and it re- ceived final payment and discharge, October 30. Sixth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, Nov. 19, 1861 ; participated in Sherman's advance upon Grenada; in the Grierson raid through Mis- sissippi and Louisiana, the siege of Port Hudson, the battles of Moscow (Teun), West Point (Miss.), Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans, March 30, 1864; was mustered out at Selma, Ala., Nov. 6, 1865, and received discharge, November 20, at Springfield. Seventh Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, and was mustered into service, Oct. 13, 1861. It participated in the battles of Farmingtoii, luka, Corinth (second battle) ; in Grier.son's raid through Mississippi and Louisiana; in the en- gagement at Plain's Store (La.), and the invest- ment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864, 288 officers and men re-enlisted as veterans. The non-veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the entire regiment took jjart in the battle of Frank- lin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed in Alabama and Jlississippi, until the latter part of October, 1865 ; was mustered out at Nashville, and finally discharged at Springfield, Nov. 17, 1865. Eighth Cavalry. Organized at St. Charles, 111., and mustered in, Sept. 18, ISGl. The regi- ment was .ordered to Virginia, and participated in the general advance on Manassas in March, 1863; was engaged at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Hill, Malvern Hill, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Middle- town, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericks- burg, Sulphur Springs, Warrenton, Rapidan Station, Northern Neck, Gettysburg, Williams- burg, Funkstown, Falling Water, Chester Gap Sandy Hook, Culpepper, Brandy Station, and in many raids and skirmishes. It was mustered out of service at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 17, 1865, and ordered to Chicago, where it received final payment and discharge. Ninth C.walry Organized at Chicago, in the autumn of 1861, and mustered in, November 30 ; was engaged at Cold water, Grenada, Wyatt, Saulsbury, Moscow, Guntown, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Hurricane Creek, Lawrence- burg, Campellsville, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, March 16, 1864; was mustered out of service at Selma, Ala., Oct. 31, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where the men received final payment and discharge. Tenth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield in the latter part of September, 1861, and mustered into service, Nov. 25, 1861; was engaged at Prairie Grove, Cotton Plant, Arkansas Post, in the Yazoo Pass expedition, at Richmond (La.), Brownsville, Bayou 3Ietoe, Bayou La Fourche and Little Rock. In February, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans, the non-veterans accompanying General Banks in his Red River expedition. On Jan. 27, 1865, the veterans, and recruits were consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, and all reorganized vmder the name of the Tenth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Cavalry. Mustered out of service at San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 82, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1866. Ele%'^nth Cavalry. Robert G. Ingersoll of Peoria, and Basil D. Meeks, of Woodford County, obtained permi.ssion to raise a regiment of cavalry, and recruiting commenced in October, 1861. The regiment was recruited from the counties of Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Woodford, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 569 Marshall, Stark, Knox, Henderson and Warren; was mustered into the service at Peoria, Dec. 20, 1861, and was lirst under tire at Shiloh, It also took part in the raid in the rear of Corinth, and in the battles of Bolivar, Corinth (second battle), luka, Lexington and Jackson (Tenn.); in Mc- pherson's expedition to Canton and Sherman's Meridian raid, in the relief of Yazoo City, and in numerous less important raids and skirmishes. Most of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans in December, 1863: the non- veterans being mus- tered out at Memphis, in the autumn of 1864. The Teterans were mustered out at the same place, Sept. 30, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, October 20. Twelfth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, in February, 1862, and remained there guarding rebel prisoners until June 2.j, when it was mounted and sent to Martiusburg, Va. It was engaged at Fredericksburg, Williamsport, Falling Waters, the Rapidan and Stevensburg. On Nov. 26. 1863, the regiment was relieved from service and ordered home to reorganize as veterans. Subsequently it joined Banks in the Red River expedition and in Davidson's expedition against Mobile. While at Memphis the Twelfth Cavalry was consolidated into an eight-company organi- zation, and the Fom-th Cavalry, having previously been consolidated into a battalion of five com- panies, was consolidated with the Twelfth. The consolidated regiment was mustered out at Houston, Texas, May 29, 1866, and, on June 18, received final pay and discharge at Springfield. Thirteenth Cavalry. Organized at Chicago, in December, 1861 ; moved to the front from Benton Barracks, Mo., in February, 1863, and was engaged in the following battles and skir- mishes (all in Missouri and Arkansas) : Putnam's Ferry, Cotton Plant, Union City (twice), Camp Pillow, Bloomfield (first and second battles), Van Buren, Allen, Eleven Point River, Jackson, White River, Chalk Bluff, Bushy Creek, near Helena, Grand Prairie, White River, Deadman's Lake, Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Austin, Little Rock, Benton, Batesville, Pine Bluff, Arkadel- phia, Okolona, Little Missouri River, Prairie du Anne, Camden, Jenkins' Ferry, Cross Roads, Mount Elba, Douglas Landing and Monticello, The regiment was mustered out, August 31. 186.'), and received final pay and discharge at Spring- field, Sept. 13, 186."). Fourteenth Cavalry. Mustered into service at Peoria, in January and February, 1863; par- ticipated in the battle of Cumberland Gap, in the defense of Knoxville and the pursuit of Long- street, in the engagements at Bean Station and Dandridge, in the Macon raid, and in the cavalry battle at Sunshine Church. In the latter Gen- eral Stoneman surrendered, but the Fourteenth cut its way out. On their retreat the men were betrayed by a guide and the regiment badly cut up and scattered, those escaping being hunted by soldiers with bloodhounds. Later, it was engaged at Waynesboro and in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, and was mustered out at Nashville, July 31, 1865, having marched over 10,000 miles, exclusive of duty done by detachments. Fifteenth Cavalry. Compo.sed of companies originally independent, attached to infantry regi- ments and acting as such; participated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the siege and capture of Corinth. Regimental or- ganization was effected in the spring of 1863, and thereafter it was engaged chiefly in scouting and post duty. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 25, 1864, the recruits (whose term of service had not expired) being consolidated with the Tenth Cavalry. Sixteenth Cavalry'. Composed principally of Chicago men — Thieleman's and Schambeck's Cavalry Companies, raised at the outset of the war, forming the nucleus of the regiment. The former served as General Sherman's body-guard for some time. Captain Thieleman was made a Major and authorized to raise a battalion, the two companies named thenceforth being kuowr- as Thieleman's Battalion. In September, 1862, the War Department authorized the extension of the battalion to a regiment, and, on the 11th of June, 1863, the regimental organization was com- pleted. It took part in the East Tennessee cam- paign, a portion of the regiment aiding in the defense of Knoxville, a part garrisoning Cumber- and Gap, and one battalion being captured by Longstreet. The regiment also participated in the battles of Rocky Face Ridge. Buzzard's Roost, Rescica, Kingston, Cassville, Carterville, Allatoona, Kenesaw, Lost Mountain, Mines Ridge, Powder Springs, Chattahoochie, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. It arrived in Chicago, August 23, 1865, for final payment and discharge, having marched about 5,000 miles and engaged in thirty-one battles, besides numer- ous skirmishes. Seventeenth Cavalry. Mustered into serv- ice in January and February, 1864; aided in the repulse of Price at Jefferson City, Mo. , and was engaged at Booneville, Independence, Mine Creek, and Fort Scott, besides doing garrison duty, scouting and raiding. It was mustered 570 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. out in November and December, 1865, at Leaven- worth, Kan. Gov. John L. Beveridge, who had previously been a Captain and Major of tlie Eighth Cavalry, was the Colonel of tliis regi- ment. First Light Artillery. Consisted of ten batteries. Battery A was organized under the first call for State troops, April 21, 1861, but not mustered into the three years' service until July 16; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the Atlanta cam- paign; was in reserve at Champion Hills and Nashville, and mustered out July 3, 1865, at Chicago. Battery B was organized in April, 1861, en- gaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the siege of Corinth and at La Grange, Holly Springs, Memphis, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmond (La.), the Atlanta campaign and the battle of Nashville. The Battery was reorganized by con- solidation with Battery A, and mustered out at Chicago, July 2, 1865. Battery D was organized at Cairo, Sept. 2, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh, and mustered out, July 38, 1865, at Chicago. Battery E was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into service, Dec. 19, 1861; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Jackson, Vicksburg, Gun- town, Pontotoc, Tupelo and Nasliville, and mus- tered out at Louisville, Dec. 24, 1864. Battery F was recruited at Dixon and mus- tered in at Springfield, Feb. 25, 1863. It took part in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition, and was consolidated with the other batteries in the regiment, March 7, 1865. Battery G was organized at Cairo and mus- tered in Sept. 28, 1861 ; was engaged in the siege and the second battle of Corinth, and mustered out at Springfield, July 24, 1865. Battery H was recruited in and about Chicago, during January and February, 1863; participated in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg, and in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the Sea," and through the Carolinas with Sherman. Battery I was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered in, Feb. 10, 1862; was engaged at Shiloh, in the Tallahatchie raid, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the battles of Chattanooga and Vicksburg It veteranized, March 17. 1864, and was mustered out, July 26, 1865. Battery K was organized at Shawneetown and mustered in, Jan. 9, 1862, participated in Burn- side's campaign in Tennessee, and in the capture of Knoxville. Part of the men were mustered out at Springfield in June, 1865, and the re- manider at Chicago in July. Battery M was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into the service, August 12, 1863, for three years. It served through the Chickamauga campaign, being engaged at Chickamauga; also was engaged at Missionary Ridge, was besieged at Chattanooga, and took part in all the impor- tant battles of the Atlanta campaign. It was mvistered out at Chicago, July 24, 1864, having traveled 3,102 miles and been under fire 178 days. Second Light Artillery. Consisted of nine batteiies. Battery A was organized at Peoria, and mustered into service. May 23, 1861 ; served in Missouri and Arkansas, doing brilliant work at Pea Ridge. It was mustered out of service at Springfield, July 27, 1865. Battery D was organized at Cairo, and mustered into service in December, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Jackson, Meridian and Decatur, and mustered out at Louisville, Nov. 21, 1864. Battery E was organized at St. Louis, Mo. , in August, 1861, and mustered into service, August 20, at that point. It was engaged at Fort Donel- son and Shiloh, and in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition — was consolidated with Battery A. Battery F was organized at Cape Girardeau, Mo., and mustered in, Dec. 11, 1861; was engaged at Shiloh, in the siege and second battle of Corinth, and the Meridian campaign ; also at Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro. It was mustered out, July 27, 1865, at Springfield. Battery H was organized at Springfield, De- cember, 1861, and mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861; was engaged at Fort Donelson and in the siege of Fort Pillow; veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, was mounted as cavalrj- the following summer, and mu.stered out at Springfield, July 29, 1805. Battery I was recruited in Will Count}-, and mustered into service at Camp Butler, Dec. 31, 1861. It participated in the siege of Island No. 10, in the advance upon Cornith, and in the battles of Perrj-ville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga. It veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, marched with Sher- man to Atlanta, and thence to Savannali and through the Carolinas, and was mustered out at Springfield. Battery K was organized at Springfield and niustered in Dec. 31, 1863; was engaged at Fort Pillow, the capture of Clarkston, Mo., and the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 571 siege of Vicksburg. It was mustered out, July 14, 1865, at Chicago. Battery L was organized at Cliicago and mus- tered in, Feb. 28, 1863; participated in tlie ad- vance on Corinth, the battle of Hatchie and the advance on the Tallahatchie, and was mustered out at Chicago, August 9, ISe.'J. Battery M was organized at Chicago, and mus- tered in at Springfield, June, 1862 ; was engaged at Jonesboro, Blue Spring, Blountsville and Rog_ersTiUe, being finally consolidated with other batteries of the regiment. Chicago Board of Trade Battery. Organ- ized through the efforts of the Chicago Board of Trade, which raised .?l.i,000 for its equipment, within forty -eight houi'S. It was mustered into service, August 1, 1862, was engaged at Law- renceburg, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Farmington, Decatur (Ga.), Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Nashville, Selma and Columbus (Ga. ) It was mustered out at Chicago. June 30, 1865, and paid in full, July 3, having marclied 5,268 miles and traveled by rail 1,231 miles. The battery was in eleven of the hardest battles fought in the West, and in twenty -six minor battles, being in action forty-two times while on scouts, reconnoissances or outpost dutj". Chicago Mercantile Battery. Recruited and organized under the auspices of the Mercan- tile Association, an association of prominent and patriotic merchants of the City of Chicago. It was mustered into service, August 29, 1862, at Camp Douglas, participated in the Tallahatchie and Yazoo expeditions, the first attack upon Vicksburg, the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, the battles of Magnolia Hills, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge and Jackson (Miss.); also took part in Banks' Red River ex- pedition ; was mustered out at Chicago, and received final payment, July 10, 1865, having tiaveled, by river, sea and land, over 11,000 miles. Springfield Light Artillery'. Recruited principally from the cities of Springfield, Belle- ville and Wenona, and mustered into service at Springfield, for the term of three j-ears, August 21, 1862, numbering 199 men and officers. It participated in the capture of Little Rock and in the Red River e.xpedition, and was mustered out at Springfield, 114 strong, June 30, 1865. Cogswell's Battery, Light Artillery. Organized at Ottawa, 111., and mu.stered in, Nov. 11, 1861, as Company A (Artillery) Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, Colonel Cushman command- ing the regiment. It participated in the advance on Corinth, the. siege of Vicksburg, the battle of Missionary Ridge, and the cai)ture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, near Mobile. The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, August 14, 1865, having served three years and nine months, marched over 7,500 miles, and partici- pated in seven sieges and battles. Stcrges Rifles. An independent company, organized at Chicago, armed, equipped and sub- sisted for nearly two months, by the patriotic generosity of Mr. Solomon Sturges; was mustered into .service. May 6, 1861 ; in June following, was ordered to West Virginia, serving as body- guard of General McClellan; was engaged at Rich Mountain, in the siege of Yorktown, and in the seven days' battle of the Chickahominy. A portion of the company was at Antietani, the remainder having been detached as foragers, scouts, etc. It was mustered out at Washington, Nov. 25, 1863. WAR, THE SPANISH - AMERICAN. The oppressions and misrule which had character- ized the administration of affairs by the Spanish Govei-nment and its agents for generations, in the Island of Cuba, culminated, in April, 1898, in mutual declarations of war between Spain and the United States. The causes leading uji to this pesult wei"e the injurious effects upon American commerce and the interests of American citizens owning property in Cuba, as well as the constant expense imposed upon the Government of the United States in the maintenance of a large navy along the South Atlantic coast to suppress fili- bustering, superadded to the friction and unrest produced among the people of this country by the long continuance of disorders and abuses so near to our own shores, which aroused the sympathy and indignation of the entire civilized world. For three years a large proportion of the Cuban population had been in open rebellion against the Spanish Government, and, while the latter had imported a large army to the island and sub- jected the insurgents and their families and sympathizers to the grossest cruelties, not even excepting torture and starvation itself, their policy had failed to bring the insurgents into subjection or to restore order. In this condition of affairs the United States Government had endeavored, through negotiation, to secure a miti- gation of the evils complained of. b)' a modifica- tion of the Spanish policy of government in the island; but all suggestions in this direction li.ad either been resented by Spain as unwarrantable interference in her affairs, or promises of reform, when made, had been as invariably broken. 572 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In the meantime an increasing sentiment had been growing up in the United States in favor of conceding belligerent rights to the Cuban insur- gents, or the recognition of their independence, which found expression in measures proposed in Congress — all offers of friendly intervention by the United States having been rejected bj' Spain with evidences of indignation. Compelled, at last, to recognize its inability to subd\ie the insur- rection, the Spanish Government, in November, 1897, made a pretense of tendering autonomy to the Cuban people, with the privilege of amnesty to the insurgents on laying down their arms. The long duration of the war and the outrages perpetrated upon the lielpless "reconcentrados," coupled with the increased confidence of the insurgents in the final triumph of their cause, rendered this movement — even if intended to be carried out to the letter — of no avail. The proffer came too late, and was promptly rejected. In this condition of affairs and with a view to greater security for American interests, tlie American battleship Maine was ordered to Havana, on Jan. 24, 1898. It arrived in Havana Harbor the following day, and was anchored at a point designated bj' the Spanish commander. On the night of February 15, following, it was blown up and destroyed by some force, as shown by after investigation, applied from without. Of a crew of 3.14 men belonging to the vessel at the time, 266 were either killed outright by the explosion, or died from their wounds. Not only the Ameri- can people, but the entire civilized world, was shocked by the catastrophe. An act of horrible treachery had been perpetrated agamst an American vessel and its crew on a peaceful mis- sion in the liarbor of a professedly friendly na- tion. The successive steps leading to actual hostili- ties were rapid and eventful. One of the earliest and most significant of these was the passage, by a unanimous vote of both houses of Congress, on March 9, of an appropriation placing §50,000,000 in the hands of tlie President as an emergency fund for purposes of national defense. This was followed, two days later, by an order for the mobilization of the army. The more important events following this step were: An order, under date of April 5. withdrawing American consuls from Spanish stations ; the departure, on April 9, of Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee from Havana; April 19, the adoption by Congress of concurrent resolutions declaring Cuba independent and directing the President to use the land and naval forces of the United States to put an end to Spanish authority in the island; April 20, the sending to the Spanisli Government, by the Presi- dent, of an ultimatum in accordance with chia act ; April 21, the delivery to Minister Woodford, at Madrid, of his passports without waiting for the presentation of tlie ultimatum, with the departure of the Spanisli Minister from Washing- ton; April 23, tlie issue of a call by the President for 125,000 voluuters; April 24, the final declara- tion of war by Spain ; April 25, the adoption by Congress of a resolution declaring tliat waK had existed from April 21 ; on the same date an order to Adminil Dewey, in command of the Asiatic Squadron at Hongkong, to sail for Manila with a view to investing that city and blockading Philippine ports. The chief events subsequent to the declaration of war embraced the following: May 1, the desti'uction bj' Admiral Dewey's squadron of the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila; May 19, the arrival of the Spanish Admiral Cervera's fleet at Santiago de Cuba; May 25, a second call by the President for 75,000 volunteers; July 3, the attempt of Cervera's fleet to escape, and its destruction off Santiago; July 17, the surrender of Santiago to the forces under General Shatter; July 30, the statement by the President, through the French Ambassador at Washington, of the terms on which the United States would consent to make peace ; August 9, acceptance of the peace terms bj- Spain, followed, three days later, by the signing of the peace protocol ; September 9, the appointment by the President of Peace Commis- sioners on the part of the United States ; Sept. 18, the announcement of the Peace Commissioners selected by Spain; October 1, the beginning of the Peace Conference by the representatives of the two powers, at Paris, and the formal signing, on December 10, of the peace treaty, including the recognition by Spain of the freedom of Cuba, with the transfer to the United States of Porto Rico and her other West India islands, together with the surrender of the Philippines for a con- sideration of $20,000,000. Seldom, if ever, in the history of nations have such vast and far-reaching results been accom- plished within so short a period. The war, which practically began with the destruction of the Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor — an event which aroused the enthusiasm of the whole American people, and won the respect and admiration of other nations — was pi-actically ended by the surrender of Santiago and the declaration by the President of the conditions of peace just three months later. Succeeding HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 573 events, up to the formal signing of tlie peace treaty, were merely the recognition of results previously determined. History op Illinois Regiments.— The part played by Illinois in connection with these events maj' be briefly summarized in the history of Illi- nois regiments and other organizations. Under the first call of the President for 125,000 volun- teers, eight regiments — seven of infantry and one of cavalry — were assigned to Illinois, to which ■was subsequently added, on ai^plication through Governor Tanner, one battery of light artil- lery. The infantry regiments were made up of the Illinois National Guard, numbered consecutively from one to seven, and were practicallj' mobilized at their home stations within forty-eight hours from the receipt of the call, and began to arrive at Camp Tanner, near Springfield, the place of rendezvous, on April 26, the day after the issue of the Governor's call. The record of Illinois troops is conspicuous for the promptness of their response and the com- pleteness of their organization — in this respect being unsurpassed by those of any other State. Under the call of May 25 for an additional force of 75,000 men, the quota assigned to Illinois was two regiments, which were promptly furnished, taking the names of the Eighth and Ninth. The first of these belonged to the Illinois National Guard, as the regiments mustered in under the first call had done, while the Ninth was one of a number of "Provisional Regiments" which had tendered their services to the Government. Some twenty-five other regiments of this class, more or less complete, stood read}' to perfect their organi- zations should there be occasion for their serv- ices. The aggregate strength of Illinois organi- zations at date of muster out from the United States service was 12,280—11,789 men and 491 officers. First Regiment Illinois Volunteers (orig- inally Illinois National Guard) was organized at Chicago, and mustered into the United States service at Camp Tanner (Springfield), under the command of Col. Henry L. Turner, May 13, 1898; left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga) May 17; assigned to First Brigade, Tliird Division, of tlie First Army Corps; started for Tampa, Fla., June 2, but soon after arrival there was transferred to Picnic Island, and assigned to provost duty in place of the First United States Infantry. On June 30 the bulk of the regiment embarked for Cuba, but was detained in the har- bor at Key West until Jul}- 5, when the vessel sailed for Santiago, arriving in Guantanamo Bay on the evening of the 8th. Disembarking on the 10th, the whole regiment arrived on the firing line on the 11th, spent several days and nights in the trenches before Santiago, and were present at the surrender of that city on the 17th. Two companies had previously been detached for the scarcely less perilous duty of service in the fever hospitals and in caring for their wounded comrades. The next month was spent on guard duty in the captured city, until August 25, when, depleted iu numbers and weakened by fever, the bulk of the regiment was transferred by hospital boats to Camp Wikoff, on Blontauk Point, L. I. The members of the regi- ment able to travel left Camjj Wikoflf, September 8, for Chicago, arriving two days later, where they met an enthusiastic reception and were mustered out, November 17, 1,235 strong (rank and file) — a considerable number of recruits having joined the regiment just before leaving Tampa. The record of the First was conspicuous by the fact that it was the only Illinois regiment to see service in Cuba during the progress of actual hostilities. Before leaving Tampa some eighty members of the regiment were detailed for engineering duty in Porto Rico, sailed for that island on July 12, and were among the first to perform service there. The First suffered severely from yellow fever while in Cuba, but, as a regiment, while iu tlie service, made a brilliant record, which was highly complimented in the oflficial reports of its com- manding officers. Second Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry (originally Second I. N. G.). This regi- ment, also from Chicago, began to arrive at Springfield, April 27, 1898 — at that time number- ing 1,202 men and 47 officers, under command of Col. George JI. Moulton; was mustered in between May 4 and May 15; on May 17 started for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was changed to Jacksonville, where, as a part of the Seventh Army Corps, under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, it assisted in the dedication of Camp Cuba Libre. October 25 it was transferred to Savannali, Ga., remaining at "Camp Lee" until December 8, when two battalions embarked for Havana, landing on the 15th, being followed, a few days later, by the Third Battalion, and sta- tioned at Camp Columbia. From Dec. 17 to Jan. 11, 1899, Colonel Moulton served as Chief of Police for the city of Havana. On March 28 to 30 the regiment left Camp Columbia in detach- ments for Augusta, Ga., where it arrived April 5, and was mustered out, April 26, 1,051 strong (rank and file), and returned to Chicago. Dun 674 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing its stay in Cuba the regiment did not ki.se a man. A history of this regiment lias been written by Rev. H. W. Bolton, its late Chaplain. Third Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, composed of companies of the Illinois Kational Guard from the counties of La Salle. Livingston, Kane, Kankakee, McHenry, Ogle, Will, and Winnebago, under command of Col. Fred Bennitt, reported at Springfield, with 1,170 men and 50 officers, on April 27 ; was mustered in May 7, 1898; transferred from Sin-ingfield to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), May 14; on July 23 left Chickamauga for Porto Rico; on the 38th sailed from Newport News, on the liner St. Louis, arriving at Ponce, Porto Rico, on July 31 ; soon after disembarking captured Arroyo, and assisted in the capture of Guaj'ama, which was the beginning of General Brooke's advance across the island to San Juan, when intelligence was received of the signing of the peace protocol bj' Spain. From August 13 to October 1 the Tliird continued in the i)erformance of guard duty in Porto Rico ; on October 33, 986 men and 39 offi- cers took transport for home by way of New York, arriving in Chicago, November 11, the several companies being mustered out at their respective home stations. Its strength at final muster-out was 1,373 men and officers. Tliis regiment had the distinction of being one of the first to see service in Porto Rico, but suffered severely from fever and other diseases during the three months of its stay in the island. Fourth Illinois Volu.vteer Infantry, com- posed of companies from Champaign, Coles, Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson, Jefferson, Montgomery, Richland, and St. Clair counties; mustered into the service at Spring- field, May 30, under command of Col. Casimer Andel; started immediately for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was changed to Jackson- ville, where it was stationed at Camp Cuba Libre as a part of the Seventh Corps under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee; in October was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at Camp Onward until about the fiist of January, when the I'egi- ment took ship for Havana. Here the regiment was stationed at Camp Columbia until April 4, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out at Camp Mackenzie (Augusta), May 2, the companies returning to their respective home stations. During a part of its stay at Jacksonville, and again at Savannah, the regi- ment was employed on guard duty. While at Jacksonville Colonel Andel was suspended l>y court-martial, and finally tendered his re.signa- tion, his place being supplied by Lieut. -Col. Eben Swift, of the Ninth. Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- F.\NTRY was the first regiment to report, and was mustered in at Springfield, May 7, 1898, under command of Col. James S. Culver, being finally composed of twelve companies from Pike, Chris- tian, Sangamon, McLean, Montgomery, Adams, Tazewell, Macon, Morgan, Peoria, and Fulton counties; on May 14 left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga, Ga. ), being assigned to the command of General Brooke ; August 3 left Chickamauga for Newport News, Va., with the expectation of embarking for Porto Rico — a previous order of July 36 to the same purport having been countermanded; at Newport News embarked on the transport Obdam, but again the order was rescinded, and, after remaining on board thirty-six hours, the regiment was disem- barked. The next move was made to Lexington Ky., where the regiment — having lost hope of reaching "the front" — remained until Sept. 5, when it returned to Springfield for final muster- out. This regiment was composed of some of the best material in the State, and anxious for active service, but after a succession of disappoint- ments, was compelled to return to its home sta- tion without meeting the enemy. After its arrival at Springfield the regiment was furloughed for thirty days and finally mustered out, October 16, numbering 1,313 men and 47 officers. Sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, consisting of twelve companies from the counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lee_ Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, Warren, Bureau, and Jo Daviess, was mustered in May 11, 1898, under couunand of Col. D. Jack Foster; on May 17 left Sjjriugfield for Camp Alger, Va. ; Jul}' 5 the regiment moved to Charleston, S. C, where a part embarked for Siboney, Cuba, but the whole regiment was soon after united in General ^files' expedition for the invasion of Porto Rico, landing at Guanico on July 35, and advancing into the interior as far as Adjunta and Utuado. After several weeks' service in the interior, the regiment returned to Ponce, and on September 7 took transport for the retiu-n home, arrived at Springfield a week later, and was mustered out November 35, the regiment at that time consist- ing of 1,339 men and 49 officers. Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry (known as the "Hibernian Rifles"). Two battalion? of this regiment reported at Spring, field, April 37, with 33 officers and 765 enlisted men, being afterwards increased to the maxi HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 575 mum ; was mustered into the United States serv- ice, under command of Col. Jfarcus Kavanagh, May 18, 1898; ou May 28 started for Camp Alger, Va. ; was afterwards encamped at Thoroughfare Gap and Camp Meade ; on September 9 returned to Springfield, was furloughed for thirty days, and mustered out, October 20, numbering 1,2G0 men and 49 officers. Like the Fifth, the Seventli saw no actual service in the field. Eighth Illinois Volunteer Ixf.vntry (col- ored regiment), mustered into the service at Springfield under the second call of the Presi- dent, July 23, 1898, being composed wholly of Afro- Americans under officers of their own race, with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the muster-roll showing 1,195 men and 70 officers. The six companies, from A to F, were from Chi- cago, the other five being, respectively, from Bloomington, Springfield, Quincy, Litchfield, Mound City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The regiment having tendered their services to relieve the First Illinois on duty at Santiago de Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, by way of New York ; immediately on arrival at Santiago, a week later, was assigned to duty, but subse- quently transferred to San Luis, where Colone, Marshall was made militarj' governor. The major part of the regiment remained here until ordered home early in March, 1899, arrived at Chicago, Slarch l.j, and was mustered out, April 3, 1,226 strong, rank and file, having been in service nine months and six days. Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry was organized from the counties of Southern Illinois, and mustered in at Springfield under the second call of the President, July 4-11, 1898, under com- mand of Col. James R. Campbell; arrived at Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla.), August 9; two months later was transferred to Savannah, Ga. ; was moved to Havana in December, where it remained until May, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out there. May 20, 1899, at that time consisting of 1,095 men and 46 officers. From Augusta tlie several companies returned to their respective home stations. "The Ninth was the only "Provisional Regiment'' from Illinois mustered into the service during the war, the other regiments all belonging to tlie National Guard. First Illinois C.walry was organized at Chi- cago immediately after the President's first call, seven companies being recruited from Cliicago, two from Bloomington, and one each from Springfield, Elkhart, and Lacon; was mustered in at Springfield, May 21, 1898, under command of Col. Edward C. Young; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May ISO, remaining there until August 24, wlien it returned to Fort Slieridan, near Chicago, where it was stationed until October 11, when it was mustered out, at that time con- sisting of 1,158 men and 50 officers. Although tlie regiment saw no active service in the field, it established an excellent record for itself in respect to discipline. First Engineering Corps, consisting of 80 men detailed from the First Illinois Volunteers, were among the first Illinois soldiers to see serv- ice in Porto Rico, accompanj-ing General Miles' expedition in the latter part of July, and being engaged for a time in the construction of bridges in aid of the intended advance across the island. On .September 8 they embarked for the return home, arrived at Chicago, September IT, and were mustered out November 20. Battery A (I. N. G.), from Danville, 111., was mustered in under a special order of tlie War Department, May 12, 1898, under command of Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, consisting of 118 men; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., Slay 19, and, two months later, joined in General Miles' Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanico on August 3, and taking part in the affair at Gua yama on the 12th. News of peace having been received, the Battery returned to Ponce, where it remained until September 7, when it started on the return home by way of New York, arrived at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for sixty days, and mustered out November 25. The Battery was equijjped with modern breech-load- ing rapid-firing guns, operated by practical artil- lerists and prepared for effective service. Naval Reserves. — One of the earliest steps taken by the Government after it became ap- parent that hostilities could not be averted, was to begin preparation for strengthening the naval arm of the service. The existence of the "Naval Militia," first organized in 1893, placed Illinois in an exceptionally favorable position for making a prompt response to the call of the Government, as well as furnisliing a superior class of men for service — a fa(^t evidenced during the opei^ations in the West Indies. Gen. John McNulta, as he;id of the local committee, was active in calling the attention of the Nav}' Dejiartment to the value of the service to be rendered bj' this organization, which resulted in its being enlisted practically as a body, taking the name of "Naval Reserves" — all but eiglity-eight of the number passing the j)hj'sieal examination, the places of these being promptly filled by new recruits. The first de- 576 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tachment of over 200 left Chicago May 2, under tlie command of Lieut. -Coin. John M. Hawley, followed soon after by the remainder of the First Battalion, making the whole number from Chi- cago 400, with 2G7, constituting the Second Bat- talion, from other towns of the State. The latter was made up of 147 men from Moline, 58 from Quincy, and 63 from Alton — making a total from tlie State of 607. This does not include others, not belonging to this organization, who enlisted for service in the navy during the war, which raised the whole number for the State over 1,000. The Reserves enlisted from Illinois occupied a different relation to the Government from that of the "naval militia" of other States, which retained their State organizations, wliile those from Illinois were regularly mustered into the United States service. The recruits from Illinois were embarked at Key West, Norfolk and New York, and distributed among fifty-two different vessels, including nearly every vessel belonging to the North Atlantic Squadron. They saw serv- ice in nearly every department from the position of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the turrets of the big battleships, the largest number (60) being assigned to the famous battleship Ore- gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47; the Harvard with 3.5; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19; Franklin, 18; Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17; Hector, 14; Marietta, 11; Wilmington and Lan- caster, 10 each, and others down to one each. Illinois sailors thus hail the pi-ivilege of partici- pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which resulted in the destruction of Cervera's fleet off Santiago, as also in nearly every other event in the West Indies of less importance, without the loss of a man while in the service, although among the most exposed. They were mustered out at different times, as they could be spared from the service, or the vessels to which they were attached went out of commission, a portion serving out their full term of one year. The Reserves from Chicago retain their organization under the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans," with headquarters in the Masonic Temple Build- ing, Chicago. WARD, James H., ex-Congressman, was born in Chicago, Nov. 30, 1853, and educated in the Chicago public schools and at the University of Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1873. Three years later he graduated from the Union College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to the bar. Since then he has continued to practice his profession in his native city. In 1879 he was elected Supervisor of the town of West Chicago, and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, and the same year, was the successful candidate of his party for Congress in the Third Illinois District, serv- ing one term. WIXXEBAGO INDIANS, a tribe of the Da cota, or Sioux, stock, which at one time occupied a part of Northern IlUnois. The word Winne- bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebe- goutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou" taking the place of the consonant "w," which is wanting in the French alphabet. These were, in turn, French misspellings of an Algonquin term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe applied to the Winnebagoes because they had come from the western ocean — the salt (or "fetid") water. In their advance towards the East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country of the Illinois, but were finally driven north- ward by the latter, who surpassed them in num- bers rather than in bravery. The invaders settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela- tions.) The Winnebagoes are commonly re- garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by the fact that the treaty of Prairia du Chien (August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village located in what is now Jo Daviess County, near the mouth of the Pecatonica River. While, as a rule, the tribe, if left to itself, was disposed to live in amity with the whites, it was carried away by the eloquence and diplomacy of Tecumseh and the cajoleries of "The Prophet." General Harrison especially alludes to the brav- ery of the Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe' which he attributees in part, however, to a super- stitious faith in "The Prophet." In Jime or July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by the whites upon an unoffending and practically defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie du Cliien brought on what is known as the 'Winnebago War." (See Winnebago Tl'ar.) The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War, largely because of the great influence and shrewd tactic of their chief, Naw-caw. By treaties executed in 1832 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all their lands lying east of the Mississippi. They were finally removed west of that river, and, after many sh if tings of loca- tion, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in Eastern Nebraska, where their indu-stry, thrift and peaceable disposition elicited high praise from Government officials. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 577 WARNER, Vespasian, lawyer and Member of Congress, was born in De Witt County, 111., April 23, 1843, and has lived all his life in his native county — his present residence being Clinton. After a short course in Lombard Universitj', while studying law in the office of Hon. Law- rence Weldon, at Clinton, he enlisted as a private soldier of the Twentieth Illinois Vokmteers, in June, 1861, serving until July, 18G6, when he was mustered out with the rank of Captain and brevet Major. He received a gunshot wound at Shiloh, but continued to serve in the Army of the Tennessee until the evacuation of Atlanta, when he was ordered North on account of dis- abiUt}'. His last service was in fighting Indians on the plains. After the war he completed his law studies at Har%-ard University, graduating in 1868, when he entered into a law partnership with Clifton H. Moore of Clinton. He served as Judge-Advocate General of the Illinois National Guard for several years, with the rank of Colonel, under the administrations of Governors Hamil- ton, Oglesby and Fifer, and, in 1894, was nomi- nated and elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Thirteenth District, being re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the Fifty-fifth Congress, Mr. Warner was a mem- ber of the Committees on Agriculture and Invalid Pensions, and Chairman of the Committee on Revision of the Laws. WARREN, a village in Jo Daviess County, at intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways, 26 miles west-northwest of Freeport and 27 miles east by north of Galena. The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-raising ; there are also lead mines in the vicinity. Tobacco is grown to some extent. Warren has a flouring mill, tin factory, creamery and stone quarries, a State bank, water supply from artesian wells, fire department, gas plant, two weekly newspapers, five churches, a high school, an academy and a public library. Pop. (1890), 1,172; (1900), 1,327. WARREJf, Calvin A., lawj-er, was born in Essex County, N. Y., June 3, 1807; in his youth, worked for a time, as a typographer, in the office of "The Northern Spectator," at Poultney, Vt., side by side with Horace Greelej-, afterwards the founder of "The New York Tribune." Later, he became one of the publishers of "The Palladium" at Ballston, N. Y., but, in 1832, removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, where he began the study of law, completing his course at Transyl- vania Univer.sity, Ky., in 1834, and beginning practice at. Batavia, Ohio, as the partner of Thomas Morris, then a United States Senator from Ohio, whose daughter he married, thereby becoming the brother-in-law of the late Lsaac N. Mon-is, of Quincy, 111. In 1836, Mr. Warren came to Quincy, Adams County, 111 , but sooa after removed to Warsaw in Hancock County, where he resided until 1839, when he returned to Quincy. Here he continued in practice, either alone or as a partner, at different times, of sev- eral of the leading attorneys of that city. Although he held no office except that of Master in Chancery, which he occupied for some sixteen }-ears, the possession of an inexhaustible fund of humor, with strong practical sense and decided abilitj' as a speaker, gave him great popularity at the bar and upon the stump, and made him a recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic party, of which he was a life-long member. He served as Presidential Elector on the Pierce ticket in 1853, and was the nominee of his party for the same position on one or two other occa- sions. Died, at Quincy, Feb. 33, 1881. WARREN, Hooper, pioneer journalist, was born at Walpole, N. H., in 1790; learned the print- er's trade on the Rutland (Vt.) "Herald"; in 1814 went to Delaware, whence, three years later, he emigrated to Kentucky, woiking for a time on a paper at Frankfort. In 1818 he came to St. Louis and worked in the office of the old "Mis- souri Gazette" (the predecessor of "The Repub- lican"), and also acted as the agent of a lumber comi>any at Cairo, 111., when the whole popula- tion of that place consisted of one family domi- ciled on a grounded flat-boat. In March, 1819, he established, at Edwardsville, the third paper in Illinois, its predecessors being "The Illinois Intelligencer," at Kaskaskia, and "The Illinois Emigrant," at Shawneetown. The name given to the new paper was "The Spectator," and the contest over the effort to introduce a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution soon brought it into prominence. Backed by Governor Coles, Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Judge S. D. Lock- wood, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Wm. H. Brown (afterwards of Chicago), George Churchill and other opponents of slavery, "The Spectator" made a sturdy fight in opposition to the scheme, which ended in defeat of the measure V)y the rejection at the polls, in 1824, of the proposition for a Constitutional Convention. Warren left the Edwardsville paper in 182.5, and was, for a time, associated with "The National Crisis," an anti-slavery jiaper at Cincinnati, but soon re- turned to Illinois and established "The Sangamon Spectator" — the first paper ever published at the 678 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. present State capital. This he sold out in 1829, and, for tlie next three years, was connected with "The Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Her- ald," at Galena. Abandoning this field in 1832, he removed to Hennepin, where, within the next five years, he held the offices of Clerk of the Cir- cuit and County Commissioners' Courts and ex officio Recorder of Deeds. In 1836 he began the publication of tlie third paper in Chicago — "The Commercial Advertiser"' (a weeklj-) — which was continued a little more than a year, wlien it was abandoned, and he settled on a farm at Henry, Marshall County. His further newspaper ven- tures were, as the associate of Zebina Eastman, in the publication of "The Genius of Liberty," at Lowell, La Salle County, and "The Western Citizen" — afterwards "The Free West" — in Chi- cago. (See Eastman, Zebina, and Lundy, Ben- jamin.) On the discontinuance of "The Free West" in 1856, he again retired to his farm at Henry, where he spent the remainder of his days. While returning home from a visit to Chicago, in August, 1864, he was taken ill at Mendota, dying there on the 22d of the month. WARREN, John Esaias, diplomatist and real- estate operator, was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1826, graduated at Union College and was connected with the American Legation to Spain during the administration of President fierce: in 1859-60 was a member of the Minnesota Legislature and, in 1861-63, Mayor of St. Paul; in 1867, came to Chicago, where, while engaged in real-estate business, he became known to the press as the author of a series of articles entitled "Topics of the Time." In 1886 he took up his residence in Brussels, Belgium, where he died, July 6, 1896. Mr. Warren was author of several volumes of travel, of which "An Attache in Spain" and "Para" are most important. WARREN COUNTY. A western county, created by act of the Legislature, in 1825, but not fully organized until 1830, having at that time about 350 inhabitants ; has an area of 540 square miles, and was named for (ien. Joseph Warren. It is drained by the Henderson River and its affluents, and is traversed by the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy (two divisions), tlie Iowa Central and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroads. Bituminous coal is mined and lime- stone is quarried in large quantities. The county's early development was retarded in consequence of having become the "seat of war," during the Black Hawk War. The principal products are grain and live-stock, although manufacturing is oarried on to some extent. The county-seat and chief city is Monmouth (which see). Roseville is a shipping point. Population (1880), 22,933. (1890), 21.281; (1900), 23,163; (1910), 23,313. WARREN, a ^^llage of Jo Daviess Countj' on the 111. Cent, and the Chi., Mil. & St. Paul Rys.; lead is extensively mined in vicinity; lias a large creamery and some factories. Pop. (1910), 1,331. WARSAW, a principal town in Hancock County, and admirably situated for trade. It stands on a bluff on the Jli.ssissippi River, some three miles below Keokuk, and about 40 miles above Quincy. It is the western terminus of the Toledo, Peoria & AVestern Railway, and lies 116 miles west -south west of Peoria. Old Fort Edwards, established by Gen. Zachary Taj-lor, during the War of 1812, was located within the limits of the present city of Warsaw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines River. An iron foundry, a large woolen mill, a plow factory and cooperage works are its principal manufac- turing establishments. The channel of the Missis- sippi admits of the passage of the largest steamers up to this point. Warsaw has several churches, a system of common schools comjirising one high and three grammar schools, a national bank and one weekly newsi>aper. Population (1880), 3,105; (1890), 2.721; (1900), 2.335; (1910), 2.254. Washburn, a village of Woodford County, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railway 25 miles northeast of Peoria; has banks and a weekly paper; the district is agricultural. Population (1890), 598; (1900), 703; (1910), 777. WASHBURNE, Elihu Benjamin, Congressman and diplomatist, was born at Livermore, Maine, Sept. 23, 1816; in early life learned the trade of a printer, but graduated from Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Coming west, he settled at Galena, forming a partnership with Charles S. Hempstead, for the practice of law, in 1841. He was a stalwart Whig, and, as such, was elected to Congi-ess in 1852. He con- tinued to represent his District until 1869. taking a prominent position, as a Republican, on the organization of that party. On account of his long service he was known as the "Father of the House," administering the Speaker's oath three times to Schuyler Colfax and once to James G. Blaine. He was appointed Secretary of State by General Grant in 1869, but surrendered his port- folio to become Envoy to France, in which ca- pacity he achieved great distinction. He was the only official representative of a foreign govern- ment who remained in Paris, during the siege of that city by the Germans (1870-71) and the reign of the "Commune." For his conduct he was HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 579 honoreil by the Governments of France and Ger- many alike. On his return to the United States, he made his home in Cliicago, where he devoted his latter years chiertj- to literary labor, and where he died. Oct. 22. 1887. He was strongly favored as a candidate for the Presidency in 1880. WASHINGTON, a city in Tazewell County, situated at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads. It is 21 miles west of El Paso, and 12 miles east of Peoria. Carriages, plows and farming implements con- stitute the manufactured output. It is also an important shijiping point for farm products. It has electric light and water-works plants, eight churches, a graded school, two banks and two weekly [xipers. Pop. (1900), 1,459; (1910), 1,530. WASHINGTON COUNTY, an interior county of Southern Illinois, east of St. Louis; is drained by the Kaskaskia River and the Elkhorn, Beaucoup and Muiltly Creeks; was organized in 1818, and has an area of 557 square miles. The surface is diversified, well watered and timbered. The soil is of variable fertilit}-. Corn, wheat and oats are the chief agricultural products. Manufactur- ing is carried on to some extent, among the products being agricultural implements, flour, carriages and wagons. The most important town is Nash- ville, which is also the county-seat. Popula- tion (1900), 19,.52fl; (1910), 18,759. Washing- ton was one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was di\-ided at the organization of the State Government, being one of the last three created during the Territorial period — the other two being Franklin and Union. WATERTOWN, a village in Rock Island County, on the Mississippi, 5 miles cast of Moline. The Illinois Western Hospital for the Insane, located here on an elev.ation a quarter of a mile from the river, is reached by a switch from the C, B. & Q. Ry. Pop. of the village (1910), 525. WEST CHICAGO, in Du Page County, on the C, B. & Q. and C. & N. W. Rys., 30 miles west of Chicago; has railroad repair shops, various manu- factures and two weekly papers. Pop. (1910), 2,378. WATERLOO, the county-seat and chief town of Monroe County, on the Illinois Division of the Mobile it Ohio Railroad, 24 miles east of south from St. Louis. The region is chiefly agricultural, but underlaid with coal. Its industries embrace two flour mills, a plow factory, distillery, cream- ery, two ice plants, and some minor concerns. The city has municipal water and electric light plants, four churches, a graded school and two newspapers. Pop- (1900), 2,114; (1910), 2,091. WATERMAN, Arba Nelson, lawyer and jurist, was born at Greensboro, Orleans County, Vt., Feb. 3, 1830. After receiving an academic edu- cation and teaching for a time, he read law at Montpelier and, later, passed through the Allxvny Law School. In 1861 he was admitted to the bar, removed to Joliet, HI., and opened an office. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the One Hun- dredth Illinois Volunteers, serving with the Army of the Cumberland for two years, and being mustered out in August, 1864, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. On leaving the arm}-. Colonel Waterman commenced practice in Chicago. In 1873-74 he represented the Eleventh Ward in the City Council. In 1887 he was elected to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court, and was re-elected in 1891 and, again, in 1897. In 1890 he was assigned as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court. WATSEKA, the county-seat of Iroquois County, situated on the Iroquois River, at the mouth of Sugar Creek, and at the intersection of the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads, 77 miles south of Chicago, 46 miles north of Danville and 14 miles east of Gilman. It has flour-mills, brick and tile works and foundries, besides several churches, banks, a graded school and two weekly newspapers. Artesian well water is obtained bj- boring to the dejith of 100 to 100 feet, and some 200 flowing streams from these shafts are within the city limits. Pop. (1890), 2,017; (1900), 2, .505; (1910), 2,476. WATTS, Amos, jurist, was born in St. Clair County, 111., Oct. 25, 1821, but removed to Wash- ington County in boyhood, and was elected County Clerk in 1847, '49 and "53, and State's Attorney for the Second Judicial District in 1856 and '60; then became editor and proprietor of a news- paper, later resuming the practice of law, and, in 1873, was elected Circuit Judge, remaining in office until his death, at Nashville, 111 Pec. 6, 1888. AVAUKEGAN, the county -seat and principal city of Lake County, situated on the shore of Lake Michigan and on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, about 36 miles north by west from Chicago, and .50 miles south of Milwaukee; is also the northern terminus of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad and connected by electric lines with Chicago and Fox Lake. Lake Michigan is about 80 miles wide opposite this point. Waukegan was first known as "Little Fort." from the remains of an old fort that stood on its site. The principal part of the city is built on a bluff, which rises abruptly to the height of about 680 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. fifty feet. Between the bluff and the shore is a flat tract about 400 yards wide which is occupied by gardens, dwellings, warehouses and manu- factories. Tlie manufactures include steel-wire, refined sugar, scales, agricultural implements, brass and iron products, sash, doors and blinds, leather, beer, etc. ; the city lias paved streets, gas and electric light plants, three banks, eight or ten churches, graded and high schools and two daily and one weekly newspaper. A large trade in grain, lumber, coal and dairj' products is carried on. Pop. (1900), 9,426; (1910), 16,069. WAUKEGAN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Easti'ni Bailway.) WATER LT, a city in Morgan Count3', 18 miles southeast of Jacksonville, on the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroads. It was originally settled by enter- prising emigrants from New England, whose descendants constitute a large proportion of the population. It is the center of a ricli agricultural region, has a fine graded school, six or seven churches, two banks, one weekly newspaper; also lirick and tile works, flour mills and elevators. Pop. (1890), 1,337; (1900), 1,573; (1910), 1,538. WAYNE, (Gen.) Anthony, soldier, was born in Chester County, Pa., Jan. 1, 1745, of Anglo- Irish descent, graduated as a Survej'or, and first prac- ticed liis profession in Nova Scotia. During the years immediately antecedent to the Revolution he was prominent in the colonial councils of his native State, to which he had returned in 1767, where he became a member of the "Committee of Safety." On June 3, 1776, he was commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Pennsylvania troops in the Continental army, and, during the War of the Revolution, was conspicuous for his courage and ability as a leader. One of his most daring and successful acliievements was the cap- ture of Stony Point, in 1779, when — the works having been carried and Wayne having received, what was supposed to be. his death-wound— he entered the fort, supported by his aids. For this service he was awarded a gold medal by Con- gress. He also took a conspicuous part in the investiture and capture of Yorktown. In October, 1783, he was brevetted Major-General. In 1784 lie was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature. A few years later he settled in Georgia, which State he represented in Congress for seven months, when his seat was declared vacant after contest. In April, 1793, he was confirmed as General-in-Chief of the United States Army, on nomination of President Washington. His con- nection with Illinois history lie^n sliortly after St. Clair's defeat, when he led a force into Ohio (1783) and erected a stockade at Greenville, which he named Fort Recovery ; his object being to subdue the hostile savage tribes. In this he was eminently successful and, on August 3, 1793, after a victorious campaign, negotiated the Treaty of Greenville, as broad in its provisions as it was far-reaching in its influence. He was a daring fighter, and although Washington called him "prudent," his dauntlessness earned for him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony." In matters of dress he was pimctilious, and, on this account, he was sometimes dubbed "Dandy Wayne.'' He was one of the few white oflficers whom all the Western Indian tribes at once feared and re- spected. They named him "Black Snake" and "Tornado." He died at Presque Isle near Erie, Dec. 15, 1796. Thirteen years afterward his remains were removed by one of his sons, and interred in Radnor churchyard, in his native county. The Pennsylvania Historical Society erected a marble monument over his grave, and appropriately dedicated it on July 4 of the same year. WAYXE COUNTY, in the southeast quarter of the State; has an area of 720 square miles; was organized in 1819, and named for Gen. Anthony Wayne. The county is watered and drained by the Little Wabash and its branches, notably the Skillet Fork. At the first election held in the county, only fifteen votes were cast. Early life was exceedingly primitive, the first settlers pounding corn into meal with a wooden pestle, a hollowed stump being used as a mortar. Tlie first mill erected (of the antique South Carolina pattern) charged 25 cents per bushel for grinding. Prairie and woodland make up the surface, and the soil is fertile. Railroad facilities are furnished by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio (Southwestern) Railroads. Corn, oats, tobacco, wlieat. hay and wool are the chief agricultural products. Saw mills are numer- ous and there are also carriage and wagon facto- ries. Fairfield is the county-seat. Population (1890), 23,800; (1900), 27.()26; (1910), 25.697. WEAS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of Indi.ans. The}' called themselves "We-wee- hahs, " and were spoken of by the French as "Oui- at-a-nons" and "Oui-as." Other corruptions of the name were common among the British and American colonists. In 1718 they had a village at Chicago, hut abandoned it through fear of their hostile neighbors, the Chippewas and Potta- watomies. The Weas were, at one time, brave and warlike: but their numbers were reduced bv HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 581 constant warfare and disease, and, in the end, debauchery enervated and demoralized them. They were removed west of the Mississippi and given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. This they ultimately sold, and, under the leadership of Baptiste Peoria, united witli their few remain- ing brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant of the mini under the title of the "confederated tribes," and settled in Indian Territory. (See also Mia m is; Pia nkrsli a wn. ) TV EBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician, was born about 1802, came to the vicinity of Carmi, White County, III, about 1828 to 1830, and, still later, studied law at Transylvania Uni- versity. He held the office of Prosecuting Attorney of White County, and, in 1834, was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, serving, by successive re-elections, until 1843, and, in the Senate, from 1842 to '46. During his service in the House he was a col- league and political and personal friend of Abraham Lincoln. He opposed the internal improvement scheme of 1837, predicting many of the disasters which were actually realized a few years later. He was a candidate for Presi- dential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and '48, and, in 1852, received the nomination for Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson, two years later, being an unsuccessful candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court in opposition to Ju/lge W. B. Scates. While practicing law at Carmi, he was also a partner of his brother in the mercantile business. Died, Oct. 14, 1858, in the 56th year of his age. WEBB, Henry Livingston, soldier and pioneer (an elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted New York journalist), was born at Claverack, N. Y., Feb. 6, 1795; served as a soldier in the War of 1812, came to Southern Illinois in 1817, and became one of the founders of the town of America near the mouth of the Ohio ; was Repre- sentative in the Fourth and Eleventh General Assemblies, a Major in the Black Hawk War and Captain of volunteers and, afterwards. Colonel of regulars, in the Mexican War. In 1860 he went to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi -mili- tary capacity under the Confederate Govern- ment; returned to Illinois in 1869, and died, at Makanda, Oct. 5, 1876. WEBSTER, Fletcher, lawyer and soldier, was born at Portsmouth, N. H., July 23, 1813; gradu- ated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law with his father (Daniel Webster) ; in 1837, located at Peru, 111., where he practiced three years. His father having been appointed Secretary of State in 1841, the son became his private secretary, was also Secretary of Legation to Caleb Gushing (Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Surveyor of the Port of Boston, 1850-61; the latter year became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts Volunteers, and was killed in the second battle of Bull Run, Augast 30. 1862. WEBSTER, Joseph Dana, civil engineer and soldier, was born at Old Hampton, N. H., August 25, 1811. He graduated from Dart- mouth College in 1832, and afterwards read law at Newburyport, Mass. His natural incli- nation was for engineering, and, after serv- ing for a time in the Engineer and War offices, at Washington, was made a United States civil engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. He served through the Mexican War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thir- teen months later he resigned, removing to Chi- cago, where he made his permanent home, and soon after was identified, for a time, with the proprietorship of "The Chicago Tribune." He was President of the commission that perfected the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and executed the raising of the grade of a large por- tion of the city from two to eight feet, whole blocks of buildings being raised bj' jack screws, while new foundations were inserted. At the outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his serv- ices to the Government and superintended the erection of the fortifications at Cairo, 111., and Paducah, Ky. On April 7, 1861, he was com- missioned Paymaster of Volunteers, with tlie rank of Major, and, in February, 1862, Colonel of the First Illinois Artillery. For several months he was chief of General Grant's staff, participat- ing in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry, and in the battle of Shiloh, in the latter as Chief of Artillery. In October, 1862, the War Depart- ment detailed him to make a survey of the Illi- nois & Michigan Canal, and, the following month, he was commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers, serving as Military Governor of Mem- phis and Superintendent of miUtary railroads. He was again chief of staff to General Grant during the Vicksburg campaign, and, from 1864 until the close of the war, occupied the same relation to General Sherman. He was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865, but,' resigning Nov. 6, following, returned to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of his life. From 1869 to 1872 he was Assessor of Internal Revenue I 582 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. there, and, later. Assistant United States Treas- urer, and, in July, 1873, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue. Died, at Chicago, Marcli 13, 1876. WELCH, William R., lawyer and jurist, was born in Jessamine County, Ky., Jan. 33, 1828, educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, graduating from the academic department in 1847, and, from the law school, in 1851. In 1864 he removed to CarUnville, Macoupin County, 111., which place lie made his permanent honie. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Circuit, and re-elected in 1879 and '85. In 1884 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court for the Second District. Died, Sept. 1, 1888. WELUON, Lawrence, one of the Judges of the United States Court of Claims, Washington, D. C, was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 1829 ; while a child, removed with his parents to Madison County, and was educated in the com- mon schools, the local academy and at Wittenberg College, Springfield, in the same State ; read law with Hon. R. A. Harrison, a prominent member of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in 1854, meanwhile, in 1852-53, having served as a clerk in the office of the Secretary of State at Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat- ing at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he engaged in practice ; in 1860 was elected a Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year, and assisted in the first election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency. Early in 1861 he resigned his seat in the Legislature to accept the position of United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by President Lincoln, but resigned the latter oflice in 1866 and, the following year, removed to Bloomington, where he continued the practice of his profession until 1883, when he was appointed, by President Arthur, an Associate Justice of the United States Court of Claims at Washington — a position which he occupied until his death. Judge \\'eldon was among the last of those who rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lin- coln. From the time of coming to the State in 1854 to 1860, he was one of Mr. Lincoln's most intimate traveling companions in the old Eighth Circuit, which extended from Sangamon County on the west to Vermilion on the east, and of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the Supreme Court of the United States and United States Senator, was the presiding Justice. The Judge held in his memory many ploa.saut remi- niscences of that day, especially of the eastern portion of the District, where he was accustomed to meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator Mc- Donald and other leading lawyers of Indiana, as well as the historic men whom he met at the State capital. Died April 10, 1905. WELLS, Albert W., lawyer and legislator, was born at Woodstock, Conn., May 9, 1839, and enjoyed only such educational and other advan- tages as belonged to the average New England boy of that period. During his boyhood his family removed to New Jersey, where he attended an academy, later, graduating from Columbia College and Law School in New York City, and began practice with .State Senator Robert Allen at Red Bank, N. J. During the Civil War he enlisted in a New Jersey regiment and took part in the battle of Gettysburg, resuming his profes- sion at the close of the war. Coming west in 1870, he settled in Quincy, 111., where he con- tinued practice. In 1886 he was elected to the House of Representatives from Adams County, as a Democrat, and re-elected two years later. In 1890 he was advanced to the Senate, where, by re-election in 1894, he served continuously until his death in office, March 5, 1897. His abilities and long service — covering the sessions of the Thirty-fifth to the Fortieth General Assem- blies — jjlaced him at the head of the Democratic side of the Senate during the latter part of his legislative career. WELLS, William, soldier and victim of the Fort Dearborn massacre, was born in Kentucky, about 1770. Wlien a boy of 12, he was captured by the Miami Indians, whose chief. Little Turtle, adopted liim, giving him his daughter in mar- riage wlien he grew to manhood. He was highly esteemed by the tribe as a warrior, and. in 1790, was present at the battle where Gen. Arthur St. Clair was defeated. He then realized that he was fighting against his own race, and informed his father-in-law that he intended to ally himself with the whites. Leaving the Miamis, he made his way to General Wayne, who made him Cap- tain of a company of scouts. After the treaty of Greenville (1795) he settled on a farm near Fort Wayne, where lie was joined by his Indian wife. Here he acted as Indian Agent and Justice of the Peace. In 1813 he learned of the contemplated evacuation of Fort Dearborn, and, at the head of thirty Miamis, he set out for the post, his inten- tion being to furnish a body-guard to the non- combatants on their proposed march to Fort Wayne. On August 13. he marched out of the fort with fifteen of his duskv warriors behind HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 683 him, the remainder bringing up the rear. Before a mile and a half had been traveled, the party fell into an Indian ambuscade, and an indiscrimi- nate massacre followed. (See Fort Dearborn.) The Miamis fled, and Captain Wells' body was riddled with bullets, his head cut off and his heart taken out. He was an uncle of Mrs. Heald, wife of the commander of Fort Dearborn. WELLS, William Harvey, educator, was born in Tolland, Conn., Feb. 27, 1813; lived on a farm until 17 years old, attending school irregularly, but made such progress that he became succes- sively a teacher in the Teachers' Seminary at Andoverand Newburyport, and, finally. Principal of the .State Normal School at Westfield, Slass. In 1856 he accepted the position of Superintend- ent of Public Schools for the city of Chicago, serving till 18G-1, when he resigned. He was an organizer of the Massachusetts State Teachers' Association, one of the first editors of "The Massachusetts Teacher'' and prominently con- nected with various benevolent, educational and learned societies ; was also author of several text- books, and assisted in the revision of "Webster's Unabridged Dictionary." Died, Jan. 21, 1885. WENONA, city on the eastern border of Mar- shall County, 20 miles south of La Salle, lias zinc works, public and parochial schools, a weekly paper, two banks, and five churches. A good quality of soft coal is mined here. Popu- lation (1S90), 1,0.53; (1900), 1,486; (1910), 1,442. WENTWOKTH, John, early journalist and Congressman, was born at Sandwich, N. H., March 5, 1815, graduated from Dartmouth Col- lege in 1836, and came to Chicago the same year, where he became editor of "The Chicago Demo- crat," which had been established by John Cal- houn three years previous. He soon after became proprietor of "The Democrat," of which he con- tinued to be the publisher until it was merged into "The Chicago Tribune," July 24, 1864. He also studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Demo- crat from 1843 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 1855. but left the Democratic party on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. He was elected Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, during his incumbenc3' introducing a number of important municipal reforms; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and twice served on the Board of Education. He again represented Illinois in Congress as a Republican from 1865 to 1867 — making fourteen years of service in that body. In 1872 he joined in the Greeley movement, but later renewed his alle- giance to the Republican party. In 187i >lr. Went- worth published an elaborate genealogical work in three volumes, entitled "History of the Went- worth Family." A volmne of "Congressional Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chi- cago," published in connection with the Fergus Historical Series, contain some valuable informa- tion on early local and national history. On account of his extraordinary height he received the sobriquet of "Long John," by wliich he was familiarly known throughout the State. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 16, 1888. WEST, Edward M., merchant and banker, was born in Virginia, May 2, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1818; in 1829 became a clerk in the Recorder's office at Edwardsville, also served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833, took a position in the United States Land Office there. Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi- ness, which he prosecuted over thirty years — meanwhile filling the office of County Treasurer, ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established a bank at Edwardsville, with which he was con- nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed much ability as a public speaker. WEST, Mary Allen, educator and philanthro- pist, was born at Galesburg, 111., July 31, 1837; graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught until 1873, when she was elected County Super- intendent of Schools, serving nine j'ears. She took an active and influential interest in educa- tional and reformatory movements, was for two years editor of "Our Home Monthly," in Phila- delphia, and also a contributor to other journals, besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig- nal," Chicago, the organ of the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union — in which she held the position of President ; was also President, in the latter days of lier life, of the Illinois Woman's Press Association of Chicago, that city having become her home in 1885. In 1892, Miss West started on a tour of the world for the benefit of her healtli, but died at Tokio, Japan, Dec. 1, 1892. WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in accordan(-e with an act of the General Assembly, apiiroved. May 22, 1895. Tlio Thirty -ninth Gen- eral Assembly made an appropriation of SIOD.OOO for the erection of (ire-proof buildings, wliile Ro(^k Island County donated a tract of 400 acres 684 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of land valued at 840,000. The site selected by the Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking the Jlississippi River, eight miles above Rock Island, and five and a half miles from Moline, and the buildings are of the most modern style of con- struction. Watertown is reached by two lines of railroad — the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — besides the Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was begun in 1896, and they were opened for the reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca- pacity for 800 patients. WESTERN MILITARY ACADEMY, an insti tution located at Upper Alton, Madison County, incorporated in 1892; has a faculty of eight mem- bers and reports eighty pupils for 1897-98, with property valued at S70,000. The institution gives instruction in literary and scientific branches, besides preparatory and business courses. WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at Bushnell, McDonough County; incorporated in 1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve instructors and reported 500 pupils for 1897-98, 300 males and 200 females. WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook County, and residence suburb of the city of Chi- cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, 15 miles west of the initial station. Pop. (1900), 662; (1910), 905. WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes- tant Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1883 through the munificence of Dr. Tolman Wheeler, and was opened for students two years later. It has two buildings, of a superior order of archi- tecture — one including the school and lecture rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital and gj'mnasium are attached to the latter, and a school for boys is conducted on the first floor of the main building, which is known as Wheeler Hall. The institution is under the general super- vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Protes- tant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Illinois. WESTFIELD, village of Clark County, on Cin., Ham. & Dayton R. R. , 10 m. s.-e. of Charleston; seat of Westfield College; has a bank, five churches and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 927. WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on the Peoria-Evans\-ille Div. III. Cent. R. R., 12 miles northeast of Albion: lias a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 700; (1010), 725. WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was born in Chicago, Ijpj?. 9, 1849; in her childhood attracted attention while singing with her father (a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in Cliicago, Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 j-ears of age, went to New York to study, earning her way by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg; in New York was patronized by Henry Ward Beecher and others, and aided in securing the training of European masters. Compelled to sur- mount many obstacles from poverty and other causes, her after success in her profession was phenomenal. Died, during a professional tour, at Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Miss Abbott married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who died before lier. WH EATON, a city and the county-seat of Du Page County, situated on the Chicago &. North- western Railway, 25 miles west of Chicago. Agri- culture and stock-raising are the chief industries in the surrounding region. The city owns a new water-works plant (costing S60,000) and has a public library valued at §75,000. the gift of a resident. Mr. John Quincy Adams; has a court house, electric light plant, sewerage and drainage system, seven churches, three graded schools, two weekly newspapers and a State hank, ^^'heaton is the seat of Whcaton College (which see). Popu- lation (1880), 1,160; (1890), 1,622; (1900), 2,345; (1910), 3,423. WHEATON COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution located at Wheaton, Du Page County, and under Congregational control. It was founded in 1853, as the Illinois Institute, and was char- tered under its present name in 1860. Its early existence was one of struggle, but of late years it has been established on a better foundation, in 1898 having §54,000 invested in productive funds, and property aggregating §136.000. The faculty comprises fifteen professors, and, in 1898, there were 331 students in attendance. It is co-edu- cational and instruction is given in business and preparatory studies, as well as the fine arts, music and classical literature. WHEELER, David Hilton,D.D., LL.D., clergy- man, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1829; graduated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, in 1851 ; edited "The Carroll County Republican" and held a professorship in Cornell College, Iowa, (1857-61) ; was United States Con- sul at Geneva, Switzerland, (1861-66) ; Professorof English Literature in Northwestern University (1867-75); edited "The Methodi-st" in New York, seven years, and was President of Allegheny College (1883-87); received the degree of D.D. from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL.D. from the Northwestern University in 1881. He is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy" HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 58A (two volumes, 1864) and "By-Ways of Literature"' (1883), besides some translations. WHEELEK, Hamilton K., ex-Congressman, was born at Ballston, N. Y., August 5, 18-18, but emigrated with his parents to Illinois in 1852; remained on a farm imtil 19 years of age. his educational advantages being limited to three months' attendance upon a district school each year. In 1871, he was admitted to the bar at Kankakee, where he has since continued to prac- tice. