^mmK.i}ii'i('^nm'%m y >>««* ;?;;;;;<;*! wi OUTLINE FOR REVIEW AMERICAN HISTORY ns NEWTON AND TREAT ' BOOK • COMPANY NEWl'DRK' CINCINNATI • CHICAGO y^^mmmim. (lass ^1^B_ i'ui:stNTi:ij a.-a, "^"^v OUTLINE FOR REVIEW AMERICAN HISTORY BY CHARLES BERTRAM NEWTON, A.B. M Head Master^ the Pingry School, Elizabeth, iV; J. Formerly Head of the Department of,IIistory in Laivrenceville School AND EDWIN BRY>NT TREAT, A.M. Head of Treat Tutoring School, Oak Bluffs, Mass. NEW YORK •:. CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY (W ,•2- CmpAAySL Copyright, 1907, by CHARLES BERTRAM NEWTON AND EDWIN BRYANT TREAT, Copyright, 1921, by AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY W. P. 27 PURPOSE OP THIS BOOK When the close of the year's work approaches, the teacher of history is confronted with the problem of bringing out the subject as a whole, and of so focusing it as to make the picture clear-cut and vivid in the pupil's mind. Text-book and notebook and classroom work have each done their part in arousing the imagination and informing the memory — how shall the prominent figures and the smaller details, the multitude of memories and impressions so made, be fixed and established in their proper perspective ? It was the effort to solve this problem that produced this series of Outlines in Greek, Roman, English, and Ameri- can history. They were first privately printed, and have been experimented with for several years. The result has been so gratifying, in accomplishing the end in view, as to suggest that they might prove similarly useful to others; hence, their present publication. The Outlines have been enlarged and revised in collabora- tion with a colleague of wide experience in preparing pupils for college, Mr. E. B. Treat, who has used them in their original form, and who therefore brings the valuable assist- ance of independent experiment and experience to the work of improvement and revision. It cannot be too emphatically said that the Outlines should not be introduced into the class until after the work of the text-book is finished — they are preeminently intended, as their title indicates, for review. However, if the time or 3 PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK facilities of the teacher are limited, they might, in rare cases, be used judiciously with the text-book as an aid to clearness. Each of the Outlines of the series has been used with several different text-books, and each is intended for use with any good text-book, such as, in the case of the Out- line of American History, Hart's Essentials, Adams and Trent's, McMaster's, Montgomery's Students, McLaughlin's, Fiske's, Macy's, etc. In the American histories, more perhaps than in the others, the authors have found great variation in emphasis, and considerable discrepancy. They have pur- posely made this Outline very complete, and have taken great pains to bring out impartially the essential facts. References are omitted, not only because of the adaptability of the Outlines to different text-books, but to emphasize the tact that they should be used, as a rule, only after the stu- dent has become so familiar with the text-book and other sources of information, that it wall be easy to refresh the memory on matters only suggested in the Outline. Many dates have been given for reference, but the less important have been included in parentheses, and many will be omitted by the teacher who does not believe in overcrowd- ing the mind with figures. The Index will be found useful for looking up special matters, such as important laws^ terms, etc. The Typical Questions, culled from many papers for college entrance examinations, are intended for practice in the art, so occult to many pupils, of formulating answers. C. B. NEWTON. Lawbbnckville, New Jersey, OUTLINE FOR REVIEW AMERICAN HISTORY DISCOVERERS D. = Dutch. E. = English. F. = French. Sp. = Spanish. Sw. = Swedish. P. = Portuguesa- 1000-1350. Northmen, Greenland and New England. " Sagas." 1492. Columbus (Sp.), West Indies ; four voyages. 1497. Cabots (E.), John and Sebastian, Cape Breton Island. 1498. Sebastian Cabot (E.), mainland, from Cape Breton down to Albemarle Sound. Voyages of Cabots be- came the basis of England's claim of right to colo- nize North America. 1501. Cortereal (P.), New England to Newfoundland. 1501-1503. Americus Vespucius (Sp.), Brazil; one and per- haps two earlier voyages. Wrote the first pub' lished account, hence name of " America." 1506. Denys (F.), Gulf of St. Lawrence. 1512. Ponce de Leon (Sp.), Florida. Later tried to colo- nize; was killed. Basis of Spanish claims to Florida. 1513. Balboa (Sp.), Isthmus of Darien; Pacific Ocean. 1520. Ay lion (Sp.), South Caroliaa. 5 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 1620. Magellan (Sp.), South America; Philippine Islands. Killed. Survivors continued, — first to go around the world. 1519-1521. Cortez (Sp.), Mexico. His success here fixed Spain's attention on the South. 1524. Verrazzani (F.), South Carolina north to Nova Scotia. 1528. Narvaez (Sp.), Gulf States. 1528-1536. De Vaca — wandered across the continent. 1532. Pizarro (Sp.), Conquest of Peru. 1534. C artier (F.), River St. Lawrence. This drew the attention of the French to the north. Basis of French claim to this region. 1539. Fray Marcos (Sp.), New Mexico, "Seven Cities of Cibola." 1540. Coronado (Sp.), Gila, Rio Grande, and Colorado rivers. 1539-1541. De Soto (Sp.), Southern States and Mississippi River. 1543. Cabrillo (Sp.), Pacific Coast. 1578. Drake (E.), Pacific Coast to Oregon. 1592. De Fuca (Sp.), Pacific Coast to British Columbia. Summary. — From 1492 to 1513, the islands and east coast of North and South America were explored. Explorations of interior began with Balboa at Isthmus of Darien, 1513. Cortez, conquest of Mexico, 1519-1521. Pizarro, conquest of Peru, 1532. Gulf States and Southwest, 1528-1541. Narvaez and de Vaca, De Soto, Marcos, and Coronado. Spain took leading position in Europe. Her possessions gave vast wealth. Gold of Mexico and Peru. Very rich silver mines of Potosi in Peru, and scattered over Mexico. By 1550, Spanish colonies were established on West Indies 6 DISCOVERERS Islands, Mexico, Central America, and northern and western part of South America. 1565. Florida (Sp.), St. Augustine. Menendez. 1582. New Mexico (Sp.), Sante Fe. Spain actuated by desire (a) for wealth, (6) for domin^ ion, (c) for spread of Roman Catholic religion. Failure of Spanish Armada (1588) caused curtailment of ambitious schemes. France was little stirred by stories of the New World. Bad economic conditions at home prevented great external effort. 1510. Cartier and Roberval. Quebec : failure. 1562. Ribaut. Port Royal, South Carolina: Huguenots; failure. 1564. Laudonniere. St. John's River, Florida. Huguenots; failure. Cruelty of Menendez. Revenge of de Gourges. 1605. De Monts. Port Royal. Nova Scotia ; success. 1608. Champlain, Quebec ; success. The zeal of the Jesuit missionaries, and the energy of fur traders soon gave France firm hold on Canada. England did little to support claims made by the Cabots (1497-1498). Henry VIII.'s marriage to Spanish princess. Internal troubles. Piratical voyages of Sir John Hawkins. Frobisher (1576-1578) — three voyages to Labrador. Fran- cis Drake — voyage around the world (1577-1580). Sir Humphrey Gilbert^ — attempt to settle Newfoundland. Value of fisheries. Sir Walter Raleigh's schemes. Father of English Colo- nization. Roanoke Island. Virginia Dare. Bartholomew Gosnold (1G02). New Route via Azores Islands, 1500 Qiiles shorter. Attempted settlement in Buzzard's Bay. 7 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY THE FOUNDING OF COLONIES The Virginia Charter. — The unsuccessful attempts to colo- nize made by private individuals led to formation of coloniz- ing companies chartered by Royal Grant. Influenced by the example of the Muscovite and East Indian companies, certain important men obtained from James I. (1606) a general charter authorizing them, as the Virginia Company, to de- velop and govern colonies in Virginia. (General name for whole unsettled region. Not limited to present state.) Provisions of the Charter. — 1. Charter of 1606 provided for two councils : (a) superior, residing in England, appointed by king, and holding office at his pleasure; (b) inferior, re- siding in colony, appointed by superior, the king having power to appoint and remove members and to make laws for it. 2. Charter changed, 1609, so that king's power was transferred to company. 