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Six- teenth District in the State Senate, where he served on manj' important committees, being Chairman of that on the Judicial Department. In 1893 he was elected Representative in Con- gress from the Ninth Illinois District, on the Republican ticket. WESTVILLE, a village of Vermilion County, on the C. & E. I. and "Big Four" Rys., 8 miles north of Danvilli'; a coal mining region. Pop. (1910), 3,607. WHISTLER, (Maj.) John, soldier and builder of the first Fort Dearborn, was born in Ulster, Ire- land, about 1756; served under Burgoyne in the Revolution, and was with the force surrendered by that officer at Saratoga, in 1777. After the peace he returned to the United States, settled at Hagerstown, Md., and entered the United States Army, serving at first in the ranks and being severely wounded in the disastrous Indian cam- paigns of 1791. Later, he was promoted to a captaincy and, in the summer of 1803, sent with his company, to the head of Lake Michigan, where he constructed the first Fort Dearborn within the limits of the present city of Chicago, remaining in command imtil 1811, when he was succeeded by Captain Heald. He received the brevet rank of Major, in 1815 was appointed military store- keeper at Newport, Ky., and after- wards at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, where he died, Sept. 3, 1829. Lieut. William Whistler, his son, who was with his father, for a time, in old Fort Dearborn — but transferred, in 1809, to Fort Waj'ne — was of the force included in Hull's surrender at Detroit in 1812. After his exchange he was promoted to a captaincy, to the rank of llajor in 182G and to a Lieutenant-Colo- nelcy in 1845, dying at Newport, Ky., in 1863. James Abbott McNiel Whistler, the celebrated, but eccentric artist of that name, is a grandson of the first Major Whistler. WHITE, George E., ex-Congressman, was born in Mas.sachusetts in 1848; after graduating, at the age of 16, he enlisted as a private in the Fifty- seventh JIassachusetts Veteran Volunteers, serv- ing under General Grant in the campaign against Richmond from the battle of the Wilder- ness until the surrender of Lee. Having taken a course in a commercial college at Worcester, Mass., in 1867 he came to Chicago, securing em- ployment in a lumber yard, but a year later began business on his own account, which he has successfully conducted. In 1878 he was elected to the State Senate, as a Republican, from one of the Chicago Districts, and re-elected four years later, .serving in that body eight years. He declined a nomination for Congress in 1884, but accepted in 1894, and was elected for the Fifth District, as he was again in 1896, but was defeated, in 1898, by Edward T. Noonan, Demo- crat. WHITE, Horace, journalist, was born at Cole- brook, N. H., August 10, 1834; in 1853 graduated at Beloit College, Wis., whither his father had removed in 1837; engaged in journalism as city editor of "The Chicago Evening Journal," later becoming agent of the Associated Press, and, in 1857, an editorial writer on "The Chicago Trib- ime," during a part of the war acting as its Washington correspondent. He also served, in 1856, as Assistant Secretary of the Kansas National Committee, and, later, as Secretary of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1864 he purchased an interest in "The Tribune," a year or so later becoming editor-in-chief, but retired in October, 1874. After a protracted European tour, he united with Carl Schurz and E. L. Godkin of "The Nation," in the purchase and reorganization of "The New York Evening Post," of which he is now editor-in-chief. WHITE, Julius, soldier, was born in Cazen- ovia, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1816; removed to Illinois in 1836, residing there and in Wisconsin, where he was a member of the Legislature of 1849; in 1861 was made Collector of Customs at Chicago, but resigned to assume the colonelcy of the Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, which he commanded on the Fremont expedition to South- west Jlissouri. He afterwards served with Gen- eral Curtiss in Arkansas, participated in the battle of Pea Ridge and was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. He was subsequently assigned to the Department of the Shenandoah, but finding his position at Martinsburg, W. Va., untenable, retired to Harper's Ferry, voluntarily serving under Colonel Miles, his inferior in com- mand. When this post was surrendered (Sept. 15, 1862), he was made a prisoner, but released under parole; was tried by a court of inquiry at his own request, and acquitted, the court finding that he had acted with courage and capability 686 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. He resigned in 18G4, and, in March, 1865, was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. Died, at Evan.ston, May 12, 1890. WHITE COUNTV, situated in tlie southeastern quarter of tlie State, and bounded on the east by the Wabash River; was organized in 1816. being the tenth county organized during tlie Territorial period: area, .'iOO square miles. The county is crossed by three railroads and drained by the Wabash and Little Wabash Rivers. The surface consists of prairie and woodland, and the soil is, for the most part, highly productive. The princi- pal agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco, fruit, butter, sorghum and wool. The principal industrial establishments are carriage factories, saw mills and flour mills. Carmi is the county-seat. Other towns are En- field, Grayville and Norris City. Population (ISOn), 25,00.5; (1900), 25,386; (1910), 23,052. WHITEHALL, a city in Greene County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 65 miles north of St. Louis and 2-t miles south-southwest of Jacksonville; in rich farming region; has stonewai'e and sewer-pipe factories, foundry and machine shop, flour mill, elevators, wagon shops, creamery, water system, sanitarium, heating, electric light and power system, nurseries and fruit-supply houses, and two poultry packing houses; also has five churches, a graded school, two banks and two newspapers — one issuing daily edition. Pop. (1900), 2,030; (1910), 2,8.54. WHITEHOUSE, Henry John, Protestant Epis copal Bishop, was born in New York City, August 19, 1803; graduated from Columbia College in 1821, and from the (New York) General Tlieolog- ical Seminary in 1824. After ordination he was rector of various parishes in Pennsylvania and New York until 1851, when he was chosen Assist- ant Bishop of Illinois, succeeding Bishop Chase in 18.52. In 186T, by invitation of the Archbishop of Canterbury, he delivered the opening sermon before the Pan-AngUcan Conference held in England. During this visit he received the degree of D.D. from Oxford University, and that of LL.D. from Cambridge. His rigid views as a churchman and a disciplinarian, were illustrated in his prosecution of Rev. Charles Edward Cheney, which resulted in the formation of the Reformed Episcopal Church. He was a brilliant orator and a trenchant and imyielding controver- sialist. Died, in Chicago, August 10, 1874. WHITESIDE COUNTY, in the northwestern poi-tion of the State bordering on the Slississippi River ; created by act of the Legislature passed in 1836, and named for Capt. Samuel Whiteside, a noted Indian fighter; area, 676 square miles. The surface is level, diversified by prairies and wood- land, and the soil is extremely fertile. The count3'-seat was first fixed at Lyndon, then at Sterling, and finally at Morrison, its present location. The Rock River crosses the county and furnishes abundant water power for numer- ous factories, turning out agricultural imple nients, carriages and wagons, furniture, woolen goods, flour and wrapping paper. There are also distilling and brewing interests, besides saw and planing mills. Corn is the staple agricultural product, although all the leading cereals are extensively grown. The principal towns are Morrison, Sterling, Fulton and Rock Falls. Popu- lation (1890), 30,854; (1900), 34,710; (1910), 34,.507. WHITESIDE, WUliani, pioneer and soldier of the Revolution, emigrated from the frontier of North Carolina to Kentucky, and thence, in 1793, to the pre.sent limits of Monroe County, 111., erecting a fort between Cahokia and Kaskaskia, which became widely known as "Whiteside Station." He served as a Justice of the Peace, and was active in organizing the militia during the War of 1812-14, dying at the old Station in 1815. — John ^Whiteside), a brother of the preced- ing, and also a Revolutionarj- soldier, came to Illinois at the same time, as also did William B. and Samuel, sons of the two brothers, respec- tively. All of them became famous as Indian fighters. The two latter served as Captains of companies of "Rangers" in the War of 1812, Samuel taking part in the battle of Rock Island in 1814, and contributing greatly to the success of the day. During the Black Hawk War (1832) he attained the rank of Brigadier-General. AVhiteside County was named in his honor. He made one of the earliest improvements in Ridge Prairie, a rich section of JIadison County, and represented that county in the First General Assembly. William B. served as Sheriff of Madi- son County for a number of years. — John D. (Whiteside), another member of this historic family, became very prominent, serving in the lower House of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Fourteenth General Assemblies, and in the Sen- ate of the Tenth, from Monroe County; was a Presidential Elector in 1836, State Treasurer (1837-41) and a member of the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. General Whiteside, as he was known, was the second of James Shields in the famous Shields and Lincoln duel (so-called) in 1842, and, as such, carried the challenge of the former to Mr. Lincoln. (See Duel.f.) HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 687 WHITING, Lorenzo I)., legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1819; came to Illinois in 1838, but did not settle there perma- nently until 1849, when he located iu Bureau Countj'. He was a Representative from that county in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (18C9), and a member of tlie Senate continuously from 18T1 to 1887, serving in the latter through eight General Assemblies. Died at his home near Tiskihva, Bureau County, 111., Oct. 10, 1889. WHITING, Richard H., Congressman, was born at West Hartford, Conn., June 17, 1826, and received a common school education. In 1862 he was commissioned Paymaster in the Volunteer Army of the Union, and resigned in 1866. Hav- ing removed to Illinois, he was appointed Assist- ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fifth Illinois District, in February, 1870, and so contin- ued until the abolition of the office in 1873. On retiring from the Assessorship he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue, and served until March 4, 187.5, when he resigned to take his seat as Republican Representative in Congress from the Peoria District, to which he had been elected in November, 1874. After the expiration of his term he held no public office, but was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1884. Died, at the Continental Hotel, in New York City, May 24, 1888. WHITNEY, James W., pioneer lawyer and early teacher, known by the nickname of "Lord Coke"; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be- lieved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some time at or near Edwardsville, then became a teacher at Atlas, Pike County, and, still later, the first Circuit and County Clerk of that county. Though nominally a lawyer, he had little if any practice. He acquired the title, by which he was popularly known for a quarter of a century, by his custom of visiting the State Capital, during the sessions of the General Assembly, when he would organize the lobbyists and visit- ors about the capital — of which there were an unusual number in those days — into what was called the "Third House." Having been regu- larly chosen to preside under the name of "Speaker of the Lobby," he would deliver a mes- sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at members of the two houses and others, which would be received with cheers and laughter. The meetings of the "Third House," being held in the evening, were attended by many members and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain- ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years. was at Pittsfield. He resided for a time at Quincy. Died, Dec. 13, 1860, aged over 80 years. WHITTEMORE, Floyd K., State Treasurer, is a native of New York, came at an early age, with his parents, to Sycamore, 111., where he was edu- cated iu the high scliool there. He purposed becoming a lawyer, but, on the election of the late James H. Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864, accepted the position of clerk in tlie office. Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking house of Jacob Bunn in Springfield, and, on the organization of the State National Bank, was chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the position some twenty years. After the appoint- ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi- cago, in 1892, Mr. Whittemore became cashier in that office, and, in 1865, Assistant State Treas- rure imder the administration of State Treasurer Henry Wulfl. In 1898 he was elected State Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,450 over his Democratic opponent. Died March 4, 1907. WICKERSHAM, (Col.) Dudley, soldier and merchant, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Nov. 23, 1819; came to Springfield, 111., in 1843, and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through the Mexican War. On the return of peace he engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield, until 18G1, when he enlisted in the Tenth Regi- ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant- Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1864, when, his regiment having been consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After the war, he held the oflSce of Assessor of Internal Revenue for several years, after which he en- gaged in the grocery trade. Died, in Springfield, August 8, 1898. WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator, was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken to France at eight years of age, was educated for a Catholic priest. Coming to the United States in 1815, lie was at Cahokia, 111., in 1818, where, during the same year, lie married into a French family of that place. He served in the House of Representatives from Randolph County, in the Second and Third General Assemblies (1820-24), and as Senator in the Fourth and Fifth (1824-38). During his last term in the House, he was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Con- vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kas- kaskia, in IH;!;(. WIKE, Scott, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was born at Meadville, Pa., April 6, 1834; at 4 years of age removed with his parents to Quincj', 111., 588 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and, in 1844, to Pike County. Having graduated from Lombard University, Galesburg, in 1857, lie began reading law with Judge O. C. Skinner of Quincy. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, but, before commencing practice, spent a year at Harvard Law School, graduating there in 1859. Immediately thereafter lie opened an office at Pittsfield, 111., and has resided there ever since. In politics he has alwaj's been a strong Democrat. He served two terms in the Legislature (1863-67) and, in 1874, was chosen Representative from his District in Congi-ess, being re-elected in 1888 and, again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by President Cleveland Third Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, which position he continued to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the practice of law at PittsfieW. Died Jan. 15, 1901 WILEY, (Col.) Benjamin Ladd, soldier, was born in Smithfield, Jefferson County, Ohio, March 25, 1821, came to Illinois in 1845 and began life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher. In 1846 he enlisted for the Mexican War, as a member of the Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving chiefly in New Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later he removed to Jonesboro, where Jie spent some time at the carpenter's trade, after which he became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to edit "The Jonesboro Gazette" until 1853; then became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm, but later engaged in the hardware trade at Jonesboro, in which he continued for several years. In 1856 he was the Republican candidate for Congress for the Ninth District, receiving 4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can- didate for President, received only 825 in the same district. In 1857 he opened a real estate office in Jonesboro in conjunction with David L. Pliillips and Col. J. W. Ashley, with which he was connected until 1860, when he removed to Makanda, Jackson County. In September, 1861, he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, later serving in Missouri and Arkansas imder Generals Steele and Curtiss, being, a part of the time, in command of the First Brigade of Cavalry, and, in the advance on Vicks- burg, having command of the right wing of General Grant's cavalry. Being disabled by rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered his resignation, and was immediately appointed Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac- ity until May, 1865, when he was mustered out. In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Palmer one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served as Secretary of the Board until the institution was opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was defeated as a candidate for Coimtj' Judge of Jackson County, and, in 1872, for the State Sen- ate, by a small majority in a strongly Democratic District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against William Hartzell, but was defeated by only twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten counties comprising the District. In the latter years of his life. Colonel Wiley was engaged quite extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda, Jack- son County, where he died, March 22, 1890. WILKIE, Franc Bangs, journalist, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y., July 2, 1830; took a partial course at Union College, after which he edited pajjers at Schenectady, N. Y., Elgin, lU., and Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa ; also serving, during a part of the Civil War, as the western war correspondent of "The New York Times." In 1863 he became an editorial writer on "The Chicago Times," remaining with that paper, with the exception of a brief interval, until 1888 — a part of the time as its European correspond- ent. He was tlie author of a series of sketches over the nom de plume of "PoUuto," and of a volume of reminiscences under the title, "Thirty-five Years of Journalism," published shortly before his death, which took place, April 12, 1892. WILKIN, Jacob W., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 7, 1837 ; removed with his parents to Illinois, at 12 years of age, and was educated at McKendree College ; served three years in the War for the Union ; studied law with Judge Scholfield and was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1872, he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1885 — the latter year being assigned to the Appellate bench for the Fourth District, where he remained until his election to the Supreme bench in 1888, being re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home was at Danville. Died April 3, 1907. WILKINSON, Ira 0., lawyer and Judge, was born in Virginia in 1822, and accompanied his father to Jacksonville (1835), where he was edu- cated. During a short service as Deputy Clerk of Morgan County, he conceived a fondness for the profession of the law, and, after a course of study under Judge William Thomas, was admitted to practice in 1847. Richard Yates (afterwards Gov- ernor and Senator) was his first partner. In 1845 he removed to Rock Island, and, six years later, HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 689 was elected a Circuit Judge, being again closen to the same position in 1861. At the expiration of his second term he removed to Chicago. Died, at Jacksonville, August 24, 1894. WILKINSON, John P., early merchant, was born, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County, Va., emigrated first to Kentucky, and, in 1828, settled in Jacksonville, 111., where he engaged in mer- cantile business. Mr. Wilkinson was a liberal friend of Illinois College an the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1868), appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, and Railway and Warehouse Commissioner in 1892, as the successor of John R. Tanner, serving until 1893. WILMETTE, a village in Cook County, 14 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, a liandsome suburb of Chicago on the shore of Lake Michigan ; principal streets paved and shaded with fine forest trees; has public library and good schools. Pop. (1910), 4,943. WILMINGTON, a city of Will County, on the Kankakee River and the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, 53 miles from Chicago and 15 south-south- west of Joliet; has considerable manufactures, two National banks, a graded school, churches and one newspaper. Wilmington is the location of the Illinois Soldiers' Widows' Home. Popu- lation (1890), 1,576; (1900), 1,420; (1910), 1,450. WILSON, Charles Lnsh, journalist, was bom in Fairfield County, Conn., Oct. 10, 1818, edu- cated in the common schools and at an academy in his native State, and, in 1835, removed to Chi- cago, entering the employment of his older brothers, who were connected with the construc- tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal at Joliet. His brother, Richard L., having assumed charge of "The Chicago Daily Journal" (the successor of "The Chicago American''), in|1844, Charles L. took a position in the office, ultimately securing a partnership, which continued until the death HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 593 of his brother in 1856, when he succeeded to the ownership of the jjaper. Mr. Wilson was an ardent friend and supporter of Abraham Lincoln for the United States Senate in lSr>S, but, in 1860, favored the nomination of Mr. Seward for tlie Presidency, thougli earnestly supporting Mr. Lin- coln after his nomination. In 1861 lie was appointed Secretary of the American Legation at London, serving with the late Minister Cliarles Francis Adams, until 1864, wlien lie resigned and resumed his connection with "The Journal." In 1875 his health began to fail, and three j'ears later, having gone to San Antonio, Tex. , in the hope of receiving benefit from a change of cli- mate, he died in that city, March 9, 1878. — Richard Lu.sh (Wilson), an older brother of the preceding, the first editor and publisher of "The Chicago Evening Journal," the oldest paper of consecutive publication in Chicago, was a native of New York. Coming to Chicago with liis b'-other John L., in 1834, they soon after estab- lished themselves in business on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, then in course of construction. In 1844 he took charge of "The Chicago Daily Journal" for a publishing committee which had purchased the material of "The Chicago Ameri- can," but soon after became principal proprietor. In April, 1847, while firing a salute in honor of the victory of Buena Vista, he lost an arm and was otherwise injured by the explosion of the can- non. Early in 1849, he was appointed, by Presi- dent Taylor, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, but, having failed of confirmation, was compelled to retire in favor of a successor appointed by Millard Fillmore, eleven months later. Mr. Wilson published a little volume in 1842 entitled "A Trip to Santa Fe," and, a few years later, a story of travel under the title, "Short Ravel- lings from aLong Yarn. " Died, December, 1856. — John Lush (Wilson), another brother, also a native of New York, came to Illinois in 1834, was afterwards associated with his brothers in busi- ness, being for a time business manager of "The Chicago Journal;" also served one term as Sher- iff of Cook County. Died, in Chicago, April 13, 1888. WILSON, Isaac Grant, jurist, was born at Middlebury, N. Y., April 26, 1817, graduated from Brown University in 1838, and the same year came to Chicago, whither his father's family had preceded him in 1835. After reading law for two 3-ears, he entered the senior class at Cambridge (Mass.) Law School, graduating in 1841. In August of that year he opened an oflBce at Elgin, and, for ten years "rode the cir- cuit." In 1851 he was elected to the bench of tlie Thirteenth Judicial Circuit to fill a vacancy, and reelected for a full term in 1855, and again in "61. In November of the latter year he was commissioned the first Colonel of the Fifty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but resigned, a few weeks later, and re.sumed his place upon the bench. From 1867 to 1879 he devoted him- self to private practice, which was largely in the Federal Courts. In 1879 he resumed his seat upon the bench (this time for the Twelfth Cir- cuit), and was at once designated as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court at Chicago, of which tribunal he became Chief Justice in 1881. In 1885 he was re-elected Circuit Judge, but died, about the close of his term, at Geneva, June 8, 1891. WILSON, James Grant, soldier and author, was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, April 28, 1833, and, when onlj' a year old, was brought by his father, William Wilson, to America. The family settled at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where James Grant was educated at College Hill and under private teachers. After finishing his studies he became his father's partner in business, but, in 1855, went abroad, and, shortly after his return, removed to Chicago, where he founded the first literary paper established in the Northwest. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he disposed of his journal to enlist in the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Major and after- wards promoted to the colonelcy. In August, 1863, while at New Orleans, by advice of General Grant, he accepted a commission as Colonel of the Fourth Regiment United States Colored Cavalry, and was assigned, as Aid-de-camp, to the staff of the Commander of the Department of the Gulf, filling this post until April, 1865. When General Banks was relieved. Colonel Wil- son was bre vetted Brigadier-General and placed in command at Port Hudson, resigning in July, 1865, since which time his home has been in New York. He is best known as an author, having published numerous addresses, and being a fre- quent contributor to American and European magazines. Among larger works which he has written or edited are "Biographical Sketches of Illinois Ofllcers"; "Love in Letters"; "Life of General U. S. Grant"; "Life and Letters of Fitz Greene Halleck"; "Poets and Poetry of Scotland"; "Bryant and His Friends", and "Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography." WILSON, James Harrison, soldier and mili- tary engineer, was born near Shawneetown, 111., Sept. 2, 1837. His grandfather, Alexander Wil- 694 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. son, was one of the pioneers of Illinois, and his father (Harrison Wilson) was an ensign dur- ing the War of 1812 and a Captain in the Black Hawk War. His brother (Bluford Wilson) • served as Assistant Adjutant-General of Volun- teers during the Civil War, and as Solicitor of the United States Treasury during the "whisky ring" prosecutions. James H. was educated in the common schools, at McKendree College, and the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating from the latter in 1860, and being assigned to the Topographical Engineer Corps. In September, 1861, he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy, then served as Chief Topo- graphical Engineer of the Port Royal expedition until March, 1863; was afterwards attached to the Department of the South, being present at the bombardment of Fort Pulaski; was Aid-de- camp to McClellan, and participated in the bat- tles of South Mountain and Antietam ; was made Lieutenant-Colonel of Volunteers in November, 1863; was Chief Topographical Engineer and Inspector-General of the Army of the Tennessee imtil October, 1863, being actively engaged in the operations around Vicksburg; was made Captain of Engineers in May, 1863, and Brigadier- General of Volunteers, Oct. 31, following. He also conducted operations preliminary to the battle of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, and for the relief of Knoxville. Later, he was placed in command of the Third Division of the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac, serving from May to August, 1864, under General Sheridan. Subsequently he was transferred to the Depart- ment of the Mississippi, where he so distinguished himself that, on April 20, 1865, he was made Major-General of Volunteers. In twenty-eight days he captured five fortified cities, twenty- three stands of colors, 388 guns and 6,830 prison- ers — among the latter being Jefferson Davis. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in January, 1866, and, on July 28, following, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- fifth United States Infantry, being also brevetted Major-General in the regular army. On Dec. 31, 1870, he retui'ned to civil life, and was afterwards largely engaged in railroad and engineering oper- ations, especially in West Virginia. Promptly after the declaration of war with Spain (1898) General Wilson was appointed, by the President, Major-General of Volunteers, serving until its close. He is the author of "China: Travels and Investigations in the Middle Kingdom" ; "Life of Andrew J. Alexander"; and the "Life of Gen. U. S. Grant," in conjunction with Charles A. Dana. His home, in recent years, has been in New York. WILSON, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born in Nevr Hampshire in 1802, graduated at Bowdoin College in 182-1 — the classmate of Frank- lin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne ; studied law in New Hampshire and came to Illinois in 1835, locating at Joliet; removed to Chicago in 1841, where he was the partner of Norman B. Judd, serving, at different periods, as attorney of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Lake Shore & Michi- gan Southern and the Chicago & Northwestern Railways; was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Cook County, 1853-59, when he became Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, serving until 1868. Died, Deo. 7, 1883. WILSON, John P., lawyer, was born in W^hite- side County, 111., July 3, 1844; educated in the common schools and at Knox College, Galesburg, graduating from the latter in 1865; two years later was admitted to the bar in Chicago, and speedily attained prominence in his profession. During the World's Fair period he was retained as comisel by the Committee on Grounds and Buildings, and was prominently connected, as counsel for the city, with the Lake Front litiga- tion. WILSON, Robert L., early legislator, was bom in Washington County, Pa., Sept. 11, 1805, taken to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1810, graduated at Frank- lin College in 1831, studied law and, in 1833, removed to Athens (now in Menard County), 111. ; was elected Representative in 1836, and was one of the members from Sangamon County, known as the "Long Nine," who assisted in seciu-ing the removal of the State Capital to Springfield. Mr. Wilson removed to Sterling, Whiteside County, in 1840, was elected five times Circuit Clerk and served eight years as Probate Judge. Immedi- ately after the fall of Fort Sumter, he enlisted as private in a battalion in Washington City under command of Cassius M. Clay, for guard duty until the arrival of the Seventh New York Regi- ment. He subsequently assisted in raising troops in Illinois, was appointed Paymaster by Lincoln, serving at Washington, St. Louis, and, after the fall of Vicksburg, at Springfield — being mustered out in November, 1865. Died, in White- side County. 1880. WILSON, Robert S., lawyer and jurist, was born at Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pa., Nov. 6, 1812; learned the printer's art. then studied law and was admitted to the bar in Allegheny County, about 1833; in 1836 removed to Ann Arbor, Mich. , where he served as Probate Judge niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 593 and State Senator ; in 1850 came to Chicago, was elected Judge of the Recorder's Court in 1853, and re-elected in 1858, serving ten years, and proving "a terror to evil-doers." Died, at Law- rence, Mich., Dec. 23, 1882. WILSON, William, early jiu-ist, was born in Loudoun Coimty, Va. , April 27, 1794; studied law with Hon. John Cook, a distinguished lawyer, and minister to France in the earh- part of the century ; in 1817 removed to Kentucky, soon after came to IlUnois, two years later locating in White County, near Carmi, which continued to be his home dui-ing the remainder of his life. In 1819 he was appointed Associate Jvistice of the Supreme Court as successor to William P. Foster, who is described by Governor Ford as "a great rascal and no lawyer," aiid who held office onl}' about nine months. Judge Wilson was re-elected to the Supreme bench, as Chief- Justice, in 1825, being then only a little over 30 years old, and held office until the reorganization of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1848 — a period of over twenty-nine years, and, with the exception of Judge Browne's, the long- est term of service in the history of the court. He died at his home in White County, April 29, 1857. A Whig in early life, he allied himself with the Democratic party on the dissolution of the former. Hon. James C. Conkling, of Spring- field, says of him, "as a writer, his style was clear and distinct; as a law3'er, his judgment was sound and discriminating." WINCHESTER, a city and county-seat of Scott County, founded in 1839, situated on Big Sandy Creek and on the line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 29 miles south of Beard.stown and 84 miles north by west of St. Louis. While the surrounding region is agricultural and largely devoted to wheat growing, there is some coal mining. Winchester is an important shipping- point, having three grain elevators, two flouring mills, and a coal mine employing fifty miners. There are four Protestant and one Catholic church, a court hou.se, a high school, a graded school building, two banks and two weekly news- papers. Population (1880), 1,636; (1890), 1,543; (1900), 1,711; (1910), 1,639. WINDSOR, a city of Shelby County at the crossing of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways, 11 miles northeast of Rhelbyvilk'; in agripultural district; has bank and one paper. Pop. (1900), 8G(>; (1910), 987. WINES, Frederick Howard, clergj-man and sociologist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 0, 1838, graduated at Washington (Pa. ) College in 1857, and, after serving as tutor there for a short time, entered Princeton Theological Semi- nary, but was compelled temporarily to discon- tinue his studies on account of a weakness of the eyes. The Presbytery of St. Louis licensed him to preach in 1800, and, in 1802, he was com- missioned Hospital Chaplain in the Union army. During 1802-64 he was stationed at Springfield, Mo., participating in the battle of Springfield on Jan. 8, 1803, and being personally mentioned for braveiy on the field in the official report. Re- entering the seminary at Princeton in 1804, he graduated in 1865, and at once accepted a call to the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church of Springfield, 111., which he filled for four years. In 1809 he was appointed Secretary of the newly created Board of Commissioners of Public Chari- ties of Illinois, in which capacity he continued until 1893, when he resigned. For the next four years he was chiefly engaged in literary work, in lecturing before universities on topics connected with social science, in aiding in the organization of charitable work, and in the conduct of a thorough investigation into the relations between liquor legislation and crime. At an early period he took a prominent part in organizing the various Boards of Public Charities of the United States into an organization known as the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, and, at the Louisville meeting (1883), was elected its President. At the International Penitentiary Congress at Stockholm (1878) he was the official delegate from Illinois. On his return, as a result of his observations while abroad, he submitted to the Legislature a report stronglj' advocating the construction of the Kankakee Hospital for the In.sane, then about to be built, upon the "detached ward" or "village" plan, a departure from then existing methods, which marks an era in the treatment of insane in the United States. Mr. Wines conducted the investigation into the condition and number of the defective, depend- ent and delinquent classes throughout the coun- try, his report constituting a separate volume under the "Tenth Censu.s, " and rendered a simi- lar service in connection with the eleventh census (1890). In 1887 he was elected Secretary of the National Prison Association, succeeding to the post formerly held by his father, Enoch Cobb Wines, D.D., LL.D. After the inauguration of Governor Tanner in 1897, he resumed his former position of Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, remaining imtil 1899, when he again tendered his resignation, having received the appointment to the position of Assistant Director 696 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Twelfth Census, wbicb he held 2 years. He is the author of "Crime and Reformation" (1895) ; of a voluminous series of reports ; also of numer- oun pamphlets and hrochures, among which may be mentioned "The County Jail System; An Argument for its Abolition*' (1878) , "The Kanka- kee Hospital" (1882); "Provision for the Insane in the United States" (1885); "Conditional Liberation, or the Paroling of Prisoners" (1886), and "American Prisons in the Tenth Census" (1888). Died Jan. 31, 1912. WINES, Walter B., lawyer (brother of Freder- ick H. Wines), was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 10, 1848, received his primary education at Willis- ton Academy, East Hampton, Mass., after which he entered Middlebury College, Vt., taking a classical course and graduating there. He after- wards became a student in the law department of Columbia College, N. Y., graduating in 1871, being admitted to the bar the same year and commencing practice in New York City. In 1879 he oame to Springfield, 111. , and was, for a time, identified with the bar of that city; was engaged some years in literary and journalistic work in Chicago; died at Minneapolis, Minn., July 31, 1901. WISKEBAGO COUNTY, situated in the "northern tier." bordering on the Wisconsin State line; was organized, under an act passed in 1836, from La Salle and Jo Da\-iess Counties, and has an area of 540 square miles. The county is drained by the Rock and Pecatonica Elvers. The surface is rolling prairie and the soil fertile. The geology is simple, the quaternary deposits being underlaid by the Galena blue and buff limestone, adapted for building purposes. All the cereals are raised in abundance, the chief product being corn. The Winnebago Indians (who gave name to the county) formerly lived on the west side of the Rock River, and the Potta- watomies on the east, but both tribes removed westward in 1835. (As to manufacturing inter- ests, see Rockford.) Population (1880), 80,505; (1890), 39,9.38; (1900), 47,845; (1910), 63,1,53. WINNEBAGO WAR. The name given to an Indian disturbance which had its origin in 1827, during the administration of Gov. Niuian Edwards. The Indians had been quiet since the conclusion of the War of 1812, but a few isolated outrages were sufficient to start terrified "run- ners" in all directions. In the northern portion of the State, from Galena to Chicago (then Fort Dearborn) the alarm was intense. The meagre militia force of the State was summoned and volunteers were called for. Meanwhile, 600 United States Regular Infantry, under command of Gen. Henry Atkinson, put in an appearance. Besides the infantry, Atkinson had at his disposal some 130 mounted sharpshooters. The origin of the disturbance was as follows: The Winne- bagoes attacked a band of Chippewas, who were (by treaty) under Government potection, several of the latter being killed. For participation in this offense, four Winnebago Indians were sum- marily apprehended, surrendered to the Chippe- was and shot. Meanwhile, some dispute had arisen as to the title of the lands, claimed by the Winnebagoes in the vicinity of Gale'ia, which had been occupied bj- white miners. Repeated acts of hostility and of reprisal, along the Upper Mississippi, intensified mutual distrust. A gather- ing of the Indians around two keel-boats, laden with supplies for Fort Snelling, which had anchored near Prairie du Chien and opposite a Winnebago camp, was regarded by the whites as a hostile act. Liquor was freely distributed, and there is historical evidence that a half-dozen drunken squaws were can-ied off and shamefully maltreated. Several hundred warriors assembled tc avenge the deception which had been practiced upon them. They laid in ambush for the boats on their return trip. The first passed too rapidly to be successfully assailed, but the second grounded and was savagely, yet unsuccessfully, attacked. The presence of General Atkinson's forces prevented an actual outbreak, and, on his demand, the great Winnebago Chief, Red Bird, with six other leading men of the tribe, sur- rendered themselves as hostages to save their nation from extermination. A majority of these were, after trial, acquitted. Red Bird, however, unable to endure confinement, literally pined to death in prison, dying on Feb. 16, 1828. He is described as having been a savage of superior intelligence and noble character. A treaty of peace was concluded with the Winnebagoes in a council held at Prairie du Chien, a few months later, but the affair seems to have produced as much alarm among the Indians as it did among the whites. (For M'inraei)agroJnrfj'ans see page 576.) WIXNETKA, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, lO'/L' miles north of Chicago. It stands eiglity feet above the level of Lake Michigan, has good schools (being the seat of the Winnetka Institute), sev- eral churches, and is a popular residence town. Pop. (1890), 1,079; (1900), 1,833; (1910), 3,168. WINSTON, Frederick Hampton, lawyer, was born in Liberty Coimty, Ga., Nov. 20, 1830, was brought to Woodford County, Ky., in 1835, left an orphan at 12, and attended the com.mon HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 597 schools xmtil 18, wlien, returning to Georgia, lie engaged in cotton manufacture. He finally began the study of law with United States Sena- tor W. C. Dawson, and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1852 ; spent some time in the office of W. M. Evarts in New York, was admitted to the bar and came to Chicago in 1853, where he formed a partnership with Norman B. Judd, afterwards being associated with Judge Henry W. Blodgett; served as general .solicitor of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railways — remaining with the latter twenty years. In 1885 he was appointed, by President Cleveland, Minister to Persia, but resigned the following year, and traveled exten- sively in Russia, Scandinavia and other foreign countries. Mr. Winston was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1868. '76 and "84 ; first President of the Stock Yards at Jersey City, for twelve years President of the Lincoln Park Commission, and a Director of the Lincoln National Bank. Died Feb. 19, 1904. WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES. The Wiscon- sin Central Company was organized, June 17, 1887, and subsequently acquired the Minnesota, St. Croix & Wisconsin, the Wisconsin & Minne- sota, the Chippewa Falls & Western, the St. Paul & St. Croix Falls, tlie Wiscon.sin Central, the Penokee, and the Packwaukee & Montebello Rail- roads, and assumed the leases of the Milwaukee & Lake Winnebago and the Wisconsin & Minne- sota Roads. On July 1, 1888, the company began to operate the entire Wisconsin Central system, with the exception of the Wisconsin Central Railroad and the leased Milwaukee & Lake Win- nebago, which remained in charge of the Wis- consin Central Railroad mortgage trustees until Nov. 1, 1889, when these, too, passed under the control of the W^isconsin Central Company. The Wisconsin Central Railroad Company is a re- organization (Oct. 1, 1879) of a company formed Jan. 1, 1871. The Wisconsin Central and the Wisconsin Central Railroad Companies, though differing in name, are a financial unit; tlie former holding most of the first mortgage bonds of the latter, and substantially all its notes, stocks and income bonds, but, for legal reasons (such as the protection of land titles), it is necessary that separate corporations be maintained. On April 1, 1890, the Wisconsin Central Company executed a lease to the Northern Pacific Railroad, but this was set aside by the courts, on Sept. 27, 1893, for nonpayment of rent, and was finally canceled. On the same day receivers were appointed to insure the protection of all interests. The total mileage is 415.46 miles, of which the Company owns 258.90— only .10 of a mile in Illinois. A line, 58.10 miles in length, with 8.44 miles of side-track (total, 66.54 miles), lying wholly within the State of Illinois, is operated by tlie Chicago & Wisconsin and furnishes the allied line an en- trance into Chicago. WITHROW, Thomas F., lawyer, was born in Virginia in March, 1833, removed with his parents to Ohio in cliildhood, attended the Western Reserve College, and, after the death of his father, taught school and worked as a printer, later, editing a paper at Mount Vernon. In 1855 he removed to Janesville, Wis., where he again engaged in journalistic work, studied law, was admitted to the bar in Iowa in 1857, settled at Des Moines and served as private secretary of Governors Lowe and Kirkwood. In 1860 he became Supreme Court Reporter; served as Chairman of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1863 and, in 1866, became associated with the Rock Island Railroad in the capacity of local attorney, was made chief law officer of the Company in 1873, and removed to Chicago, and, in 1890, was promoted to the position of General Counsel. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 3, 1893. WOLCOTT, (Dr.) Alexander, early Indian Agent, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 14, 1790; graduated from Y'ale College in 1809, and, after a course in medicine, was commis- sioned, in 1812, Surgeon's Mate in the United States Army. In 1820 he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), as suc- cessor to Charles Jouett — the first Agent — who had been appointed a United States Judge in Arkansas. The same year he accompanied Gen- eral Lewis Cass and Henry Schoolcraft on their tour among the Indians of the Northwest; was married in 1823 to Ellen Marion Kinzie, a daughter of Col. John Kinzie, the first perma- nent settler of Chicago; in 1825 was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, which then included Cook County; was a Judge of Election in 1830. and one of the purcliasers of a block of ground in the heart of the present city of Chicago, at the first sale of lots, held Sept. 27, 1830, but died before the close of the year. Dr. Wolcott appears to have been a high-minded and honorable man, as well as far in advance of the mass of pioneers in point of education and intel- ligence. WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OF CHI- CAUO. (See Northwestern University Woman's Medical School.) 698 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. WOMAN SUFFRAGE. (See Suffrage.) WOOD, BeDSOD, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Susquehanna County, Pa., in 1839; re- ceived a common school and academic education ; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, and, for two years, taught school in Lee County. He then enlisted as a soldier in an Illinois regiment, attaining the rank of Captain of Infantrj-; after the war, graduated from the Law Department of the old Chicago University, and has since been engaged in the practice of his profession. He was elected a member of the Twenty -eighth Gen- eral Assembly (1873) and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions of 1876 and 1888 ; also served as Mayor of the city of Effing- ham, where he now resides. In 1894 he was elected to the Fifty-fourth Congress by the Republicans of the Nineteenth District, which has uniformly returned a Democrat, and, in office, proved himself a most industrious and efficient member. Mr. Wood was defeated as a candidate for re-election in 1896. WOOD, John, pioneer, Lieutenant-Governor and Governor, was born at Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1798 — his father being a Revolutionary soldier who had served as Surgeon and Captain in the army. At the age of 31 years young Wood re- moved to Illinois, settling in what is now Adams" County, and building the first log-cabin on the site of the present city of Quincy. He was a member of the upper house of the Seventeenth and Eight- eenth General Assemblies, and was elected Lieu- tenant-Governor in 1859 on the same ticket with Governor Bissell, and served out the unexpired term of the latter, who died in office. (See Bis- sell, William H.) He was succeeded by Richard Yates in 1861. In February of that year he was appointed one of the five Commissioners from Illinois to the "Peace Conference" at Wash- ington, to consider methods for averting civil war. The following Jlay he was appointed Quartermaster-General for the State by Governor Yates, and assisted most efficiently in fitting out the troops for the field. In June, 1864, he was commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers (100-days' men) and mustered out of service the following Sep- tember. Died, at Quincy, June 11, 188(1. He was liberal, patriotic and public-spirited. His fellow-citizens of Quincy erected a monument to his memory, which was appropriately dedicated, July 4, 1883. WOODFORD COrXTT, situated a little north of the center of the State, bounded on the west by the Illinois River; organized in 1841; area, 556 square miles. The surface is generally level, except along the Illinois River, the soil fertile and well %vatered. The county lies in the north- ern section of the great coal field of the State. Eureka is the county seat. Other thriving cities and towns are Metamora, Minonk, El Pa.so and Roanoke. Com, oats, wheat, potatoes and barley are the principal crops. The chief mechanical industries are flour manxifacture, carriage and wagon-making, and saddlery and harness work. Pop. (1900), 21.S22; (1910), 20,506. WOODHULL, a village of Hrnr County, on Keithsliurg l)ranch C'liicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 15 miles west of Galva; has a bank, electric lights, water works, brick and tile works, six churches and weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 692. WOODMAN, Charles W., lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Aalborg, Denmark, March 11, 1844; received his early education in the schools of his native country, but took to the sea in 1860, following the life of a sailor until 1863, when, coming to Philadelphia, he enlisted in the Gulf Squadron of the United States. After the war, he came to Chicago, and, after reading law for some time in the office of James L. High, gradu- ated from the Law Department of the Chicago University in 1871. Some years later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for some of the lower courts, and, in 1881, was nominated by the Judges of Cook County as one of the Justices of the Peace for the city of Chicago. In 1894 he became the Republican candidate for Congress from the Fourth District and was elected, but failed to secure a renomination in 1896. Died, in Elgin Asylum for the Insane, March 18. 1898. WOODS, Robert Mann, was born at Greenville, Pa., April 17. 1840; came with his parents to Illi- nois in 1843. the family settling at Barrv, Pike County, but subsequently residing at Pittsfield, Canton and Galesburg. He was educated at Knox College in the latter place, which was his home from 1849 to "58; later, taught school in Iowa and Missom'i until 1861, when he went to Springfield and began the study of law with Milton Hay and Shelby M. Cullom. His law studies having been interrupted by the Civil War, after spending some time in the mustering and disbursing office, he was promoted by Gov- ernor Yates to a place in the executive office, from which he went to the field as Adjutant of the Sixty-fourth Illinois Infantry, known as the "Yates Sharp-Shooters. " After participating, with the Army of the Tennessee, in the Atlanta campaign, he took part in the "JIarch to the Sea," and the campaign in the Carolinas. includ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ff93 ing the siege of Savannali and the forcing of the Salkahatohie, where he distiuguislietl liiiiiself, as also in the taking of Columbia. Fayetteville, Cheraw, Raleigli and Bentonville. At the latter place he had a horse shot under him and won the brevet rank of Major for gallantry in the field, having previously been commissioned Captain of Company A of his regiment. He also served on the staffs of Gens. Giles A. Smith. Benjamin F. Potts, and William W. Belknap, and was the last mustering ofBcer in General Sherman's army. In 1867 Major Woods removed to Chicago, where he was in business for a number of years, serving as chief clerk of Custom House construction from 1872 to 1877. In 1879 he purchased "The Daily Republican" at Joliet, which he conducted successfully for fifteen years. While connected with "The Republican," he served as Secretary of the Illinois Republican Press Association and in varioiis other positions. JIajor Woods was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, whose birth-place was in Illinois. (See Grand Army of the Re})vb- lic; also Stephenson, Dr. B. F.) When Dr. Stephenson (who had been Surgeon of the Four- teenth Illinois Infantry), conceived the idea of founding such an order, he called to his assist- ance Major Woods, who was then engaged in writing the histories of Illinois regiments for the Adjutant-General's Report. The Major wrote the Constitution and By-laws of the Order, the charter blanks for all the reports, etc. The first oflBcial order bears his name as the first Adjutant- General of the Order, as follows : Headquartkrs Department of Illinois Grand Aicmv of the Republic. Springfield. III., April 1, 1866. Gkkkral Orderb '. No. 1. \ The following named oSlcers are hereby appointed and assigned to duty at these headquarters. They will be obeyed and respected accordingly': Colonel Jules C. Webber, .\.D.C. and Chief of Staff. Colonel John M. Snyder, Quartermaster-General. Major Robert ISI. Woods. .\djutant-GeneraI. Captain John A. Lightfoot, Assistant Adjutant-General. Cap'ain John S. Phelps. Ald-de-Camp. By order of B. P. Stephenson, Department Commander. Robert M. Woods, Adjutant-General. Major Woods afterwards organized the various Departments in the West, and it has been con- ceded that he furnished tlie money necessary to carry on the work during the first six months of the existence of the Order. He has never accepted a nomination or run for any political office, but is now engaged in financial business in Joliet and Chicago, with his residence in the former place. WOODSON, David Meade, lawyer and jurist, was born in Jessamine County, Ky., May 18, 1806; was educated in private schools and at Transylvania University, and read law with his father. He served a term in the Kentucky Legis- lature in 1832, and, in 1834, removed to Illinois, settling at Carrollton. Greene County. In 1839 he was elected State's Attorney and, in 1840, a member of the lower house of the Legislature, being elected a second time in 1868. In 1843 he was the Whig candidate for Congress in the Fifth District, but was defeated by Stephen A. Douglas. He was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1869-70. In 1848 he was elected a Judge of the First Judicial Circuit, remaining in office until 1867. Died, in 1877. WOODSTOCK, the county-seat of McHenry County, situated on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, about 51 miles northwest of Chicago and 32 miles east of Rockford. It contains a court house, eight churches, four banks, three newspaper offices, foundry and machine shops, planing mills, canning works, pickle, cheese and butter factories. The Oliver Typewriter Factory is located here; the town is also the seat of the Todd Seminary for boys. Population (1890), 1,683; (1900), 2,502; (1010), 4,331. WORCESTER, Linus E., State Senator, was born in Windsor, Vt., Dec. 5, 1811, was educated in the common schools of his native State and at Chester Academy, came to Illinois in 1836, and, after teaching three years, entered a dry-goods store at Whitehall as clerk, later becoming a partner. He was also engaged in various other branches of business at different times, including the drug, hardware, grocery, agricultural imple- ment and lumber business. In 1843 he was appointed Postmaster at Whitehall, serving twelve years ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, served as County Judge for six years from 1853, and as Trustee of the Insti- tution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville, from 1859, by successive reaijjwintments, for twelve years. In 1856 he was elected, as a Demo- crat, to the State Senate, to succeed John M. Palmer, resigned; was re-elected in 1860, and, at the session of 1865, wiis one of the five Demo- cratic members of th.at body who voted for the ratification of the Emancii)ation Amendment of the National Constitution. He was elected County Judge a second time, in 1868, and re- elected in 1867, served as delegate to the Demo- cratic National Convention of 1876, and, for more than thirty years, was one of the Directors of the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton 600 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Railroad, serving from the organization of the corporation until his death, which occurred Oct. 19, 1891. WORDEJf, a village of Madison County, on the Wabash and the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railways, 33 miles northeast of St. Louis. Pop. (1S90), 522; (1900), 544; (1910), 1,082. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. An exhibition of the scientific, liberal and mechan- ical arts of all nations, held at Chicago, between May 1 and Oct, 31, 1893. The project had its inception in November, 1885, in a resolution adopted by the directorate of the Chicago Inter- State Exposition Company. On July 6, 1888, the first well defined action was taken, the Iroquois Club, of Chicago, inviting the co-operation of six other leading clubs of that city in "securing the location of an international celebration at Chi- cago of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus." In July, 1889, a decisive step was taken in the appointment by Mayor Cregier, under resolution of the City Council, of a committee of 100 (afterwards increased to 256) citizens, who were charged with the duty of promoting the selection of Chicago as the site for the Exposition. New York, Washington and St. Louis were competing points, but the choice of Congress fell upon Chicago, and the act establisli- ing the World's Fair at that city was signed by President Harrison on April 25, 1890. Under the requirements of the law, the President appointed eight Commissioners-at-large, with two Commis- sioners and two alternates from each State and Territory and the District of Columbia. Col. George R. Davis, of Chicago, was elected Direc- tor-General by the body thus constituted. Ex- Senator Thomas M. Palmer, of Michigan, was chosen President of the Commission and John T. Dickinson, of Texas, Secretary. This Commis- sion delegated much of its power to a Board of Reference and Control, who were instructed to act with a similar number appointed by the World's Columbian Exposition. The latter organization was an incorporation, with a direc- torate of forty-five members, elected annually by the .stockholders. Lyman J. Gage, of Chicago, was the first President of the corporation, and was succeeded by W. T. Baker and Harlow N. Higinbotham. In addition to these bodies, certain powers were vested in a Board of Lady Managers, composed of two members, with alternates, from each State and Territory, besides nine from the city of Chicago. Mrs. Potter Palmer was chosen President of the latter. This Board was particu- larly charged with supervision of women's par- ticipation in the Exposition, and of the exhibits of women's work. The supreme executive power was vested in the Joint Board of Control. The site selected was Jackson Park, in the Soutli Division of Chi- cago, with a strip connecting Jackson and Washington Parks, known as the "Midway Plaisance," which was surrendered to "conces- sionaires" who purchased the privilege of giving exhibitions, or conducting restaurants or selling- booths thereon. The total area of the site was C33 acres, and that of the buildings — not reckon- ing those erected bj' States other than Illinois, and by foreign governments — was about 200 acres. When to this is added the acreage of the foreign and State buildings, the total space under roof approximated 250 acres. These fig- ures do not include the buildings erected by private exhibitors, caterers and venders, which would add a small percentage to the grand total. Forty-seven foreign Governments made appropri- ations for the erection of their own buildings and other expenses connected with official represen- tation, and there were exhibitors from eighty-six nations. The United States Government erected its own building, and appropriated $500,000 to defray the expenses of a national exhibit, besides §2,500,000 toward the general cost of the Exposi- tion. The appropriations by foreign Governments aggregated about §6,500,000, and those by the States ana Territories, §0,120,000 — that of Illinois being §800,000. The entire outlay of the World's Columbian Exposition Company, up to March 31, 1894, including the cost of preliminary organiza- tion, construction, operating and post -Exposition expenses, was §27,151,800. This is, of course, exclusive of foreign and State expenditures, which would swell the aggregate cost to nearly §45,000,000. Citizens of Chicago subscribed §5,608,206 toward the capital stock of the Exposi- tion Company, and the municipalitj", §5,000,000, which was raised b}' the sale of bonds. (See Tliirty-si.vth General Assembly.) The site, while admirably adapted to the pur- pose, was, when chosen, a marshy flat, crossed by low sand ridges, upon which stood occasional clumps of stunted scrub oaks. Before the gates of the great fair were opened to the public, the entire area had been transformed into a dream of beauty. Marshes had been drained, filled in and sodded ; driveways and broad walks constructed ; artificial ponds and lagoons dug and embanked, and all the highest skill of the landscape garden- er's art had been called into play to produce HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 601 varied and striking elfeets. But the task had been a Herculean one. There were seventeen principal (or, as they may be called, depart- mental) buildings, all of beautiful and ornate design, and all of vast size. They were known as the Manufacturers' and Liberal Arts, the Machinery, Electrical, Transportation, Woman's, Horticultural, Mines and Mining, Anthropolog- ical, Administration, Art Galleries, Agricultural, Art Institute, Fisheries, Live Stock, Dairj- and Forestry buildings, and the JIusic Hall and Ca- sino. Several of these had large annexes. The JIanufacturers" Building was the largest. It was rectangular (1687x787 feet), having a ground area of 31 acres and a floor and gallery area of 44 acres. Its central chamber was 1280x380 feet, with a nave 107 feet wide, both hall and nave being sm-rounded by a gallery 50 feet wnde. It was four times as large as the Roman Coliseum and three times as large as St. Peter's at Rome; 17,000,000 feet of lumber, 13,000,000 pounds of steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of iron had been used in its construction, involving a cost of §1,800,000. It was originally intended to open the Exposi- tion, formally, on Oct. 21, 1892, the quadri-centen- nial of Columbus' discovery of land on the 'Western Hemisjihere, but the magnitude of the undertaking rendered this impracticable. Con- sequently, while dedicatory ceremonies were held on that day, jireceded by a monster procession and followed by elaborate pyrotechnic displays at night, May 1, 1893, was fixed as the opening day — the machinery and fountains being put in oper- ation, at the touch of an electric button by Presi- dent Cleveland, at the close of a short address. The total number of admissions from that date to Oct. 31, was 27,530,460 — the large.st for any single day being on Oct. 9 (Chicago Daj) amount- ing to 761,944. The total receipts from all sources (including National and State ajipropriations, subscriptions, etc.), amounted to §28,151,168.75, of which §10,626,330.76 was from the sale of tick- ets, and §3,699,581.43 from concessions. The aggregate attendance fell short of that at the Paris Exposition of 1889 by about 500,000, while the receipts from the sale of tickets and con- cessions exceeded the latter by nearly §5,800,000. Subscribers to the Exposition stock received a return of ten per cent on the same. The Illinois building was the first of the State buildings to be completed. It was also the largest and most costly, but was severely criti- cised from an architectural standpoint. The exhibits showed the internal resources of the State, as well as the development of its govern- mental system, and its progress in civilization from the days of the first pioneers. The entire Illinois exhibit in the State building was under charge of the State Board of Agriculture, who devoted one-tenth of the appropriation, and a like proportion of floor space, to the exhibition of the work of Illinois women as scientists, autliors, artists, decorators, etc. Among special features of the Illinois exhibit were : State trophies and relics, kept in a fire-proof memorial hall ; the dis- play of grains and minerals, and an immense topographical map (prepared at a cost of §15,000), drafted on a scale of two miles to the inch, show- ing the character and resources of the State, and correcting many serious cartographical errors previously undiscovered. WORTHEN, Amos Henry, scientist and State Geologist, was born at Bradford, Vt., Oct. 31, 1813, emigrated to Kentucky in 1834, and, in 1836, removed to Illinois, locating at Warsaw. Teach- ing, surveying and mercantile business were his pursuits until 1843, when he returned to the East, spending two years in Boston, but return- ing to Warsaw in 1844. His natural predilections were toward the natural sciences, and, after coming west, he devoted most of his leisure time to the collection and study of specimens of mineralogy, geology and conchology. On the organization of the geological survey of Illinois in 1851, he was appointed assistant to Dr. J. G. Norwood, then State Geologist, and, in 1858, suc- ceeded to the ofl:ce, having meanwhile spent three years as Assistant Geologist in the first Iowa survey. As State Geologist he published seven volumes of reports, and was engaged uix)u the eighth when overtaken by death, May 6, 1888. These reports, which are as comprehensive as they are voluminous, have been reviewed and warmly commended by the leading scientific periodicals of this country and Europe In 1877 field work was discontinued, and the State His- torical Library and Natural History Museum were established. Professor Worthen being placed in charge as curator. He was the author of various valuable scientific papers and member of numer- ous scientific societies in this country and in Europe. WORTHIXGTON, Mcholas Ellsworth, ex-Con- gressman, was born in Brooke County, W. Va., March 30, 1836, and completed his education at Allegheny College, Pa. , studied Law at Morgan- town, Va., and was admitted to the bar in 1860. He is a resident of Peoria, and, by profession, a lawyer: was County Superintendent of Schools of Peoria County from 1868 to 1872, and a mem- 002 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ber of the State Board of Education from 1869 to 1872. In 1883 he was elected to Congress, as a Democrat, from the Tenth Congressional District, and re-elected in 1884. In 1886 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by his ReiJublican opponent, Philip Sidney Post. He was elected Circuit Judge of the Tenth Judicial District in 1891, and re-elected in 1897. In 1894 he served upon a commission appointed by President Cleve- land, to investigate the labor strikes of that year at Chicago. WRIGHT, John Stephen, manufacturer, was born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, 1815; came to Chicago in 1832, with his father, who opened a store in that city; in 1837, at liis own expense, built tlie first school building in Chicago ; in 1840 established "The Prairie Farmer," which he con- ducted for many 3"ears in the interest of popular education and progressive agriculture. In 18.53 he engaged in the manufacture of Atkins' self- raking reaper and mower, was one of the pro- moters of the Galena & Cliicago Union and the Illinois Central Railways, and wrote a volume entitled, "Chicago: Past, Present and Future," published in 1870. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 26, 1874. WULFF, Henry, ex-State Treasurer, was born in Meldorf, Germany, August 24, 1854; came to Chicago in 1863, and began his political career as a Trustee of the town of Jefferson. In 1866 he was elected County Clerk of Cook County, and re-elected in 1890 ; in 1894 became the Republican nominee for State Treasurer, receiving, at the November election of that year, the unprece- dented plurality of 133,427 votes over liis Demo- cratic opjioncnt. Died Dec. 27, 1907. WTAXET, a town of Bureau County, at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Cliicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 7 miles southwest of Princeton. Population (1900), 902; (1010), 872. WYLIE, (Rev.) Samnel, domestic missionary, born in Ireland and came to America in boyhood ; was educated at the University of Pennsylvania and the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, and ordained in 1818. Soon after this he came west as a domestic mis- sionary and, in 1820, became pastor of a churcli at Sparta, 111., where he remained until liis death, March 20, 1872, after a pastorate of 53 years. During his pastorate the church sent out a dozen colonies to form new church organizations else- where. He is described as able, eloquent and scholarly. WTMAX, (Col.) John B., soldier, was born in Massachusetts, July 12, 1817, and educated in the schools of that State until 14 years of age, when he became a clerk in a clothing store in his native town of Shrewsbury, later being associated with mercantile establishments in Cincinnati, and again in his native State. From 1846 to 1850 he was employed successively as a clerk in the car and machine shops at Springfield, Mass. , then as Superintendent of Construction, and, later, as con- ductor on the New York & New Haven Railroad , finally, in 1850, becoming Superintendent of the Connecticut River Railroad. In 1852 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany, assisting in the survey and construction of the line under Col. R. B. Mason, the Chief Engi- neer, and finally becoming Assistant Superin- tendent of the Northern Division. He was one of the original proprietors of the town of Amboy, in Lee County, and its first Maj'or, also serving a second term. Having a fondness for military affairs, he was usually connected with some mili- tary organization — while in Cincinnati being attached to a company, of which Prof. O. M. Mitchell, the celebrated astronomer (afterwards Major-General Mitchell), was Captain. After coming to Illinois he became Captain of the Chi- cago Light Guards. Having lef*^^ the employ of the Railroad in 1858, he was in private business at Amboy at the beginning of the Civil War in 1861. As Assistant- Adjutant General, by appoint- ment of Governor Yates, he rendered valuable service in the earlj' weeks of the war in securing arms from Jefferson Barracks and in the organi- zation of the three-months' regiments. Then, having organized the Thirteenth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry — the first organized in the State for the three years' service — lie was commis- sioned its Colonel, and, in July following, entered upon the duty of guarding the railroad lines in Southwest Missouri and Arkansas. The follow- ing year his regiment was attached to General Sherman's command in the first campaign against Vicksburg. On the second day of the Battle of Chickasaw Baj-ou, he fell mortally wounded, dying on the field, Dec. 28, 1862. Colo- nel Wyman was one of the most accomplished and promising of the volunteer soldiers sent to the field from Illinois, of whom so many were former employes of the Illinois Central Rail- road. WYOMING, a town of Stark County, 31 miles north-northwest from Peoria, at the junction of the Peoria branch Rock Island & Pacific and the Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway ; has two high schools, churches, two banks, flour mills, water-works, machine HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 603 shop, and two weekly newspapers. Coal is mined here. Population (1000). 1,277; (1910), 1,506. XENIA, a villase of Clay County, on the Balti- more & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 87 miles east of St. Louis. Pop. (1900), 800; (1910), 6.34. YATES CITY, a village of Knox County, at the junction of the Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, with the Rushville branch, 2.3 miles southeast of Galesburg. The town has banks, a coal mine, telephone exchange, school, churches and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 687; (1900), 650; (1910), 586. YATES, Henry, pioneer, was born in Caroline Countj-, Va., Oct. 29, 1786 — being a grand-nephew of Chief Justice John Marshall; removed to Fa- yette County. Ky.. where he located and laid out the town of Warsaw, which afterwards became the county-seat of Gallatin County. In 1831 he removed to Sangamon County, 111., and, in 1832, settled at the site of the present town of Berlin, which he laid out the following year, also laying out the town of New Berlin, a few j'ears later, on the line of the Wabash Railway. He was father of Gov. Richard Yates. Died, Sept. 13, 1865.— Henry (Yates), Jr., son of the preceding, was born at Berlin, 111., March 7, 1835; engaged in merchan- dising at New Berlin; in 1862, raised a company of volunteers for the One Hundred and Sixth Regiment Illinois Infantry, was appointed Lieu- tenant-Colonel and brevetted Colonel and Briga- dier-General. He was accidentally shot in 1863, and suffered sun-stroke at Little Rock, from which he never fully recovered. Died, August 3, 1871. YATES, Richard, former Governor and United States Senator, was born at Warsaw, Ky., Jan. 18, 1815, of English descent. In 1831 he accom- panied his father to Illinois, the family settling first at Springfield and later at Berlin, Sangamon County. He soon after entered Illinois College, from whicli he graduated in 1835, and subse- quently read law with Col. John J. Hardin, at Jacksonville, which thereafter became his home. In 1842 he was elected Repre.sentative in the Gen- eral Assembly from Morgan County, and was re-elected in 1.844, and again in 1848. In 18.50 he was a candidate for Congress from the Seventh District and elected over Maj. Thomas L. Harris, the previous incumbent, being the only Whig Representative in the Thirtj'-second Congress from Illinois. Two years later he was re-electeil over John Calhoun, but was defeated, in 1854, by his old opponent, Harris. He was one of the most vigorous opponents of the Kansas- Nebraska Bill in the Thirty third Congiess, and an early participant in the movement for the organization of tlie Republican party to resist the further extension of slaverj', being a prominent speaker, on the same platform with Lincoln, before the first Republican State Convention held at Bloom- ington, in May, 1856, and serving as one of the Vice-Presidents of that body. In 1860 he was elected to the executive chair on the ticket headed by Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, and. by his energetic support of the National administration in its measures for the suppression of the Rebellion, won the sobriquet of "the Illi- nois War-Governor." In 1865 he was elected United States Senator, serving until 1871. He died suddenly, at St. Louis, Nov. 27, 1873, while returning from Arkansas, whither he had gone, as a United States Commissioner, by appointment of President Grant, to inspect a land-subsidy railroad. He was a man of rare ability, earnest- ness of purpose and extraordinary personal mag- netism, as well as of a lofty order of patriotism. His faults were those of a nature generous, impulsive and warm-hearted. YORKYILLE, tlie county-seat of Kendall County, on Fox River and Streator Division of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles southwest of Aurora; on interurban electric line; has water-power, electric lights, a bank, churches and weekly pai)er. Pop. (1900), 413; (lOlOj, 431. YOUNG, Brigham, Mormon leader, was born at Whittingham, Vt., June 1, 1801, joined the Mormons in 1831 and, the next year, became asso- ciated with Joseph Smith, at Kii'tland, Ohio, and, in 1835, an "apostle." He accompanied a con- siderable body of that sect to Independence, Mo., but was driven out with them in 1837, settling for a short time at Quincy, 111., but later remov- ing to Nauvoo, of which he was one of the foun- ders. On the assassination of Srnith, in 1844, he became the successor of the latter, as head of the Mormon Church, and, the following year, headed the exodus from Illinois, which finally resulted in the Mormon .settlement in Utah. His subseciuent career there, where he was appointed Governor by President Fillmore, and, for a time, success- fully defieil national authority, is a matter of national rather than State history. He remained at the head of the Mormon Church until his death at .Salt Lake City, August 29, 1877. YOUXti, Kifbard Montcfomery, United States Senator, was born in Kentucky in 1796, studied law and removed to Jone.sboro, 111., where he was admitted to the bar in 1817; served in the Second 604 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Gteneral Assembly (1820-22) as Representative from Union County ; was a Circuit Judge, 1825-27 ; Presidential Elector in 1828; Circuit Judge again, 1829-37 ; elected United States Senator in 1837 as successor to W. L. D. Ewing, serving until 1843, when he was commissioned Justice of the Su- preme Court, but resigned in 1847 to become Commissioner of the General Land Office at "Washington. During the session of 1850-51, he served as Clerk of the National House of Repre- sentatives. Died, in an insane asylum, in Wash- ington, in 1853. YOUJiU MEX'S CHRISTIAIV ASSOCIATION, first permanentl}' organized at Chicago, in 1858, although desvdtory movements of a kindred char- acter had previously been started at Peoria, Quincy, Chicago and Springfield, some as early as 1854. From 1858 to 1872, various associations were formed at different points throughout the State, which were entirely independent of each other. The first effort looking to union and mutual aid, was made in 1872, when Robert Weidensall, on behalf of the International Com- mittee, called a convention, to meet at Blooming- ton, November 6-9. State conventions have been held annually since 1872. In that of 1875, steps were taken looking to the appointment of a State Secretary, and, in 1876, Charles M. Morton assumed tlie office. Much evangelistic work was done, and new associations formed, tlie total number reported at the Champaign Convention, in 1877, being sixty-two. After one year's work Mr. Morton resigned the secretaryship, the office remaining vacant for three years. The question of the appointment of a successor was discussed at the Decatur Convention in 1879, and, in April, 1880, I. B. Brown was made State Secretary, and has occupied the position to the present time (1899). At the date of his appointment the official figures showed sixteen associations in Illi- nois, with a total membership of 2,443, and prop- erty valued at §126,500, including building funds, the associations at Chicago and Aurora owning buildings. Thirteen officers were employed, none of them being in Chicago. Since 1880 the work has steadily grown, so that five Assistant State Secretaries are now employed. In 1886, a plan for arranging the State work under depart- mental administration was devised, but not put in operation until 1890. The present six depart- ments of supervision are : General Supervision, in charge of the State Secretary and his Assist- ants; railroad and city work; counties and towns; work among students; corresponding membership dejiartment, and office work. The two last named are under one executive head, but each of the others in charge of an Assistant Secretary, who is responsible for its development The entire work is under the supervision of a State Executive Committee of twenty-seven members, one-third of whom are elected annually. WilUs H. Herrick of Chicago has been its chair- man for several years. This body is appointed by a State convention composed of delegates from the local Associations. Of these there were, in October, 1898, 116, with a membership of 15,888. The value of the property owned was §2,500,000. Twenty-two occupy their own build- ings, of which five are for railroad men and one for students. Weekly gatherings for young men numbered 248, and there are now representatives or correspondents in 665 communities where no organization has been effected. Scientific phys- ical culture is made a feature by 40 associations, and educational work has been largely developed. The enrollment in evening classes, diu'ing 1898-99, was 978. The building of the Chicago branch (erected in 1893) is the finest of its class in the world. Recently a successful association has been formed among coal miners, and another among the first grade boys of the Illinois State Reformatory, while an extensive work has been conducted at the camps of the Illinois National Guard. ZA\E, Charles S., lawyer and jurist, was born in Cumberland County, N. J., March 2, 1831, of English and New England stock. At the age of 19 he emigrated to Sangamon County, 111., for a time working on a farm and at brick-making. From 1852 to '55 he attended McKendree College, but did not graduate, and, on leaving college, engaged in teaching, at the same time reading law. In 1857 he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice at Springfield. The follow- ing year he was elected City Attorney. He had for partners, at different times, William H. Herndon (once a partner of Abraham Lincoln) and Senator Shelby M. Cullom. In 1873 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth Judicial Circuit, and was re-elected in 1879. In 1883 President Arthur appointed him Chief Jus- tice of Utah, where he lias since resided, though superseded by the appointment of a succes.sor by President Cleveland. At the first State elec- tion in Utah, held in November, 1895. he was chosen one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the new Commonwealth, but was defeated for re-election, by his Democratic opponent, in 1898. SUPPLEMENT. The following matter, recelred too late for insertion In the body of tills worli. Is added In the form of a suppleraont. COGHLAX, (Capt.) Joseph Bnllock, naval officer, was born in Kentucky, and, at the age of 15 years, came to Illinois, living on a farm for a time near Carlyle, in Clinton County. In 18G0 he was appointed by his uncle, Hon. Philip B. Fonke — then a Representative iu Congress from the Belleville District — to the Naval Academy at Annapolis, graduating in 1863, and being pro- moted through the successive grades of Ensign, Master, Lieutenant, Lieutenant-Commander, and Commander, and serving upon various vessels until Nov. 18, 1898, when he was commissioned Captain and, in 1897, assigned to the command of the battlesliip Raleigh, on the Asiatic Station. He was thus connected with Admiral Dewey's squadron at the beginning of the Spanish- Ameri- can War, and took a conspicuous and brilliant part in the affair in Manila Bay, on May 1, 1898, which resulted in the destruction of the Spanish fleet Captain Coghlan's connection with subsequent events in the Philippines was in the highest degree creditable to himself and the country. His vessel (the Raleigh) was the first of Admiral Dewey's squadron to return home, coming by way of the Suez Canal, in the summer of 1899, he and Ms crew receiving an immense ovation on their arrival in New York harbor. CEAJfE, (Rev.) James Lyons, clergyman, army chaplain, was born at Mt. Eaton, Wayne County, Ohio, August 30, 1823, united with the Methodist Episcopal Church at Cincinnati in 1841, and, coming to Edgar County, Illinois, in 1843, attended a seminary at Paris some three years. He joined the Illinois Conference in 1846, and was assigned to the Danville circuit, after- wards presiding over charges at Grandview, Hills- boro, Alton, Jacksonville, and Springfield — at the last two points being stationed two or more times, besides serving as Presiding Elder of the Paris, Danville, and Springfield Districts. The importance of the stations which he filled during his itinerant career served as evidence of his recognized ability and popularity as a preacher. In July, 1861, he was appointed Chaplain of the Twenty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at that time commanded by Ulysses S. Grant as Colonel, and, although he remained with the regiment only a few months, the friendship then established between him and the future com- mander of the armies of the Union lasted through their lives. This was shown by his appointment by President Grant, in 1869, to the position of Postmaster of the city of Springfield, which came to him as a personal compliment, being re- appointed four years afterwards and continuing in office eight years. After retiring from the Springfield postoffice, he occupied charges at Island Grove and Shelby ville, his death occurring at the latter place, July 29, 1879, as the result of an attack of paralysis some two weeks previous. Mr. Crane was married in 1847 to Miss Elizabeth Mayo, daughter of CoL J. Mayo — a prominent citizen of Edgar Coimty, at an early day — his wife surviving him some twenty years. Rev. Charles A. Crane and Rev. Frank Crane, pastors of prominent Methodist churches in Boston and Chicago, are sons of the subject of this sketch. DAWES, Charles Gates, Comptroller of tha Treasury, was born at Marietta, Ohio, August 27, 1865; graduated from Marietta College. in 1884, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886; worked at civil engineering during his vacations, finally becoming Chief Engineer of the Toledo & Ohio Railroad. Between 1887 and 1894 he waa engaged in the practice of law at Lincoln, Neb., but afterwards became interested in the gas busi- ness in various cities, including Evanston, IlL, which became his home. In 1896 he took a lead- ing part in securing instructions by the Republi- can State Convention at Springfield in favor of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for the Presi- dency, and diuring the succeeding campaign served as a member of the National Republican Committee for the State of Illinois. Soon after the accession of President McKinley, he was appointed Comptroller of the Treasury, a position 605 606 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. which he now liolJs. Mr. Dawes is the son of R. B. Dawes, a former Congressman from Ohio, anJ the great-grandson of Manasseh Cutler, who was an influential factor in the early history of the Northwest Territory, and has been credited with exerting a strong influence in shaping and securing the adoption of the Ordinance of 17H7. DISTIN, (Col.) William L., former Depart- ment Commander of Grand Army of the Repub- lic for the State of Illinois, was born at Cincinnati, Oliio, Feb. 9, 1843, his father being of English descent, while his maternal grandfather was a Colonel of the Polish Lancers in the army flf the first Napoleon, who, after the exile of his leader, came to America, settling in Indiana. The father of the subject of this sketch settled at Keokuk, Iowa, where the son grew to manhood and in February, 1863, enlisted as a private in the Seventeenth Iowa Infantry, having been twice rejected previously on account of physical ail- ment. Soon after enlistment he was detailed for provost-marshal duty, but later took part with his regiment in the campaign in Alabama. He served for a time in the Fifteenth Army Corps, under Gen. John A. Logan, was subsequently detailed for duty on the Staff of General Raum, and participated in the battles of Resaca and Tilton, Ga. Having been captured in the latter, he was imprisoned successively at Jacksonville (Ga.), Montgomery, Savannah, and finally at Andersonville. From the latter he succeeded in effecting his escape, but was recaptured and returned to that famous prison-pen. Having escaped a second time b}' assuming the name of a dead man and bribing the guard, he was again captured and imprisoned at various points in Jlis- sissippi until exchanged about the time of the assassination of President Lincoln. He was then so weakened by his long confinement and scanty fare that he had to be carried on board the steamer on a stretcher. At this time he narrowly escaped being on board the steamer Sultana, which was blown up below Cairo, with 2,100 soldiers on board, a large proportion of whom lost their lives. After being mustered out at Daven- port, Iowa, June 28, 1865, he was employed for a time on the Des Moines Valley Railroad, and as a messenger and route agent of the United States Express Company. In 1872 he established him- self in business in Quincy, 111., in which he proved very successful. Here he became prom- inent in local Grand Army circles, and, in 1890, was unanimously elected Commander of the Department of Illinois. Previous to this he had been an officer of the Illinois National Guard, and served as Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of Colonel, on the stall of Governors Hamilton, Oglesby and Fifer. In 1897 Colonel Distin was appointed by President McKinley Surveyor-Gen- eral for the Territory of Alaska, a position which (1899) he still holds. DCMMER, Henry E., lawyer, was born at Hallowell, Maine, April 9, 18U8, was educated in Bowdoin College, graduating there in the class of 1827, after which he took a course in law at Cam- bridge Law School, and was soon after admitted to the bar. Then, having spent some two j-ears in his native State, in 1832 he removed to Illinois, settling first in Springfield, where he remained six years, being for a part of the time a partner of John T. Stuart, who afterwards became the first partner in law of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Dum- mer had a brother, Richard William Dummer, who had preceded him to Illinois, living for a time in Jacksonville. In 1833 he removed to Beardstown, Cass County, wliich continued to be his home for more than a quarter of a century. During his residence there he served as Alder- man, City Attorney and Judge of Probate for Cass County ; also represented Cass County in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and, in 1860, was elected State Senator in the Twenty-second General Assembly, serving four years. Mr. Dummer was an earnest Republican, and served that party as a delegate for the State-at-large to the Convention of 1864, at Baltimore, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a second time. In 1864 he removed to Jackson- ville, and for the next year was the law partner of David A. Smith, until the death of the latter in 1865. In the summer of 1878 Mr. Dummer went to Mackinac, Mich., in search of health, but died there August 12 of that year. ECKELS, James H., ex-Comptroller of the Currency, was born of Scotch-Irish parentage at Princeton, 111., Nov. 22, 1858, was educated in the common schools and the high school of his native town, graduated from the Law School at Albany, N. Y., in 1881, and the following year began jjractice at Ottawa, 111. Here he con- tinued in active practice luitil 1893. when he was appointed by President Cleveland Comptroller of the Currency, serving until May 1, 1898, when he resigned to accept the presidency of the Com- mercial National Bank of Chicago. Mr. Eckels manifested such distinguished ability in the dis- charge of his duties as Comptroller that he received the notable complinjent of being retained in ofRce by a Republican administration more than a year after the retirement of Presi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 607 dent Cleveland, while his selection for a place at the head of one of the leading banking institu- tions of Chicago was a no less marked recognition of his abilities as a linancier. He was a Delegate from the Eleventh District to the National Democratic Convention at Chicago in 1892, and repiesented the same district in the Gold Demo- cratic Convention at Indianapolis in 1896, and assisted in framing the platform there adopted — which indicated his views on the financial ques- tions involved in that campaign. Died Apr. 14, 1008. FIELD, Daniel, early merchant, was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, Nov. 30, 179U, and settled at Golconda, 111., in 1818, djing there in 1855. He was a man of great enterprise, engaged in merchandising, and became a large land- holder, farmer and stock-grower, and an extensive shipper of stock and produce to lower Mississippi markets. He married Elizabeth Dailey of Charleston, Ind., and raised a large family of children, one of whom, Philip D., became Sheriff» while another, John, was County Judge of Pope County. His daughter, Maria, married Gen. Green B. Raum, who became prominent as a soldier during the Civil War and, later, as a mem- ber of Congress and Commissioner of Internal Revenue and Pension Commissioner in Wash- ington. FIELD, Green B., member of a pioneer family, was born within the present limits of the State of Indiana in 1787, served as a Lieutenant in the War of 1812, was married in Bourbon County, Kentucky, to Miss Mary E. Cogswell, the daughter of Dr. Joseph Cogswell, a soldier of the Revolutionary War, and, in 1817, removed to Pope County, Illinois, where he laid off the town of Golconda, which became the county -seat. He served as a Representative from Pope County in the First General Assembly (1818-20), and was the father of Juliet C. Field, who became the wife of John Raum; of Edna Field, the wife of Dr. Tarlton Dunn, and of Green B. Field, who was a Lieutenant in Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers during the Me.\ican War. Mr. Field was the grandfather of Gen. Green B. Raum, mentioned in the preceding paragraph. He died of yellow fever in Louisiana in 1823. GALE, Stephen Francis, first Chicago book- Beller and a railway promoter, was born at Exeter, N. H., March 8, 1812; at 15 years of age became clerk in a leading book-store in Boston ; came to Chicago in 1835, and soon afterwards opened the first book and stationery establish- ment in that city, which, in after years, gained an extensive trade. In 1843 the firm of S. F. Gale & Co. was organized, but Mr. Gale, having become head of the Chicago Fire Dei)artment, retired from business in 1845 As early as 1846 lie was associated with W m. B. Ogileu and John B. Turner in the steps then being taken to revive the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and, in conjunction with these gentlemen, became responsible for the means to purchase the charter and assets of the road from the Eastern bond- holders. Later, he engaged in tlie constiuction of the branch road from Turner Junc'iion to Aurora, became President of the line smd ex- tended it to Jlendota to connect with the Illinois Central at that Point. These roads afterwards became a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line. A number of years ago Mr. Gale returned to his old home in New Hampshire, where he has since resided. HAT, John, early settler, came to the region of Kaskaskia between 1790 and 1800, and became a prominent citizen of St. Clair County. He was selected as a member of the First Legislative Council of Indiana Territorj' for St. Clair County in 1805. In 1809 he was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court of St. Clair County, and was continued in office after the organization of the State Government, serving until his death at Belleville in 1845. HAYS, John, pioneer settler of Northwest Ter- ritory, was a native of New York, who came to Cahokia, in the "Illinois Country," in 1793, and lived tliere the remainder of his life. His early life had been spent in the fur-trade about Macki- nac, in the Lake of the Woods region and about the sources of the Mississippi. During the War of 1812 he was able to furnisli Governor Edwards valuable information in reference to the Indians in the Northwest. He filled the office of Post- master at Cahokia for a number of years, and was Sheriff of St. Clair County from 1798 to 1818. MOULTON, (Col.) George M., soldier and building contractor, was born at Readsburg, Vt., March 15, 1851, came early in life to Chicago, and was educated In the schools of that city. By pro- fession he is a contractor and builder, the firm of which he is a member having been connected with the construction of a number of large build- ings, including some extensive grain elevators. Colonel Moulton became a member of the Second Regiment Illinois National Guard in June. 1884, being elected to the office of Major, which he retained until January, 1893, when he was appointed Inspector of Rifle Practice on the staflf of General Wheeler. A year later he was con» 608 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. missioned Colonel of the regiment, a position which he occupied at the time of the call by the President for troops to serve in the Spanish- American War in April, 1898. He promptly answered the call, and was sworn into the United States service at the head of his regiment early in May. The regiment was almost immediately ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., remaining there and at Savannah, Ga., until early in December, when it was transferred to Havana, Cuba. Here he was soon after appointed Chief of Police for the city of Havana, remaining in office until the middle of January, 1899, when he returned to his regiment, then stationed at Camp Columbia, near the city of Havaua. In the latter part of March he returned with his regiment to Augusta, Ga., where it was mustered out, April 26, 1899, one year from the date of Its arrival at Springfield. After leaving the service Colonel Moulton resumed his business as a contractor. SHERMAN, Lawrence Y., legislator and Speaker of the Forty -first General Assembly, was born in Miami County, Ohio, Nov. 6, 1858 ; at 3 years of age came to Illinois, his parents settling at Industry, McDonough County. "When he had reached the age of 10 years he went to Jasper County, where he gre%v to manhood, received his education ia the common schools and in the law department of McKendree College, graduating from the latter, and, in 1881, located at Macomb, McDonough County. Here he began his career by driving a team upon the street in order to accumulate means enabling him to devote his entire attention to his chosen profession of law. He soon took an active interest in iwlitics, was elected County Judge in 1886, and, at the expira- tion of his term, formed a partnership with George D. Tunnicliffe and D. G. Tannic) iff e, ex-Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1894 he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for Representative in the General Assembly, but withdrew to prevent a split in the party; was nominated and elected in 1896, and re-elected in 1898, and, at the succeeding session of the Forty-first General Assembly, was nominated by the Republican caucus and elected Speaker, as he was again of the Forty -second in 1901. VINYARD, Philip, early legislator, was bom in Pennsylvania in 1800, came to Illinois at an early day, and settled in Pope Coimty, which he represented in the lower branch of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. He married Jliss Matilda McCoy, the daughter of a prominent Illinois pioneer, and served as Sheriff of Pope County for a number of years. Died, at Gfol- conda, in 1862, SUPPLEMENT NO. II. BLACK HAWK WAR, THE. The episode known in history under the name of "The Black Hawk War," was the most formidable conflict between the whites and Indians, as well as the most far-reaching in its results, that ever oc- curred upon the soil of Illinois. It takes its name from the Indian Chief, of the Sac tribe, Black Hawk (Indian name, Makatai Meshekia- kiak, meaning "Black Sparrow Hawk"), who was the leader of the hostile Indian band and a principal factor in the struggle. Black Hawk had been an ally of the British during the War of 1812-15, served with Tecumseh when the lat- ter fell at the battle of the Thames in 1813, and, after the war, continued to maintain friendly re- lations with his "British father." The outbreak in Illinois had its origin in the construction put upon the treaty negotiated by Gen. William Henry Harrison with the Sac and Fox Indians on behalf of the United States Government, Xo- vember 3, 1804, under which the Indians trans- ferred to the Government nearly 15,000,000 acres of land comprising the region lying between the Wisconsin River on the north, Fox River of Illi- nois on the east and southeast, and the Mississippi on the west, for which the Government agreed to pay to the confederated tribes less than $2,500 in goods and the insignificant sum of §1,000 per an- num in perpetuity. While the validity of the treaty was denied on the part of the Indians on the ground that it had originally been entered into by their chiefs under duress, while held as prisoners HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 609 under a charge of murder at Jefferson Barracks, during wliicli tliey had been kept in a state of con- stant intoxiratioii. it liad been repeatedly reaf- firmed by parts t>r all of the tribe, especially iu ISl."), iu 1816, in 1802 and in 1823, and finally recog- nized by Black Hawk himself in i831. The part of the treaty of 1804 which was the immediate cause of the disagreement was that which stipulated that, so long as the lands ceded under it remained the property of the United States (that is, should not be transferred to private owners), "the Indians belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the priv- ilege of living or hunting upon them." Al- though these lands had not been put upon the market, or even surveyed, as "squatters" multi- plied in this region little respect was paid to the treatj' rights of the Indians, particularly with reference to those localities where, by reason of fertility of the soil or some other natural advan- tage, the Indians had established something like permanent homes and introduced a sort of crude cultivation. This was especially the case with reference to the Sac village of "Saukenuk" on the north bank of Rock River near its mouth, where the Indians, when not absent on the chase, had lived for over a century, had cultivated fields of corn and vegetables and had buried their dead. In the earlj- part of the last century, it is estimated that some five hundred families had been accustomed to congregate here, making it the largest Indian village in the West. As early as 1823 the encroachments of squatters on the rights claimed by the Indians under the treaty of 1804 began ; their fields were taken possession of by the intruders, their lodges burned and their women and children whipped and driven away during the absence of the men on their annual liunts. The dangers resulting from these con- flicts led Governor Edwards, as early as 1828, to demand of the General Government the expul- sion of the Indians from Illinois, which resulted in an order from President Jackson in 1829 for their removal west of the Mississippi. On appli- cation of Col. George Davenport, a trader of much influence with the Indians, the time was extended to April 1, 1830. During the preceding year Colonel Davenport and the firm of Davenport and Farnham bought from the United States Gov- ernment most of the lands on Rock River occupied by Black Hawk's band, with the intention, as has been claimed, of permitting the Indians to remain. This was not so understood by Black Hawk, who was greatly incensed, although Davenport offered to take other lands from the Government in ex- change or cancel the sale — an arrangement to which President Jackson would not consent. On their return in the spring of 1830, the Indians found whites in possession of their village. Pre- vented from cultivating their fields, and their annual hunt proving unsuccessful the following winter proved for them one of great hardship. Black Hawk, having made a visit to his " British father" (the British Agent) at Maiden, Canada, claimed to have received words of sympathy and encouragement, which induced him to determine to regain possession of their fields. In this he was encouraged by Neapope, his second iu com- mand, and by assurance of support from White Cloud, a half Sac and half Winnebago — known also as " The Prophet " — whose village (Prophet "s Town) was some forty miles from the mouth of Rock River, and through whom Black Hawk chaimed to have leceived promises of aid in guns, ammunition and provisions from the British. The reappearance of Black Hawk's band in the vicinity of his old haunts, in the spring of 1831, produced a wild panic among the frontier settlers. Messages were hurried to Governor Reynolds, who had succeeded Governor Edwards in De- cember previous, appealing for protection against the savages. The Governor issued a call for 700 volunteers " to remove the band of Sac Indians " at Rock Island beyond the Mississippi. Al- though Gen. E. P. Gaines of the regular army, commanding the military district, thought the regulars sufficiently strong to cope with the situa- tion, the Governor's proclamation was respondea to by more than twice the number called for The volunteers assembled early in June, 1831, at Beardstown, the place of rendezvous named in the call, and having been organized into two regi- ments under command of Col. James D. Henr) and Col. Daniel Lieb, with a spy battalion under Gen. Joseph Duncan, marched across the country and, after effecting a junction with General Gaines' regulars, appeared before Black Hawk's village on the 35th of June. In the meantime General Gaines, having learned that the Pottawatomies, Winnebagos and Kickajjoos had promised to join the Sacs in their uprising, asked the assistance of the battalion of mounted mt n previously offered by Governor Reynolds. Tlie combined armies amounteil to 2.. 500 men, while the fighting force of the Indians was 300. Finding himself over- whelmingly outnumbered. Black Hawk withdrew under cover of night to the west side of the Missis- sippi. After burning the village. General Gaines notified Black Hawk of his intention to pursue and atta(!k his band, which had the effect to biiug the fugitive chief to the General's head- 610 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. quarters, where, on June 30, a new treaty was entered into by which he bound himself and his people to remain west of the Mississippi imless permitted to return by the United States. This ended the campaign, and the volunteers returned to their homes, although the affair had produced an intense excitement along the whole frontier, and involved a heavy expense. The next winter was spent by Black Hawk and his band on the site of old Fort Madison, in the present State of Iowa. Dissatisfied and humil- iated by his repulse of the previous year, in disre- gard of his pledge to General Gaines, on April 6, 1832, at the head of 500 warriors and their fam- ilies, he again crossed the Mississippi at Yel- low Banks about the site of the present city of Oquawka, fifty miles below Rock Island, with the intention, as claimed, if not permitted to stop at his old village, to proceed to the Prophet's Town and raise a crop with the Winnebagoes. Here he was met by The Prophet with renewed assurances of aid from the Winnebagoes, which was still further strengthened by promises from the Brit- ish Agent received through a visit bj' Nea|)ope to Maiden the previous autumn. An incident of tliis invasion was the effective warning given to the white settlers by Shabona, a friendly Ottawa chief, which probably had the effect to prevent a widespread massacre. Besides the towns of Galena and Chicago, the settlements in Illinois north of Fort Clark (Peoria) were limited to some thirty families on Bureau Creek with a few cabins at Hennepin, Peru, LaSalle, Ottawa, In- dian Creek, Dixon, Kellogg's Grove, Apple Creek, and a few other points. Gen. Henry Atkinson, commanding the regulars at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island), having learned of the arrival of Black Hawk a week after he crossed the Missis- sippi, at once took steps to notify Governor Rey- nolds of the situation with a requisition for an adequate force of militia to cooperate with the regulars. Under date of April 16, 1832, the Gov- ernor issued his call for "a strong detachment of militia " to meet by April 22. Beardstown again being named as a place of rendezvous. The call resulted in the assembling of a force whicli was organized into four regiments under command of Cols. John D6\Vitt, Jacob Fry, John Thomas and Samuel M. Thompson, together with a spj' bat- talion under Maj. James D. Henry, an odd bat- talion under Maj. Thomas James and a foot battalion under Maj. Thomas Long. To these were subsequently added two independent battalions of mounted men, under command of Slajois Isaiah Stillmau and David Bailey, which were finally consolidated as the Fifth Regiment undei command of Col. James Johnson. The organiza tion of the first four regiments at Beardstown was completed by April 27, and the force under command of Brigadier-General Whiteside (but accompanied bj' Governor Reynolds, wlio was allowed pay as Major General by the GeneraV Government) began its march to Fort Armstrong, arriving there May "and being mustered into the United States service. Among others accompany- ing the expedition who were then, or afterwards became, noted citizens of the State, were Vital Jarrot, Adjutant-General; Cyrus Edwards, Ord- nance Officer; Murray McConnel, Staff Officer, and Abraham Lincoln, Captain of a company of volunteers from Sangamon County in the Fourth Regiment. Col. Zachary Taylor, then commander of a regiment of regulars, arrived at Fort Arm- strong about the same time with reinforcements from Fort Leavenworth and Fort Crawford, The total force of militia amounted to 1,935 men, and of regulars about 1,000. An interesting story is told concerning a speech delivered to the volun- teers b.v Colonel Taylor about this time. After reminding them of their duty to obey an order promptly, the future hero of the Mexican War added: " The safety of all depends upon the obe- dience and courage of all. You are citizen sol- diers; some of you may fill high offices, or even be Presidents some day — but not if you refuse to do your duty. Forward, march!" A curious com- mentary upon this speech is furnished in the fact that, while Taylor himself afterwards became President, at least one of his hearers — a volunteer who probably then had no aspiration to that dis- tinction (Abraham Lincoln) — reached the same position during the most dramatic period in the nation's history. Two days after the arrival at Fort Armstrong, the advance up Rock River began, the main force of the volunteers proceeding by land under Gen- eral Whiteside, while General Atkinson, with 400 regular and 300 volunteer foot soldiers, pro- ceeded by boat, carrying with him the artillery, provisions and bulk of t)ie baggage. Whiteside, advancing by the east bank of the river, was the first to arrive at the Prophet's Town, which, finding deserted, he pushed on to Dixon's Ferry (now Dixon), where he arrived May 12. Here he found the independent battalions of Stillman and Bailey with ammunition and supplies of which Whiteside stood in need. The mounted battalions under command of Major Stillman, having been sent forward by AVhiteside as a scouting party, left Dixon on the I.Sth and. on the afternoon of IIISTOIIICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 611 the nest day, went into civmp in a strong position near the mouth of Sycamore Creek. As soon dis- covered, Blai'k Hawk was in camp at tlie same time, as he afterwards claimed, with about fort)' of his braves, on Sj'camore Creek, three miles distant, while the greater part of his band were en- camped with the more war-like faction of the Pot- tawatomies some seven miles farther north on the Kishwaukee River. As claimed by Black Hawk in his autobiography, having been disap])oiutecl in his expectation of forming an alliance with the AVinnebagoes and the Pottawatomies, ho had at tliis juncture determined to return to the west side of the Mississippi. Hearing of the arrival of Stillman's command in the vicinit}-, and taking it for granted that this was the whole of Atkin- son's command, he sent out three of his young men with a white flag, to arrange a parle}' and convey to Atkinson his otfer to meet the latter in council. These were captured by some of Still- man's band regardless of their flag of truce, while a party of five other braves who followed to ob- serve the treatment received by the flagliearers, were attacked and two of their number killed, the the other tliree escaping to their camp. Black Hawk learning the fate of his truce party was aroused to the fiercest indignation. Tearing the fiag to pieces with which he had intended to go into council with the whites, and appealing to his followers to avenge the murder of their comrades, he prepared for the attack. The rangers num- bered 275 men, while Black Hawk's band has been estimated at less than forty. As the rangers caught sight of tlie Indians, they I'ushed forward in pell-mell fashion. Retiring behind a fringe of bushes, the Indians awaited the attack. As the rangers approached. Black Hawk ami his party rose up with a war whoop, at the same time opening fire on their assailants. The further historj' of the affair was as inucli of a disgrace to Stillman's command as had been their desecra- tion of the flag of truce. Thrown into panic by their reception by Black Hawk's little band, the rangers turned and, without firing a shot, began the retreat, dashing through their own camp and abandoning everything, which fell into the hands of the Indians. An attempt was made by one or two officers and a few of their men to check the retreat, but witliout success, the bulk of the fu- gitives continuing their mad rush for safety through the night until they reached Dixon, twenty-five miles distant, while many never stopped until they reached their homes, forty or fifty miles distant. The casualties to the rangers amounted to eleven killed and two wounded, while the Indian loss consisted of two spies anil one of the flag-bearers, treacherously killed near Stillman's camp, ihis ill-starred af- fair, whicli has passed into history as "Stillman's defeat," produced a general panic along the fron- tier by inducing an exaggerated estimate of the strength of the Indian force, while it led Black Hawk to form a poor opinion of the courage ct the white troops at the same time that it led to an exalted estimate of the prowess of his own little band — thus becoming an important factor in prolonging the war and in the bloody massacres which followed. Whiteside, with his force of 1,400 men, advanced to the scene of the defeat the next day and buried the dead, while on the 19th, Atkinson, with his force of regulars, pro- ceeded up Rock River, leaving the remnant of Stillman's force to guard the wounded and sup- plies at Dixon. No sooner had he left than the demoralized fugitives of a few days before de- serted their post for their homes, conii^elling At- kinson to return for the protection of his base of supplies, while "Whiteside was ordered to follow the trail of Black Hawk who had started up the Kisliwaukee for tlie swamps about Lake Kosh- konong, nearly west of Milwaukee within the present State of Wisconsin. At this point the really active stage of the campaign liegan. Black Hawk, leaving the women and children of his band in the fastnesses of the sw.amps, divided his followers into two bands, retaining about 200 under his own com- mand, while the notorious half-breed, Mike Girty, led a band of one hundred renegadePottawatomies. Returning to the vicinity of Rock Island, he gathered some recruits from the Pottawatomies and Winnebagoes, and the work of rapine and massacre among the frontier settlers began. One of the most notable of these was the Indian Creek Jlassacre in LaSalle County, about twelve miles north of Ottawa, on May 21, when sixteen persons were killed at the Home of William Davis, and two young girls — Sylvia and Rachel Hall, aged, respectively, 17 and l.T years — were carried awa}' captives. The girls were subse- quently released, having been ran.somed for $2,000 in horses and trinkets through a Winnebago Chief and surrendered to sub-agent Henry Gratiot Great as was the emergency at this juncture, the volunteers began to manifest evi- dence of dissatisfaction and, claiming that they had served out their term of enlistment, refused to follow the Indians into the swamps of Wis cousin. As the result of a council of war, the volunteers were ordered to Ottawa, where they 612 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. were mustered out on May 28, by Lieut. Robt. Anderson, afterwards General Anderson of Fort Sumter fame. Meanwhile Governor Reynolds had issued his call (with that of 1831 the third,) for 2.000 men to serve during the war. Gen. Winfield Scott was also ordered from the East with 1,000 regulars although, owing to cholera breaking out among the troops, they did not arrive in time to take part in the campaign. The rank and file of volunteers responding under the new call was 3.148, with recruits and regulars then in Illinois making an army of 4.000. Pend- ing the arrival of the troops under the new call, and to meet an immediate emergency, 300 men were enlisted from the disbanded rangers for a period of twenty days, and organized into a regiment under command of Col. Jacob Fry, with James D. Henry as Lieutenant Colonel and John Thomas as Major. Among those wlio en- listed as privates in this regiment were Brig.- Gen. Whiteside and Capt. Abraham Lincoln. A regiment of five companies, numbering l'.l.5 men, from Putnam Count}' under command of Col. John Strawn, and another of eight companies from Vermilion County under Col. Isaac R. Moore, were organized and assigned to guard duty for a period of twenty days. The new volunteers were rendezvoused at Fort Wilbourn, nearly opposite Peru, June 1.5, and organized into three brigades, each consisting of three regiments and a spy battalion. The First Brigade (915 strong! was placed under command of Brig.-Gen. Alexander Pose)', the Second under Gen. Milton K. Alexander, and the third under Gen. James D. Henry. Others who served as officers in some of these several organizations, and afterwards became prominent in State his- tory, %vere Lieut. -Col. Gurdon S. Hubbard of the Vermilion County regiment; John A. McClern- and, on the staff of General Posey; Maj. Jolm Dement ; tlien State Treasurer ; Stinson H. Ander- son, afterwards Lieutenant-Governor; Lieut. - Gov. Zadoc Casey; Maj., William ]\IcHenr3'; Sidney Breese (afterwards Judge of the State Supreme Court and United States Senator) ; W. L. D. Ewing (as Blajor of a spy battalion, after- wards United States Senator and State Auditor) ; Alexander W. Jenkins (afterwards Lieutenant- Governor) ; James W. Semple (afterwards United States Senator) ; and William Weatherford (after- wards a Colonel in the Jlexican War), and many more. Of the Illinois troops, Posey's brigade was assigned to the duty of dispersing the Indians between Galena and Rock River, -Alexander's sent to intercept Black Ilawk up the Rock River, while Henry's remained with Gen. Atkinson at Dixon. During the next two weeks engage- ments of a more or less serious charaetei « ere had on tlie Pecatonica on the southern border of the present State of Wisconsin; at Apple River Fort fourteen miles east of Galena, which was successfully defended against a force under Black Hawk himself, and at Kellogg's Grove the next day (June 25), when the same band ambushed Maj. Dement's spy battalion, and cam'i near in- flicting a defeat, which was prevented by Dement's coolness and tlie timely arrival of re- inforcements. In tlie latter engagement the whites lost five killed besides 47 horses which had been tethered outside their lines, tlie loss of the Indians being sixteen killed. Skirmishes also occurred with varying results, at Plum River Fort, Burr Oak Grove, Sinsiniwa and Blue Mounds — the last two within the present State of Wisconsin. Believing the bulk of the Indians to be camped in the vicinity of Lake Koshkonong, General Atkinson left Dixon June 27 with a combined force of regulars and volunteers numbering 2,600 men — the volunteers being under the command of General Henry. They reached the outlet of the Lake July 2, but found no Indians, being joined two days later by General Alexander's brigade, and on the 6th by Gen. Posey's. From here the com- mands of Generals Henry and Alexander were sent for supplies to Fort Winnebago, at tlie Port- age of the Wisconsin ; Colonel Ewing, with the Second Regiment of Posey's brigade descending Rock River to Dixon, Posey with the remainder, going to Fort Hamilton for the protection of settlers in the lead-mining region, while Atkin- son, advancing with the regulars up Lake Koshko- nong, began the erection of temporary fortifica- tions on Bark River near the site of the present village of Fort Atkinson. At Fort Winnebago Alexander and Henrj' obtained evidence of the actual location of Black Hawk's camp through Pierre Poquette, a half-breed scout and trader in the employ of the American Fur Company, whom they employed with a number of Winne bagos to act as guides. From this point Alex- ander's command returned to General Atkinson's headquarters, carrying with them twelve day's provisions for the main army, while General nenry's(600strong), with Major Dodge'sbattalion numbering 150, with an equal quantity of supplies for themselves, started under the guidance of Poquette and his Winnebago aids to find Black Hawk's camp. Arriving on the 18th at the Winnebago village ou Rock River where Black HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 613 Hawk and his band liad been located, their camp was found deserted, the Winnebagos insisting; that they had gone to Cranberr_v ( now Horicon) Lake, a lialf-day's march up the river. Messen- gers were immediately dispatched to Atkinson's headquarters, thirty-five miles di.stant, to ap- prise him of this fact. When they had proceeded about half the distance, they struck a broad, fresh trail, which proved . to be that of Black Hawk's band headed westward toward the Mis- sissippi. The guide having de.serteil them in order to warn his tribesmen that further dis- sembling to deceive the whites as to the whereabouts of the Sacs was use- less, the messengers were compelled to follow him to General Henry's camp. The discovery pro- duced the wildest enthusiasm among the volun- teers, and from this time-events followed in rapid succession. Leaving as far as possible all incum- brances behind, the pursuit Of the fugitives was begun without delaj-, the troops wading through swamps sometimes in water to their armpits. Soon evidence of the character of the flight the Indians were making, in the shape of exhausted horses, blankets, and camp equijiage cast aside along the trail, began to appear, and straggling bands of Winnebagos, who had now begun to desert Black Hawk, gave information that the Indians were only a few miles in advance. On the evening of the 20th of July Henr.y's forces encamped at "Tlie Four Lakes," the present site of the city of Madison. Wis. . Black Hawk's force lying in ambush the same night seven or eight miles distant. During tlie next afternoon the rear-guard of the Indians under Neapope was overtaken and skirmishing continued until the bluffs of the Wisconsin were reached. Black Hawk's avowed object was to protect the passage of the main body of Iiis people across the stream. The loss of the Indians in these skirmishes has been estimated at 40 to 08, while Black Hawk claimed that it was only six killed, tlie less of the whites being one killed and eight wounded. During the night Black Hawk succeeded in placing a considerable number of the women and children and old men on a raft and in canoes obtained from the Winnebagos, and sent them down the river, believing that, as non-combat- ants, they woultl be permitted by the regulars to pass Fort Crawford, at the mouth of the Wis- consin, undisturbed. In this he was mistaken. A force sent from the fort under Colonel Ritner to intercept them, fired mercilessly ujion the help- less fugitives, killing fifteen of their number, while about fifty were drowned anil thirty-two women and children made prisoners. The re- mainder, escaping into the woods, with few ex- ceptions died from starvation and exposure, or were massacred by their enemies, the Menomi- nees, acting under white officers. During the night after the battle of Wisconsin Heights, a loud, shrill voice of some one speaking in an un- known tongue was heard in the direction wliere Black Hawk's band was supposed to be. This cau.sed something of a panic in Henry's camp, as it was supposed to come from some one giving orders for an attack. It was afterwards learned that the speaker was Neapope speaking in the Winnebago language in the hope that lie might be heard by Poquette and the Winnebago guiiles. He was describing the helpless condition of his people, claiming that the war had been forced upon them, that their women and children were starving, and that, if permitted peacefully to re- cross the Mississippi, they would give no further trouble. Unfortunately Poquette and the other guides had left for Fort AVinnebago, so that no one was there to translate Neapope's appeal and it failed of its object. General Henry 's force having di3co%'erei>e and James Coyle. the latter the great-grandfatlier of the late Jere- miah Coyle, had charge of the works. Hoth sandstone and limestone are found in the west- ern part of the county, and at various points on the main fork of Shoal Creek, while there are a number of bmiblers scattered over the county. INDIAN HISTORY THE COX MASSACRE — TRADITIONS — THOMAS HIG- GINS — A WHITE MAN'S BRAVERY — THE RESCUING TARTY — INDIAN RELICS. THE VOX MASSACRE The Cox massacre is one of the most tragic events in the history of Illinois. The Cox fam- ily had located north of Pocahontas, and were building a horse-mill when the massacre oc- curred, June 2, LSIl. The family had what was for the times a considerable amount of money in the hou.se. and the I'ottawattomie In- dians hearing of this, killed the son, cut out his heart, and by threatening the girl, Rebecca, secured a portion of the money. They then carried her off, but with a shrewdness often pos.sesseeration. He flatly refused to |iay ,so much, saying it was more than a half year's [lension. On reaching home he found the exercise of riding had made the bullet dis- cernible. With the a.ssistance of his wife, he 620 BOND COUNTY. cut opeu the flesh with a razor until its edge touched the bullet, and placing his thumbs in the gash, flirted it out, as he used to say, ""with- out costing a cent." The other ball he carried to his grave, when he was laid to rest in h'ay- ette County, 111. He was once assistant door- keeper of the Illinois House of Representatives. INDIAN BELICS JIauy specimens of Indian genius are found in all parts of the county. George rerryman of Greenville has a collection of about three thousand .siiecimeus, consisting of arrows, spear heads, pottery, tomahawks and implements of various shaiJes and character. Mr. PeiTyman's search extends over a period of forty years and his collection is a most valuable one. KARLY SETTLEMENTS EARLY SETTLERS — HARDSHIPS AND DANGERS — DE- VELOPMENT UNDER HARDSHIPS — PASTIMES AND AMUSEMENT.S — REAL NEIGHBORS — ROADS MODES OF TRAVEL. EARLY SETTLERS After the War of 1812, settlers became nu- merous in Bond County. Among those who bore their part in the development of the various divisions of Bond County may be noted the fol- lowing : George Davidson, Rev. Green P. Rice. Cyrus Birge, Ansel Birge, Seth, Samuel and Elisha Blanchard, Samuel White, George Dou- ncll. I'aul Beck, Asahel Kuloe, W.vatt Stubble- tield, James Rutherford, Edward Elam, George Nelson, Samuel G. Morse, William Robinson. John I'iekett, Thomas Long, Daniel Converse, Samuel Houston, William Lytle, Ferdinand <;auy,ei-. Doctor Baker, Moses File, David Hub- bard, the Bilyews, Duncan Johnson, A. J. Leigh, Zopher Foster. James Woolard, Richard Moody, James Spradling, Mark Dnnaway. Drui-j- I'etty. Arthur Shepard, Fritz Hackman. Jo.seph Critch- tield, William Reams, David White, the Gilles- pies, Edward Ellis, .Tames Blizzard, James Mc- Caslin, James Gower, Balaam Metcalf, Mr. Co.x. Elisha Matthews, John Loekart, Isaac Snod- grass, Maj. William Davis. John Aberiiatliy, Jonatliiin Teasley, John A. Law.s, Fielding Laws, Richard Savage, C. E. McLean, Charles Wood, Horatio Durley, and many others who are taken up at length in the record of the various town- ships where they settled and in which they be- came associated with the history of the locality. Many of those early settlers have pa.ssed away. Even their names have disappeared from the county, but others have left their impress upon the community, and their names are attached to postothce or locality, while their children and grandchildren carrj' on the e.xcellent work of making Bond County one of the most desir- able parts of the state. HARDSHIPS AND DANGERS Every pioneer locality has its hardshiiis, but Bond County was settled when the Indians were still dangerous, and the forerunners of civili- zation had to contend with this condition, with tragic results as given elsewhere under the title of Indian History. The hardships were countless. Many of the pioneers came from luxurious homes. Men and women who had never known what it was to want for anything within reason, left their homes in the more east- ern states to come by long and perilous routes to a wilderness. They could bring but little with them on account of the lack of transporta- tion facilities. Cows and chickens were a luxu^- in those days. Arriving, fagged out, at the end of the long trip, strenuous work awaited them, for in order to get a shelter, however rude, trees nnist be chopped down, and if there were no neighbors, as often there were not, the women liad to a.ssist in handling the heavy logs. When finished the little shack was of a kind that few Inrniors would use now to house their stock. Insullicicntly ventilated or lighted, leaking in storm, and blistering in the sun, heated by either a crude flreplace built of mud and .sticks, or a hole in the unboarded floor, these primi- tive homes became the nesting place for heroes. From them have come out the might.\- ones of the comity .-ind state. DKVKI.OI'MENT ITNDER HARDSHIPS Tlu'so pioneers develoijed wonderfully in their new homes. Going without much thoy learned to treasure up what they had, and to appreciate tlio fact that thoy had secured a home. Their liOM) COUNTY. 621 laud became everytliiug to tlieui. Their great desire was to develop it and to add to their lioldinss. Without doiilit they spent their very life blood on each acre they wrested from heavy timber or grass-grown prairie. There is no need to say they succeeded, and far better than they ever imagined. The present condition of Iho county ani)>l.v testifies to that. Still they paid a mighty price for it, and one the people of today ought to understand. Men and women grew old early in those days. Overworked, in- sufficiently fed, uneared for in illness, exposed to the inclemency of the weather, they were overtaken with the infirmities of age long be- fore their years warranted. Today a man of seventy is still in his prime, a woman of si.xty has not yet begun to think of growing old ; then forty was the line that was drawn between mid- dle age and old. Throughout Bond County, as elsewhere in the state, are cemeteries, whosi! mouldering stones tell their own story of the toll the wilderness exacted from the pioneers of this locality. Death early claimed many of them, but even then their years had been pro- ductive of much hard work, so crowded had the\- been with endless tasks I'.VSTIMKS AND A .\I USEMENTS However, the pioneer had his form of enter- tainment. Singing school afforded great pleas- ure to the .voung of .seventy-five .vears ago. Spell- ing school was another diversion of both old and young. Then, too, church services meant much to these lonely ones in the scattered neigh- borhoods. Weddings were widely attended and the celebrations oftentimes lasted several days. The men all hunted both to obtain the fur and flesh of the wild animals, while the women had •luilting and spinning bees. Kating was the principal part of such entertainments, and those early housewives knew how to cook. In their Dutch ovens and o|ien fireplaces they prod\icest of the material at hand. in this far distan44 square mile.s. CHANGES IN COUNTY SEAT Hill's Fort was the first County Seat, then I'erryville. and in 1S21 Greenville was chosen and has since remained as the seat of the county government. Bond County is named for Shad- rach Bond, the first Governor of Illinois, who was elected in October. 1818. and filled a term of four years. govp;rnment land system Bond County has had a long list of men who have filled its offices, and discharged the duties pertaining to them. The county surveyors who have done so much to lay out the district have been : R. O. White, John Kingsbury. R. K. Dewey and John H. Nowlan. Little of Bond County has been in the swamp, on account of the fine natural drainage, but wherever tiling has been needed, the farmers have put it in themselves. COURTHOUSES In 1821 the present courthouse square was covered with a heavy growth of sycamore trees. The courthouse was ordered built the fall of that year, but the contractor used a poor qual- ity of brick, and within a few years it was nec- essary to put up a new building. The second courthouse was built on the old foundation, and was of frame, completed by Eben Twiss, the contractor, in September, 1833. This court- house was entirely too small, and a third one of brick was built on a sandstone foundation, which eventually cost .$12,000. Many changes were later made in it before it was destroyed by fire March 24. 188.3. Finally the present court- house was erected at a cost of $20,000. It is 91x82 feet, and the cornerstone was laid June 4. 1884, by Greenville Ixidge. A. F. & \. M., with impressive ceremonies. JAIL BUILDINGS The first jail at Greenville was built about 1829 of square logs at a cost of $244.50, by An- drew Moody and Thomas Stout near the loca- tion of the old Sergeant House on the present site of the Wheeler House, on College Avenue. The .second jail was built by Richard Tatom in 18.3.5 at a cost of $321.74 and it was located on the southeast corner of the public square. The third jail was built in 1859, on Third stret>t. and still stands, being now a tenement house, owned by J. M. Miller. It cost $5,000, and R. H. Philipps & Co. were the contractors. The present jail, which is thoroughly modern, was l)uilt in the northwestern part of town, and was open for use June 10!, 1897, with J. E. Wright as jailer. The jail is on the brow of Mill Hill, on a two-acre tract which cost .$290. The jail itself cost $5,000. COUNTY OFFICIALS The following have served Bond County aa officials from 1817 to the present date: SHERIFFS .Samuel (J. Morse. 1817: .Samuel Houston, 1819; Hosea T. Camp. 1824; L. H. Robinson, 182S : Sloss McAdams, 1830 ; W. K. Martin, 1846 ; S. H. Crocker, 1848; Richard Bentley, 1850; Jacob Koonce, 1852; Williamson Plant, 1854; Josiah F. Sugg, 1856 ; S. H. Crocker, 1858 ; Wm. Watkins, 1860; Williamson Plant, 1802; James L. Buchanan, 1864 : John Fisher, 1866 ; John F. Wafer. 1S6S : Williamson Plant, 1S70; A. J. Gullick, 1872 ; John MeCasland, 1879 ; A. J. Gul- llck. 1880; Samuel Brown, 18S2 ; Joseph F. Watts, 1880; Joseph C. Wright, 1890; John Mc- Alister, 1S94 ; Joseph E. Wright, 1S9S; W. L. Floyd, 1902 ; Joseph M. Brown, 1906. and Shelby W. Robinson, 1910, the i)resent incumbent. COUNTS' TREASURERS Francis Travis, 1819; James Galloway, 1820; James Durley, 1821; Felix Margrave, 1824; Leonard Goss, 1825; Thomas S. Waddle, 1827; John Gilmore, 1829; James Bradford, 1831; Peter Hubbard, 1836; Peter Larrabee, 1845; John M. Smith, 1851; J. F. Sugg, 1853; J. F. Alexander, 1854; J. K. McLean, 1856; J. S. ,624 BOND COUNTY. Denny, 1S5S; Milton Mills, 1804; Cyrus Birge, 1SG6; R. L. Mudd, 1S73; M. M. Sharp, 187(1; J. jr. McAdams, ISSO ; A. J. Utlger, 1S82 ; John T. Buchanan, 1886; Everett E. Mitchell, 1890: .To.seph F. Watts, 1894; H. W. Blizzard, 1S98: .Tohn H. Ladd, 1902 ; H. W. Blizzard, 1906 ; and .Toseph M. Brown. 1910, the present incumbent. COUNTY JUDGES Thomas Kirkpatrick, 1821 : Benjamin Mills, 1822 ; John Gilmore, 1823 ; John B. White, 1837 ; M. G. Dale, 1839; John F. Draper, 1852; S. N. McAdow, IS.5.5; S. P. Moore, 1860; E. Gaskins, 1865 ; James Bradford, 1873 ; A. G. Henry, 1877 : Cicero J. Lindly, 1886 ; Salmon A. Phelps, 1890 ; John P. Harris, 1894; Joseph Stoiy, 1898; and William II. Dawdy, 19(l(;, the present incumbent. state's .attorneys Wm. H. Dawdy, 1872 ; Wm. H. Dawdy, 1876 : George S. Phelps, 1880; W. A. Northcott, 1882: F. W. Fritz, 1892; G. L. Meyer, 1904; H. A. Hubbard. 1908; and Jnhn P. Biggs. 1912, the present incumbent. COUNTY CLEKKS J. A. Cooper, 1868; George S. Phelps, 1872; T. P. Jlorey. 1876 ; D. B. Evans, 1884 ; Ward Reid, 1892; John L. Bunch, 1904; and J. F. John- ston, 1908, the present incumbent. COUNTY' SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS Benjamin Johnson, 1839; Wm. S. Smith, 1844; Samuel McAdow. 18.50; Rev. Thomas W. Hyne.s, 1855; M. V. Denny, 1877; P. C. Reed, 1882; T. P. Morey, 1885; J. C. Blizzard, 1890; W. E. Robinson, 1894; W. T. Harlan, 1898; H. A. Meyers, 1906, the present incumbent. COBONEBS Mr. Floyd. 1852; Mr. Seun, 1862; Robert Mackey, 1866; C. H. Stephens, 1868; J. I. Mc- Culley, 1870; C. H. Stephens, 1872; James Mc- Cracken, 1874; M. B. Chittenden, 1876; James Gordon, 1880 ; Wm. P. Brown, 1882 ; Wm. H. H. Beeson, 1884; G. T. Kirkham, 1886; Wm. T. Easley, 1892; C. C. Gordon, 1900; Don V. Poln- dexter, 1904; H. D. Cartmell, 1912, the pre.sent incumbent. Daniel Converse, 1817 ; Thomas Helms, 1819 ; James Jones, 1820 ; J. H. Pugh, 1822 ; Green P. Bice, 1822; James M. Robinson, 1823; Asahel Enloe, 1825; Joseph M. Nelson, 1827; Isaac Murphy, 1829; James E. Rankin, 1829; James Hurley, 1830; Willard Twlss, 1831; James Bradford, 1836; Enrico Gaskins, 1846; J. S. Denny, 1865; R. L. Mudd, 1877; M. V. Denny, 1882; Lemuel Adams, 1886; Alfred Adams, 1890; Wm. D. Matney, 1894; and W. E. Mc- Caslin, 1906, the present incumbent. SURVEY"0RS R. O. White. 1S69; John Kingsbury, 1879; R. K. Dewey, 1884 ; and John H. Nowlaii, 1908, the present incumbent. CIRCUIT CLERKS .Tames Jones, 1819 ; John M. Johnson, 1821 Da\-id Nowlan, 1825; Hosea T. Camp. 1830 Thomas Morgan, 1833; James Bradford, 1836 .Mexander Kelsoe, 1848; John B. Kcid, IsdO MILITARY HISTORV THE BLACK H.\WK WAR — THE MEXICAN — LIST OF VOLUNTEERS THE CIVIL WAR THE SPANISH- .\MERIC.VN WAR — JIILITIA. THE ISI.ACK HA« K- WAR The people of Bond County do not seem to have borne any important part in the Black Hawk War, the county being located a little south of the area of disturbance, although there is no doubt but that many of them participated in it as individuals. However, it was not until tlie Mexican War that they proved their valor as a community. THE MEXICAN WAR We are indebted to George Perryman, editor of the Greenville Item, for a copy of the Prot- estant Monitor, jjublished June 5, 1846. from Hoxn (■()^^"T^■ soi. ducks' AM) SAIIOHS' MO XT Ml': .NT Soiilli l'::isl C'diMiT Public S<|U;ili'. ( Irrciivillc. III.. I'.MKJ BOND COUNTY. 625 which we take the followlus account of the Mexican War : "The citizens of our county assembled yes- terday (.Tune 4) in Greenville to respond to a call of tlie Governor of the State, for three regi- ments of volunteers, made in obedience to the re- quisition of the general government. The day was unfavorable, owing to the constant fall of rain during the forenoon, yet the meeting was large. Eighty-six citizens chiefly young men, enrolled their names, formed themselves into a company, elected their officers and hold them- selves in readiness to move, on short notice, to the place of encampment." Of them Wm. M. Hunter was discharged for disability at Xew Orleans. He died May 1.3, 1009, Iioing tlie last of this noble company. LIST OF VOLUNTEERS A complete list of the volunteers from Bond County enrolled for the Mexican War, June 4, 1S4G, is as follows: Captain, W. W. Willey; first lieutenant, .T. M. Hubbard ; second lieuten- ant. B. E. Sellers ; first sergeant. M. Harvey : second sergeant, .1. A. Washburn ; third sergeant, J. I. Adams : fourth sergeant, J. F. Sugg ; first corporal, R. Rolierts ; second corporal, L. Wash- burn, third corporal, L. Jackson, fourth corporal, Allen Harris, Samuel G. McAdams, John M. Smith, R. B. Alexander, ,Tohn C. Maekay, R. O. White, Samuel J. Ewing, Stephen White, X. Ii. Higinbotham, Tliomas A. Ewing, Robert Pat- terson, George P. Etzler, John Patterson, Wil- liam Alderman. James Hignight. Peter S. Lytta- ker, James Kuykendoll, Theophilus Short, James W. Alderman, Charles Hilliard, David Phipps, John Alexander, John Little, William Ray, T.saac Redfearn, Xathan B. Willis, Alexander McCollum. Isaac X. Reed. William Madray. John Holland, John A. Laws, Thomas J. Jett. Felix Gower, William M. Hunter, Robert Ar- nold, Andrew Gilbert, Henry B. Alexander, Hardin I-^Imore, Henry D. Rhea, William Wood, Nelson H. Elam, Joseph A. Jay, Sowel Smith, Joel H. Sherrod, Robert C. Boothe, Henry C. Thacker, James Blankenship, Thomas L. Smith. Henry H. Hill, George A. Reed, John C. Gaston, Xathan McCracken, Daniel Royer, John P. JIc- Cracken, Elias Coleman. Samuel Roberts, Henry Cruthis, Thomas Weldon, William Lucas, Sam- uel Gray, Robert Willeford, Jlilton F. Netherly, Francis Webster, William Allen, Calvin Brown, James H. Gilmorc, Andrew J. Steel, Calvin Den- son, James C. Cruthis, Hampton Cruthis, Enoch M. Xoland, H. W. Jarvis, George Allen, Michael Tucker, John Spratt. Joseph W. Grigg. THE CIVIL WAU It was the Civil War that tried men's souls and proved their patriotism. Bond County sent the following: Companies D. and E., Twenty- second Infantry, Capts. J. A. Hubbard and John H. Phillips, commanding; Company D., Third Cavalry, ('apt. Thomas M. Davis, commanding: Company C.. Twenty-sixtli Infantry, Cai>t. G. M. Keener, connnanding: a part of Company I.. Thirtieth Infantry, recruited, William C. Kersh- ner, commanding : a squad of twenty-five men recruited for the Thirty-fifth lufantr.v ; a squad of fourteen men recruited for the Sixty-fifth Infantry; Companies E. and F., One Hundred •ind Thirtieth Infantry ; Company F., One Hun- dred and Thirty-fifth Infantry, Capt. G. S. Mc- Adams, commanding; a squad recruited for Com- pany F., One Hundred and Fiftieth Infantry; ('ompany D., One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Infantry, Capt. Henry A. White, commanding; a squad for Company IC, recruited for the Fifty-fourth Infantry; and three in Company H., the Twenty-ninth Colored Infantry. Bond County was required to furnish 1,1C1 men. Only 1,148 are credited to the county, leaving a deficit of thirteen men, lint as a num- lier went from here into other counties to en- list, the quota was much more tlian made up. THE .SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR E. Traiitman organized a company when war was declared with Spain, but as there was no call for them, they did not go to the front. .Vmong Bond County men who were made promi- nent in the days that followed the declaration of war may be mentioned : Lyman Fuller, a grandson of Seth Fuller, the early surveyor of the county, and a son of Lyman Fuller, a Civil War veteran, was with Admiral Dewey on the flagship as gunner at the battle of Manila, .May 1, 1S9S. Arthur Rogier was a seaman on the "Iowa" and particiiwted in the engagement about Santiago. John Ilcston, a grand.son of a Mexican War veteran, was an eye witness of the Maine disaster, being a recruit in the 626 BOND COUNTY. nav>'. Harry Williams was on board the "Yale" (luring the war, and saw some service. Other Bond County men connected with the land forces were : Lieuts. L. E. Bennett and A. O. Seaman, now officers In the regiilar army ; Sergeant-Major W. H. Boughnian ; Harry Mur- dock, Berl Murdock. Charles Dixon, Orlay Lar- rabee, Will Foster, Will Bruner, Charles Rowdy- bush, Charles Stearns, Edward A. Stearns, George N. Koonce, Charles King.sbury and many others. Tlie two Stearns, Koonce and Kings- bury died while in service. Bond County organized a company of state militia called the Greenville Blues, in Green- ville, December 30, 1.S7S, but later the name was changed to the Hilllard Rifles. Still later the organization became Company F. and had head- (juarters in Armory Hall, the present .site of the government building. This company was called out at the time of the East St. Louis strike. On July (i. 1896. the company was dis- banded by order of the adjutant general. Company E.. Fourth Regiment of Infantry, niinois National Guard, was organized Novem- ber 7, 1910, with forty-two volunteers enrolled. Horace DeMoulin was chosen captain ; George E. Hines, first lieutenant ; and Reuben S. Denny, second lieutenant. Capt. DeMoulin resigned .July 10, 1011, and Reuben S. Denny was elected captain, July 25, Iftll. Capt. Denny's resigna- tion was accepted June 6, 1912 and H. H. Dixon elected captain. The company was assigned to Camp Sturges, Vandalia, 111., for target prac- tice. Company E. was mustered out by Col. S. O. Tripp, assistant quartermaster-general of the Illinois National Guard, Monday, December ir>, 1913. Bond Coiuity has i^ery reason to be proud of its military history, and there is no doubt but that if the occasion ever arises, its men will be found just as loyal and l)rave. COURTS, BENCH AND BAR FIRST CIECUIT COURT — EARLY COURTS — THE FIRST PKISONER — ORIGINAL .TUBISDICTION OF COURTS COURT SESSIONS — THE BENCH AND BAB. THE FIRST CIRCUIT COURT The first Circuit Court was held at Hill's Station, May 30, 1817, and as Illinois was still a territory, all offices were filled by appointment. The Hon. Jesse B. Thomas was judge, and but one ca.se was tried at this session. Two or three terms were held at this same place, and then the court met at I'erryville, this continuing to be the place of meeting until Greenville was chosen as the county seat in 1821, and from then on, the Circuit Court has convened at that cit.v. EARLV COURTS The first Justices' or County Commissioners' Court ever held in the county, met at Perry- ville, in October, 181?;, with Thomas Kirkpat- rick, Martin Jones and Isaac Price as the jus- tices. The principal business before the court was to award i)eoi)le .$2.00 for the .scalp of a wolf, and the passing of an order for the erec- tion of a jail at Perryville. The following is the order given, just as it is taken from the record : "Oct. Term. 1818 : Ordered that Mar- tin Jones be apiiointed and Empowered to let a Gail to the lowest Bidder to bee built in the following Manner; twelve by eighteen feet in the clear, to be built of timber hewn square 12 Inches, the log with a partition of the same kind of Timber, the partition to be feet from one end, the corners to be dovetailed together and also the partion walls, the outside door to be double, of two Inch plank, and sufficiently mailed with Strong nails and barred with two Iron Iiarrs, half an inch thick and three inches wide, to answer for the hinges, to be hinged with steeples % of an Inch in Diameter drove through the Logs and Clinched, and also stee- ples through the logs in the .same manner on the other side of the door, with holes through the bolts to Lock the door with Pad Locks to each." It will be noted that had this con- tract been carried out, the building would have been without roof or floor. THE FIRST PRISONER The first man incarcerated in this building was arrested during the tenu of the first Circuit Court held at Perryville. The offense was drunkenness and the judge ordered him to jail. When the sheriff proceeded to lock the door he was some- what puzzled for a time for the reason that there had been no padlock provided as set forth in the contract. As the door opeued from the BOND COUNTY. 627 outside, lie soon sui>plie(l liuk of the necessary lock by closing the door and pla'-ing fence rails against it. thus making his prisoner secure. When the prisoner had become duly sober, ii dawned upon him that some one had jut him there for a .ioke and he proceeded to push, kick and swear until nearly daylight when he ^"Icceeded in securing his freedom. The ni>xt day he went about trying to find the per))e- trators, never for a moment suspecting that he was there l\y order of court. ORKll.NAr. .11 KISDICTION Ol" COURT.S I'"or some years I'.ond wide jurisdiction, one of granting of a license to •'to establish and keep over the Okaw Kiver at the territory was mater other counties were taken MS tief(nv stated it is counties of the state. County courts had a the records giving the a man named Jones in operation a ferry V'audalia." However, ially decreased when from Bond, until now, among the smallest COLRT SESSIONS Bond County is in the thii'd Judicial Circuit including Bond. Madison, St. Clair, Monroe and Washington counties. The present circuit judges are: W. E. lladly. L. Bernreuter and Geo. A. Crow. Circuit Court convenes on the third Monday of January, March and September. The County Court holds three se.ssions during the entire year, on the second ifonday of Jan- uary, June and November. The county judge is also judge of the Probate Court. Probate Court conies on the first Monday of each month and has jurisdiction over estates of deceased jiersons, minors, feeble-minded and insane peo- ple. William II. Dawdy, the present judge, was elected in 1900. In addition to the above named courts each town has its justice court and each incorporated village a police magistrate's court. TIIIO iilO.NCII .\ND H.\K It is imiKissililc in this limited space to give ;iny ai>proxiiiiate idea "f the imjiortance of the men associated with tln' bench and bar of Bond County. The first judge was Jesse B. Thomas, who was followed by Judge M. (J. Dale. James M. Davis, Cornelius Lansing, Klaui Rust, Tevis Greathouse, Judge S. P. Moore, Samuel Steven- son, Salmon A. Phelps. Dennis H. Kingsbury, Darias and John Kingsbury, J. F. Ale.xander, \. G. Henry. Job A. Cooper, William H. Dawdy, William A. Xorthcott, F. W. Fritz, C. E. Cook, H. W. Park. Judge Joseph Story. James M. Miller, Clarence E. Holies, J. H. Allio, George L. Meyer, W. A. Orr, H. L. Fairchild, W. H. Hubbard, H. A. Meyer, and many others of Bond County have distinguished themselves in the profession of law. RAILROADS E.iBLY PROJECTS — DLSCOURAGING CONDmONS ST. LOmS, TERRE HAUTE & VANDALIA RAILROAD^ VOTING IN FAVOR OF PROJECT — FIRST PASSENOEB TB.\IN — HISTORY OF FIRST ROAD JACKSONVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD — TOLEDO. ST. LOUIS & WESTERN RAILROAD — OTHER PROJECT.S — PROPOSED SUBURBAN LINE. EARLY PROJECTS Bond County like other counties has had nu- merous railroad projects, but as yet only three of them have been carried to a successful con- summation. As early as 1H'.ir>. the first white settlement in the county having been made less than a quarter of a century before, the build- ing of W'hat was called the Mississippi and Atlantic Railroad was agitated, but nothing defi- nite was done toward the actual building of the road until 1S54. The object was to connect Terre Haute with St. Louis, through Green- ville, since some of the strongest supporters of the projiosed road lived in and near Greenville. The panic of Is.'T. however, gave such a blow to finances that operations were susiiended. In February, 1859, a charter was obtained under the name of the Highland and St. Louis Rail- road Cbmpany, but the Civil War came on and operations were again susjicnded. ,ST. LOUIS, TERRE HAUTE & VANDALrA KAH.ROAD Once more the ijroject was taken up and on February 10, 18(l,'5, a charter was secured for the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Rail- road, the incorporators being : Henry Wing, Wil- 628 BOND COUNTY. liam S. Smith. Charles Hoile.s, John B. Hunter, Williamson Plant, Andrew Mills, John S. Dewey, T. W. Little, Andrew G. Henr.v, Jediah F. Alex- ander, William S. AVait, Solomon Koepfli, Gar- ritt Crowuover. Nathaniel JI. McCurd.v, Thomas L. Vest, August H. Dieckman. Ebenezer Capps. Michael Lynch. Frederick Remaun. Mathias Fehren, J. F. Waschfort, Samuel W. Quinn. Joseph H. Morgan and Chauneey Rose. On Janu- ary 17, 1867, the county voted to take $100,000 stock in the enterprise, the vote being 1,01S for and 143 against. Citizens of Greenville sub- scribed $46,000 for the building of the road, and $2,000 for the construction of a depot. All of the stock \^■as iiaid prom|itly. FIR.ST PASSENGEK TE.MN On Tuesday, December S, ISOS, the road was ready for traffic and the first regular passen- ger train left the Greenville depot for St. Louis at :30 A. M. in charge of Mr. Gwyu. In 1S69 the Town of Greenville voted $3,000 for Ueiiot improvements. On Wednesday. June S, 1870. the first passenger train went through from In- dianapolis. HISTORY OF THE FIEST RAILBOAD The first president of the road was J. P. M. Howard of Etlingham, and Williamson Plant of Greenville was the first secretary of the road. In April, 1867. Mr. Howard resigned and J. F. Ale.xander of Greenville was elected president. S. B. Hynes, a son of the late Rev. Thomas Hynes, was the first station agent at Greenville : he was followed by J. E. Hunt and M. W. Van- Volkenburg was the third agent, he serving until 1876, when he was succeeded by W. S. Ogden, who held the place until his death in 1806. John Geismann was the next agent, serv- ing until August 1, 1003, when he was succeeded by E. E. Elliott, who is the present incumbent. The road was familiarl.y known as the Vau- dalia Line, until about 1904 when it was sold to the Pennsylvania system, and is now owned and controlled by it. JACKSONVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAII.nOAl) The original stockholders of the Jackson- ville & St. Louis Railroad were: Marshall P. Ayers, Augusta Ayers, John A. Ayers, Edward S. Greenleaf, William S. Hook, Marcus Hook and Isaac L. Morrison of Jacksonville. The route was from Jacksonville to Centralia. In September, ISSO. William S. Hook, the presi- dent of the company, made overtures to Green- ville, for a bonus of $2."),000, the road having been built as far as Litchfield. On October 1 of the same year, President Hook conferred with a number of the business men at the First National Bank of Greenville, but after consid- erable negotiation. Greenville finall.v. in 18S2. offered $l.j,000 for the right of way and depot site, l>ut the comi)any rejected the offer aud passed through Smithboro. three miles east, in the summer of 1SS2. In November, 1891, I'res- ident Hook proposed to build a four-mile spur from Durley to Greenville for $2.j,0f)0, and the right of way, with a promise of e.vtending the road to Carlyle in a few years. Greenville ac- cepted this proposition, the spur was built and named the Chicago, Greenville and Southern Railroad. The few years soon lapsed into many and the road received the pseudonym of "Come to Greenville and Stop"' Railroad. About 1900. the road was brought by the Chicago. Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad, and is now operated as the Jacksonville & St. Louis branch of that system. TOIXUO, .ST. I.OriS & WESTERN UAIIHOAl) In 1891, the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail- road was constructed through the northwestern part of the county, passing through the site of the present village of Sorento, a few days prior to the crossing of its tracks at the same point by the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad. This priority of construction compels the latter road to maintain the gates at the crossing. OTHER PROJECTS Numerous other railroad pro.1ects have cast their shadow over the county, but none have as .vet been developed. The Black Diamond line was surve.ved almost through the center of the • ount.v. north and south, and following this surve.v, a right of way has been secured f(! and ardently supported the Native .Vinericau Party and Fillmore, but was soon sold and the plant removed. The Greenviixe Advocate was born in 1S5S, with J. F. Alexander as editor and proprietor, and becoming converted to Republicanism, has su|iported the iiart.v ever since, and witnessed many changes in its own management, but is now the leading Republican paper of Bond ("ount.v, and has a weekly circulation of about 2.200. W. W. Lowis and Will C. Carson are the proprietors. The Greenville Sun was originall.v the Greenville Democrat, and was established in 1s7(>, by J. B. .\nderson, and it too has been sold and re-sold altliougli the i)0licy has con- tinueil the same throughout. On March, 1, 11112, it was sold to George Perryman and merged with the Greenville Item. The Greenville Item was established May 2S, 1S96, and although a somewhat new ven- ture, has met with jiopular approval owing to the efforts of Mr. and Mrs. Perryman, owners, editors and publishers. It espoused the Demo- crat cause and is now the leading Democratic organ in the county. It enjoys a healthy cir- culation of about 1,800. Much of the history in its making in Bond County came from the work and writings of the men who brought these newspapers into existence. They fought hard for their princi- ples and even if success did not always follow them, they played the part assigned to them, by the Great Editor of All. and none can say they lived in vain. AGRICULTURE STOCK RAISING — CORN IS KING — LAND VALUES — general CONDITIONS — OIL AND GAS HISTORY STOCK KAISINQ Stock raising is carried on with very grati- fying results in Bond Count.v, as much of the land is well adapted for grazing, and a num- ber of the farmers are making a specialty of high-grade cattle, horses and hogs. A num- ber of the more progressive men have gone into the dairy business, and handle their favorite breed of cattle, maintaining newly equipped dairy barns. CORN IS KING Corn is one of the principal crops in Bond County, although wheat and oats are raised. The main dependence is put in the corn, and the product from this locality is eagerly sought, for it is sure to be in prime condition. LAND VALUES The land values vary in Bond County, but while they have not advance! so materially as in those regions where much of the land 630 BOND COUNTY. had to be redeemed from the swamp, their original value was higher, so that an even distribution has been maintained. With each improvement made upon an individual farm, not only the value of that particular piece is raised, but that of those adjoining, and as the people are constantly seeking to raise the standards of their farms, the prices paid for such laud as is placed on the marl^et, show a steady and healthy increase. GENERAL CONDITIONS While a number of farmers maintain bear- ing orchards, the nursery business has not been entered into extensively. R. J. Curry op- erates a small nursery near Woburn, known as the "Bond County Nursery'' and is doing a thriving business. The majority of the agri- culturists prefer to devote themselves to gen- eral farming, dairying or the raising and feed- ing of stock, having proven that a steady in- come can be obtained from these lines without the risk of heavy loss. OIL AND GAS HISTOEY In the summer and fall of 1909, oil was discovered in the county and on December 31 of that year gas was found by E. M. Treat & Co. on Judge Lindly's farm, one and one-half miles south of Greenville. Three more wells have since been drilled. The combined capacity of the four wells is sufficient to supply about SOO patrons in the city of Greenville and its vicinity. On August 21, 1910, oil was found on Samuel Brown's farm, near Brown's Mill. Spec- ulation ran wild, but after the well was tested it was abandoned on November 21 of the same year as not being of sufficient quality to work. After repeated drilling in other parts of the county the oil boom subsided, but there is still a strong belief that there is jjlenty of oil in Bond County. THE farmers' equity UNION One of the largest institutions in Bond County is the Farmers' Equity Union. This is a national union of farmers and wage-earners with head- quarters in fJreenville, 111. This union is organ- izing Ecpiity Kxi-hangcs in Ohio. Indiana, Illi- nois, Missouri. Oklalioma. Kansas. Colorado, Nebraska, South I)akot;i, North Dakota. Minne- sotii and the State of Wa.shington. C. O. Dray- ton, Greenville, 111., is national president, and R. Romer, I.,iberal. Kansas, is vice president. Each state, whidi has unions, is represented on the National Hoard of Directors. The National President has charge of tlie National T'nion office and directs the campaign of organization and education. This work is greatly facilitated by a weekly paper which reaches every member in tlie United States. The paper is a power for gooil. It brings the thousands of members together an. which did battle for the Master for a season, but in- terest lagged until it was discontinued about lOOi, and being sold at auction in 1913 was moved to a farm to shelter the domestic herds of G. W. Wise, and thus another of His tem- ples was abandoned because of the lack of in- terest manifest by His i>eople. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Peter was built in the fall of 1874, with the Rev. Ivirnbeaun as pastor. This church was aban- doned about 1000, and another built in the villa,?e of Hookdale, where the society meets regularly, and the Rev. F. A. Stoelting is the present ministei'. About 1902, the present Christian Church edifice was erected in the village of Tamaleo. .ind the organization is now enjoying a splendid Sunday school and regular church services, thus manifesting great interest in the work. The Village of Tamalco was surveyed by W. H. Taylor, August fi, 18S4, and the plat filed for record, August 20, ls,S4. The name, Tamalc-o. was derived from parts of the names of three of the most prominent citizens of the commu- nity, viz. : "Ta" from the name of W. H. Tay- lor; "Mai," from the name of John McLaren and "Co," from the name of Frank Colwell. W. H. Taylor was the first postmaster, and station agent. The village drew a large trade from the surrounding country and did a thriv- ing business for many years. A number of its citizens have become wealthy and are now re- tired from active service. Hookdale was platted November IG, 1SS3, by John Kingsbury, for Louis Lehn, for whom the village was first named Lehnsville. The name was afterward changed to Hookdale. At jires- ent, there are three stores and a blacksmith shoj). W. F. Rixman and W. C. Weigle each have general merchandise stores : Herman Fox handles hardware and implements, and L. F. (Jreiman is doing blacksmithing. New Keyesport was platted by Jacob B. Root, -March 25. 1884. The lots were surveyed by W. H. Taylor. SeTeral additions have been platted, namely : Apple's Out Lots, Ezell's. Ezell & Wise's. Vandervoorfs and Fox's Addi- tions. The village has a population of 320. according to the census of 1010. and is steadily growing. A general store is oiierated l)y Sharp McAlister; there are two blacksmiths, Frank Siggs and Jacob Schmidt; a meat market, res- taurant, barber, and one physician. Dr. M. P. DuComb. The Kaskaskia River is on the south- east, giving an excellent natural sewerage sys- tem. The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad extends through the center of the vil- lage affording transportation facilities. PLE.\SAXT MOUXB The Town of I'leasant Mound is so named Ijeeause of its beautiful topographical features, and it is bounded on the north by the Town of Mulberry Grove, on the east by Fa.vette Coun- ty, on the south by the Town of Tamalco, and on the west by the Town of Central. The .greater part of the town is devoted to agri- cultural purposes and the land is very fertile. Sander's branch is the most important of the water courses. The Town of Pleasant Mound was first settled prior to 1S12. by Isam Reaves, who later returned to Kentuck.v. In 1S32, Isam Reaves returned to Bond County. In 1S20 Wil- liam Harper, Thomas L. Harper, Elisha Mat- thews and John Reaves came here. Jerry Stub- blefield, Henry Brown and Jordan, Morgan and William Murray, Isaac Snodgrass. probably the first Justice of the Peace in this locality, tlie Bates famil.v, John Crouch, a Baptist min- ister, James Clark, Maj. William Davis, John II. Taylor, Ben Jewett, Andy and John Wil- liams, Isaac Jones, John Lockart and Lockart J. Seagraves were all early settlers. The first election held in the town was in the brush near the cabin of Bennett Seagraves, alwut 1833 or 1834. It is not known who taught the first school in the town, but one of the very earliest teachers was Joseph Williams, who held school in a sehoolhouse built about 1831. Tlie first minister of whom there is anything definitely known was the Rev. James B. Wool- ard, the famous Methodist divine, who organized a cliurch about 1830. Hurricane Church of the iJeriuan Baptist denomination was another early church, and was oi'ganized about 18.")S, with the Rev. D. B. Sturges as its first elergy- nuui. but it is now abandoned. In 1S33 the old Hardshell Baptists organized a church with the Uev. Crouch as pastor. Another church of the (Jerman Baptist denomination was organized by Joseph Rencli and George Beanblossom in ISoS, BOND COUNTY. 633 Imt latiT it \v;is iiierfjtHt with the Ilurricaiie Church. Kaibview was sui've.ved hy R. K. Dewe.v for E. P. Matthews and John Reaves, January 28. 1S."7 and it is tlie successor of tlie hamlet of Ilamburf,', which had been laid out hy Dr. Dan- iel B. Sturgis in 1S4S. In lSu7 I'erkins Bros, traded their store to J. F. Matthews for land on Section 28, and he continued the business for a year when lie was succeeded by Elislia .Matthews and W. C. Perliins. The first blael<- sniith sho]) was owned by the Perkins Bros, and operated by Fred Kahn. Eminett Roberts was the first waiionmaker. and the first mill was run l)y .Stephen D. Bourner and Daniel Faulkner. A dru^ .store was estal)lished in 187G. and the first postmaster was Reuben Co- Imrn. The United Bafitists and the Cumlierland Presbyterians are the religious denominations which have been long established here. The Methodist Episcopal society also is a strong denomination. Smithboro was laid out by II. II. Smith in 1870, and was called Ilender.son Station. It is at the crossing of the Vandalia and Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroads. The postoftice was established in 1871, and called Smithboro, by which name it has since I>een known. H. H. Smith was the first postmaster. T. L. Martin is the present postmaster. At present Smith- boro has a population of about three hundred. It has a school, two churches, Methodist and Cbristian. W. A. Porter, T. L. Martin, W. B. Hubbard oi>erate general merchandise stores, several smaller stores are also doing a lucra- tive business. A coal mine was opened about 1885 by a local company, and for a time it was operated successfully. Upon the death of Mr. Elam, the mine changed hands and was not productive afterward so was finally aban- doned. The Town of Pleasant Mound is admirably adapted for farming purix)ses. and many of the most successful farmers of Bond County are here located, en.ioying good annual incomes from their fertile land. They are proud of their land, their improvements, their school s.vstem and (heir churches. MULBERRY GROVE The Town of Mulberr.v Orove contains a frac- tional and one entire township, lying as it does 2 in townships (J and 7, and bounded on the north by Montgomery County, on the east by Fayette County, on the south by the Tow-n of Pleasant Mound and on the west b,v the Town of Central. It is watered by Owl and Lick creeks and Seagraves branch, and it is gener- ally level although there are a few hills. Origi- nally there was heav,v timber along the water courses, but most of this unfortunately has dis- appeared. The Vandalia Railroad runs through It, and there is a station at Mulberry Grove village. This town is one of the earliest set- tled in Bond County, Sutton Hastings coming here from North Carolina in 1818, and he was followed by Daniel Moore and family, and Philip Moore. Horatio Durley entered land in 181!). and ran the first horse-mill in the district, building it about 1820. Stubblefields, Bolin Grigg, Mr. Truitt, the Diamond family, William W. Moss and James H. Moss came on a little later. There is a very large spring called Zion in the town, and to it came a widow- by the name of Clarey, with her sons. Alex. (ilenn came about 182S, and was a Justice of the Peace for man,v years. Thomas Kline, Hugh Watson, Daniel Moore, Lemuel Scroggins are also to be numbered among those hardy pioneers who braved all kinds of dangers to found new homes in the wilderness. Three or four miles north of the village of Mulberry (Jrove, a Frenchman named St. John, kept a trading jwst, estalilished before 181tt. Another Frenchman, named La Croi.\ also kept a trad- ing post, and both acceiited furs in payment for their goods. Some of the people, however, pre- ferred to haul their furs to Cahokia. When an.v of the settlers lost their horses, they would call upon these Frenchmen to recover them from the Indians, giving such rewards as lay within their humble means. Other settlements here were probabl.v made in 182(>, by Zoplier Foster, who was followed in 1829 or 18,'i() by John Bil.veii and Duncan .Johnson. Rev. James Woolard came in ISol, buying the farm of Zopher Foster. He was a Methodist minister, who became quite prominent, and was asso- ciated with many pastorates in Illinois, serv- ing during the Civil War as chaplain of the One Hundred and Eleventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry. Other early settlers were Richard Moody, James Dnnaway, James Spnidling, Mark Dunaway, Joseph Armstrong, Bennett Sea- graves, .\rthur Shepliard, Drury Petty, Durham, 634 BOND COUNTY. Henry, Imiiau and John Perkins. John Bilyeu erected a horse-niill on or near the present site of the Methodist Church, in the village of Mul- berry Grove. The first white child born here was a daughter of Zopher Foster. A daughter of Arthur Shephard was married by Duncan Johnson, the first Justice of the Peace, but neither her first name uor the name of her hus- band have been preserved. Old Zion Church, the first built in this town, was a log structure 24.X20 feet, and was put upon Section 19. in the year 1S2S. The building faced south In the west side of the building was an immense fireplace. In the east side was a window si.xteen feet long and two panes of glass wide. The floor was made of split logs hewed down ; the seats were of the same sub- stantial material supported by pegs. In.lS40 this relic of pioneer days was replaced by a commodious frame structure. In ISGl this building was razed and moved to Woburn, where the Methodists who constructed it tlour- ished for a number of years. About the year 1900 the membership had diminished to such a degree the church was sold to the Baptists, who are now holding regular services in it. In 1881 the Free Methodists put up a building on the site of Old Zion, and the site of Old Zion camp-ground is now a cemetery, in which are burled many who led in those famous I'e- vival meetings. "Oft did the harvest to the sickle yield. Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke ; How jocund did they drive their team a-field ! How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke!" — Grey. Bethlehem Baptist Church was originally organized July 10, 1830, on Hurricane creek, in Fiiyettc County, and numbered among its first members 1 >. E. Deane. James Street, Willis Dodson, Larkin Cragg and Henry Sears. Elder Dodsou preached the first sermon, and the early meetings were held in the homes of mem- bers. In 1S37 the first meeting of the congre- gation in Bond County was held, and the church edifice put up that same year with Elder John Crouch as the first minister. Schools were established as soon as there were enough children to warrant such action, but there seems to be no definite data relative to them or the teachers except as here given. The first schoolhouse was a primitive log one of the subscription type, with Mrs. Margaret Riley as teacher. Arthur Shephard was also one of the early teachers. In 1S34 the postoffice was established with J. B. Woolard as postmaster. The name given this office, which was adopted by the town and the village, was Mulberry Grove on account of the number of mulberry trees surrounding Mr. Woolard's house in which he handled the mail. MuLBERBV Grove ^'ILLAGE was surveyed and laid out April 28, 1841, by Asahel Enloe for Francis Gill, who owned the land. It was first called Houston, and is located on the Vandalia Kailroad, about ten miles from Greenville. The first house iu the village was built by David Hulibard several years before the town was laid out. David Hubbard and a man named Dewelly kept the first store here, and the former built the first steam-mill iu 1S37, later added a sawmill and both were continued in operation until IN.jO. These were eventually replaced by a flour-mill of some size. David Elam was the first blacksmith, and not only did work for the lieople of this neighborhood, but for those in Fayette County. Mulberry Grove's first school was taught by Arthur Shephard. The first church was of the Slethodist faith. It was or- ganized here by Rev. J. B. Woolard about 1830, some of the early members being : Duncan John- son and wife. John Bilyeu and wife and Zopher Foster and wife. Duncan Johuson was the first cla.ss leader, and Revs. William Chambers and Wilson Pitman were the first clergymen. From the little log schoolhou.se where the first services were held, the c-ongregation has moved to a substantial brick structure. The fir.st Sunday school was organized by Duncan Johnson. The Christian Church was organized in 1805 by Elder John A. Williams, with A. J. Leigh and Klizaboth Hensley as the only members, but the py. proud of their town and of their work which has produced it. WoBURN was first called Newport, but owing to there being another jiostotfice of that name in the state, it was changed to Wobui'n, and is also known as Cross Roads. It was laid out by John Hughes about 1850. The first store was operated by 'William Harper, who built his own premises. A. W. Watson was the first po.stmastor, and bis father, Hugh Watson, was the first blacksmith. .John Hughes was the first miller, and Abraham Jarred was the first wagoM-iiiakcr. The first sawmill of any im- I>ortance was erected here in ISBG, by Moss Bros., but it was later bought b.y Porter McKay. The first shoemaker was Melton McKay. Dr. Harnady was the fir.st practicing physician to locate in the village, and he was followed by several others, one being Dr. Poindexter. The Protestant Methodist Episcopal Church was founded here through the Influence of Samuel Glenn, and the first minister was Rev. William H. Collins. The congregation is large and affairs are prospering at present. The tinited Baptist Church, commonly known as Liberty Church, was organized about 18.56, with Richard Keel as the first minister. In 1S50 they erected their jiresent church edifice, and the organiza- tion is doing well. The Christian Cliurcli was organized here in IS.W. At first there was trouble in getting together enough members, but through persistent endeavor the organization jtrosiKned, and now has a comfortable church edifice, and earnest pastor, and the attendance is excellent. MILLS The Town of Mills is directly south of the Town of Central, and the greater pai't of the land was originally prairie. While the timber was thinned out, it has been replaced to some extent, so that this town until recently was more heavily timbered than other i>arts of Bond Count.v. This town is watered by Shoal and Beaver creeks. On the east is the Town of Tanialco, on the south Clinton County, on the west the Town of Burgess, and on the north the Town of Central. The first white man to locate here of whom there is any definite record was James Blizzard, who came here in the winter of 1817 or 1S18. Of course prior to this old Kenson and Cox, wlio were murdered by the Indians, were here, lint owing to the tragedy which ended their lives, their settlement was but transitory. In 1825 .Tames Gower also located here and a man named Harlan settled near Dudley ville. Mr. Hoffman, John Henry and A. G. Mills settled nearby. Wilson Brown, Abraham McCurley, Richard Briggs, Andrew Green, the fir.st black- smith. James Kirkpatrick. Samuel G. Morse, William Burgess, the Critchfield brothers, the Drake family, Durham and Phipjis, James Mc- Caslin and his sons, .Tolin and Hugh, Andrew and Joseph Mills, Balaam Metcalf, William Dovi-ning and Joseph Meyers, were all early settlers of the Town of Mills. Many of their near relatives are now residents of the town. The tragic death of Mr. Cox is given elsewhere at length, so will not be dwelt upon here, al- though his home was within the confines of this town. Another crime stains the records of this fair (lart of Bund, and that was the murder of Mrs. Louisa Jlc.Vdanis in July. 1869. by John Moore, for which he was executed October 23, of that same year. This is the only execution of Bond County. DiULKYviLuo was surveyed iind laid out by R. K. Dewey for Jolin Dudley, on March 11, 18.57. It is five miles from Greenville, and was named for its founder. Mr. Dudley kept the first store in the vicinity. Fred Kahn was the first blacksmitli. Dr. II. C. Dunluim was prob- ably the first practicing physician of the place. F. Thraner, now living in the city of Greenville, was one of the earlie.st settlers of Dudleyville, :ind was its first postmaster. \ number of Ger- man families settled lu-re and opened shops of various kinds, F. Geries liuilding a coojier shop and John Sclilui) " wagon shop. The Methodist Church was organized here about 1820 by Rev. Simeon Walker. The present building is a neat 636 BOND COUNTY. structure auil the memliers are earnest and devout. The Free Jlethodist Church was orijan- Ized iu the fall of 18S0 by I!ev. F. H. Ashcraft. and has a church huildiuj; of its own, and the members are earnestly doin^ battle for the Master. WisETOWN. or Beaver Creek, as it is some- times called, was surveyed and laid out Marcli 14, ISCO. by H. K. Dewey for David W. Wise, for wliom it is named. It is ten miles from Oreenville. and tive miles from Dudleyville. The jiost office is called Beaver Creek, and .Tolui Henry was the first postmaster. Samuel Avis was the first blacksmith of tlie villa.ire. Peter Bostocli was the first wagou-maker. while a Mr. Delkhaus was the first shoemaker. Dr. O. E. Hornedy was the first physician ; and the first drugstore was ofiened by Dr. Powell Gor- don. The first store of any note was kept b.v X. B. liarnes & Co. At jiresent X. Basler and llarnetiau.K Bros, each have general merchan- dise stores : W. A. McXeill is an undertaker .uid wagon-maker : Clias. Bourgeois is a black- smith, and Dr. L. ,T. Cordonnier is a i)hysician. The Union Church of Wisetowu was composed of the following denominations: Methodist. Presbyterian ami Missionary Bapti.st. The chnrcli edifice was built in the summer of 1878, upon ground deeded by Dr. .T. A. Warren. Xo saloons have ever been allowed in the village. The (Jerman Methodists were represented in the town b.v a healthy organization established in 1850, with a Sunday school established in 1870. The first minister was the Rev. W. Fiegenbaiun. The building was destroyed by storm about fif- teen .vears ago and has never been rebuilt. .Mount Carniel Jlethoilist Church was organized in 18(12 by .1. .T. Blizzard, and its first regular minister was Uev. Simeon Walker. The church is in a flourishing condition, having ji large membership. Tlie Camp Ground Cumberland Presbyterian Church was organized as early as 1820, and is earnestly heralding the good news far and near. The 'I'dwu nl' Mills li.-is not been liackw,-ird in the matter of schools. The first sclioolhouse was built on the old camp ground, and was al.so used for religious i)uriH>ses. It is essentiall.v a farming connnunitv. ami therefore depends upon agricultural and dairy pursuits for its wealth. The farmers of this locality are substantial, immd of their fine farms and gnod stock. 'I'bey liOdw how to make their work jtay, and are more and nioi-e adopt- ing new ideas in their operations. LA CRAXGE The Town of La Grange is in the northern part of Bond County, is well watered by East fork of the Shoal, Indian creek and Panther branch. The land is alternating prairie and hills, and originall.v along the- water courses there was considerable timber. This town was not settled as early as some of the other parts of Bond County, but among the pioneers may be mentioneil : .lohn Abernathy, Jonathan Teasley, .John .\. Laws, Fielding Law.s. Abner and .\llen Thacker, Richard Savage, Elizabeth Mallard, .John and George Denny, T. G. McCaslin, .Tames White, Thomas Wafer. C. D. McLean, Charles Wood, Messrs. Parr. Ilumphre.v, Jett and others, most of whom located here before 18.30. Aber- nathy. Teasley. the Laws and several others came from Kentucky. Early in its history. La Grange established a school on Section 28. in a ver.v primitive log cabin. The first teacher was Lucius JlcCaslin, who taught for .151.00 and $1.2.5 for three months, and another early teacher was Rev. .Tohn Barljer. There is a mound on land owned b.v -Vntone Iia«rence. Bones dug up show that once a pre-historic race lived here. It is thought that this mound was built by the Mound-bnilders. The town of La Grange overflows with churches. One of the first of them was organized by the Old School Presby- terians about 1825, and a Sunday school was (U'ganized about the same time. I'niou Grove Church was established .Tanuary 12, 1S.V>, by the Yandalia Presbyter.v of the Cnmberland Presbyterian Church. The building was de- stroyed by fire about ten years ago and has never been rebuilt. Maple (irove ilethodist Church was organized in 18(i8, by Rev. William T. Hutchinson, and a Sunday .school was organ- ized at the same time. Hopewell Christian Chur<-h was organized iu l^iCO, and the fir.st minister was the Rev. O. Ilnlen. It still exists and has many members. The Mount Carmel congreg.ition of the Cumlierland Presbyterians was first organized by the Itev. .Toel Knight in Montgomery Count.v, February 24, lS(i8, but it was moved to Bond County iu tlie fall of 18()8, and is now known as I'leasant Prairie Congre- gation of the Cnmberland Presbyterian Cliurch. and the members have an edifice of their own. BOND COUNTY. 637 Mount Tabor Baptist Church came into exist- once ahout 1S57, and for some years the buildin;; was used by the Baptists, Jletliodists and Pres- byterians, but now the edifice is only used by the Baptists. There is Imt one villajie in T.a (irange, the people doins their trading in ad- .ioining towns, and all the efforts of the peopli- are devoted toward the cultivation of the hind, stock raising and dairying. That they suc- ceed, the prime condition of everything testifies without any further questioning. The Vill.\ge of Ayers was platted August .5. 1S95, by Surveyor K. K. I>ewey for .J. SI. Steven- sou, on a part of the west one-half of the south- east quarter of Section 17, Town (!, north ; irangc .3, west of the third principal meridian, contain- ing six and one-fourth acres. The plat was re- corded October 2C, 1893, It is situated on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and has but one stoi-e, owned by G. A. Peterson. It was named in honor of Augusta E., Marshal P. and Jno. A. Ayers. Elm Point was surveyed by Deputy Surve.vor Anthony Hill for \Vm. P. Libbey, on a part of the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section No. 30, Town 7, north ; Range 3, west of the third principal meridian, Ma.v 17, 1856. The plat was recorded July S, 1S56. Elm Point once enjoyed a lucrative trade, but when the Village of Donnellson sprang up on the Clover Leaf Railroad, only a few miles north. Elm Point as a trading point soon faded away and at present two farmhouses are all there is left of the once flourishing village. The entire area of the village is owned by Jas. K. ■N'aughn and Mrs. OUie E. Ilughey. BURGESS The Town of Burgess is in the southwestern corner of Bond County, and is bounded on the north by the Town of Old Ripley, on the east by the Town of Mills, on the south by Clinton County, and on the west by Madison County. The greater portion is level prairie land, with some rolling country in the eastern part. The timber was oak, ash, elm, walnut and hickoi-j', but it has been pretty nearly all cut down. The land is not as well drained as some other Iiarts of the county, the prini'iiKil water (f)iirsi'S being Shoal creek. Locust fork and Dry branch. Soon after the close of the War of 1812, William Burgess, for whom the town was nanie(I, came hero and located south of Millersburg, on Sec- tions 22 jind 27. Joseph Critchtield was another early settler. Others were: Joseph Bilyeu, a family by the name of Coles, John Bilyeu, William Reams. Rolton, John Powers, .\ndrew, (Jeorge and James Green, David White, for whom White's Fort was named, Isaac Reed, the Johnsons and Williamson Plant all settled in or before 1.S20. About 1S33, Benjamin Johnson, with his brothers, Duncan, Charles, .Tames P., Hugh and John P., came here, locating on the present site of Pocahontas, and aliout the same time the town received th(! Gillespie family, the Ridgeways and two men named Weise and Stockley. Josiah File came in 18.37 and in 1840 lOdward Ellis arrived and later became one of the heaviest landowners in the town. A saw- mill was built on Shoal creek Ijy Thomas Stout in 1831, and later a small attachment for grind- ing purposes was added, but this was not a success. William Burgess ran a small copper still on Section 2(1, but it was not operated after 1828. In 1838 Duncan .Johnson built a small mill on Pocahontas creek, but it long ago was torn down. For some time excitement ran high when Robert Gillespie found some shining particles in the waters of Shoal creek, which were pronounced gold by someone in St. Louis. However, the hope that Bond County contained gold never materialized. The Alethodists. often the forerunner of all other religious denomina- tions in a new community, organized in the house of Charles Johnson, about 1820, with Charles Johnson, the Plant family, the Williams family, Harley Valentine and wife and a part of the Bilyeu family as members. Henry Will- iams was the first class leader. The first iliurch edifice was built south of the town of Pocalnmtas some time during ]82(i, but after several changes the present building was put up in the village itself, at a cost of .