3. Again changed, 1612, transferring power of superior council to whole body of stockholders. No political rights were yet given to colonists. 4. Two changes made in local government of colonies, 1619 : (a) a council appointed to act with governor and thus limit his authority ; (b) colonists permitted to elect two representatives from each borough to constitute a delibera- tive body called House of Burgesses. Measures adopted by Burgesses, Council, Governor, and approved by companies in England, became laws of colony. 5. In 1621, by so-called " Sandys' Constitution," govern- ment of colony was finally settled by company who appointed a Governor ; the Council and Burgesses chosen by people. Governor had veto power over Council and Burgesses ; the company in England over the Governor. 8 THE FOUNDING OF COLONIES 6. In 1624, company overthrown. Government of colony unchanged, except that king took place of company. At time of Revolution there were seven Royal colonies without charters — Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, New York, New Jersey, and New Hampshire. Practical beginnings of colonization by chartered compa- nies. — The Virginia Charter covered region from 34th to 45th degree of north latitude. Two sub-companies : (a) London, and (6) Plymouth. London Company could colonize southern Virginia be- tween 34th and 38th degrees (i.e. between Cape Fear and the Potomac). Plymouth Company could colonize between 41st and 45th degrees (i.e. between Long Island and Nova Scotia). The country between 38th and 41st degrees (i.e. from Potomac up to New York) was left to whichever company first settled it. First attempt, 1606. — Plymouth Company sent out colony to Kennebec in Maine. One severe winter broke it up, and the company never sent another. Virginia, 1607 Jamestown, 1607 — London Company. Early struggles. John Smith. House of Burgesses. Changes in Charter. Finally annulled, 1624, and Virginia became Royal Colony; i.e. king took place of company. Administration went on under Royal Governors, as before, with frequent meetings of elected assembly (Burgesses). Governor Berkeley. Bacon's Rebellion. Massachusetts, 1620 The rugritns at Flymouth, 1620. — Congregation at Scrooby; ''Separatists"; religious persecution; escape of 9 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY congregation, under Pastor John Kobinson, to Holland. Dis- satisfaction with life there. Determination to plant colony in New AVorld. London Company. The "Mayflower Com- pact." Miles Standish. William Bradford, fine character. Government, very simple. Original town meetings. Never had charter or royal governor. Perfect democracy. Inde- pendent little republic. Finally merged with Massachusetts in 1691. The Pilgrims, Separatists, not to be confused with the Puritans who settled Boston, though like them in spirit. The Puritans at Salem and Boston, 1628-1630. — The Coun- cil for New England, 1620. (Reorganized Plymouth Com- pany of 1606.) Division of its lands. Small fishing settlements at Boston, East Boston, Salem, Cape Ann, Main settlement made under land patent grant from " Sea to Sea," 1628 ; John Endicott, Salem ; large number of Puri- tan colonists. Royal Charter for "Governor and Company of the Massa- chusetts Bay in New England," 1629. Provided for election of Governor, other officers, "general court" or assembly, and also passage of laws not conflicting with those of New England. Transfer of *' Charter and Government** to Netv England^ i6S0. — Great stimulus to Puritan immigration. John Win- throp. Rapid growth. Attempt to cancel charter. King Philip's War. Fall of Andros. New Hampshire and Maine, 1623 Gorges and Mason obtained grant from "Council for New England" (1622) to Laconia, between Merrimac and Ken- nebec rivers. Portsmouth and Dover, 1623. In 1629, Mason took Neiv Hampshire. His neglect. Small settlements. Under jurisdiction of Massachusetts most of 10 THE FOUND JPKt 0^ COLONIES feime till 1671, when it became Royal Colony. Remained so until Revolution. Gorges became " Lord Proprietor of Prov ince of Maine" in 1639. Towns gradually absorbed by Massachusetts, which finally bought claim from Gorges' heirs in 1677. (Maine not admitted to Union as state until 1820.) New Netherland, or New York, 1626-1664 Discovery of Hudson River (lo09). Expeditions to open up fur traffic. The United New Netherland Company. Fort Amsterdam (1614). i'ort Orange (1614), eastern end of Indian trail. The Dutch West India Company, its monopoly and additional rights (1621). The purchase of the Island of Manhattan (1626) for "the value of sixty guilders" (about ^24), by Peter Minuit. The establishment of the Patroon system (1629). Great landed estates. The Van Rensselaers, the Van Cortlandts, Livingstons, Schuylers, etc. Evils of Patroon system kept away better class of immigrants, and restrained trade. Four Dutch governors — Peter Minuit, Wouter van Twiller, William Kieft, and Peter Stuyvesant. Fleet sent out from England by CromweU (1654). Peace between England and Holland saved New Amsterdam. Charles II. asserted old English claim by granting territory to Duke of York (James II.). Neio Amsterdam surrendered, 1664, to English fleet. Stuy- vesant, vigorous character, but had no support. Increased prosperity under English rule. "The Duke's Laws" (1665). Later discontent under Andros. Leisler's insurrection and execution, 1689-1691. Call for colonial congress. French and Indian affairs. Peter Zenger, successful cham- pion of the freedom of the press. u OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY Connecticut, 1636 Minor settlements, the Dutch fort, Good Hope, on Con- necticut River (1623) ; and Plymouth colony, fur-trading post, Windsor (1633). First important settlements, Lord Say and Seal's grant ; Say- brook (1635). The Rev. Thomas Hooker migrated with congregation from Massachusetts and settled Hartford, 1636. Adoption of Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639). — Windsor, Wethersfield, and Hartford. First republic in world to be founded on a written constitution. New Haven Colony, 1638. — John Davenport and Theoph- ilus Eaton. New Haven and neighboring small towns. The colony was weak and joined Connecticut, 1665. Rhode Island, 1636 Settled at Providence. Roger Williams, 1636. Driven from Massachusetts on account of religious beliefs. New- port, Portsmouth, and Warwick were incorporated into "Providence Plantations" (1643). The home of religious toleration. Good commerce. Elected Governor and Assem bly. Maryland, 1634 Lord Baltimore's grant from Charles L (1632). Settle- ment at St. Mary^s under Leonard Calvert in 1634. Pro- prietor could declare war, grant titles, establish courts, coin money, and appoint all officers. Had help of freemen in making the laws. Unprecendented religious liberty. Trouble over Kent Island with William Clayborne. Puri- tan disturbances. Battle at Providence, 1655. Excellent administration of third Lord Baltimore. In 1691, made a royal province. Religious persecutions. Colony languished until restored to proprietor in 1716. " Mason ami Axon's Line,'" 1763, Settled boundary dispute 12 THE FOUNDING OF COLONIES Delaware, 1638 Fort Christina (AVilmington) settled by Swedes and Finns, 1638. Territory seized by Dutch Governor, Stuyvesant, in 