$1.5,0(X), and is one of the most modern church buildings in the county. PocAiioNiAs Village was surveyed March 21, 18.38, by T. S. Hubbard for Benjamin Johnson, the owner, and it is nine miles southwest of Greenville on the Vandalia Railroad. It was first called Amity, and the postoQice was named Hickory (Jrove. When the town was laid out, Mr. Johnson made the provision that no lots were to be sold tostofflce was named Baden Baden, and Clem Williams was one of the early iiostniasters. PiEKRON is in the middle western part of the town, with a portion of it lying in Madison County, although the business part is in Bond County. It was laid out in 18GS by J. llerron, who gave it his name. He also built and eon- ducted the first store. August I'ierron was the first postmaster. It is in a flourishing condition, and controls the business of the surrounding territory. CENTRAL The Town of Central lies in the center of the count.v, and enjoys the distinction of containing the County Seat. Hills alternate with prairie land, making the scenery very lieautiful. It is watered by the east and west forks of 8hoal, Beaver and Indian creeks and smaller streams. The natural timber included oak, hickory, walnut, elm, sycamore, cottouwood and other species found in the neighborhood. Watt Stubblefield, George Davidson and the Kirkpatricks came here prior to the War of 1812, although they left on account of fear of the Indians when the conflict was precipitated. At its close they returned. Thomas White and William Robinson settled here in 1810. William .S. Wait came here in 1820 or 1821. Joseph Lindley built the first house here in 1817, locat- ing it southwest of Greenville, and he was the first permanent white settler in this locality. Soon afterward Hezekiah Archer followed, and in ISlS came tlie Hunters. After them came .lohn Pickett, and a .vear later witnessed the .settlement of George Nelson. Samuel White and Thomas Long were also early settlers. Samuel G. Morse not only was an early settler, but he was one of the delegates from Bond County to the Constitutional Convention held at Kaskaskia. He was the first Sheriff of the ssessing a number of historical points of interest ; sev- eral industries of imiiortance; substantial pub- lie and business buildinsis and handsome resi- dences. ORIGIN OF NAME The origin of the name of this beautiful little city is somewhat obscure. Some attribute it to the fact that the plac-e appeared so green ; others say it was called after Greenville, North Carolina, while still others claim that it was named for the Rev. Green P. Rice. At any rate it is singularly appropriate, for the beau- tiful shaded streets, and well cared for lawns give an apiHi-aranee of sylvan charm not often found amid urban surroundings. FIRST SETTLEMENTS The tirst settlement within the present con- tines of Greenville was made September 27, ISIO, by George Davidson, who then entered KiO acres of land, obtaining his patent from President >Ionroe on April 29, 1825, it being tJie southeast ipiarter of Section 10, Township 5, north, Range :'., west of the third principal meridian. His primitive log cabin was in the e.xtreine western part of the present Greenville, near the present site of the late Mr. H. H. Staub's house. The town was origfnally laid out by a son of George Davidson, and the Rev. (ireen V. Rice, but the plat was destroyed and, as it had never been recorded, much confusion was occasioned by its lo.ss. The part originally platted is now Davidson Addition. E.VRI.V HISTORY The first tavern was kept by (Joorge Davidson on the .southwest corner of the present Sixth Street and Main Avenue. The first store was opened by the Rev. Green I'. Rice and Samuel Davidson, and was located on what is now Sixth Street and Main Avenue, but owing to trouble over some slaves he had brought with him from Kentucky, Mr. Rice sold his part of the business to Cyrus Birge. The latter con- tinued the store until 1824, when he sold to his brother, Ansel Birge, and this was one of the leading business houses when Greenville was .selected as the County Seat. Another store was opened about 1820 by three brothers, Seth, Samuel and Klisha Blanehard, who entered 1,600 acres of land, one mile east of Greenville, and called it after them, Blanchard's Hill. Seth managed the farm, while Elisha kept the store and Samuel did the out.slde trading. Elisha Blanehard opened the second hotel, known as the Buck and Horn Tavern, which later passed into the possession of David Berry, and still later became the property of Thomas Dakin. Saloons were not known in early Greenville, but all the storekeepers kept liquor. In 1818 Samuel White and George Donnell came to Greenville, finding the Kirkpatrieks, Camps, Gosses, Rutherfords, Fergusons and old Father Elam. It was at the latter's house that the early religious meetings were held, and upon the site of it is the old graveyard. Paul Beck was the first manufacturer, erecting the first mill in Bond County in 1817, near the old cem- etery, and the excellent spring near it was named after him. Asahel Enloe was the old singing teacher, and came here in ISIS. Wyatt Stubblefield also settled here at an early day, and operated a cotton gin and horse-mill. Samuel White built the first tannery, which he operated, and he and Moses Hinton tried to conduct a spinning machine, but as cotton could not be grown here, this project was aban- doned. James Rutherford began making hats in 1822, and continued this occupation for several years. Edward Elam operated the first blacksmith shop, opening it in 1819. Georg6 Donnell was the leader of the first Sunday .school of Bond County. EARLT EVENTS In 1S49 Greenville was visited by a cholera epidemic, which was the worst the city has ever experienced. The stage driver was the first to come down with the dread disease, and he was followed by Sarah Woolsey, who died the day after being stricken. In all there were prob- abl.v a dozen doalhs, while many suffered se- verely. The pioneer physician had to fight these 640 BOND COUNTY. various ailiueuts without auy modern iuveutious or discoveries. CIVIC HISTORY Greenville is one of the oldest incorporated towns in the state. It was one of the first to take advantage of the law, was incorporated February 15, 1855, and within a year the ques- tion of license or no license was brought up, the "drys'' triumphing by a majority of thirty- seven. On August 13, 1872, Greenville was incorporated as a city, the vote standing 140 for and five against such action. The first election under the new law took place Septem- ber 17 following, with three wards. The city is now divided into four wards, as follows : The first ward comprises all that part of the city between Harris avenue on the south and College avenue on the north, lying east of Second street. The second ward comprises all west of Second street, and north of Harris avenue. The third ward comprises all north of College avenue, and east of Second street. The fourth ward comprises all south of Harris avenue. HISTORICAL GROWTH The city of Greenville has grown considerably since it was first chosen as the County Seat. The original plat was made by John Russell in 1821, of land which belonged to George David- son, the founder of the village. In this plat was included what is now known as Davidson's Addition, and was bounded on the north by College avenue, on the east by Fourth street, on the south by Summer street and on the west by the city limits. The present city is a mile square, containing 040 acres, and the following additions have been made to it : Davidson's. East, Greenwood's, Dallam's. South, White's First, College, Smith's Central, Stewart's Sec- ond, Railroad, Hutchinson, Montrose Cemetery, .Tu.stice's, Koch's, Vest's, McCasland's, Douglas ''lace. Moss' First. Moss" Second, Moss" Third, roicord's, Baumberger's. Rutschniann's. Mc- Lain's, Sherman's. Hockett's. College Second, Moss' Fourth, Ashcraft's, Dixon's, Woodlawn. Armstrong's. Bradford's, Kimbro's. College Ave- nue. Lindly's. Parson's, Vista Del Mar, and McGowan's. Greenville has a population of 3,178, according to the census of 1010, and is rapidly growing. The educational advantages are of .such a character that a number of resi- dents in the rural districts are moving here to take advantage of them, and for the many other opportunities offered by the city. PUBLIC SCHOOLS The first school in the city, and possibly in the county, was taught in the old brick school- house in the west end, by Thomas White. Fol- lowing this there were other primitive schools, until the Greenville Academy was established in the basement of the Congregational Church, under the management of Socrates Smith, John Marston and others. When the public school system was established, the academy proper was used as a primary room until the present school was built in 1894, by W. B. Bradsby and G. H. Stewart, contractors. The cornerstone was laid by the Masonic fraternit.v August 10, ISiM. Because of the increase in iwpulation. this building proved to be inadequate, aud in 1909 bonds were issued to the amount of $11,400 for the construction of the present Inglis school. The contract was awarded to W. B. Bradsby. the cornerstone was laid by the Masonic frater- nity, August 20, 1900, and the school was opened the first Monday in January, 1910. William Cunningham was the first i)rincipal of whom there is any definite record, he having signed a schedule in 1855. He taught for seven years at -fSO per month. H. B. Taylor followed him. the last year receiving .fCO per month. Charles Clark was the next princiiKil, but re- signed after three months to open a book store, his wife filling the vacancy until his successor could be found. Rev. Thomas W. Hynes was induced to take the i>osition, but resigned in favor of R. L. Mudd, who taught a year at $75 ]ier month. Miss Florence Holden was the next teacher, and she received .$40 i>er month, and was followed by James A. Dean, who had a salary of .$80 per month. l>i-of. S. M. Inglis was principal for fifteen years, and received $133 per month. A. K. Carmichael was his suc- cessor, and was followed by J. N. Burues, who added Ijatin to the course. D. W. Lindsay. I'rof. J. T. Ellis. M. G. Clark, Prof. W. Duff Piercy, Prof. E. B. Brooks, Prof. C. X. Peak and Prof. S. S. Simpson, the present superintendent, have also held this important oftiee. Greenville is ju.stly proud of its school facilities, employing BOND COUNTY. 641 as it does a corps of twenty-one iustriu-tors anil le^Ting an annual school tax of .$13,000, and a building tax of .$.j,000. GREEXVILT.E COLLEGE (By President Eldon G. Burritt) In 1S92, Rev. F. H. Ashcraft, Rev. W. M. B. Colt, Rev. T. H. Marsh, Mr. W. S. Dann and J. H. Marsh, representing the Central Illinois Conference of the Free Methodist Cliurch, pur- chased the property of Aluiira College, a school for the higher education of women, and estab- lished Greenville College as a coeducational institution. The college was ineoriio rated under the laws of Illinois in 1893, with a body of nine trustees, a self-perpetuating board. This board of trustees was composed of F. H. Ashcraft, W. B. M. Colt, C. A. Fleming, T. H. Marsh, R. W. Sanderson, W. T. Branson. .1. H. Moss, I.saae Kesler and W. S. Dann. The college in- cludes l>esides the College of Arts, the associated departments of theology, education, commerce, music, art and a College Preiiaratory School. The patronage has each year included a good local attendance, and students from the outside representing over twenty states. The institu- tion has steadily grown until in 190-1 the regis- tration in all departments was nearly 3M, with a faculty numbering twenty. In 190.") the audi- torium building, 48x80 feet, four stories high, was erected at a cost of !f2.j,000. Rev. Wilson T. Ilogue, Ph. D., was the first president, serving twelve years, or until 1904. He was succeeded by Rev. A. L. Whiteomb, M. S., who presided over the institution three and one-half years, when. In February, 190S, he was followed by Eldon G. Burritt, A. M.. tlie present incumbent. The plant, including buildings, grounds and equipment, is valued at $100,00erated by the Greenville Electric Light, Heat & Power Co., the capacity being 30,000 gallons per day. CARNEGIE LIBRARY The Ladies' lahrar.v Association began about 185.'), and the beginnings were made for a com- prehoiisivo library. On February 22, 18G7, the association was incoriwrated, and the ladies composing it were instrumental in securing a Carnegie library, which was completed and opened .\ugust 4, 1905. The Methodist Episcopal Chltjch probably had its beginning at Hill's Station, where Rev. John Powers preached a sermon, in February, 1816. but it was not until 1848 that definite steps were taken to locate the church at Green- ville. The following year a neat little, church edifice was erected. This served until 1877, when a larger structure was built on South Sec- ond street, at a cost of .$8,000, on a $1,000 lot. In 1892 a parsonage was built, this later being sold, and the present propert.v on Main avenue was purchased. In 1907 the church edi- fice was replaced by the present modern build- ing at a cost of $15,000. Rev. J. B. Cummins is the present minister. The Presbyterian Chdhch was founded March 10, 1819, and was then known as the Shoal Creek Church, being located about six miles north of Greenville. A portion of the congregation moved to the city in 1832, and the building erected in 1839 stood until removed to make way for the Carnegie Library. In 1846, the congregation became Congregational in its internal government, although retaining its ex- terior Presbyterian government. In 1870, those preferring the Presbyterian government united with others of that faitli, and the remaining members continued Congregationalists, the two existing side by side until 1897, when the Pres- byterian Church was destroyed by fire. After this the two congregations united, and in 1903 the present comfortable house of worship was erected. It is now in charge of Rev. Wm. H. Kendall. The Baptist Church was organized Septem- ber IS, 1S36, and after many changes and re- verses, in 1902 the present $5,000 church was put uf), and is a source of great comfort to the faithful members. The Rev. H. A. Todd is the present jiastor. St. Lawrence Congregation was organized May 0, 1877, under the direction of Father L. Quitter of Vandalia, In a hall of the First Na- tional Bank building. Soon thereafter property was bought, and a small brick church erected. A church hou.se was built in 1895, and in 1897 an addition was built to the church. On Oct. .30. 1910. it was destroyed by fire and the present building was erected at a cost of $15,000. (JRACE Episcopal Chirch was organized July 20, 1878, and was continued as a mission until June, 1883, although a beautiful little Gothic structure was built prior to that, and since then it has been much improved, the interior o IB W c • z ■ CK ^ ^ a c W » O § a - •< — a c d K (D u P. ?C GC O o > o K 2 a p JO ft CD 2 (D d z H .^ H H l:^ 5- BOND COUNTY. 643 heing very beautiful. Rector .1. <;. Wrislit is the present minister. The t'liRisTiAN CmiKcii h;ul its l)irth Febru- ary 24, ISTs, and the pleasant phice of worship was erected in 1S91 at a cost of $3,500 on the corner of Main avenue and Prairie street. Rev. Chas. H. Day is the present minister. The Plymouth Bkethren Congregation had its first meeting in Greenville in 1S54, and they still bold service in Rutsehly's Hall. The Free Methodist Church was organized in the fall of ISSO, and in 1S83 the first church was built at the corner of Prairie and Vine streets at a cost of $1,300, the present edifice being put up on the corner of College and Elm streets at a cost of $4,000. Rev. Hiram Mont- gomery is the present minister. The African M. E. Church was organized iii 1S81 by Itev. Morgan, and services were held at the residences of members until the Congrega- tionalists offered the basement of their church. This was used until 1SS2, when the present neat little structure was put up. The Second Baptist Church was organized July 19, 1890, by Rev. J. W. Feat, and the present cburch was erected a few years after- wards. Ten church organizations make up a large quota for Greenville, and it is but due to their clergymen and congregations to .say that they are in a gratifying condition. The ministers are earnest men, deeply interested in their work, and some are really magnificent speakers. All are laboring with the same end in view, and whenever occasion demands they with their congregations unite for the lietterment of hu- manity or tlie advancement of civic morality. BOND county monument Bond County's Monument, one of the finest in this part of the state, was unveiled Septem- ber 19, 1903, on the fortieth anniversary of the battle of Chickaniauga, Governor Yates being one of the guests of honor. It cost $3,500, is on the CV)urt House sipiare. and is the work of S. O. Sanders, of Centralia, Illinois. CLUnS AND I'RATKRNITIES Many chilis and associations have their homes in (Jreenville, and arc enthusiastically i)atron- ized fur the people hero are intelligent and pro- gressive. The Women's Christian Temperance t'nion has a strong memliership, and was organ- ized April 1, 1879, with Mrs. Emily W. Dewey, president. Colby Post, No. 301, Grand Army of the Republic, is the meeting place of the vet- erans of the Civil War, and its camp fires and reunions are a constant source of pleasure to these good men. It was mustered in July 2, 1883, but one-half of the charter members have passed awa.v. Colby Relief Corps was organized April 7, 1894, and the charter was received that same month. The Sons of Veterans organized two camps, but Ixitli have been disbanded. The Shakespeare, I'ierian, and the Monday clubs, and the Browning Circle all furnish Intellectual enjoyment to the people of Greenville and tes- tify to tlieir interest in higher things. Clark Lodge, No. 3, I. O. O. F., was chartered Janu- ary 10, 1839; Greenville Lodge, No. 245, A. F. & A. M., was instituted October 28, 1850i ; Integ- rity Lodge, No. 72, A. O. U. M., was instituted April 28, 1877 ; Independent Order Mutual Aid was organized September 30, 1880; Victory C^niji, No. 452, M. W. A., which is the largest lodge in Bond County, was organized November 2, 1877; Browning Lodge, No. 238, Knights of Pythias, was instituted February 15, 1800; Greenville Court of Honor was organized July 19, 1895 ; Melrose Rebekah Lodge was organized February IS, 1807 ; Ada Camp, No. 598, N. R. of A., was organized March 27, 1897; Mutual Pro- tective League was organized April 3, 1899 ; the Loyal Americans are the outcome of a merging of several other fraternal societies, on Septem- ber 15, 1903 ; Knights of Modern Maccabees were organized January 22, 1903; Greenville Hive, No. 87S, L. of M. M., was organized July 10, 1903, and the Bankers' Fraternal Union, organized December 18, 190.3. All the above have a representative membership and are in prime condition. THE farmers' equity UNION One of the largest organizations in Bond County designed to benefit the agriculturist, is tlie Farmers' Ecjuity I'liion, which was organ- ized December 1('>, 1010. It is a national body of farmers and wage earners, with headtpiarters at (Jreenville, Illinois, and with e.\changos already organized in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, Kan.sas, Colorado, Nebras- ka, South Dakota, North Dakota, Minnesota and the State of Washington. C. O. Drayton, 644 BOND COUNTY. of Greenville, 111., Is natioual pi-e-sident, and R. Itouier, of Liberal, Kansas, is vice president. Each state in which nnions have been organ- ized, is represented on the national board of directors. The national president has charge of the national union office and directs tlie cam- paign of organization and education. This work is greatly facilitated by a weekly news- paper which reaches every member living in the I'nited States and it is a valuable adjunct of the organization. It brings the thousands of members together on common ground and edu- cates them to cooiierate for their mutual benefit. The union organizes equity exchanges for cooperative buying and selling. In 1914 hun- dreds of car loads of apples found a good mar- ket through its assistance, in the Dakotas and western states, at a fair price. These apples would otherwise have rotted on the ground for want of a market. The union raised the jirice to producers and lowered it to consumers. In 1913 the union saved the i;raiu men fully one million dollars and later will do hetter, for with more exchanges and a bigger crop there will be a better market. The union is also centering the trade for farm machinery, buying in large lots direct from the factories, and this method saves thousands of dollars for members of the organization. The time may come when this union will own its own factories and manu- facture its own automobiles, wagons and farm machinery of all kinds. With a substantial start made in twelve states in four years there seems reason to believe that a prosperous future for the organ- ization is in store and wherever farmers come to understand its objects and aims, they agree that it has the best plan of organization and cooperation ever before adopted in their inter- est. Literature explaining all plans and pro- posals for the future has been prepared. What- ever the organization may be to the outside world, it has proved beneticial to Bond County and has shown a measure of enterprise in a number of the leading agriculturists. Tliere ar(> many other iioints of interest con- nected with Crcenville that ought to be dwelt upon, but space forbids. The city is growing: it has many modern conveniences, and its law- yers, physicians and clergy are exceptionally well fitted for their work. The business men are substantial, and the citizens iu general reap the lienefit of all this effort and prosiiprity. OLD RIl'LET The Town of Old Ripley lies directly west of the Town of Central and extends to the Madi- son County line with the Town of Shoal Creek on the north and the Town of Burgess on the south. The most of the town has a splendid natural drainage. The greater part of the orig- inal timber, consisting of hickory, oak, ash. poplar, walnut and sugar maple, has given place to cultivated fields of corn, wheat, oats, hay and pastures for the excellent herds of dairy cows, there being but one small village in the town. Shoal creek, and two forks of Dry creek are the principal water courses. It is believed that the first settler here was Ander- son Hill, who was a native of South Carolina. Moses File was another pioneer, who settled seven miles we.st of Greenville in ISIS. The first mill in the town of Old Ripley was built by a man by the name of I^ee on Shoal creek. .V lumber mill was also put up in 1840 by Ben- jamin and Henry Brown. A tannery was built at an early date by an unknown party on the Brown farm. A distillery was built about 1S1.3, probably by the Wheelocks. Old Ripley Town was traversed at an early date by the A'andalia road. The first bridge in the town was built of wood over Shoal creek on the A'andalia road, but has been washed away several times. The Village of Old Ripley was founded in 1S12 by the Wheelock brothers upon a farm belonging to a Mr. Lust of Edwardsville. The village now has two general stores and a black- smith shop, and enjoys a thriving business. Dr. Baker came here at a very early date, an4. Elder Willeford is a nephew of Elder Peter Ix)ng. who was the first jiastor. Mt. Nebo was one of the pioneer churches of the count.v and is still girded with the armor, do ing battle for Him that givetli us ]ieace. hapiii- ness and a home eternal. The Presbyterians built .a little ljri-fourth of a nnle northwest of the Shop Hole or Sulphur Branch. Numerous unsuccess- ful searches have been made for the silver, some even as late as ISCO. Remains of two white men have been found in this community, sufiposed to be the two men killed by the In- dians. .\mong the early settlers was David Rice from Rutherford County, Tennessee, who settled on Section 2, in 1824. James Willeford came also from Rutherford County, Tennessee, and settled on the same section, in 1827. John Huffstedtler settled on Section 11, in 1S32, the farm now being owned by John W. Steele. Elisha and William Paine and mother settled on Section 2. in the twenties. At this time much of the town was covered with heavy tim- lier. which has since bowed to the stroke of the woodman's ax and given place to fields of grain and meadows. The last Indians were seen in 18(!8 or ISGO. A deer was killed as late as 1S7.5, and wild turkeys, as late as ISSO. Signs of these early settlements such as heaps of 646 BOND COUNTY. stones usefl for chinuip.vs, broken crockery, etc., are to l)e foimd." The town of ()kl Ripley is liest suited for agricultural iiuri)oses. and the neat farmhouses and liarns, together with the well-kept fields .show that the owners of propert.v here ap])re- ciate the opportunities offered and that they are taking advantage of them. Xew Berlin was founded in September, 1S50, by Charles Plog. II. G. .Tandt was one of the first residents and kept a store for years and was the first ]iostmaster. William I>ytle built the first tavern. The first tilacksmith was Fer- dinand Ganzer. Religious services were held in his shop by the Rev. Thomas Hyues. R. O. White was the first teacher at the Mount Ver- non schoolhouse. New Berlin was settled prin- cipally by the Germans who are everywhere noted for their industry and thrift, and when they form a conununity it is sure td tlourish. SIIOAL CREEK The Town of Shoal Oreek is in the north- western corner of Bond County, and is bounded on the north b.v Montgomery County, on the east by the Town of LaGrange, on the south l)y the Town of Old Ripley, and on the west by JIadison and Montgomery counties. It is watered [irincipally by Shoal and Dorris creeks. .\le.\ander Robinsnn of Tennessee settled here about ISlii. but there were white men here be- fore that, although he is the first of whom there is authentic mention. He was accompanied by Robert and Daniel McCord of Virginia. They made their first camping place where Bethel cemetery now stands, and named it Bethel. Alx)ut ]82."i a church -was built on the spot. James AVafer was an early jiioneer. who lo- cated northwest of Bethel in 1819. as were James Denny, George Donnell, George and John Denny. William and Lawrence Stewart, Jesse Margraves and Newton Coffee. It is impossible to say anything about this town without mentioning the churches for they played a very important part in the community. Old Shoal Creek Church is regarded as the mother of all the I'resbyterian churches in this section. It was organized by Rev. Solomon Gidings of St. Louis, Mo., on March 10, 1S19, and was located on the present site of Union Grove Church in I^a Grange. So much of the history of this town centers about Bethel cliurch. that we give it considerable space, and are indebted for the history to Miss Luc.v Dres.sor, an active member, who is a daughter of Francis Dressor, one of the early pioneers and a member and supporter of the Bethel Cliurcli. "On the loth day of September, 1S25, 'Shoal Creek' Church was divided into three churehes, known as Bethel, Shoal Creek and Greenville. The Bethel Church began its separate exist- ence on the l.jth day of September. 1S2.5. on the site where Alexander Robinson and Robei't and Daniel .McCord took a general view of the surrounding territory and decided to cast their lot, drove a stake in the fertile soil, and said ■this shall be the central point of our neighbor- hood,' knelt upon the green sward and conse- crated the iilace and prairie to God. and gave the place the name which it so fittingly bears to this date. Tliomas A. Spillman was the first pastcir. The first church was a log structure with Mn Hrei)lace or stove. The onl.v warmth was olitained from charcoal, furnished by the mcmlters, and jdaced upon a mound of earth in the center of the building, the smoke escaping through a hole in tlie roof above the mound. All of the si.xty-two members with which the church was organized have gone to their reward. "Far from the madd'ing irowd's ignoble strife Their sober wishes never lived to stray; -Vlong the cool secpiestered vale of life. They kept the noiseless tenor of their way.' It is needless ti) say that a church organized with such fearless and devoted Christians was sure to jirosper. In the first thirty years of its existence it was necessary to rebuild on a larger scale each time, until the third church was erected in IS."). In ciinnection with this church was a schoolroom and dormitory for the accom- modation of ])ui)ils from a distance who had come to attend the academy. During the pas- torate of Rev. .Mbert Hale, a Yale graduate, the importance of education for the people was jiressed by him, and some time between 1.S.32 and 188(; the academy was built a short distance north of the present Bethel Chunh. It Hourished for a iiuarter of a century under such leaders as Rev. Hale. Rev. Lemuel Foster, I'rof. Jacob Clark, David .V. McCord, J. N. Mc- Cord, James Hall McCord, Mr. Floyd, Rev. Smith Howell. T. H. Holmes, Smiley Denny, Miss BOND COUNTY. 647 Margaret AiiJrews, Mrs. Meliiula I'otter and Rev. N. A. Hunt. Many of the relatives of these pioneer teachers are now iinmbered anioni: the leading citizens of the community and are still devoted to the mother church. Bethel. AVe are loath to leave yon Bethel, hut time and sjiace forbid our lingering longer. Sutfice it to say that Bethel is in a flourishing c(mdition. main- taining regular services as we write." Pleasant I'rairie Presbyterian Church was foiihed from the Mt. t'armel Society then ex- isting in Montgomery County. February "24, 182S, with C. G. Keown as the first regular ]ias- tor. About 1S.5.S the first jiulilic scIkihI liiiikling was erected on the site of the present building, by Milton Rosebro and Hiram Dressor. The first board of directors was composed of : Robert McC'ord, Bloomfleld Davis and Francis Dressor. The first teacher was Rev. N. A. Hunt. In 1SS4 the present building was erected and J. G. Donnell was m.nde principal, and Mrs. Mary Armstrong, primary teacher. The school, rocked in the cradle of Bethel, ranlacated, leaving but a small iiortion of the village in the Town of Shoal Creo'k. all of which is now residence pro|ierty. Tin; \'n.iA0i; oi- I'.vxama was surveyed by R. F. Eastman, civil engineer, of Chicago, for F. P. Blair. The iilat was recorded .Tune 2, 1905. It is situated in Bond and Montgomery counties. In Bond County it is on iSection 27, Town 7, north : Range 4. west of the third principal meridian. The town was platted for the pur- |iose of jiroviding homes for the workmen in the Shoal Creek Coal Company's mine which is the leading industry in the town, furnishing coal to the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail- road, which passes through the town, although there are a number of substantial business houses. THE VIM .\GE OK RENO (By F. F. Thacker) On the coming of the .Tacksonville & South- eastern Railroad, the present village of Reno was platted by .Tohn Kingsbury for Julian H. McCord and D. B. Ha rued. The plat was re- corde and (!-0-4. and is at the crossing of the Toledo. St. I,ouis & Western Railroad and the Jaiksonville & .St. T-ouis branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Q\iincy Railroad. A few years before the town was platted, A. II. Scharf, the 648 BOND COUNTY. owner of tlu' land . : William Foran. postmaster: William Wood, news agent, and Drs. J. D. Chittum and W. W. Duncan, physi- cians. The people of Sorento are mindful to remember the Sabbath Day and have erected four handsome churches, all of which are earn- estly striving for the Master's cause. They are the Presbyterian. Uev. W. F. Gibson, pas- tor: Methodist. Itev. G. H. Hall, pastor: Baptist. Rev. W. X. Babb. jiastor. and Free Methodist. Rev. R. C. Xowlan, pastor. SORENTO SCHOOLS and the building was completed in 190.">. A Mi.ss Buchanan was the first principal, serving during 1SS4-S."), and receiving .$ti0.00 per month. Following her were : Robert Tliacker. ISS.")- 90. at .$70.00; Mrs. J. Emerick, lSOO-91, .$G0.00 ; E. E. CVimbs. 18fH-92, .$70.00; E. E. Combs, 1802- Oli. .$70.00; J. H. Grigg. lS03-!»(>, .$70.00; T. E. Savage, 1896-1000, .$70.00; W. P. Hampton (part of) 1900-01, .$t!0.00; Je.sse McDavid, (part of) 1900-01, .$7.->.0O; W. W. Griffith, 1901-03, $7.j.00; R. W. T'pton, 1903-04. $7ii.OO; I. S. Baily (part of) 1904-0."i. .$7.5.00; W. R. Duncan (part of) 1904-0.", .$7ri.<)0; W. I{. Duncan. 19O.j-O0;, $100.00; A. II. Jackson, 19O0-07. .$100.00; J. W. White, Supt.. 1907-14, .$1(IO.()0-I2.j.00. The pre.s- ent roster of teachers is as follows : Superin- tendent J. W. White, principal. Daisy Gardner, Leta Shult, Ellis Kimble. Gladys Chamberlain, Visla Cliesnut, E.sfella Alsop and Irma Jestes. Sorento also has its societies, namely : The Modern Maccabees; Odd Eellows, Xo. (ioO; Royal X'eighliors; Masons; Modern Woodmen of Amer- ica ; and .Xemaskett Tribe Xo. 170. I. O. R. M. Of the original business men. John W. Beeson and S. E. Cress are the only ones still in active commercial life. A. F. Gwynn erected the first building, but has retired from active business, though he still clerks for E. Hawkins, not- withstanding the fact that he has passed the "three score and ten" mark some time ago. With good farms, and trading centers, well sup- ported churches and convenient transiiortation, the people of the Town of Shoal Creek have every reason to be proud of their locality, and satisfied with their lot in life. (By Superintendent J. W. Wbitcl The Sorento school district was organized June .". 1883. with L. Denny. W. H. (iriffith and A'incent Cruthis. directors. A school building was erected by Reeser and Griffith at a cost of .$3,7.'50. In 1S91, the board of directors was changed to the board of education, with John Driskill, president: t!. R. McYey, secretary; Rufus Cruthis, E. Johnson. Henry Comiiton. George Jennings and E. R. Graybruck, mem- liers. In 1904, it became evident that the old iiuilding was inadequate, and the present com- modious brick structure was erected by Oswald Bros, at a cost of $l.j,00O. The cornerstone was laid October 24. 1904. by the Masonic fraternity. ItOND COINTY SOXG It is a|ipropriate to close this record of Bond County with the county song written June 17, 1903. by .John H. Xowlan, one of the leading educators of the county, and present surveyor. LITTLE BOND ■'Vou ask what land I love the best Little Bond, 'tis l.ittlc Bond. BOND COUNTY. 649 The fairest gem on Egypfs breast, Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond. From yonder Shoal Creek's rippling To where the Oliaw waters gleam, O, fair thou art as poet's dream. Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond. "The first to rule the Prairie State. Shadrach Bond, was Shadrach Bond. .\. noble man, whose heart was great. Shadrach Bond, was Shadrach Bond, Thy honor can no other claim, .\nd still thy honor to proclaim (lur little county bears the name, Shadrach Bond, of Shadrach Bond. "Thy lowland fields are rich with coi Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond Where iilenty fills her golden horn, Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond. See how thy wondrous prairies shine With grain and meadows growing fine O, happy land. O land of mine. Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond. "Thy herds are noted for all time. Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond, stream Thy prai.se is sung in every clime. Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond. Their product goe.s to eveiy land. From Arctic snows to Afric's sand And Indian Ocean's coral strand. Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond. "And thou hast schools that -are thy boast. Little Bond, my Little Bond. From them we may expect the most. Little Bond, my Little Bond. 'Tis our own schoof we love the best, But may the others, too, be blest. And fortune's smile upon them rest Little Bond, my Little Bond. rn, "Go read tlie story of thy past. Little Bond, my Little Bond, What honored ones of old thou hast. Little Bond, my Little Bond. So long as Time's great cycle runs And others boast their honored sons, Thou'U furnish equal worthy ones. Little Bond, my Little Bond." BIOGRAPHICAL THE PART OF BIOGRAPHY IN GENERAL HISTORY — CITIZENS OF BOND COUNTY AND OUTLINES Ol' PERSONAL HISTORY — PERSONAL SKETCHES Aii- RANGED IN ENCYCLOPEDIC OBDEE. The verdict of iiiankiiul lias awarded to tlic Muse of History the highest place amoiii,' the Classic Nine. The extent of her office, however, appears to be. by many minds, hnt imperfectly understood. The task of the hlstori.in is ooinpre- henslve and exactins. True history reaches be- yond the doings of court or canip, beyond the issue of battles or the effects of treatie.s, and re- cords the trials and the triumphs, the failures and the successes of the men who make history. It is but au imperfect conception of the jihiloso- phy of events that fails to accord to iwrtraiture and l)iosraphy its rightful position as ji part — and no unimportant jiart — of historic narrative. Behind and beneath the activities of dufward life the motive power lies out of sight, .iust as the furnace fires that work the piston aiid keep the ponderous screw revolving down in the dark- ness of the hold. So. the impulsive iwwer which shapes the course of comnninities may be found in the molding influences which form its citi- zens. It is no mere idle curiosity that iiromiits men to wish to learn the pri'STite. as well as the ]iub- lic, lives of their fellows. Rather is it true that such desire tends to prove universal brother- hood : and the interest in personality and biogra- phy Is not confined to men of any particular caste or vocation. The list of those, to whose lot it falls to play a conspicuous part in the great drama of life, is comparatively short ; yet conununities are made up of individuals, and the aggregate of achieve- ments — no less than the sum total of human hap- piness — is made up of the deeds of those men and women whose primai-j- aim. through life, is faith- fuU.v to pei-form the duty that comes nearest t<> hand. Individual influences upon human affairs will be considered potent or insignificant, accord- ing to the standpoint from which it is viewed. To him wlio. standing upon the seashore, notes the ebb and flow of the tides and listens to the sullen roiir of the waves as they break upon thi' beach in seething foam, seemingly chafing at their lini- Itatious, the ocean appears so vast as to need no tributaries. Yet, without the smallest rill that helps to swell the "Father of Waters," the mighty torrent of the Mississippi would be lessened and the beneficent influence of the (iulf .Stream- di- minished. Countless stre.-ims. currents and coun- ter currents — snmetinies mingling, sometime.s counteracting each other— collectivelv combine to give motion to the accumulated mass of waters. So is it — and so must it ever be — in the ocean of human action, which is formed by the blending .111(1 repulsion of currents of tboiigiit. of influence and of life, yet more numerous and more tortu- ous than those which form the "fountains of the deep." The acts and characters of men. like the several faces that compose a comimsite picture, are wrought together into a compact or hetero- geneous whole. History is condensed biogi-aphy ; "Biography is Hi.story teaching by example." " It is lioth interesting and instructive to rise above the generalization of history and trace, in the personality and careers of the men from whom it sprang, the principles and influences, the impulses and .-unliitions, the labors, stnig- gles and triumphs that engross their lives. Here are recorded tlie careers and achieve- ments of pioneers who, "when the fullness «f time had come," came from widely separated sources, some from lieyond the sea. impelled by ilivers motives, little conscious of the import of their acts, and but dimly anticipating the har- \est which would siiring from the sowing. They Iniilt their primitive homes, toiling for a present sul>sistence while laying the foundations of private fortunes and future advancement. Most of these have jiassed away, but not before they beheld a d^'elopinent of business and popu- lation surpassing the wildest dreams of fancy or expectation. A few yet remain whose .years have passed the allotted three-score and ten. and who love to recount, among the cherished memories of their lives, their reminiscences of early days. [The following: items of personal and family liistory, having been arranged in encyclopedic (or alphabetical) order as to names of the in- with 1014 and in one of Bond County's most honored citizens is found one whose span of life has covered this interim and during a large liart of it he has assisted in making vital the events of his times. He was horn .March 29, 1s2!t, on his father's pioneer farm in Shoal 651 652 P.OXI) corxTV. Creek Townsliii). Bond Coiiiity. Illiiinis. a sou of Josiali N. and Fannie (McWhirter ) Alex- nuder. Joslali N. Alexander was liorn in (Juil- ford Cnuuty. North Carolina. December 17. 17712. of Scotch-Irisli ancestry, a son oT Francis and Letitia ( Bra den > Alexander. Two of the Bradens were soldiers in the Itevolutiouary War, and one niemlier of the family siirned the Mecklenhers Declaration. Josiah X. Ale.vai;der was married to Fannie McWhirter. who was liorn in Tennessee. In 1.V22 they came to Bond Connty and settled on land on Shoal Creek, having; previously visited this section with his hrother Elias. who spent his siibseiiuent life in that township. i.Tosiah X. Alexander became a prominent man in many wa.vs. the owner of 4S0 acres of land and a leading; politician. He was a personal friend and a great admirer of .Vbrahani Lincoln and was one who assisted in the formation of the Itepubliear. jiarty. He and wife were active in hriniiing about the founding of the Presbyterian church in Bond County,^ In advanced age he moved to Green- ville and died there when aged about fight.v-one .years. 8he died when Elias J. (;. Alexander was only six years old. The.v had sLt cbildrei! and of this family Elias .John '". is the (iily survivor. Two of the .sons. Davis and Harvey, left no children. .Tediah, who was a promincnl newspaper man and was the fir.st president of the Vandalia Railroad, left five children : Edward P.. Mrs. Alice Carroll. Mrs. Kate Capps. now decea.sed. and Mrs. (Jrace Caiips. were interested in the Peoples Woolen Mills at Jacksonville. Illinois, as was Paul 1"., of .Tack- .sonville, Illinois. When Elias John C. Alexander was old enough to attend school the sessions were held in a log cabin not far from his home and after- ward he went to the village schools of Creen- ville and there entered what has lieen called a school, in other words, a iirinting office. The Oreenville Journal was then edited liy Ills lirother. Jediah Alexander, and he learned his trade there and in isrio bought the paper, which he conducted until 1861. He was thoroughly patriotic and felt that every man owed a sol- dier's duty to his country and when the call was made for troops he enlisted in Company 1), Twent.v-second Illinois Volunteer Infantry for three years and during his term of service dieted as i)ress corresiiondent as well as lighter jind on account of his valor was elected first lieutenant of his eonipiin.v. After a year of hard service his health gave way and he was obliged to resign and return home. In June. 1SG3, Mr. Alexander again took charge of his newspaper and continued to conduct it in the interest of the Itepublican party and later was elected a mendier of the state legislature. Hem. Shelby M. Culloni at that time bcin,' speaker lu' the house. Mr. .Mexandcr served two terms in the legislature and contiiuied to edit the .\dvo- cate until 1n(;."i. when he went to Litchtield and bought the Xews. making it one of tin leading Republican papers of the state. In ls(i7 he went to Hillsborr) and bought the Monitor, which he conducted until l>i7*!. when he turned his attention to au'ricultural ]iursuits. buying a farm which he conducted until IMtl. when he sold that property and bnught a farm of his brother Harvey, situ.-ited two and niie-half miles north of (Jreenville. It contained 141' acres and that remained the family home until llllO. when Mr. Alexander sold it and imrchased his comfortable residence in Greenville. Here his surroundings are such as his age and honorable station in life make approjiriati" and here he is held in esteem and vener.ition by his fellow citizens. On May l.j, lS(i2. Mr. Alexander was married to Miss I.ucy Handle, who was born in Macoupin Count.v. Illinois, a daughter of John (i. and Maria S. (.\rnold) Kandle. The Arnolds came from Virgina to Illinois early in the twenties and settled on a farm in Macoupin County, and the Handles came from Xorth Carolina and settled in ISlfi in Madi.son Count.v. Lucy Han- dle was one of a family of eight children, three of whom grew to maturity. Her de.-ith occurred in ]s7.">. the motlier i>f five children: Percy, who was born in October. ISdS. died in 1910: Aictor. who was born Ma.v 22. ISfii;. is a mer- chant at Oklahoma City, married .Jennie Bar- ringer and they have the following children: Estella, who married Albert Mosher and they have one son, Harold: and Linn, Llo.vd, Ro-ss. Fred, (ilailys. Elva. Carl. Grace and Kenneth : Charles, who is a resident of Woodward. Okla.. married Grace Sprague: .\lnia M.. who married C. M. Hoberts and they have one child. Aima Ethel, born October 4. iti(l7; and Frewnshi|i: and Clarence Stanley, who was born June 2s. Isss. is in the C S. Xavy. on the C S. Ship Michigan. Mrs. .Vlexsinder's great grandfather Handle was a soldier in the Revolutionary War. On the maternal side the Pettus family was distin- guished and Col. Pettus was not only a soldier but also .1 diplomat and was entrusteorn .Tune 12. 1n2s. in tlie above n.inicd township, a son of .Toll n 1). and .Mary (.M<-t'ord) .Alexander. .Tohn I). .Moxander was liorn in MeeUlenhers Connty. North Carolina, Oetolier 24, 17!i:{. and in IMO went to Tennessee. His father was .Tededi.-ili .\lexander, a native of Pennsylvania, wlio. after servin;; as a soldiei' in the Itevolntionary War and jierforniini; many valonms deeds, moved to .\ortli Carolina ;ni, .Alexander moved from Tennessee to Bond County and settled at first on the farm which is known as the Crnthis |ilacc. later' movini: on Section 12, the old I'.rith place and Liter the ]iroperty of M. II. .\IexaniU>r. He was one of the fonndei's of the Hethel I'resliyterian Church at Iteno. The family of .Tohn I >. .Alex- ander is recorded as follows: AYilliam F., who was born in Tennessee, .April 2(1, 1S2(>, died .Tannary 2;t, 1S47: .Tames II.. who was born in Hond County. February 27. 1822. died .Tnlv 2."i. 1S22: Hubert W.. who was born .Tnly 11. 1s2:!. was killed by Indians in California and robbed of his tiold : Demas M.. who was born December IS. ls:i."i, served in a Kansas r(>f,'iment during' the Civil War and died Feliruary 11, 1x71: Melancthon IT., who was born .Tune 12. 1S2s. died April 21. IS.SS; .Tohn Lafayette, who was born Xovenilier :M>. ISoO, died September 22. 1S46: and Amelia .1., who was born .Tuly 2!l. 1S.'?3, and is the wi. IsM.'!. a son of Uobert McF.-irland, of ,\'(U-th 'Carolina. On .V|u-il 2ii. isct;. he was married to .Vnielia .1. .Vlex.-uider. who survives and resides with her nephew, Leroy K, .Alex- ander. The death of Mr. McFarland occurreil November 3. lsf(7. M. IT. .\lexander w.-is ;;eni,il and acconuiio- datiiiii and (he worthy jioor were never turned empty handed awa.v from his door. Me married Caroline \', Foster, who was born at Troy, New York, T)eceniber 2(!, 1S41, Her fath<'i-, I{ev. .\aron Foster, a Methodist minister, liroujiht his family to Hond ('(umty, Illinois, in 18.">7. tor seven .vears jirevionsly h.-ivinj; (anitbt school at .Tacksouville, and afterward, as a memlier of the St. Tjouis Couferenie, jireached at different ]ioints. Mis deadi occurred at Dan- ville. Illinois, in 1S!I4. To M. II, -Vlexauder .'mil wife eiirlit children were born, namely: a babe (bat died in iufanc.v; l.eroy F., who was horn .Inly 2."i. ISOI ; (Juy Itaymond. born .lanii- ary iT^. 1s(;4 : is deceased ; Walter, born Febru- ary 2(!. 1S(i(;. died ,'it the ajre of nine years: Mary, born .April 1'.). 1S7(l. is the wife ol' .1. .A. Kosebronirh, of liristol, Cohprado; I'erc.v, born .N'oveniber 2. 1S71, lives on (he old homestea Presbyterian I ■hurch, I-eroy K, ,Alexander attended school in Dis- trict No, 12 and afterwards Urown's Business College at .Tacksouville, In 1SS7, after teach- ins; school for one year in Bond County, he went to Wichita C11, weiL'bt 1,(i."i(t iiounds. steel :.'ra.v, which is ;ickiiowleils.'ed to be one of the liiiest three-year- (ilds in this part of the State, Mr. .Alexander handles the Durham breed of cattle, which have many tine ]ioints, Thrmish itimxI .iudjiment and devotion to his liusiness he has been unusnally successful in his undertakings. Oil .Tul.v 7. 1SS7. Mr, .Alexander was united in niarriaf;e with Miss Zella F. JlcCord, who was born in ^Minnesota, .Aui;us( ;!(), ISCI. and they ha\-e had the followiiiir children : I^oy .McCord, whip was born October ."!, ISSl), is the wife of Kev. Horace F, Orr. fiastor of a rre.sbyterian Church at Cincinnati. Ohio: Melancthon II., who was born .April :!0. 1S!)1 : Marold D.. who was born February 10. ISO.'i : .M(>lva .A., who was born Deceiuber 7. 1000, died ,Tune 2."i, lOo:', ; Zelma Flecta, who was born .April 2N, 10(i."p: .Aluiina Fditli, who was born September 2."p. 10(1(1: and a babe, the first born, wlio died ill its infancy. Mr. and Mrs. .Alex- ander are active ineiubers of the I'resbyterian Church, of which he has been a Deacon for nine years and an Flder for the jiast three years and while livini; in other sections was an Flder for len years, liaviui: always performed his duties and accepted his responsibilities as a rermioiis man. In his political attitude he lias always been a Uepiiblican. Me is social in leniperanieiit and is a niemlier of the Court ipf llipiior and the M. W. A., at Iteli' ALEXANDER, Percy, one of (he well known leii of Bond Coniify, residinj; on Section 12, hoal Creek Township, was born on this farni. .November 4. 1n71, and is a sou of .Melancthon M. .Alexander, more extended nieiilion of the .Alexander family beiiiK found in this \n|unie. rercv .Alex.-inder was reared on llie home fariii ;ind enjoyed educational ;ind other ad\;intai;es. .After attendiiii,' the public schools in Shoal Creek Township, he became a student at .Alinira Colle;re. now (Ireenville Colleu'e, and subse- i|uently took a full business course at Central I'.iisiiiess Colle.:.'e, Seil;ilia, .Missouri, while re- siiliii',' for a time ,if Carwood, Kaiis.is. He then 654 BOND COUNTY. accepted a riosituui with the McCoi-iiik-k Har- vester t'oiiiiiiiiiy. in 1W17, as a stenoKraplier in their general otlice at Kansas City, afterwards became a sliiiipin;; clerk in tlieir otlice at Springtield, Miss. ISb'l, having been born in 1S21. Five years later his widow married (Jeorge Faul and they moved to a farm near Springfield. Missouri, in bSCi". where he died .lune 17. lllll. slie having dieil May ."i. 1".l(t4. 'I'bey were ;ictive members of the Lutheran Church. Four children were born to .Mr. and Mrs. .\llen : William .\.. born Octo- ber 4. ls7.">, died February '22. 1S7(; ; Catherine Klizabetli. now Mrs. .\le.\ander. born Decendier 111. 1S77: Martha M.. biuii October 10, 1S7'.I, died February .">, ISSO; and William Clyde, born .Tune 2. IsSl, died .Taniniry L'7. ISSL'. The father of Mrs. .Vle.xander dieorn in Rocking- ham County, N. C.. November 22, is;!:;, .md died -Vugust 1, is'll. Hi 18.54. in company with two other young men. he came to Montgomer.v <'ounty. III., bought land there and farming and stoekraising occujiied his entire active life. He came of Scotch-Irish ancestry and had pa- triotic blood in his veins. His great-grand- mother was an aunt of Cov. .\lfred Scales, once chief executive of North Carolina, and his mid- dle name was given in his memory. F. 1881. Dr. Allen was married to Miss Clara Clotfelter. who was born on a farm near Hillsb7. a daugh- ter of .lames W. Clotfelter. This was a North Carolin.i family that started for Illiiuiis when the father of Mrs. Allen was but a child. The grandfather died shortly afterward but the grandmother with her nine children continued on the way and landed at Hillsboro In 1S33. Mr. Clotfelter was reared in Montgomery County and became a leading citizen and a large land- owner. Biith be anil wife died there. Ihe latter in 1897, and he 190."i. Dr. and Jlrs. .\llen have one daughter. Kuhy. who jvas born Keliriiary 13, 18S2. After many educational and social advantages she was married on .lune 8. 190.S to Bayiuond M. Harwood. and they have one son. Allen Harwood, who was born April 21, 1909. Jlr. Harwood is a native of Shell)yville. 111., a ]iractical and jirogressive agriculturist and in the management of this large estate is associated with Dr. Allen. Dn October 11. l!ni. Dr. Allen and wife started on a long pro.iected trip .around the world and remained four months in foreign lands visiting all i)oints of world-wide interest, including the Pyramids of Egypt and the casino at Monte Citrlo. Like many other American travelers they welcomed with iiatriotic emotion the Stars and Stripes wlien they were safely landed once more on American soil, at San Francisco, and reached home in .March, 1912. Dr. Allen is a thirty-second degree Mason and a Knight Templar and Shriner. Politically a Democrat, he .served occasionall.v in local ottices in Montgomery County but has steadily refused political honors in Bond Count.v. He is liberal in his contributions to charities and churches and his wife and daughter are members of the Presbyterian Church. A man of genial, pleas- ing personality as Dr. Allen could not fail of winning friends and admirers but the regard in which he is held goes much deeper, and it includes the confidence and esteem of his fel- low citizens generall.v. His friendly feeling for his professional brethren is well known and a late testimonial to the same was shown b.v Dr. Allen, when he extended an invitation through Bond and Montgomery counties for forty-two of his brother medical men and pro- vided for their delectation a famous quail din- ner. It was thoroughly en.joyed by both host and guests. Perhaps, however, the most engag- ing side of Dr. Allen is shown in the home circle where he jiroudly bears the title of grandfather to the sturd.v and beautiful boy of four sum- mers, who. greatl.v re.sembling him in feature, may. it is fondly hoped by all his kindred, develop into the same type of honorable man- hood. BABCOCK, Hiram Hamilton. A residence of fifty-eight years, and a career characterized by business industry, integrity and honorable deal- ing, well entitle Hiram Hamilton Babcock. of Mulberry Grove, to extended mention in this volume as a representative of the honored citi- zens of Bond County. Although he is now living retired, having accumulated a competency and leached advanced years, he continues to take an active interest in the progress of the conununity in which he has lived .so long, and with the •ulvancement of which he has been so closely identified. Mr. Babcock was born in Franklin County, Ohio, near the city of Columbus, .Inly 13. 184."i. and is a son of Ira and Margaret (Krdwn) Babcock. .lames Babcock, the founder of the Babcock family in America, emigrated to this country from England, some time during the sixteenth century. His son. Zebadiah Italuock, the grand- father of Hiram H. Babcock. served during the Kevolutionary War. enlisting in the Continental army when a mere lad. Subseipiently he moved to Franklin County. Pennsylvania, where he was married, and later went to Franklin County. Olliii. where be passed Ihe remaining years of his life in farming. The m.iternal great-grand- 656 BOND COUNTY. fatlier of Hiram Ilaiiiiltoii Balieock was limn on the coast of Virginia, as was his son. James Brown, who in later life moved to Penus.vlvania ami thence to Franklin Conut.v. Ohio, where he died. Ira Babeoik. father of Hiram H. Balicock. was born in Franklin I'onnt.v. Penns.vlvania. February (!. istll. and was a lad when he acconi- jianied his jiarents to Franklin Count.v. Ohio. where, at Cireleville. he was marrieerlod. passing to her final rest .January 24. ISOS. at the ripe age of eighty- eight years. Their children were all born in Fraukiin County. Ohio. One daughter died in Infancy. William .lames accompanied liis par- ents til Bond County, and when the war broke out. enlisted In ISHl In Comiiany C. Twenty- sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, among the first volunteers. He ilied at Island Xo. Kl. from sickness and e.xposnre. and was burled in an unknown grave near that jioint. Byron Babcock died of scarlet fever while a resident of Bond County. Olive was married in Ohio to Francis Wilcox, and came to Bond County. Illinois, where both she and her husband died. Kache! married .Marshall Largent. came to Illi- nois, and later moved to .Toplin. Missouri, where she died April I'.i. lOo:!. at the age of seventy years, the remains being brought back and interred in Mulberry (Jrove. Matilda died in Mulberry (Jrove Townshl]i at the age of eighteen years. Hiram Hamilton Babcock was but a lad when he accompanied his parents to Mulberry Grove Townshii>. and here he grew up on the home farm .iust north of the village, beginning to do his full share of work as so, when he enlisted in Conipan.v D. l."4th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, uuistered into the I'nion service at Camp Butler. Illinois, and on Feliruary 24 was sent to Louisville. Ken- tucky. The regiment then marched to Xash- ville, Tennessee, but was detained li.v li(^ids until JIarch 2, and then went by rail to Mur- freesboro. Here the regiment suffered greatl.v from the cold rains and exposure, and many of the men died. Mr. Babcock was among those missing on account of sickness, having been stricken with malarial fever, but on March 1.'! was able to march with his command to Tulla- homa. where he remained in an enfeebled condi- tion until .Tune 11. On that date tlie regiment returned to Xashville. on Septendier 18 being mustered out of the service, and (Vrdered to Sjirlngfield. Illinois, for final pay and discharge. September 2fl, l.'^fi.'i. After his brave and faith- ful service, Mr. Babcock returned to the home place, where he twik charge of oiieratlons. and continued to tenderly care for his parents until they died. On December 22. isds. Mr. Babcock was mar- ried (first) to Miss Xancy Largent. who was born three miles north of Mulberry (Jrove. Bond County. Illinois, daughter of Marshall ,1. Lar- gent. and to this union there w,-is born one child, who died in Infancy. .Mrs. Babcock died Decemlier 22. 1870. On Jlay 11. ]87ti. Mr. Bab- cock married (second) Sarah .lane Booker, who was born in (Jreene County. Mi.ssourl. Octolier 2i>. Is.jO, daughter of ,7ohn and Mary (Beals) Booker, natives of Tennessee. The Booker family came to Bond County. Illinois, and settled on a farm three miles north of Mul- berry Grove, where Mr. Booker died in .Janu- ary, 187(i, and the mother in lss8. Mr. Booker was a soldier in the Federal army during the Civil War. enlisting from MIssotirl. and while in the arm.v suffered a ])aralytic .strcike, caused by long marches and exposure, which no donlit hastened his death. After their nnirriage. Mr. and Mrs. P.abcock settled on the old home ''arm. wliere they resided until lss2. and tlien came to Midberry (Jrove and purchaseil a lionie. when- they have since lived. On the obi farm their first four children were liorn. and of these two died In intamy. Their cliildren have been as follows: Wllmer. Iiorn .lainniry 1. IssL wh.o for eleven years has been one of the most tr\isted and faithful conductors on the Vandalia Rail- road, married Miss Belle Doidiam. a resident of Terre Haute, Ind. : Fsles ('.. liorn October .'!. 1ss2. a lineman in the employ of the Postal Telegraph Coiujiany: Klbert o.. born .\i)ril 17. 18S4, who died August 2.s. ls!l.-i; Fthel M., born BOND COUNTY. 657 July 14. ]SMi. will) inari'it'il CUiy Hopkins, one of the sufccssful farm(>rs and stockmen of Fayette County. Illinois, has two cliiUlven — Marvin anil Orel : Elsie L.. horn June 1. ISSO. a praetiral and ohliginj: telephone oi>erator: Majrjrie il.. born Ot-toher 24. 1891. for many .years a telephone oiJerator in the office at Green- ville. Illinois, where her services are hijrhly val- ued ; Emnu'tt W., horn May 28. 1S95. a tele- sraph ojierator on the Vandalia Railroad ; I.eon W.. horn Xovemher 24. islis ; and Ira I)., horn Septemlier 24. 11102. As the children have srowii uj) they have lieen jiiven the hest of ed\ieational advantages, and have lieen fitted to occu|>y hon- orahl.v and efticiently such positions as the.v may he called upon to fill. All are livins; use- ful, industrious lives, a credit to their trainins and their comnuuiity. For many years Mr. and Mrs. Babcock have heen devout niemhers of the .Methodist Episco- pal Church, and have been active in its work. He has heen a Keimblican in his political views ever since attaining: his majority, and has en- deavored to suiiiM)rt the princifiles as advocated by I'resident Lincoln. He has not desired pulilic office on Ills own account, having preferred the peaceful activities of farming to the strusKles and sometimes doubtful honors of the iiolitlcal arena. Mr. Babcdck is a valued member of Grand Army of the Republic I'ost Xo. ."iT9. while Mrs. Babcock is popular with the members of the Women's Relief Corps, both at Mullierry Grove. BAUER, Christian. Tn reviewinj; tlip life of a man liki- Christian Bauer, the biosraplier is struck by the fact that in him are embodied many of the characteristics which make for good citizenship and successful operation of any enterprise, for he is enter|irisinsr. honoralile and understands thoroughly the b\isiness he is conducting. For some time he has been engaged in general merchandising at Pleasant Mound, and is generally recognized as a good, all- round citizen in every respect. He was liorn at Winzerhansen. Germany. May 2.". 187."i. a son of John and Friedericke (Peter) Bauer, both natives of the .same place. There the parents were reared and educated, and there their mar- riage took place. In 1884. these jiarents brouglil their family to the United .States, landing at Xew York Clt.v. frf)m whence they came direct to Bond County, Illinois. Here the father pur- chased seventy-one acres of land in Pleasant Mound Towushi|i. To this original purchase more land has liccn added from time tu time until the homeste.-id now conipris<'s 2(MI .-icres, ••ill in a high state of cultivation. Thei'c is a tine orchard on the |iropert.v, as well as various kinds of snnill fruit. While John Bauer has practically retired, renting his land, he still lives on the farm. He and his family all be- long to the German Evangelical Church, in which they are very active, .\ man who Is always willing to bear his part in public Im- provements or prhnte charities, he is highly respected by all who know him. and the family stands very well in the county. The children biuMi to .John Bauer and wife were: Gottob. who is a farmer of Bond County: lyouis. who is a harnessmaker by trade, is a hardware salesman fm- J. Seaman of Greenville: William, who died in lStr>: Charles, who is a machinist of .sit. Eouis. Missouri: Christian, whose name heads this list: Fred, who is a phnubing and steam Httiug contractor of St. Louis. .Missouri : Frederiecke. who married Ferd Firnsteser of St. Louis, now retired from active business life: and Caroline, wlio married Henry Grei- mann. a farmer residing near Ilookdale. this coinit.v. Prior to coming to .Vmerica. Christian I'.auer attended school for one year, and after his arrival in Bond County, coiuiileted his education in the e.xcellent schools of Pleas.-int Mound Township. Tntil he was twenty-seven years old he found plenty of employment for his energies : Marie, who was biM-n .Vugust 19, 19(i7: and Fred, who was born January 11. 1912. .V Democrat In political faith, Mr. Bauer was elected to fill the ollice of school director for eight .years upon his party ticket. .\s he Is a friend of education, all (Jermans being that, he advocated good schools aud fair salaries to efficient teachers. 658 BOND COUNTY. A lieliever in hard roads in order that crops may lie properly moved, he has worked to secure them. lie and his wife are consistent members of the German Evaufielical Church of Hookdale. Illinois. BEAN, Jesse, who is one of the honored pio- neers of Bond County, now re.sidinjr on Section 35, Shoal Creek Township, was horn in Fentress County. Tennessee, right on the Kentucky line and a part of the old home farm lay in Ken- tucky, April 1.3, 1840. His parents were William and Margaret (Rains) Bean. William Bean was liorn in Fentress County. Tennessee, in 180(1. a son of .Jesse Bean, who was a native of Pennsylvania and liad located in that section in 1798. This farm was situated >-">4 and in the fall of ls."i."i .Mrs. Beau became the wife of .Tames Clanton. They settled on his fanu of 400 acres, situated near the present home of .Tesse Bean. That land had been entered from the Oovernment by Mr. Clanton and he died on that farm. To her first marriage Mrs. Clan- ton had. as said, four children: .Tesse. Kliza- beth. who married .Tohn I'aine, a prominent man in Bond County; Ilazzard, wlio died in 18(il : and Mary, who is the wife of .Tohn Plogg. a resident of old Ripley, Bond County. .Tesse Bean was twelve years old when he ac- com])anied liis mother, brother and sisters to Bond County, He had attended scbool in Ken- tucky, and was well informed for his age on ac- count of having met and listened to the conver- sation of so many strangers as they tarried at the farm when passing througli with tlieir stock. .\fter his mother's second m;irriage he worked for his step-father until he was eighteen years of age. when he was married to Miss Rachel I'aine. a daughter of Klisha and Annie (Fen- ton) I'aine. He rented a farm on which they moved in 18(Kl, later moving to a forty-acre farm owned liy the mother, on wliich they lived until ls7."i. when he bought forty ai-res on Sec- tion .".."i. all heavily timbered at that time, and here has made his liome ever since. After his log cabin was liuilt he began to clear his land for improvement, put in crops as soon as pos- sible, then bought more land, cleared it and again jiut in crops, working hard and never sparing himself and in this way accumulated IL'd ac-res. For Ihirtv years lie was a br(>e(ler of fine horses and mules and he recalls that his best horse was a Cleveland bay. He took an interest in that stock and at fine time had sev- enteen fine s|iecimens. When his steji-father died Mr, Bean brought his mother to his own liome and gave her tender care during the rest of her life. To his first marriage Mr. Bean had twelve ening uji before him. The late C. It. Bennett was one of the rep- sentative men of Greenville, who with his wife did much for the Jlethodist Church they had early joined. He died May 4, 1802. All his mature years lie was a strong supporter of the principles of Abraham Lincoln, as embodied lu the Republican part.v. -Mrs. Bennett is proud of the fact that her mother was a sister of Governor Brownlow of Tennessee, once one of the leading men in his State. One of her brothers, James S. Martin, was in command of the One Hundred and Eleventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and gained liis rank of general for bravery. His death oc- curred in VMS. Robert Martin, auotlier brother, was a cai)tain in the One Hundred and F^leventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and he still sur- vives, as does Thompson G. Martin, who was a member of the Fortieth Illinois Volunteer Infan- try. He was engaged in twenty-one battles dur- ing his war service. Benjamin Martin, still .inotlier brother, was young, but went as a drummer boy, and would have offered his coun- try his services as .i soldier, for the Martin family was loyal to the cause. One of Mrs. Bennett's ]>leasant recollections of those stirring times is of sitting on the plat- form with her uncle. Governor Brownlow, while he was campaigning for re-election in ]S(i4. From the latter part of that year, to the pres- ent date, she has made her home at Greenville. Ouring this iieriod she has witnessed many im- liortant clianges, in many of which her family have liorne a part, and .she-can point with pride to the careers of her relatives, esliecially with regard to their military careers. Members of the family knew and were appreciated by Abra- ham Lincoln, and she holds his name in the highest reverence. BIGGS, Henry Pinkney, wlm is one of the representative and substantial men of Bond County. 111., for some years after retiring from his farm, occupied ;i comfortable residence at (ireenville and has long been numbered with the leading citizens here. Mr. Biggs was born June 1.">. 1S47, in Calloway County. Ky.. a sou of I>avid and Mary Elizabeth (Green) Biggs. The parents of Mr, Biggs were both born in Tennes- see and married there in isuii. .after wliich they removed to Callnway County. Ky. David Biggs was a farmer and stockraiser and carried on his industries in Calbiway Cdiinty until Is.Vi. when, after his second marriage, lie moved, by ox-team to St. Clair County, Mo. By this slow mode of travel the triiKxcupied an entire month. .\fter reaching there Iiavid I'.iggs entered ."Jid 660 BOND COUNTY. ncri's (if liiiid from the (ioveriiiiient. built a coin- fortalile liewed-ldj; house iiud at the time of the opeuin^' of the Civil War. had every |iros- pect of future atfiueuee. Ity that time, however. Mi-. P.ij,'f;.s was euterius old a^'e aud felt no lon;;er ahle to contend with conditions that he found surroundini; him and family. With his wife he left Missouri and moved first to Jla- coupin County. 111., aud in ISfi.') to Bond County, where he died in isii.'i and was Iniried at Sle- Kendree ('Impel, in Tamalco Township. After his aviis;Ks was married first to Mary Elizabeth Oreen, who died when her son. Henry I'inkney BigK-s. was only tliree months old. Of her. therefore, he has no recollection and no pir he bought eigh- ty acres and moved to (he new farm and was living there when his wife died. Iiaving rented out his big farm. He has added farm after farm to his acreage until he now owns 1,200 acres of tine land all clear of indebtedness. While living on his land he kept a good grade of stock and carried on the \isual agricultural lines that are most inohtably conducted in Bond County. In November. T.lOO. he left the farm and bought his iire.seiit home in (ireen- ville. To Mr. and Mrs. Biggs the following children were born; Alice Eveline, born September 12. l.S(;7, died March li. Is72 : I.illie F.. born .March :!1. 1S7S. m;irrie(l Iva Whitford. .-i farmer in Tamalco Township and they have live children: ICIizabetli Pauline, born .Tainiary 14. 1S7'.I. mar- ried Walter E. Taylor, of Pensacola. Fla.. and they have two children ; and John David, who was born February 24. l.S.SS, and is state's at- torney at (ireenville. Jlr. Biggs has been a wit- ness to much of the develoiiment of Bond Coun- ty and he can recall when deer ran wild over tile fields now so can'fiiUy iultivate(l. lie has never identified himself with any iiarticular religious body but has always contributed lib- erally to supiiort moral movements. In jioli- tics he has always been a Democrat lint has never been willing to accejit any iiublic ottice al- though freiiuently solicited to do so. BIGGS, John D., who creditably represents one of tile old aud prominent families of Bond County, III., and is well known all over this section, at present serving in the resiionsible office of State's attorney, was liorn on his fath- er's farm in Tamalco Township. Bond County. 111.. February 24, ISns. He is a son of Henry P. and Delphia (Ilolslierry) Biggs, the former of whom is a sulistantial retired f.-irmer now re- siding at (Jreenville. .Tohn I). Biggs iiassed his boyhood on the home farm and secured his early education in the district schools. In 1'.i04 he entered (Treenville College and in jmrsuit of still more advanced training, in IfiOO entered Whipple Academy, at .Tacksonville. 111., where < he completed the academic course and was grad- uated .Tune 4. 1007. In the fall of that year he entered the law deiiartment of the Illinois State rniversity at Chiimpaign. III., where he spent four years of close application, within tliree years passing ,1 rigid examination, in 1010, at ('liicago. III. He was (Uie in a class of ;!00 students and his excellent marks placed him among the leaders of his class. .Vfter be- ing admitted to the bar he returned to the law school anil comideted his course in iiolitical science and history and in I'.lll received his degree of LI,. B. Mr. Biggs then returned to his father's roof, the latter, in the meanwhile having renuived to (ireenville, and in this place, where he has been known, more or less, from eaily youth, entered upon his lu'ofessional c.ireer. opening his law office and very soon tinding clients at his door. In his politic;il views- he is a sound Democr.it ■■ind in his personal life is a m;ui ;ible to coiiimaiid the respect of bis fi'llow citi- BOND COUNTY. 661 y.eiis. In the priiusir.v elt'i-tion hold on A[iril !•. 1012. tlip DenuKTiitk- voters chose him as their candidate for States attorney and the meas- ure of Ills ixipnhirity was sliown liy his elec- tion on November Ti, ^'.)\'J. when he overcame a Kepnlilic an majority of T.'il votes, with a ma- jority of -Vm votes over the strongest candidate ^ver elected to this otlice, beins the tirst can- didate of his political party to be elected to this office in Bond County in the past thirty years. Mr. Bijrss continues to be a student, "it lieing his habit of mind, and has equipped his office witli a comprehensive library. .John David Bisjjs married October 4. llii:!, Maliel Grace Davis, of (;reenvilU', 111., a daugh- ter of John II. and Margaret Davis, pioneer set- tlers of Bond County. One daughter has been born to this union July 27, li»14. and named Delphia Pauline Biggs.' after tlie two grand- mothers. .Tohn David Biggs, wife and father live on South Second Street. (Jreenville, in a liandsome new bungalow [lurchased prior to the marriage of .Mr. and Mrs. Biggs. BINGHAM, John F. Through a long period of more than a (piarter of a century. .John F. Bing- ham has been numbered among the leading and enterprising farmers of Bond County. His life has been well siwnt and has commanded the contldeuce and respect of all with whom he has come into contact, for it has been characterized by strict fidelity to all the duties of home and of citizenship. He started out In the world empty- handed, but tlirougli perseverance and energy has accumulated a handsome competence, and has also won his way into public confidence, lieing at present a member of the board of supervisors of Mulberry Grove Township. Mr. Bingham was born July 19. 1S61. on the farm which he now occuiiles. and Is a son of Joseph M. and Narissa V. (Grigg) Bingham. Jose]>li M. Bingham was born In North Caro- lina, March 10. 182.S. and came to Illinois In young manhood, settling first In Macoupin County. 111., and subsequently moving to Section .■'>2. Mullierr.\- Grove Township, Bond County. He was married August 2.3, 18(10, to Miss Narclssa V. Grigg. who was horn May 10. 1842, and they settled down to housekeeping in a little log cabin whi<-h he had erected. The Civil war canie on subsiMiuently. and on February 21. 180.5. at Woodbine. 111.. Mr. Bingham enlisted In Com- |iany D. I.'j4th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, with which he serve.j. .\t that time he returned to the duties of citizenship, but It was never his belief that he was deserving of a pension, although after his death, in February. 18.8.3. his widow was given a jiension, which .she drew up to the time of her death. Mr. and Mrs. Bingham were active members of the Baptist Church, in wlilch he was an active worker and liberal contributor, always fcmnd in his pew on the Sabbath, and acting for some years as deacon. He was a Republican in politics, and while he never sought public office, was known as one of the Inttueiitial men of his party In Bond County. To his original purchase he added from time to time, and at the time of his death owned 100 acres all in one body and in a fine state of cultivation. He continued to make his home in the little log cabin until 1878. when he built a splendid residence and good liarns for his cattle, grain and implements. He made his land pay him well for the labor he expended upon it, and his wheat at times aver- aged as high as thirty bushels to the acre, selling at $1.0."i per bushel. In addition to raising a fine brand of sheep, he also bred good cattle, and was recognized as one of the best judges of livestock In the township. .V steady, hard-work- ing man, his success was gained through his own efforts, and the friends he made he retained until his demise. After his death Mrs. Bingham married \V. H. Gla.sgovv. and continued to reside on the farm. .Vfter her death. Mr. Glasgow- moved to Mulberry tirove. where he still lives a retired life. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. Bingham were as follows: William E.. born November S, 18(>j. now residing on a part of the old home farm : Elizabeth R., born October 22, ISfii;, now deceased, was the wife of William Bonn; Carroll S., born June 1, 1872, a resident of Mai-oa. la. : Emma J., born July 20, 1870, wife of Orval Reeves, a farmer and stockbuyer of Mulberry Grove Township; Samuel P., born December 20, 1870, who Wilson, and was born in .\ugust, 18*14. Her mother died when the daughter was five years of age. while the father survived until 1004. Mrs. Bingham had two sisters: .Vrmanda who married (first) Burley Holies, and (second) Samuel Simmons; and Nevada, who became the 662 BOND COUNTY. wife of CaiioU Hingham. Mr. aud Mrs. Bing- ham coutiiiued on tliat farm for two years, and there one of their children was born : Ida, March 1. 1SS4, who married Ezra Overby, and had one child, Lillah M., and resides in Mulben-y Grove Township. In ISSi Mr. Bingham purchased sixty acres of land, on which was erected a log cabin, and while living there it was no unusual thing, during the winter mornings, to find the bed covered with snow which had sifted in through the logs of the nxif and walls. In this little primitive cabin three of the children were born: James Joseph, .\ugust 13. 1886, a farmer and teacher, who married Grace L. Diamond, and had two children, Wayne W. and Bruce ; George A., born Januai-j- 3. 1,888, a farmer in Mulberry (irove Township, who married Marie Koberts ; and Elsie V.. born February 4, 1890, who mar- ried Ferd Romelin, a farmer in Mulberry Grove Township, who has two children. Homer and Glen M. The other children of Mr. and Mrs. Bingham are : Grace E.. born December 0, 1892, wife of Dudley Clark, an inspector of the car shop at Quiney Cit.v, 111.; Harry II., born July 15, 1895, at home ; Edna E., born July 22, 1903 : and Ralph O., born August 17, 1905! Mr. and Mi-s. Bingham have given their children good educational advantages, fitting them for any position in life which they may be called upon to fill, and all have proven themselves credits to their training and their communit.v. Joseph and Grace are successful teachers in the Bond County schools, where tliey ha\e been thus engaged for three and five years, respectivel.v. Mr. and Mrs. Bingham made their home on Section 5, Mullierry (Jrove Townshii>. until 1892, when they sold out and purchased a tract of eighty acres on Section 9. They moved into the old log cabin which stood thereon, and at once commenced to rebuild the old structures and to erect new ones, including a handsome modern dwelling. This has become one of the most desirable farms in Mulberry Grove Township, and includes a bearing orchard, set out by Mr. Bingham. For twenty years he has been shii> ping cattle, and for the last ten years of that period has been buying, feeding and selling stock of all kinds, now averaging from IGO to 200 head of hogs, and forty mule colts. He is an excellent judge of livestock, aud wide experi- ence has made him conver.sant with the markets. On one of his mule-buying trips, in 19^1". he dis- covered a span in Jefferson Count.v, and, al- though he was unable to purchase them, induced their owner to bring them to the Springfield State Fair. There "Kate" and "Betsy," as they were called, won first prize as the best matched mules, and first and second iirizes as the best mules in the state. Subsequently, they sold for $700. Jlr. Bingham is now the owner of 320 acres of all improved land, every acre of which has been earned through his own individual efforts. In politics a stanch Deuiocr.it. he has held various offices within the gift of his fellow-citi- zens, was township central committeeman of Mulberi-j- (Jrove. and in 1913 was elected to the board of township supervisors, over one of the strongest Republicans in the township, by a handsome majority. The contest was liard fought, but victor and vanquislie*! are still the best of friends, sharing that mutual admiration that strong men have for one another. He has given his careful attention to the duties of his ofiice. and has won the confidence and gratitude of the taxpayers by his conscientious labors in their liehalf. For twenty years he has lieen a liberal contributor to the movements of the Bap- tist Church, in which he is serving as a member of the board of township trustees. For seven- teen years he has been a school director, and has ever expre.ssed himself as In favor of securing the best teachers at the highest salaries, and through his services, Mulberrj- Grove's school system is one of the best in Bond County. For nearly a quarter of a century. Mr. Bingham has been identified with the Masons, and he also holds membership in the Independent Order of Odd Fellow.s. His acquaintances are many, and his friendships numerous and sincere. BISHOP, Alfred F., one of the well known men and highly respected citizens of Sorento. Bond County, was born in a little log cabin in Grissom Township, Montgomery County. 111.. December 11. 18.^8. and is a son of Isaac and Frances (Guuter) Bishop. The father was a native of South Carolina and after the death of his father, the mother of I.saac and William Bishop, started for a northern State. They drove a one-horse wagon through country that in many places was but .sparsely settled at that time and early in 1840 reached ilontgomery Count.v. 111. and there, in the course of time be- came prosperous. Isaac Bishop was twice mar- ried, his wives being sisters. He first was united with Minerva Gunter, who died in Mont- gomery County, the mother of two children. .Tohn and Mary Jane. The former is deceased and the latter is the wife of James Turner, of Litchfield, 111. Isaac Bishop then marrietl Frances Gunter and two children were born to that union, Alfred F. and Margaret, the latter being now deceased. .She was the wife of S. Lee Elliott, who is a prominent man of Bond Count.v now residing at Sorento. Isaac Bishop servecl in the Mexican War and then returned to his farm in Montgomery County and died there about 1861. his widow surviving initil April 10, 1897. Thev were of the Methodist faith. Alfred F. Bishop was not more than three years old when his father died. He was reared on the home farm and gave assistance as soon as old enough and remained there until he was twent.v-one, in the meanwhile attending the dis- trict schools as chance or inclination led and then began to cultivate his part of the old farm, his mother having married for her second hus- band, Teter I.. I)aveni>ort, and seven children BOND COUNTY. 663 were born to that union, six of wliom are liv- ins. On May 1). ISNO. Mr Bislio|i was married to Miss Florence Cliapnian, wlio was iHirn at Walsliville. April IS. 18(52. a daushter of .John and Amanda E. (Barlow) Chapman. Following their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Bishop remained on the old farm in Montgomery Connty. until 1901, when they bought their beautiful home at Sorento where they have since resided. Mr. Bishop operated the Bell Telephone line at Sorento for five years, then sold his interest and went to work for the .Sorento foal Com- pany, now the Illinois Cilleries Company. He is a member of the Red Men and of the Mutual Protective League. The following chil- dren were liorn to Mr. and Mrs. Bishop : Roy E.. who was born March 2, 1881, married Sina Miller and they have one son. Alfred, who is in the moving iiicture show business at Mt. Olive. 111.; Letha. who was l>orn March 2. 1S.\3. is the wife of Ralph Smith, of Fidelity. .Jersey County. III., and they have three daughters, JIaurine. Florence and Helen E. ; zVmanda F., who «as born October 12. 188*!, married Ora Johnson, telegraph operator and station agent at Peoria. 111., and they have one son. .Tames ; and Finis, who was born March 28. 1802. Jlr. Bishoji and family belong to the Presbyterian Church, Mrs. Bishop uniting with the same at the age of fourteen .years. She is active in a number of fraternal organizations including the Mutual Protective League, the Maccabees and the W. C. T. v.. and is local deputy of the Ladies Order of Maccabees. This is one of the .sterling families of this part of Bond County, taking intelligent i>art in public matters that affect the community, temiierauce. education and morality ever having their sufiport. 6LEISCH, Christ. (Jermauy lias fnniislied a number of the most representative . 18S4. died February l."i. 1880; Ella Clara, born October 0. 1S.S7 : Catherine Amelia, born .Inly 23, 1889; Narada Lena, Imrn .lanuary 3. 189] ; Wilbur Anton, born .July 2. 1900. and lOlmer Leonard, born Sep- tember 4, 1903. BRADFORD, John Samuel. The financial inter- ests of any conimiinity must be guarded by men of stability, who have the confidence of the com- munity, and who may be trusted implicitly. .John Sanuiel Bradford, who is conducting a safe and conservative banking business at (Jreenville. 111., is known tliroughout Bond Coun- ty as a responsible financier, and he has also been prominent in other lines of industry. He was born March 7, INCO. In the city where he is now engaged in business, and is a son of Samuel and Xancy R. (Martin) Bradford, the former a native of Greenville. 111., and the latter of Estellville. Va. Sanuiel Bradford wa.s a banker who was known for his strict integrity and good business sense and was also the owner of .300 acres of Bond County land. In poli- tics a Rei)ublican. he .served very acceptably in the office of County Surveyor. He died in the faith of the Jlethodi.st Church, September 14, 1 S91 . .John Samuel Bradford first attended the pub- lic schools of (Jreeuville. later going to Wyman Institute, and finally taking a course at the Spencerian Business college, Washington, D. C. He inherited his father's business acumen, and succeeded him in the banking business, which he has made his life work. He is conceded to be a shrewd .indge of banking I'onditious. and bis wordeiii discoveries and inventions with re- irard to his profession, he ranks amoni; the leailins physieians of Bon5. the !;rand|ia rents moved to .lasper t'ount.v. 111., and here tlie.v became well known anions: the early settlers. In addition to farming, the grandfather acted as a banker for his neishbors. allowing them to store tlieir valuables in a safe he possessed. This old safe is owned by his grandson. Dr. Brown. John Brown became one of the leadini; and most sulistantial men of this section, and men came miles to borrow mone.v of him. many to use it for payment upon tlieir land. He was one of the supervisors of liis townshiji. be- ins a strong Democrat, and very active in jioli- tics. A great admirer of Stephen A. Douglas, he adhered to his )irinciples. In addition to all these res]ionsibilities. he found time, and possessed the inclination to do effective work for the Jlissionary B.-iptist church, in which he was an elder, and he was called "KIder Brown" by .ill who knew him. and his ac-iiuaint- ance was a wide one for he attended not onl.v the local religious gatherings of his denomi- nation, Ijut the state ones a.s well. This good and i)rominent man lived to be eighty-nine .rears of age. passing away in 1S07. his wife having preceded him to the grave in 1802. .Toserih Brown, son of .Tohn Brown, and father of Dr. Brown, was reared in .Tasi)er County, where he still resides, making his home u])on lus farm propert.v. Like his f.ither he is a ver.v active Democrat, and when occasion de- mands speaks in behalf of his party, present- ing its principles iind jilatforms forcibly and ably, winning inan.v converts to his organiza- tion, lie is entirely unsellisli in his work, for he has never desired political honors, although he did give his services for a number of years as a justice of the jieace. His most e.xcellent wife died in September. ISOl. having been like him. a consistent and earnest member of the Baptist church. These parents had two chil dren : Dr. Brown and a sister, (iertrude. who i.s tlie wife of .Tolin Kberhardt. Mr. Kbeiiiardl is oiierating the Brown homestead, the s.imc |)roperty that served as the family home when I>r. Brown and his sister were growing U|i. .Mr. and Mrs. 10berhar one son, DewitI K. Dr. Brown grew tip on his father's liomestcad. passing his boyhood as an.v normal, healthy farmer's son. and after attending the public schools of his district had the fin-ther ad- v;intages offered by the .Newton high sc-bool from which he was graduated in ^S'M>. In September of that same year he entered Barnes Medical College, now known as the Barnes .\merican Iniversity. and after taking a four ye.-irs' course, was graduated in I'.KC?, with iKuiors in a class nniiibering ll."!. A few days thereafter he embarked in a general practice at Cyrene. JIo.. near the home of Champ Clark, present speaker of the House of Representa- tives. For two and one-half years thereafter. Dr. Brown practiced here, and then accejited a tine position in a mining town in Adair Connt.v. Mo. I'lifortunately the mining comiiany failed, and Dr. Brown took a post-graduate course at the l'ost-<;raduate College of Chicago, from which he was graduated in .July, 1007. and on December 2.3, of that same .rear located at Mul- berry Grove, where he has since remained firmly establishing himself in the confidence of the people. A man of progress lie still continues his studies and has in his offices all the latest a]ipliances. His practice is a general one and he never allows the elements to interfere witli his responding to a call. I'rofessionally lie be- longs to the County. State and .Xational Medi- cal Associations, while fraternally he is a Ma- son and Odd Fellow, being connected with the local lodges of both orders. On August 12. 10(H). Dr. Brown was united in marriage with Miss Olive M. Skelton, also horn in .Jasper County, who was a schoolmate of her hnsbiind. She is a daughter of .Joseph Skel- ton, one of the prosperous farmers of Jasper Count.v. Dr. and .Mrs. Brown are active mem- bers of the Christian church. Sympathetie by nature. Dr. Brown wins the gratitude of his liatients. .-ind they trust in liis skill to do all for them a ca]iable physician can do. BROWN, Joseph M., one of Bond County's best known men belongs to one of the old and sub- stantial families of this section. Me Wiis born on his father's farm in Bond (I'ounty. 111.. March 20, ISfJ.S, and is a son of Itobert \V. and Mary A. (Moore) Brown, botli of whcuii were also born in Bond County. They had a fam- ily of seven children, namely: Abigail D.. Wil- liam, Fanny, Ella .M.. Josejih M.. Katie O. and Robert W. Joseph M. Bi'owii has acceiitably tilU'd several of the most res|ionsilile public of- fices ill BoikI Coinif.v .vet he was born and reared on a i|uiet farm and had no educational advan- tages beyond those affiu'ded by the countr.v school. Mr. Brown early developed habits of industry and gave clo.se attention to evei'.vthing which It was iiecessai'y for him to do. and dur- ing the years that he imuiaged and ojierated his mother's farm, made the land yield good crops liec.-iuse of the Bond County and rebuilt the old mill, jiutting in new ma- chinery ;ind operated it until 1XS2. In that year, on the Independent ticket, he was elected Sheriff of Bond County and during his term of BOND COUNTY. 667 four years was a most faithful olliiial. He was coUettor as well as sheriff ami duriiis liis term of service colleeted aliout .f^O.iHio a year in taxes. In 1887 he returned tu his farm and has one of the most attractive liomes in I'.ond ("onn- ty. The residence stands ujion a natural ele- vation which <;ives a wide view of the svir rounding; cnuntry. Mr. I'.rown owns 4!i.'! a<-res in Kond County and KJO acres in Madison Coun- ty. G.'iS acres In all. a tine lieritage indeed, hut one that makes liim one of the heavy tax pa.vers of this section. On Oetoher 4. 1.^77. Mr. Brown was marrieil to Miss Harriet R;ithhurn. a native of .New Yorl\. and immediately .-ifterward they settled on the present farm, and here Mrs. Hrown died on .Inly L'li. Iii04. She was a woman of beautiful character and a consistent member nf tlie Christian Churcli. Three dau^liters sur- vive her: Marsraret L., who is the wife of .Tohn Ohren. who has charjie of Mr. Brown's farm, and they have one daufrhter; Harriet, who is the wife of Cliarles Arnold, who ojier- ates KiO acres of the liome farm, and they have four children : P.urne. Clarissa and twin sons. Millard and Willard : and Ada, who is the wife iif William Miller, a farmer. BROWN, Simon M., familiarly known as Kirby Brown, is a |)ros|perous farmer of Bond County and resides on his ]4()-acre farm in Old i;i|iley Towushi]), where lie was born May 22. Is(i4. He is a son of William Brown, who was boin in Richland County, Ohio, and in boyhood ac- companied his parents to Bond County, III. William Brown was boi-n December 2(), ISL'l, a son of .John P>ri>wn. The Browns left Ohio in May, 1n.j7 lor Illinois and tirst settled near Marine. Madison County. In tlie fall of the year movins to east of .Saline in the same count.v and in the fall of 1839 came to Bond County. The Browns purchased a water mill on Shoal Creek and also invested in land ad.iacent thereto. For seventy-two years that mill lias been in the Brown family and is yet in u.se. now beinj; the lu-ojierty of Samuel Brown, former sheriff of Bond County. Aliout 1S4(! the iiarents of William Brown moved to Hancock County. 111., and their last .years were spent there. All of the sons of .Tolin Brown, except Pr. .Tosiali Brown, who died in Sanfiamon County, pas.sed away in Bond Cdiinty. On .lune 2(!. ls."4. William BroI ed- ucation ;ind b(>gan farm work as soon as strong eiaaigh to fiillow the jilow and manage a team ••ind continued to ;isslst his father until he was twenty-one years of age. .\fter marriage he settled tirst on a farm southwest of Old Rip- ley but in the fall of Issc he located on his present tract of 140 acres on Sei-tion !t, Old Rip- le.v Township. This land is all under a high state of cultivation and besides crop raising lie devotes much attention to stock raising. On (ictober N. lss.">. \lv. Brown was united in mar- riage with Miss Katie .\rnold. who was born at Belleville. 111.. Xovember 2.">. ]8<;."). a daughter (if Moritz ;ind Mary (.Meyer) Arnold, both of whom were natives of Belleville, and for many years the father was manager of a hotel there. He died at St. I^ouis, .Mo., and liis wife at San .Vntonio. Tex. Her second marriage was to Frank I'mshide. ,i prominent man in Texas. Mrs. Brown had two brothers. George and John, and one sister. Lnella. who died in Texas. To .Mr. and Mrs. Brown the following children were born : Lizzie, who was born September 4. issii. is the wife of .Tohn Oakly, a farmer in Ripley Township, and they have four chil- dren: Florence, Mildred, .Melvin and Baby; -Mice, who was born .Vpril :!. isss, is the wife (if .\ugnst Khrle. a farmer in Old Riiiley Towu- shi]i and they have one daughter. .Vlice; Fhu'- eiice, who w:is born October ;!, 1SM), is the wife (if Charles Thonijisdn. a farmer in Ripley Town- ship, had one child who died In Infancy; Martha, who w.is lioin .\pril L'S. l.SiH. is the wife of Ch.arles Zlller, and they have two children: Kl- mer and Clema : William, who was born .Novein- her ]•", 1N!i;>. resides at iKune as do the rest of the children : Beujamiu. born September 11. Is'.M!; i:iiza, born .\iarch 14. lNii7: Cli.-irles. born October 111. I.s;)!); .loliii. Ixini .\jiill 7. 1!I0:!; .lulla. born .July 'S.i. liliM : .iimI I'.cniicc. born .Vuu-nst m. l!l(»7! In piilltics .Mr. Brown has always been iden- lllled with the Republican iiarty and at present is ser\lnu' in the ollice (if Supei'V Isor. to which 668 BOND COUNTY. lie was first cIoctiMl in l!i()4. ajiaiii in 1900 and for tbe third time in 1'.)V2. and the fourth time in UH4. each election lieins hy a very larire majority. In ^'.>^4 he was chosen chairman of the Board of Su|iervisors. He is fair in all his rnlinus Lrivhnr to each uiemlier the rijrlit of the floor. In lino he was his party's candidate for Sheriff at the primaries and the test showed that he was second in the race, heaten by hut forty votes. Mr Urown is not formally con- nected with any chnrch body hut his contri- butions ti> all moral movements are timely and cheerfully frlven and his interest In the welfare of the tomnninity is known to be as genuine as . it has been continuous. He belonirs to the M. W. .\. .ind to Klpley I>od.2;e of Yeomen. BUNCH, John L., a representative citizen of (Ireenville. is a member of one of the solid old pioneer families of Hond County. He was born on his father's farm in Mills Township. Bond County. III.. November 21. ls(i4. In the lountry school near his home .Tohn T-. Bunch ;;ained an educational t raining that iirepared him for teaching' school and after foUowiui; farmiinr for a time he became a teacher and dur- ing' ISMi and ISST tauirht in different iiarts of Illinois and Arkansas and before settlln;; per- manently at Greenville, had sjient fifteen months in Kansas. In ^si>^ he was a|ipointed dejaity riiimtv clerk, a position for which he was well qu.-ilitieil. In 1>-'.n -Mr. r.unch was united in mari'iajie with Miss .\lpha I'.runer. and they have one son. Lesley B.. wlio was born in 1S'.)2 at (ireenvllle. .Mrs. Bunch was a daus;hter of Kev. AV. B. Bruner. a well known minister of the Metho- dist Church in Southern Illinois. She was jrraduated from the Creenville Hiiih school, and for nineteen years conducted a millinery estab- lishment at Creenville. Mr. Bunch is active in local politics and as a citizen is held in inil- versal esteem. In l'.i(i4 he was elected clerk of the Circuit Court and recorder of Bond County, and after serviuj; four years he turned his attention to a real estate and loan business, liandlin:^' land in various states, and li.as made many larse sales. He has been one of the suc- cessful land salesmen of this jiart of the state since I'.lCls. BUFFINGTON, William F., win, is cnsa^'cl in the real est.ate. loan and insurance business at Sorentii. III., and is one of the re|iresentative c itizens of this section of Bond County, was born at Litchfield, in Montsomery County. III., .luiie 7. 1^74. and is .i son of Wade .\. and .M.iuirie .7. (Cummin;.'si ButliuKton. 'W.-ide .\. r.utlin;;t(!, and died in lllOS, near Donnellson, III. Their children were: William F. ; David A,, who is employed in a glass factory at Kansas City, Mo. : John A.. who is emplo.ved at the same ]>lace : Charles ('., who is in the electrical business at Tulsa, Okla., and a .son who died in infancy. William F. Biifiington was graduated from the .Schofield High school with the class of Is'.tl. after which he entered an office and learned the telegraphic art. For three .years afterward he was a brakemau on the Big Four Itallroad. afterward working as a stationary engineer in the power house at Granite City. subse(|uently locating at Kasf St. Louis. III. .Vfter his marriage, in IbKl he was coiuiected with the .Vmerican Steel Comiiany, at the end of two .vears coming to Sorento. For one .vear Mr. Buttington engaged in clerking for a lead- ing mercantile firm here. In the sjiring of 1!K)4 he nH>vj'd to Coffeen. where there was an opening for hlin to do business along the line of the trade in which he hariscoll, lie established a real estate, lojin and insurance business and the liartiiershi]! continued until Augtist 1, 101.'!, when .Mr. Bntliiigton by jMirchase became the sole pro|)rietor. Both as a business man and as an otlicial. .Mr. I'.utlington has won the esteem of the (Miimiiunity Ihroiigh his public spirit and personal rectitudi'. Ill llKil .Mr. I'.utlington was united in niar- ri.ige with Miss Blanche I 'e Shane, who was born in Montgomery County. III., a daughter of (Jeorge I>e Shane, a well known farmer and iiieiih.iiit. Mr. and Mrs. Butfington have three chihlreii : Wade i:.. who was born March 2ii. . . D. S., went to school in both Indiana and Illinois, and the Dental College of St. Louis. Mo., and liegan practicing as a dentist in ]s70. His excellent work and careful methods have secured for him .some of the best people in Pocahontas. Dr. Bytield l)elongs to the I. O. O. F. and the Mod- ern Woodimen. Dr. Byflehl married Martha -Vnn Bullion, who was born in Bond County, September 20. 1870. daughter of .lohn Bullion whose death occurred September 2(1. llXtG. He was l)orn at St. Louis. AIo.. .\pril IG. 1S44. while his wife. Mary Elizabeth Cartell was liorn in Bond County in 18."i2. and died May Iti. I'.X^l. Dr. and Mrs. Byfield have three children : Lulu is a school teacher of Poca- hontas: Kthel Eunice married Henry Hoge on November 3, 1908. and her wedding was the large.st ever held in this city; and .lanette May is at home. CARRILLON, Charles, who is one of Bond County's most respecte followed in Hesse Darmstadt for fift.v-one consecutive years. His son treasures very highly a portrait of his father, at the age of eiglity-foiir years, show- ing a scholarl.v coipitenance and dignit.v of bearing. He marri(>d Eva Bangert and both died in (Jermany. Th(\v had the following chil- dren : Charles: Adam, who is a prominent physician and author, has two children. Hans, ;( physician, and Ella, who is the wife of .Tudge ICi)iielslieimer. of Bond Comity; Elizal>eth. who is the widow of .Nicholas Y.nger, resides in St. I,ouis. Mo.; .lai'ob. who died in St. Louis; Henry, who died in .St. Clair in 1!I12; Nicholas, who died in St. Clair County; Mary, who was the wife of .Vdam Stay and both died in St. licmis; one son, Carl, surviving, an engineer, living at St. Louis; and Frank, who died in Cerman.v. Charles Carrillon was educated in the schools of his native jilace and then, desiring to learn the mercantile business he served three years as a clerk, paying the sum of .'i;i2(» for the privi- lege and completing his obligation in 1857. He then left his own land for America, with very little capital but with high expectations as did thousands of others of his countrymen at va- rious times. After a voyage of fifty-six days he was safely landed in the harbor of New York, July 3. 18.''(7. with thirt.v-tive cents in his jioeket. Six times since that lirst memorable voyage has Mr. Carrillon crossed the .\tlantic. each time in nine days. The day following his ar- rival in the strange city was so given over to patriotic celebrations that seeking for worlv was not to be thought of and by the following day his mone.v had dwindled down to a few pence. Tired out and sorely disappointed, the hoy sat down on a step on a public street to rest. It proved to be a hotel and in the landlord he found a kind and useful friend. On July 7, four days after landing, he secured a jiosition as clerk, in a store on Houston Street, near Canal, with a promise of .$!(» ]ier month in cash and with board, lodging and laundr.y. The youth proved satisfactory and remained five months in that ]iosition. when, having saved his wages .•iccording to thrifty (Tcrm.-in habit, he decided to go to ,St. I.(Ouis in s(\-irch of emiiloyment. .Xot finding anything to his liking in tliat city, he continued searcliing until he reached 12- Mile Prairie, in St. Clair County, HI., where he found farm work that sniiported hini until the following spring, wlien he returned to .St. Louis. He succee(led in securing a .job there, under the same conditions as he had formerl.v worked and he remained until li(> hail saved .$100. Witli this money he went to .Mli.iinbra. III., and em- barked in a mercantile business In which he con- linued until the outbreak of the Civil War, wlien he sold. On April 18. ISdl. .Mr. Carrillon enlisted in Company E. First Missouri Volunteer Infantry, for three years. This regiment was sent to the 670 BOND COUNTY. front and in the battle of Wilson Creek, tliirt.v- eiglit of hi.s coiurade.s includinf; his captain, were killed and he was wounded in the left shoulder. In 1S(>2 he was commissioned seeond lieutenant of Compan.y I, Thirt.v-eighth Missouri Volunteer Infantr.v. At the siege of Vicksburg he was wounded in the left leg and after re- covery was commissioned first lieutenant and with this rank served in the battle of Pea Ridge and the others in which his regiment participated until in ISfi.i his di.sabilit.v from his wounds became .so serious that he had to resign and was honorably discharged. After his military service was over he returned tn St. Louis and went into the wholesale wine business and later purchased his first land, near Alhambra. In March, 1S74, he bought 170 acres of land on Section 1.5, Pleasant Mound Town- ship. It had been partially improved, there be- ing a small house on the place. After a long season during which he cleared off the timber and underbrush, he began to cultivate his land and also began to set out trees and enter into the business of raising lierries. He now has an orchard of 1,7(X» bearing fruit trees, includiug ai>iile, peach, pear and cherry trees, and to his 170 acres he has added until his farm now in- cludes 235 acres. On Septemlier 27. 1S()2, Mr. Carrillon was married to Miss Elizabeth Greiner, who was born in Baden, Germany, and came to America witli her parents in childhood. They have liad the following children: Mary, who was born at St. Louis, Mo., February 2.3. ISOG, who married Frank Sigg. a blacksmith, has five chil- dren: Charles, John, Caroline, Emma and Bertha and the famil.v lives at Keysport. 111.: .Tohn, who was born October 20, ISfiO, married Ella Legie and they have one child, William. a carpenter at Smithboro, 111.; Charles, who was born February 22. 1S72. lives at Alton, 111. ; ElizalK-th, who was born Xovemlier l(i, 1.S7.'). is the wife of Christ Wolfmiller. a farmer in Pleasant Mound Township, and they have three children: Ralph. Charles and Irma ; Ed- ward, who was born .June 2ti, 1.S79, is a farmer in Madison County, 111.: Henry, who was, born May 17, 187(i, lives at home ; Bertha, who was horn June 20, 18S2, is the wife of William Larkins, a farmer in this township and they have two .sons: Irvin and Lester; Frank, who was born March 2-1. ISS.I, who married twice, first Blanch Wordy, who left one child, Elea- nora, who lives with her grandparents, and second. Grace Bench, oi)erates the home farm ; and Eunna, who was liorn June 7, ISOO, is the wife of V. W. Stone, a farmer in this town- ship, and has one daughter, Mar.it>rie E. Mr. i'arrillon has lieen one of the most active and useful men of Pxind County. For twenty five .years lie was ,•! memlier of the county Democratic «'entr,-il Conunittee and for eight years was I'liairnian. He was a member of the Forty-third General Assembly, from tlie Forty-seventh Dis- trict and while in the Htmse made his intluence felt for good. He fought the exi>enditure of public nione.v on ever.v occasion feeling it to be his dut.v to protect the peojile. whcjse rep- resentative he was. always stiUiding for prin- ciple and against every species of grafting. He was a member of a conunittee that was sent to Washington to plead for an Investigation into the present high cost of living. On every public (lue.stion his reasoning is .sound and his expressions show that he has given profound study to the problems which confront the peo- ple of the whole country. In his own neighbor- hood he is esteemed very highly and there are man.v jieople here who know what a good friend he has Iieen in their adversity. For fifty years he has been identified with Ma.sonr.v and is a Knight Templar. CARSON, WiUiam C. Modern life offers busi- ness advantages in almost every line, but it is not every young man who jjossesses the ability to take advantage of them. William C. Carson, editor of The Advocate, at Greenville, 111., has shown himself to be a man of ability, energy and progress, and has gained his present jiosltion entirely through his own earnest efforts. He was born August 7, 1S74, at Woodburn, 111., son of William T. and Abbie E. (Coleord) Carson, the former horn near Franklin. Williamson Count.v, Tenn., and the latter of Wilton, Me., both now deceased ; Mrs. Carson having died November 0, 101,3, and Mr. Carson May 2.5. 1014. William T. Car.son was born February 8. 18.32. and when a young man came to Illinois, whei'e he accumulated a farm and other pro]ierty in ]Macoui)in Count.v. From ISCtt until 1873 he was a merchant in Greenville. Mr. Carson served for some years as a Justice of the I'eace and postmaster. He was an elder in the Presby- terian church. Mrs. Carson, who was born March 7, 1837, made the journey from her na- tive state of Maine to Illinois, overland by way of wagon in 1840, the trip consuming six weeks. William C. Carson went to the academy at Bunker Hill In 1888, Shurtlefif College at Upper Alton in 1800-02, and Greenville College. In 1803 he secured a position as reporter on the Greenville Advocate, and three years later be- came tit.v editor under Editor W. W. Lowis. In Jlay, lOOfi, he became business manager of the )iaper, and on May 1, 1908, purchased one- b;ilf of Mr. I^owis" interest. He now has entire charge of this newspajier. whidi is fifty-six years old, and one of the leading new.spajiers of the state. He gives his entire attention to putting out the best paper possible, and since he has taken charge the circulation has grown by leaps and bounds. A natural news- liaiier man. he keeps his finger on the public pulse, and is invariably able to sn|iply its needs. He is a Republican in politics, anil fills the important jiosition of secretary of tlie Re- publican Central Committee. His fraternities are the Modern Woodmen of .\merica, and the Woodmen of the World, and his ihunli that of the Presbyterian denomination. On October 14, 1000, Mr. Carson married BOND COUNTY. 67] Marie Louise Seawell, daugliter of Hon. Cliarles W. and Emma (Miller) Seawell, the former a United States Internal Revenue officer and a member of the State Legislature in 1SS7 and 1S94. Mr. Seawell died April 5, 1914. One child. Mildred, has been born to Mr. and Mrs. Carson. CARTMELL, Harry D., M. D. The world asks mucli (if its men of science and in these mod- ern da.vs a ph.vsician must not onl.v lie expe- rienced in his medical diagnosis and unerring in his surgical skill, but he must jiossess those per.sonal qualities whicli liring lioiiefulness and cheer into the sick room, often at the expense of his own nervous force. In accepting the responsibilities of the profession, medical men know that heavy demands will be made upon them and very often un.iust ones for probably they give more in charity than do any other individuals, this including time, money and profe.ssional skill. Greenville has its share of men of medical ability and one of these. Harry D. Cartmell. nia.v be mentioned as one who possesses all the qualities almve named and one who has never spared himself in ministering to tliose in need of his services. With Dr. Cart- mell it has never been a question of remunera- tion but always one of need in a patient, and so well is this known that the confidence and esteem in which he is universally held is given him both professionally and personally. Dr. Cartmell was Ixirn near Assmnption. in Shelby County. 111.. November .". l.'^TO. and is a son of Thomas W. and Margaret (Harper) Cartmell. Thomas W. Cartmell was born iii Manchester. England, a son of Isaac Cartmell, ;i bobbinmaker li.v trade. In 1S.58 Isaac Cart- mell came to America, his son Thomas W. being then two years old. and in the cit.v of New York became a car|ienter and liuilder. In 1,S70 he moved with his six children to Shelb.v Count.v. 111., and entered land in Rural Town- ship, where be jirospered as a farmer and spent the rest of his life, passing away in lliOO. His children were: Thomas W., .lennie, who mar- ried Justin Wright, now a retired farmer living at A.ssumirtion, 111. : Ann, who died in young womanhood ; Ida, who became the wife of Fred- erick Cochrane, a farmer in Shelby County : Robert, who spent two yciirs in the military academy at West Toint, afterward graduated from the Kent Law School, Chicago, and then became coiniected with railroads .-ind otlicr en- terprises in Texas, where he resides; (iertrur and still carries on large agricultural operations ihere. He grows grain and keeps fine stock and is one of the county's .substantial and representative men. His father was a Democrat but Mr. Cart- mell has long been identified with the Repub- lican party and is personally acquainted with many of its old leaders, although never willing to accept any office for himself. He married Margaret Harper and they have had a family of three sons and three daughters: Harry D. : Mary, who is the wife of Harmon Smith, a merchant at La .Tura, Colo.; .Jennie, who is the wife of Charles Kuhle. a farmer at Reynolds, N. Dak. ; Isaac, who is in the jewelry business at Assumption. 111. ; Samuel, who re- mains on the home farm ; and Nellie, who is yet in school. Thomas W. Cartmell and wife are members of the Presbyterian church. Harry D. Cartmell was reared on the home farm and attended the public schools until 1896, when he entered the Normal school at Normal. 111., where he continued his studie» for two years and then entered the North- western University and in 1900 the medical de- partment of Northwestern I'niversity (Chi- cago), where he continued his medical studies and was graduated in 190.">. receiving an ap- pointment as interne in the Provident Hospital. Chicago, where he remained, gaining valuable experience, for eighteen months. In the fall of 1907 he located at Greenville and has built up a fine practice. He has a well equipped office and compounds the greater number of his own prescriptions. On August 10, 1910, Doctor Cartmell was married to Miss Oradelle De Sloulin, who was ber.sonally and professionally well known all through this section of tlic state, belongs to that class of citizens which is beneficial to any community, a true American tyi>e. He was born December 29, 184.3, near Wisetown. Blind County, 111., and is a son of Wilson and .Mary (Chilton) Cary. The father of Doctor Cary was Iwirn at Cundierland Gap. A'a.. Sep- tember 2.^, 180(1, octor Gary, Augustine Chilton, came to the Tnited States, he settled near St. Jacob. 111. The children born to Wilson and Mary Cary were as follows : Melvin, born in Madison County, 111., December 10, 1S.31, died at Mos- cow, Idaho : .Tames, born at Independence, Mo., July 16, 1S32. died in Bond County in 1851 : ( 'atherine born in Jlissouri, April 0, 1834, is the widow of Marion Brown, and is deceased: •ieorse. born in Missouri in is.'ii; was a soldier in an Illinois regiment n the Civil War and was killed at the battle of Kingston, Ga. : Eliza- beth J., horn in Missouri in 183S, died at Poca- hontas, 111. : K.sther, born in Madison County. 111., in 1839. died in infancy in Bond County : Jasper N., born in Madison County, 111., Feb- ruary G, 1841, died at Sterling. III., in 1808, a printer by trade; John B. ; William C. born in Bond County. III.. Seirtember 2."). 184."), was a soldier in the Civil War and was wounded at the battle of Missionary Itidge and is now a farmer in Arkansas : Elisha E., born in Bond County in 1847, died in Arkansas ; Thomas F., liorn in Bond County in 18!50, is a farmer in Lagrange Township ; and Xancy F., born in Bond County, January 31. 18.'p2, is the wife of John I'lear and they live in Arkansas. While living in Missouri. Wilson Cary learned the carpenter trade and during the rest of his life followed the same to some extent. Prior to 1843 he moved to near Wisetown, Bond County, where he owned a farm of KiO acres. He was interested in raising horses and, as was the custom at that time, often permitted his fast running hor.ses to run races, but when his son Melvin won a horse by lietting on a race he showed his disapproval to the extent of send- ing the horse back to the loser. John B. Cary was only ten years old when his father died. He attended school at Van- dalia for one term and then went hack to the farm and worked there until Is.'jO. when he entered school at I'ocahontas. In the fall of 1857 he went to Hillsboro and while attend- ing the Hillsboro Academy, lived until 1S(!2 as a member of the family of Dr. J. S. Ilillis. In the above year he decided to enter the I'nion army and enlisted for service in the Civil War in Company II, .Ninth Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, but on account of ill health could not really enter the service before June, ls(i2. when he was assigned to Company C. Seventieth Illi- nois Volunteer Infantry. During ]8(i4 he served in the connnissary de|iartment and then re- turned to his home with Doctur Ilillis. During l.SCn-C he attended l!\ish Medical College, Chi- cago, and after cdnipli'tiMg his medical course, located at ])iinMellsnn. where for forty ye;irs he has practicecl his profession. C'oming here in 18()7 he has lived longer continuously than any other resident with the exception of Mrs. W. D. Boone and Mrs. J. J. (Jates. both of whom were born at Donnellson. He has never aspired to public ortice bnt served as deputy iiostmaster in 18octor Cary was born in Bond his residence stands in Montgomery County and he is claimed by both sections. Doctor Cary is a self made man, and was compelled to borrow and pay ten per cent for money to go to school. He pros- l)ered and while not a rich man he is now in comfortable circumstances. CHAPMAN, John A. (deceased), was born in Jackson County. Tenn.. January Hi, 183(i. and was the son of Willl.am Chapman, who was a native of Virginia. His wife was born in X'ew England. They lived in Virginia until 1820 and then moved to Jackson County. Tenn. In 1S51 the family settled in Jersey County. 111., entering land there and developing a farm. William Cliaiiman and wife died, however, in Mimtgoiiiery County. III. Thev had the fol- BOND COUNTY, 673 Inwins children : Xam-.v. who lioc.-inu' the wife of WilliMiii Waters, was horn liefeiv the t'aiuily left Virjiinia in 1820. She married In Kentuel4 after which she made lier home with her .son William until ls."i7. when she moved to Hillshoro, where she died Deeemher 30. 1873. She lieeame a ehuroh member in earl.v womanhood and .ioined the Methodist ICpiseopal Church at Hillshoro. Lizzie, the second mem- ber of William Chapman's famil.v. married Thomas I. Towel and is deceased. John A. was the third horn. Katie, the .vouniiest of the famil.v. married IClam Rurk and both died near Walshville. Montsomer.v Count.v, 111. Johu A. Chapman was tifteeu .years of age when he accomiianied his parents to Jersey County. 111., and there grew to manhood and then moved witli the family to Montgomery County and invested in farmiuK land. He married Elizabeth .Vmanda Barlow, who was horn near where Sorento now stands. January 1. Is.S."), then called Blood Prairie. This mar- riage took place October 23. IS.")!). Her father Rev. John Barlow was an able minister in the Cumberland Presbyterian Churdi and came of a sturdy old Scotch family. Mrs. Chaimian united with the churcli when she was fifteen .vears old and lived a Christian life in every wa.v. intlueucing others both b.v jirecept and example. It was her beautiful custom to each day read a chapter in her Bible and each night to gather her children about her to take part in family prayers. Mr. and Mrs. Chapman left the farm in Jlontgomery County in 1007 and retired to Sorento, where she passed away September 22. 1!)00. When first taken sick she seemed to realize that her life work was nearly ended and its close was peaceful. She had reared her children in Christian ]iaths and had re.ioiced when all united with the church of her faith. Mr. Chapman during tlie last month of his fatal illness had made his home with one of his daughters, Mrs. Griffith, who tenderly cared for him until his death, which took place in .\pril. Hn4. Of the eight children in the family two died in infanc.v. the survivors being: -Viui. who is the wife of .Vnios Messimore, of Montg(jmery Comity, 111.; Florence, who is the wife of \. V. Bishop, of Sorento. 111. ; Finis, of Pontiac, 111.: William. Hillsboro, 111.; Clara E.. who is the wife of Charles E. Ilolliday. of .Sorento; and Lill.v, who is the wife of James R. Griltith, of Sorento, and the.v have one d:inghter. Opal, who was born Decemlier 3, 1807. This .young lady is an accomplished musician. CLANTON, James Alfred, a worthy representa- tive of a sterling American famil.v. is one of the prosiierous farmers .■md pnblic-s|)iritcd cit- zens of Bon47. and he surviving until ls(i, who died at the age of seven- teen years; John; Edward, born November 22, 1S29. who died at the age of nineteen years: and (ieorge W., born December 21, 1831, who died in 1847. The last two named were born in Bond County. All are buried in the old Nebo cemeter.v. John I'lanton. the father of James Alfred Clanton. was born in Wilkes County, N. C, in 1S21. and was a lad of eight years when the family came to Illinois. He grew to manhood on the home farm, and was married (first) in 1,s4(l to Miss .Margaret Ellen (Jracy, who died in is.'il. leaving one daughter. Mary, who mar- ries, a resident of Old Uipley, 111.; Julia, born O<'tober 20. INOO, nnir- ried September is, 1870, to James Willeford, a fanner of Old Ripley Township; Lydia -\.. horn January 2s. lsii;>. wlio married Henry Hoffman, a merchant of Old Ripley and has three chil- dren. John M.. Dora and Du.ane; Martha Nettle, born March 24, 180.5, who died September 0, is7."i; Diu'a, born November 2, 1800, who mar- ried John Mollette, a farmer of Shoal Creek 674 BOND COUNTY. Townslii|). and lias four ehildreu. Julia. Alice. Michael and Alhert ; and Emily E.. horn May 9, 1S70, who married Ewing Hunter, of Texas, and died in 1004. leavinft one child. Berniee. The father of the above-named children died Angust 22. 1894. and the mother April 2!t. 1912. Beside their own children, they adopted two children. Marion C. File, son of Jacob M. and Catherine (Plosa) File, born February 4. lSfi4. who died Feln-uary 21. 18S1 : and Julia M. File, daughter of Mary E. (Clanton) File. Iwrn Jan- uary 30. 1873. and now the wife of Joseph Watt, a farmer near Troy. Madison County. 111. John Clanton was a man who lived not within him- self, for his tender, sympathetic nature made him ever ready to assist those in need, and during his long residence in Bond County be assi.sted many to get a start in life. In politics a stanch Democrat, he was often urged to accept otfice. but steadfastly refused public prefer- ence. In local matters he was liable to place man before party, ever trying to aid good gov- ernment. In ISrti Mr. Clanton moved from Shoal Creek to Old Ripley, and there his re- mains lie in the New Nebo cemetery. He and his wife were devout members of the Primitive Bajrtist church and his residence was the home of the early congregation of this deuomination. and of the elders of the church. James Alfred Clanton received his education in the Pin Oak school district and in that vicin- ity remained until 18i:9 when he accompanied his parents to Old Ripley Township, the father trading his Shoal Creek farm for the Grand- father File farm. He remained at homo until he was thirt.v-five years of age. and March 21. 1589, was married to Miss Matilda Willmann. who was born near Stubblefield. Bond County. 111.. December 5. 1S70. daughter of Mathias Will- mann and Blandina (Becker) Willmann. natives of Germany, who came to the I'nited States and made their home in Highland. 111. There as a young man he worked at the trade of brick mason, tint subsequently brought a farm in Riple.v Township, where he iiassefl awa.v Sep- tember 21. 1900. his wife dying May 12. 1904. After his marriage. Mr. Clanton rented land from .Tames L. Williford. and for two years farmed forty-two acres on Section 23. Old Rip- ley Township. In September. 1893, Mr. Clanton came to his iiresent property, where he now has about 111 acres under a fine state of culti- vation. He has successfully engaged in raising grain, and has also been active in breeding milch cows, of which he now has twelve head. He is an alile business man. is possessed of modern ideas and follows up-to-date methods, and his honorable means of carrying on trans- actions have won him the unqualified confidence of his associates. Mr. and Mrs. Clanton have had the follow- ing children: Thomas K.. born Januar.v 17. 1590. an engineer. resi Belvidere. III., to Brush Point and its first skirmish was at Charleston. Mo., in August, istil. and on \o- vemlier 7. 1S(!1, occ\irred the battle of Belmont. From thei'e the regiment was moved to New Madrid. Mo. Afterward this regiment was sent down the river to Fort Holt, then on to Cliatta- nooga and took part in the siege of C^)rinth. From Corinth the regiment passed on to Nash- ville, took ii.irt in the battle of Murfreeshoro and its subse(juent history included all the bat- tles of that branch of the arm.v — Missionary Ridge, ChicUamauga, Buzzard's Roost and oth- ers, until its last straggle of eleven da.vs of fighting, at New Hope, Ga. In the spring of 1S64 the regiment was mustered out at Spring- field, Joseph A. Combs being one of the victo- rious survivors although on May 9. 18()1. he had been left for dead on the battle field of Corinth. With jiatriotic duty well done, Mr. Combs then left behind him the strenuous life of a soldier and resumed the pea<-eful pursuits of agriculture and remained on his farm until IsOfl, when he moved to the village of Mulberry Grove, where he continued to make his home. In every way he was ever an active and ]iro- gressive citizen, serving ac-ceptably in ever.v ofHce to which his appreciative fellow citizens had elected him. lie served for two sessions in the Illinois Legislature and the special ses- sion iluriug the World's Fair at Chicago. He seiTed as road supervisor, town collector and assessor and notary public and attorne.v for the village, hut possibly he took as much pride in the results of his service of two terms as .iustice of the jieace as in any official position he ever held, for during this time no higher court was ever called on to review one of his judgments. For eighteen years Mr. Combs had served as a school trustee. On Aiigust 21, lS."')f(. Mr. Combs was married to Martha Klizabeth Buchanan, who died Sep- tember 24, ISftS. The.v had three children : .Tennie. who was born Novemlier 4. ISfiO, mar- ried .Joseph S. Holt, and they have one daughter. Mable, born November 0, 1S87, married Benja- min Bullion and they have one son, born .Tan- uar.v 7. IIIKI; I/illian. who was born December 2.S, IsCil, married William W. Ridgway, who is in the feed and ;he being one of the ver.v few surviving children of a Revolu- tionary soldier. The mother of Mrs. Combs was l«)rn in .Teffer.son County, Va.. a daughter of Thomas Blackburn, who was married three times, two sons of his first marriage emigrat- ing to Kentucky at an early date and the Ken- tucky Blackburns. all distinguished, are of this stock. For his second wife, Thomas I?lack- burn married Sarah Ball, who was the grand- mother of Mrs. Combs. .She was a cousin of (;eoth died : and Margaret K., wlio is the widow of Daniel Corrigan, who was one of the jirominent citi- zens of Randolph County. 111. James G. Cox was an industrious and .ludicious farmer and stock raiser and in the days before railroads conveyed his products to market with two yoke of oxen, dressing hogs, and disposing of them for .'i!1.2r) per liundred weight and turkey and other fowls at .fl.25 per dozen, these prices being satisfactory at tlmt time and he became wealthy. He was an old line Whig in politicks and «as often asked to accept public office but would never serve otherwise than as school director. Botli he and wife were faithful and liberal members of the Methodist Church. It was in Perry County tliat Rufus D. Cox started to school and he had to walk a dis- tance of two and one-half miles. The sum of .1!2..'jO had to lie paid for each pupil and where tliere was a large family the tax was rather lieavy. In his school days great account was made of reading, writing, spelling and arith- metic, and Mr. Cox remembers one sjielling bee in which a school mate spelled through the en- tire book, missing but five words. He con- pleted his education in the old Johnson school district as it was then called. In l.SCO Mr. Cox and wife moved to Centralia, 111., locating on a fort.v-acre farm and this he was cultivat- ing at the time of his enlistment, in lS(i2, for service in the Civil War. He entered Company H, Kightieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and Ills regiment was inniiediately sent to the frcint, it particijijiting in Iwcnty-nne buni fought bat- tles, including that of I'errysville, where it lost .seventy-live in killed and wounded. Other ini- liortant battles were Nashville. Franklin, Kene- saw Mountain, liome and Atlanta, and at Chat- tanooga he was iiromoted to the rank of cor- lioral. .\t Rome. Oa., he was taken prisoner with 1,!M)0 others, was transferred to IJbby pri.son. afterward was exchanged at City Point. From there he was sent to Springfield and received his honorable discharge on August 12, ISdTi. having been b\it once wounded, which was in the battle at Atlanta. The management of the farm was a heavy task for his wife and Mr. Cox wrote to her to sell the forty acres, for which she received .S12.."0 ])er acre and resideil with an aunt until his return from the army. They lived for one year afterward in Monroe County. 111., and he then bought land in Jeffer- son County from the Illinois Central Railroad. His wife died at Centralia. leaving two chil- dren : John Riley, who died at the age of twenty-four years; iind Marylielle, who is the wife of Percy Malone and they live at East St. I>ouis and the following children were born to them: Stella, Ilattie, Monta K.. Ada and John D. On December 21), ls7(i, Mr. Cox was married (second) to Juniata Hunter, who was born and reared in Bond County. She was the widow of Charles Sajip and by her first marriage had a son, Charles, who is now a resident of Sulli- van, 111. Mr. and Mrs. Co.x had three children, two of whom died in infancy, and one. Freddie, died in 1S98, when aged seven years. Mrs. Cox was a woman of beautiful character, kind anil gentle, faithful and loyal to every duty and beloved liy family, church and neighborhood. She tenderly reared her step-children and won their enduring affection. In her early years she had been an active member of the Pres- byterian church but after coming to Greenville, united with the Baptist church. Mr. Cox .ioining at the same time, he iireviously having been a member of the Christian . His diildren liavo all passed away. James ('. ('rutins was reared from in- fancy in Hond Cnunty. Wlien tlie old ill feeliuir witli .Mexico developed into w.ir in 1s4(p. lie enlisted in I'ompany K. Tliird Illinois Infantry and served as a menil)er of the same until the war ended, wlien he came back to Bond Comity, lie subseijuently entered land in Slioal Creek Township and tinally became a larj-'e land owner in the coiuity. On Section 4 he erected a comfortable farmhouse after liis marriajre. a churcli and schoolliouse now standius on tlie sjune site. There he li\ed until isin. when he sold and moved to .Macoupin Couut.v, 111., where he invested in land again, lie died in 18(!(j near Honey I'oiiit. He was one of the stroni; characters of the time, an iiprijiht, lionest man in all bis dealings, a contributor to the church and a supporter of public movements for the spread of education. He was a Jeffersonian Pemocrat and was a ]ironouiiced Vuioii man all through the Civil War ami at times assisted in drilling tlie raw recruits before they went to the front, having had e.\lierience in military tac- tics during the Mexican war as noted. In early manhood James C. Cruthis married Mary M. Dressor. who has been almost a life- long member of the rresbyterlan church. She still survives and on July 14, 1!)14. will cele- brate her eiglity-fifth birthday. She comes of a long living family, her mother reaching the age of eighty-three, one brother. Xatliaiiiel. being now eighty-nine: anotlier. Francis, who died in February. T.)14. .-md a sister. Olive, being sev- enty-three. Four sons and four daugliters were born to the above marrige. Eliza 1... who was born .\i::xiisf I'l. 1S41I. married .Jesse Wallace and both arc now deceased. lUifus was the second born. James F.. who was born January ."!. 1S,":>. is now deceased, married Tyusella Witt, who resides at Soreuto. Augustus F.. who was born Oi'tober Is. l^.'iT. resides witli his wife and live children, at I'.lossom. Tex. M.iry I., who was born February 22. ]N(i((. was the wifi' of James Caulk, who survives lier and lives al Panama. Kmma 1... who was born July 2(1. isci'. is the widow of William Odell and lives at Soreuto. William .M.. who was born April 2."i. lSfi4, died at St. I.ouis. Mo.. May 10. 1S71. Klizabeth V... who was born Oecemlier s. ]s(i(i. (lied Seiiteinber S. l.SHT. Itufus Crulhis attended llie ilislrid schools ill Shoal ( 'reek •To\ars he worked on farms b.v the inontli and then, from l.S7(> until ins:! be shared in the results of the crop on the land h<' i-ented. lie then bought ]0(i acres and greatly improved the same, first building a log cabin and subseipu'iitly adding land until he had 1 HI acres, the Clover Leaf Railroad cutting off six acres. He was a very progressive agriculturi.st and understood how to make his land yield excellent crops and he also was very successful in breeding tine I'er- cheroii horses ;ind accumulating a splendid lierd of llolstein cattle. On January .", ISM. Mr. I'ruthis was united in marriage by Justice Klias Jones id' Soreuto. with Miss .Mary A. llolbrook. a daughter of Marion and Mary E. (File) llolbrook. and to them were horn four sons and six daugh- ters, as follows: -Vrvell. who was born No- vember 11. IS.Sl, died at 1-os Angeles, Cal., OctiMier 7. lOlIi : Xora. who was born .Vpril 27. 1SS4. married II. Saathoff, a farmer in Montgomery County. 111., and they have three children. Itufus Henry. Lloyd L. and Naomi: Lydia J., who was born Seiiteniber 1. IS'SC. died February G, I'Jll. wife of John W. Walker ami mother of Bernice, .Montie and Marvin, the last named dying and being buried in the .same grave witli the mother : Edgar Marvin, who was born December 20. ISSS: Mae, who was horn July D, ISOl : Rufus Earl, who was born October" 2(j. IsflS: (Tra Fern, who was iMirii -Vpril IS. 1S!1.-., a successful teacher in P.oiid County: Ernest Cl.vde. who was born September 21. lsr a number of years and dying at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Daniels. They were members of the Haptist Church. .\fter marriage .Mr. and Mrs. Daniels made their home at Woburn and there tlieir seven children were born, the three survivors being: John, who is a merchant at Seattle, Wash. ; Grace, who is the wife of Dr. Fredericlv E. Linder, of (Jreenville: an'o bushels. Mr. Daniels was married :\t Lewistown. 111.. Decenibei- 2."i. Is07, t(i Miss i:ii:i .M.ize. who was born near Table (irove. III.. ;uid is .-i daughter of a itroininent retired farmer there. Mr. and Mrs. Daniels have resided .-it Greenville since lon-j. Tbc.x ai'c Mrti\c nienibei-s nl' the Free Methodist Church, of which he has been a trus- tee many years and also a trustee of (Jreenville College. Xominally Mr. Daniels is a Democrat in politics but has never felt himself so bound b.v part.v tie that he could not make use of his own individuality in castiu.g his vote. There are few sections of Illinois where the name and pleasing personality of Mrs. Daniels are not known. She tills the important office of state vice president of domestic science for the State Farmers" Institutes and is as gifted as a lec- turer as she is successful .-ind po]iular as an instructor. DAVIS, Thomas E., whose piominciice and use- fulness as man and citizen has long been recog- nized in Bond County, enjoys specinl and de- served esteem in Mulberry (irove. which owes much to his enterprise and unseltish imblic spirit. He was born in Fa.vette, near Mulberry Grove, Bond County, 111., January 0. ls(;i!, and is a son of ,Iames T. and Frances L. (Ilastin.gs) Davis. James T. Davis was born in Tennessee, May s. ]s20, a sou of Edward and Mary E. (Conner) Davis. Edward Davis came to Ten- nessee from .Vlabania. The Conners also be- longed to Alabama and a famil.v stor.v declares that Grandfather Conner rode on lior.seback, with his wife behind him, to Tennessee. There he enlisted for the War of IslL'. after his dis- charge returning first to Alabama and in 1814 to Tennessee and in INK! the Conner and Davis families came to Illinois, settling in I'ayette Connt.v and ever siiii-e representatives of these pioneers have been people of worth in ever.v place in which they have settled. The Hast- ings family came to Bond County about 1814. settling at Woburn in Mulberry (irove but after- ward locating in (ireenville. The mother of Thomas E. Davis was horn in Bond County. October 23. 18;>1, married J.unes T. Davis. .March 4, 18(i2, and died April 4, 189:!, having survived her husband from June 8, ]S87. To James T. Davis and wife the following chililren were li(U-n : Uosena. deceased, who was the wife of Harden Blankinsliip of Mulberry Grove: Eydia M., who married t'. A. White. ;ind they still live on the old Davis homestead: William A., who is ii merchant at Mulberry (irove: Thomas E. : I.sahelle. who is the wife of W. C. Koouce, a retired farmer of Mulberry (irove: and three who died in infancy. .Vt the time of the birth of Thomas E. Davis his parents liNcd in Fayette County, in Bear (irove Township, and there he secured his early schooling. Although bis father was a man of ample means, at the time of death owning (!00 acres of laud and muili personal property, his son learned the iiractical details of a farmer boy's life. He .always reniembeied that things had not come easy to his father who had been left fatherless at the .-ige of fifteen years and the support of four younger members of the laniily had f.iUeu on his shoulders, his (irand- mother Conner taking charge of the doinesti<- affairs. The brothers. Willk-im. .\ugust and BOND COUNTY. 679 Edward, nil onli.stod in the T'liion army and served throush Inns terms. The onl.v iiulilic office the father of Thomas E. Davis would ever aorept was that of hiKlnvay eommissioner. Thomas M Davis remained on the home farm until ].SS.">. when he was married to Miss -Vlmira Waslilmrn, who was horn in Fayette County, a daughter of Daniel O. and Mattie (Andrews) Washhnrn. who had come to Illinois in 1S3.">. Mr.s. Davis died .Tune 4. lasS, the mother of one daughter, Mary, who was horn .Tannary 24. 1886. She is the wife of Darrow C. Harris, who is one of tlie leadins merchants of Louisville, 111., and they have two children. .Vnnabelle and Davis ('. On Xoveniher 2S. IsllO. Mr. Davis was married (second) to Miss Martha R. Elmore, a dauijhter of the late Ilurdin El- more. She was horn March 2S. 1S(19. Mr. and Mrs. Davis have the followiiii; children : Law- rence Leroy. who was liorn Sejitemher 29, 1801, lives in Mulberry Grove, married Irnia Martin; Thomas Harden, who was horn March 11, 1892. lives at home; Illinois, who was born September 21, 189;>. is the wife of Fred Martin, a resident of Great Bend, Kans. ; Edna Mae, who was born June 9, 1S98 : and Forest Edward, who was born .\pril .">. 1910. -Vfter niarriase Jlr. Davis enM.sed in farming on a part of the old homestead but in 1892 he purchased a comfortable and attractive resi- dence in Mulberr.v Grove which continues the family home. Mr. Davis possesses the (lualities of leader-ship and since locating in Mulberry Grove he has been an earnest, active and help- ful citizen, one who has never shirked responsi- bility for himself and has imparted enthusiasm to others. For one year he was in the drug bu.sine.ss but sold in order to so into the stock business and for fifteen years has been one of the leading dealers in this |iart of the state, always i)aying the highest market price and de- manding the finest stock. His business quali- ties and good .judgment brought success to him- self but he was not thereby satisfied, he wished his fellow citizens to prosper likewise and as president of the village board and of the board of supervisors for two years, took such a deep interest in Mulberry (irove that a great change was brought about in many ways. In 189() he erected a two-story brick store building and in 190.S a three-story brick building, selling the third story to tlie lodges of the city. In 1910 he improved the east side of Main Street with a brick building and others on the west side. In .lanuary, 191;!. he lost sevei'al buihlings by lire but in the sininiier of that year he erected a handsome modern hotel, the Davis Hotel, wliicli has a frontage of 1(1(1 feet. There are thirty rooms in this building, which is eijuipped all through with modern comforts and is one of the best hostelries between Terre Haute, Ind.. and St, Louis, Mo., on the Vandalia system. He has done his best to make Midbcrry (Jrove ;i de- sirable place for business investment or home e.stablishment. He Is a vci'.v charitable man and, although not a member of any rlninh, is equally liberal to all church bodies. Fraternally he is identified with the M. W. A., the Court of Honor and the I. O. O. F. Like his father he is a tirm supjiorter of the princii)les of the Demo- cratic part.v. DAVIS, William A. (.iiiict and unostentntious in manner, yet effective in his wnrk, William A. Davis of Mulberry Grove. Bond Comity, has developed into one of the leading men of his community, and as a member of the hardware and farm implement firm of Ehrstine. Davis & Co.. has exerted a judicious influence over the business life of this [ilace. He was born on a farm in Fayette County. 111.. .Vpril 7. 18(i4, u son of .Tames T. Davis, and his wife Frances Iv. (Hastings) Davis. The com]ilete history of the Da\is family is to be found elsewhere in this work. Growing up upon the Davis home.stead. Wil- liam \. T)avis alternated attendance upon the schools of his district with work upon the farm. Later he took a two years' course at the H. 1?. Brown Normal School at Vali)araiso. Ind.. from which he was graduated in 18S4. lieturning home, he worked upon the farm, and during tin,' winter of 18s."i, he commenced teaching school. When he married, he took a portion of the homestead, in' Bear Grove Township, Fa.vette Comit.v. and putting on it the necessary liuild- ings. began operating his land, being very suc- cessful in that line of work. In 1888. his father died, and he moved on the homestead proper, c-ontinuing his agricidtnral operations until 1S.S9. when he and bis wife moved on a farm in Mnl- lierry (irove Townshiii. Bond County. In April. 1S9S, the.v left this home for one in Mulberry Grove, where he bought an interest in a lumber yard in conjunction with Lilligh Brothers. In 1899. he and Henry Lilligh sold their interest and formed the firm of Lilligh & Davis, which partnership i-ontinued until 1901, at which time the l)usincss was sold tss, but within a year sold to H. Blankeiishiii it Co., .Mr. Davis retaining a third interest in the new concern. Three years later Mr. Lilligh sold his interest to L. M. Ehrstine & Co.. and after several other changes, the ]ire.sent caption of Ehrstine. Davis iV; Co. was adoiited in 1909. The firm handles a gener.il line of hardware and farm imple- ments as well as a full line of harness and sad- dler.v. .\ large and healthy business has been built up and the firm has cstalilished a well- merited replication for honest ting those measures calculated to iirove beneticial for his town. .Mr. Davis has come into public notice, and held some avis was liorn in Mnllierr.v (irove Township. .Jannary 1. 1S(;7. Mr. and .Mis. l>avis liave liad six cliildren : Orel T.. wlio was horn May '.). IS.S7, is a ilrnKSist of .Mullierry Orove. liavin;; lieen graduated from the .Ndrthwestern I'ni- versity of Pharmacy. Cliicago. and married -Vnna B. Locke; William E.. who was born .\m;ust 2!). 188!). is a harness dealer of Mul- berry (irove. married .\nna Xixon : I^ucy More.y, who was born November 10, ISlll ; I'erry E., who was born February 3, 1S!)4 : Dana JIarie, who was born .January l.j, 18118 ; and Ward -V.. who was born .January 8. ItlOl. Jlrs. Davis is .•in earnest menilier of the Methodist Church. Fraternally Mr. Davis belongs to Mulberry (irove Lodge No. SOO. A. F. & A. JL. and Lodge No. 908. J. o. O. F. of the same place. In the latter lodge he ha.s passed the chairs, and has twice represented his hKlge at the grand lodge meetings of the Masonic order, the last being in lOlM. In 1012 he represented the local Odd Fellows at I'eoria. III. In addition, he belongs to the Knights of I'ythias. DE MOULIN, Hon. Edmond, wb^sc long idcnti- lication with the manufacturing interests of Uond County brought him and his enterprises into prominence in tlie conunercial Held, is one of the leading citizens of (Jreenville. of which i-ity he served as mayor for seven consecutive years. He was born near Jamestown. Clinton Count.v. 111.. .June 11. l.S(i2. a son of Elisba and Marie ( Sordet i De Moulin. Elislia De Jloulin was born in France. Octo- ber s, 1.^32. In l.s-to he came to the I'nited States and f(n' a short time worked as a farmer and then learned the blacksmith trade. In 1S70 be moved to .Sebastopol. III., where he continued to work at bis trade until 1881, when he em- barked in a mercantile l)usiness. For some years he was postmaster of the village. He be. T. M.. Court of Honor, I v^ (^ ^^^^^^B^^Tr^^^^^^^^l ^^^^- "^ ^^H ^^^^^^^^E L. BOND COUNTY. 681 tho W. O. W.. tho M. W. A., tlie M. 1'. L.. Mod- ern American, the Red Men and the Ro.viil N'oighbors. DIXON, Cassius Clay, than whom there are few men lietter known in Bond Connt.v, be- longs to an old and honored family of this state, a i-oniplete histor.v of which will lie found in anotlicr jiart of this work. Mr. Dixon was liorn in what is now the villaire of Pittshiirfc. Fa.vette ("onnty. III.. October 7. ls(ii!. the vil- lage site having been once owned by liis father, Thomas .T. I>i.\on. Cassius Clay liixon accom- panied his ]iarents when removal was made in ISCiCi to Pleasant .Mound, Bond County, and his earl.v education was sectired in the schools in the Ilamburi,' district. In ISSi! he entered the Normal College at Danville. Ind.. where he was creditalily graduated with the class of 1S8."). Being thus thoroughly prepared for the jirofes- sion of teaching, he embraced this line of useful work and for nineteen years was recognized as a leading educator of I?ond County, teaching his last term before retiring from the educa- tional field, in the old schoolhou.se in Tamalco Township in which he had taught his first ses- sion, recognizing in some of his pupils the chil- dren of those who had attended his first school session. From is;i;{ until ls!>0 he was engaged in a general merchandise business under the firm name of Palmer & Dixon, after which he purchased his partner's interest and continued alone for three years longer and then sold his stock to his brother, W. T. Dixon. On .Inly 22. iss.'i. Jlr. Dixon was married to Miss Fannie Maria Palmer, who was born in Tamalco Township. Bond Count.v. 111., .lanuar.v 22, ls(i."i, a daughter of .John and I.orana II. (Brown) Palmer. .lohn Palmer was born in Kngland and came to the United States in 1841). stopping first at Troy. X. Y., in 18.50 reaching Bond Count.v, where, for man.v .vears he fol- lowed his trade of carpenter and builder and erected many of the most substantial structures in this section. He died Xovembei' 4. lillO. a highly res|iected and universally esteemed man. He married I.or.iu.i II. Brown, who was born in Bond Count.v. May ."i. 1S4;!. and 7. 'I'hey liad two children: I''annie .Maria and Durana Brown Palmer. .\n extended mention of the Palmer family will be found in another jjart of this work. Mr. and Mrs. Dixon have one son. Clifford Harrison Dixon. wh in the Illinois Col- lege at .lacksonville. III. He married Miss Cressie .Vjiple. .-iiid they have two children. I'al- iner Dixon, was born May (i. ItMI. and Kthel Isabella, born October 28. 1!»1.'!. Following their marriage Mr. and .Mrs. Dixon went to honsekeejiing at Pleasant Mound, in 1S87 moving to Mrs. Dixon's birth|ilace, and tliat remaineodge. Xo. S7'.). Odd Fellows, at Keysport, 111. Witli wife and son he belongs to the Christian churcli. in which he is a deacon and a teacher in the Sunday school and is president of the Chris- tian Endeavor Society. Mr. Dixon and wife are well known all over the county, as has been indicated, and in their handsome automobile make fre(pient an re|iresentatlve men of the county, 682 BOND COUNTY. a stron;: Repuliliciii and a tnisti^e of the Bap- tist CluiiIr. Dixon has always been an active man in the affairs of Bond County and a leader in educa- tiiaial work, either as a teacher or as school director. In Inmi he voted for Hon. Jaiues A. I. W. A., of which he is clerk. In imblic esteem n County. family stands higher in Bond DONNELL, William J., a prosperous farmer and stock raiser of Central Township. Bond County, was Iwrii in this township. .Tune lii. ls."!l. a son of John Denny Donnell. now. de- cea.sed. The Donnell family was founded in this counti-^- by Thomas Donnell. a native of Ire- land, who was forced to leave his native land on account of religious troubles. He with seven brothers and sisters came to the vicinity of Philadelphia in ITMI. and there he lived until his death. His son John Donnell became a major during the .\merican Revolution, and finally moved to Kentucky, where he married Elizabeth Denny. .V son of John Donnell. (ieorge Donnell. was born in Kentucky. July 1. 17'.t3. and was married to a Miss Nelson. They had seven sons and two daughters, seven of their <-liiIdren being born in Central Townsliip. Bond Ceniiicrat. and fniternally a Mason. His death occurred in 1iMl."i. .Mrs. Don- uell was reared and educated in .\lulbei-ry Crove Townshiii. She and her husband have three chil- dren : Clara, Denny and Nellie, all horn on the liresent farm. Mr. I>onnell has always heen a Kepuhltean. and fraternally he helongs to the Modern Woodmen. The Baptist church holds his memliership. DRAYTON, Cliarles Orin, oiu> ot the reprc- sent;iti\i' men of I'.ond County and widely known as an organizer in the interest of farmers, has Ik'cu a valued resident of (Jreenville. 111., since l!Mi;i. He was liorn on a farm in Madison Couidy. 111., near Highland. December 10, 1S51. His father came from Bridgeport. N. J., and set- tled in Madison County. 111., in 1S40. He was a .judicious farmer and jiurchased a half section of land In Clinton Cruinty. 111., thirty ndles from St. Louis. Mo., in 1s."7. It is still known as the Drayton homestead. There he died in IsOO. at which time his son, Cliarles Orin. took full charge and continued to live on tlie place until ItlOo. a i>eriod of fort.v-five years. The motlier of Cliarles Orin Drayton belonged to an old North Carolina fainil.v named Orncey. Mr. Dray- ton believes she was one of the liest women avid moved to Alaine in 179.5. and from this family came the mother of Francis Dressor. She died in Bond County, III.. .July 17. 1880, at the home of her daughter. Mrs. .1. B. Denny. The other chil- dren of Rufus and Tamar Dre.ssor were : Rufus. Hiram, Joshua, Eliza, Xathaniel, Francis and Mar.v. As a child, before the long journey to Illi- nois was entered upon, Francis Dressor attended the Huse school at Temple, Me., and after reach- ing Bond Count.v attended school during the winter months for several years and a sub- scription school to learn ])enmanshii>. He earl.v developed some talent for music and was con- sidered a fine vocalist and even taught singing school, having an excellent tenor voice. For four years in early manhood he worked in the pine regions in Minnesota. In 18.'j2 he located on the farm in Bond County on which his son William F. lived, and resided there until 1802, when he moved to Soreuto. 111., where he con- ducted a lumber yard for eighteen .years. He then retired from active business and in 1010 moved to Reno. 111., where he owned property. and there died February 14. 1014. the funeral being conducted at Bethel Chnrch. February 20. 1914. Rev. W. F. Gibson of Irving and Rev. W. II. Kendall of Greenville assisting Rev. H. B. Douglas. Mr. Dressor's first marriage was on August 2,"?, 1853, to Martha A. Rosel)ro. who died Au- gust 14, 18iJ4. They had one daughter, Almira C, who died in 1855. Mr. Dressor was mar- ried (second) .January 10. IS.lo. to .Mary K. Rankin, who was born March 31. 18.",2. a daugh- ter of .James K. and Sinah (Finley) Rankin. James K. Rankin was born to iJuilford County. N. C March 0. 180(;. and came to Bond County in 1827. To Mr. Dressor"s second marriage thi' following children were born: .lobn C.. now of Reno, was married to Ilattie Hendricks of Sorento. and they have four children — Francis. Dorothy, Mary and John Rankin; James XI.. who is a resident of Denver. Colo., married I^eona Conkling, who died April 10, lOKi. and they had four children — Edith. Mildreil ,ind Margaret, both deceased, and Donald; Williani F.. who lives on the home place, uiarricil Cal- lie Cary. and they have one daughter. l..-iur:i : and I.ucy was graduated from the Greenville High school and taught in the schools of Reno and Sorento. She then studied at and was grad- uated from the I'erry School of Oratory and Dramatic Art of ,St. I>ouis. Aliandoning her i-areer when her mother's health failed, she cared for her parents and is now with her brother. W. F., at the homestead. Formerly Mr. Dressur was identified with the Republican party, but .-ifter the Prohibitionists formed a responsible organization he became athliated with it and has so continued. He has been connected with iiuldic enterprises to some e.vtent and always creditably. He assisted to organize the Bond County Farmers' Mutual In- surance Company, of which he was [iresident for almost twenty years, declining reelection in 1010. He was elected a member of the first board of directors when the school districts were first organized. For fifteen years he was pres- ident of the county .Sunday school association and held the first township Sunday school con- vention in the county. When a .voung man he .ioined Bethel I'resbyteriau Church, moving his mendiership to Sorento while he lived there. He was elected a ruling elder of the church at Bethel ;ind was elected and served as elder at Sorenio until he moved awa.v. He repre- sented the Alton Presbytery at the General As- sembly at Saratoga Springs, X. Y.. in 1870. and again at Columbus, Ohio, in 1008. He was one of the connt.v commissioners at the time of the building of the Vandalia railroad, representing Bond County. On Augu.st 20. 1010. there was a reunion of the Dressor family held on the Dressor farm near Reno, and on this occasion some forty members iiarticipated in the festivities and hi- iluded in the mnnber were thret> brothers of the original family that settled in this neigh- borhood in 1837: J. P., then aged eight.v-nine .vears; Xathaniel, then aged eighty-five years; and Francis, then aged eight.v-three year.s. Mrs. J. P.. Denny, a sister born after the family reached B at Alnnra College, at (ireenville (now known as the (ireenville Methodist College). Agricul- tural |iursnits have demanded his attention and BOND COUNTY. 685 Bond County has lipon Iiis honip. with the ox- ception of throe .venis. when he resiileil in Kan- sas and Cdlorado. tliei'o owning several claims, and lie still is the proprietor of 170 acres in the latter state. On October l!."i. ]8!l2. Mr. Dvessor was married to Flora (". Car.v. who was horn at Donnellson. Montgomery County. 111.. May 7. 1S70. One daughter has been born to this union. liaura. August IS. 1S!)3, a graduate of the Reno schools, class of 1010, and a talented musician. .Mrs. Dressor is a member of the Woman's Christian Tem]>erance Tnion. and at the present time is secretary of the local chaiiter. Mr, Dressor shares his wife's views as to the licpior question, is a total abstainer and votes the rroliibition ticket, and has never used tobacco in any form. During the fort.v-eight years that ho has re- sidered in Bond Comity he has shown him.seU' capable of iierforming every duty devohim.' upon him. has commanded re.spect in that his transactions have always been of a legitimate and honoralilo nature, and because of his loyalty to the liest interests of his iiniimnnity has earned the right to be named among the men who have been, and are. responsible for the past and continued growth and prosperity of Bond Count.v. That he has not been indifferent to the duties of his church is attested by his at- tendance since his twelfth year. In lIKHt he became a member of the church board, and five .years later was made secretary thereof, a posi- tion which he has cdiitinucd to hold to the pres- ent time. For twenty-two years ho has lioeii a member of the school board, and during this time has served frequently as chairman of this important body, Mr, Pres.sor's career has been long and industrious; ho is conceded to be one of the useful members of his community: his record is nnblemished : his life is and has been clean. Xo man could ask and no man receives greater respect and esteem from his fellow cit- izens. DRISKILL, John. .Vmono tlic cild families of Bond Count.v that are still worthil.v represented here is that of Driskill and a well-known roir- resentative is .Tohn Driskill. who, f(U' almost sixty-eight .years, has been identified with this section. lie was born in what was then known as rieasaiit I'rairie. but is now SlKjal Ci'cek Township. Bond County. 111.. October L'2. Is4.". and is a son of \VilIi;im .■iiid Marv iCruthisi Driskill. William Driskill was born in Tennessee .-ind was a son of .losse Driskill. who was a native of North Carolina, moving from there to Ten- nessee, where he died, after which his widow and iliildren c;ime to Boiul County. In 1.S4:{ William Driskill married .\laiy c'ruthis and entered land in I'leas.-inl I'rairie on which he built a small log cabin. He diioned up liis farm of ICO acres and began the erection nf a large barn after replacing the cabin with .a comfortable frame house, but before it was fin- ished he was taken sick and died In Septem- ber. l.s.").'1. his wife having jiassed away in 1851. Tlie.v had two .sons. .loliii and .Tesse. The lat- ter married Ida Iloldbronk and they have one son, William. They moved to Long iicicli, Cal,. ill 1SS7. and .Mr. Driskill still lives there and is a wealtli.v dealer in real estate and a con- tractor. .Toliu Driskill was eight years old when he was left an orphan and then went to live with his maternal grandparents. Ilis grandfather Cruthis had moved from North Carolina at an early da.v and sottleil as a farmer in Slmai Creek Township. In IS.".'! .loliii Driskill bad at- tended a subscription school and after goin.g to live with his grandparents went to the dis- trict school, and he remained in . tli.at home until he was seventeen years old. Then he started ont for himself, working by the month for eight dollars as wages, and he thus contin- ued until bis marriage, on December s. ISiis, when he was united to Miss Martha .\. Kirk- land. .\l"ter marriage they settled on the old hiiiiie farm (in which he was born and there made their home until ]S71. when he sold his in- terest in the iirojierty and bought 100 acres of land north of ."^oreiito. On that farm Mr. Dris- kill lived until .lanuary. 1870. when he sold to the late W. C. (Jracy. The family moved then to Te.vas. but in 1878 returned to Bond County, where he rented land which he cultivated until 1!I(I4. when he bought near Sorento and in 1000 bought land adjoiuiiig the village, selling a ))or- tion of what he owned and now has eighty acres under .-i high state of cultivation. He believes that a farm of this size can be made more ]irofitable in many cases than one that is larger. He is a careful cultivator and a .iudi- cious manager and has prospered, althougli he has worked hard all his life and has dependod upon his own industry to get ahead. .\s mentioned above he married Miss Martha .V. Kirklaiid, who was born Just north of Soren- to. December l!0. is.'il!. a daughter of .loliii and I'oUy Ann (Lindleyl Kirklaiid. old and honored pioneers of this county, now deceased. Five sons and five daughters have been born to Mr. and Mrs, Driskill, Mary, who was born .Inly •JO. 1S7(I. is the wife of .loliii Brook, of East St. l.onis, and they have four children : Nellie. .Iiiliet, Katie and .lolin. .Mote Vaughn, who was born .\pril I'O. |S72. a moldor by trade .111(1 a resiiU'iit of Davenport. Iowa, married (tirst) Klla Couch, who left one sou. .lohn. and married (secondl I.ee Warren. liUlla, who was Iku-ii .November 1'. 1S7:!, is the wife of (ieorge W. Davis, of SiM-ento. and th(\v have six chil- dren. Heiia. who was born in .rune, is.^i". is the wife of .lames lilaylock. a farmer ne;ir Sorento. ••iiid they have three children. Florence, who is the wife of Cliarlcs lii-ewer of Farmersville, 111.. lias three children. I'earl. who was born in isss. is the wife of C. V.. Kay. a farmer near Sorenio and has one son. Two of Mr. Dris- kill's children dicil in infancy and two sons. Horace c. and Koliert 1',.. died when ten years old. 686 BOND COUNTY. While neither Mr. nor Mrs. Drisklll are ii]ciiilier.« of any iiarticiilar church, they are Christian people in tlie true sen.se of the word, ilivinj; liberally where lielp is needed, visiting tliose who ;ire in distress and comforting tljose who are sorrowing in time of liereavement. As an indication of the contidence placed in Mr. I>riskill liy his fellow citizens, it nia.v be men- tioned that for sixteen .rears he has satisfac- toril.v filled the office of .instice of the peace and for si.\ years was road commissi0. 1sr>1. and is a son of Thomas IL and Margaret (Stephenson) Kd wards. Thomas H. Edw.ards was born in Uowan Count.v. X. C. February 24. Is22. a son of William and Betsey (Williams) Edwards. They were natives of Xorth Car- olina. In 1S2.~), with their two sons, they moved to Fastern Tennessee and there Thomas H. was married and in 1S40 moved to Hamilton County. HI. In l.N.".(i Graiulfather Edwards came also to Illinois and settled at Marion, in Williamson County, where he bought a snuill steam mill. His youngest son operateil the mill after his father's de.-ith. and when this son died his children came into posse.ssion. The chil- dren of William Edwards were: Thomas H. : .Tames M.. who died in Williamson Count.v: John B.. who died at Focahontas. .Vrk.. at tile age of thirty-five years: M.-irtha C.. who mar- ried Ishani r>laid;enshi]i. a farmer in William- son County: and Charles M.. whose children yet oper.-ite the olhenson. The father of .Mrs. Edwards fought under General .lackson in the battle of X'ew Orleans in 1S1.">. but he would never accept a pension, declaring that he fought as a patriot and not for reward. He was also in the Black Hawk and Indian Creek troubles, but his public attitude remained the same. When he came to HIinois he set- tled in Handlton County and there died, a de- vout member t>f the Cumberland I'resbyterian body. His family consisted of four daughters and one son. namel.v: .To.seph. who died in Ham- ilton County: .\ancy. who married I'orter Hend- ricks, and .-1 son still lives in Hamilton County, a veteran of the Civil War: William, who was killed in battle .-it Memphis. Tenn.. during the Civil AVar: and Margaret, a noble woman who survived until February s, 1SS(!. To Thomas H. and Margaret Edwards the following chil- dren were born: (Jeorge K.. .lohn ('.. Oliver Matbes and Mattie. (Jeorge K. Edwards resides on the old homestead where his parents settled in ls4!t. He married Miss Ada Dailey and they have the following children : Katie, who is ]irin(iiial of the .Vrcola High Sclnxd : tieorge and I'aul. both of whom are farmers; and Frank, who is a student at McKendree College, .lohn C. Edwards was a graduate of McKendree College and of a law school. He became one of the leading men of the state, was twice elected state's attorney and state senator and served two terms ,is county .ludge. T'nder Pres- ident Cleveland he was apiiointed to an office in the Iiiited States auditing deliartment at Washington. 1). C-. and .afterward moved to Chi- cago. 111., where he built up a lucrative prac- tice. He died there Xovember IT. IfKl.'j. and his burial was at JIcLeanslxn-o. 111. Mattie. the youngest of the family, is the wife of Fred .Vppel. anil they reside at McLeansboro, near the old homestead. (lliver Mathes ICdw.irds was reared on the old home farm and .-ifter his district sch(M>l days were over he entered McKendree College, where he was graduated with the class of ISTM. after which he returned to the farm and continued to reside there until his marriage, after which he and wife settled on the farm that his father- in-law gave his wife, and there they resided for thirty-three .vears. For a number of win- ters he taught the Hickory Grove school and has been very active in .'idvancing the cause of education. In IflOlj he moved to Sorento. erecting .a handsome residence here and has been one of the representative men of the vil- lage ever since. On X'ovember 20. IST.'J. Mr. Edwards was mar- ried to Miss Louise .Mice Valentine, who was BOND COUNTY. 687 Ihu'Ii in SlKial Creek Townsliip, Bond County. 111.. Febniary 10. 18.">4. a (iaiishter of William P. ;uul a srancWanshter of William B. Valentine, who was a solilier in the War of is]!!. In the fall of isi.'i he moved to Bond County and set- tled in Shoal Creek Township, this being be- fore the state was admitted to the T'nion. This old soldier acquired 2.0CM1 acres of land, and he was thrice married and the father of twenty- three children. Mr. and Mrs. Edwards have had the followins; children : Emory, who was born Jlay .">. InT.'i. lives at ISiverton. 111., where he is manager for the Itiverton Coal Company's store, and in 1!I03 married Carrie Itodwrs : William II.. who was born .\pril 1. Is77. who is ship]iin;; clerk with the .T. W. Bunn Whole- sale Grocery at Spriniifield. married Lida .Met- calf: lona. who was born .January (i. tSSO. is the wife of Samuel E. Gelirij;. a farmer near New IlouRlas, 111. : Beulah. who was Iku-u .Tuly IS, 1SS2. is the wife of I'rof. Lew R. Taylor, superintendent of the schools of Coffeen. 111.. and they have children — Winston Randoliih. Lowell Iluiih and .Joel Edwards; and Oliver M.. .Tr.. who is a handware merchant at Sorento. .\II the children have been afforded excellent educational oppt^tunities. At present the eld- est son is postnnister at Riverton. After Mr. and Mrs. Edwards retired from the farm and established their permanent home at Sorento. Mr. Edwards became an a<-tive factor in the public affairs of the town and in M;irch. 1912. he was aiip(), with their one child, Charlotte, now the wife of Frederick Kahle, of .N'ewkirU, Okla.. they eiidmrked on a vessel for the T'nited States, The voyage was a wearisome one they never forgot, the vessel taking sixteen wiH'ks to 688 BOND COUNTY. cross the ocean before reaching the harlior of New Orleans. From there they ascended the Mississii)pi Kiver to St. Louis, Mo., and by worlving for tifty cents a day. at off .iobs, Mr. Rickmeyer managed to take care of his family until the fall of IS.'a, when he scciired farm work in Macou|)in County. Through German thrift he prospered so that about is(!3 he was able to buy eighty acres of land. It was a piece of virgin land, and it was his hard task to clear and bring aliout its cultivation. He liecame a trusted and respected man in his com- munity and served many .years as a school director and in other local offices. He it was who gave an arman .inil .\uiia ((Jrossenhider) I'ollinan, n,itivcs of West|ib;ilia, Oeruiau.v. After mar- riage Mr. ;ni(l Mrs. Eickme.ver took possession of a small fr;ime dwelling then on the l';irui and coidinucd tn occujiy it until Islis, when the present comfortable and attractive si.\-room (hvelling was built, .Mr. Ei<-kineyer has made everything substantial about liis pl;icc, :ill of his bnildings being first class. When the brothers divided the land, William F. took the east lofl acres and to that has added until he now has. as st.-itcd above, :!.">() acres, and there is no bet- ter land in I'.ond Count.v at the jiresent time. What was once considered almost worthless land now produces bountiful crops and produces rich pasturage for hundreds of cattle, horses and hogs. Mr. and Mrs. Eickmeyer have had the follow- ing children: Lydia ('.. born .July 2S, 18SS. is the wife of Henry L. Prange. a farmer in New Douglas Township, JIaconpin County, issue, Elmer E.. Xordean and Bermian ; Adelia L.. born .Vugnst H. isilO; Laura A., Iiorn December 20. I8fl2. died .May 10, IIKIO ; Ella M., born April 80, 180ti; Leona W., born May 10, lOoO; and .\lina, born May 21, 1006. The living children have been educated both in English and in German, a very wise method to follow and one that uia.\' result proHtalily for them in after life. Mr. Eickmeyer aiijireciates the value of education and has jilways taken an interest in school affairs, serving man.v .vears as a director in his own district. For fourteen years be has been secretary of the Lutheran chunh board, the family belonging to the liUtherau Church at New Dimglas. In i)olitics he is a Uepnblican. as was his father. ELAM, Thomas Alexander (deceased). As the woodman in ilcaring his laud leaves here and there some stalwart elm lU' oak in the midst of some green and fertile field, which long years after stands alone, a solitar.v representa- tive of the iiast, so the relentless Heaper. in his grim harvest of men, leaves here and there a pioneer who forms a connecting link between the jiast and the present. The late Thouuis .VIexaniler Elam, of Section IM. Jlidberry Grove Townshiji. was for years one of the ver.v few surviving pioneers of Bond County, or th<' viciint.v thereof, he coining here as an infant with his p.-irents many years ago and locating about (Uie and one-half miles from what was long his home. He was a native of Tennessee, having been born in Davidson County, forty miles from .N'ashville. August 81. 1S8:>, a son of Thomas lOlam. The family arrived in Fa.vette County. III., just bcyonil the Bond County line: in October, ls;!;i, and there the father entereil sevent.v aoys and capable workers of his connnnnity. Mr. Elam was married in IS.jT to Miss Mar- garet Walker, the daughter of Andrew Walker. a native of Kentucky, and after their marriage they remained on the old home farm in Fay- ette Count.v VMitil about the year IMiO. when they moved to the land Mr. Elam had entered on Section 1.'!. Mulberry (irove Township. Bond County. Here Mr, Elam had entered forty acres, the patents for which were given him by President Buchanan, and on this he erec'ted a small log cabin. 1(> feet square. .V sawmill had been establisheer l."?. V.n?,. ELAM, William A., an excellent business man and supervisor of elevators in Bond County, is one ellef, and his re- liirious faith was that of the Bajitist Church. Mr. .ind Mrs. Elmore liad the followius chil- dren: Hardin: Lawrence, who died in Fayette I'ount.v. HI.: \ancy. who became the wife of Huse (iass. both deceased : Sall.v. de the mass meetins <>n the pub- lic s(|uare to enroll volunteers. The day was ushered in by rain, but despite this the coun- try iieople poured into town and e.xcitement ran high. It was litlle trouble to secure eighty-six good and brave men. among whom w;is a lad not yet eighteen .vears of age. and not iiuite tall enough. Nevertheless. Hardin Elmore was accepted .-ind joined the company, which elected officers and was soon fitted out with resjilend- ent uniforms made from blue Keiituck.v ".leans. " furnished by William S. Smith, at that time one of the leading merchants of (Ireenville. The company marched from that |ilace to .Vlton. 111., there boarded a boat and went to .Vew Orleans. -Vfter the close of hostilities all returned to their homes, but there is onl.v one of this com- jiany now living. Il.irdin Elmore again took up the duties of jieace. and ;is he had been .-i good soldier, so was he also a splendid citizen. He married Mi.ss Sarali Siegers, a native of Bond Cminty. and to this union there were born five cliildren. of whom one survives: Rus- .sell Elmore, of St. Eouis. Mo. .\notlier child reached maturity: Xora. who became the wife of Charles Kimble, both now deceased. On .Tuly 14. 1m;4. Hardin lOlmore was married (sec- ond i to .Mary Ellen Koberts. who was born in Bond County. 111., October .'JO. Isl.'i. daughter of Ilicbard S. I >. Koberts. a jiioneer of 1^22, a sketi-h of whose career will be found in the re- view of .lames IT. Koberts. in another jiart of this work. .Mrs. lOlmore died October ;•,(». Itll.'!. .\fter his marriage .Mr. Hardin located on the line farm on Section 12. which he had jiur- chased u|ion his return from the .Mexican war, and he and his family resided in a two-rooiu frame house until his father's death. At that time he sold his farm, bought the interests of the heirs of his father's estate and moved to the homestead, where he continued to reside until his (le.-ith. .\t that time he was the owner of TiHi acres of land, of which (130 a<-res were all in one body, and had one of the finest farms in the county, stocked with the imrest breeds of horses, c.-ittle. hogs and shee]i. He was a Dem- ocrat in his political views, and alwa.vs took an active interest in matters which affected his community, and while not a member of any church, gave freely of his means to all re- ligious organizations ;ind worthy causes. He and his wife had ten c-liildren. of whom five died in infanc\-. while the others were: .Tames Franklin: Marth.a. who married Thomas E. T)avis. of Jlnlberr.v (irove, whose sketch appears in another part of this work ; Lawrence, living on the old homestead settled by his grand- father: Lizzie, who married Edward Wash- burn, of Mulberry (irove: and Lafayette, who died in T.IOS. married Tiaisy White, daughter of Claudi' White, who since her husband's death has been engaged in teaching school. .Tames l^'ranklin Elmore secured his educa- tion ill the district schools, and made his home upon tile farm on which he was born until his marri.ige. Se|itember is. 1887. to Miss Serena Wadlow. who was born in Bond County. III., Se]iteniber 2. 1804. daughter of William and Sus.'in (Elam) Wadlow. .Mr. Wadlow, a native of England, caiiu' to the Inited States with a brother when about twenty years of age, and is now dcce.Msed. Mrs. Wadlow. who was born in Fayette County. III., still survives ,ind makes her home in Mulberr.v (irove. There were nine children in the W:idlow family: .lohn, a res- ident of ()kl;ihoma : Lizzie Freeman, of Vanda- lia. Ill,: Henry, of .New Mexico: .Tames, of F.iyette County. III.: Myrtle, the wife of Albert Largenl. of St. Elmo. III.: Belle, the wife of L. Laird, of Milford. III.: Ellie. the wife of (icorge I'arks. of .\iiderson. Ind.: Cora, the wife of I'.ert I'elchrc. .-i farmer of Bond County, 111.: .ind .Serena, who married Mr. Elmore. Mr. ;ind Mrs. Elmore h.ive two children : Lena, born .liiiie 211. ISSN, a music- teacher who resides with 692 BOND COUNTY. her iiarents: and Hardiu. horn Feliruary 127. ISfiO. also living at home. After his marriage Mr. Elmore huilt a house on a part of the old homestead, and there re- sided until liMlo. when he put up a splendid (hvellins on Section 11. Iiuilt other sulistantial strueturos and made nunierous improvements of a modern nature. lie is now the owner of 120 aires of the old home farm and fort.v ad- ilitional acres, and also liought flft.v-five acres in Section 2, near the home place, and owns five acres and residence in Mulherr.v Grove. In addi- tion to general farming he de\otes a great deal of attention to breeding Percheron horses and nudes. Mr. Klmore has alwa.vs taken an active liart in all jiublir enterprises. In politics a stal- wart Democrat, he is acting for the third time as township conunissioner and has also served as assessor one term. Mis fraternal connections include membership in Masonic Lodge, Xo. SOit. Odd Fellows. Xo. Osl. and Modern Woodmen of America Xo. 1471. His wife is a member of the Haptist Church, and both have many friends throughout the vicinity of JIulberry (Jrove. ELMORE, Lawrence. Farming and stock rais- ing occupy the attention of many of the solid, sensible and far sighted young men of Bond County and the tinancial independence which many of them enjoy jiroves the wisdom of such choice of occupation. In I^awrence Elmore, who owns liJO acres of the old homestead farm on which he was born, December 11, 187"). wliicli is situated on Section 12. Mulberi-j- Grove Township, is found a man of this character, who is not only a .iudicious agriculturist hut is also a very worthy citizen. He is a scm of Il.irdin and JIary E. (Itoberts) Elmore, ex- tended mention of whom will be found in this work. Lawrence Elmore passed his boyhood days in attending the country sihool and in assisting with the "chores" on the home farm. He was ambitious to be of further use to his father and just as soon as old and .strong enough for such tasks, helped in the lireaking up and prejiaring of the soil for crops and labored on through tlieir growth and hel]ied in their harvesting. He remaine, wlU'U occurred the death of his older brother, I.aF.-iyelte I'^lmore, who had be<'n liv- ing on the father's old place. Lawrence Elmore then came to the farm on which he was born and now oiierates the entire loO acres, but does not reside in tlie old log house which stands near his present modern residence. Mr. Elmore takes a great deal of interest in his f.-irm industries and his thrift and goiMl man- agement are shown in the excellent grades of stock to be found here, including both cattle and hogs. On M;ii-cb I. 111(1,"., .Mr. Elmore was m,-irricd to Jliss Lill.v Pi. Blaidienship. who was born in Fayette County. 111., August 31, 1S7S, a daughter of Hardin Blankenship. a prominent retired farmer of Mulberry (irove. and the.v have two children: Clarence Il.irdin, who was liorn -March 14, ]0(i4: and Mary E., who was born September is, litl.". Airs. Elmore was reared in and is a consistent member of the Baptist Church. Jlr. Elmore takes a hearty intere.st in Democratic politics and is a mem- ber of the Xational Political League. In all movements that are designed to .advance the interests of Bond County, agriculturally, politic- ally, educationally and socially, Mr. Elmore is deeply concerned. fceUng his res]ionsiliility as a good citizen and upright man. He h.as served in the otiice of township as.sessor but otherwise has accepted no public ottice. He is^a member of the fraternal order of Odd Fellows, attend- ing the lodge at Mulberry Gi-ove. ESSENPREIS, Philip Martin. To snccessiully develop and conduct any kind of business re- (luires knowledge of it, a keen insight into ex- isting conditions, an when he moved to Woliurn. in Mulberr.v Grove Township. In Xovember of that year he enlisted for service in the Civil War. entering Company D, Third Illinois Cav- alry, later being transferred to Company E, and accompanied his regiment to IJttle Koek, Ark. There he was detailed as a member of the bodyguard of General Stull and remained on this duty for six months. He was then re- turned to his regiment, which was at Memphis. Tenn.. and took part in the battle against (ien- eral Forrest, afterward passing on into Ala- bama and to Eastport, Miss., on garrison duty. He was taken sick at St. Louis and was sent to the Marine Hosiiital there, from whidi he was discharged .luly 2.">, lS(i."). Mr. Eyman then, returned to Woburn for two years and then rented a farm in the vicinit.v on which he re- mained until October, 1872. when he came to Fairview, where he has lived ever since. On May 12, l.siil, Mr. Eyman was married to Miss Mary Elizabeth Ba.saker, who was born in Miami County. Ohio, April 1, 1S44, and died at Fairview, Illinois, Aiiril 10, lOOfi. She came to Bond County in girlhood with the family of .lohn Heckman. who settled in Pleasant Mound Townshi]). She was an estimable woman in every relation of life, and a consistent member of the Baptist Church, a loving wife and mother and a kind and sympathizing neighbor. Four children were born to Mr. and Mrs. K.vmau : .Tacob M,, who was horn March 20, l.Sc;^, died March 20, 18(;S: Laura X., who was Iwrn March 22, 1S(17, is the widow of .Tose]ih Russell and lives at Fairview, with her six surviving chil- dren — .Tames L., Mary, .lohn, Ida, J^lizabeth E. and Clarence: Id.i Leona, who was born .lul.v 3, 1S74, of Salt Lake City, Ftah, has one child, Lilly: and Minnie Gertrude, who was born .'^eiitember 10, 1S7S. She married William Gnsli- ner and they live .-it Portland, Indiana, and they have one child, Vesta K., three having died in infancy. Mr. lO.vman is a man of marked intelli- gence !ind ii great reader and he believes that imblic troubles could be be.st settled if the So- cialist party should come into power. FAIRCHILD, Homer Lincoln, attorney at law, at (Ireenville. Illiudis. and;i factor in Uepubliean politics in the state, being ;\\ present a member of thi> K(>iml'liorn in Tennessee and died in Bond County in iscil. They had the following chil- dren: .John, born Jidy 21. 1n2n. died in Bond County; Thomas R. : Martha, wife of John Clanton. both decea.sed : Elizabeth, wife of Eli- .sha Lin in this section. Thomas P.. File married Mary E. Cillespie. who was born in 18."i9. in Tennessee, and died June '^. 1911. at I-itclifield. in a hospital, in Bond County. They had children as tVdlows: Fred- erick S., who is a fanner in Ripley Township; John W.. whii is a farmer at Ripley. 111. : Benja- min M. ; Thomas E.. who. with his wife met death in a cyclone on Octolier 16. 190."i, at So- rento. 111. : and August, wlio died in infanc.v. An adojited daughter. Martha Gillespie, died at the age of eighteen years. Thomas File was an extensive stock breeder and annually shipped man.v liogs. For man.v .vears he and wife were leading members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In his neigbliorhood he was known as the "Orphans' friend." having won this hon- oralile title through bis jihilanthropy. In his family four orphan children were reared and educated and were started out in life with equal adv:intages like bis own rbildren. For twenty .vears he served in the oltice of overseer of the poor, in Bond County and bis adminis- tration of the office was ever one in which kind- ness of heart and symjiathy with distress were leading features. He was a sincere adnurer of .Vbraham Lincoln and cast his vote with the Itepuliliian party. It seemed as if he had re- ceived some silent message jiresaging death, for during tlie night pi'eccding the i-oiiiilig of the dread mcsseiii.'er be called his son. Benjamin M. to his bedside and told him tli;it he would never see the dawn of the New Year, and passed away just before midnight. December 31, 1909, rounding out a noble life of eighty .vears. He had been so careful in bis liusiness transactions that at the time of the .settlement of his estate not oiii' single hill w.