1655. Passed to English control, 1664. Sold to William Penn by Duke of York, 1682. Secured a separate assembly in 1703, but still had same Governor as Pennsylvania ; called " The three lower counties on the Dela- ware," until state government was formed at Revolution. New Jersey, 1617, 1664 Early Dutch Settlements, 1617, very scattering. Territory granted to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret by Duke of York, 1664. Settlement of Elizabeth (1665). Divisions into East and West Jersey, 1674. Purchase of West Jersey, by AVilliam Penn for Quakers, 1682. Royal Colony, 1702, with same Governor as New York. Made separate royal colony, 1738. Pennsylvania, 1682 Charter to 40,000 sq. miles of land granted Penn in settle- ment of father's claim, 1681. Mixed class of immigrants. Settlement of Philadelphia, 1682. Humane treatment of Indians. Growth in material prosperity. "The Frame of Government." Colonial importance of Philadelphia, — became chief city. North Carolina, 1653, 1663 Settlement of Albemarle, 1653, by Virginian Dissenters. Grants (1663 and 1665) to Eight Proprietors, covering North and South Carolina. Fundamental constitution on " The Grand Model," by John Locke. " Palatine " proprietaries, "Landgraves," " Caciques," and "Leetmen"; too fanciful. 13 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY The Clarendon Colony. Scattered settlements. Slo^?v developnient. No other colony had such a remarkable succession of bad men sent out as governors. The War with the Tuscaroras (1711). Colony transferred to the king, 1729. South Carolina, 1670 First settlement made 1670 by colonists sent out by pre prietors. Poor location. Moved to Charleston, 1680. Rice used as money. Church of England, established church (1706). Early troubles with Spain and Indians. Became Royal Colony, 1729. Georgia, 1733 Land west of Savannah River granted to James Oglethorpe, 1732, by George 11. Purpose — refuge for debtors and other unfortunates. First settlement at Savannah, 1733. Attempts to introduce silk culture and various experiments in "communal" state. Not very successful. Prohibition of slavery attempted; introduced later (1747). Became Royal Colony, 1752. The latest and weakest of the original thirteen colonies, but it served as a buffer against Spanish in Florida. CONDITIONS AT THE END OF THE SEVEN- TEENTH CENTURY Of the thirteen original colonies, all established except Georgia, by 1700. New England Colonies. — Population : Massachusetts, includ- ing Maine, about 70,000 ; Connecticut, 25,000 ; Rhode Island, §,000 ; New Hampshire, 5,000. 14 CONDITIONS AT END OF SEVENTEENTH CENTURY Characterized by thrift, piety, and love of liberty. Town meetings for management of local affairs. An aristocracy based mainly on education and religion. The clergy led all public affairs. The other professions less important. Industries: mining, lumbering, tanning, and distilling. Nails, cloth, and similar things made for home use. Fish- eries and whaling very profitable. Social life: Boston and New Haven — prosperous towns — common school in each village. Homes comfortable. Puritan simplicity of dress, manners, and morals. Meligiousititolerance. — Cvlm\\\dii\OTi in persecution of the witches, " Salem Witchcraft." Nineteen persons hanged and one pressed to death at Salem (1692). Literature: Very little; chiefly religious writers, Thomas Hooker, John Cotton, Roger Williams, Increase Mather, and (most celebrated) Cotton Mather. The Middle Colonies. — Population: New York, about 25,000; the Jerseys, 14,000; Pennsylvania and Delaware, 20,000. Characterized by mixed population — Dutch stolidity and Quaker sobriety, modified English enterprise. The "Patroons" in New York, and a few wealthy Quakers were semi-aristocratic. The professions were respected, but clergy less prominent, owing to mixed religious in- fluences. Majority of people in agriculture or in trade. (Fur, grain, and flour were exported.) Social life less sober than in New England — dances, husk- ings, races, cockfights. Quaker influence almost as strong as Puritan against Sabbath -breaking, however. Educational facilities were only fair, even in larger towns. Politically — not so well governed, heavier taxes, and dis- content against officials. 15 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY For the management of local affairs, a mixed system oi town meeting and county committee prevailed. The Southern Colonies. — Population: Maryland, about 25,000 ; Virginia, 60,000 ; the Carolinas, 5,000. English pre- dominated ; Scotch, Irish, and French Huguenots. Social Classes. — (a) The planters, men of excellent birth and good manners; aristocratic. (b) The small farmers and mechanics, men of little edu- cation but of sturdy virtue. (c) The indentured white servants, frequently of the criminal class. (d) The black slaves — fairly well treated. The South of this period characterized by system of practically independent plantations. Isolation was the rule in agriculture, commerce, and administration. The Parish or County committee, appointed by Governor, managed local affairs. Local government was difficult and inefficient. Towns were hardly to be found. Schools were few. (Rich planters employed tutors.) The clergy were illiterate and often immoral. To oft'set its disadvantages, the isolation fostered a love of independence and manly self-reliance. GKOWTH OF THE COLONIES THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS The first half of the 18th century marked by fourfold, six- fold, and sevenfold increase in population in the New Eng- land, Middle, and Southern Colonies, respectively. Wealth and general prosperity also increased. The boundary disputes, quarrels with royal governors, "The Great Awakening" (religious), and troubles with th£» French and Indians the most important events. 16 THE FRENCH AND INDlf^N WARS French Claims: Early settlements in Acadia and New France. Pere Marquette and Louis Joliet on Lake Supe- rior, Lake Michigan, and Upper Mississippi. La Salle on the Lower Mississippi — Louisiana. The English were thus shut in between the Alleghany Mountains and the Atlantic, but their charters gave indefinite claims west- ward. The colonial wars with the French are known by the names of the English sovereigns reigning at the time. These wars were for religious as well as political supre- macy. King William's War, 1690-1697. — (English war between William III. and Louis XIV.) Count Frontenac. Bloody raids on Schenectady, N.Y., Salmon Falls, N.H., etc. Port Royal in Acadia taken by Sir William Phips, Governor of Massachusetts. Failures against Quebec and Montreal. Sack of Haverhill. Peace of Ryswick, 1697, restored Port Royal to French. Queen Anne'^s War, 1702-1713 — (War of Spanish Succes- sion.) Massacre of Deerfield (1701). Attempt upon Port Royal and Quebec. Capture of Port Royal. Treaty of Utrecht, 1713. — French gave up all Nova Scotia, formerly called Acadia, and all claims to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay. This was first extension of English boundaries, by actual conquest, at the expense of the French. Establish- ment of French forts and settlements in Mississippi Valley. King George's War, 1744-1748. — (War of Austrian Suc- cession.) French activity in Nova Scotia. Unsuccessful attack on Annapolis (Port Royal). Capture of Louishurg (1745), by William Pepperell, commanding 4000 New Eng- enders. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) restored Louis- burg to French. From the Colonial standpoint, a great error. 