-is |U'i'senteil to his son Ben- jamin, the aclmiiiistrator. Benjaniiu .M. File was rcarc I on the home farm and attended the public school and after- ward gave his father a.ssistanci' mitil his own marriage on Jmie 2n. 1881, when he was united to Miss Martha E. Willeford. She was born on Section 2, Old Ripley Township. March 6. 18ti;'.. BUND COUNTY. 695 .1 (IjumlitPi- of Willis Willcfdid. courageously for what he believed to be the right. In political affairs he was a Dem- ocrat, lint his .-imbitions did not lie along the line of official jireference. but in his death, in 1N78, his connnunity lost a citizen who ever had its welfare at heart. Henry Nelson File attended the Mount Ver- non district school and jiroved an earnest and ambitious student, althougli his educational ad- vantages were not innnerons. owing to the fact that his fatlier died when he was but fifteen years of age and it was necessary that the yontli aid in the family support. He remained on the homestead until he was nearly twent.v- two years of age. but in ISSO left the old place ;uid went to work for his uncle, .lohn File, re- ceiving fifteen dollars per month, the best jirice paid .-I farm hand ;it that time. On .Tanu;ir.v is. isss. he w.is married to Miss Mary K. Ward, who was born near what is now the Shawnee school district, March 10, 1S72, a daughter of .lames and Manella (Brown) Ward, n.-itives of Bond Count.v. There were five children in the Ward family : Charles M.. a resident of Poca- hontas, III.; Sanniel M.. also residing at I'oea- hontas: .Vmanda .lane, who died in childhood: -Viuiie 10. . the wife of Frederick File, a con- li'actor and buildei-: and Mrs, File, who was the first born. Mr, ;inil Mrs, Ward are resi- dents of I'ocahontas, 111., where the father is engaged in fanning and a transfer business. .Mr. and Mrs. File have the following children: Eonnie .Ma.v, born October ;{1, ISSS. on the farm on Section 1."i. Old Kipl(>y Township, was given a good education, holds a leachcr's certificate, and is an acconi]ilisheil young lady, residing with her parents: Marcella \'.. born November 696 BUND COUNTY. 7. ISflO. graduated from the seventh and eighth Si'aile. spent . on which he had a log cahin, and here he resided until 1880. In that .vear he removed to his jiresent farm on Section 23, which then consisted of eighty-four and one- half acres, of which ahout twenty acres were tillahle. the home lieing surrounded hy brush and timber. M this time he owns 12.")i,{. acres of land, of which 117 acres are under a high .state of cultivation, and from which he se- cures excellent returns. The liirch and scrub oak have been replaced by shade, fruit and or- namental trees, the little farm buildings moved to one side and large, modern structures erected in their place, and the first little home has given way to a lieautiful two-story eight-room residence, with ever.v modern convenience, Mr. File keeps a fine grade of horses, cattle and hogs, in the breeding of which he has met with excellent success. .Mr. File is one of the really self-made men of his county, his prosperity coming as a result eniocratic jiarty in state and national matters, while In local affairs he Is independent of party ties. He has several times been nomi- nated for public office, but has alwa.vs refused to make the race, preferring to give his entire time and attention to his agricultural labors, Mr. and Miss File are consistent members of the JlethodJst church. The.v have been fortu- nate in ever having before them the examples of the pure and Christian lives of their parents. The mother, on her death bed said : "Ida. my work is almost finished and yours will now liegin. Care for your yoiinger lirothers anil rear them that they may become honored and up- right citizens, of which any neighborhood may be proud." Faithfully has Miss File discharged her trust and fulfilled the proml.ses made to her mother. Mrs. File was read.v to answer her last call, having the true faith in her Mas- ter that was expressed in her last words : "Do not fear for me. my children, for T am going home: fear for yourselves, l)ut not for me," and then fell into a ipiiet sleep, from which she did not awake. To his children, gathered about his bedside, the father said when nearing llft>'s end : "Farewell, children, I will soon be with mother." The memory of these good and charitable people will ever inspire Mr. and Miss File to endeavor to live kindl.v, upright lives, and to add honor to the honored name which their lather left to them as their most valuable heritage. FILE, John Jasper. One of the men of Bond County who has made his way in the world and has been the architect of his own fortune, overcoming obstacles that would have daunted a less courageous siiirit, is .John .Tasper File, farmer, stockraiser and public-spirited citizen of Section 24. Shoal Creek Township. Mr. File belongs to an old and honored Bond County BOND COUNTY. 697 l':iii]il.v. iiiid li;is tli^' aiUli'il ilistinctiiiii world they may be called u])on to occupy. The boys have appreciated the efforts made in their behalf, and all are doing well, proving them- selves worthy I'epresentatives of the honored name they bear. In his political belief Mr. File exercises his prerogative In voting for the man he deems best lifted for the office, lrres]iectlve of part.v atliliations. He has been a member of the board of school directors for more than a quarter of a century, has been town clerk for a long iieriod, and for four years has served as .iustiee of the lieace. He lias never solicited public oflice, but has been nominated and elected solely on his own merits and abilities. The confidence thus plaied In him has never been betrayed for in every public connection he has shown the same conscientious devotion to dnt.v that has made him smcessfnl in his own affairs. With his family, he is connected with the I'resbyterian Church of Iteno, III., and for more than a half of a century has been true to its faith. A man of public spirit, with the best interests of his community at heart; a man of the highest in- tegrity, who has the unbounded confidence of his associates, and a stanch and loy:il friend, ever ready to help those who have been less fortun;ite (ban himself. Mr. File Is Indeed worthy of the title of represent.atlve citizen. FILE, John W. l''oi- more tliaii a half a ecn- tui'y John W. File has been connected with the agricultural and mercantile Interests of Bond County. III., and during this time has succeeded not alone in acciniinlallng a handsome compe- tency, but in gaining for himself the good will and respect of all with whom he has (lune into iont;ict. He is now I'onducting extensive farm- ing openitions in Old Kipley Townshi|) and has other large and v;irieil interests which make him widely known In business circles of tliis section of the state. .Mr. File was born on n f.irm on .Section 20. Old Kiple.v Township, Bond County, III., December is. ls,"in, and Is a sou of Thomas B. and Mary F. (Oillespie) File. .V comiilete review of the history of this family 698 BOND COUNTY. will lie fduntl in the sketch of Benjamin M. File in this work. The srhooldays of John W. File were passed In Monnt Vernon district, in Old Ripley Town- shiji, althon},'h he was only allowed to attend dnrini; the winter months. .Vt the aw of eight years he lietran to do his fnll share of the farm work, lipini: then hirse enough to reach the plow handles, his lirother Ren riding the liorse. If .Tohn did not think that his lirother was fulfill- ing his jiart of the task in a jn'oper manner, the latter was likely to receive a thump from a heavy clod hetween his slioulders. Wlien Ben l)ecanie old enough to plow. .Tohn had no driver, but lidth lads were given horses, the oxen having been juit out of i-ommissioii. Thus Mr. File grew to sturdy young manhood, and when twen- ty vears of age. December IS. 1870. he was mar- ried to Martha A. Plog. daughter of John H. Plog, one of Bond County's pioneers, and a well- to-do farmer of Old Ripley Township. Mrs. File was born Pecemlier .5. 18fi3. .\fter their marriage Jlr. and Mrs. File went to housekeep- ing in a log cabin on Shoal ("reek, but in Ma.v, 18S0, they moved to a farm near the old honie- .stead, on Section IS. Old Ripley Township, where they made their home until 1900. In that .vear Mr. File dis)iosed of his projierty and engaged in the mercantile business, but on Februar.v Ifi, liifl". his place of business was attacked by fire and his entire stock of goods destroyed. After a short jieriod of rest. Mr. File again embarked in business, and by lus straightforward and honorable dealing succeeded in building up a large tr.-ide among the people of this region. Three children were born to Mr. and Mrs. File: Mary, born October 1(1. 1881, married January 2."i, i'.lOC. to George Sanner; Lela E.. horn April • ;. 18S.-,, di(>d February 2r.. 1009; and Blaine McKinley. born October Ifi. 1801. a farmer of Section 1',. Old Ripley Townshiii. married Mary Rachow. of Moline. ill., and has had two chil- dren. Viola and one who died in inf.-uicy. In October. 1000. Mr. File sold his last stock of goods to a Mr. Nance, and for short time lived in retirement. In the winter of that .vear, however, he Imilt a store building in Old Rip- ley, .'lOxliO feet, two stories in height, with Ijase- ment under the entire building, and here his son-in-law entered business. At the present time Mr. File is engaged in farming 1(!0 acres of land, and in addition, with his son-in-law. is engage. < >. F.. and hears his ]iarl BOND COUNTY. 699 in liidgo wdil;. In all the relations of life, Mr. File has done his full dnt.v and demon- strated his ahilit.v to overcome ol)sta(Ies and to whi success from his work. Mrs. File's father was born in Oermany and came to America in about 18-17. when he was but a bo,v of eight sunnners and went to work in his adopted coun- tr.v. Later he married Theressa Peters, born in Rond ("ount.v. After his marriage he rented land and in later .Years, he bdught a farm in IJurgess Townshi]!. where he has for a half <-enturv made his home. Tliere the wife died when Mrs. File was liut nine months old. She has no recollection and no picture to .give her an idea of lier mother. She was reared in the Catholic faith. Imt is a member of the (ierman laitlieran Church. Mr. and Mrs. File maile their luime on the farm, containing .'[(iO acres under a high state of cultivation, until llilo, wlien tlie.v rented it. Mr. File has been all his .years a stauncli Ueimblican. and wliile he has never sought otfice he takes a livel.v interest in the success of the Keliulilican part.v. The Green- ville home is located on tlie corner of Locust :ind .lohn streets. FILE, Thomas S, It would be dillicult to discciver a famil.v which has been more closel.v cDunccted witli the actual growth and develoii- ment the name. .V worthy represen- tative of this old and honored family is found in tlie per.son of Thomas S. File, now living some- what retired from agricultural pursuits, al- though still residing on his farm on Section 4, Old liipley Township, lie was born Novem- ber 111, ]m;0, and is a .son of .Tohn .\. and ,Tulia A. (Cruthist File. The mother of -Mr. File was born .\pril ii. ]S:'.]. on Section S. Shoal ('r(>ek Towiishi]i. near Sorcuto. I'.oud County. III., a daugliter of .lobn and .Milberr.N dtedfern* Cruthis. .Mr. Cruthis was born in Cuilford County. X. C., in 17!tll, and was of Scotch ancestry, his father being an early settler of the Old .Nortli State, fi-oni whence he fought as a soldier during tlie Itevo- lutionary war. Mr. Cruthis m;irried Milberry Itedfern. also a native of Cuilford County. N. <'., and of S<-otcb ancestry, born in 17b2. In the year 1M7. they traveled overland to Illinois, be- fore its admission as a state, and settled in Shoal Creek Township. I'.oiid County, wliere they became well-to-do citizens, tlie projiert.v on which they settled still lieloiiging to the File family. Mr. Cruthis died in 1S(i2, w;hile his wife passed away in December, 1.S.S4, at the advanced age of ninety-two years, Moses File, t lie paternal grandfather of Tliomas S. File, was born in Tennessee-, and "•ame to Illinois in isit; with his father. Henry O. File, settling in Old Uijiley Township, wliere tile great-granilfather died in ls3ti. Thus this family is oiu- of the oldest in Bond County and all its members have been men of high standing, tlie later generations following in the footsteps of tile honored old ijioneers. When Henry O. File first came to Hond County, it was till' custom to serve a little toddy to visitors, and be ei'i'itcd a small distillery, in which lii' made the lirst wliisky manufactured in I'.ond ( 'ounty. it being his custom to trade a gallon of spirits for a bushel of corn. He was a man of )iublic spirit and charitable impulse, and donated laud for the cemetery known as File Cenieter,v, in Old Kiiile.v Towiishiii. :ind was the first to be laid to rest there in lS:!(i. .Tohn N. File was born .Inly 21, ISl'.S, on Sec- tion l.'i. Old Uipley Township, Bond County, 111., and there grew to manhood and was married. In bis family were the following children: .1. .L, a farmer in Shoal Creek Townshiic Thomas S. ; William M., a farrher of C)ld Ripley Township; Henry W., carrying on operations (Ui the old home place in Old Ripley Townslii|i: Edward It., a merchant of I'ocahontas. 111. ; Mattie A., wife of Oscar Redding, a farmer of Shoal Creek Township, on the land which her grandfather Cruthis entered from the Government in IsJ.'J; Ida ,M.. on the old home place, in Old Rijiley Townshi]!. .Tohn .\. File was a home-loving man of (piiet and geni;il disposition and was content with his agricultural labors, never seeking lueferinent in public life. A hard-working, in- dustrious and thrifty laborer, his operations prospered, and he became one of the large land holders of his jiart of the state, having over eleven hundred acres of highly improveil proper- ty in Old Itijiley and Shoal Creek townslii]is. In religious faith be was a deviait member of the .Methodist Cliunli at l'oc;ihontas. Politically, he was originally a Wliig ami l.-iter became a stal- wart Republican. .Mr. File was honored and re- spected liy all who knew him, as a type of the sturdy pioneers to whom Bond County is in- di'bted for its present jirosperity. In his youth it was no uncommon occurrence to be comjielled to drive the wolves from the little liome"s door. He drove an o.x-team to turn over the virgin soil and the same team hauled the products of his l.-ibors to St. Louis, yet he lived to see and use the self binder and otlier modern ma- c liinery. and to see the wilderness of pioneer days turned into a center of commercial and intellectual activity. He was a constant and liberal contributor to the cause of education, religion and charity, and no imin in the town- ship w;is a better friend to morality and good citizenship. In bis youtli he used the sickle in the liarvesting of bis grain, and was also an expert with the cradle, his services being in great demand in tlie liarvest fields because of bis ambitious industry, tliis lieing a trait char- acteristic of him throughout his life. When he ilied. in 1s<)4, Ills, community lost a citizen who 7UU BONO COUNTY. in imiiicrous wnys liafl cuiiti-ilnitpcl iireatly to its MtlVMllcI'llU'llt. Thdiiias S. File |i;iss(m1 liis Imi.vIkmkI (Im.vs in attonrect bnildinsis. until today he has one of the linest country est.-ites in tile county. This coiniirises 12;t acres, al- thouiih .Mr. File owns additional land in Shoal I 'reel; Township, which makes his comiilete holdiiiits amount to 2'M a to lioiid County in is.'id and be- came one of the well-to-do men of the count.v ,■111(1 died here in ISSS. He married Minerva Mills, daughter of .Vndrew (i. .Mills, whoso father. I'.enjamin Mills, was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. Mrs. Follett is one of a f;imily of seven daughters ;ind two sons, four dau'-'hters and one son yet li\ing: W, .\. McXiel. of Wisetown. Hoiid County: .Mary, widow of .lonathan Sharp, lives at (ireenville: Xancy, wife of Tlieron Dewey, of Greenville: and Dicie, wife of I'eler Tate of Creenville: Mrs. Follett being the fourth. Mr. and Mrs. Follett have three children: Reverel. who was born before his iiarents settled on the farm. .Inly ;il. ls(;,"i, ;iiid now o]ier,-ites the old home farm, m,'irried PI w HOXI) COUNTY. 701 Afrnes Enilirie and tlio.v havo 7, where lie was given educational op]iortunities and studied, in a pre- liminary way. the iirinci]ilcs of nie(iiciiio, having determined to become a physician. When he landed in the l"nited States in IsCili it was with no knowledge of the ICnglish language and with practically empty jjockets. He found a ]iositiou as clerk in a drug store at Cincinnati. Ohio, thereby being able to support himself and set about learning the language, in wliicli he was assisted by his knowledge of I.,atin and Creek, and soon was able to derive benefit from the lectures in the Ohio Medical College, which he made every effort to attend. Finally Dr. Fox secured papers which entitled him to engage in the practice of medicine and by that time had also made friends and they lent him enougli money to bring him to Pleasant Mound, Bond County. It was not long before his medical skill was recognized and his jirai'- tice grew and exiianded until Ills name became known all over the state in medical science. He was a man of jilain and unassuming de- meanor although his knowledge along every line. Including medicine, far exceeded those with whom he was associated. He remained en- gaged in medical jiractice at Pleasant .Mound until ISTOanil then moved to Keyes[ioit, situat(>d on tlie s<^)uth line of Piond County and about this time began to invest in l;ind .ind in 1s7."i removed to one of his farms, on which he liveil until ISDL'. when he returned to Keyes]iort. While attending to the m.-inagement , lss."i, Mr. Frey married P.ertha Knebel. born in Madison County. October 14. ]8(i5. a daughter of Leopold and Caroline (Wal- ter) Knebel. the former of whom was born in Baden Baden, Germany. Xovember 20. 1841. He was a grain and lumber dealer, and also largely interested in real estate transactions but is now retired. He is a Catholic as was John Frey. Mr. and Mrs. Frey ha\e a family as follows: Ida Ilelene, Iiorn August 1."., 1880, married to .Joseph Seitz of Highland, has two children, Hilaria and I^eonard ; Edward, born .June 7, 1800, married November 18. 1913. to Matilda I,uber : Alvin and Alvina, twins, born August 23, 1893, Alvina married George J>uber, .Jr.; William, born October 23, 1890; and Hil- dag.irt. born January is, 1904. Mr. Frey was school directcu- for three terms, or until 1910. He is a sound, reliable man. and one who likes to do his own thinking. While not one to advocate any needless expense, he believes in progress, and supports heartily what he believes will be for the best for the com- munity in the end. FRITZ, Frederick William (deceased). <>nc of the best known law lirms of J^.ond County. 111., for years was that of Fritz & Iloilcs, which did :i large law, abstract and farm loan busi- ness at Greenville, of which Frederick William Fritz was the senior member. Mr. Fritz did not confine his activities to his business, how- ever, hut was before the public as an official for vears. He was born April 21. 1802. in St. J>oui"s. Mo., a son of Jacob T-. and Catherine (Wittcmeyer) l-^ritz. natives of Germany, where the former was born M.'ircb 1."i, is:'.2, and the lat- ter I'"cbruary l.'i. ls4(l. Jacob I,. Fritz, who was a painter by occupation, came to the Fnited States in iv.i:!. locating in Missouri, from whence he answered the first call of President T.incolu for volunteers, becoming a member of the Second Missouri TJegiment. On April 0. IMU!. he came to Old Kipley. 111., and during the nmiainder of bis lil'i> be .-iccumulatcd considerable iimperty in Pond County. He dieoi-n at (Jreenville. August 11. I'.MtS. GARRETT, James, who, for sixty-two j'ears has had his fortunes identified with the growth .'111(1 progress of Bond County. III., and has cheer- fully borne his responsibilities in tlie upbuild- ing of this fine part of one of the greatest states of the I'nioii. now lives in comfortable retire- ment in his pleasant home at No. 419 East Winter Street, (Jreenville. He was born at Dor- chester. England. June 7. 1N.38. and is a son of John and Maria (Alford) Garrett. John Gar- rett was born in Wales and iiossibly he re-- mained there until old enough to learn a trade, when he went to England, where he served an apprciiticeshi|i of seven years, at the end of which time he was declared an expert in all work pcrtainini; to this traile. that of blacksmith and borseshoei'. He then married Marl.a .\1- ford. who was born in Dorchester. England, and they continued to live there until 1S49. when they determined to seek a home in -Vmerica and began their prep.aration.s. .\s it turned out this was an unwise move to make just ;it that time although they were ignorant of the fact that cholera was r.-iging at the very point where they ha picket line that he was driven back and much loss of life ;ind property pre- vented. Tlie regiment went then to Memphis and from there to Helena and engaged in the desperate battle in the Sabine River liottoms. The ne.xt point I'eached by the tired out but brave and loyal Third was Little Rock, Ark., and the next order was to .Memphis, Tenn., at which place the regiment was mustered out and sent to Springfield and there Mr. Garrett was hononibly discharged after a service of three years and one month. As an old soldier with memories of many victorious battlefields. Mr. Garrett recalls those days with pardonable II ride. .\fter his discharge from military life. Mr. (Jarrett returned to Bond County and in the winter of isi;4 bought ninety acres of land lying seven miles southeast of Greenville in Tamalco Township. With his brother Bcn1a- niin and his wife he made his liome on the farm. Beii.iamin Garrett being tlie first barber to open a shop at Greenville. He made im- provements on his farm, which he purchased from the money he had saved while in the army, and when ready to marry had a com- fortable home to which to bring a wife. To his first ninety acres lie has continued to add and now owns ISO Mcres in T.uiialco and Mills townships together with his comfortable resi- dence at Greenville. He has witnessed many changes on every side since lJ<."ii at (Jreenville and can recall many interesting events. He re- members when the second county courthouse was |iut up. a small frame building on the same site on which he later watched the erection of the present stately edifice. Tie well remembers the advent of the first lo notive at Greenville and the introduction . lives at Hillsboro, Illinois ; Ellen A., who was born November 23, 1847, is the wife of Thomas .T. Wilton, of Hillsboro, Illinois: Charles Wil- liam, who was born March 21, IS."!!, is a resi- lient of Kock I.sland : Emma E.. who was born February 11, 18.53, is the widow of Oscar E. Bennett and lives at Smithboro; and Frances Ida, who was born February 17. 1850, is tlie widow of (iilbert (luller and is a resident of Smithboro. Illinois. Immediately after marriage, with the i)rac- tical good sense that has always been a marked characteristic of Mr. (iaskins, he lost no time in starting improvements un his pro]]ert.v in Mulberry (irove Townshiii. Within a year his commodious liarn was built, his increasing crop raising and stock breeding making larger ai- connnodations necessar.v. and in 1872 was com- pleted the hand.soniest farm residence to be found in Bond County. He early became in- telligently interested in the breeding of fine stock and he was the first breeder in the county to receive the big |irice of .');2(l(( for a pure lu'ed bull. It must be remembered that he liad IMN) acres of land and stock raising became a large feat\ire of his activities and he always ke|it at least fifty head of cattle and was credited with having the finest herd of Shorthorns in the county. In 1S".I2 .Mr. (Jaskins retired from the farm and went into the furuilnre business in the vill.\ge of M\dlierry (Jrove. where be con- tinued until r.l(i5. in which year he purchase;ed throe months and tliree da.vs; and Lena Hall, who wa.s born Aui;ust 20. 1S(!.">. This heantifnl .vonns dans-'hter was carefull.v reared and after coniiilctinK the pnlilic sriiool course became a student at Elmira College, now known as Oreonville College. At the time of gradua- tion both she and her i-oomniate received the highest possible class marks, which was tinall.v settled b.v Miss (Jaskin.s retiring to second place in favor of her friend. For two .vears afterward she was a member of the facult.v of tlie college as instructor in Latin, and is widely known as a lad.v of high educational attainments and nian.v accomiilishments. On Seiitember 19. 18f)."i, she was married to James C. Brouse. The.v have one daughter. Charlotte .lanet. who was torn August 0. li)01. Mrs. Brouse and daugh- ter re.side with Mr. and Mrs. Gaskins. giving tender care to the latter, the granddaughter be- ing a source of .lustifiable pride. Like her mother, she is nientall.v gifted and on several occasions in ediK-ational contests in the high school, has won jirizes and been victor over ever.v other student, a recent contest of this kind, si.xth grade of all schools in the count.v, having been conducted b.v Prof. H. A. Meyer, county super- intendent of Bond Count.v. Mr. and Mrs. Oaskins have a wide circle of friends and have always been interested in the I)leasant social life in the communities in which they have lived, ever being good, kind neighbors and sn|)])orters of all moral movement of every kind. While they have never identified them- selves with any |iarticular religious body, they have contriliuted to every faith and their chari- ties have been .iudiciously bestowed, never with any effort at dis|ilay, but quietly and etticiently. Mr. Gaskins has never been desirous of filling ])ublic office but he con.sented to serve for twelve years as school director in his district while living on the farm, and for five .vears before moving to (Jreenviile. had been township treas- urer, an oltice he then resigned. For ver.v many .years he has been a valued mendier of Mul- berry Grove Lodge Xo. Sil.s, Odd Fellows, at Greenville. GENRE, L. E., owner and proprietor of a pliotographic studio at Greenville, Illinois, is one of the reiiresentative business men of this cit.v where he has been established for twenty- seven years. .Mr. Genre was born in 1S47. in Clinton County, Illinois, and is a son of .\ugust and I^ydia (Ma Ian) (Jenre. .\ngnst (Jenre, the father, was born hi France and silent his childhood there, afterward coming to the Cnited .St.ites and reaching Illi- nois at the age of fifteen years, lie married Lydia .M.-ilan, who was born in riednionl. Italy, and was brought to ,\meric;i ii] childhood and grew to womanhood at Highland, Illinois. .\u- gust (ienre and wife had six (-hildren, namely: Theodore .\.. .Vugu.st .1., Leo E., Jyi'tticia. Lydia I), and Cl.-iriic M. L. E. (Jenre attended the country schools in Clinton County in early boyhood and afterward went to school in Madison Coimty. He became interested in photography long iiefore the art had reached its present state of iierfection, and has kept well informed concerning its remark- able development. He established his studio in (Jrecnville in IssT and is probably the oldest contimious business man in this line in the city. In 1N!I7 Mr. Genre was m.-irried at (Jreenville to .Miss .Vlice Blanchard, a daughter of L. I). Blanchard. and they have one son, nayniond A. .Mr. (Jenre has one of the most complete studios in the state, none being better with regard to floor sjiace, e(|niiii)ed with all the latest iihoto ai)i)liances, etc., for he kee|)s well up wilh all the latest improvements. GERKE, Edward Lincoln, police iiiiigistrate and a notary ]iuli|ic. at (Jrecnville, Illinois, has been engaged in the real estate, loan, insurance and collection business here for some years and stands high in public esteem, belonging to that class of reliable business men who conscien- tiously endeavor to live uin-ightly and do .iusti<'e to all men. He was born on a farm in Mills Townshi]!. Bond County, Illinois, Xov(>mber 1(», 1S(!7, and is a son of Henry and Catherine (Hoffman) (Jerke. Tracing the paternal line it is found that William and Marie C. Gerke, the grandparents, were born in Germany, where the former dieil. The latter came to the T'nited States and died in Mills Townshiji, Bond Coun- ty, Illinois, in February, 1S9.^, at the age of eighty-four years. Two of their children are living: Henry and Anna Gerke. Henry (Jerke was born in Hanover, Germany, November 2H, 183(5, and in his native land learned the shoemaking trade. In IS.jO he came to Illinois, walking the entire distance from St. Louis. Missouri, to Mills Township, Bond County, and reached here with but thirty cents III his pocket. He was luinest, industrious and frugal and thus accumul.-ited property which he wisely iuijiroved and is yet surviving and able to en.ioy life as he desires, owning a farm of 200 acres. He married Miss Catherine Hoff- man, who was born in the Canton of St. Gallien. Switzerland. November 4, 1.'<."jS, and .yet sur- vives. Her ]iarents were Mathias and Anna Hoffman, both of whom were born in Switzer- land. The father died in Mills Township. Bond County, in 1S77, and the mother died in Wheat- lield Townshi|i, Clinton County, Illinois. Mrs. (Jerke hail three brothers, .Jacob, Mathias and Henry, all of whom are deceased, and a half brother, .Tolin ,T. Tloffman, who Is living. I'Idward Lincoln (Jerke was reared on the f.'irm and h;id the usual farm duties to perform while attending school. The latter was never a liardslii|i. in fact the boy loved to go to school and spent all his siiare time in re.-iding solid books whenever he could secure them. With a real desire foi' learning he sought in every way for opportunities to increase his knowledge anond County. Coming to Illinois in a wagon, in true pioneer style. Mr. and Mrs. Glasgow settled down to agricultural pursuits. At the outbreak of the war between the North and the South. Mr. Glasgow cast his fortunes with the Confederacy, and was with General Hest's di- vision in the army of General Lee. He was a brave and gallant soldier and participated in numerous great battles, among which was Get- t.vsburg. where he was wounded during the first day's fighting, in the left shoulder, but remained in action until the retreat of the army. .Vfter somewhat recovering from his wound he re- .ioined his command in time to participate in the battle of Spott.sylvania Court IIou.se. where lie received a second wound in the same shoulder, but later took part in the Wilderness battles and innnerous others. In all of which he con- ducted himself in a manner to win the admira- tion of his comrades and the respect of his o*ficprs. He is still an honored resident of Mulberry Grove, and at the recent grand re- union of the veterans. North and South, held at Gett.vsburg. he received his transportation, but on account of age and failing health was unable to attend. By his first marriage he had three d;iugbtcrs and one son, and in 1879 the family moved to .Siiliihur Springs, Texas, where Mr. Glasgow engaged in farming. His daughter. Lilla. married W. T. Ansley. a photographer of El I'aso. Texas: his daiighter, Laura, became the wife of L. P. Cain, formerly general fore- man of the Missouri Pacific Itailroad at St. Louis. Missouri, now traveling instructor in the railway department of the International Cor- respondence Schools of Scranton. Pennsylvania : his daughter. Nona, married W. .1. Bolton, of Denison. Texas, a passenger engineer on the M. K. & T. Railroad for the past twent.v-flve yea rs. Edward A. Glasgow was nine .vears of age when the family went to Texas, and there he attended the public schools of I'aris. Suhse- ((ueidly he took a business course in ' ni?ht scluKil. .and in the meantime worked in a jirint- ing ottice in Denison. When a large Eastern syndicate bought up Denison and established the Deuist)n Herald, he accepted a position with that newspaper, rising through meritorious serv- ice to the jioslfion of foreman of the ollice. For six years lie liad charge of the mechanical de- 1 artment, and in the meantime studied so assiduously that he passed the examination for the postal service. He was given jin appoint- ment and was called to Fort Worth. Texas, but decided to give \ip this ])0.sition in order to ]irosecute his medical studies. It having always lieen his desire to become a |)hysician. .Vccord- ingly. in ls9(!. he became a student in Marion Sims Medical Cred upon the iiractice of medicine with Dr. E. W. Oliver, of .Mulberry Grove, then one of BOND COUNTY. 707 tlie leading; |ih.vsiciiins and stii-f:oons of fhis soc- tioil. Siiu-o the doath ol' Ddctor Oliver, in lOOll. Doctor (Jlas^'dw lias practicfMl alone. He lias won IX repntatinn that extends lieyond tlie limits of his immediate field of inaetice. and anion;; his iirofessional hrethren he is highly regarded for his strict oliservaiice of the unwritten ethics of his calling. lie kei'ps liiniself well abreast of the various advancements made in medicine and sursrery tlirou;.'li the peiusal of the le.-iding jour- nals of his professiiui. and his meilical lihrary is one of the finest in the count.v. r)octor (Jlas- gow is a valued memlier of the Bond County Medical Society, and was iire.sident of said so- ciety in 1014. the Illinois State Medical Society and the American Medical Association. His fra- ternal ccunu'ctions im-lude memhership in the .Masons and the Kiiii;hts of I'ythia.s. .\ stanch and consistent Democrat, he has served as mayor of Muliierry (irove. and was one of the original Wilson men in 1!)12. lie has lieen suc- cessful finauciall.v. being a director and heav.v stockholder in the First National Bank of .Mul- berry Grove, and in .Tanuary. 1!113. was elected its vice president. This is known as one of the strong and conservative bankinir houses of Bond County, .and has deposits of $12.").0d alone until ls7.'!. when he took another brother. W. P. (ior- don, into partnership with him. In 1S7S. this associ.-ition was discontinued, and subseqnentl.v Doctor Gordon was connected with Dr. A. R. Clinton. The partnership continued until ISOO, when it was dissolved, and since then Doctor Gordon has continued alone. Dn December l."i. isiil. Doctor (Jordoii married Kmily TorriMice. .-i daughter of John T. and Jane (Lynch) Torrence. ;ind the following children were born: Bufus P... October .10. ISC;',; Ed- ward W.. .Vugust 28, 18(1."') ; Nannie J., Septem- ber 10, 18(17; Charles C. February 4, 1870: Walter J., November 1.3, 1871: Nina B., March 22, 1S73: Louis J., March 16. 1S74; Alva K., January 2(i, 187(1: Henry W., November 21, 1877: George D.. May 10." 1.870: Nellie. March 2:5, 1881; Albert. July 7. 1882: Clarence. July IS. 1S84: and Lillie .M.. October 1.3, 18,v.-,. Mrs. Gordon died January 2. 1007. In September, 1007, Doctor Gt>rdon married Mary Elizabeth Britt, horn in Bond County, April IS, 1S66, daughter of Zacharias and Caroline Britt, the former born July 21. 1841. and the latter born in 1X42. Doctor and Mrs. Gordon have had one child, aiary Emily, horn October 7, 1000. For a number of years Doctor Gordon has made a specialty of female and all chronic dis- eases, and has been very successful. He is an excellent ]iliysician. and en.joys universal con- fidence. He is a Metho. 1821. in Itochenliousen, Gerniaiiy, a^id the mother was also a native of that countrv. being born in Stuttgart, February 21, 1N42. The father, who was a farmer, came to the I'nited States when nineteen years of age. and the mother was twelve ye.-irs of age when, she made the trip, being fift.v-two days on the ocean, during which time a terrific storm .-irose. which carried awa,v the mast of the vessel, and the vessel then drifted st\award and around into the Gulf of .Me.vico. On the trip up the Mississippi an epi- demic of cholera broke out. and six or seven people were buried e;ich evening in one grave dug along the river's banks. Five children were born to Peter and Eleanor I Yoss) Graff, namely: Liiiiisa. .Mareice. Edward. Henry and Peter. 708 BOND COUNTY. The father had four lirothers: Henry, Mitfhell. Fred and Daniel, all deceased, of whom Henry died recently at the age of eisrhty-four years. Peter Graff, .Tr.. wa.s educated in the schools of his native vicinity, and his life has tieen rfven over to agricultural )iursuits. He in- herited the i)ro]ierty of his uncle. Henry G.. a larire farm on Section ",4, of 2CCi acres in Cen- tral Township, and this he has lirought up to a high state of cultivation. He is known to be u Kood .ludae of asricultural conditions, and his standing among his fellow townsmen is that of a public-spirited citizen and excellent business man. GRIGG, Absalom Linch, wlio resides on his valuable farm of i:i8 acres, which is situated on Section '.), Mulberry Grove Townshi)i. is one of the well known men of Bond County, where his family has been held in great esteem for many years. He was born on this farm March l.S. 184.5, and is a son of Rev. Sanuiel and Mar- garet (Moore) Grigg. and a grandson of Burrell (irigg, who brought his family to Bond County in 1S2S and settled in Mulberry Township on what was called the Enloe branch. Samuel (Jrigg was born in North Carolina, .Tune 1-1. 1810. and accompanied his father to Bond (^ounty and resided at home until his marriage in 1832, when he entered 100 acres of land, the nucleus of the present home farm of his son. .Vbsalom Linch Grigg. It was covered with a heavy growth of timlier at that time. He built ■•i log house and with industry and good .ludg- inent soon made his land tit for cultivation and on this farm reared his family and lived until his death. For many years he was a class leader in the Methodist Church, being of sedate mind and virtuous inclination from youth. After- ward he united with the Liberty Ba]>tist Church, of which organization he was the tirst to be bajitized and ..was ordained a minister In the same, and for many years was active in this connection and many, under his teaching and exhortation, were brought into the fold. He was of kind and charitable disposition and he was never too busy or tired to visit the sick or succor those in need. In 1832 he married Mar- garet Moore, who died June 21, 1880. His sec- ond marriage was to Elizabeth Xeathery, who died .\ugust 8. IsOtl. After the death of his second wife he becani(> a member of the house- bold of his son. .Misalom Linch. where he died May IS. T.Mi:!, at the age of ninety-two years. His ten children were born to his first marriage .■md three survive: Absalom Linch; Margaret, who is the wife of .John Elam. a resident of Cofl'een. Illinois: and George W.. who is a resi- dent of San Diego. California. The others were: .lames Y.. who died in IS.'O: Mary -V.. who was born March 21. \KU. married Wilson Shives and died in INTO: Martha .1.. who was born Xovember Itl. ls:!il. died at the age of fourteen years: Burrell 1!.. who was born Dctober IS. is.^0. married Lizzie Cofl'ee, essie Gold, a n.itive of North Carolina, and they have two children. Wendell R. and Hazel. Both Mr. Grigg and his late wife united with (he Bajitist Church on the s:ime day. .Tanuary 10, 1802, his fatlK-r. at that time, adding thirty members to the church as a result of a revival he had been conducting. For sixty-eight years >Ir. (Jrigg has Ihmmi identitieil with this section BOND COUNTY. 709 iif Bond fiiuiify and is justly naiiUMl as one of its if|irpseiitntiv(> men. For twonty-ono years lie served as a director in the (Jrifis school dis- trict, earnestly endeavorinjr at all times to secure competent teachers. In name he has al- ways lieen a Democrat. Init there have been oc- i-aslons when he u.sed his own .indsment entirely in castinjr his vote. For some time in his earlier years he served as constalile, Init has never heen .a seeker for jMilitical office. All over the county when his name is mentioneil there will he those ready to testify to his integrity and ^ood citi- zenship. GRIGG, George Washington. .\n old ami hon- ored citizen of r.ond County. Illinois, a native son of this county, a veteran of the sreat strn;:- .gle between the North and the South, and a successful f.-irmer and skilled stock raiser, (ieortce Wa.sTiin,i;ton (;ri.a:i; needs no introduction to the people of his connnnnity. lie was born February (i. 1N41, on a farm three miles north- ea.st of (Jreenville. Hond County, Illinois, and is a son of .lesse and Susannah (Ta,vlor) Grigs, .Tesse (JrisR. the ureat-.srandfather of George Washinston Gri;.';.'. was of Scotch-Irish descent. .Vmonir his children was a son. P>urrel Grisifr. who ni;irricd Sabray Klani. who was born in A'iri;;inia. and who. accordini; to the first census and state enumerations, between tht> years 17N2 and ITN.'i, was the owner of sixteen slaves, the names and numbers of whom nia.v l>e found in the state enumerations of Virginia. In IsOo liurrel tirii;.;; miiirated from A'irRinia to Ituther- ford C(nint,v, North Carolina, and in IS.'JO trav- eled overland to Illinois and settled in Bond County. In his later years he met with severe tinancial reverses, and died a poor man. at his liome. two miles northeast of Greenville. lie had three brothers and one sister: Woodford and Lewis, who were soldiers in the Itevolutioii- ary war, t1',:htin;; under "la.sht Horse Harry" r,ee: Fredericj^ and Frances. There were sixteen children in the family of liurrel Gri.i;^', anions them beins .Tesse (hiss, tile father of George Washinsrtoii (Jriir;;, He was born in (Jreensville Count.v. Virgini.i. .Tul.v ■J!t. 17!).". and was a farmer and c;irrienter. voca- tions whicli he followed Ihidugliout his life. He married I,i/,zie Carpenter, who was born in 171I7. in I'eniis.vlvania. .lesse (Jrigi; fought in the War of 1S1L'-14. as a soldier in the .Vmerican .•iriny. as did also his brother, Daniel (irigg, (Jeorge Wasliington Grigg received his early cducalioii in a I'ommon countr.v school in .Mul- berry Grove Township, siibseipiently attended a like institution in I.alirange Township, and com- [ileted Ills schooling ,-it .McKi'lidree College. Lebanon, Illinois. He h:is never really <-easeil stnd,ving, however, .'ind his close observation, his keen analysis of human nature and his knowledge of mi'ii and ;iffairs make him one of the best informed men of his cominnnity. His early e.\perience with the hard slab benches, which were devoid of backs, made him a life- long friend of ]irogress in our schools, and he has constantly endeavored to secure improve- ments for the chililren of this and former gen- erations. To use his own language. Mr. (Jrigg "liked to carry a i)o|i-gun, to hunt sipiirrels and rabbits and to ,go fishing. Have learned since that I was a proselyte of Nimrod and Walton," This shows that he was ,iust a normal, active country lad, full of the .ioy of living. Like other fanners' sons of his day and locality, his time was by no means all given over to pleasure, for he w.-is expected to ]ierform his full share of the farm duties, and he thus grew to sturdy inan- liood. He passed four y(>ars in Henry and St. Clair counties, his time being about ecpially di- vided between there anil Missouri, and then came to Mulberry (Jrove Township, Bond Coun- ty, where he has since been engaged in farming. He now has control of se\enty-five acres of good land located In sections .30 and I'.l, township (i. range 2 W., ?.rd P. M., north of the base line, his residence lieing on Section V,0. Mr. Grigg served his country faithfull.v when secession threatened the stability of the Gov- ernment, and in the Civil war fought gallantl.v in the command of Gen, P, Sidney Post, under Generals Wood, Stanley and Thomas. His regi- ment was in the front line of the fierce charge which culminated in the capture of Montgomer.v Hill, Iieceinber 15. 18(14, In this connection, Jlr, (Jrigg has in his jiossession a letter from (Jen. Charles (Jrosvenor. ex-member of Congress from Gliio, who, in part, wrote: "I can but give your lu'igade the highest praise for its valor in tlie taking of Montgomery Hill," An- other charge in which Mr, (irigg participated, and of which hist(n\v tells much, was the volun- tary charge by consent of General Wood, at Overton Hill, Nashville, Tennessee, December Ki, lS(i4. Mr. (Jrigg is possibly the only sur- vivor of that famous engagement. Of his war services, Mr. (Jrigg modestl.v says : "I was never wounded nor taken a prisonei' — but I was a good runner, especially in the sixties. T think I ran well from Pulaski to Nashville. Tennessee, along with 18.0(1(1 other fellows. I regret to state that tliere I lost a pretty neck-tie. It is probable that it was found b.v (Jen. Frank Cock- erell's Confederate boys, along tills side of Spring Hill, Tennessee." In regard to the ofhces held by members of his family. .Mr. (irigg fur- ther says: "I think' our family has not had many offices thrust upon it. I know tluit I have never held an.v of pecuniary interest. Perhaps it is because I am not of the plutocratic ele- ment." He has. however, served as school trustee ,ind school director, and while so occu- pied was successful in securing the adoption of llie P.arnes' histories now used in the township, which was a very helpful achievement, as up to that time the pupils had li;id no reliable history. He li.as been a member of the Method- ist and Presbyterian cliurches, iind in the latter has served as elder. He has been for .years a member of the Platonian Literary Society, His connection with the Grand .\rmy of tlie Repub- lic b.'is covered .-i long period of years, but at 710 BOND COUNTY. present he is on a transfer, which shows that he was in Rood stanrlins. .\t the last rennion of his reiriiuent. lie and Caiitain Crantlall "cap- tured the oltices witho\it firinir a gnn or drawing a sword from its sheath." In his iiolitical oon- victions. he is inolined to thinl; that Denioeracy Is rii:ht. but he has often east his vote for a Re]iulilican or I'rohiliitionist. voting rather for the man than the iiart.v. or. to use Ids own words: "I do not like to uphold a dynasty, a plutocrat or a drnnUard." Mr. Grigg has been married three times. On August 7. 1S70. at Clinton. Missouri, he married Addie K. Bell, who was horn near Wilkes I'.arre. Pennsylvania. .January 20, lsr,4. dan^'hter of Leonard and Harriet Elizabeth (Swarthout) liell. Mr. Bell was an honest, hard-working lilacksmitli. and one of her progenitors was a victim of the Wyoming Massacre. Mr. Grigg was married (second) at .St. Ixniis. Missouri, .July 24, 1SN4. to Frances Kebecea Ilamjiton. who was born near Donnellson, Illinois. .Tune 4. ISCO. daughter of Kev. .Toseph .Vlexander and .Tane (I)esart) Hamilton, the former a Meth- odist minister, who accpiii'ed I'onsideralile proii- erty and was a veteran of the Civil war. Mr. (Jrigg was married (third) at St. Louis. Mis- souri, .Vugust 27. V.»n. to Mary Stanley, liorn in Octobei-. 18.";4, at Xashvilli , Tennessee, daugh- ter of a southern ))lanter who owned slaves prior to the war between the North and the South. Mr. omiiiion. This house, built in is:*,;!, in what Is yet i-alled Hall's (irove. is still staiKliiig. being locatcil on the lireseiit farm of .Tose|ih Watts. .Toliii s. Hall then turned his attention to the cultivation of his land as fast as clearing w;is accouiplislied ;ind in his work was assisted by the labor of Unw slaves brought witli the family from \'ir^inia. These slaves, men and women, were well tri'ated and the women remained with the Hall family as Ioul' as they lived, but the men, in the course of time, left and their fate is not known. In the service of Mr. Hall they were treated as free men. for he was opposed to slavery and in large part it was that system that caused hini to leave Vlrginl;i. .Tohn S. Hall was married February 14, 1n.'!7. to .Tane Maria Smith, wlio was born In Jlcu-gau County. \'irgliil;i. October 11. Is1."i. a daughter of .Mid- dleton and Leah (Wlllianis) Smith. The Smiths came to Bond County In is:!.'! and settled in what is now Central Township, near Green- ville, on the old Xationa! road. To this mar- riage nine children were born, as follows : Sarah \'., who was born December 2:!. Is:i7. married IOug(>ne Seymour, who died May 211, l'.tll2. her death occurring February ."i. 1S74. no issue: Joshua .M.. who was biu-n October :!1. ls:«t. died February 27, 1S4(»; Mary O.. who Is the wife of E. P. McMurran. of Smitliboro. was bmii January :T(I, 1S41, has two sons, William and Charles: Charlotte, who was born February 27, ls4:i. Is the wife of Eiu'ico V, Gaskin, has one daughter, Lena Br(aise : John S., who was iKirn .Vpril 2.'!, ls4.''>. lives at HillsbiM-o. married Eunice Powell and they have three children, llarrv <)., Edith .ind Irnia: Ellen A., who was BOND COUNTY. 711 horn Novoiiilipi- 22. 1S47. is the wife of T. J. Wilton, of Hillsboro. iuid the.v hiive one son. Ren.JMniin II.: Charles William, who was lioni Manh 21. ls."(l. resides at Itock Isianil. married Margaret Stewart and they have one daniihter, Mrs, Clara O^'den; Kmma F... who was Imrn Felirnary 11. is.":j. married O. K. Rennelt. a traveling salesman, wlio died Decemlier Ti, 1!l02, and she lives at Sniithhoro. lieing a Kradnate of (Treenville Cnllese: and Ida F. She was horn Felirnary 17. Is.'iC. and was married Xovenilier 22. 1SN2! to (Jilliert (Jnller. who died December 25. inti:^, at Sniithlioro. He was born on a farm near Ithaca. \ew York, and fairy Company of Hond l^onnty. Mr. and Mrs. Culler had one child, Enuna E., who died in infancy. Mr. GiiUer was a well known man and was a mem- ber of the M. W. A. and the Masoiuc fraternity. Tlirouirhont his long and honorable life. .Tohn S. Hall gave attention to agricnltnral matters and for a time during the Civil war bought stock for tlie (tovernment. He became the owner of stHi acres of land in P.ond County. .\t all times he was liberal to schools and i-hurches and pontributed to jjublie imiirovements. In l.^.^fi he cast his vote for Oen. William Henry Hari'ison and in later .years identified himself with the I!epubli<-an part.v. He lost his beloved wife on Decendier 17. 1S!I.">. and his own death followed. November 27. I.SOS. His daughter, Mrs. Bennett, cared for her father in his de- clining years and she now resides with her sister, Mrs. (Jidler. Both ladies are highly es- teemed at Smithboro and take part in the jileas- ant social life of the town. HARLAN, George Floyd (deceased). Among the pioneer families of Bmid County, one whose iiistory is very interesting is that of Harlan, and this family has been established in Illinois since 1N2(). It may he traced m.-iny generations backward, but ;i late reiiresentative. (Jeorge Floyd Harlan, was born .May 2i;. 1.S42, in what is now Mills Township, Bond County. Illinois. He was a son of William Harlan, who was born on I )nck River, in Middle Tennessee, in IMts. and a grandson of lionhani Harlan, .a descend- ant of (Jeorge Harlan. The tirst of the Harlan name of which the family has knowledge was .lames Harlan, who w;is born in County I)ur- ham. England. He had four sons : .lames, (Jeorge, Michael and Henry. In their day re- ligions persecution, ;is they were (Quakers, drove many a good and worthy man from the land of his birth and it was tVu' this cause that the four sons of .Tames Harlan embarked for .Vnierica, Storms ■ so beset their vessel that they were compelled to seek h.arbor on the <'oast of Ireland, wln're all lived for a time and .lames remained jierm.-inentl.v. The othei' brothers in the course of .-i few years, again embarked for .\merica and were safely landed and Henry located in .New York, (ieorge and Michael found homes at .Newcastle, now in the Stale of Delaware, but at that time a part of the province of I'ennsylvaTiia. From what is now Ceiiterville, Del., the brothers afterward went to the Brandywine Uiver and inirchased land on its banks, near what is now rennsburg, and there they remained through life. (Jecu'ge Harlan becjiuie a ni.Mii of consci|uence. in 1712 being a member of the (Jeneral .\ssembly. He had si.\ sons and live daughters and from these sons have descended the Ilarlans of the T'nited States and it is :in easy matter for every school boy to recall representatives of this name who have been bonoi'ed in the |inhlic affairs of the nation. I'.oiiliam Harlan, the grandfather of (Ieorge Floyd Harlan, was born in rennsylv;ini;i and went to Tennessee where he married Elizabeth Baxter. In ls2(l they came to St. Louis, Mo., and Later settled in Mills Township, their son, William, being flien a lad of eight year.s. He was old enough to remember the horseback ride over the long distance, which took thi^ee months and of the crossing of the stream where there were no bi'idges, and over land where there was nothing Imt an Indian tr,iil to mark the way, there being many Indians in that sec- tion. Altluiugh peace had been declared and a treaty signed on the previous year, there were several murderous attacks made on white men. The grandfather built a log hon.se and entered land on which both he and wife died, the fornuM- in 1S3.'> and the latter in 1S4.5. They had the following children : .\bner, who died in Wayne county in 1M"!: Mary, who be- came the wife of S. .\. Keavis. a prominent newspajier man of St. I.ouis at a later date: William, who married Xaney H. Flo.vd. She was a daughter of .lohn and Elizabeth Floyd, natives of Kentucky who came to Bond County in 1N2(i. Elizabeth married .lames Hooper. Captain Willi.am Harlan w.-is a soldier in the Black Hawk war and in those days became ac(|uainted with .\braham IJni-oln. .\fterward be came to Bond County again and settled u]i .about IKM) aeres of lami. In lMi2 he enlisted for service in the Civil war, entering Compan.v E, i;}Oth Illinois Volunteer Infantry as tirst lieutenant, and died February 1."i, isti,'!, at Fort Pickering, Meni|ihis, Tenn., from sickness caused by eX|Misnre. His body was brought home and in Inn.'! the faithful wife w.-is laid by his side in the Beaver Creek ceuu'tery. They wi're f.ailhrul members of the Cundierland Pres- byterian Church. He was a Whig in early days and afterward a strong Itepublican. His chil- dren were: ,i siai that ar 1S72 he was converted, was liaptized, and united with the BOND COUNTY. 713 Baptist Church. During the whole of liis life as an American citizen he was loyal to the land of his adojition and had many noble traits of character. To his family he was able to leave at death an estate of 210 acres. His estinialile widow survived until ISflO, havinj; lived to see all her children comfortably settled in life and members of the Baptist Church. The children were as follows: Leonard, who is a retired farmer living at Wisetown. Bond County; Louis, who is a retired farmer liviuK at Greenville: Virginia, who is the wife of .lames Deckeral of Greenville; I'hilomaine. who is the widow of a Mr. Wiley, lives in Cali- fornia ; Emlle, of Bond County ; Salina, who is the wife of Gabe Blacet, a farmer in Mills Township ; Leah, wlio is the wife of Fred Scheele, a retired farmer of Greenville; Al- phonso, who lives on the old homestead in Mills Township; Leon, who lives at Wisetown: and Melvina, who is the wife of Ernest Sohn, a car- penter, of California. Emile Ilarnetiaux was but one year old when his iiarents brought him to America and he commenced to go to school at Belleville, and after the family moved back to Bond County he attended the district schools in Mills Town- ship, lie remained at home and worked for his father until he was twenty-two years of age. .\fter his marriage he and wife began house- kee|iing on a part of the old home farm and remained until Iss.". when he rented land in Clinton County for three .years and tlien le- turned to Mills Township, renting land for one .year and in IS'.Mi taking under rental what was known as the old Badoux Farm situated on Section 2.S, Mills Townshi]i. For several yeai's he ojierated that farm and then bought 1<1() acres to which lie has added luitil he now h.-is in that place 2-10 acres, M his marriage with a cash capital of iflTO he started out, paying .$1.50 for his team. He has so wisely managed Ills affairs that prosperity has ever attended him and he is numbered with the substantial men of this section. For fourteen years he ran a threshing machine and alwa.vs has given attention to his stock interests, lieing very I'nr- ticular as to the grade of his liorses, cattle, slieeii and hogs and for some years has been en- gaged somewhat extensivel.v in buying and shipjiing stock. In addition to his 240 acres in Mills 'I'ownship he owns 2S0 acres in Clinton Count.v, all his farms being under ,i tine state of cultivation. On .March 1.'!, 1N7^, he was ni.-irried to Miss Mary (Jodell, who was born in Clinton County. 111., in Is.V.l, a daughter of (Jeorge (lodell. To Mr. and Mrs. Ilarnetiaux the following chil- dren were born : Emile. who is a farmer in Mills Township, married Louise Barndt ; Vir- ginia, who is the wife of Emil I'tlaub. of Wise- town and they have one child. Harold; Salina, wlio is the wife of Charles Chiderson, a f.irmer in Mills Township, and they have live daugli- ters, Fredia, Mildred, Ethel. Ordella and Doro- thy; .Mary, who is the wife of Kev, E, H. Zip- prodt, of the B.iptist Church, and they have a daughter and .son, .Xadine and Edwin E, ; Mel- vina, who is the wife of B. W. Ba.ss, of Wise- town, and they liave three sons, Laverne, Ger- ald and Benton; .Vugust. who lives at home; Lulu, who is the wife of (ieorge Easier, of Wise- town : Clarence, who lives at home; Archie, who died at the age of thirteen years, was al- ready an unusual vocalist; Marvin, Willis and Olen, all of whom assist at home; and a babe that died. .\ll the children have lieen given educational advantages and the family is un- usually intelligent and interesting: for seven- teen years Mr. Ilarnetiaux .served as school di- rector and in politics has always been a Re- imblican. For five years he served as high- way commissioner and four times was elected as supervisor of .Mills Township, during one year of the eight being chairMiaii of the iioard. In the spring of V.ns he was a|ipointed by the county .iudge a member of the board of review and has the credit of discovering more lost tax li.sts than any member of the commission since tlie Iward of review was created. With his wife and daughters he belongs to the Bap- tist Church and is a lilieral contributor to relig- ious and charitable enterprises, HINES, George E. Experiences of dillVrpnt men seem to teach that it is more profitable to concentrate energy and endeavor ahuig one line, rather than to waste endeavor in futile attemiits to better existing conditions. George E. Hines, of Greenville, proprietor of the Iliues Printing Company, of that city, is one of the men who has been engaged in the same line sinci> liis initial entry into the business world, lie was born at Greenville, Feliruary If), 187S, a son of William and Sarah Hines," After at- tending tlie public schools of his native place until fifteen .years old, he entered upon an ap- prenticeship to the printing trade, and after completing it, worked as a journeyman iirinter in various cities, until the fiill of IflOO when he returned to Greenville and became an em- jiloye of the Greenville Advocate, In .Vugust, HI09. he left this .iournni to become the owner of tlu" |ilant which had lieen operated as the I'log I'rinting Company, which be has since conducted as the Hines Printing Company. In .Tanuary, 1014, he. with C. O. Drayton, organ- ized the .iournal known as the Farmer.s' Equity Exchange, which tlie partners are now issuing. In lilOl, Mr. nines married Miss Mable E, Hickman, second daughter of G, W. and Sarah Ilickm:in. of (Ireenville. Mr. Hines served as first lieutenant in flu> Illinois Xafituial Guard. He belongs to the .Masonic State Bank of Hoiles Srms. • iuy Brown Hoiles was graduated with honors from the Greenville public schools in 1S93. fol- lowing which he attended Morg.in Park Acad- einy. then alfili.-ited with the Chicago University. .Vfter leaving high school. Mi-. Hoiles sjient his vacations assisting in tlH> bank. ;\nd when seven- teen years old. he entered upon regular work there and has continued his connections with the hank ever since. Diu-ing that period, the bank's capitalization has been increased from •fi.i.OOO to .$1.30.000, and its deposits from .'<12.5.00(t to .+i;.W.OOO. Mr. Hoiles has had flat- tering offers of liaifi;ing positions in larger cities, but has iireferred to remain with the institution cst.-ililished by his father, and to maintain its prestige and broaden its infiuence and usefulness. .Mr. Hoiles has been secretary of the public library since its organization in 1,S9(!, and for one term was president of th(> school board and is now in his second term as a member of that board. He is chairman of Gnmp 9 of the Illi- nois Bankers' .Vssociation — 1913; is .-i member of the executive c(unniittee of the Illinois Bank- ers' .Vssociation. and chairm.-in of the Bond County Soil Improvement .Vssociation. Since 1912. he has 1 n .-i Mason. The Baiitist Church holds his membership and profits by his services as ti-easurer and trustee. .V Deniocr.it in po- litical belief, he has decided view's on nationaT and political issues, .and strong preferences foi- nien and measures, but his efforts have been more active toward the advancement of local interests. The marriage of Mr. Holies occurred at Chi- c.igo. March 29. 1S99. to Miss .Mice Baumberger. born at Greenville, October 11. 1.S79. a d.iughter of John and Louise Baumberger. natives of Lon;.'enth:il .-nid Tlium, Switzerland, respective- 716 IJOXU COUNTY. ly. Mr. and Mrs. Hoik's luivt- luid the fDllmv- ing children ; Eliy.iilietli lionise, who was l)oiii N'oveinl>er li'.i. KMH : Juliette White, wlio was born Septeniher ITi, l!Mi;! : Alice Viriiinia. who was born January 2. Ifid": .and t'harles Douglas. who was born April 12. llilu. HOLLIDAY, Cliarles E., a representative busi- ness man of Sorento. a member of the village board and a publie spirited citizen, was born on a farm in Walshville Townshij). Montgonier.v Couut.v. 111.. March 2(1. ]S(11. in a log cabin erect- ed b.v an earl.v iiioneer of that count.v. His parents were Daviil 1!. and Sina ( Finle.v ) Hol- liday, and a grandson of Elliott HoUiday. Elliot Holliday was a very early jiioneer in Mont- gomery Count.v and became a prominent and influential man there and one of the early sup- porters of the Presliyterian C'hurcb. His son. David IJ. Holliday. was born in Jlontgomery County. September S, 1S2.", and died November 13, ISD'.l. In his native county he married 8iu;i Finley. who was l)oru near Nashville, Tenu.. a daughter of I!ev. Joseph Finley, a pioneer min- ister in the Presbyterian Church. David It. Holliday remained on his father's farm until after tlie death of his wife. September 23. IssO. She was tbe second wife, the first having been Augeline Barlow and to that marriage was born a son. John William, now of Litchfield. 111. To his second marriage two children were born: Charles E. and I'ha-be Ellen. She was tbe wife of James Sutton, of New Douglas. Montgomery County, and left two children, Italpli and Hazel Sutton, the latter of whom kee|is house for her father. David K. Ht>lliday helped to build the I'resbyterian Church which is still in use at Walshville. By trade he was a carpenter and gave his work to help the ihurch in which for many years he was an elder .md one of the tru.stees and also was Sunday-schix)l su)icr- intendent. He was a great admirer of Abrah:im Lincoln and a firm believer in the jirinciples of the Itepublican party. No finer man ever lived in his section of the state. Charles E. Holliday learned the lilastering. decorating and carpenter trades with his fathei-. beginning to work when sixteen years of age. after his school days were over, continuing to live on the farm. On April IT. Isss. he was united in marriage with Miss Clara E. Chap- man, who was a native of Walshville. born February Hi. ls74, a daughter of John A. and Amanda' (Harlow) Cha|)man. Mrs. Chapman was born in Montgomery County and died Sep- tember 22, lIltMI. He was born in Tennessee and now resides with a daughter, Mrs. James n. Criffith. at Sorento. After marriage Mr. and Mrs. Holliday lived on the old Holliilay farm, the father residing with them until his death. For thirteen years Mr. Holliday operated tl\e farm and also fol- lowed his trades l>ut finally realizing that he and his wife could t.ike life easier, sold the farm in lilOl and came to S(uento and boughl a home in the northwestern part. Since coming here he has continued to work as a plasterer and decorator, and is entrustehy at Santiago In target liractice. making the W(jnderful record of hitting the target eight times in eight shots. By his skill he thus won .$2(1 in gold and an additional ■Ss in every month's jiay for one year. He has been with his vessel every since he boarded her at San Francisco and is very proud of her. It was on the Maryland that Secretary Knox went on the voyage to attend the obsequies of the late Mikado of Japan. Had it been brought to his attenion no public man would have more highly comiilimented Gunner Holliday than he. for he would have known that no young man could have so excelled without being of the best ty|ie that American homes give to the comitr.v. In politics Mr. Holliday has always been a Uepifiilican and is a solid, substantial man tak- ing a hearty interest in all that means progress and good government. The family belongs to the Presliyterian Church. HUBBARD, Henry Arthur, one of thr promi- nent men of (ireenville. III., and a mendier of a family of nulitary distinction, was born in Pleasant Mound Township, Bond County. 111.. April -I. IS-'m. His parents were Thomas S. and Ann Eliza (Saunders) Hubbard. Mr. Hubbard conies of Pevolutionary stock, his great-gnind- father, Peter llidib;ird. enlisting from the State of North Carolina and surviving to accoiuiiany the fanuly to Bond County, HI., dying in ex- treme old age and is one of the few Itevolu- tionary soldiers who had burial here. In the llubbanl f.indly Peter was a favorite name and for five generations each had a Peter in the records. Peter Hubbard, son of Peter, was the 1 r.oxi) corxTV. 717 graiidfatlioi- of Ilcnvy Arthur Iluliliard. He was liorn in North ('arnlina and from that stato enlisteil tor service in the War of 1^12. He married Martlia (Jillani. slie hearin;; a Nortli Carolina name still fonnd in many seitlons of tile f land in this count.v. Mainly on account of the evils of slavery he had left his native state, and after' the formation of the Uepulilican party united with it as it was founded on the ]irinci]iles in wliich he believed. His death occurred in iscs and liis burial was on Thank.sfrivlni; Day of that year ou his old home farm on whiih he had settled in 1S17, and with his are nungled the a.shes of his wife and those of three of his sons. Thomas Sidne.v Ilubbaril. son of I'eter and father of Henry Arthur Ilublianl. was lioru In Madison County. 111., ls1."i. and was brou^'ht to Bond County when two years old and was reared ou his father's farm in Central Town- ship. In boyhood he attended the suiiscription schools in the iieijiliborhood and later took a course In the .Ia<-ksonville schools. altlioUi;h it entailed, for two years, a daily walk of many miles to and from that city. He liecame well educated ans. On three occ.-isions be has lieiai elected a member of the ilrceiiville ('Ifv ('ouiicil. Inis also served as 718 BOND COUNTY. i-olU'i-tor. iind in lOll was oU'ctoil supervisor trom tViitral Towiisliip. with an assistant from tlie townsliip and in T.)i:! was elcctcrt aiiain and 1(.v II nnnh larsicr majority, lie lias also bcon a monilior of tlic poor larni hoard and has liiHMi <-li;iirnian of important <'omniittei's rela- tive to the i-ounty luiildini: and grounds and nuich credit is due liini for his e.xoellent man- asoment wherehy tine improvements have heen made there with the least possilile expenditure. While not a memher ot any ehnreh he is lilieral to all denonunations and is ever ready to fur- ther the wishes of ilrs. lluhltard, who is aetive in the work of the I'resliyterian Chnreh. and a teacher in the Sunday school. Itoth .Mr. and Mrs. Ilulihard are social in their temperaments and l>oth enjoy their membership in the Court of Honor. HUBBARD, William H. One of tlu- inoniinciit public officials of Bond County. 111., is William H. Ihdibard. who is cajialily tilling the ollice of State's .\ttorney. and who was for uumy years eniiaized in newsjiaper work. Mr. Hubbard was born .lone -'.>. is^il. at Carlisle. >.'. Y.. son of William 11. and Kva V. (Wellsi Hubbard. The father was born in Canandai.i;ua. t)ntario Cimn- ty. X. Y.. and the mother in Hopewell, in the same county. He followed various occupations. Iteiii^ at different tiuu>s a farmer, a travelini; aj;ent. and airent for C. C. Uradley & Sons, ilealers in a^'ricnlttiral implements, and owned considerable farmiiii: property in different jiarts of the co\nitry. He came to South Evanston. HI., in iss.-i. and died in I'.Kio. in Wis>7." until IMH acted in the capacity of Slate's .\ttorncy there. In the latter year he returned to Syracuse, where he eiiijau'ed iu practice until fssil. in which year he went to Centerville. Mich., and pur- chased a newsiiaper which he eoniiucted for one year. From there he romoveil to Carbon- dale. 111., where he piililishi'd the Jackson Coun- ty Kepul'li'an. which in is'.rj he merged with the l!e|iublican Free I'ress. and conduited this until the fall of 1S".)7. when on acco\nit of jwor healtli he went to Seattle. Wash. In .laiuiary. liMM. he came to (ireenville. 111., and eiitraspd in a law practice, .and in 1!H)n was elected State's .\ttorney. havim; previously served for some time as justice of the peace. His politics are those of the Kepnblican party, and he is fraternally coiniected with the Masons ami is a Kiiiuht Templar. lie is a member of the Pres- byterian Church. In istis. Mr. Ilnbb.ird w.is married to Imo- iiene Ide. damihter of Darius and .Mary ( Col- biirni Ide. the former of wlmm died about ISd.' at I'helps. X. Y.. and the latter in Syra- cu.se. that state, in 1!t(M. .Mrs. Hublmrd passed away Au;;ust 1. 1>: been the mother of two children: .Mrs. I'raidc E. Watson, and C. E. Hubbard, of Seattle. Wash. HUFFMANN, John. Tlicic are still a number of the honored veterans of the Civil War left on whom the nytion can lavish its appreciation of their bravery and heroic jiatriotisni iu facing the enemy that the T'nion be preserved. One who is well known throuirhout liond County is .lohn Huffmann, born .\i)ril Ki. 1S4.'!. in High- land. 111. He is a son of .Tacob and Katherine iSladle) Hutfuumn. bofh born in Switzerland, the former in isii:'. and the latter in IM'L'. The father was educated in his native land, where he married. He came to lliijhland. til., upon arrival in .\merica. anil there he worked at the carpenter trade, which he had learned in Switzerland. Eater he inoveavincinda. wlio married .lohn Williams; 'I'homas. who married Malissa P.;ills: and Polly. .Malinda. P.etsy .Tane. .Matild.i. I (avid. l>aviil Hunter, seventh son of .Tolin Ilnnfer. ni.'irrieil Betsy Boweii. .•ind. their children were: .lohn B., living near .Springfield. HI., married Martha Young. .Mary .\nn Roliinson and Mrs. White, nee .lolmson : .lelfersun. who married Sarali Young, and now lives in Greenville. 111., aged sevetity-four .years; Thomas N.. who mar- ried Sarali Cushin ; Rebecca, who married .Tesse Bird, and otlior cliildren were William, Sela, .\ini, Susan. (Jeorge and .Tackson. The parents of Marshall Hunter cotch descent. He served as a soldier during the Revolutionary war, and as one of the "Whisky Boys" floated down to rittsl)urf,'h. I'a., on the Ohio Itiver. Later he continued on down to Limestone, now known as Maysville, Ky., the men taking nothing with them hut their rifles and their dogs. The great grandfather of Dr. Hutchinson on his mother's side was also a Revolutionary .soldier, and lived to he nearly one hundred years of age, Wil- liam Bradford, the grandfather, was an early Whig, and prosjierous trader, and on one occa- sion his lioat load of jiroduce which he had taken to New Orleans, was captured not long before (loneral .Tackson fought his memorable battle at that iilace. He and his iiartner were compelled to walk hack to their home in Mays- ville. Ky., and there the grandfather continued to live during the i-emain : Sophia, who married Mr. Hutch- inson and died at Paris, 111., at the age of eighty-six years; I^ewis A., a leading merchant (if I'arls; an.. assistant chief train despatcher of the Fri.seo Railway, stationed at Elmo. Scott Comity, -Mo. INGOLD, Joel (deceased). During a long and useful life the late .loel Ingold so lived, so lierformed his duties and so bore his resjwn- sibilitles that his memor.v is held In the high- est respect and those inherit his name, bear it with iiride. He was born on a f;irin situ- ated five miles north of Indianapolis. Ind.. Xovemlier 1!>, IKiO. and died at Wisefown, III., August is, 1011, His parents \v<'re ,Tona- tlian and Mary Ellen (.Michael) Ingold. .loiia- than Ingold was born in (Juilford County. N. C. His parents were natives of Ingoldstadt. Bavaria, CJermany, and it is jirobable tliat they died in America, .lonathan Ingold be- came a mason and engaged in contracting in his latei- years. From Ncu-th Carolin.-\ he Mcx^t, ^ nv^^^iAu^. BOND COUNTY. 721 moved to Iiuliaiia nnd honslit TGO acres of liiiul near Iniliaiiapolis. In is.'iii he moved with his t'aniily to Illinois, wlieie his wife died in 1S54, and lie in 184-4. Of their seventeen cliil- dren twelve srew to niatnrity ;ind had fami- lies of their own. .Toel Inirold attended tlie snl)s4 and he and wife lived in what was known as the American P.ottom until the fall of 1850, when they moved to near St. Paul. Minu. In 1857 the.v returned to the American Bottom, but. in .January. 1858, they loaded \ii) their household effects and removed to near Greenville, 111., and he worked for Ostrum & Lansing. Mr. In- gold broke up the 100 acres of wild land with au o.\-teani. That same season in 1858 he har- vested .300 acres nf wheat for Ostrum & Lan- sing, which is now known as the Lindle.v Farm. He continued on that farm until 1800 when he bought 40 aci'es of land two miles south of Beaver Creek in Clinton County and car- ried on his farm industries there until 18,88. when he retired to Wisetown. where, as noted above, his death occurred. .Joel Ingold was married on March 23. 1854. to Miss Ueliecca liobinson. who was born near CoUinsville. in Madison County. October 20. 18.3a She is a daughter of William Robin- son, who died In the year of her birth and she was his only child. B.v trade he was a carpen- ter and became a contractor and an Kpiscopal Church building yet stands that was erected by him. lie was not only a man of considerable education but was something of a poet and fre- cpientl.v would write his verses on the white leaves in the books owned by the family. The mother of Mrs. Ingold married for her second husband. .Tohn Lucas, a native of Ohio, and they had three .sons: William and George Washington, lioth of whom died in infancy: and .Tackson, who died in service during the Civil war, being a nuMuber of the Third Illinois C;iv- .■ilry. .\11 the family has belonged to the Metho- dist Episcopal Church except the grandparents, who were Presbyterians. The fallowing chil- dren were born to Mr. .•ind Mrs. Ingold: Kllen, who was born April 25, is.50. married Lewis Lagant. a farmer in Clinton Cimnty and they have three children: Harry. .Ies.se and Wil- fred: .Tosephine. who was born .March 27. ISOI. married (Jeorge McCullongh. a f.-irmer in Bond Coimtv ;uid thev have scxcn iliiMi'cn : Xora. Laiira, Oscar, Klmer Lee, Mary K., Leonard and Illsie : .\mos. who was born March 23. 180:'.. married Knuna Bond, a de.', 154th Illinois \dlnnteer In- fantry, February 0, 1S(;5, for one year. He re- ceived his honorable discharge .September 1.'^, 1805, his .services being no longer needed. He I)roved a brave and faithful soldier, and upon returning to the duties of peace took up grist milling and wool-carding. His mills supi'lieil jiroducts for the men engaged in the construe tion of what is now the \'an(lalia Railroad, then being built into the village nC M\itberry 722 BOND COUNTY. • Jrovo. Ill his later years lie eoiiclucted a ped- (Uliif; watroii f(ir II. W. Zdok. and was so en- Wiged iiutil forced to retire on aceount of fail- ing liealtli. His deatli oeenrred .TanuaiY 24. 1010. For uian.v .years Mr. Ingram was a valued nieniber of the local post of the Grand Arm.v of the Kepnblic. Originally a Whig, he be- came one of the organizers of the Republican liart.v in his count.v, and was active in work- ing in its interests, although he was never a seeker after public hoiior.s. With his family, he attended the Methodist Church. Mr. In- gram was married to Miss Louisa Sawrey. in IS.'iS, she born in Bond County. 111.. May 10, 1838, and died March 17. 1008. They became the parents of two daughters and five sons, of whom William M. is the only survivor. One of tlie daughters became the wife of W. G. Xeely, and died at the age of thirty years, following which her husband and their three children. Charles, Lettie and Nanua. moved to Rrazil. Ind. William M. Ingram was born on a farm, and when still a small boy his fatlier moved to Hagarstowii and established a mill, the lad be- ing sent to school at Vandalia. He was there graduated with the class of 1S78, following which he secured emplo.vment as a clerk in the general store at Hagarstown, and after a short time became clerk in the postoflice and drug store, under .7. B. Miller, at Mulberry Orove, being paid a salary of fifteen dollars a month. While there. .Taiiu.-iry 24, 1882. he was married to Miss Ellen L. Kingsburv. who was born near Collinsville. 111., in November ?,. Is.'iO, daughter of William and liizzie (Withers! Kingsbury. The father was born at Patten Garden. Hol- born. England, February 11. 1S.S4. and came to America as a boy, tlie family settling near Collinsville, 111., where the grandfather of .Mrs. Ingram manufactured the old "Clipper" brak- ing i)low. The grandfather had come to this country from England with Henry Shaw, who establlslie. he was transferred to Com- Iiany E. S3d Ohio Volunteer Infantry, under Col. Daniel OnnsauUus. from which he was again transferred, on .July 24. 1S(;."i. to Com- jiany D. 4Stli Ohio Infantry, inider C.-ipt. Michael McCaffrey. In which he remained until he was nnistered out of the service. In February. lSfi'2, the company left Cam]) Dennison, where it had lieen drilled, and reported to Oen. W. T. Sherman, at I'aducah. Ky. Shortly afterward the regiment embarked on the steamer Empress and moved up the Tennessee River and dis- embarked at Pittsburg Landing on March 10. 1S02. Captain Ireland having died home for final mus- tering out. He was confined In a hospital at Shiloh. Tenn., for three weeks but with this exception was with his comniaTid during all its dangerous campaigns until he was i-.iptured by the enemy, with nian.v of his companions at the b.attle of Mansfield .ind was im|>risonc(l ,it Ty- ler. Te.\,, until October 14. l.'^tU. when he was exchanged. Mr. .Johnston received his final hon- orable discharge on April 14. 18(i(>. at Wash- ington. D. ('., by reason of service no longer required. In 1S(;4. while at home on furlough, Mr. .Johnston was married to Miss Martha .\nn Williamson, of Crab Orchard. Ky,, .i daughter of .Tames E. and Virginia L. Williamson. Mrs, .Johnston died August 2!t. ISNd, They had six children born to them, of whom there is but one survivor : .John T'.. who is a resident of St. Louis. Mo. Mr. .Tohnston was a member of Colby Post, No. liOI. Department of Illinois. (Jrand Army of tlie Kepublic in which he served in his third term as otiicer of the day, .Vt times he filled almost all the other ofllees. having been senicn- vice commander for three terms, junior vice commander for four terms and officer of the guard for three terms. JOHNSTON, James Finis. Tin- public oflHoials of Bond County are characterized by certain sterling ([ualities which have made them so valuable to their corruuunit.v. and able in the discharge of their duties. They are honest and industrious, ever striving to work for g in the same count.v. Here he embarked in a mercantile business and continued it until his death in isss. He was an elder in the Cinnberland I'resbyterian Church, and a member of the G, A, R, His wife was a daughter of William B, Reeves, the latter being a son of .lohn and Xancy Reeves. The Reeves family located in Bond County as early as 1828. .Tames Finis .Tohnston was educated in the schools of Miltonvale and (ireciiville. and was graduated from the business department of the Greenville College in IstlS, He with his nmth- er. two brotliers and two sisters had come to Greenville after the father's death, t'ollowing this be secured employment in the grocery store of .McLaiii & Cable as a clerk. Here he continued for three years then was with the Weise & Bradford general merchandise store until I!i04, Folltiwing this, for two years he conducted the news stand in tlie postolhce : in the year 1!M>7. he formed a partnership with E, E, Mitchell, and they conducted a real estate .•ind loan business, liut dissolved their iiartner- 724 I^>0\D . COUNTY. i^hip Deoemliei- 1. lOOS. Ou Xoveniber 3. liHlS. he was elected circuit clerk and recorder of deeds, and was re-elected in 1012. He has also served as city clerk, havinj: tieen elected iu IWl.") and re-elected in 1007. Mr. .Tobnston also lie- lonaed to the \olunteer fire company. Ou October Hi. lOlKi. .Mr. .Johnston married Georgia A. I'errynian. liorn at Greenville, Bond County, 111., daughter of George A. and Alice E. Ferryman, natives of Moultrie and Bond counties." resiiectively. Mr. iUid Mrs. .Johnston have children as follows: William Carl, born August .~i. 1002: I'lo.vd Perrynian. born Febru- ary 5, lOO.'i. and Marguerite Elizabeth, born May 2. 1007. died November :i. 100s. and .Mice Leiiore. born I<\-lirnary .'>. 1011. Jlr. .Johnston belongs to tlu' .\ni-ient. P'ree and .\ccepted Ma- sons. ICinghts of I'ythias. Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Modern America, and Maccabee lodges, and for four years he held the office of finance keejier in the Maccabee order. He be- longs to the Christian Church, and is generous in his donations to it. I'lirigbt. progressive, a good citizen and zealous puldic official. Mr. .Johnston en.ioys a well-merited iiopularity. KEITH, Archibald M., M. D., one of the Icailing ph.vsicians and surgeons of this part of the state, who. for twelve .vears has been practicing his profession in Greenville, was born in La- grange. Mo.. .Vpril 7, 1870. and is a son of Allen r. and Mary (Ednunidson) Keith. His father was of Scotch descent and his mother of Irish ancestry. Doctor Keith's father, .Vllen Fierce Keith, born in Hardin County. Ky.. was one of the first settlers of Adams County. 111., and was a f.irmer and merchant. He enlisted iu the One H\uidred and Xineteenth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry from Adams County, for service during the Civil War and was in the army three .years and nine months. During the entire time of his enlisfment he remained with his regiment participating in all of its long marches and hard fouglit liattles and near the close of the war w.as honoralily discharged and returned to his home in the vicinity of Quincy. 111. He (lied in Cumii Point. 111.. Sept. 10. lOOS, at the .ige of eighty-eight years, and the mother is making her home with a daughter in Miuite Vista, Colo. Being only an infant when bis father's fam- ily moved from Jlissouri to Illinois, Doctor Keith spent his ihildhood and received his pub- lic school education iu the latter state. In 1S00 after completing a thorough connnercial course in the Smith Business College at Kirksville. Mo., he accepted a jKisition with the Best Flumb- ing Co., in Quincy. 111., and soon worked his way up to a partnership in that firm. He remained with them for a niunber of years and later went to Macomb. 111., where he established a very successful pluml>ing business, executing some o£ the largest contracts of that city. Doctor Keith then dciided that be would rirefer a pro- fessional life and in 1000. entered the Osteo- pafliic College .-it Kirksville. Mo. .\fter bis grad- \uition in .Tune, 1002, he ojiened an office in Greenville and has since been treating diseases according to the osteopathic method and has effected some remarkable cures. His success in treating nervous and blood diseases has been marked and he has built up an excellent prac- tice. Being andiitions to broaden his knowled-.'e and abilit.v in overcoming human ills, he at- tended the Homeopathic Medical College in Kan- sas City, Mo., and was graduated from there in lOOfi. Later he entered and was graduated from the St. Louis Colle£e of Physicians and Surgeons in lOOS. In 1014 he also took post- graduate work in Chicaso. thus makinn him well qualified for the jirofession he has chosen, I>nring the entire time that Doctor Keith has been in Greenville he has taken an active in- terest in local affairs and the betterment of the city. He was elected alderman iu 1007. Tb 1011 he was chosen by the anti-saloon element, candidate for nuiyor and was elected by a large ma.lority. In 101.3 he was airain elected and is now the jiresent chief executive of Green- ville. During the time he has held the office of mayor many needed imiu'ovements have lieen made, including the Installation of a comitletc electric lighting system, waterworks extension, the paving of streets and he is now endeavor- ing to improve the sanitary conditions of Green- ville by a much needed sewage system, and he has tried during the four years of his admin- istration to serve Greenville |o the best of hi-; abilit.v. In 1004. Doctor Keith was \initcd in marnaire with Miss Anne L. Iloiles, a daughter of Hon. and Mrs. C. D. Iloiles of Greenville. 111. Dm-- tor and Mrs. Keith are the parents of one child, a son. Allan Iloiles Keith. Professionally Doc- tor Keith belongs to the Bond County Medi- cal Society and the Illinois State Medical So- ciety: fraternally he is a Mas(Ui. being a mem- ber "of a commandery. and is also connected with the Knights of Pythias, Modern Woodmen of America, and the Court of Honor. Doctor and Mrs. Keith are members of the Baptist Church. Doctor Keith is an active, public spirited citizen who always identities himself with the best interests of the couunu- uity in which he resides. KERSCH, Henry, a prosperous general farnuT .md stockman of Section 2, Tamalco Township, was born in Cassel, (Jermany, .lanuary 20, 1S(!0. so is one of the reliable representatives of the German-.VuKU-icans who have contributed to- wards the advancement of Bond County so generously. Jlr. Kersch is a son of .laiob and Barbara '(Hoffsomer) Kersch, both natives of Cassel, Germany, where they were reared and married. They had five d work with a Mr. McXeil. lint later returned to CreenviUe. where he made his home until liis death in 1001. Ilis excel- lent wife died in T.tOO. The dauKliter, Eliza- lieth. married Christ Berokstock of ("astle Kock. Wash. Lewis married Sarah r>eLay. a farmer of Mills Townsliip, Komi County: Katie mar- ried -Vugust Keclifeldter of Creenville: and (ieorfie is a farmer of Orp!;on. As all of his first money went to defray the passase of his relatives to the new home. Henry Kerscli ct)ntinned to work for others hy the month until 1S8S. when he rented 112 acres of land from a Mr. McNeil. .Vfter sue- I'essfull.v operatini; this iiroperty for a time. Mr. Kersch rented land to the extent of IfiO acres in Mills Township fr(Hn Nathaniel Dress- er. Tn 1S07, he rented 4(!4 acres of lanerated it. makins; the land yield hountiful crops of corn, oats and hay. receiv- ing the highest market prices for his grain. He was an extensive feeder of hogs, cattle and sheep. By 100.3 he was ahle to gratify his ambi- tion to become a land owner in his adojited country and liought 200 acres of laud on Sec- tion 2. 'r.-imalco Township, for which he paid .SO.OOO. The buildings on it were in poor shaiie. but as soon as he came into possession of the jiropert.v he began to rebuild and repair and now has a spacious residence, immense cow and sheep barn, 44x04 feet, with a capacit.v for six- teen cows and 300 sheep. He often buys as many as 300 sheej) from western growers, fat- tens them jinil sells in the St. Louis markets, and continues to operate upon a large scale with relation to sheep, being one of the most suc- cessful men in this line in the county. Mr. Kersch also has a granary and machine barn 32x40 feet, an.v the St. Louis Stock Connnis- sion as one of the best shee|i men of his sei'- tion, his jiroducts .always conunanding the high- est prices. LAMMERS, Henry Quincy, avIio is one of tlio lirominent men of Mills Township, one who is widely known and universally respected, was born at Breese, in Clinton County, 111., July 2(i, 1852. His father, William Lammers, was born in ture of Aguinaldo. He suffered from two injuries, receiving one ball in the arm and another in the lireast and when extracted one ball proved to be of brass. After the end of his period of enlistment he returned to Breese and afterward became a caiT>enter and builder in the city of St. Louis. Henry Q. Lammers attended the public schools in Illinois and for two years in Ohio, following which he took a course of two years in Nelson College. In 1S6S he went to St. Louis, where he became a clerk in a wholesale grocery house, where he remained for two years, returning then to Breese, where he com- pleted his trade with his father and has fol- lowed the same ever since. He came to Mills Townshii) in ISSl and with his father Iwught land on Section IS and they erected ii shop with dimensions of 40x20 feet. They erected a com- fortable residence and surrounding it are shade and ornamental trees that the sons set out when they were but twigs. Mr. Lammers was married first to Emily Ilauck of Missouri, who died in 1S8C. Tliey had the following children : Quincy, who is a fore- man with the American Car and Foundry Com- Itany at St. Louis, married Annie Rober and the.v have three children : Chester, who is a contractor and builder with the Merryweather Real Estate and Trust Company, St. Louis, married Caroline Schumaker; Ramsey, who is a foreman with the St. Charles Car Shops, mar- ried (iertrude Wellborn, and they have three children. Mr. Lanuners was married (second), Septendier IM, 1S87, to Miss Sophia Tauner, who was liorn in Clinton County, 111., January 9, ISGtt. a daughter of John and Susan (Stocking) Tanner, natives of Switzerland. .Mr. Tanner came to .Vmerica in ISG" and after be had se- cured work his wife and children joined him and they spent the rest of their lives on a farm in Clinton County, where Jlrs. Tanner died in 187s and Mr. Tanner in 1900. Mrs. I.ammers has three sisters: Mary, who is the wife of M. Suess, lives at Saline, 111.; Lizzie, who is the wife of William Flack, of Granite City. 111.; and .\nnie, who is the wife of Joseph Spit tier. Mr. and Mrs. Lammers have two children : Valloe, who was born -Vugust 22. 1888, Is a draftsman in the car shops at St. Charles. Mo, ; and Dena, who was l)orn April 28, 1892. She is well educated and for four years has been a suc attended a Oerman school at Avlston. After his school days were over he began work on his father's land and has devoted the larger part of his life to farming and stock raising, for fifty years having resided on Sec- tion 4. Tamalco Township and now owns 210 acres of land and five town lots in Hookdale and at i)resent is the largest taxpayer in the township. He has always been progressive in his ideas and his work and kee])s first-class stock and Holstein cattle. Mr. Jiehn has filled various township offices, for nine consecutive years being a school director of Cart Hill dis- trict and in 101.'! was elected a member of the school board of H. 1803: Edward, who was born No- vember 10, 1897: Lawrence Herman, who was l«)rn April 2i). 1900: Ajigust !>., who was born .\ugust IS, 190.3: and Verna A., who was born October 17. YMK .Mr. Lehn settled up his father's estate to the satisfaction of all. He is a wide awake man and one quite disposed to keep \ip with the times, he and family tak- ing much pleasure in the handsome five-jias- senger autoujobile car that carries them swiftly to business or entertainment. A few words concerning the t]eautiful hosiiitality offered by Mrs. Lehn ma.v be permitted, for both friend and casual visitor receive a hearty welcome and the memory of a visit to this charming home lingers long with the one fortunate enough to have been made welcome here. LEIDEL, Albert 'WiUiam, who is one of Greenville's well known citizens iiud one who has been identified with public office as well as with private business enterprises, was born near Rijiley. Bond County, 111., .\iuil :!0. 18(n. and is a son of the late John William J-eidol, who, for many years was one of Bond County's representative men. Albert William liCidel attended Mt. Vernon School in Bond Connt.v. his parents having moved on a farm and afterward, continued in school at Ripley. In 1S7S the family home was transferred to Greenville and the youth then made himself useful to his father on the farm and also in his farm implement store. Some years later he determined to comiilete his education along business lines and wltli this end in view became a student in the Mound City Commercial College, at St. Louis, Mo., where he took a course of two years. Thus equipped he accepted a i)osition as traveling reji- resentative of the Walter A. Wood Mower and Reaper Compan.v. and in this capacit.v visited almost every state in the I'nion and took part in the competitive contests which the repre- sentatives of different firms bring about in or- der to publicly exhibit the superior advantages of their machinery, each one is trying to sell, and it may be truthfully declared that Mr. Lei- del never lost in any contest. He was inter- ested also for some time witli his father, in the bu.ving and shipjiing of apples and poul- try, a large business being carried on up to tlie death of the older partner. Mr. Leidel .short- ly afterward was apiKiinted a guard at the Chester Penitentiary and served faithful to the trust imi)osed in him during three adnnn- istrations. those of Governors Tanner, Yates and neneen. His official duties in this direc- tion were terminated when he met with a se- v('i-(> a<-cident whicli caused liini to spend an entire year on crutches. .Vfter recovery lie was appointed street commissionei' under M.-iyor I>e Moulin, serving two years, and one year under his successor. Mayor (Julick. when he resigned. He then bought the news stand in the post- otlicc lobby, at Greenville, wlilcli be conducted 728 BO\D COUNTY. imtil 1911. when he sold to R. .1. Keppler. Mr. Leidel then vL^tited Chicago where lie investi- gated various Imsiness proiK>sitions. liut as none met the approval of his judgment, he decided to remain a resident of (ireenville. where his friends are legion. He is associated with his nephew. Mr. Dixon, in conducting the l>ixon garage, being agents for automobile firms, and the busine.ss is so rapidly expanding that soon more space will be needed and plans are un- der way for various im]n'Ovements. On Deremlier IS, 1000. Mr. T^idel was mar- ried to Miss Emma C. Wolf, who comes of one of the prominent families of Randolph County. 111., her parents being natives of Germany. Mr. and Mrs. Leidel are hospitable people and their home is often the gathering place of their wide social circle. LEIDEL, John WiUiam (deceased). Xo com- munity can prosper unless it has among its citi- zens men of energy, enterprise, honor and char- ity, and it is but .lustice to recall the memory of these when the town or cit.v in whicli they lived is mentioned, even if they have passed across the liorder of life. It is thus that the name of .John William Leidel is brought for- ward in the jiresent record, and there are few residents of Greenville who do not recall him with the respect that was liis due. lie was born in Xambnrg, I'russia, .Tune 17. 1834. and came to the T'nited States in 1S4S. The fir.st home of Mr. Leidel was at Milwau- kee, Wis., where he remained long enough to learn the liaUer's trade. In 18.51 he went to St. Louis, Mo., and for some years following was a clerk in mercantile establishments and formed many pleasant accpiaintances. On .Tanuary 1. 1854, he was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth Iluduilli, who was born at Ratlmau. Switzerland, a daughter of John and Barbara (Whitmer) Iluchulli. natives of Switzerland. who came to America in 18.52, landing at New Orleans. They came up the Mississippi River as far as St. Louis, having endured great suf- fering on the vo.vage across the ocean, and finding cholera epidemic when they reached New Orleans. They had with them their eight children, and. as soon as i)Ossible. they left the plague city and safel.v arrived at St. Louis, although seven refugees died on the river boat during its i>assage. The father of Mrs. Leidel died in 1853, but the mother lived until 188.5, and these members of the family of children yet survive : Mrs. Leidel ; Fannie, wlio is the wjfe of Christoi>her M (.Mable) I.illlgh. Jacob Lilligh, Sr., the grandfather of James P. Lilligh. was born in Germany, and as a young man left the Fatherland and emigrated to the T'nited States, settling in Westmoreland County. I'a. The family has lieen an agricul- tural one for generations, and its members have ever been iironiinent in church work in what- ever section they have found themselves. The grandfather was originally a Lutheran. Jacob Lilligh, Jr., father of James P. Lilligh, was born in Westmoreland Cimnty, Pa., in 1811, and was there educated in the i>ublic schools and reared to the vocation of fai'ming. There he was married to Miss Catherine JIahle, who was born in German.v and came with her par- ents to the T'nited States. In ISO.-, Mi-, and Mr.s. Lilligh c-ame to Bond County. III., and settled in what is now Mulberry Grove Township, the father buying 320 acres of land. Here he i)assed the remainder of his jlife. developing a goo.l farm and making a comfortable home for his family. He was a very devout man. and for many years was a deacon in the Church of llie Brethren, in the faith of which he died in 1802. His wife passed awny in 187(i, having been the mother of six children : James I'., of this re- view : liichard, who enlisted in a Pennsylvania regiment of volunteers during the Civil war and died while serving his country; Percilla, who is the wife of Henry H. .Mull, a well known retired farmer of Mulberry (Jrove Townshi]); and Elder Henry Lilligh. also a resident of Mul- berry Grove Township; Jacob, who died aged twenty-two years; and Mary \.. who is de- ceased. James P. Lilligh grew uji jin the home farm, and received his education in the district schools of Clarion County. Pa. He was mar- ried there in January. ]8(!."). to .Miss TTannah Cornish, a daughter of Henry and Susan ("Or- nish, and in the following .\pril the young couple came to Illinois and settled in JIulberi-y Grove Township, Mr. Lilligh iiurchasing lOo acres of land. On this was located a small four- rooi.i log cabin, which at that time was con sidered a very comfortable home, in that it had been weather-boarded. Here the yovuig people began life in the "Far West," and ^Ir. Lilligh devoted himself assiduously to the cultivation of the land and the r.iising of i-orn and wheat. That he proved an alile and energetic agricul- turist is shown by the fact that from 100 acres put into wheat, he harvested 2,."oo bushels and sold his product for .$2,800. His agricultural ventures proved successful, and from time to time he added to his land, until he owned otMl acres. From this land came the first clover .seed that was threshed in Bond County. Twice he rai.sed 100 bushels of clover and .s;ived the whole crop to be threshed for seed. lie also engaged in buying and selling farms in Bond and ad.iaient counties, and in this wa.v became widely known in business circles. From his original farm, he donated two acres of land. in addition to $KW) in cash, to build the first church of the P.rethren denouiination erected ^ ^ ^ H^Hk^ ^^B t ^^^^^Br J^^^^l I'.0\I) COUNTY 731 in till* c-ciuiity. ,ui(l in that section tlio nieinliors of thi>< faith lipt'an to settle. That they \ver<' earnest, industrions and eneriietic people is shown liy tlie fart tliat tliis lias lie<(iiiie nne of the most ]iroilnctive n.^'iicnltural sections in Hond Connty. Mi\ I-illish's first wife, a devout Christian woman, dieil in ls7:i. liavini; lieen tlie mother of two children: Kate, wlio married (ieorire Stanffer. a prominent farmer of Midlierry (;rove Townsliip: and Addison, wlio died in .voniii; manhood. On Ma.v 11. 1S73. Mr. IJlliirh was in.-irried (second i to Jlrs. Nancy Xowlan. who was horn Marcli (i. 1S44. in Bond Connty. 111., a dauiihter of .lolui and Eleanor ( I.on;.' i Bnclianan. the latter a sister of lOlder I'eter Long, who was long one of the leadini; men of this part of tlie state and a jiroininent lignre in the Bajitist Church. Mrs. Lilligh was mar- ried ( first » to Henry Xowlan, who was horn in Dulilin, Ireland, and came to the I'liited States in ls4s. settllni; in Bond County. 111., prior to the Civil War. Duriiiir that struixijlc he enlisted as a soldier in the Twent.v-second Illinois Volunteer Infantr.v. and after the close of his term returned to Bond Count.v. where he passed the remainder of his life, dying Oi-toher 3, 1S71. .Mr. and Jlrs. Xowlan had three chil- dren: Nellie, who is the wife of T. .7. Fink, of San Francisco. Cal. : .Tolin II.. a leading in- structor of Bimd County: and .Tennie. who • married Wilfcu-d .Miller, and died in lillO, in Clilahoma. To Mr. and Mrs. IJUigh there liavi' heen liorii three children : Minnie, who is the wife of Isaac Harris and resides on the old homestead place; (irace, who married Clarence Wells, is now credit manager for the Cole- man Lamp Company, of Wichita. Kans. : and Flma. the wife of C. .\. Sensenhangh, of I)ec;i- tnr. 111. .\11 of the children have been given guild educational advantages. ;ind li;ive |iroven themselves a credit to their rearing ainl their coinmunit.v. .Mrs. Lilligh is a woman of many attainments and social graces. Her charities are many, and in the church she is active in all manner of religious movements calcnl;ited lo promote moralit.v. education and religion. .\ hn.siness woman of marked ability, she li.-is been able to assist her husband materially, and lo her wise C(jun.sel and assistance Ii<' adributes much of his success. In IS!I() -Mr. Lilli.gh left his farm and c-anic to Mnllierry (Jrove, here engaging in a nicr cantile business in a store building wliicli be had erected, the upper story heiiii; used as .i meeting place fen- I he meinbers of the Church of the Brethren. In the spring of I'.tdl he sold his intei'est in the commercial enterprise, and in .September of the same year, with others, organized the First N;itional Bank of .Mnl berry (;rov(>, with ;i capital of .'fl!."!,! H 10, the lirsl otli<-ers being It, II, Osliorn, president: .Tames r. Lilligh. vice president. Two .years later .Mr, Lilligh bought .Mr. Osborn's interest in the bank and was elected president, an otlice which be has contiinicd to bold to the present time. Ilir other ollicei's being l>r. K. A. Glasgow, vice president, ami K. .7, Stauffer, cashier. The First .National, with deposits of .$127.(^10. is known as one of the most llonrishing b;inking institu- tions in I'.oiid Count.v. and under Mr. Lilligll's able manageinent is doing a s;ife, conservative linsiness, lie h.-'s the reipiisite traits uf the successful banker, and his capable guidance of the affairs of the institution lias gained him the iiatron.'i^e .and conliiliMue of the peojile of the <((mmunity. .Vll through his cireer, it will be seen that Mr. I>illigli has been zealous in his supjiort of religion. A\'itli his wife he has donated to the missionary wcn'kers of the Church of the Breth- ren the sum of .$1.(MMI, to be used as an endow- ment, the income going as a missionary fund. In 100,"), when it was decided to erect a church in JIulbei'ry (irove, the piece of ground ujion which tlii> hotel and church stand was bought, it being necessary to buy both to get the ground for the church, and .Mr. I>illigh built the church at ;i cost of ,f;2,.'10O and pre- sented it to the congregation. .V man who.se sympathies and religions faith incline him to participate in all movements which have for their juirpose the binding together of mankind in true fraternity, he has been active in enter- prises, striking at .abuses in civic government, tile welfare of his cianmunity being very dear to his heart. His long residence in Mulberry Drove ami his connection with large enter|irises. li.-ive given him a wide accpi.aint.ance, and wher- ever he is known he commands tli(> universal res]iect and esteem of all, Mr, Lilligh is the birgest tax jiayer in Mulberry (Jrove Townshiii. ••ind one of the largest in the county. In llil I his taxes were .1:700. LINDER, Frederick Eugene, D. D. S., whose m.iny interests have c.irried his name all over IlliiKjis, has been iirr, extended mention of whom will he found in this work. Frederick K. Liiider was two years old when his fathei- sohl the old farm and moved to .•mother, situated one mile west of the former one. in in'der to provide better school facilities for his children. :ind that coiitinue lias a pref- erence for the riyiiKiuth IIocU strain iiefoi-e all others. His Yellow (ilow Buff Kock Yai2. in England, married a Miss Wise, and they had ten children. Isaac being the youngest. Isaac Long, son of Benjamin and father of Benjamin Long, Jr. was born in 1707. In ls:!2 Isaac Long and faniil.v left LiverpiMil. England, on the sailing vessel Jubilee, and after a vo.vage of four weeks, landed in the harbor of Xew York, and from there went to Philadelphia. There Isaac Long worked at his trade of brickmaking until .\ugust. ls:;(i, when he came to Illinois and stopped for a short time at .Vlton and then moved to Woodburn. in Maeouiiin Ciiunty, where he engaged in the brick business. He died Feb- ruary 21!. 1S7.'!. when aged seventy-six years. In England the family belonged to the Church ol' Ijigland. but later accepted the doctrines of tlie liajitist Church, and subseiiueiitly Isaac Long became a leading member of that religious body and a deacon of the church. He was three times married, first to Martha Wakefield, .iiid second to Mary Dean, no children being !iorn li the second union. His first wife died at I'liil.iilclpbia. in is;!:;, and her burial w.-is not far from t;iraril College. His third wife was .Mrs. Harriet Cole. The following children were born to the first marriage: David, who was bom in laigl.ind. .Xovemlier 24. 1S;24. deceased: Benjamin: and Elizabeth, who was born May .'ll. Is2s. became the wife of Sanford Phillips and both died in California, she reach- ing the age of eight V years. BOND COUNTY. -.r.i Beii.iniiiin Long wns young when tlio family made the long water voyage and the I'nitlier extended tri]) to Illinois. Init memory serves liim well and he can reeall many interesting experiences of that time and also the sad death of liis mother just after reaching the new home. He started to go to scliool on Walnnt Street. I'hiladeliihia, the school Imilding then lieing witliin sight of Independence Ilall, in whicli swung the old Liberty Bell. The family came to Alton. August. is."',i;. and lived tliere for thirteen months and then moved to Macoujiiii County, in each place his lather sending him to scliool. lie learned the l)rick l)usiness with his father and remained at home until he was twenty-one years of age and then, with his hrother David, hought a tract of land in Ma- coupin County. David settled on the farm but Ren.jamin went to work at his trade in Carlin- ville. and on November 2, ls4S, he was married to Jliss France.* S. Vollintine. She was born in Bond County. .July 11, lS2(i. a daughter of William Vollintine. a native of Tennessee and a veteran of the War of 1812. For several .vears Mr. and Mrs. Long lived in Macou|iln Comit.v. but on Marcli 12. 1851. they moved to Hond Count.v. He rented a small tract of land and burned bricli for several years. In INoT he bought eight.v acres, for the tract paying .fl.'O. on which he ])ut up a log caliin, the logs c, and remained there until the siiring of 186(1. when he opened a blacksmitli shop at Cofifeen, 111., where he liuilt up a fair business as a blacksmith and wagonniaker. -Vfter awhile he sold out and went liack to Ilillsboro, but later returned to roftfi'u. where he remained until 1s7;!, when he nuived to .Mulberry CJrove. There he worked for two years at" the carpenter trade, after which he rented land of Kufus Miller and fol- lowed farming for several years and then moved to tJreenville and again worked as a carpenter. In ISS." he went to California and while there followed the carpenter trade, liut in lss7 came liack to Greenville and there his death occurred in ISDN. He was a Democrat in his political convictions and was a strong advocate of tem- jierance. He belonged, as did his wife, to the Methodist Chtuch. It was while living at Litch- field that he joined the Odd Fellows and con- tiiuied a member in good standing as long as he lived. He married Itachel Proctor, who was also born in Uockiugham County. X. I'., and died in 18!l(!. They had ten children: Elizabeth, who is the wife of Samuel Knloe. of .MiUberry Grove; Martha Ann, who is the wife of Solon P.arr. of .Mulberry Grove: Sarah .lane Irene, who died in 1«»T. was the wife of William In- gels, now of Mulberry (irove: Thomas L. ; Ma- tilda, who is the wife of Frank Ui)ton, of Texas; Henry L., who is a contractor and builder at Greenville, 111.: William C. who Is also a contractor and builder; Alice, who is the wife of Fdward .lones. of Mulberry (irove; and .Nora KUeii and ini.-i, both of whom dii'd in infaiu-y. Thomas L. .Martin acrompanied his parents to Illinois in isd.j, and remembers when his father started his blacksmith shop at what is now Coffeen, there being no town yet laid old. He was sent to a subscri]itioM school siin»> dis- tance from his home and afterward, during the numerous removals of the fanuly. went to school whenever opportunity offered, and when his father located at (;reen\ille, he entered the high school, where he studied for two years. He remained at home until he was twenty-one years of age, assisting his father and having a share in the i)roceeds of the farm. After his marriage in Iss], he and wife went to Eureka Springs. Ark., but returned to Bond Ccamty in the following year and then rented ii farm near Wisetown until ISs.'!. For the next five years Jlr. .Martin lived at Smithboro and then re- sumed farming and for .seven years successfully carried on general farming, stockraising and dairying on the farm of KJO acres which he had purchased near this borough. He then rented ills property to a satisfactory tenant and came back to Smithboro, where he bought a hard- ware and farm implement stock and since l!i()9 -Mr. Story has been associated with him. the stock being originally owned by Elam Brothers. Sir. Story is a practical undertaker and attends to that branch of the business. The firm han- dles a very large tra mistake in stopping at the new hotel which has been re- cently erected by William Charles Martin, and which i.s being conducted l)y Jlr. Martin and his capable wife. .Mr. Martin needs no intro- duction to the citizens of this community, for the many years that he has spent in conti'acting and building here have given him acknowledged prestige among business men. and as a leader of movements calculateil to advance the wel- fare of the coninnmity he is known as one of the cogent factors in this section's development. Born November 17, 1S()0, he is a son of Isaac K. and Rachel (I'roctor) Jlartin. a review of whose lives will be found in the sketch of Thomas L. Martin, in another part of this work. Mr. Martin was two years old wlieu he was brought to Illinois by his parents, the family tirst locating at Ilillsboro. and later moving to Mulberry Grove, where the yontli attended the public schools. In 1878 the father pur- chased a farm and for eight years Mr. Martin followed an agricultural life, succeeding which he secured employment in a mill, and also worked with liis father at the carpenter trade. On December 21, 18S.5, he was married to Miss Hester Smith, who was born at Mulberry Grove. December 21. 180G. a daughter of Tysan and Elizabeth (Perkins) Snuth, the former a native of Tennessee and the latter of St. Clair County, 111. Mr. Smith, a farmer by occuiiation, spent his last .years at Smithboro. 111., where be died in November, ISO.'i. the mother having dieil in 188;!. He was une of the leading I)i>mocrats of his locality, and he and his wife were prom- inent in the work of the Christian Church. His niau.v friends throughout the comnunnt.v sin- cerel.v mourned his death. He and his wife were the iiarents of three .sons and five daugh- ters, of whom two daughters survive: Mrs. Martin, and -Vmanda. who is the wife of .Tohn .V. \Vi. Those deceased were: Nancy, who was tlu' wife of A. N. McKean : ('(unelia. wlm was the wife of .James Rodecker ; Eunua. who was the wife of L. L. Martin ; and George. William ami .lohn. I?y a former marriage, with Emma .Vni- nions, Mr. Smith had two daughters: 'Sin-.i. the widow of I'eter Bilyen. now a resiih-nt of .Mul- berry Grove; and Mary, deceased, who was the wife (if the late Samuel King. .\fler their marriage. Mr. and Mrs. Jlartin resided on a rented farm in I'leasant Mount Townsliiii. Bond County, until INSS. wMien they removed to Smitliboro. Mr. Mai-tin first follow- ing the carpenter trade and subse(|uently buying .1 restaurant, which he soUl in 1S!I2. From the spring of IWK! until llXKl, h(> followed farndng. and then came back to Mulberry (irove and rented a hotel which be conducted two years. He again entered the restaurant business and also followed mer; Amanda, liorn .July 28. 18*.>8. and Noel, who died at the age of eight months. Mr. Martin is a valued mendier of the Odd Fellows, having .ioined the Mulberry Grove Lodge at its inception. lie is a Democrat and has worked hard in the ranks of his party, hut has not asked for public position. With his wide experience, his energetic nature and wealth of progressive ideas, his success in his new venture is assured. MATTINGLY, David R. One of the oldest native residents of Mulberry Grove. 111., is David R. Mattingly, who has resided here dur- ing his entire life, with the exception of the time he spent in the Union service during the Civil War. He was born in the little village, as it was then. Sejitember 27. 1840. and is a son of Dr. .Teidxins and Mar.v .\nn (Hubbard) Mattingly, the latter a daughter of David and Mllly Hubbard, natives of Virginia, who moved from that state to Temiessee. subsequently came to the vicinity of Greenville, 111., and fin- ally located in Mulberry Grove, where both pas.sed away. The paternal grandfather of David R. Mattingly was George W. Mattingly. who was horn at Cork. Ireland. He was edu- cated to beconu' a priest, but his inclinations ran in another direction and he accordingly learned the trade of hatter, which he followed for a number of years in his native land from point to point on account of his ability, and his career in that occupation was marked by constant advancement. On re- signing from the service. Mr. Mattingly estab- lished himself in the mercantile business at .Mul- berry Grove, but sold out three years later and engaged in farming, but after a like jieriod in agricultural pursuits his health failed and he came back to Mulberry Grove and finally went to work for the elevator company. Here he regained his health, and once more took up farming, in which he was engaged until De- cember 211. ItiO.". when he accepted the oltice of rural ixaite carrier, in the I'nited Stati's Mail Service, a position which he continued to ac- ceptably and conscientiously fill until February 17, 101-t, when he resigned on account of in health. On December 20, 1800, Mr. Mattingly was married to Miss Itosa Ann Kershner, who was born in Frederick County, Md.. January 1. ISl.j, daughter of Johan and Catherine E. (McAhn) Kershner. who came to Greenville, III., in 18.51. In the ne.\t .year they bought a farm south of Greenville, and in ISfil the father left home and enlisted in Company D, Third Illinois Cav- alry, rising to the rank of first lieutenant and serving three years. The regiment was then sent to .Springfield. 111., where the men received their honorable discharge, and Mr. Kershner started home, Init was taken sick before reach- ing there and died at Greenville, where he was buried. His widow then .sold the farm and went to Missouri, but subsecpiently returned to Illi- nois, and made her home with her daughter. Mrs. Mattingly, where she died January 4, 18!i4. and was laid to rest at the side of her husband at Greenville, 111. There were .seven children in the Kershner family, of whom five are still liv- ing: John, a resident of Amsterdam, Mo.: Mrs. Mattingly; Perry, of Pocahontas, 111.: Mary, the wife of John W. Miles, of Pocaluintas: Frank, of East St. Louis. The children born to Mr, and Mrs, Mattingly are as follows: Bertha C, born October 14. 1807, the wife of J. Sherman Ilin- ton, an editor; Mary K., born September Vi, 1869, the wife of George C, Shepard, a music dealer of Birmingham. Ala., who has two chil- dren, Edith Boyde, of Kiowa, Kans., and Dainty, the wife of Uoscoe Gofarth : Mar- garet E., born January 20. 1S73, the wife of Dr. .T. M. .Tohnson. a well known physi- cian of Fi-ankfort. Ind. ; Daisy, born Sep- temlier 10. 1875. the wife of Dr. E. A. Glasgow, a leading Illinois physician, a review of whose career appears on another page of this work; Grace, born August 20, 1879, an artistic milli- ner, carrying on an extensive business at Mul- berry (Jrove: Edgar J., born February 13, 1882, station agent and telegraph operator, who mar- ried iliss Bessie Norris, of I'heyeinie, Wyo. ; Ethel, born July 23, 1,8S4, the wife of Roy Ilaun. a general merchant and banker of Burlington, Ind.; Lottie P., born December 21. 188.8, at home; and Nina M., born March 8, 1893. also residing with her [larents. The last two named are skilled teleiihone ojierators. and, like the other members of the family, have been given excellent educational advantages, being fitted to capably discharge the duties of any jiosition they may be called upon to fill. Mrs. Mattingly and the children are consistent members of the Methodist Church. He is a member of the local liost of the (Jrand Army of the Repnblie. Orig- inally a Whig, he was one of the charter mem- bers of the Republican jiarty, and on various occasions lias served in ottices of trust and re- sponsibility. He is .instly regarded as one of BOND COUNTY. 737 his commuiiit.v's best ami most inihlit-spiritefl citizens. MAYO, Edward, who now lives in c-omlortablp retiiomcut in an attiaitive residenoe stamling at Xo. H15 South First Street, Greenville. 111., was boru on a farm in Pleasant Mound Town- ship. Bond Count.v. 111.. April 17. 1S4!I. and is a son of Benjamin Franklin and Levina (Jewett) JIayo. and a srandson of Thomas Ma.vo, whose father was boru in ("onnt.v Ma.vo. Ireland. From Ireland he came to the I'nited States at a very early da.v. settling; at Boston. JIass., and there his son. Thomas Mayo was Iku'u and died there in 18.S4. Benjamin Franklin Mayo w-as horn at Boston, July 111. INTO, srew up in his native cit.v and there learned painting and wagon making. In 1S34 he came to Illinois and settled in Bond County, bnyins ](I0 acres of land in Pleasant Mound Township, the deed for which, issued and signed by Martin Van Buren. President of the I'nited States, being in the jMissession of Kdward Mayo. This land had been improved to the extent of erecting a small cabin, its first owner being .lolin Clanton. After marriage he continued to live on this land, cultivating and improving it. until 1874, when he moved to a farm six miles east of (Jreenville. where his death occurred Ma.v 21, IsOl. He was long looked on as one of the sub- stantial and reliable men of the county and did his full dut.v at all times in su|iporting the cause of education and encoui'aging religion, al- though a member of no special chunb body. In 1837 he was married to Jliss Levina .lewett, who was born In Indiana and died in Bond County in 18."k>. In 1S3(! she came to this county with .losiah and Anson Bates and families, and shortl.v afterward invested in land, buying 240 acres in Pleasant Mound Township, for which she paid $1.20 an acre, showing remark.-ilily good judgment in the selection of her ]iro|i(.rty. making a choice of prairie land, while others had located in the timlier. To the above mar- riage the following children were born: Kugenia K.. Thomas. Henry. Kdward. Almizo .lewett. and two daughters who died in infancy. Kugenia E. married .\bsolom Klunip. a native of Ohio, and the.v had the following children: Mary. Abso- lom. Frank. Wallace. Henry. .lulia. l.avina and Hose. Thomas Mayo enlistecl for service in the <'ivil war, in the lodth Illinois A'olunteer In- fantry, and died from an .-ittack of measles, in an army hospital at Menii)his, Tenn., and his burial was in the Soldiers' Cemetery there. Henry Mayo was born in 184(5 and died April 13. I'JOl. He married Fredonia Xe.sl)it and they bad one daughter. .Janetta. who is the wife of Lewis F. Bauer, living at Creenville. .Monzo .1. Mayo served in the Spanish-.\nieric;in war, and is an inmate of the Soldiers' Home at Leavenworth. Kans. Kdward .Mayo attended school through boy- hood during the winter seasons Imt early began to work on the home farm through the summers and contiiuied with bis father until INTO, in which year he married and then liuilt a dwelling on the farm of 240 acres which his mother liad bought in 1830. At that time onlv eighty aires of the land had been broken. The first hou.se, of which he and wife took posses- sion on .January 1. 1871, was a rather primitive shelter but in 1800 one of the finest residence.s in the townshij) was erected here. Mr. JIayo inherited si.\ty acres of land and continued "to add to the same until he now owns 4G0 acres. He was very successful in his business oiK-ra- tions. particni.-irly in raising livestock. In 1801 lie bought si>me registered Ited Polled cattle and the increase was such that at one time lie had forty head of these valuable cattle. He also raised Shroiishire sheep and had other tine stock in abundance. On February 1 1013 Mr and Mrs. Mayo retired from the farm and'took possession of their very comfort.ible residence at Greenville. On .lune 12, 1.S70, Edward .Mayo was married to .AIiss Priscilla -We.-iver. who was born in Darke County. Ohio. M:\\rh s. 1848. a dau'bter of Thomas and Klizabetb -Weaver. IIer"p-,r- ents died in Darke County during her child- hood. In ISCO she came to Bond Countv. where lived a half-brother, who located lieie alter serving in the Civil war. but subsequenUv went iiaek to Ohio where he died. The following children were iiorn to Kdward Mavo and wife- .Minnie K.. who was born .June l.'i. is71. ni:i;-ried George E. Perkins, a farmer in Pleasant .Mound township, and when she died on .Tanuary '^1 1804. was survived by one .son, Koscoe Conkliic' Perkins who married Rachel Potts, ojieratin"' one of his gr.-indfather's farms near Greenville'^ Lucy D.. who was born Februarv 11. I.s7;i died March 21. 1800; Francis L.. who was " horn November l(j. 1870. died October 31. 1800: Thomas F., who was born in IssO, was married to Cordia Stubblelield. December s. 1012. and IS now operating the homestead for his father has one spn. Franklin Kdward, born October 2,1. 1013: George W., who w,is liorn March 1 1882, died .June 20. lOO.", : and Maggie O.. wh.i IS the widow of Volkire Wedekind, who died October 3, lOOs. .Mrs. Wodekind and son. For- est Mayo 'VV'edekiiKl, reside with Mr. and .Mrs. Ma.vo. .Mr. Mayo has always taken an interest in school matters and has .served as school di- rector for eighteen years and has been school treasurer of Pleasant .Mcjund Townsliii>. for about twelve years. He has often administered and settled uji estates, his fellow citizens hav- ing entire confidence in his abilitv and in- tegrity, and for si.\teen years served as guar- dian and conservator of one estate. Mrs. Ma.vo is a member of the .Methodist Episcopal Church, which he attends and to which he gives liberal support. For twenty-four years he has been a member of thi' fraternal order of .M. W. .\. He has been more or less active in the councils of the Republican party and in I'.IOO was elected supervisor of his township, serving for four 738 BOND COUNTY. years as such and was twice chairman of the county board of supervisors. By virtue of liis being chairinau of board of supervisors, he was also chairman of the board of Keview for two .years. He is also a director of the Bradford National Bank, at Greenville, and has been since its organization. McCASLIN, Warren E., one of the leading men I if Bond County who has occupied the office of i-ouuty clerk, and lieen associated with the educational work of his locality for some years, is a resident of Greenville. He cames of pio- neer ancestry. He was born July 14. IStiT. in the old log house erected by his grandfather. John Oliver ilcCaslin. as was his father.- the late William G. McCaslin. on July 13, ls2fi. This house, having passed through many changes is still standing, although from out- ward appearances, is a modern frame structure. James McCaslin. the great-grandfather of War- ren E. McCaslin. was born ten miles south of Dublin. Ireland, and came to America with his parents when he was six .years old. The family settled in Xorth Carolina, where the father died two years later. James grew to manhood in Xorth Carolina, and was united there to a Scotch lady, but subsequently removed to South Carolina, and still later to Caldwell County. K.v. In IS28. he came to B<)nd County, 111., and entered the farm on which Warren E. McCaslin was horn and grew to manhood, where he died at the age of eight.v .years and was buried in the Old Camp Ground Cemetery. John Oliver McCaslin, the grandfather, was the third son of James, and was born about 1S07, in Caldwell County, Ivy. He was twenty- one years old when the famil.y came to Bond County. 111. Here he was united in marriage with Mary Jlills. a native (i. being bur- ied in the Old Camp Ground Cemeter.v. His wife was buried near Waverly. 111., having passed away February 20. 184(;. William G. and Mary J. McCaslin were the parents of thirteen children, as follows: .Tohn W.. who is of Han- ford, Calif. : Catherine I., who is the wife of Samuel S. Floyd : C'lara A., who is the wife of Cliarles Maddux, deceased, of Seattle. Wash.; Harriet M.. who was the wife of A. J. Huff, but died at Hanford. Calif., as did her husband ; James X.. who is of Gilbert. La. : Casablanca and Hannah J., both of whom died in infancy; I'retta C, who is the wife of A. C. Rising: War- ren E. : William H.. who is of Grow. Okla. ; Mary F.. who is deceased, was the wife of R. A. Duncan: Alonzo, and Carrah H. Catherine I.. Iretta C. Warren E.. .Vlon/.o and Carrah H. are residents of Bond Count.v, and Fretta C. lives on the old liomestead. Warren E. McCaslin received a practical ed- ucation in the common branches of learning. While a boy on the home farm he was well drilled in the agricultural arts and sciences, fol- lowing his ancestors, nearl.y all of whom were tillers of the soil. Entering upon a professional career at the age of twenty years, he taught school for two years, after which he took a com- mercial course of instruction at the Central Normal Business ('ollege. Danville, Ind. Re- turning to Bond County. 111., he resumed his educational work, teacliing in the coinitr.v schools, and for three .rears was principal of the Mulberry Grove schools. In 190(>. he was elected to the office of county clerk of Bond Count.v. and filled the office with su<'h ability and fidelity, that at the expiration of his term, in liilO. he was reelected without oi>position. Religiously he is a member of the Methodist Ejiiscopal Church of Mulberry Grove, ami fra- ternally he lielougs to the ilodern Woodmen of .Vmerica. Knights of the Modern Maccabees, Court of Honor and Masons. On August 7, 1880. he was married to Gussie .V. (ioad. a daughter of William M. and Amanda J. (.Vllen) (Joad, both of whom are natives of Indiana. Mr. and Mrs. JlcCaslin have three daughters and one son, namel.v : Ruby Elsie who is the wife of Ralph G. Bowden, of Collins- ville. 111. : Glad.vs Annette, who is the wife of Harold R. Brice of St. Louis, Mo.; and Coral I'earl and James Y.. who are at home. Ruby 1%. and Gladys A. served as deputy county clerk for two years each. Coral Pearl was graduated from the (Ireenville High School in 1913, and is niiw taking a collegiate course of study in the Greenville College. James Y. is four years of McCORD, Rev. John W., wlio for many years has been a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church, now lives in comfortable circumstances on his small, well cultivated fanu in Central nOM) COUNTY. 7:^9 'I'lPWiisUiii. Bund County. He is iilso a vi'tcnin of the jrrent Civil war. He was lioiii .Mariii o. 1S4T. ill Wa.sliiiiuton Count.v, 111., and is a .son of Charles .\. MeCord. who was one of the iiloneer preachers of the .Methodist faith in Southern Illinois. He was horn in Kentuck.v and earae to Illinois in ISID when a ho.v, and was educated and reared in Washington Connt.v. He was a member ofthe Soiithern Illinois Con- ferenee and preached all tlirouiih the southern portion of the state. His lirst wife was a Miss I'atterson and eii^ht children were lioru to tliem. His second niariiaiie was to Mrs. .l.'in(> (Tille.vl I.enion, widow of .Tames Lemon. She was horn and reared in Washinirton Count.v. 111. Three children were l)orn to her first marriage : Wil- liam, who died while serving as a soldier, in 1S61. and Xewton and .Tames both of whom died in infane.v. To her marriase with Charles A. McCord three children were liorn : .Jane. .Tohn W. and Josepli S.. the last named at one time lieinsr pastor of the First Methodist Epis- copal Church at Iowa Cit.v. Iowa : he diended college and pre- pared for the ministry, later entering tlie Cen- tral Illinois Conference in which he served for nineteen years. In Is'.C he was transferred to the I'pper Iowa Conference and continued active until lilOl. when he wa.s snjierannuated. In the spring of I'.tttl he located on his present place where he has ten and a half acres. Mr. McCord was married September 21, 1871, to Alenia Dresser, tlie eldest daughter of Na- thaniel Dresser. She was born .Taiiuary 2ii. lS4;i. and for a number of years, like her hus- band, taught school. .Mr. and Mrs. McConl have one son. Charles Krnest, and a niece, Itoxie Helle. whom they have adopted. Mr. McCord has always found his political sentiments to be in accord with tlic Kcpnblican party. McCORD, Julian H. .Miiiiy and wonderful linvc been till' i-liaiiges that have t;ikeii place in Konil County since .Tulian II. SlcCord, one of the Iiighly esteemed residents of Shoal Creek Town- ship, spent his liapp.v boyhood on his father's farm, on Section 11, on which he was born November 20. 18;!7. His grandiiarents were David and .Tane (Alexander) McCord. who were born and married in I'ennsylvania. From there they went to Nortli Carolina and subsequently to Tennessee and in IS'Jii (anie to 15ond County and settled on what is now .Section 11, Shoal Creek Township. The thriving village of Reno stands on a part of the original larm of David .McCord. The children born to the lirst mar- riage of David McCord were: .\nn, who was lMirn March 2, ISOO, died February 2s, 1840; .Tohn Hill, who was born ,Tuly s. istll. was the father of Julian H. McCord, and died July 5, 1870; a balie died in 1S(i:!; Robert F., who was born December 24, 1804, died .May 2, 1S(;2 ; Mary, who was liorn .May 22, 1807, ilied February 10, ls4n aftor reachinK Holivar, Teiiii. In the Ideal history may l)e t'ouml the gallant iiiilitai'.x luoveiiient.'; of this regiment, the retord of it.s hi-avery when sur- rounded liy the enemy. Later Mr. MeCraeken was with his regiment at the siege of Viek.s- linrg. fighting for forty day.s. From there the regiment went to Xatehez. Miss., liy transport, then liaek to Viek.shurg. later was engaged at .Tackson. It was favorably heard of at man.v other jioints and at one time conveyed 2.1'(Mi head of cattle to the army of Geni'ral Sher- man at Unntsville. Ala. It was there that Mr. .McCracken's term of enlistment expired. Some of his comrades re-enlisted hut h.v that time lie >vas tired of army life, its hardships and dangers, anil from Nashville. Tenn.. came on to Spriiigtield. 111., where he was honorably dis- charged .Tune 2."i. Isti4. On .Vugust HI. ISd.l. Mr. McCracken was united in marriage with Miss Martha .1. Fran- cis, who was born at New Itauisey. HI.. Decem- lier !). 1S47. ;i daughter of I'resley and Susan iXall) Francis. The father was a native of \'irginia and died in ].Sr)2, a blacksmith by trade. The mother, Susan Xall, was a daugh- ter of Nathan Xall. who was born in South Carolina. The great-grandfather of .Mrs. JIc- Craeken, Xathaniel Xall, was killed by the Rritisli during the W;ir of the Uevolution. Jlrs. Mel'racken has one sister. Mary K.. who is the widow i>f William White and resides at (ireenville. 'l"he jiarents of Jlrs. McCracken were of the IJuaker faith. The following cliildren were born to .Tohn W. McCracken and wife: Mary Susan. Orlando Kli. Luther and Caroline. Mary Susan was born Xovember 21. ISfis. and became the wife • if Key. W. II. I^awson. who, for foiir years was presiding elder, while Mrs. Lawson also, for a lunnber of .vears has been an evangelist. Drlando Kli. who was born .lune 10. 1.S72. eight years ago established the Free Methodist I'hiircli iit Fargo. X. Dak., and has charge of this mission and is charity agent. He is a man of remarkable gifts and high Christian character. He married Miss Laur.i Caldwell, of North Dakota, and tliey have three chil- dren: Iva. Wendell and Harold. Lutlier .Mc- Cracken, wlio was born .Vpril l.'l. IsTli. died April 7. Iss'.l. Caroline, who was born .lanu- ary 2."i, ISS-I. is a graduate of Creenville Col- lege and is assistant ti'.'icber of nuisic in that institution. After m;irriage Mr. and .Mrs. McCracken set- tled on farming land .•ind in lS7(i he bought 120 acres of heavily timbered land in .Montgom- ery Count.v. After 10. .Mr. .McIOwen moved to (ireenville and bought tlie (ireenville Monument Works and eiiuipped his plant with all the modern machinery now ii.sed in this kind of work. In I'.tKJ he sold tlie business and moved to Litchfield. He? de.ilt .sipiarcly and honestly with the pulilic and bis 742 BOND COUNTY. oxcollcnt \V(irkiii;insliii> uiid tasteful designs uiaile his stone and niarlile work saleable over a \\ide territory. On Oetolier T(i. l'.)10. .Mr. McKwen was mar- ried to Jliss Minnie Klar, who was l)orn at Pana, 111. Mrs. McEwen has one brother. Joseph JI.. a merchant of lUllslioro. AVhile noniinall.v a Democrat. .Mr. McEwen is disposed to lie .somewhat indejiendent in casting his vote, freipiently dependini; entirely upon his own .jndgment. He and wife are members of the Jletliodist Episcopal ("hnrdi. Fraternally he is an Odd Fellow and he and wife belong to the liebekabs, whib' he is identified also with tlie JIaceabee.s and tlie Woodmen of the World. McGILVARY, Charles J., one of tlie best known and most po]iular men of Slioa! Creek Town- sbiji. for tlie |iMst ten years having been the faithful mail carrier on Itoute Xo. 1. out from Sorento. was born south of Hunker Hill. Macou- pin County. HI.. May 1. l.S."l. a .son of Willis Mc(iilvary. an e.xtended sket2 anil settled on sec- tion 11. Shoal Creek Township, the father en- tering land under a ]iatent issued by President .Martin \'an Pureu. this document still remain- ing in the family. Pefore he was quite old enough to liegin school. Henry Martin McCiil- vary jierhaps watched the building of a frame schoolhouse not far from his father's primi- tive log cabin, and later, with the boys and girls of the neighborhood attended school there, this being named the Willis School becau.se William Willis donated the land. .Mr. McCil- vary sadly notes that very few of his school- mates of that far back day still remain in this neighborhcMid and many have passed out of life. He remained at lioinc wilb bis parents until liOND COUNTY. 743 the fiill of issl. at mII tiiuos assistinsr in oar- ryiii;; nil tlio duties of tlic lioiiu- faiiu, and tlicn went to Mount Olive, 111. There ho entered the telesjrapli office of the Wahash Kailroad and while leaniin;; tliis art and |ii'ofessioii. jiaid his way l)y attendins; to the switch li^'hts. He proved relialile and when lie completed his course in telefrraiihy his superiors showed rec- ognition of his etliciency by niakini: him train operator. He remaineil in the Mt. Olive ollice for three years and in iss.-i went to the Clarks- ville office and in l^sti liecanie asent and opera- tor in the ollice of the Clover Leaf line where he remained until 1!MK). Ourins the next few years he was at Monience, 111., with the •'. & E. I., then at Clint 111., and then at O. C. .Tnnction. as awnt and operator. On May 1. 1902, he resisned his position on the railioad and returned to Shoal Creek Township. Here he purcha.sed Id.") acres situated on sections 2 and l!i. on which stood a three-room house which later was destroyed liy fire, following which he erected a tive-room cottaRe and went to work with a will to improve his land. He set out ten acres as a fruit orchard and for many years the trees then set have heen pro- duciui; liounteously. Mr. Mc(iilvaiy has always had the right idea about successful agriculture ami in stocking his farm as well as in cultivating it he has be- lieved that the best is none too good. His first horses were of exielleiit stock and his herd of cows was of the .ler.sey breed. Since 1903 he has owned standard bred horses, in that .vear buying the mare, Oirline and has continued until now he owns .some of the finest horses and stallions in the county, one of the latter. The Oele^ate Xo. 4(i71i(l liavinR a record of 2.24, fifth he.if on a half mile track. He now owns IS be.id of horses and 12 head are re);is- tered. In all his farm operations he has been suecessfiil although, in earlier life he did not feel attracted toward agriculture. For many years he was a strong supporter of the prin- ciples of the Uepubllcan party as eiuniclated hy Abraham Lincoln, but in late years has not felt so well satisfied with the old jiarty and is now an ardent Progressive. McGILVARY, Willis, wlui lias passed many years of a long and useful life in Bond Coinit.v, is one of the liest known and most highly es- teemed men of .Shoal Creek Town.ship. He was born near Hojikinsville, Ky., April 11, 1S24, and is a son of .lohn and liuth (Owens) Mc- Gilvary. .Tohn Mc(;ilvary was born in Scot- land and came to America with his two broth- ers. Malcolm and Martin, and a sister, Nancy, and they settled in Xorth Carolina. There John Mc(;jlvary married Ruth Owens, who was of Welsli descent but was born in Xorth Cartv Una. Her father was a Tory during the Uevo- Intionary war, in which he was wounded. Soon "after marriage .lolin .McOilvary and wife moved to Hopkinsville. Ky.. their futuce home, and there their nianv children were born: .Mexander. Camel. Martin. Mary, .\ngus. .lohnson. Christina. Willis. Catherine. .Mmir.'i .and Lorenzo. Of these. Camel died at .lack- son. Miss. Angus died at Cohnnbus, Ky. Mar- tin came to Illinois and settled near Wood- burn, in 1N38, and -Vlexander. .lohnson. Chris- fin.i, Willis, Catherine, .\lmir;i and Lorenzo came in 1S40 anar Hunker Hill, where C.itberine. .\lniira and Lorenzo soon died. Mary married .\lexander Cooiier and lived in Kentucky until after his death, when, with her children, she also came to Illinois. On Xovember 2(1. 1s4i;, Willis .McOilvary was married to IVrmelia Sutton and they had four children, all lint one, Charles, d.ving in infancy. I'ermelia Sutton was born near lOdenfon. X. ('., .\ugust 12. 1S2S, and was a child when brought to Illinois by her parents. She died Septem- ber 2.S. l,s.->2. In the fall of \sr,:i Mr. .M((;ilvary married Mrs. .lane f Sutton) .Spence and six children were born to them : .Tohnson, Almira, Henry .Martin. Willis, Luvina and Hicliard. Willis died in infancy and .lohnsou at the age of sixteen, years. I^uvina became the wife of Frank Orten. October Ifi, 1887. and they had three children: Harry, Dale and .lessie, the mother of whom died of consumiifion. Febru- ary .">. ISilT. The second wife of Willis Mc- Oilvary died while the family lived near Xew Douglas. Xovember 27. 1S(1!». Once more Mr. .M<(!ilvary established a domestic hearth, on December 2'i. 1^74. being united to .Mrs. Han- nah (Heustis) Van Horn. Hei' death occurred May 1. 1N98. In 1S.-2 Willis .AlcOilvary sold his farm of fort.v acres near where the West I'rairie Church now stands, and move(i he started for Kan.sas with the idea of making that state his home, but on the wa.v, when at I'ana. 111., he learned of the political troubles in Kan- sas and wisely concluded to proceed no further. He then found a position with the drug firm of Brown. Stewart & Co.. at (rreenville. 111., where he continued as a clerk until IS.'S when he was appointed deputy county clerk and served with Judge Enrico (J. Gaskins until 1S63. On October !l. ISGl. Mr. Mi-.Murran was mar- ried to Miss Mary O. Hall, a daughter of John S. and Jane JI. (Smith) Hall. She was born at Hall tJrove. 111.. Jaimary ."id. 1S41. and they have two sons: .lohn W.. who was born Sep- tenjlier ]."i. 1S(i:!. and Charles \'.. who was born -May li. 1n7."i. The former is a resident of (ireetiville. tnarried Ma.v Smith and the.v have one daughter. Mary F. The .second son. also of (ireenville. married Elizabeth Wisentan and they have had six children, the four survivors being: Emma B.. Uobert, Eugene and Edward. Following their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Mc- Muri'au lived at first in (ireenvllle. but in IM!:; tuoveil on the (UlO-acre farm in Mulherr.v (irove Townshiji. owned by .Tudge Gaskins. but in 1S(14 went back to Greenville, where, for a short time he was engaged with the general mercantile firm of T. W. Smith & Co. In 1860 Mr. McMurran located on the old Hall home- stead which he operated until istis, when he returtied to Midberi'.v (Jrove Township and re- mained oti the (Jaskins farm until ^s~',. when he liought a ]H()|ierty in (Central Townshi]) and followed farming tiiere until 1sS4. when he sold and can)e to Smithlioro. Mr. McMurran for many years has been identified with the Uepublican party and under the administra- tion of I'resident Harrison served five years as iiostniaster and continued for some time after I'l-esident Clevel.ind was elected. He has ac- ceptably filled other ortices of res|ioiisil)ility, having been assessor of Pleasant Mound Town- ship, lowtiship clerk, collector and thrice presi- BOND COUNTY. 745 dent of the village board. Mr. Mc.Miirran was one of the 7 Mr. McVey came to Sorento and in VMS lie was made mine examiner, whicli is one of the most res|)ect;ililc positions <-oiinected with the great mining industry. When, in his opinion, a mine is unsafe, no one except the state mine inspector can override his decision. In 187.5, at Troy. Madison County. Mr. .Mc- V(>y was married to Miss Jane Itiggan. who died in 1880. Ilis second marriage liMik place at Salem, 111., to Miss Rossie I.,. Clayton, who was liorn in West Virginia and died at Sorento in 1899. She was a daughter of Frank C. Clayton, a veteran of the Civil war and now a resident of the State of Washington. Mrs. Mc- Vey was a lady of nnich artistic ability and many of her beautiful paintings adorn the walls of the family residence and are cher- ished by husband and children, the latter be- ing a son and a daughter, John Franklin and Dora Blanche. John Franklin McVey is a graduate of the Sorento Iligli School and later secured a teacher's certilicate. I'erluiiis it was but natural that he should have then become interested in military matters for the family record shows that many before him served in military organizations. Two of George R. Mc- Vey's uncles served in the Civil war, on the Union side, and two were in the Confederate army, one of the former dying in Andersonville pri.son and one of the latter dying in the Fed- eral prison at Alton, III. John Franklin Mc- Vey being a natural and trained musician, .ioined the band of the Seventeenth United States Infantry, which has a membership of thirty-eight skilled musicians. In the notable parade which formed a part of the inaugural ceremonies at Washington. D. C, on March 4, 191.3, this band occupied the second place, and it led the parade at the Forty-seventh Encamp- ment, G. A. R., on October l.''., ini.3, at Chatta- nooga, Tenn. Dora Blanche McVey is a gradu- ate of the Sorento High School and also silent two .years in normal work, is a member of the faculty of Windsor College and, like her broth- er is gifted musically. Since locating at Sorento Mr. McVey has taken decided interest in iiublic matters and has shown public spirit and good judgment in many directions. He served as secretary of the Iioard of education when the fine school building was erected, having long agitated the! question and talked with his fellow citizens concerning the need of the same. He was elect- ed mayor of the village on the no-license ticket and remarkable improvements followed includ- ing the replacing of the old board walks with vitrified brick and also the driving from this law abiding and law compelling community a number of undesirable characters. In politics he is a Republican, but in 1012 cast his presi- dential vote with the Progressive party. He ser\'ed two years as supervisor of Shoal Creek Townshi]!. Since coming to Sorento he has at- tended the I'resbyteriaii Church and church and Sunday school work have claimed his at- tention for more than forty years. MEYER, Henry Adam. A native son of Bond County to whom the can.se of education owes iiuuli. Ilcnry .Vd.im Meyer, county superintend- ent of schools, has labored assiduously in his cho.sen Held of endeavor, and has done much to promote tlie interests of his community along the lines of morality and good citizenship. No person wields a greater inttuence in the mold- 746 BOND COUNTY. Ing ami slniiiin^ of cliaiMcter thau the school teacher. Tlie capalile. conscieiitiims tea<-her stands neaivr to the hearts of those in his charge than any other. On enterini; the school room the child's mind is as jilastic clay and is as readily made to talie sliape in the hands of the skillfnl educator. There can l)e no nxire noble callini; than that which as.sumes control of the lovins, confidini; child, and assists it thronnh the varyini; lierplcxitios of child life: there I'an he nan;:ht more pleasinjr than to witness the intellectual develoiaueut from year to yeai' un- til the matni'e man or woman enters upon life's strus.s;les alone. An educator since his youth, Professor Me.ver is one whom the peo|)le of his .section deliiiht to honor, and since I'.lOii he ha.s efficiently served in the capacity of superin- tendent of schools of Bond Connt.v. Henry Adam Meyer was horn near llookdale. Bond county. 111., May 21. Is73, and is a son of William F. and Susan (Ilarteri .Meyer, the former a native of (Jermany. and the l.-itter of St. Louis. Mo. The father came to the I'nited States as a boy. in lN."i(i. and has spent hi.s life here in asricultural ])ursuits, at this time beins one of Bond County's most substantial farmers and land owners. Henry .V. Meyer se- cured his ]ireliminary educational traininu in the Cart Hill School, but when he was ten years of aae his parents removed to Pleasant (Jrove, and there he completed his education. This has since been supplemented h.v constant study .-ind home reading and close observation, and I'rofessor Meyer has a dijiloma bearin,!; the degree of Bachelor of Arts from the Chicago Correspondence Sebool of Law. as well as a diploma from the American Corresjiondence School of Law. Although a studious and indus- trious lad. he passed his boyho<:)d much the same as other farmers' sons of his vicinity, en.ioying the pleasures as well as the hard- ships of farm life. Innnediately upon leaving sch(K)l, he secured his teacher's certificate and commenced his career as an educator in the country schools. In the winter of 1804 and that of 189.5-06, he taught the ■V\'illow Branch school; in the winters of lS0()-07 and 1S!)7-0S, the Dndleyville school, and in the winter of I.SOS-'.IO. the Smith (irove school. During the winter of ISOO-lOdO he was employed in a store, thus earning the means wherewith to attend Greenville College, in ]!UX) and lOdl. and in the winter of the latter year resumed his teach- ing duties at the .Shawnee school. He was then made jirlncipal of the Pocahontas schools, a Iiosition which he held from 1002 to 100(1, and in the latter .year became the candidate on the Republican ticket for the ofHce of connt.v superintendent of schools. He had well jiroven his wortli and ability to the citi/.ens of this section, and he was elected to that otiice by a handsome ma.i'ority, and at the e.xpiration of his term, in 1910. had made such an excellent record, that he was re-elected for another four- year term. I'nder his able administration there have been made innuerous changes and im|irove- ments in the school system here, and his terms of ollice have bi'en ilistinguished by steady and c(nitinua rents were chil- dren. Five children were Ijorn to I'rofessor and Mrs. .Meyer: Hubert Harter. born .January 2.'5, lOiil : Staiifonl Snow, liorn .January 10, 1003: (ieorge Washington Irving, born September 14, 19U4; Augusta Victoria, born August 4, 1906; and Foss Deueen, born .July 21, 1908. A great sorrow came into the life of Professor Meyer, August 27, 191], when his ten-year-old son, Hubert H.. died of valvular heart trouble. He was a bright, active and lovable lad. easily won his wa.v into the affections of all who knew him, and his death was mourned by a wide circle of playmates. MEYER, 'William F. Among tlie prominent farmers and highly resfiected citizens of Bond County is William F. Meyer, of Tamalco Town- ship, who may be accounted one of his local- ity's most reliable men, since he has faithfully (lone his share in the development of his sec- tion of the state, both materially and iutellectu- all.v. Such men constitute the mainstay of a commonwi'alth. and accordingly it is the duty of the biogra]iher to encourage the formation of character that builds up the best Interests of the state. Mr. Meyer is a native of Ger- many, born in tlie luMnciiialit.v of Schaumburg, Lippe. .June 21, 1842, and is a son of Henry AV, and Caroline (Christina) (Kruekeberg) Meyer. Henry W. Jleyer was a native of the Father- land, and there learned the trade of a shoe- maker, which he followed in his own countr.v for a number of yeais. In 1S.")6 he brought his family to the I'nited States and settled in .Madis(m County. 111., where he plie(i William F. Meyer moved to liOXl) COUNTY. 747 Tanuilcd Towiislii]! (then known as Okaw Trc- linitl. Hoiiil lonnr.v. anil siHtlcd in c;ish and a few Jiostage stamyis • IS his capital but there was a very different showing when he left there, one that is pleas- ant to recall. For a number of year.s he en- gaged in farming on rented land and in 1804 he embarked in a general mercantile business at Beaver Cicek. in which he continued to lie 748 BOND COUNTY. intei-osted until lOOS. In 1801 lie located on his present farm of 1(50 acres, taking it when it was in poor conilition and tliroiii;h his inl. .\ftcr marriage Mr. .Miller retnrned to St. Clair County with his wife hut she did not loni; sur- vive, dying in March. IST.'i. In the meanwhile he had rented a f.irm in St. Clair County and had pnt in a crop. In ls74 he i-anie to Rond County and joined his father on section 27, Shoal Creek Township and assisted in the erec- tiuM of the new dwelling on the farm. He re- mained with his parents until his second mar- riage, working rented land and afterward rented in Kipley Townshi]) until 18S4, from Willis ^Yillford and afterward rented 2(iO acres in Shoal Creek Townshi]i. from Nathaniel Dres- ser and successfully operated that farm for seven years. In 188S he liought K'o acres sit- uated on section 11.". Shoal Creek Township, his present home farm, to which he did not move, however, until IS'Jl. He began to make iniiirovenients and .soon replaced the small frame dwelling house with a larger and more snbstaiiti;il one and also erecteil other excellent farm buildings. To his first purchase he added until lie now has ;!0s acres, all In one body, a valuable properly which he could sell for a high figure. He has his place well stocked, keeping a high grade of horses, cattle and hogs. For a number of years he pr, A. V. & A. M. Neither he nor wife have united with any particular church but they .-ire attendants and liberal sujiporters. .\t their hos]iitabl(> home their many friends are always welcome and the passing stranger is often invited to partake of their good cheer. JWOREY, Hiram H. W hat a wonderful period of his country's history has been covered b.v the lifetime of Hiram Morey who, for more than seventy years has been one of Mulberry Grove's most esteemed citizens. He is the most advanced in .years of any one iil his part of the county. He was l)orn .July 3, 1810. at (Jranville, lacking County. Ohio, a sou of David and Harriet (Ifeynoldsi Morey. His father was a native of Itutland Connty, Vt., and his mother a native of the State of Connecticut. The ancestors of both came early from Eng- land, .-md members of the families took part in the early Indian wars, the War of the IJevo- Intion and' the War of 1S12. Prior to the last iiiimed war D.-ivid Morey and wife had located in Licking Co\infy. Ohio, where his father, .Joseph Morey. had iirevionsly .settled. Eleven children were born to David .Morey and wife, Hiram being the second and the only one sur- viving. Henry A., theii' eldest son when ipiite a young man made his way from his home in Ohio to Vandalia. Illinois. Later he liecame a wagonmakcr. worked at his trade for a while in I'ocahontas. 111., then in Mulberry (Jrove. In a short time he m.arried Miss Delia Lock- wood and they retnined to his old home in the Huckeye State, where they remained for a munber of ye;irs. .Soon they again turned toward the setting sun and settled near Slio- bonier, Fayette Cdinity. II!.. where they con- tinued to live .-md reai-ed a large family. Hiram ha, Mr. Morey was marrieil to Miss Eliza .1. I'.rown, of Fayette County, 111. She was born in Maury County, Teini., May 4, ]S27, and was brought by her parents, .James and Dorcas I'.rown to Bond County in lS2'.t. Kight daughters and two sons were born to .Mr. and Mrs. Morey, namely : Sarah, the eldest, the widow of Thos. M. .^Mwrey. lives in Mul- berry (irove: T. 1'. .Morey, the eldest son, re- sides in Greenville, 111.: Iiorcas, now deceased, was the wife of W. W. Willett : Elizabeth .\nn is deceased; Harriet is the wife of Rev. Henry Eilligh and they live in Mulberry Grove: Hen- rietta married .lohn W. .Tones and resides i;i St. Louis, -Mo.. Celestie now deceased, was the wife of EranU .Murdock: Laura Bell is the wife of Fernian Snodgrass : Dora is the wife ." acres of land. His memory is remarkable and his physical vigor good for one of his years. He is interested in all mat- ters of importance aliout him an. 1880, a son of .Tames M. and Fannie (Ilinsley) Morgan. The mother of Mr. Morgan lielonged to one of the old pioneer fami- lies of *"ayette County. 111., and was born at Walnut 'Hill. She died at Bloomingtou, 111., in 1!i(i7. having been the mother of three children: (ieorge D.. who is a iihysician at Newbem. Tenn. : and Edna and .Tames Edgar, twins. Edna is head bookkeeper for the commission firm of B. P. Iloopes & Son. at Bloomington. .Tames M. Morgan, the father of the above family, was a marked personality and was well ;nid widely known. In early m.-mhood he united with the Christian Church, in which he was later ordained to the ministry. Practically his entire subsequent life was devoted to evangelizing work ill this connection, and his travels led him over Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee and Missouri. In many sections he succeeded in establishing churches and in every way his labors seemed to be blessed. In his family, like in many others, .lu early domestic affliction fell, the eldest son, when a rebellious youth of twelve years, leaving home and for years was lost to the family. The father's heart yearned for him and for fifteen years he sought for news of the wanderer. In the meanwhile the youth had successfully made his own way in the world, and, when father and son were finally reunited, the latter occupied a position of considerable prominence in the city of Newhern, Tenn.. where he still is engaged in the practice of medicine. Rev. Jlorgan continued his religious work until prostrated by age and illness, and died in l!Kl!». at the home of his brother, Lewis Morgan, near .loplin. Mo., at the age of seventy-two years. .Tames Edgar Morgan attended schtKjl before his parents removed, in IS'.Ci. from Mulberry (Jrove to Bloomington. after which he made his home until he was si.xteen years of age with an aunt in Fayette County. In 1902 he became a clei-k in the office of B. F. Hoopes & Son, at 151oounngt,on. where he continued for two years, and then Joined his brother. Dr. George Morgan, in southern Louisiana, and assisted him in com- lileting a work on zoology. In the fall of 1903 he returned to Bond County, having determined to romplete his education, and, as he was (leiiendcnt upon his own resources, he went to work , 1s41, and is a son of George W'. and Tlierzia (Browning) Neathery. The Neatherys are of Scotch-Irish ancestry. As far as known the first of the name came to America about ITSO and located in the Tnited States south of tlie Mason and Dixon line, per- haps in Kentucky and possibly in Tennessee, as the grandmother of .lohn Neathery belonged to the Elmore family of that state. (ieorge W. Neathery. father of John Neath- ery. was born in Russell County, K,v., May 10, 1M2. and died in Bond County, December 3, 1902. aged ninety years and si.\ months. On July 11), is;!."), he married Therzia I'.rowning, who was born in Fayette Count.v. III.. Novem- ber I'.P. 1sl4. Ix'fore Illinois was admitted to the I'liioii. She died at the advaneed age of ninety-si.\ years and si.\ months. Her parents were Daniel and Bermelia Browning, the for- mer of whom died September 9, ISCO, aged eighty-four .years and three days, and the lat- ter died July l-"i, iscs, aged over eighty-two years. The Browning family ri'cord is as fol- lows: Wallace Browning, born Manti 1, 1817, died Deeember IM. 19l)s. survived by his widow. Miiry (.Matliisi Browning, born Seiitember 10, ISL'T.: Willson Browning, died December 10, issn, iiged .seventy -si.x vears, married Elizabeth E. Neathery. who died May 13. 1873. aged si.\ty-tbree .years; Hjirmon Browning, who died December ."). ISC"), married Jane Neathery. who died in 1SS3; Daniel Browning. Iiorn December 1. Is-JC), died .March 22. isili!, his wife Margaret, born .lune Hi. 1S2(i. died December 30, 1S91 ; and John Browning, the only surviving mem- ber of the family, and a Civil war veteran, was liorn January 18. 1827. The Neatherys and Brownings both came early to Illinois, the latter family settling in F.iyette County. G(>orge W. Neathery had three brothers : .\iidrew J.. William Riley and .Milliin Franklin, and the following sisters: J.iiic. who was the wife of Harmon Browning and their descendants still live in Fa.vette County: Elizabeth, who married William Browning and they left descendants; and Sally, who married Pascal Simmons, died in Montgomery County, his death occurring in Bonil County. Andrew J. Neathery was horn January 11. 1820. and died October (!, 1902, aged eighty-two years, eight months and twenty-five days. He was a veteran of the .Mexican war. He married Cisley A. Elam, who died September 8, 1885, aged sixty-one yea rs. (Ieorge W. Neathery came to Bond County in 1S;'>0 and settled with his parents on See- tion .'!."). in what is now Jiulberry Grove Town- ship, where his father died in 1832. aged sev- enty-five years. His first honu' was a little log cabin stantlal luisiness men of bond County, has led a life that, in detail, must interest all those who .seek like financial inde- pendence and jiersoiial re>;ard and find it throu;;h their own lahor and unassistiMl efforts. He was liorn in \'arnland, Sweden, May lo, IsTll. and is a son of Nils and .\miio (,lohn- son I Olson. Nils Olson was liorn on his father's farm in Sweden. He served in the Swedish arm.v for six .years jirior to coming to .Vmerica and held a commission as lieu- tenant. In 1S71 he brouiiht his family to the rniteonis : .Minnie, who is the wife of .Vrnold Hernreutei', a farniei- in Mills Township; Charles; Tillie, who moved from St. I.ouis to New York after the death of her husband. William Alwood, and died there; and two deceased. Charles Olson attended school while I he fam- ily lived near (Jri^enville and lieiian to assist his father as soon as his strenjith permitted, and comiileted his iHlucation after tlie family moved to Heaver Creek. When he started out in life for biniself he learned to operate a trac- tion enirine and his .services were in demand durinir th(> threshin;; seasons in this section until Ixs'.i. when he went to .\dvance. .Mo. There he worked on farms ami also ran a traction eiiirine in a saw mill until IsilO. when be secured a position at Hoiiiplian, Mo. and took cllar^'e of the eiif^ine and machinery in the Niel Lumber Couiiiany. In the following .vear he took charge of two lumber yards at Blue Springs. In the meanwhile, in 1NS9, Mr. Olson bad married Miss lol.i Bryant, who was born in Clinton County, III. They had one child that dieil in iiifam \ and Mrs. Olson died in IN!)]. .Vfter the death of his wife and child Mr. Olson returned to Heaver Creek and there went to work with the H. W. Hlizy-ard thresh- ing outfit, lint in the spring of 1S'.)2 he went to r.'iduc.'ib, Ky. In .\iigiist of that year he mar- ried Miss Lizzie Hernreutei' who was born in .Mills Township, a daughter of George and Klizalieth Hernreutei', pioneers of Bond Connt.v. .\fter this m.irriagi' .Mr. and .Mrs. Olson set- tled in the village of I'.eaver Creek and he worked in a saw mill and at threshing until IMIJ, and for .Mr. Blizzard worked through Minnesota and Indian Territory Until 1807. In LSOS .Mr. Ol.son moved to O'Fallon, in St. Clair County and took iiig ulti- mately carried to successful coni|iletion. He has devoted some time, also to the manage- ment and improvement of his farm of TOO acres, which adjoins the village. In his politi- cal alliliatioii be has .'ilw,'iys liecii :! Republican and served six .vears as a member of the board of education of Beaver Creek and in \'M2 was (•lc( ted registrar of deeds ,'ind transfers. .Mr. and .Mrs. Olson li.ive three children: Larl. Klla and Alice. Willi bis family he be- longs to the .Methodist l':piscopal Church and f(U' nine years has been siiiieriutendent of the Sunday School. Fiu' a iiiiiiibcr of years Mr. Olson li.'is been a member of Camp No. 1302, 754 BOND COUNTY. M. W. A., at Beaver Creek, and for two years has been clerk of his camp. As a man and citizen Mr. Olson Is lieltl in his;h esteem by his wide circle of acquaintances. ORR, Walter Armstrong, a well known mem- ber of the S|iriiif;ticlil liar and one of the city's substantial residents, was born Febru- ary 0, 1S73. at .Jackson ('enter. Mercer County. Pa., and is a .son of John .T. and Martha (Arm- strong) Orr. For more than sixty years the parents of Mr. Orr have lived on the same farm, one that was owned orijiinally by Col. Henr.v Kosack. who was an otticer in the War of 1><12 and used the orchard as his drill grounds. Mr. Orr comes of distinguished an- cestry, being a direct descendant of John Hart, one of the signers of that immortal document, the Declaration of Independence, who. afterward, was speaker of the New .Jer- sey House of Iteprcsontatives. His father. Ed- ward Hart, settled in New .Jersey sixty years liefore the Ifevolutionar.v war. Walter Armstrong Orr passed his early youth on his father's farm and in the local schools prepared for college. After graduating in the scientitic conr.se at Volant College, he took a course in philosojihy at Mount Hope College, subsequently receiving his degree and afterward entered .Mclvendree College, where he was graduated from the law department and was admitted to practice in IVJO. For two years afterward he taught a country school. later going to Iowa where he completed a com- mercial course and suhsequently in th(> Sioux City Normal School and in the Metropolitan College at Cedar liapids. was engaged as an instructor. Mr. Orr then moved to Greenville, III., and there engaged in the ]iractlce of law and w;is electeii city attorney and later mayor, receiving the largest majority ever given any candidate for that office. Still later Mr. Orr removeil to .Springlield and ever since has been active in professional life and also is interested in the insurance business. Mr. Orr has in- vested in property at Springfield, where he owns an attractive residence and also has a tract of fruit land in Florida. Mr. Orr was married at Greenville. III.. .lune 14. ISliil. to Miss Nellie .M. Hogue. who was born at .Jamestown. \. Y.. and is a daughter of Kisho]> Wilson T. Hogue. of the Free Meth- odist Episcopal Church, who. for ten years, was president of (ireenville College and for a num- ber of years editor of the official paper of his church. Mr. and Mrs. Orr have two children : Emma Margaret, who was born .Vugust 19. lilOl ; and Wilson .\rnistrong. who was born .Vugust i;i. V.»}',. the little folks enjoying a nuitual birthday celebration. Mr. (»rr is a mem- ber of many years standing, of the Methodist Episcoiial Church, and is secretary of the offi- cial board and the board of trustees of the Douglas .\ venue Church at Springfield. He is identified fraternally with the .Modern Wood- men of .\merica and the Court iif Iloiuir. He is in sympathy with that i>olitical organiza- tion known as the jirogressive Kepublican. Taking an active and sensible interest in pub- lic matters, Jlr. (Jrr has always been consid- ered a good citizen, while personally his char- acteristics are pleasant and agreeable and he has many loyal friends. PAINE, Emery F. X progressive and enter- prising farmer and stockman, Emery F. Paine, of Old Ripley Township, is worthily represent- ing the agricultural interests of his part of I'.ond County. III. He is a native son of this township, having been liorn on Section 2. March 21, 18(15. and is a son of Thomas and Electa (Shaul) I'aine. The father was also a native of Bond County, and for many years made his home on the property, where he died in 1899. at the age of fifty-eight year.s. The mother survives him and is now seventy-one years of age. In their family were the following named children : Emery F. : Calvin, who died in in- fancy : Xancy Ann, who. with her husband, resides in Mills Township. Bond County : Sarah F.. who died in young womanhood ; Lucy, the wife of Henry Wall, of St. Louis. Mo. : Nellie, who died at the age of twelve years : and Minnie, who du'd in childh(«:id. Elisha Paine, the paternal grandfather of Emery F. Paine, was born of English aucestrj'. in North Carolina, in 1818. He served as a soldier during the Black Hawk war, and after its close went to Tennessee, where he was mar- ried to Jliss Xancy .Viui Fenton. by whom he had two sons: William .John and Thomas. They were consistent members of the Primitive Bap- tist Church, and were honored and respected by all who knew them. The grandfather passed away in 1870. and the grandmother followed him to the grave five years later. The early education of Emery F. Paine was secured in the little log schoolhouse in Old Rlliley Township, in the Terrapin Ridge District, and later enjoyed advantages in the new frame building, where his children are now preparing. He remained on the ohi home place until reach- ing the age of twentj-two years, and was then united in marriage, August 11. 1SS7. with Miss Malinda J. Wllliford, daughter of Harvey Willi- ford. a well-known pioneer of Bond County. After their marriage, ilr. and Mrs. Paine set- tled on one of Grandfather Paine's farms in Center Township, just west of Greenville. 111., and there continued to reside until 1892. Mr. Paine then purchased fifty acres of land in Section 11, OM Rililey Township, on which was located a small fiame house. This land was in i>oor condition, but Mr. Paine brought it under cultivation, and has added to it until he now owns ISO acres, all accumulated by well- directed effort and good management. The buildings on the property are large and sub- stantial and the improvements of the most modern order. Mr. Paine has met with success in his ventures, and is known as a skilled breeder of horses, cattle, hogs and sheep. He BOND COUNTY. 755 has twelve head of iniro-hred SlKprtUuni cattle. -Mr. Paine is one of the self-made men of his county, and may talie a pardonalile desroe of Iiride in what he has accomplished. Mr. and Mrs. faim; have had the following children: Walter, born Ferbnary it. 1SS9, now residinj; with his grandmother ; Thomas, born September lii. IS'.ll : Dora, born .T.-iiiuary 22. 1894, a graduate of the Bond County |)UbIic schools, received a teacher's certificate in 1911, and Is ni-fobi.r 4. ISIm;. who diei'l in 1S9T ; Frank, horn .Vpril s, 1.S9S; and James Havcrv, born Febru- ary 25. 190n. Mr. I'aine is a Democrat in iiolitics, but iu bical matters has indeiiendent tendencies. He has served as highway conunissioner. being ap- pointed two years, and electetl five years, and ilischarged his duties in a highly satisfactory manner. FTe has also shown his friendship to education h.v serving as a member of the school board. Ills social connection is with the Inde- iiendent Order of Odd Fellows. .V genial and likable man. he lumibers among his wide circle of acquaintances many appreciative friends. PAISLEY, Horace Edwin, one of the .substan- tial men of liond Cmnity and a mendier of one of the old and intluential families of this section of Illinois, was born in the connnodi- ous brici; ilwelling that st.-nuls on the home- stead farm. September 17. lS(i7. on Section (i. Lagrange Township. I'.ond Comity, 111. He is a son of Kobert C. and Margaret (I.ibby) I'ai.s- ley. The I'aisley family came originally from .Scotland and the name is known all over the world for from Paisley, Scotland, come the ex- . .■>9th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, contracting for three years but ill health brought on tlu' disability which caused him to be honorably discharged after serving one .year. Again he resumed the liianagement of the home farm, having the assistance of his sous. He was identified with the Kepublican party but was never willing to accept office. Both he and wife were members of the Cum- berland Presbyterian Church. At the time of death, in 1S94. be owned (i2(i acres in Lagrange Township. P.ond County. On .Vpril 2(1. ls."iS. Robert C. Paisley mar- ried Margari't Libby. who was born at Paulet, Vt.. October 21, is:;.-., a daughter of Isaac T. and Nancy (Frisbee) Libby. He was a cab- inetnuiker and carpenter by trade and was born iu Vernuint in 1M2. Both he and wife (lied iu their native state. ^Mrs. Paisley came to P.ond County for the purpose of teaching scliool. She siirvived her husband for fifteen years, dying .March 2.-.. 190!). Two of the chil- dren born to Uol.ert C. Paisley and wife died in infancy, the three survivors being: .Vnnie. who was born .Vugust 2. 1.SI12, is the wife of Theron Stephens, a farmer in Benton County, .Vrk., .and they have two children; Frank, who was born .Vugust 1, lS(i4, is an extensive farmer and stockraiser; and Horace K, In the public schools of Lagrange Township. Mr. Paisley (.btalncd his early educational training and afterward he took a collegiate course. During bis father's lifetime he assisted in the management of the large estate and afterward he took complete charge, develop- ing info (me of the nuist .judicious and sui'ci'ssful t'armers and sf(.ikr;iisers (.f the 756 BOND COUNTY. county. For many years he followed the most imjiroved in<4ho(l.s as to his stock and prodtalily enKaged in Imyinj; and feedin?i calves for market. In his home farm he has o71 acres, every foot of whicli is tillalile land and under a high state of cultivation, and owns 421 acres in all. he and his lirothor holdins -"I'ltl ad.join- ing acres. He has spent a bu.sy life, has always been progressive in his ideas, has used nunlern machinery and during: the years that he was a heavy shipper of c;ittle and stock, was known in the leading markets as a keen, well in- formed business man but one whose word could lie trusted. rth preservation. (Jeorge Washington Palmer w;is born at Stopferry. County Norfolk. England. Decem- ber 10. Is41. and he is a son of (Jeorge and Lucy (Kidd) Palmer. On both sides the grand- fathers were men of local iironiinence and some wealth, (Jrandfather Kidd being a cabinetmaker anf opjiortunity across the ocean, rightly doing so as she ha news- pa|ier field as the editor of the (ireenville Item, 758 BOND COUNTY. a Democratic organ, which lie has published to the present time, and which now has a large circulation, not only in Greenville, but through- out Bond County. He has discovered the wants of his subscribers and, having natural talent for newspaper work, has made his sheet an estal>lished success. Mr. Ferryman is a Democrat in his political views, and his relig- ious connection is with the Christian Church. In ISsl, Mr. Ferryman was married to Alice Enloe, daughter of Capt. Isaac N. and Sophronia (Hensley) Enloe. natives of Bond County and Marion County, 111., respectively. Captain Enloe, whose title was gained in the Union army dur- ing the Civil war, is an Independent in politics, a member of the Odd Fellows, and a stanch supporter of the Christian Church. Four chil- dren have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Perry- man, namely : Georgia, Margaret, Bessie and Van. Mr. Ferryman is always ready to sup- port any movement which has for its object the betterment of Greenville, whether of a business, educational, social or religious nature. His new.spaper reflects credit upon himself and the community, and does its share in molding public opinion in the right direction. PFESTER, Fritz. Illinois has no more repre- sentative men than those to be found in Bond County, which while one of the smallest divi- sions of the commonwealth, is certainly one of the most important. One of the I'esidents of Pocahontas who is interested in farming, stock raising and stone quarrying is Fritz Pfester, born in Clinton County, 111.. March 4. ISCO, a .son of Christ and Mary (Witchie) Pfester, natives of Germany. The father came here in 1852, and became a farmer and quarried stone. He was well educated in German, and became quite prominent in Pocahontas where he moved in ISCS, becoming a school director. He held this position until his death which occurred in 1879. His widow survived him until 1004, when .she, too, died in Clinton Count.v, 111. He was a German Lutheran in religious faith. Fritz Pfester received a good, connuon school education at the school at Jamestown, and after graduation he engaged in farming, finally de- veloping his present large interests. On December 24, 18S6, Mr. Pfester married Lizzie .Jacolis, born April 30, ls(i2, daughter of Valentine and Mary A. CMeyer) .lacolis, natives of Germany, They have children : Mary, Fritz. William, Anna, Maggie and Henry. Mr. Pfester is a man of extensive Interests, and his time is quite actively taken up with them, l)ut he can always be depended upon to support measures relating to public matters if he believes that the best interests of all will be conserved. lie owns 280 acres of land and handles large quantities of stock, .specializing on mules and hor.ses. He has many friends throughout the county, _ and his business as.so- elates admire his grasp of details and ability to make a success of whatever he undertakes. He without doiibt inherits some of the sterling characteristics of his German parents, and uses them to excellent results. PHELPS, Solomon A. To some men is given the energy a}id virility that carries them into the twilight of life with powers uniin|iaired, wliile others jiass on early into the otlier land. Solomon A. Phelps, a retired farmer of (ireen- ville. 111., is one of the veneralile figures in Bond County history. He was born near Coop- erstown, ,\ew York, .lune 2. IMT. Iieing a son of .Toshu.i and Elizal)eth (I'eckl Phelps, the former born in Oswego County. X. Y. He was a farmer and large land owner, his lu'opert.v interests being in Central New Y'ork. In jioli- tics he was a Wliig. .ind in religious faith, a Presliyteriau. He lived until Ls.JO. when he died at Pocahontas. III., but his wife died in 182(1. at Cooperstown, The education of Solomon A. Phelps was ac- quired in the schools of New Y'ork. he attend- ing what is now known as Tnion I'niversit.v. from wliicli he was graduated in l.SMT. After leaving college, he taught in a private acad- emy at Steubenville. Ohio, during which time he studied law. lieginning his jiractice at Wood- ville. Miss., in 1842. Two years later, however, he came to Bond County, settling in (Jreen- ville. For two years he farmed, liut in lS4(i. he resuuKMl the law jiractice. and continued in it until IMH). wlien he retired. During his long period of service in his profession, lie was associated ,with some notable jurispru- dence, and was a learned lawyer and eloquent speaker. After his retirement, he moved to his farm, which is used for growing corn, and is very valuable. Mr. Phelps was married to Miss Caroline Buckley, a . Mr. Phint was married to I'aroline IJorris, horn in Marian County. December 17th. IS'47. and her mother's name was Catherine (Siiiirii) Dorris, and she was born in Kentucky. Tile (hildreu of Mr. and Mrs. Plant are: Julia, who married James W. Paine, lives in Poca- hontas, and has two clilhlren. — Hazel and Malile: and Nora, who married John D. Poin- dexter. lives in Greenville and has two chil- dren, — Caroline and Lorenzo Dow; and Estella E.. married McCune Ward of I'ocahontas. and has two children, — Nellie and John Kessner from her first marriage to John Kessner. Mr. Plant has an honorable war record, he having served in Company F, l.'ioth Reg. Vol. Inf.. and was discharged at the close of the war. Mr. Plant is one of the well-known men of Bond County and enjoys the friendship of many with whom he has been associated for almost a lifetime. He and his wife are very hospitable and entertain their visitors with old-time cordiality. RENCH, Thomas J. Wiilely known in .com- Micrci.il rin-les of BoikI County because of his i-losc ideiititication with large business inter- ests. Thomas J. Rench. proprietor of the iiros- perous tlour mill at Mulberry (Jrovc. III., is justly accounted one of the substantial citizens of his coninuinity. He is a native of Bond County, having been born in a little log cabin still in u.se on the farm in Pleasant .Mound Town.ship. November 12, isr)2. and is a son of John and Mary (Dickson) Rench. She was born in Tennessee. Her jiarents were natives of North Carolina, her grandmother being a member of the Stallings, a prominent family of Tennessee. Joseph Bench, the grandfather of Thomas J. Ileiich. was torn in 17N.">, iu Lancaster County, Pa., and as a young man went to K.astcrn Ohio, where he was married to Miss Rhoda Coates, who was born in South Caro- lina of Quaker parentage. They settled In Darke County, Ohio, and in the year 1S34 left that section, and three .vears later settled in Pleasant Mound Township, Bond County, III., where the grandfather purchased land that is still owned b.v the family. Not long thereafter, becoming dissatisfied with conditions as they founrobity. In young men he took a helpful interest, and was ever ready to instruct and aid them in their effort to lead ujiright lives. For his numerous sterling traits of cliaracter he gained and main- tained the most friendly relations with these about him. ,ind his charities were wide- spread and many. He was reserved in manner, yet of a sociable, pleasant nature. His sym- pathy was warm, and he was freiiuently known to have been moved to tears uiion hearing of the distress of others. Like her husband, Mrs. Rench was of a kindly. Christian nature, a devoted mother, a woman of many charities and a loyal friend. She survived her husband but seventeen days, iiassing awa.v January 0, T.KiO. She was born October 2,">, 1^29. and Was twenty .years of age when she married Mr. Rench. They became the iiarenls of the fol- lowing children : F.velyn. who bec.-ime the wife of John S, Iliuiter, who moved to Wintield, Kas., and there both died : Almira, who married .Tesse H, Baker, of Pasadena, Cal. ; Nirncy, who mar- ried William H. Kittering. a farmer of Pleas- ant Moinid Township: John L., residing on the old homestead, who married (first) Nancy Knloe, iind i serond i JIarie .Sajip; Martha E,, who married William Cain, of Pope Township, Fa.vette County, 111.: Ida, who married Charles Cayler, a farmer of Pleasant .Mound Townshi]) : Thomas J.; and Lucy, who died at the age of seven years. In the family of Joseph Rench, the grandfather of Thomas J. Rench, there were eight sons and four daughters, all of whom came to Illinois during the early days and set- tled in Bond County : William, who died in this county: Delilah, who was the wife of Dr, David Bainter, of La Salle, 111., where both died : Peter, who died in Bond Count.v : L>aniel. who died at Raymond. 