17 OUTLINE OF i AMERICAN HISTORY I The French an^ Indian War, 1754-1763 Causes. — Great struggle for possession of North Americai Importance of Ohio Valley recognized by both sides. Ohio Company (Virginia). La Salle's explorations, basis of French claim. Formal possession for France taken by Bien- ville. Chain of French forts — Presque Isle (Erie, Pa.), Fort le Boeuf (Waterford, Pa.), Venango (near Frank- lin, Pa.). Washington sent by Dinwiddie (Governor of Virginia), with letter of remonstrance to commander of Fort le Boeuf. French refused to withdraw — a practical declaration of war. English attempted to hold junction of Allegheny and Monongahela rivers by building stockade (Feb., 1754). In April, the English driven out; French finished the stockade and called it Fort Duquesne. Washington built Fort Necessity. Overpowered by superior force of French, honorable surrender (July 4, 1754). Both sides prepared for war. The War. — Meeting of delegates at Albany to promote united action. Franklin's famous " Albany Plan of Union " : (a) President to be appointed by king ; (6) Grand Council elected by colonial assemblies. Too aristocratic for colonies, too democratic for king — rejected by both. Braddock's defeat. — Attempt to capture Fort Duquesne by European methods of. warfare. Victory for French. Washington's courage and skill put to the test. Expulsion of Acadians. Failure of expedition against Niagara. Formal declaration of war between Great Britain and France (thus joining in the Seven Years' War) in May, 1756. The Marquis de Montcalm took Oswego (1756), Fort William Henry (1757), repulsed Abercrombie with superior 18 COLONIAL CONDITIONS, 1763 force at Ticonderoga (July, 1758) ; defeated by Wolfe at Quebec. Death, 1759. William Pitt by his forceful policy (1756-1761) changed tide of defeat. Capture of Louisburg, Amherst; of Fort Duquef^iie and Fort Fronteiiac (1758). Fall of Quebec, Sept., 1759. — This great battle secured America to Great Britain and gave Wolfe immortal fame, a turning-point in Modern History. The capture of Mon- treal (1760) practically ended war in America. Conspiracy of Pontiac (1763). Treaty of Paris, 1763. — Great Britain obtained Canada and Cape Breton, all but two islands of St. Lawrence, and all territory east of Mississippi River except New Orleans. Spain received all territory west of Mississippi and New Orleans, but gave Florida to the English in. exchange for Cuba. COLONIAL CONDITIONS Colonies in Governmental Groups : — {Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island. {Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland. New Hampshire New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, . Georgia. Over the colonies, as a governing body to aid the king, there were in London the Lords of Trade and Plantations. 19 1. The charter colonies 2. The proprietary colonies 3. The royal (or provincial) colonies OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY Under them in America were the royal and proprietary governors, who, with the local colonial legislatures, managed the affairs of the colonies. Colonies in Geographical Groups : — 1. The Eastern were engaged in commerce, fishing, and farming. 2. The Middle, in commerce and farming. 3. The Southern, in raising two great staples — rice and tobacco. The result of these occupations was that town life existed in the Eastern and Middle colonies, but was not found in the Southern. Labor was performed by (a) the apprentice, (h) the indentured servant, (c) the redemptioner, (d) the slave. There was little or no manufacturing, and there were specific acts of trade forbidding iron, cloth, and hat making in the colonies, and numerous navigation acts limiting commerce to English vessels, and with English ports. Thus the English selfish policy of treating the colonies as existing only for England's benefit, early sowed the seeds of discontents THE AMERICAN EEVOLUTION CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION, 1763-1775 The territory which England received from France and Spain by the treaty of Paris (1763) was cut into — (a) Province of Quebec, (c) West Florida, {h) East Florida, {d) Indian Country. The proclamation line defining the Indian Country marked the zone of colonization to the west. To provide for the defense of this new country, a new colonial policy was neces- ary. The expenses of 10,000 regular troops for defenses were to be paid partly by the crown and partly by the colo- 20 THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION nies. The share to be paid by the latter was to be raised, (1) by enforcing old trade and navigation acts; (2) by taxes on sugar and molasses ; (3) by stamp act, 1765. The question at issue was, "Shall Parliament tax Amer- ica?" not "Shall America support an army?" Protest of the colonists against direct taxation was shown by- (1) Writs of Assistance (James Otis, 1761). (2) The Parsons' Case (Patrick Henry). (8) The Virginia Resolutions. (4) Declaration of Rights and Grievances (1765). (5) Organization of Sons of Liberty. (6) Non-Importation Agreements. The Stamp Act was repealed of necessity, but Parliament persisted in a right to tax (1766). The Toimshend Acts (1767) : — (1) Against New York — Mutiny Act. (2) Against Boston — Legalizing AVrits of Assistance. (3) Taxed glass, lead, paper, tea, and painters' colors. Opposition to Townshend Acts brought about the dissolu- tion of the Colonial Legislatures. The " Boston Massacre " (1770). The taxes of the Townshend Acts repealed (1770), except that on tea, which was kept to maintain the principle of taxation. The burning of the Gaspee, 1772. Tea sent to America. The colonists refused to receive it. "Committees of Correspondence" (1773). Boston "Tea Party" (1773). The resistance of the colonists was punished by the Five " Intolerable Acts ": — (1) Boston Port Bill — closing harbor. (2) Transportation Bill — transportation of those accused of crime. (3) Massachusetts Bill — abrogating charter. 21 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY (4) Quartering Act — quartering the troops on people. (5) Quebec Act — enlarging Canada at expense of colonies. The severity of these acts brought about The First Conti- nental Congress, 1774 (Sept. 5 to Oct. 26), at Philadelphia. Besides issuing an address to the colonies, to Canada, to the people of Great Britain, and to the king, they issued also a new Declaration of Colonial Rights, in which they clearly set forth the political claims of the colonies and named eleven different acts passed in violation of these rights. They next formed the " American Association " and ordered that another congress should meet May 10, 1775, to take action on the result of the petition to the king. Before this second congress could assemble, however, the crisis in Massachusetts proclaimed that war had begun. The stub- born character of George III. and his ascendency over Parliament made conciliation impossible. The War of the Revolution, 1 775-1 783 1775-1776 - In New England and Canada 1775. Battle of Lexington and Concord (A.)*, April 19, Parker — Pitcairn. Second Continental Congress, May 10, 1775. Continental Army formed. Washington, head. Ticonderoga (A.), Allen. Battle of Bunker Hill (B.)*, Sir W. Howe — Pres^ cott. Siege of Boston, Washington — Gage. Arnold's march to Quebec. Capture of Montreal (A.), Montgomery. Montgomery defeated at Quebec (B.). 1776. Evacuation of Boston (A.), March 17. * (A) = American success. (B) = British success. 22 THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 1776-1778 Principalis/ in Middle States i776. Washington marched to New York. Fort Moultrie, S.C. (A.), Moultrie — Clinton. Declaration of Independence (July 4). Battle of Long Island (B.), Sir W. Howe, Ad= miral Howe — Putnam, Washington. Evacuation of New York (B.). Washington's Retreat across New Jersey (B.). Defeat of Hessians at Trenton (A.), Dec. 26, Washington — Rahl. 1777. Battle of Princeton (A.), Jan. 3, Washington. Washington wintered at Morristown. Howe transferred British army to Chesapeake Bay. Washington moved to defend Philadelphia. Battle of Brandywine (B.), Sir W. Howe — Wash- ington. Howe entered Philadelphia (B.). Battle of Germantown (B.), Sir Wo Howe — Wash- ington. Burgoyne^s Invasion with St. Leger. Battle of Oriskany (A.), Herkimer — Johnson. Fort Stanwix. St. Leger defeated (A.). Battle of Bennington (A.), Stark — Baum. Battle of Bemis Heights, drawn battle. Gates — Burgoyne. Battle of Stillwater (A.), Arnold, Morgan — Bur- goyne. Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga (A.), Oct. 17. One of the great events of the world. It saved New York, destroyed the British plan of war, 2B OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY induced the king to offer concessions (except independence) and secured the aid of France. Credit for success due Arnold and Morgan. American's winter at Valley Forge — " Conway Cabal.** Foreign officers — Steuben, De Kalb^ Pulaski, Lafayette. 1778. Alliance with France. Clinton retreated from Philadelphia {A.^. Battle of Monmouth, drawn battle, Washington— Clinton. Lee's disgrace. Wyoming Massacre — Sullivan's retaliation. George Rogers Clark subdued Northwest. Paul Jones's naval victories. 1778-1 T81 Principally in the Southern States 1778. The South invaded. Savannah captured by Clinton, Dec. 29. 1779. Conquest of Georgia (B.). Lincoln's attack on Savannah (B.), Wayne's capture of Stony Paint, in the North (A.). 1780. Capture of Charleston (B.), Clinton- — Lincoln. Battle of Camden (B.), Cornwallis — Gates. Arrival of French army at Newport. Arnold's treason, N.Y. Andre. Battle of King's Mountain (A.), Sevier — Ferguson. Greene took command in the South. 1781. Battle of Cowpens (A.), Morgan— Tarleton. Cornwallis's march from Charleston. Greene's masterly retreat across North Carolina. Battle of Guilford Court House (B.), Cornwallis — Greene. 24 ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH A GOVERNMENT Greene's recovery of the South (A.), Marion, Lee, and Morgan. Cornwallis and Arnold in Virginia. Washington and Rochambeau hurried to Virginia. De Grasse arrived with fleet. Capture of Yorktown (A.), Oct. 19. Surrender of Cornwallis to Washington and La- fayette; practical end of war. 1783. Treaty of Peace signed at Paris, Sept. 3. Causes of American Success 1. Unfailing courage and ability of Washington 2. The persistent spirit of the American patriots. 3. Alliance and support of the French. 4c The weakness of the British commanders in the field. 5. The inability of the English to send reenforce- ments to their army because of other wars. 6. General apathy of British public. Attempt to establish a Government The Second Continental Congress, by general consent, continued the direction of affairs, having no defined powers, and being justified by the necessities of the war. Li 1776, all the colonies except New York (1777), Georgia (1777), and Massachusetts (1780), adopted constitutions and became states. The Articles of Confederation. — Framed by the Continental Congress, YIll, but disputes about Western territories de- layed their adoption by all the colonies until March 1, 1781. Little more than a treaty between sovereign states. Provided a government consisting of a Congress of one house, composed of two to seven delegates from each stat© OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY each of the thirteen states having only one vote. This Con^ gress governed through officers (Secretary of War, etc.) whom it appointed. Failure on account of lack of provision (1) for en- forcing laws; (2) for raising money, (3) for regulation of commerce. Congress constantly weaker. Quarrels between states. No public credit. Desperate state of af- fairs ; called the " Critical Period " of our history. Ordinance of 1787. — Only important act of Congress dur- ing this period. Provided free government and no slavery for Northwest Territory ; i.e. region bounded by Ohio, Mis- sissippi, and Great Lakes. Shays's Rebellion, in Massachusetts. Emphasized need of strong federal government. The Making of the Constitution. — Trade Meeting at An- napolis, 1786, — only five states sent delegates. Call issued for convention to devise " for a more perfect union." Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, May to Septem- ber, 1787. Washington presiding officer; 55 members. Madison and Hamilton leaders. Rivalry between large and small states ; three great compromises : (1) Equal representation of states in the Senate ; repre- sentation according to size in House of Representatives. (2) Three fifths of slaves to count as basis of representa- tion. (3) Importation of slaves guaranteed until 1808, after which forbidden. Silence about slavery. The Constitution (1) created separate legislative, executive, and judicial departments. (2) It divided national legislature (Congress) into two bodies, with authority from people and nearly equal legisla- tive jurisdiction, thus imposing a check on hasty legislation and of power by a single body. 26 THE CONSTITUTION (3) It established a supreme court with power to decide on constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. (4) By its checks and balances, it distributed power, so that liberty should never be in danger. Important checks : (a) division of sovereignty between nation and state ; (h) fre- quent popular elections; (c) concurrent jurisdiction of two houses ; {<]) veto power of President ; (e) independence of judiciary ; (/) confirming power of Senate. Contest to pass the Constittitlon. — When the Constitution was published, it met warm friends and opponents. Its friends (" Federalists ") were (1) those who recognized in it an ad- mirable system ; (2) those who considered it best attainable government for United States; (3) mercantile and manu- facturing class who favored its power over commerce and revenue. Its adversaries (" Anti-Federalists ") were (1) those who opposed enlargement of federal powers; (2) the officers afraid of being ousted ; (3) those believing its pro- visions dangerous to state rights and liberties; (i) those opposing any energetic government protecting rights of property. Importance of the " Federalist," valuable exposi- tions of Constitution by Hamilton, Madison, and others. The decisions in the states on the adoption of the new Constitution came from conventions of the people. Delaware was the first state to ratify, Dec. 7, 1787. Seven other states ratified it before the following June. New Hampshire, the ninth state, ratified, June 21, 1788, and on that day, therefore, the Constitution was established between the nine states, as called for in Article VII., superseding the Articles of Confederation. Virginia and New York ratified immediately, making eleven in the Union. The Continental Congress ordered that electors should be chosen the first Wednesday in January, 1789, to vote for the President the first Wednesday in February, and that a new 27 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY Congress should meet in New York on the first Wednesday in March (happened to be March 4). Washington unanimously elected first President; John Adams, having the next largest number of votes, elected Vice President. Washington sworn into office in front of Federal Hall, New York, April 30, 1789. THE UNITED STATES UNDER THE CON- STITUTION GEORGE WASHINGTON (Va,), 1789-1797 JOHN ADAMS, V. P, New government organized. Supreme, circuit, and district courts established. Departments of State, War, and Treasury formed. First Ten Amendments adopted. Hamilton's Financial Measures : — (1) Tax on foreign goods. (4) United States Bank. (2) Funding Bill. (5) Exciss Law. (3) Assumption Bill. Secretaries : — Thomas Jefferson, State. Alexander Hamilton, Treasury. Henry Knox, War. Before the end of Washington's first term he had begun to consult Attorney General Edmund Randolph, Chief Justice John Jay, and Vice President Adams, as well as his three secretaries. Germ of the Cabinet. Ratification by North Carolina, 1789, and Rhode Island, 1790. 