111.: Catherine, who mar- ried Abraham W,igner, of Keokuk County, la., where both died : John, the father of Thomas J. ; David, who died in Pleasant Mound Town- ship : Jacob, a farmer, who also died in that townshiii : Mary (Polly), who was the wife of Jacob CriiK". of Pleasant .Mound Township, 760 BOND COUNTY. whei-e both dicJ ; Aaron, who married Mary Kroucc. who died on the old homestead place; and Khoda. who was the wife of Lewis Sntton and died at Greenville, 111., in the fall of 1912. A lad of industry and ambition, Thomas J. Rench early began to discharge his share of the work on the home farm, in the meantime securing his education in the district schools. This was supplemented by attendance at the old normal school at Normal, 111., and on leaving the latter institution he entered upon a career as an educator, which extended over the next twenty years from 1872, he becoming known as one of the most popular and able educators in Bond and Fayette counties, where many of his former i)uiiils are now occupying places of prominence in the fields of commerce and the professions. In the meantime, Mr. Rench had spent his summer months in agricultural work, and while thus engaged his natural predilection for mechanical work was encouraged to de- velop. Finally he gave up his teaching activi- ties, and, buying a threshing outfit, he enga,ged in work along that line. His steam machinery and conscientious services were soon in demand all over the county and those adjoining and he frecpiently added to his income by teach- ing schools during his quiet seasons. This venture was a decided success, but on account of ill health Mr. Rench was compelled to seek another occupation, and accordingly conducted a sawmill in Pleasant Mound Township for sev- eral years. He came to Mulberry Grove in 1904, and in the following year the flour mill at this place was destro.ved by fire, nothing being left standing except the foundations. With keen foresight and good business .iudgment, he recognized the opportunity that thus presented itself, and immediately secured a tract of land and erected a liuilding, .36x48 feet, which he equipped from roof to cellar with the latest and most highly Improved machinery and apiiili- ances for conducting a first-class flouring mill. Here he installed four double stand rolls, this giving a capacity of fifty barrels daily,> and his ability as a miller has made it possible for him to build up a business that demands his entire time and attention to handle. In all business transactions he has manifested scru- pulous integrity and gentlemanly demeanor, and by his unassuming and pleasant bearing he has gained the confidence, good will and friendship of all with whom he has come into contact, whether in a business tu' social way. On November 2.'i, IS.SO, Mr. Rench was mar- ried to Miss 1011a V. Lockett, who was born at Walshville, 111., a descend.int of old Virginia ancestr.v. To this union there were born the following children: Hester E.. born .luly 21, IM.SS, a teacher making her home at Fairview, 111., Robert W., born May 29, ISsn, residing at Mulberry Grove, married Miss Elsie Hornu- and has one chilil. Robert L. ; and Harold E.. born Jul.v 17, 1.S91, a farmer of Pleasant Mt)nnd Township, married Miss Dora Smith. The mother of these children, a woman of many lovable traits of character. i)assed to her re- ward September Ki, 1893. Mr. Rench has al- ways believed in the P>rethren faith. He is a con.servative Republican in his political views, with temperance tendencies. He has ever been a student of men and affairs, and is rarely mistaken in his judgment of individuals or issues; is a man of original ideas, iilaciug his own interpretation upon all things that come under his observance. B.v reason of his large success, his unblemished character, his just and lilieral life, and the universal esteem which ho enjoys, Mr. Rench might, without invidious distinction, be called one of the most honored and prominent citizens of Mulberry Grove. RIXMANN, William F. As a general merchant, liostmaster, express agent, owner of an elevator and proprietor of a coal and hay business, Wil- liam F. Rixmann of Hookdale, Bond County, has made himself well known throughout this section, and accumulated a comfortable compe- tency. He was born March 29, 1S66, in Wash- ington County, 111., a .son of Frederick and Eliz- abeth (Klein) Rixmann, natives of Germany, where he was boi-n in 1S34. At the age of seventeen years, Frederick Rixmann came to the United States, and in 1851 he located in Washington County, 111., where he found em- l)loynient at brick laying and plastering. As he was a good workman and thrifty in his habits, he soon accumulated a sufficient amount of money to invest in land. His future wife came to this country with her widowed mother, her father having died in Germany, and settled in Washington County. 111., where the mother later died. After marriage Frederick Rixmann and wife began their life together in a humble wa.v, he working at his trade, hiring someone to operate his land which at first consisted of forty acres. On it he put uji a two-room frame house, and this continued his home for some .years. From time to time he added to his hold- ings until at the time of his death, Frederick Rixmann owned 3G0 acres. In the meanwhile his parents had joined him, and a brother, Henry Rixmann, also came to Washington County, and is still living, making his home at Iloyleton, Washington County. The broth- ers of Frederick Rixmann were: Henry, Wil- liam F., Bernhard and Dietrich, several of whom are deceased. During his life, which ended in ]s9(i, Frederick Rixmann always displayed un- usual interest in public affairs, and was asso- ciated with many movements which resulted in securing further advancement for his county. He and his f;imily all lielonged to the Gcrnum Evangelical Church. His widow sur\-ives, and makes her hl^me with her daughter who lives at Oakdale, Washington County, 111., and al- though seventy-seven years old, is in the en- joyment of excellent health. Frederick Rix- mann and wife had the following children: Henry and Frederick, twins, the former of wlu)m resides on the homestead, and the latter tlie owner of another farm of his father's, but i- ^ 1: 4 f BOND COUNTY. 761 iiipw retired, residiiif; at Centralia where he erected a lieautiful residence; Mar.v. wlio is the widt>\v i)f Chris Wellpott, resides at St. Louis, Mo. ; William F. ; Louis F.. who died in 1!)11, haviuf; been twice married, his second wife lioarina the maiden name of Clara Kolph who liore him his children ; Lizzie, who mar- ried J. D. Gornrolz of Oakdale, 111., with wliom the venerable Mrs. Hi.xmaiui now resides; Ed- ward F., who owns and conducts a livery and sales stable at Hoyleton, Washington County. 111. William F. Ki.xmann sjrew to manhood upon his father's farm and attended the schools of his district in the winter months, while from childhood lie liore his full part in the work, at the age of, twelve being able to keep up with any man in binding wheat, a .somewhat unusual thing. .\s there were several brothel's older th.iu he. William V. Iti.xmann early began working for the neighbors during the summers. Iiut always spent his winters at home so as to resume his .studies. Until he was twenty-six years old. he remained at liome. and then in liartnershi]) with his uncle. Dietrich Rixmann, he embarked in a lumlier business, an interests of his customers. ROBERTS, James H. A native son of Illinois, who has witnessed and participated in the won- derful ch.anges which have made Bond County one of the most flourishing and prosperous sec- tions of the great Prairie State, .Tames II. Rob- erts, an enteriirising mer<'hiint of Woburu. 111., 10 has contributed in no small degree to the ad- vancement through which the present desirable conditions have been brought about. He was born in Ucuid County, July .30, 1S48, and is a son of Richard Stephen Dorsey Roberts, who was named after the old family physician in Henry County, Ky., Stephen I>orsey. M. D. Richard S. I). Roberts married Mary R. White, in 1N4.3. when twenty-one years of age. She was born in IslT. in Loudoun Count.v. Va., a daughter of .lames White, who died in the Old Itoniiiiion State, following which his widow . Roberts was born in Henry County. Ky.. in Se]itember, 1822, one of a fam- ily of thirteen children. In 1822 his father, Hen.jamin Roberts, brought the family to Mont- gomery County, 111., settling in the .southeast corner, near Mount Moriah Church, and moving til Van I'.urenburg in 1S24. He was engaged in farming and in acting as justice of the peace, and died in 18-17, while his son. Richard S. D. Roberts was at the i'ront as a soldier during the Mexican war. The last the latter saw of his father was at .\lton. where the elder man had taken him to enlist. Richard S. I). Roberts served as first corporal and was in the line of duty for twelve months, following which he re- turned to Bond County and engaged in farming. His wife had purchased a piece of land when she fir.st came to Illinois with her widowed mother, who was one of the first teachers of Bond County, and this money was earned by teaching in the early schools. It was located on Section 3. Mulberry Grove Township, and there JIi'. and Mrs. Roberts made their home during the rein;iinder of their lives, he passing away in 1892, and she in 1902, at the age of eighty-seven years. The mother of Richard S. D. Itoberts bore the maiden name of Sarah Simmons, and was the daughter of Henry Sim- mons, a native of Henry County. Ky.. who en- listed as a soldier during the Revolutiouar.v war. After the ex))iration of his term of en- listment he removed to Shelby, Ind.. where he lived to reach the lem.'irkable age of ll.j years, while his wife was 107 years old at the time of her death. The great-grandfather Simmons was a native of Virginia, the Roberts were of Welsh ancestry, and the Whites of Scotch and English descent. To Mr. and Mrs. Richard S. D. Roberts there were born children as follows: Sarah .\nn, who died in infancy ; .Mar.v E., born In Boone (joun- t.v, married Harden Elmore, who died in 1913, in Mulberry Grove; .Tames II.; .Tulia S., the wife of Fred Dure, of Greenville, 111. ; Elizabeth, who married Frederick Kimbro, both now de- ceased; Harriet, now living in Kansas, who married .lames F. Elam ; George, who died at the age of twent.v years; Richard Samuel, de- ceaserake T'niversity at I>es Moines, la. He married .Miss .Xellie Bardwell of Champaign, III. X'lP second youngest born. Lewis .loues, died in infancy. The father in his youth had no educational .advantages to s|ieak of and it was bis de.-irest wish that his children should en.ioy better iip]i(irtunities for development than bad been possible for him. Two of his sons are graduates of the State I'niversity at Ch.imii.-iigu, 111. .lobn Warren Ross spent bis boyluiod as was usual on farms at that day, when there was, by far, more work than jilay on the best man- ag<"d estates and far fewer chames for I'ea- sonable recreation than at present. He attended school ill the old Bethel district, afterward for two years, the <;reenville High School, tinish- ing the course with the class of 1S7(!. For seven years afterward he taught scIuhiI during the winter seasons and worked on the farm in the summers. In 1S81 be bought 140 acres that ad.ioined the old home farm and on October (I. iss7. was united in marriage with Miss Fmma Steele. She was born near Lafayette. Iiid.. May ."SO, Is.-iS, a daughter of Rev. William .\. and .Minerva (Todd I Steele. In iss1 Rev. Steele, who was a native of Indiana, took i-barge of the Tresbyteriaii Church at Reno and at present is a resident of BrcK>klyn. N. Y., bearing well the weight of his eighty-nine years. The mother of Mrs. Ross died .lanuary 2."i, IsilO. Mr. and Mrs. Itoss have one daughter, Margaret L„ who was born Ma.v 10, 1S'X\. and is a young lady of sujierior e(lucatioii and musical accom- plishniciits. .\fter marriage Mr. Ross improved Ills farm and continued to reside there until his molbei- died when be and wife moved to the old Ross homestead and tenderly cared for the aged father until his death. Mr. Ross owns 'XV.i acres, all under a high state of cultivation, and. while not making stock raising a sjiecialt.v, keeps an excellent grade of the .same. In poli- tics he is a Reiiublican and for eight years served as school treasurer. Both be and wife ;ire aclive mcMiibcrs of tlu' Presbyterian ('hurcli, be being one of the ruling elders, while Mrs. Ross for many years has taught a class in the Sunday school and is iiresideiit of the Bethel Church .Missionary Society. ROSS, Milton Carr. Having ri«'ii to a high place in tbi' esteem of bis fellow citizens through the exercise of honest.v and integrit.v during a long and useful career in the tidd of agriculture, Milton Carr Ross, of Shoal Creek Townshi]) is eminentl.v worthy of more than passing mention in a work reviewing the ac- tivities of Bond County's representative men. He W'as born on a farm in Section 2ti, Shoal Creek Township. Bond County. III., .\ugust 12. 184."i, first seeing the light of day in a primitive log cabin whicli bad been built li\ bis father, William B. Ross. William B. Ross w.is born .Inly V'<. IsdS. in the State of Ohio, was married and in 1829, or shortly thereafter came to Bond County, III., with his wife, who had been Rebecca Ann- strong. The Ross family comes of good old Scotch ancestry and was founded in .\merica some time jirior to the Revolutionary w;ir, the progenitor, .\ndrew Ross, a son id)lic enterjirises. and he and his wife were active as members of the Cunilierland I'resh.vterian Church. They were the i)arents of the follow- ing children: Robert I-., born .Tanuary 20. 182!i. died August ."i. Issl ; .lohn Blackburn, born Oc- tober 21. 1n;{(». dieil October .". ls."i4 : Nancy Jane, born May .'. 18.34. is the wife of A. .7. Taylor, of Donncllson. 111.; .Mary Aim. liorn .January 7. Is.'Ki. widow of James Caulk, resid- ing at Reno. 111.: William G.. who died in in- fancy; Martha A., born July 24. 1841. wife of Joel Grossman, a resident of Mnlberr.v Grove. 111.; .Sarah .V.. born June 2!i. lS4;j. who died June 2'.l. INC.-,: and Alilton Carr. Milton Carr Ross has spent his entire ca- reer on the farm which is now his lionie. His boyhood (lays were spent in assisting ins lather and in obtaining such educational advantages as were afforded by the district schools, upon leaving which he embarked upon a career of his own. .\s early as the age of seven years he learned to (ilow. and his entire life has been char.icterized by the industry wliich marked his boyhood. Mr. Ross was married ."September 2!i. IMili. to Miss Ellen II. Crail. who was born November 22. 1S47. in Germany, and came with her parents to America in Is.-il, shortly after wliicli the parents, one son and one daughter died of cholera near Decatur, 111., the father, who \\as a [yrominent man in Germany, being supposed to Imve left a large sum of mone.v. .Vfter their marriage Mr. and Jlrs. Ross be- gan their ni.-irried life in tlie little log cabin in which he was born, but in 1870 he built the house which has since been liis abode, and here all of the children except the eldest were born. The children were as follows: Etta .May. born August 21. 18711. died Hecendier 2.', 1N8(I: Al- bert M., born November 14. 1S71. married Ger- trude D. Oliver, has one child. Albert O., and is a resident of Spokane, Wash., where he is engaged in the real estate and loan business. Tlie tirst wife of Milton C. Ross died July 28. Issl. in tlie faith of tlie Cumberland Presby- terian Church, witli which she bad united Janu- ary 11. istil. Mr. Ross's second marriage oc- curred November 7. 1883, when he was joined with Mis.s Cornelia A. Foster, who was born October 23. IN.-iti. iu I.aGrange Tovrnship, Bond County. 111., (laughter of Edwin and Elizabeth (Norton) Eoster, natives of Vermont and early settlers of Greenville. Mrs. Foster came to Bond County. III., in 18.35, and was here mar- ried March 2<.», 183s, to Mr. Foster, who had come to this county with his father. She was a charter member of the Baptist Church, and died in that faith. To this union there were born nine children, of whom but three survive: William Foster, born February 21), 1840, died November .", Isol, after sickness contracted while a soldier in the I'nion army during the Civil war: Evelyn, born Ma.v 14, 1842, married W. A. Black, of I>oiinellson,' 111., and died Au- gust 24. 11107. being followed to the grave by her husband March s. 1013: Henry C, born January 7, 1844. died January 17. lsfi2, in the South, while a member of the I'nion army dur- ing the war between the states: Thomas, born January 24. I.s4(), now a resident of Greenville, 111.: Charles Foster, born .lanuary 2(i. 1849. residing near I'rotectioii. Kas. ; Julia C, born September 10. 18.">1, died October IS, 1870; Al- bert, born .Vugust 2, Is.-|4. died June 13, 1S73; Edwin, born September 20, ISoS, died August 17, INCO; and Mr.s. Ross. Jlr. and Jlrs. Ross have been the parents of four children : \'erne E.. born May 24. 1885. jirofessor of chemistry at Covena High School, Coveiia. Cal.. married Isabelle Bunigarner. who was born near McNabb. Putnam Count.v. III., .111(1 has one child. Joseph F.. born November 11. 1010; Ruby E.. iKU-ii A|iril 30. 1887. wife of James H. P.ullard. of Decatur. 111., where he is engaged in the dyeing and cleaning business. b;is one child. Etta May. liorn September 7. 1010; <>inar and Ora M., twins, born June 11. ISOO. the former of whom died December 31. isoo. and the latter January 3. 1801. Mr. and Mrs. Ross have given their children good educational advantages and have fitted them for the positions in life which they ma.v b(> called iiiion to till. Mr. Ross has for four- teen .vears been a member of the bojird of school directors, and lias in many ways done much to advance the cause of education. He united witli the Cumberland Presbyterian Church on I'ebruary 7. 1^02. and for fort.v-ftve .years has been an elder of the church at Dontiellson, while Mrs. Ross is an active and interested member of the Ladies' Aid .'^ociety. She was reared in tlie faith of the Baptist denomination, but after her marriage to Jlr. Ro.ss .ioiiied the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. In political matters .Mr. Ro.ss is a stalwart Republican. Known among his associates as a skilled and |irogressi\'e farmer, he has also gained wide reputation as a raiser of all kinds of excellent stock, and his Duroc Jersey hogs are .some of the finest to be found in Bond County. His acreage consists of 280 acres, all in a high state of cultivation, and upon it he has erected handsome and substantial buildings. He has always been a believer in modern methods and has applied himself assiduously to his work, but has always found time to devote to the duties of citizensliip. and his cooperation with BOND COUNTY. 765 otlicr pjiiiicst iiiid iiul)lic-siiirite. .Vngnst 2(5. 1s4(j. and is a son of Iianiel and Mary (rochlmrn) Koyer. Daniel Koyer was liorn in I'ennsylvania in INOO and dnrin- tile War of isli' he assisted the women of tile family in reaching a iilace of safety when a hattle was fought near Pittslmrjrli. the male adults of the family probalily beiiiK in the army. This was. jierhaiis. an indication of how liravely all throuf;h life he acceiited Ki'ave re- sponsibilities and to the best of his power performed every duty faithfully. He afterward reached Memphis. Tenii.. and there was married in is:;:; to Mary Cockliurn. who was liorii in .North Carolina. .Tune s, ls(i7. -Kfter their niarria.i;e Daniel IJoyer and wife went up the Mississippi Kiver to St. Louis and reached (Ireenville. HI., in islil^, his business in the summer time liavinj; been farming and in the winter time, shoeniakins. In Bond County he bought the farm on which his son. Pleasant May Ro.ver. was born, the old home now be- ins the property of .James Ward. When the. BlacI; IlawU war came on he enlisted and served until its close and afterward, when the Mexican war again called patriots to take up arms, he entered the service and was one of (ieneral Scott's most faithful and devoted fol- lowers. Once more he returned safely to • Jreenville. where he followed his former avoca- tions and lived until the time of his death, which occurred in Is.'iO. He was a Democrat in his |H>litical activities but did not .seek pub- lic otHce. After the death of her husband, .Mrs. Koyer continued tii live on the farm in Mills Township until 1.N71. when, during a visit to her sons she fell ill with a congestive chill and died at the home of our subject on May 31 of that year. She was a faithful member of the Jlethodist Episco]ial Church ;iik1 as a woman was beloved by all who knew her. They havi the following children : William, who was born in Tennessee, died near Dudleyville, married .\iiiclia Xess. who survives and lives at fireen- ville ; .Sarah, who married .John I>owler, of Bond County ; .John, who is deceased ; Jacob, who served three years in the Civil war as a mem- ber of the I'Mrst Missouri Volunteer Infantry, lived to return to Bond County, where he di(Hl in lino, married I,izzie McCulley who still lives on the old home farm in Mills Townsliiji; Kd- ward, who served over four years during the Civil war, was a member of Coni)iany C, Twenty-si.xth Illinois Volunteer Infantry; and Pleasant May, who was the youngest horn of the family. I'leasant May Uo.V( r was only four years old when his father died. Ills mother was an un- usually sensible and resourceful woman and she .letei-mined to get her boys init of the village .■iiid on a farm and succeeded in this under- taking by trading her town pro]ierty for a small farm near Dndleyvillc. in .Mills Townsbiji. There, under her wise dir(>ction and good man- agement the sons grew to res]iecte(l maiihood. having first attended the subscription schools and later the Hunter school. .\]\ the sons were called upon to be industrious and very early Pleasant .M. Itoyer learned to manage the |ilow. He remained at home after his older bmlliers had entered the army when civil war was decl.-ireil. but be also became a soldier, enlist- ing February ^^2. IS(jT). in Company (J. Third Illinois Cavalry. He was with his regiment at lOastport, .Miss., where (Ieneral Hatcher had his headi|uarters. when the news was received of the assassination of I'resident Lincoln and he will never forget the grief m.-mifested as Ihe soldiers saw the old flag at half mast, telling of this disaster. In tlie following May the reginieiit was sent to North Dakot.i to quell the Indian uprising near Devil's Lake anil in the fall was ordered to Springfield, reaching there liy way of .St, Paul and Chicago, where Mr, Royer was honorably discharged in Octo- ber, l.sd."). He returned home, reaching there in time to take part in shucking corn and getting the farm industries in shape for the winter and has since kept uji his interest in agricul- tural pursuits, now owning 120 acres of richly develoiied laud. Mr, Royer is one of the sub- stantial farmers and capitalists of this part of Bond County. Mr. Royer was married April 12, ISOT, to Miss Amiinda Harlan, who was born February 4, 1S49, in the house in which Mr. and Mrs. Royer reside and in the apartment which is now their comfortable sitting room. Four chil- dren have been liorn to them, namely : Dora May. who was born November IS, iscs, is the wife of Kdwin Staflilback. a grain dealer at (ireenvillc, and they have two children. Leland and Mary: Thomas IL. who was born .January 1, 1S71, married lally I'lant and they have five children, Lolla Bessie, who is the wife of Alvin Madison of Texas and has two children. Everett and Pontilla, and Nellie, Earl and Fern; Mary IL. who was bom September 1."), 1S74, is the wife of Sailer Scritchfield of Oreeiiville. and they have four children. Lucile. Vivian, Tlionias and (irace; and Ernest S., who was born March 2.''i. 1877. is a farmer in Mills Township, married Clara .Johnson and they have one child, Marion. .Mr. Ito.ver can tell many interesting stories of early days in Mills Township, when settlers were few and far between in the countr.v and when the old log school houses had puncheon H(Mirs and slab benches. The religious element was strong and a Cumberland Presbyterian Clnirch w;is built in 1S7!) about wliicli time Mr. and .Mrs, Royer united with the Methodist dp- nomination and a church was built in PvSl. Wlieii the Free Methodist denomination gained 766 BOND COUNTY. a hold here tliey accepted its faitli and united with that church at Dudleyville. It was or- ganized liy Rev. Frank Ashcrat't with I'. JI. Royer. Wilfred Ilaikett and .Tames (iarrett as trustees and Mr. Royer lias continued a trustee until the jjrc.sent. The trustees liei:an to solicit for the erection of a church huildiuf; ;ind when not enousih nione.v was .suhsCTilied the.y con- tributed from their own resources and the cliurch wa.s built and at that time was the largest of this organization In the state. Mr. Royer has been a class leader and for many years was superintendent of the Sunday school and shows liis interest in every moral movement in his neiiiliborhood. Formerly he voted the Republican ticket but lately has supported the Prohibition party. SANNER, George, was born on a farm, Old Rip- ley Township, III.. June 14, 1882, and is a son of Samuel Sanner, now deceased, a native of Germany who became one of the prominent men of Bond County. In the winter of 1000, Mr. Sanner entered into a jiartnership with Mr. Bean, vnider tlie firm style of Bean & Sanner. this being successfully conducted until August 1, 1010. On Miirch 1,' 1011, Mr. Sanner opened a hardware, implement and carriage business, of which he has been the proprietor to the pres- ent time, the enterin-ise having increased each year in all departnient.s. He has never found it necessary to misrepresent his goods in order to sell them, and as a result he stands high in the confidence of the citizens of this section. Goods are jiurchased by the car-load lot. and in this way the concern is able to meet the fierce competition of this section. In February, 1014, Mr. Sanner purchased the interest of his jiart- ner and is successfully carrying on the exten- sive business. He is a Republican, while his father and grandfather were active in Demo- eratle councils. He takes great interest in the success and principles advocated by Abraham Lincoln and is an active member, of the Repuli- licau County Central Committee. Mr. Sanner is a mendier of the Masons and Odd Fellows. and of the Modern Woodmen of America, in all of which he is decidedly popular. .Tanuary 25, 1001!, Mr. Sanner was jinited in marriage to Mi.ss Mary File, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John W. File, whose family sketch appears else- where in this volume. SHUTT, John H., farmer, stock brppdcr and raiser .-md one oimellson. and holds several shares in the State Bank of Donnellson. he being one of the directors. On October S, 1803, Mr. Shutt was mar- ried to Miss Carrie M. Vaughn, who was born in .Neosha County. Ivans., on Jiuie 1. 1N74. a il.iughter of David and Martha (Wright) N'aiighn. Pi'ior to moving to Kansas the \aughns and Wrights were ])ioncer people of I'lond C'ounty. The gr;in(l]iarents. Cahlwell and .Vgnes (Hanlel) Wright, were of Irish and BOND COUNTY. 767 Scotch ancestry. They were born luul livetl in Kentucky until 1S'5.">, when they moved to Miidi- son County, 111.. Mrs. Shutf.s mother tieing then a bahe of eleven weeks. The Wri.slits lived there for a few .vears and then moved to I5ond County, where they secured a Imniestead live miles north of Greenville. This they improved and made into a valuable farm and lived on their iiroperty throu.i;hout the remainder of their lives and at death were laid to rest in a quiet corner of the farm that had been set apart b.v Mr. W'rii;ht for a burying ground for the family and almost all of tlu-m sleep there. Mrs. Shutt's grandparents on the \'aughu side were also born in Kentucky and moved froni there to Bond County among the early pioneers. The farms of the Wrights and Vaughns ad- joined. On October 5, 1S53, David C. Vaughn and Martha Wright were married and afterward lived in the little village of Woburn. Mr. Vauglm was a blacksmith and had a protitable business there until the outbreak of the Civil war. At that time he enlisted and served his country for one year, returning home on a fur- lough, when he was recalled and served six months longer. After the end of the war he moved with his family to Neo.sha County, Kans., where Mrs. Shutt was born. Three years later, while on a business trip through Missouri, dur- ing the great floods of that year, he was jour- neying by boat and in great peril of his life all the wa.v', the boat was fuially overturned by the swollen waters and his death resulted from accidental drowning, on .June 9, 1877. After this tragedy Mrs. Vaughn returned with her fanuly to her old home in Bond County and lived there until within six years of her demise, when she moved to Donnellson, 111., where she died May ]1, 1904. Her ancestry on the Daniel side was the same as was that of Gen- eral and I'resident T'lysses S. Grant. Of the ten children born to Mr. and Mrs. Vaughn, five died in infancy, the others being: I-ucy. who is the wife of William Lipjirant, of Liberal. Kans. ; Sarah, who is the wife of Thomas Thompson, of Baymond, 111. ; George D., who lives at Wellington, Kans., married Miss I.ydia Buggies : Eunice, who died at .Top- lin. Mo., November 2.'!, 1.S9S, was the wife of William C. Chamberland, who, with two chil- dren. Dclcia May and William Carl, survive; and Carrie JI., whf> bec.-ime the wife of .Tohn H. Shutt. Mr. and Mrs. Shutt have three children : Walter Estelle. born February f>, 1N9."): Marshall Cloid, born February l-'J, 1S99 ; and Vaughn Dorothy, born April 9, 1908. Mr. Shutt is a man of very ])rogressive ideas and is a strong believer in cooperative" farm- ing. Wisely giving his sons an interest in the farm and affording them instrin-tion along the lines of modern scientitic rescarrb, they are well equipped and not only iindcistand the me- chanical part of farming but know the com- position of their soil anle to i;o to Sprin.i;tield. 111., where he was honorably dis- charged, June 2S, ls().'i. Having given three of his best .vears to the service of his adopted country, Mr, Spies lias the best of reasons for being attached to it and for claiming some measure of gratitude from those who have been born in peaceful days. He returned to Bond County and as soon as his health permitted, rented land in Madi- son County. On .Tune 10, Isi'iC, he was united in marriage with .Miss Margaret Itheinhard. who was born at St. Louis, .Mo.. .May 1-, 1^49, a daughter of I'eter and Eva Margaret (Erdle) Hheinhard. They were immigrants from (ier- many, landing in St. I^ouis, Mo., in ls47. where the father die acres in what is called lioinid I'rairie. on which iihice she died. Mrs. Spies ln'ing with her at the time of demise, lieing the only child. .Vfter her mother's death she returned to the farm on which she and husband now live. Mr. and Mrs. Spies settled tirst on the rented farm in .Madison County and remained there \iutil 1!S70, moving then to land they rented on section 27, Shoa! Creek Township, Bond County and 1S71 bought eighty acres on this section and moved into a little log house on the place which bad but a siugle room, this being the only building on the place. In 1870 Mr. Spies built a hewn log cabin, which was. at that time, the best one in the township. The land was so heavily timbered that on all sides the forest closely surrounded the little house. It was a mighty task to clear off this timber but it wa.s done "and where it once stood are now cultivated productive fields and fruit and shade trees. They lost their cabin home by Are and tlier erected the present comfortable frame dwelling and have all other necessary build- ings including couunodious and substantial barns. Mr. Spies tells of having to cut down giant oak trees in his early days here, trees 4 feet through and 100 feet high. On one occa- sion he sold a pole 7.") feet in length from a tree 115 feet in height. lie has much to show for his work of tifty-five years in Bond County and is entitled to the ease and independence he now enjoys. To Mr. and Mrs. Spies seventeen children were born, twelve of whom are living. Mar- garet, who was born in .Madison County, 111., May 3, 1S()7, is the wife of .lacob Baltz, of St. Louis, Mo., and they have five children: Laura, Frederick, Helen. Charles and Sidney. .John George, who was born in Bond County. October 25, ISUS, is a farmer in Missouri. He married Martha Thacker and they have had the following children: Eva. Ch.irles. (Jeorge. Maude, Lola, IJllian, Kufus, Mary and Elda. Christiana, who was born .\pril 25. 1S70, is the wife of Samuel Dresser, a farmer in Shoal Creek Townshi)!, and they have children: Flor- ence, Fida. Sherman and Comednre. I'h'lip. who was liorn .la unary 17, l.'~75. is a farmer in Lagrange Township, married .\ntha Wybler and they have toiu- children: Loretta. Charles. Vir- gil and Sarah. Henry, who was born Novem- ber 10, 1.S77. is a farmer in Lagrange Township, has been twice married, tirst to Mrs. Fannie Strong, and second to Hemma Iliuuphries. I'eter, who was liorn October 15, ls7!t, who is a farmer in .\rkausas. married .Maude Ilensel- man. Katie, who was born .Inly 1, issl, is the wife of William Wylder, a farmer near Wav- ei-ly. III., and they have one daughter, Mar- garet Pauline. Fritz, who was born Febru- ary 21, is>3, is a farmer near Waverly, He married Sarah (icu-don. .John, who was born May 1. 1S.S5, is a farmer near (ireenville. 111. He married Helen Dale and they have two children : .\niy and Bina. Nicholas, who was Ixirn February 11, ISMl, resides at home and for the past six years has taught school in HcMid County, May, who was born .Tuly 10, ISOI, and Emma (Jrace, who was born July 1, 1S03. remain at home and greatly lighten their mother's household cares. .\11 the children have been given educational advantages and in every way they are [irepared to meet the duties of life. ■ Tlie faunly belongs to the Presbyterian Church. In politics Mr. Spies has always been a liepulilican but has never been willing to serve in ortice, once, under jn-otest serving out an unexpired term as supervisor. He is a fine type of citizen, generous and hospitable and he and fauuly en.joy univer.sal esteem. SPRADLING, Albert M. Lying on Section 35, Mulberry Cnive Township. Bond County, 111,, is the Spradling Mineral Spring Farm, a sunnner resort that has gained widespread popularit.V not alone because of its pleasant location, hand- some apjiearance and numerous conveniences, but because of the wonderful curative proper- ties found in the water which conies from the wonderful natural spring. The proprietor of this resort is .\lbert M. Spradling, a well-known agriculturist, business man and traveling sales- man of Bond County, who belongs to one of the old and honored families of this section. He was born on the farm which he now occupies, Decemlier 5. 1S50, and is a son of .lames H. and Cynthia Ann (.Jackson) Spradling. The grandparents of Mr. Siiradling were .Tames and Frances Trent (Oliver) Spradling, who came to Bond County, 111., from Tennessee about the year 1832, and settled on section 25, MuUierry (irove Township, a part of this land being eutere, ISMi. Mr. Spradling was married to .Miss Louisa I'igg. daughter nf William N. I'igg and Marian (Cnnibsi I'igg. the latter the daughter of I >r. John Combs, and granddaughter of a primitive Haiitist minister. Dr. John Combs was an early physician of Bond County, sought out his own roots and herbs with which to prepare remedies, and was knuwn as one of the noble charactei'S of his day. Mrs. I'igg was a child when Immgbt to Bond County from Coles County, an famous s|u-ing. The water from this spring is known all over the State for its curative jiroiierties and medicinal value, being especially recommended as a cure for rheu- matism and stomach troubles, and marvelous results have been obtained. Here .Mr. Sju-ad- ling has built a health resort which is rapidly becoming one of tile most popular in the State. The camiiers are served with all kinds of gar- den truck fresh daily, fresh sweetmilk and but- termilk and pure country btitt<'r. tine chickens and choice I'ggs. Those who visit this resort seeking health will not be disappointed. The 770 BOND COUNTY. locality is a charming ami beautiful one, the property bein<: located in a valley, with plenty of shade and lovely surroundings. This venture has jiroved a most ijrofitalde one, and Mr. Spradling is now known as one of the sub- stantial nieu of his community. STANTON, John Gibson. There are so many interestinj: events to recall eoncernin<; the old and substantial families of Bond f'ounty. that the biographer finds plenty of material and can take great pleasure in presenting it to the reading world. No nanie.s are, perhaps, more familiar in this section than are those of John Gibson Stanton and his twice widowed mother, Mrs. Elizabeth E. McFarland. .Tohn Gibson Stanton, who resides on his well-stocked farm of IG.'J acres, lying on section IS, Lagrange Town- ship, was born on a farm near Reno, in Shoal Creek Township, Xovember 10, 18.50. He is a son of William and Elizabeth E. (McKenzie) Stanton. 'William Stanton was born in Ireland. After coming to the rnitcd States he located first in Macoupin County. 111., and in Shoal- creek Township, in Bond Connt.v, and on .\pril 19, lS.o3, married Miss P^lizabetli E. MeKenzie, and they had three children : Matthew, who is deceased, married Delia George, who now lives in Te.xas and has four surviving children: George, Irene and Anna May; George, who died in infancy: and .lohn (Jibson. Mr. Stanton died in lS(iO. He was an honest, upright man and was respected b.v all who knew him. Elizalieth E. MeKenzie was born in the old city of Gla.sgow, Scotland. August 20, 183.'J, a daughter of George and Elizabeth (Ellwood) MeKenzie, natives of Scotland and members of the Protestant faith. The maternal graiidpar. ents, the Ellwoo7 he accompanied his foster parents to Mul- berry Grove Township, Bond County, 111., and here met Miss Kate E. Lilligh, whom lie mar- ried July 10, 1NS7. Mrs. Stauffer is a daughter of James P. Lilligh, a sketch of whose career appears in another part of this work. At the time of Mr. Thoin|ison's death, Mr. Stauffer re- ceived eighty acres of land, conditional upon the payment of .$1,000 to the other heirs of the estate, and this condition he fulfilled upon the death of Jlrs. Thompson, thus establishing him- self as an Illinois land-owner. In 1894 he bought the 120-acre farm on which he now re- sides, a property at that time considered prac- tically worthless, by reason of the neglect and mismanagement of its former owners. Covered with brush and locust trees, it presented any- thing but an attractive sight to the casual ob- server, but Mr. Stauffer was able to discern the possibilities iire.sented. and by the modern methods of rotation of crops, of which he has ever lieen an adherent, he has made every acre of his land pay him lUO per cent for the labor expended upon it, and, in so doing, has been able to add ,iust that much to his acreage, his farm now comprising 240 acres. Ten childr(>ii were horn to .Mr. and Mrs. Stauffer: lOlmer J., Imu'ii .Vpril 10, isss. now cashier of the First Xaticuial Bank of Mul- berry tlrove: Martin E.. born September 8, 1889, a sliKlcnt of the college at .Mount .Morris, HI.; and Henry .\., born February 2.">, IsOl ; Zetta L., born September 14, 1893; Maude E., born Xovemlier 1, INOo; Walter -Vlbert, born August 29, 1S!»7: Mary Blanche, horn July 24, 1899; Ituby N.. bom November ti, 1900; Sadie Pearl, iKirii March 10. 1'.ill2. an> longer is active as a farmer. Mr. Stout is known as a tirni believer in the cause of tem- perance and on many occasions has testified to ills principles by his vote. STRAIN, James A., who is one of Bond Connty's most highly respected citizens, resides on his valuable farm of 209 acres, situated on Section 12. in Shoal Creek Townshiii. lie was born in Blount County. Teini.. .Vpril l.'i. is.'id. and j.s a S(m of Robert P.. an acres of land, all in one tract. He has need for a large acreage because his stock interests are of nuich imjiortance, his high grade cattle and pure lired I'oland China hogs needing a wide range. He makes a feature also of rais- ing pure I'lyniouth Kock poultry. On November 4. IPOS. .Mr. Strain was mar- ried to .Mrs. .Martha I,. Woodall. a daughter of Benjamin and Elizalieth (Billingsley ) I'or- ter. .Mrs. Strain was boi'ii in .Tackson County. Tenn,. .\pril 2.'!, 1S70, and married .Toel Wood- all, in l,S!l.">, who died in Termessee, in 1896. leaving one child, Clara Woodall, who was born in that year. In 190s Mrs. Woodall came to Bond County anSuess is a .Swiss having been born in the Count.v Luzerne. .Xeuenkirk. Switzerl.md. September 2.3, 1872, a son of Melchoir and Catherine ( Baumgardner) Suess, natives of the same count.v. The father worked at his tr.ide of cooper in the old country until 1S74. when he brought his family to the I'nited States, landing at New York. On April 2Sth of the same year the emigrants arrived in Madison County. 111,. Melchoir Suess finding eujployment at his trade in Highland, and in Iss.'i he turned his attention to agricultural imrsuits. renling ;i piece- of projH'rt.v. on which he contin\ied to be engaged in farming and stockraising until his death, December 11, 1891. His wife jiussed away November 10. 1881. Both had been reared in the Catholic faith, but before her death Mrs. .Suess had joined the Evangelical Clnir<-h, and after her demise the father uiiiteil with the Lutheran Church. Their eldest child was confirmed in the Evangelical Church .-it Highland. The children were: .Mel- choir, born May 19. Is(i7, now a farmer in Madi- son I'ounty, lil. ; Catherine, the wife of Gott- fried Yennie, a farmer in Lawrence County. Mo.: Verona, born December 24. 1.870. married (first) Wesley Clayton, who died .Tune 17, 1002, leaving six cbildren, and mai'ried (second) 774 BOND COUNTY. Henry Newman, a farmer near Lebanon. 111.; Nicholas; Joseph, liorn Novenil)er Hi, 1874, a farmer near Ilijxhland. 111. : I.oiii.sa. horn In 1S77. wife of Christ .\mlnieh!. a farmer near rierron. III. ; and Henry, horn May ."i, ISM, also a farmer in that vicinity. Katherine and Ver- ona were Catholiis hut are now members of the Kvanwlical Clnirch of (Ud liipley Township. Althonsh the father was jxissessed of hnt lim- ited means when he eame to this country, he manajied to jiive his children jtood educational advantajies, and all grew up sturdy men and women, a credit to their rearing and to the comnninity in which they resided. Nicholas Suoss was hut twelve years of age whi'U he liogan to assist his father in the work of the home jilace. and in the meantime he attended the district schools during the win- ter months. His first wages aggregated about seven dollars per month, but when he was nineteen years old he commanded fifteen dol- lars for the same period, this money, np to the time of his father's death. l)eing given to the family supiiort. Thereafter, by thrift and good management, he was able to save $."(Hi. and with this as a capital he began to rent land, and felt himself capable of supporting a home of his own. Accordingly, March 22, l.sno, he was married to Jliss Catherine M. Schrumpli, who was born in Bond County. 111.. September 20, 1877, daughter of I'eter .*1:>. Mr. and Mrs. .Siu'ss .-ire consistent members of the Evangeli- cal Church of Old I!ii)ley. of whi<'h Mr. .Suess has Iteen treasurer for two ye.iis. Fraternally he is a member of the Modern Woodmen of .\merica. He is a friend of education, a mem- ber of the school Ixiard of district Xo. 4.S, and has alwa.vs been in favor of retaining the liest teachers. Since att;iiiung his majorit.v he has been a stanch su]iporter of Itepublican can- did.-ites and principles. .Vs an earnest advocate of gooil govermnent he has assisted other zeal- ous citizens in promoting and forw.-inling pro- gressive measures, and nocitizen in the com- munity stands higher in genera! public esteem. SUGG, Noah. It womM be diiruidt to find more beautiful or iimductive farms than those of liond Count.v. for not only is the soil excel- lent, but the farmers here are proud of their homes and active in their endeavors to imiirove them, anil keep them np to standard. One of the prosperous farmers of I'urgess Township is Xoah Sugg, who was born in the county .Vpril l.'J. 1S72. a son of Wilson Willie and Eliz- abeth (Miles) Sugg, natives of Bond County, the father's birth occurring in 1847. and the mother's in 1S4S. F(n' many years the father f.irmed in Bond Comity, dying in 1n84. He was linried in Smith (Irove Cemeter.v. as was bis wife. In religions faith he was a Bajitist, .-ind die'rancis II. Swann lost his father when he was hut twelve years old and remained with his mother for some time after at lOlsah, 111., and when she moved liack to the farm he assumed the resixnisihility and looked after the jilace until iss(i. He and mother moved then to Macoupin Comity wheiv they lived until ISSS and then went to (irafton and later to Alton, at lioth places, lieing railroad towns, he found railroad work. In l.sso the.v moved to St. Louis and for twelve years worked for the hoard of education there. In l'.l(l."i he came to Hond Count.v to resume farming, renting l.")S acres situated in Shoal Creek Township. He carries on profitahly a geneial farming line growing grains and raising stock. On July S. IMIl. .Mr. Swann was marrie(l in Jersey Ciamty. Til., to Jliss I,illi.-in .M. Stevens, who was horn in Chestertield. Macoupin County. 111., March .">. 1S(;!>. a daughlci- of Richard J. and Francena (Chandler) Stevens. The parents of Mrs. Swann were liorn in Knghiud hut were married at Fast St. Louis, III. They resided on their farm in Maconiiin County, the parents of sixteen children. Mrs. Swann heing the youngest. Six of this family grew to maturity and fonr of these suivive. To Mr. anxhiliiting the coura.ge ;iiid Christliki- ipialities wliicli have ever since marked his descendants, all of whom have heen noted for their zeal in advancing the work of the I're.shyteri,in Church. Three cen- turies later the Thackers still lueserved their n.ime and high standing, and in old lihraries may he found a school history in which is re- iiirded details of the War of 1S12 and con- l.iining an illuslration that must ever hring a feeling of pi-ide to the hearers of this name. ( >u the dangerous hreastworks at the hattle of Xew Orleans, in ISl.", stood Kli.jah Thacker and every shot from his trusty musket hrought low an enemy, an.. who is the wife c(f W. A. Lewy, living at Woodsboro. 111.: Katie, who is the wife of P. L. Warlick. of north of Greenville, 111.: Bertha E.. who lives near Don- nellson. 111. ; Flora A., who dieil in infanc.v : and Finis F. Finis F. Tbacker attended the district schools and remained (i. and in that year Joseph Thomjison came to Bond County, 111., and entered land in the following year. He first settled in Old Ripley, where he engaged in the mercantile business, but eventually set- tled on his farm in section .■>2. now LaGrange Township, where be develoi>ed the land and erected a brick house, which has since been rei)laccd by the present home of John H. Shutt Joseph Thompson became a substantial farmer and was one of the leading men of his locality. A stanch Republican, for bis uprightness and loyalty he was known far and wide as "Squire" Thompson, serving as justice of the peace for a long period of years. He and his wife were BOND COUNTY. 777 Methodists in their religiou.s Iielief, and reared their children in that faith along the lines of honesty, integrity and morality. Mr. Thomp- son was a plain, home-loving man. charitable in a high degree, loyal to his friends, generous to his enemies and an important factor in the building of the church and school. He passed away .Tune L'O. 1004. Mr. Thomp- son's first wife died in 1S64, when the son Moses E. was but fourteen months of age. and he has no recollection of her. nor has he a picture of her to cherish. Mr. Thompson was married (second) to Permelia Hoopingarner, (Henderson) sister of his first wife. By the first union there were the.se children : Mary .7aue, deceased, who was the wife of Thomas Foster, of Greenville. 111. : Thomas B., a farmer operating near Sorenton. 111. ; John M., deceased, who married Jane Walker, also deceased ; Jo- seiih Patterson, now residing at Whittler, Cal. : George F., a farmer residing south of Green- ville ; and Moses E. By the second union of Mr. Thomijson there were born children as follows : Alice, who died in childhood ; Mag- gie, the wife of Shelton Jett. of Snyder. Okla. ; Ida. the wife of Henry Blizzard, of Greenville; Cary M.. living at Terre Haute, Ind. ; Elva, the wife of Charles Ilerron, of St. Louis, Mo. Moses E. Thomiison received his early educa- tional training in the district schools of his native locality, and was reared to agricultural pursuits. At the time of his father's retire- ment, in ISSI, Moses E. Thompson, with his two brothers. Milton and George, purchased the old homestead of .'540 acres, and subsequently Moses iiurcha.sed the interest of the others, be- ing now the owner of the original homestead on Sections 11 and 14. LaGrange Township. To this he has since added, having 400 acres in one body, and another tract of l(i7 acres, lying in Sections 14 and 2.3, making his total acreage iii'i't. all under a high state of cultivation. Mr. Thompson began farming as soon as he could reach the plow handles, and this has been his vocation throughout life. Although now some- what retired, it being unnecessary for him to continue doing the actual labor, he is alert to .ill new methods, carefully st:pervises the work- ing of his property and keeps himself well in- formed as to the manner in which it is pi'o- ducing. On September 2.''p, 1SS4, Mr. Thompson was married to Miss .Martha Icephene Watts, who was born in Indiana. November 12. 1N(!2. daugh- ler of Tlmmas .iinl Margaret Watts, who came to Bond County. 111., about the year 1SS2 and are both now de to .serve his term. In 1840, after the death of his wife, he came to Bond County, 111., and began farming and continued it suc- cessfully until his death. Ho passed away at Carlyle, 111., in July. is.")4. In religious faith he was a Presbyterian. Kiuing his service as a soldier he achieved promotion being made quartermaster and serge.int, and always did faithfully, whether in military or private life, whatever was given him to perform. 778 BOND COUNTY. John TisihlKiuser was only allowed to attend school two iiioiiths each year, Imt he made the best of his oiiportunities ami studied hard. On July -'(), INlil, he enlisted and served until .TmI'v 22. istri. in the Fifteenth Missouri Vol- unteer Infantry, and iiarticipated in the fol- Idwin- Iiattles: I'ea lMdj,'e, I'erryville, Stone Kiver. Liberty (iap, Chickamauf^a, Missionary Itid^'e. ISoekyFall, Resaca, New Hope, Dallas, Kenesaw Jlountain. I'eacli Tree Creek, Siege of Atlanta, .Touesboro, Lovejoy, Spring Hill, Frank- lin, Nashville and Columbia. After his dis- charge in .Tuly 22, Isd."), he moved to High- land, Madison "county. 111., and from there went to Edgewnod, EHinghani Coiuity. He had learned the wa.gon making trade, and worked at it before entering the army, and in 1807 re- sumed this work. In ]8(J'.) he came to Millers- Inirg, Bond County, where he opened up a .shop. an(i operated it until ls,S4. Soon thereafter, he began farming and was engaged in that work until his retirement in Is'.)!). On Septeinlier '■'>. ISCilI, he married Kossina^ Dirtier, born April s, 1S4'.), died April 2:!, li)10, aged sixty years and fifteen days, a daughter of Cliristian and Anna (Ilousley) Entler. ilr. and ilrs. Tischhauser liave had the following children: Anna Louisa, horn .lune Hi, ls(i7; Rosa, born July 2(), istii) ; John, born July '!. 1.S71, died Septendier 2!), ]S71 ; an unnamed i)i- fant liorn August ]S, 1S72. and another un- named infant, born August !.'>, l.S7o. He mar- ried (second) on .March I), 11)11, r.arl)ai'a Weith, born at Ilillcrest, Calhoun County, 111., July 21, 18.jS, Mr, Tischhauser lias done his duty as a citizen and has faitlifully disdiarged the duties of the following utlices ; School director for eight years, school trustee for eight .rears, con- stalile'for eight years from 1S7'.) to issi). super- visor for ten years in succession, re-elected to the same office in 11)01 for two years, and in l!l()7 once more re-elected, and he is still supervisor. He was one of the first men to serve on the village hoard of Millersburg. In IM).'!, he was elected president of the board and still holds that office. His line farm of 22.% acres is one of the best in the county and he owns other property, being one of the sul)stan- tial men of this locality. He is a I'resbyteriaii and is sti'ong in his s\ipport of his church. His social .-ind fraternal associations .are with the Modei'ii Woodmen ,ind the (J. A. i:. No man in Hond County is more universally respecteil or honored than he, and all he has has been earned through his own efforts and strict economy. TSCHANNEN, Fritz Jacob. The fanners of Hond County are as a cl.iss very industrious and thrifty and they have made good farms out of their land. One of them who has always worked hard and saved his n)oney, is Fritu Jacob Tschanuen, who owns 240 acres of good land in Burgess Township. He was born in Carlvle. Clinton County. 111.. S<>ptembcr 2.">. lS(iO, being a son of John B. and Anna (Hoff- man) Tschannan, the former boiii in Switzer- land, died in 11)01, while the latter was born In Switzt'rland, February lit, 1S20. The father was a farmer and carjienter, working at Car- lyle. at his trade, but later when he went to Highland, iladison County, he farmed until 1.S02, when he retired, and made that place his home until his demise. His education was secured in the (Jerman sclnxils. In religious faith, he was a CJerman Lutheran. Fritz Jacob Tschannen went to school in his native jilace. and later at Highland. He commenced fai-ming in Is!)." in Bond County, locating two miles east of I'ierson in Burgess Township, and has developed a good farm, of which he is very proud. Fraternally he is a member of the Modern Woodmen. His relig- ious faith makes him a member of the (lennan Liitheran Church. On May s, 1NS4, Mr. Tschannen married Eliza I'.ellm, a d;iughter of I'etei' Itellm. and she died in September, 11)04, having borne him seven cliildren : Leo Fritz, Edgar Joseph. Os- car, deceased, Xelsou, deceased, Ou.ssie, Elsie and Fremont, deceased. In 10O4, Mr. Tschan- nen married Jidia Belhn. a sister of his first wife. Mr. Tschannen has always tried to do what he believed was his duty, worked hard for all he has, and he has succeeded i-emarkably well. .Vniong bis neighbcjrs he is I'egarded as ,'i good business man and farmer, and be h.is many friends in Bond Count.v. TURNER, James Eugene, a well kiiuwii busi- ness man of Sorento 111., a contractor and builder, also a miner, is a native of this state, born at East St. Louis, March 20, 1S(17. and is a son of J. ls.'!."i, and was married .Tannary 1.5. lN."i2. and lier life was one of many Christian virtues. Botli she and linsliand were memliers of the Metliodist Kpis- copal Clinn-h. 'I'welve children were horn to them. si.\ sons and six dan^'hters. hve of the family dyin^' when yonn;^. The survivors are: .So]ilironia, who is the wife of Kichard I love, of Ward. III.: .John 1$., of Warrenton, Mo.: Clara, wife of .Terry Yowl, of Litchlield. 111.: .Tames Kufiene: William H.. of .Sorento: Ilattie. wife of .losepli Hnracionuh. of Sorento: and Kdith Mav. wife of a .Mr. Itennett, of JCast St. I.nuis. 111. .Tames Kn;;ene Turner was .a child when the family I'cturned to Warren County. -Mo., and there he attended school, .\fter the death of the father the sons carried on the farm and worked in the tindier until ISSI, as mentioned above. .Vfter comini; to Sorento. Mr. Turner ft)llowed carjjenterinK and Imildinu and is now a contractiu' in tlu^ same line and during the winter seasons lie worlcs at times in the mines. He (jwns a comfortable residence at .Sorento and is looked upon as a sulist.'intial citizen. At Greenville. 111.. Septeiiiher l^d. issil, Mr. Turner was married to Miss liose K. Crithth. who was born on a farm just north of Sorento. ()ct, Isiis. is a student in the Sorento Ilijjli School. The family belon^'s to the Methodist Kpiscopal Church. Il<> was reare result of industry anil ^'ood Judfiment. VAUGHAN, Schuyler B., wlios,. enterprise, .activity and pnbiir spirit in advancinu' his own fortunes as well .-is those of his connty and State, have served to lirin;; him ipiile promi- nently to the attention of his fellow citizens, is a resident of <;reenville and was born .\pril 1!», 187!i. at Smitlihoid. I'.ond County. III. He is a son i<( .\o;ili .\. and Mary .\. dintlcri \an;;lian. .N'oali .\. \an^han w.is born in IJond County anil his wife in I,;iwrence County, Ind., both coming' from a;;riciiltural families.' They reside at Smithboro. III., where Mr. Vauirhan is a ttiirdener and fruit irrower. He is a veteran of the Civil war. in which he served for four .rears, during' nineteen months sufferin;; im- prisonment at Tyler, Tex. He took part in many liard fonj;lit battles and marched we.arily over many miles of country and finally received an honorable discharf;e. He returned then to liolid County .-ind has lived a ipiiet, useful life here ever since. .\n active worker in the tem- perance cause, he voles with the I'roliibition party. II(> and his wife are Rood Christian jieople. devout members of the Free .Methodist Church. To his first marriau'e one dani;liter was born. .Tennie, who is the wife of Ansnstus Campbell, who is a farmer in Fayette Connty. III. Six children weri' born to his second mar- riage, namely: .Vbbie. who is the widow of I'eter Smith, lives at San I''rancisco: I'la : IJz- zie. who died in iiif.incy: .Nina, who is the wife of Ilai'ry Sapp. of St. .lacob's. 111.: Schuyler r.. : and JIamie. wlio lives at home. Schuyler K. Vaushan attended school at Smithboro until he was thirteen .rears of af;e, when he became a clerk ill a seneral store, beinK very ambitions to be self-sujipoitiuf;. I"or seven ye.-irs tliidni;h fidelity to liis em- ployer's interests, he contiiincd in that first place of business, winnim; the esteem and confidence of the firm. In lN7ii lie went to oklalinma and entered the employ of a mercantile house at Sapul|ia. Indian Territory, where he remained until 1!l(M» and then returned to Illinois. Here he entered the mercantile establishment of his brother-in-law, I'eler Smith, later buyini; a oiie- li.-ilf interest and .after the death of Mr. Smith continned in that euter]irise until IfiOL', when he sold out his stock. He flicii became a trav- eling; salesm.in for the Haas. Lieber (iroeery Company, of St. I.ouis. JTo.. with which liou.se he is yet identilied, controlling' a larse territory of patronage and bein;,' held in very liifih reijard .■is to business c.-ipacity and personal intei;rit,v by the firm. On .Tune 21. 1!HH, Jlr. \am,'haii was married to Miss Mai-fiaret I.. Davis, 'who was born at Kewanee. III.. February 11. 1s7!l. .a daii;;liter of Kvan ,111(1 Mary ( I'.ieck ) Davis, the former of whom is deceased. Prior to liHi" Mr. and Mrs. VaiiKlian resided at Smithboro but in that year they purchased their handsome residence on South Second Street, (ireenville, which they have eii.ioyed ever since. They have three ihildren : .Melville, born December 2S, ItKl.-i; Schuyler 1'... born October .'ll. IIMI.S; and Les- lie, born .lannary Id, lull. .Mr. and .Mrs. X'au^han beloni; to the .Methodist Kpiscojial Church. He is identilied with the .Masons. Kniilhts of I'yfhias. the Woodmen of the World and the liiited Commercial Travelers. From 780 BOND COUNTY. early mauljooil until litll'. Uo liad lieeu a hearty supporter of the principles clairaecl by the Ke- puhlican party but changes came about that caused him to assist in the organization of the Progressive party and later lie was nominated in the 47th senatorial district for the state leg- islature, making a strong canvass in spite of the great odds. He is a clear headed, out- spoken man, a good type of the earnest Ameri- can citizen of today who desires to serve his country patriotically and unselfishly. In 1914 Mr. Vaughan was again selected by the Pro- gressive party as the candidate for the 47th senatorial district for representative this includ- ing Bond and Madison counties. VEST, Eugene W., who is one of the well known men of P>ond County and the ow-ner of a highly cultivated farm of 147 acres, situated one-half mile west of Mulberry Grove, for many years has also been associated w'ith one of the large business firms of St. Louis, Mo., the Ma- jestic Manufacturing Company, for which he has been a traveling salesman since 1800. His territory covers the Pacific coast and British Columbia. He sold the first Majestic range. Mr. Vest was born in Mulberry Grove, Bond County. 111., December 17, 1850. His parents were Thomas I. and Nancy (Woolard) Vest. The former was born in Alabama, September 9, 1S2.5, and came with his father to Indiana then to Illinois in 1839 or 1840. He was edu- cated in the public schools and at McKendree College and for a number of years was a suc- cessful school teacher. In early life he was a Democrat in politics but did not believe in the extension of slavery and in 1858 allied himself with the Republican party. On August 13, 1861, he enlisted for service In the Civil war, entering Company C, Twenty-sixth Illinois In- fantry, of which he was commissioned first lieu- tenant by Governor Yates, but resigned on !ic- count of hemorrhoids after serving six months. He always took an active interest in public improvements and at one time was a director of the Vandalla Railroad Company. In youth he iniited with the Methodist Episcopal Church and to the day of his death was a faithful member. He died October 29, 1912. He mar- ried Nancy Woolard, who was born in Maury County, Tenn., February 22. 1828, and died July 2, 1903. She was a woman of fine pres- ence, admirable in every way and home anrphaned he went to live with William Cruthis, southwest of Reno, in Shoal Creek Township, and worked on the farm until the beginning of the Mexican war. Although but sixteen years old at the time he enlisted in Company E, Third Illinois Infantry, in 1840, and served faithfully during the war. After coming back to Bond County he worked on farms by the month until the fall of 1848, when he entered a tract of land on Section 15, Shoal Creek Town- shiii, on which he built a log cabin and in the spring of 1S49 was married to Rebecca Jane Brewer. He subsecpiently sold his first farm of forty acres and bought on section 10. where he erected a frame building, in which his sou, -Vlbert Wade was born. Later John T. Wade sold that property and for a time rented land and then purchased adjoining his first farm, on Section IG. and there made his home con- tinuously with the exception of a few months jiassed in Madison Count.v until he sold to his son Albert, following which he bought on Sec- tion 20. and there his death occurred in Feb- ruary, 1899. For many years he had suffered from wounds received in the Mexican war and trouble so occasioned in his left leg hastened his death. He was an excellent man In every relation of life and was universally respected. His widow survived until the spring of 1908. Her father and mother were born in North Carolina but she was born after they came to Bond County. The following children were born to John T. Wade and wife: (Jeniza. who is the wife of Franklin Thompson, of Old Ripley: Caroline, who is the wife of James P. Oakley, a farmer in Shoal Creek Township: Albert: and seven who died in infancy. .\lliert Wade spent his youth on the home farm and secured a district school education. Until his marriage he remained at home as- sisting his father and afterward settled on the farm situated on section 10. and on May 1. P.OXI) COUNTY. 781 1!)01. Mr. AVadi' li()\i.i;lit the oUl liuiiif.sto:nl on Section 20. on which he resides. Me is one ol' the substantial men of Bond Connt.v atid now owns 217 acres situated on Sections 10, 20 and 21, Shoal Creelj Townshiji. On Februarv l."p. I'JOS. Mr. Wade added to his resiionsiliilities li.v enilinrkini; in a y;eiieral mercantile hnsiness at ."tland and accom- panied bis two brothers to the .\merican colo- nies. They all took part in the Uevolutionary war and thus became .separated, the where- abouts of one brother never having been found out. One settled in Virginia while .Iosc|ib Wallace settled in Teniu'ssee. In all proli ability, the distinguished Oeneral I.eu' Wallace belonged to this family. .losejih Walla<-e was born .Vngust o, IT.'iI. .-iiid married Mary .Me;iks. who was born SeplcniluT 4. 17.">ii. and they had the following children : Elizabeth, born .Tainiary 22. 1777: .lames, born December 21. 177S: .lane. November o, 17.S(): Sarah, Sei>tember :!0, 17S2 : Adam, boin Xovem- ber 13. 17N4, died in Tennes.see. September 24. 1S.-I4: Anna, born October 13, 17s(i: .lohn, born .lanmiry 24, 17N!»: Mary. .January 21. 17!)1 ; Ma- tilda. August n. 17!i:i: .losepli, February 1!). 17!i."i: i;i\an. .Tamiary :?!•. 1707: and Samuel. .NovemlK'r 1, 1700. .Vdam Wallace niarric(l Sarah Steward and tliey bad children as fol- lows: Fintha, born November 0, 1800; E. E., born September 7, ISOJS: Adam E., born Octo- ber l(i, 1S12; William E., horn January 10, 1S14; and Samuel S.. born November 18, 1815. In 183S Samuel S. Wallace married Sarah .M. Carr, of Irish extraction, and the Carr family record as far li;ick as it can be traced reads as follows: John C.-irr mai'ried Sarah Cage. He was born September .'i, 177.'{ and died June 7, 18.">1, and she was born January 20, 1774 and ilied August 2;i, 1840. They had children as follows: I'atsey, horn August 31, 1702, died Dccemlier 28, 1821; I'riscilla. born Seijtember 20. 1703, married ;i Sir. Murry. and died July 2. Is.lS; .\nnie, born September 22. 170."i. mar- ried liobert Allen and died July 11. 187.".: Wil- liam ('., born Janu.iry 17. 170s. died in 1835: James, born April 27, 1700, until ISIO when he loaded ills tamil.v and elTects on a wagon and thus went to Te.xas and bought land in Gra.vson County where he followeV: Titus business block and the Sea- Ib^ BOND COUNTY. man business house. Fur forty-six .vears he has been identitied with the iicst interests of Green- ville. For many years he served in the office of eity marshal and his administration was one that iienetited the city in every way. Always a Kemocrat. he served several years as a useful memlier of the city council and also fur four years was a justice of the jieace. (»n Hecember 2t;. Isiil. Mr. Wallace was mar- ried to .Miss Jane Floyd, who was born in Illinois. November 2'). 1^44. a dau;;hter of C. W. and Fliza Floyd. They were natives of Bond Conuty. 111., and moved to Texas but returned to Bond County in INC.",. where both died. To Mr. and Mrs. Wallace four children were born : Klla. born November -27. ^Xi^:2. is the wife of .\. O. Downald. of (Jreenville. and they have one child. Kdward: Uichard F.. who was born .January 1. IsTl, died (htober 7. 1!(13: MoUie. who was liorn .July 4. IST:.'. is the wife of .John T. Kirkhani. drussist and iiostmaster at Jveyes- |Mirt. Jll.. and they have two children. ISuth and Wallace: and Samuel W.. who was born No- vendier \T,. ls7s. who is engaged in the hard- ware business at (Jreenville. He married iliss .Josephine Seawald. and they have two chil- li ren. t'liristine and Sanniel. WATSON, Warren, one of the well known men of Bond Count.v. residing on his well improved farm situated on Section 14. Shoal Creek Town- ship, was born in .Jefferson Count.v. X. Y.. May :\\. ls4:!. a son of Hudson and lOlvira (.Jackson i Watson. The Watsons are of Scotch-Irish an- lestry but the i-arly records do not tell in what year" the family settled in .New York. There Hudson Watson was born in lsl4. His moth- er's name was Alice Buggies, born in New York and fathers was .Vdam Wat.son. In is:!2 Hud- son Watson married Klvira .Jackson, who was l)orn in ISIT. a d.iugliter of .James and I'ersis iTarballi .Jackson, the Tarballs of Canada, the .l.icksons of New York, belonging to the same fandly that produced President .Andrew .Tackson. Jlrs. Watson had two brothers: (Jeorge. who died at I.itchtield. III.: ami .Tames, who settled near Cli.imi>aign. At death he left two chil- dren and his wiilow. the latter subseipiently marrying a resident there. Mr. W.itson of this sketi-h preserves among his cherished family possessions, an old .Masonic charm or medal, showing that .James .Jackson, his m:iternal granilfather. was a member of the first chap- ter ..f the A. F. & A. M.. Chapter No. 1. New York, established in .\merica. .\fter the death of .Janu>s .Jackson his widow married I'rank Jioland and they had a number of ihildren liut none ever settled in Illini>is as far as known, lieorge .Jackson established himself in the city of St. Louis as a contracting iilasterer and de< orator and in JV4;i sent for his sisters hus- band. Hudson Watson, of the same trade, to join him and they later formed a partnership :uid o)H'rated together in St. I.onis. until IM.d. In that year .Mr. Watson came to Illinois and bought a' farm in Sbi>al Creek Township. Bond County. He had formed the acijuaintance of Sijuire .James Olive, for whom the township of that title in Madison County was named, and in ]N."ii Watson iV: .Jackson had plastered a large brick hon.se for Squire New I>ouglas, afterward was a<-tive in church and Sunday school work. His wife survived him, dying .March 2."«. 1!M>4. at the age of eighty-seven years. She also was a mendier of the Christian Church. They had the following children: Mar.v. widow of B. F. Shaw, of Chicago: Syl- vester A., of Oklahoma : Warren : Alice, widow of .T. .1. Valentine, of St. I.onis; Sarah, deceased, widow of I>r. W. W. Sharp of New Douglas: (ieorge. a resident of Colorado: James, a resi- dent of Coloradi> City. Colo.: and William, a resident of New Douglas, 111. Warren Watson was six years old when the family moved to St. Louis. Mo., and therefore he had excellent school ailvantages and then worked at the printer's trade. In l.sr>n he ac- companied his parents to Bond County, after which he worked on the home farm until I.SCk'i. when he enlisted for service in the Civil war. entering Company G. l.")Oth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. His regiment was sent to Nashville. Teim.. and then to Dalton. (ia.. used maitdy on guard duty in the rear of (ieneral Sherman's army, the veteran fighters being sent to the front. There was a large amount of skirmishing and considerable danger but Mr. Watson escaped and received his honorable discharge on Janu- ary 11!. iscii. after which he returm'd to Shoal Creek and rejoined his brother on the farm, which they had previously been conducting to- gether. On March 7. 1N<;7. Mr. Watson was united in marriage with Miss Martha S. I.ong. who was lM)rii at Carlinsville. Macoupin County. 111.. June 24. isr.o. a daughter of Benjamin Long, one of the prominent families of the cimnty. Mr. Watson then bought his brother's interest in the farm on section 11. Shoal Creek Township, and continued to o|ierate that land until 1*^74. when he bought eighty acres on section 14. Shoal Creek Township: on which the family has BOND COUNTY. 78:5 siiic-i- Ihfcl. lie liMs c.-irrifil oil ^iMii'i'til fann- ing' and stiK-k i-aisiiii: and has leil a busy life in sjiiti' of pli.vsical disaldlities caused by army strain and exposure, sufferiii!; from varicose veins. For a iiuniber of years lie has added dairying to his otiier farm industries. -Mr. and Mrs. A\'atson have Iiad clijidreii as follows: Charles I,., who was born .lanuary 11. IMiS, Is an extensive farmer in Mont;;oiiiery t'ouiity. marrieil Ollie li. Kvaiis. and has three 'hildreu. Inez .Marie. liobert W. and I.etha .Mildred ; Beiijamin Hudson, who was born .Taii- uary 7. ].s7(i. lives at Itiverton. 111., married Fannie Kosebuiy and they have one sou. Clar- ence C. a teletrraiih operator; Fannie E.. who was born March 7. 1S7L'. resides at (Jillespie. III., the widow of Frank A. Isaacs and has two .•biblreii. liichard .M. and lola May: Albert K.. who was born .\u.i;nst !l. 1n74. lives at Spriu^- lield. III., an eufrineer on the Wabash line, mar- ried I.elah Martin; AVilliam M.. who was born Xovember 14. lS7ti. lives at Houston. Te.\.. in the real estate business and travels extensively; AVarreu W.. who was born Deceuilier s. 1S7S. is a hoistini; eu.t;ineer at the Riverton Coal Works at Itivertou. III., married Mrs. Anna (Knox) Cruser: Walter L.. who was born .lauu- ary .'^. Is.s.'i. died Ajiril 7. I.'^IIO; .Tolin F.. who was born Aiiril 1!4, ISSli, is a real estate sales- man at Sioux City. Iowa ; Hattie lola. who was born March 18. issil, died May 14. lildS; Finery ( irlo. who was horii April 2."i. is'.tl. is a resident of New Iioui;las. married Fva West and they had twill dau,i;liters. Mabel lola and Marie Irene, who is deceased. .Mr. Watson not only has jiiveii his own chil- dren educational advautajies but has taken a deep interest in securing the best sw l>ou;;las. WHITE, Samuel E., who i> one ol' the resjiccted r<'lire(l farmers of ('eiitral 'I'owiisliip. rcsiilin,i; on his line farm d to the pioneer farm of KM)' acres and throunb personal toil cleared the greater part of it and kept on addini: tracts until he owned 3(il acres and additionally had investments in Texas. He carried on ;.'eneral faruiin<; and stock raisins;. lu .Madison County. 111., he inar- ri<'risiug that he cho.se the same field of effort for himself nor that he has found it a congenial one and has met with appreciation wherever he has been located. After teaching for two years at Dud- leyville. 111., he became principal of the schools of Reno, 111., remaining three years: superin- tendent of North Coal t'ity schools. Coal City. 111., for three years; jirincipal of the normal school of (ireenville College. Oreenville. 111., for three .years; superintendent of the public schools at Cotfeen. 111., for one year and superin- tendent of the public schools at Pocahontas, 111., for two years. Many times his friends have urged him to enter the jiolitical race for couut.v suiierintendent of schools, the.v knowing that he is eminently titttnl for the office ami could be sure of the support of the members of every conununity in which he has lived. Consequently, at the time of writing, he is a candidate for that otlii-e. Tublic matters have interested him since boyhood and he has fre- cpiently discussed measures jiublicly. Of an in- dependent nature, however, he never completely identitied himself with any jiarty although be voted for President on the Prohibition party ticket in I'.KIil and l!iiM. Kecouiing dis,eoi)le, well known in Tennessee. One of a family of eight children, Marcus L. was the cmly one to come to Illinois, some time in the '.30s. He married Xancy White, a native of Ccntralia, Marion County, 111,, and took her back to Tennessee, After the birth of three children, they returned to Illinois and about ls."i(i settled at ilulberry Grove, renting land at first but later he bought a farm and at the time of his death owned 2,10 acres of valuable land. His death occurred on his home farm in ISSl. Some time afterward his widow went on a visit to a daughter at Cherryvale. Kans., and there her death took place, her burial being by the side of her husband in the cemetery south of JIulberry (irove. Nine children were born to Marcus L. Whit- worth and wife, and the family record reads as follows: Sary Jane, who is now aged seven- ty-seven yeai's. lives at Cherryvale. Kans.. and is the widciw of Hein-y Parrott: Marcus L,. who is a farmer in Mullierry Township; James Fraidvlin ; Mary It., who is the wife of William N. Anthony, of (ireenville: Florence, who is deceased, was the wife of Walter Mitchell, of Panama. Montgomery County. 111. : Martha J., who was the wife of Edward Moss, both de- ceased; and John and George, both of whom died in infancy. The parents were members of the Presbyterian (."hurch. In iwlltics the father was a Democrat. James Franklin Whitworth remained on the home farm until he was sixteen years of age. in the meanwhile attending the district schools. ■\'ery early he was given certain duties to per- form and he remembers well when he herded sheep and cattle on the prairie, with the wild grass growing .'is high as his head, on the pres- BOND COUNTY. 785 ent site of Siuithboro. Suakes were not lacking; in the swampy places and a certain kind of green fly cruelly tormented the cattle and made the horse he rode almost unmanageable. When sixteen years old he hired out by the month to Manuel Cox, a neighboring farmer, for fifty cents a day and board. In 1S73 he went to Macoupin County and secured a school to teach. Although he was then too young to permit the county superintendent to lawfully issue him a certificate, that astute educator mentally noted the youth's qualifications and told him he could teach if the school directors hired him. He was ambitious and spent his evenings in stud.v and later was thus enabled to enter Shurtleff Col- lege, at I'pper Alton and worked his way through the course. In 18T0 he went to Kansas and there rented a farm but one year later returned to Illinois, on account of his father's death. Mr. Whitworth then took charge of the borne farm and administered the estate to the satis- faction of all concerned. He was not successful in all he planned but it was through no lack of his judgment or industry but because of a severe and continued drouth that fell on the state and caused many thousands of dollars loss in produce during the two years it pre- vailed. In 1883 he came to Sorento and bought the grocery stock of Emory Wright and as he prospered expanded the scope of the business and first added a general stock of dry goods, boots and shoes and later added clothing. In ISSS he erected a store building, two stories high, with dimensions 24x00 feet, where he continued his merchandising but later found more space needed and built additions on the north side and now has a front of 40x80 feet. Every dejiartment is well stocked and the rule of the house is summed up in the Golden Rule and honestly controls every transaction. Mr. Whitworth was married October 27. 1887, to Miss Anna Sudolph, a daughter of Henry Sudolph, a native of Germany and a large landowner in Bond Count.v. Eight chil- dren have been born of this marriage, all at Sorento : Delia, who was born August 31, 1888, married Orlin Keown and they live at Glenn Carbon, 111. ; George A., who was lioru October 26, 1890, is bookkeeper for 'a lumber compan.\- in North California ; Francis, who was born October 6, 1892, is the wife of Henry Johnson, and both are theatrical artists; Grover H., who was born September 28, 1894, is a student Jn college at Valparaiso, Ind. ; Margaret, who was born January !), is97: Marcus L., who was born May 30, 1898; and Earl and Fern, twins, who were born Se])tember 3, 1903. These children have all been given excellent educational ad- vantages, including instruction in music. While not particularly identified with any church body, they give supimrt to religion and en- courage morality. Mr. Whitwortli owns stock in the Sorento lUiilding and Loan Association and in the Sorento Coal .Mining and Prosiiect- ing Company. .Mr. Whitworth h.is served as I)resident of the village board and is one of the men who has encouraged outside money to be invested here, which is generally beneficial. Personally ho is very approachable, having a kind word and pleasant smile for every one and invariably looks on the bright side of every situation. WILKINS, David Roscoe, M.D. The medical lirofession has many able representatives in Hond County, many of whom are graduates of leading colleges and prepared for their worlc liy .vears of careful study and hospital e.xperi- ence. They understand tlieir profession thor- oughly, and give to their jiatients faithful and "onscicntious care. Such a man is Dr. David Uoscoe Wilkins of rocahontas. He was born at •Medarysville, Ind., March 28, 185.o, a son of David D. and Maria (Guinn) Wilkins. The father was born at Terre Haute, Ind., .March 28, 1829, and the mother was liorn at La Porte, Ind.. Mav 25, 1836, and her death occurred March 3, 190S. The father was a physician, who secured his education in the schools of Terre Haute and the T'niversity of Michigan, from which he was graduated in 1853. Following this he located in Greenville, 111., where he began practicing until the Civil war. when he enlisted in the One Hundred and Thirtieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served until his discharge in 186.5. .Vfter the war he returned to his Green- ville home to resume the practice his jiatriotism had interrupted. He continued in it until 1902, when bis health failed and he retired, dying July 22, 1905, aged seventy-six years three months and twenty-four days. His remains wei'e interred in Mt. Rose Cemetery, and the fu- neral was in charge of Greenville Lodge No. 245, A. F. & A. M.. with Colby Post, G. A. R., as escort. In religious views, he was a Bap- tist. His fraternal relations were with the .Masons and he also belonged to the G. A. R., Colby I'ost No. 301. For a number of years he was president of the board of pen.sions at (Green- ville, and its examiner. Dr. David Roscoe Wilkins attended the Green- \ille schools, and then for four years was clerk in Watson's drug store of that city. He then entered the Missouri Medical College at St. Louis, from which he was graduated in March, 187S. He then settled at Old Ripley, where be practiced for two years before moving |o • ireenville, and entered into a ]iartncrship with his father. In 18S5, he moved to Pocahontas, which has since been his home. On September 5, 1881, Dr. Wilkins was mar- ried to Jennie Harnel. born in Bond County, .\pril '22, ISGl. son of John Wesley Harnel, who was born on the Red River, in the county of that name, Texas, January 2(i, 1819, and came to Bond County. He was a farmer, justice of the peace, school director and treasurer of the .Methodist Church to which he belonged. His death occurred on a farm near Greenville, in .\pril, 1904. His wife's maiilcn name was Ma- 86 BOND COUNTY. rildii Nelson. mikI slio \v;is Iiorii near (ireen- villo. Aviirust U"«. l^-i'. Iti'itof jinii Mrs. Wilkiiis liavc luul tlie follmviii,:; ihiUiivii : Lillian Mav- siuerite. born Novoniber !•. ls^.■>: John David, liorn l-Vbrnary IV. lss."i: I'anl Nelson, born .March LMt. 1.>oetor Wilkins was nia.vor of IVuahontas in IS'.H! and is now seeretary of the Hoard of \"nited States Kxaminers of Bond County. Ile is a Mason, fraternally, and in a professional way lielonirs to the Bond Tounty Medical So- ciety, of which he Is secretary. Since 1800 he has been treasnrer of the Hnrsess Town- ship SchtHtl. His rcliiiions proclivities make him a member of the Methodist t'hvirch. which he heartily supports, lie is an excellent physi- cian, a public-spirited man. and one of the most enterprisins: citizens of I'ontUontas. WILLEFORD. Elder John Harvey. Tliero are few men of did Kiplcy Township. Bond County. 111., better known or more highly regarded than Kuier .Tohn Harvey Willeford. for he not only belon.as to a prominent family of this section but since liHU has been pastor of Mt. Nebo Primitive Baptist Church, a iM>sition of dignity ;ind heavy responsibility. ICld.T Willeford was born March :!. is.'.i!. on the old Willeford home- stead on which he still ivsides, this land havini: been entereil from the Covernment in ls27. by his srandfalher. .lames Willeford. who was a son Of .lordan Willeford. who served in the Uevolutionarv war under (Jeneral Washington. i:ider Willcf.'.rd is a son of Willis and I'olly .\. (Lons) Willeford. the latter of whom is de- ceased. The former resides on the old home- stead in Section 2. tMd Kiplcy Township and an extemled sketch of this representative citi- zen of Bond County will be fonml in this work. Klder Willcfords "ancestry can be traced far ba0 acres of hiirhly cultivated laud. Since the au'e of fifty years Klder Willefoi'd has not eniiaired personally in farniini.'. at that time placing it under rental but still resides here. One of the most ini|H>rtant events in the life of Klder .lohn Harvey Willeford took plaie in .Tune. IsTll. when he united with the I'rimi- tive Baptist Chunh. this occurrini; on the third Salunlay: he was baptized the next day by Klder .V. .T. Willeford. a cousin of his father. On the third Sunday in December. liKi.'i. he was ord.uned elder, by the church |iresbytery. con- sisting of the followini: otiicials : IMder .lohn .\. Coulee, of Waverly, 111.: Klder D. M. Masters, of Barnett, and Klder W. K. Wright, of Mont- gomery County: Klder S. 11. Wright, of Mul- berry (Jrove. Bond County, and Deacon .lere- niiah t\iyle. For many .vears the church body has met on the Saturday before the third Sun- day of eaih month and from the time he united with the Mt. Nebo Chunh. .Inne. IsTii. until the present, Klder Willeford has missed but six of these meetings, which are maiidy of a business nature. In .Vpril. 1s>0. he was elected moderator and has held that position more than thirty-fimr .vears. and in HUM was called to the pastorate of the Mt. Xebo I'rimitive Baptist Church, one of the old religions organizations of the county. It was fomidcd February !>. 1^".'!. Much interest was shown in the cele- bration of the eightieth anniversary of the church, on Febrnarv '.», I'.IK?, one of the three services of the day being held at the home of Mrs. Coyle. now eighty-seven years of age. who is the oldest surviving mend>er. the next oldest being Willis Willeford. father of Klder Wille- f. a daughter of Marshall Hiuiter. who was horn in Bond County, March 1, 1S20, and died February 27, l!n2, lacking but three days of having spent ninety-two years in Bond County. He married Klizabelli Clenn. who was born in North Caro- lina in .Inly. ls2i;. came to Biuid County with her parents in cliiblhood. and dieil here Febru- ary 17. ls>-.".. The Hunters were of the Cum- berland I're.sbyterian faith. Two davighters have been born to Klder and Mrs. Willeford : I'olly .\my. who was born .\ugust -1, IMH. who is a graduate of the eighth grade in county school work and is now a student in the high school at Oreeuville. HI.: and Kuih .M, .1., who was born Mav 2:i. 1>!«». Both daughters are BOND COUNTY. 787 imMiilit'i's c.r Ml. .\cIhi I'liiiiilh !■ I!:i|ili.sl l.diif,'. I.iirkiii Cnii^. ('min-li ;iij(l .hnU.sdii, nil < Inirch, Ittitli iiliiliiiK iil llii' ;icc of twelve well kiidwii iiinoii;; cni'l.v .^icttli-i'.s here, .vfiil'.-i 1111(1 Aiii.v wIk'II iiKcd seventeen years. Imtli On the I'eiii-ce side, Mrs. Wlllet'ord Is ile- lieins liaiitlzi'il li.v llieii- fatlier on the third scended ri-diii one id' the old and hundred lanii Siilida.v in .Nnvenihei-. 11111. KIder Willel'md lies. ( Ir.iiidlather I'earce was horn in Ken has heen a nieiiilier of .Mt. .Velio ("hiirili sinee tuck.v. and in IM.'i iiii>.'i;ite(l to Illinois, setlliliK ISTli, liis fatlier liaviii;; Joined in Is.'iS; his in Leaf 'I'ou iislii|i, .Madison Coiint.v. where lio wife in iss.s; and liis daughters, I'olly .\niy heeaine widely liiioun as a suecessfiil aKricnl- aiid Itutli M. .1., in 1!I11. making; a remarkable liirist and as a leadin;; niemher of tlie rriiiil' record liotli as to family and elninli. lOlder tive Itaptist Chnreh. His ehlldreii were: Wlllet'ord has always deemed it liis duty to .Matliias, a resident of .Silver <'reek; 'I'homas ;;ive his political sii|iiinr( to the Democratic N.. of Itiirleson. Tex.: .Sar.-ili K., wife of l)r. parly in nation.il aff.iirs Imt in local matters. William Olive, of Houston Heights. Te.\. ; and where he understands all the conditions pre- U.o hel .M., of Ia;;o. Tex. One of the most in- vailini; :it the time, lie uses his own ^ood JiidK- tercsl ins; and liifilily-prizeil relics owned hy .Mrs. nieiit. Willeford is an anvil, made hy hand, which was hoiifiht hy the progenitor of the Talior fam- WILLEFORD, Wilham Willis. .\ native son ily from i:n;;land more than a ci.|jtiiry a«o. of I'.ond Coiiiit.x, Williaiii Willis Willeford, pro- The children horn to .Mr. and .Mrs. Willeford prietor of llidfie I'oint Farm, on section 11. Old are as follows: Myrtle, horn .May 11, IS.ss, Kipley Townshiii. has steadil.v niaiiilained his who was for seven .vears a successful teacher in leadeiship aniom; the a;,'ricultiirists of this part llie Itond Coiinly schools, the last two years of the state. He is a native son also of the heiii'; ideiitilied with the flreenville Hiyh .School, soil, liavini; heen liiirn on a farm on se<'tion 1!. married ('larence K. r.rewer, .lime 1!», IDK!. and Old Itiple.v Township. I'.ond Count.v, HI.. .May has a ilamihler. ( 'larico W., horn .Inly IS. l!ll 1 : ■_•!». ISdll. a son of Willis Willeford. .i sketch of \'iolct, hia'ii .March 111. isiiil, married Deceni- wliose career will he found on another iia^'c her 'Si. I'.iKi. Wa.vne File, son of .Tohn .1. File, of this volume, .Mr. Willefonl's ediic.ition lie- a fanner of Old Ui|iley 'J'ownship, and has had t;an in the little loj; schoolhouse at Terrapin two ihildren, .(uanita, honi f)ctoher 2(i. Itldse, hut later he was ^'ranted ailvantaijes in Hill ; and .Marie. Septemlier (i, ini.'i; Willis .T., the new frame schoolhouse which was hiiilt. horn llecemher -, ISitl ; .lohn Thomas. Ixirn He was reared on the home farm and assisted .Vovemher 11. IS!!."!; I'aul I... horn Deceniher 111. his father until the time id' his iiiairmt'i". .\ii- ls'.i."i; and .Milton K., horn Fehriiary 111. 1S!iv. ;:ust 1. ISST. to Miss Learli It. Tahor. wlio was .\fter their marriage. .Mr. and .Mrs. Willeford liorn in Madison ('oiinty. 111.. Heccmlier III. c.-imc to their iircscnt home on section 11. set- IstiT. daiit.'litcr ni .lames if. and Itachcl ,M. tlin^ in a small frame house which was at (I'earce) Tahor. .Mr. Tahia- was horn at Silver that tinii' siiiiuunded li,\- iiiiderlirush and tim- Creek, Madison County, III., .Iiine 4. 1s4:i, and her. The progress that has since heen made his wife at Saline. Ili.it county. .luly 10, Ispi. on this property ina.v he adduced h.v coinpar- Tliey were married Se|ileiiiher L'4. 1Ni;.'l. .iiid he- iii'; llie little one-room dwellin;; which has civen lame the parents of these children: .I.iiiies .\.. way to the handsome seven-room residence, horn .\ii;:usl 11. IsiM, now a retired farmer of which is titled with all modern conveniences W'arieiisliur;;. .\|o. : I.earh, now .Mrs. Wiilelnrd : and is one of the line homes of the township. ICIIeii A., horn .May s, 1S7II. the wife of Leonard Cement walks lead to this home, and around Hunter, a farmer of Shoal < 'reek Township: 11 are shade and ornainental trees, the whole Olive M., hia'ii .Ma.v 1,'!. 1s7.'!. a miliiner .•iiid a|ipearance of the jiropert.v testifyint; to the dressmaker of Sa^o. Tex.: Nora I'.elle. horn ]iresence of prosperity and K'X'd nian.iKcment. Auf.'iist 211. 1S74. the wife of Lee Under, a .Mr. Willeford cultivates .TSO aiaes and makes farmer of Itichnioiid. Mo. : Liiia >[.. horn .Ian- each acre produce its full share. He is <'ssen- uary 1. ISTT. the wife of I!. L. Kell. a fanner tially a husiness man and has not cared for puh- and stockraiser near Uichmonil. .Mo,: Uachel lie ollice. hut has done his duty as a citizen .\L. horn r)ecenilier .'ll. 1S71I. the wife of .Vrtliur hy .serving: as a niemher of the school hoar.l lto;;ers. a farmer near la;ro. Tex.: .Maurice H.. for foiii' years. With his famil.v. he attends the horn Fehriiary L'O, 1SS4. a niacliinisl of Heloil. I'rimilive I'aptist Chiircli. Wis,: and Loraii I'., horn Deceniher 2\. Iss,",, ill ciiaryc of the home place near layo. Tex. WILLEFORD, Willis, who is one of Horn! .lames .M. Tahor was a son of .John and Isalielle ('oiiiil.v's most lii;;lily respected citizens is one (Kell I Tahor. natives of .North Carolina. He of the lifelong residents of Old Kipley 'i'own- was horn in the Olil .Vortli Slate in 17117. and ship, where he was horn .January :;hysical strength. On Feln'uary 22, 1855, he married Polly A. Long, who was born in Madison County, May 15, 1836. and she accompanied lier parents to Bond County when young. Her father was Rev. Peter Long a Baptist preacher of the old school. He was well known for he expounded the faith for sixty years and wrote many hymns and was the publisher of the '•Western Harp," a Baptist hyuni book. He died in 1891 at the age of eiglity-seven years. After marriage Mr. W^ille- ford settled on the old jilace where he had been born in a log cabin and has spent his life within a mije of the same place. In early days he many times drove his horses, cattle, hogs and sheep a distance of fifty miles to St. Louis to find a market. He has witnessed won- derful changes during his lifetime and remem- bers when he paid at least twenty-five cents to send a letter which now costs but twiv cents and is carried from his door by the rural mail man. An automobile can be called in a moment to carry him distances which once seemed impossible to cover and he can stand at the telephone in liis own comfortable sitting room and talk with friends living miles away. To the first twenty acres of land that he owned he kept on adding and .still has 500 acres and at one time owned 1,800 acres. To each of his children he gave assistance and has en.io.ved seeing them well placed in life. On May 5, 1873, he was called on to part with his faithful helpmate, a woman of Christian life iind beau- tiful character. To them the following chil- dren were born: John Harvey, who was born on March 3. 18.50; Xancy E., who was born July 11, 1857, is the wife of Robert Hunter, who is a farmer in Oklahoma and they Iiave children: Lewis, George L., Jessie. William. Alvin, Jolin and Ollie; James, who was born February 23, 1859, a farmer in Old Jtipley Township; Martha, who was born March ■ . "^^ , " ' . Ni*^ ^^ /'% ■•^'•- „,*°% ■•■^^•■'/°*V>*?-V' X/?:-. •■■,/' "%■-•■ ^:- ^' %/--^^''^^ ^'^rr^'-V v'---V... V'"-"'\/ ..o.^ iCT 7 3 T'Sy^ N. MANCH€STER. ^•-- INDIANA .^^ O 'o • X , * , . o ' ^O ^ ■ ^ ■»- ,/ .>■ ^S.^ '-^^o^