28 ADMINISTRATION OF ADAMS Indian troubles — Harmar, St. Clair, Wayne. Vermont admitted to Union, 1791; Kentucky, 1792. Citi- zen Genet's Mission. Whisky Rebellion. Jay's Treaty^ 1794. Tennessee admitted, 1796. Washington's Farewell Address. Retirement to private life. The administration of Washington organized the new govern- ment on a broad and permanent basis. Washington was an aristocrat by birth, position, and inclination. On the other hand, his dignity, self-control, sympathy, and unfailing judgment made him revered by tlie masses of the people. Trained by experience, he had the essentials of statesmanship — great character, dignity, rectitude of purpose, and knowledge of men. JOHN ADAMS (Mass.), 1797-1801 THOMAS JEFFERSON, V. P. War with France barely averted. " X. Y. Z." letters. Alien and Sedition Laios.~'T\\Q Alien law increased the time necessary for naturalization to fourteen years, and authorized President to arrest and expel from the country foreigners whom he deemed dangerous. The Sedition law punished any one who, by writing or speaking, tended to bring the government into contempt. Both very unpopular. Helped cause the downfall of Federalists. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798. — (1) That Alien and Sedition acts are open violations of the Constitution. (2) That the Constitution is merely an agreement between states as equal partners. (3) That each state may decide whether a law is against the Constitution or not. Capital removed from Philadelphia to Washington (1800). Decline of the Federalist party. Death of Washington (1799). Tie for the Presidency (XII. Amendment), " Mid- night appointments.'* 29 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY Adams's administration was one of the stormiest in our history: from a party standpoint, a failure ; from that of national interest, a success. Adams was unfortunate in being Washington's suc- cessor, in inheriting the troubles with France, and in being at variance with political leaders. His defeat came very largely from the rise of new ideas. THOMAS JEFFERSON (Va.), i8oi-i8og AARON BURR AND GEORGE CLINTON, V. P'S. Leading men. — Gallatin, Marshall, Madison, and Han- dolph. Triumph of Anti-Federalists or Democratic-Republicans, now coming to be called Democrats. Beginning of a sim- pler regime at Washington. War with Tripoli, 1801. — Spirited resistance to Tripolitan pirates. Decatur. Burning of the Philadelphia. Louisiana Purchase, 1803. — Louisiana bought by Jeffer- son, for $15,000,000, from Napoleon. Contrary to Demo- cratic principle of " strict construction " of the Constitution. Results — secured Western boundary, opened Mississippi Valley to settlement, gave precedent for acquiring new territory. Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806, first exploration of far Northwest. Basis of future claims for United States. Aaron Burr — duel with Hamilton (1804); conspiracy, Blennerhasset, 1805 and 1806 ; trial ; lived on in obscurity. American commerce and carrying trade injured by Berlin and Milan decrees, and by Orders in Council. Attempt to retaliate by The Embargo and Non^ Intercourse acts, 1807 and 1808. Ruinous to American merchant marine. Caused great dis- content; did not greatly affect Britain or France. Feeling against England. Leopard and Chesapeake affair. 30 ADMINISTRATION OF MADISON First successful steamboat — Fulton, 1807. Jefferson an idealist, more a political philosopher than a practi- cal statesman. He was a widely cultured country gentleman, with a profound belief in human capacity for progress. He had liberal political theories, and his exposition of general republican (demo- cratic) ideas still meets wide approval. He understood the Ameri- can people, and molded public opinion as few men have done. JAMES MADISON (Va.), 1809-1817 GEORGE CLINTON AND ELBRIDGE GERRY, V. P'S. The Macon Bill. Trade restored with England and France. Napoleon's trickery helped to increase feeling against England. Indian troubles. — Battle of Tippecanoe, William Harri- son — Tecumseh. Causes of War of 1812 set forth in proclamation against England : — (1) Tampering with Indians — encouraging them in recent oucbreak. (2) Interfering with American trade by Orders in Council. (3) Searching American vessels on the high seas and near our ports. (4) Impressing American sailors. Conditions at beginning of war. — American navy num- bered twelve ships and a few useless " gunboats " ; British navy about 1000 vessels, some the most powerful afloat. Brilliant and successful sea fights. American army, men undisciplined, and officers generally politicians, so land battles failures until political officers were removed and men properly disciplined. 31 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY The War of 1812 The war may be divided into: (1) War along the border of Canada; (2) War along the Atlantic Coast; (3) Wai; in the Gulf States. War along the Border of Canada 1812. Hull's cowardly surrender of Detroit (B.). Battle of Queenstown Heights (B.), Van Rensselaer Four Naval Engagements : — Constitution took Guerriere (A.), Wasp took Frolic (A.). United States took Macedonian (A.). Constitution took Java (A.). In excuse for these victories, admiralty in England claimed (1) American navy by no means inadequate ; (2) the American ships must have had advantage in guns and men ; (3) American frigates were ships of the line in disguise. Famous American Naval Commanders. — Capt. Isaac Hull, Capt. Bainbridge {Constitution) \ Capt. Decatur {United States) ; Capt. Lawrence ( Wasp, Hornet, Chesapeake) ; Capt. Porter (Essex) ; Capt. Perry {Lake Erie) ; Capt. Mac- donough {Lake Champlain). 1813. The Massacre of Raisin River (B.), Proctor — Win- chester. Capture and Burning of York (Toronto) by Dear* born (A.). Siege of Fort Meigs and Fort Stevenson (A.), Battle of the Thames (A.). Unsuccessful Montreal campaign. Chrysler's Farm. THE WAU OF 1812 Naval engagements : — Perry's Victory on Lake Erie (A.). Hornet took Peacock (A.) . Cruise of Essex in the Pacific (A.). Chesapeake taken by Shannon (B.), June 1, Capt. Lawrence, — "Don't give up the ship." Argus taken by Pelican (B.). Enterprise took Boxer (A.). Geno Andrew Jackson revenged the massacre at Fort Mims. 1814. Capture of Fort Erie (A.). Battle of Chippewa (A.). Battle of Lundy's Lane (A.), Gen. Brown, Lieut Scott. Macdonough's victory on Lake Champlain (A.). Battle of Fort Erie (A.). War along the Atlantic Coast 1813. Blockade below New York. Chesapeake Bay made an English naval base. 1814. Stonington, Connecticut, plundered. Eastern half of Maine seized. Washington burned. Baltimore attacked. <^ Star-Spangled Banner." War in the Gulf States iB14. Jackson captured Pensacola (A.). 1815. Battle of New Orleans (A.), General Jackson — Sir Edward Pakenham. Only brilliant American land victory. 1814. Naval Engagements: — Essex taken by Phoebe and Cherub (B.). Peacock took Epervier (A). Wasp took Avon (A). 33 OUTLINE OF AMEKICAN HISTORY 1815. President taken by British fleet (B.). Constitution took Cyane and Levant (A.). Hornet took Penguin (A.). Peace signed at Ghent, Christmas Eve, 1814. News of it reached America the middle of February. The treaty did not touch the impressment abuse, the right of search, or Orders in Council, for which the war had been waged. The American naval victories lessened the danger from these causes. Fact that England was busy with Napoleon, 1812- 1815, helped United States. The Hartford Convention, 1814. — Climax of disaffection in New England, where there was much opposition to the war. Federalist delegates recommended constitutional amend- ments which would have disrupted the Union, and asserted the doctrine of " states rights " very strongly. The treaty of peace removed chief grievance before commissioners reached Washington. Attitude of New England at this time used later as argu- ment to support contention of the South that states had a right to secede. Trouble with Barbary States settled by Decatur. Tariff of 1816. — First "protective tariff," due to the war and rise of manufactures. Beginning of policy of "protec- tion," followed to a greater or less degree ever since. Second Bank of the United States, chartered 1816, for 20 years. First Bank, founded by Hamilton, ended 1811. Madison a cabinet statesman. Concerned in all the important measures and events of early national life. A man of high char- acter and a statesman of the first order, a master of the principles of government, but not fitted for practical application of these principles. His cabinet was not very efficient, finances were badly managed, and the War Department at loose ends. ADMINISTRATION OF MONROE JAMES MONROE (Va.), 1817-1825 DANIEL D. TOMPKINS, V. P. Era of Good Feeling — Federalist party extinct. No po- iitical contest between parties. Only one vote against Mon- roe, second term. Mississippi admitted (1817), Illinois (1818). Seminole war — Jackson — Pensacola. Slight interna- tional complication. Boundary Disputes. — 49th parallel northern boundary, as far as Rockies. Acquisition of Florida from Spain, 1819. Western boundary of Louisiana settled along the Sabine, Red, and Arkansas rivers; then along 42d parallel to Pacific. Monroe Doctrine. — The Russian claims on the Pacific; the recognition of the South American Republics; the proposal of the "Holy Alliance." Monroe's annual Message (1823) announced that (1) the United States M'ould not in- terfere in Europe, (2) nor with any recognized European colonies in America ; but that (3) no new European colonies should be planted in America, and (4) the United States would not ^'vieiv with indifference" an attempt hy any nation of Europe to reduce " an independent nation of North or South America to the condition of a colony." The Slavery Question — Its importance already felt. States admitted in pairs. Application of two Northern states, Maine and Missouri, caused alarm in South. Bitter contest resulting in The Missouri Compromise, 1820: — (1) The admission of Maine as a free state. (2) The admission of Missouri as a slave state. (3) The extension of the southern border line of Mis- souri (36° 30') through the remainder of the Louisiana OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY purchase, with the agreement that territory north of this line should forever remain free. Due largely to Henry Clay; the first of his three famous compromises. Tariff of 1824. — Higher duties on wool, woolen and cot- ton goods, iron, and hemp, meant financial loss to the South; benefited Northern manufacturers. Mise ofNetv Parties.— Democratic^ tariff " for revenue only,' "strict construction" of the Constitution. Led by Jackson. National Republican, protective tariff, internal improvements, "broad construction." Led by Clay and Adams. Lafayette guest of the Nation. Enthusiastic reception. Bitter struggle at presidential election of 1824 between the new parties. Charge of corrupt bargains against Adams. Monroe was fortunate not only in having to preside over a united people, but in choosing good advisers. His satisfactory adminis- tration was neither supported nor opposed by any party associa- tion, or by any party principles. He behaved with great dignity toward the intriguing politicians, who were aiming to succeed him. Generally regarded as the weakest of early presidents. Has suf- fered, however, from comparison with four or five illustrious associates — Washington, Marshall, Hamilton, Jefferson, and Madii. sou. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (Mass.), 1825-1829 JOHN C. CALHOUN, V. P. Internal improvements the keynote of the President's inaugural address. Erie Canal (DeWitt Clinton) and its results. Great Western movements. Pennsylvania route to the West. Baltimore route. Panama Congress for American Republics. Delegates finally sent to establish commerce between the republics and to reaffirm the Monroe Doctrine. No results accom- plished. United States now knew that friendship but not ADMINISTRATION OF JACKSON brotherhood, encouragement but not alliance, were only possible relations with these republics. Death of Jefferson and John Adams, July 4, 1826. Troubles with the Cherokee Indians in Georgia. Tariff of 1828, the so-called "tariff of abominations,'* or "the Woolen Tariff of 1828," represented the high-water mark of protective legislation before the Civil War. A po- litical job. Obnoxious features in it intended either to kill the measure or to kill Adams's chances for second term if he signed it. South Carolina's discontent. John C. Calhoun^s famous " Exposition " and protest. Growth of State Sovereignty sentiment in South. Adams was a man of upright character, great ability, and high integrity, but he had his father's coldness of manner and inability to make friends. His policy was vigorous, but too bold for a minority President to pursue, as Congress opposed him in every way. His appointments were good, but obnoxious to the people. The rise of new ideas was the real cause of his defeat, although be refused to do any electioneering, and his campaign was badly managed. ANDREW JACKSON (Tenn.), 1829-1837 JOHN C. CALHOUN AND MARTIN VAN BUREN, V. f'S. Triumph of the Democratic Party. Development of the ^* Party of the People." New features: — (1) Removal of old property qualifications for voters. (2) Popular vote instead of appointment in state af- fairs. (3) System of rotation in office developed. (4) Gerrymandering. (5) Distribution of offices as rewards — " Spoils system," Jackson represented the above ideas. SI OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY Simple inauguration. Numerous removals from federal offices — putting " Spoils system" into practice. "Kitchen Cabinet." Webster-Hayne Debate. Hayne for " Nullifica- tion " on the grounds that the Union was a league of sover- eign states. Webster for a supreme indissoluble national government. Importance of Jackson's toast (1830) — 'K)ur Federal Union ; it must be preserved " : (1) Showed South he would stop nullification move- ment. (2) Warned North of plot against Union. Caused final break with Vice-President Calhoun. Rise of Abolitionist Party. — William Lloyd Garrison's "Liberator," 1831. Anti-Slavery Societies. The Black Hawk War, 1832. "^ Bill to recharter bank vetoed, 1832. Jackson's reasons; — (1) The monopoly was too cheap at $3,000,000; it should be auctioned off. (2) As to existing bank, foreigners held too much stock. (3) Suspicions of mismanagement were not set at rest. The Tariff of 1832. — Reduction from that of 1828, but still protective, and objectionable to the South. Result: — Nullification ^c#. — Calhoun, — passed by South Carolina (Nov., 1832). (1) It forbade all appeal to Supreme Court, leaving South Carolina sole arbiter. (2) The two tariffs were pronounced null and void. (3) Any attempt to coerce South Carolina to result in immediate organization of separate government. In other words, South Carolina, by this act, put into prac- tice the doctrine of " states rights," assumed the right to " nullify " acts of Congress, and threatened to " secede " if the United States government tried to enforce these acts, 38 ADMINISTRATION OF JACKSON X serious situation. *' Old Hickory ** bound to uphold the Constitution. Congress passed Force Bill (March 2, 1833). War averted only by Clay's second compromise measure. — The Compromise tariff of 1833 (March 2) providing for decrease in tariff each year for next ten years. So South Carolina was appeased for the time. Presidential campaign, 1832. — Anti-Masonic Party held first " nominating convention." National Repuhlicarii^ led by Clay (" Clay's Infant School ") framed first party platform demanding (1) protection to American Industry; (2) in- ternal improvements at government expense; and (3) de- nouncing Jackson's removals from office for difference of political opinion. Democratic Party, led by Jackson and Van Buren, won an overwhelming victory. Jackson's reelection meant the fall of the Bank. The Bavh still hoped for a new charter and kept on buy- ing up Congressmen. In 1833 Jackson advised Congress to sell its stock in bank. Investigation proved the bank all right. But Jackson indomitable in his opposition. Duane, Secretary of Treasury, removed because he would not obey the President, and Taney appointed. " Removal of de- posits " began. Money transferred to state banks ("pet banks "). The number of " Wildcat " state banks more than doubled in Jackson's second term. An epidemic of speculation de- veloped from resulting "cheap money." In 1836 Jackson issued his " Specie Circular," requiring public land payments to be made in gold and silver. Surplus Pevenue distribution.— -The funded debt of 1790 ($75,000,000), increased to $127,000,000 by War of 1812, entirely paid off in 1835. The sale of public land and the great revenue under the tariff produced a surplus of over $40,000,000. Congress, by the Deposit Act, ordered Surplus 39 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY on Hand, Jan. 1, 1837, to be distributed to the states in fouT payments. Accordingly, the government paid out $28,000,000, exhausting the funds on hand. Beginning of railroads (1830) ; rapid growth. Canals. Coastwise steamers. River steamboats. The Rise of the Whig Party. — Circumstances tended to ynite all parties into one against Jackson ism. The name " Whig " recalled the patriots of the Revolution, and meant opposition to Jackson's high-handed assumption of power ("The reign of King Andrew"). The basis of the party was National Republican ; with this joined the Anti-Masons, Southern Seceders, and Carolina nullifiers. All wanted to defeat Jackson at any cost. The Whigs called no national convention, but picked Gen, William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, and Granger, of New York, as the strongest of the " state favorites." The Demo- crats, in National Convention, nominated Van Buren and R. M. Johnson, the favorites of Jackson. All these candi- dates were small men backed by greater forces than them- selves. The election of Van Buren, a personal victory for Jackson. Jackson was a man of the people : the first great product of the new West. The former Presidents had been educated men, quiet and dignified in manner. Jackson had little education, a violent temper, and queer manners. His character was decided and strong, he brooked no opposition, and carried through whatever he under- took. Not a trained statesman, and his opinions were often preju- dices. But he was honest, fearless, and truly representative of the new democratic principles. His foreign policies and treaties, direct trade with West Indies and French Spoliation claims, were, on the whole, wise and bril- liant. Jefferson and Jackson were the greatest personal rulers the United States had so far produced : the former a keen manager and persuader ; the latter a patriotic dictator. 40 ADMINISTRATION OF VAN BUREN MARTIN VAN BUREN (N.Y.), 1837-1841 RICHARD M. JOHNSON, V. P. The Panic of 1837. — The Specie Circular had diverted coin to the west, and the call for the Surplus had further embarrassed the Eastern Banks. Too many railroads built. Money grew scarce, credits stopped, loans were called. In March a cotton failure in New Orleans precipitated the panic. The banks with $38,000,000 in coin could not meet an issue of $.525,000,000 in notes. The "pet" banks sus- pended, revealing great defalcation of public money. The people, the states, and the federal government were bank- rupt. Special session of Congress called to consider deposits of government funds. Van Buren attributed the panic to (1) multiplication of banks; (2) foreign money, $30,000,- 000, borrowed by states ; (3) reckless speculation in land ; (4) vast expenditure on internal improvements. He proposed the Sub Treasury Scheme. — Complete divorce of government from state and national bank. Arguments for — (1) revenues in Government vaults would be safe ; (2) it could not be used for speculative or for political purposes. Arguments against — (1) it would increase executive power; (2) the surplus would be idle; (3) it did not establish sound currency. This so-called " Divorce Bill " did not pass, but as a relief measure, the special session stopped the payment of the fourth installment of the Surplus Revenue distribution. Abolition Petitions refused by Congress (1838). Adams's fight against the "Gag Rule," as violating the spirit of the first Constitutional amendment, which insures the right to 41 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY petition the government for redress of grievances. The Mormo?is settled at Nauvoo, 111. (1839). The continua- tion of Seminole War (1835-1842). The Campaign of 1840. — -The Log Cabin and hard cider campaign. The Democratic convention met in May, de- clared against interference with slavery, and renominated Van Buren and Johnson. Blame for the " hard times ** rested on Democrats. The Sub-Treasury hill was passed in June (1840) to aid Van Buren. The Whigs held no convention, but by process of exclusion named Harrison of Ohio, the old "hero of Tippe- canoe," and John Tyler of Virginia. Democrats nominated Van Buren. The Liberty Party, or abolitionists, named James S. Birney for President. Van Buren's administration suffered from having to bear the consequences of some of Jackson's acts, particularly of the " Spoils System." The Sub-Treasury bill was its most important measure. By tactics learned in the political school of Burr, Van Buren rose to be governor of New York, and by adulation of Jackson, to be President. He really had administrative and diplomatic ability, but he was too subservient to Jackson's policy and ideas — was not a great man. He had easy manners and was adroit in political management, but in trying to please every one, he went too far. WILLIAM H. HARRISON (0.), 1841 (March 4-April 4) JOHN TYLER (Va.), V. P., and Pres. 1841-1845 Death of Harrison (April 4, 1841). Rupture between Tyler and the Whig Party. — Causes : The Independent Treasury Law repealed. Bill to recharter Bank of United States under name of " Fiscal Bank of United States" vetoed. Second Bill for "Fiscal Corporation," framed by Whig cabinet, removed President's objection. Tyler broke faith with Congress and vetoed this second bill. 42 ADMINISTRATION OF TYLER His motives (1) rupture with Clay; (2) ambition for re« election. Resignation of entire cabinet, except Webster. Tyler formally read out of the Whig Party. The Ashburton Treaty, 1842. — Webster, though a strong Whig, remained in cabinet to conclude his pending treaty with England. It settled the Northeastern boundary dis- pute growing out of vague terms in the peace treaty of 1783 ; also, cruising convention for suppression of slave trade, mu- tual extradition and delivery of criminals agreed upon. Dorr's Rebellion in Rhode Island (1841-1842) nearly led to civil war. The advocates of a new state constitution tried to make Dorr governor. The supporters of the old illiberal constitution, after a bitter contest, caused Dorr's arrest. Negotiation over Texan. — Mexico freed from Spain, 1821. Old Spanish Provinces made into states, of which Texas was one. Many Americans settled on grants of land. Rebel- lion against harsh Mexican rule, 1833. Southern aid given. Battle of Jacinto (1836) . Houston — Santa Anna ; — secured Independence of Texas, which was recognized by United States (1837), England, France, and Belgium. In April, 1844, Tyler announced secretly prepared treaty. Defeated in Senate. Annexation of Texas, i.e. spread of slavery, chief issue in campaign of 1844. Congress, hy joint resolution, annexed Texas ; four additional states to be made from the territory, those north of 36° 30' (Missouri Compromise) to be free. Tyler signed this joint resolution three days before he left office. The Campaign of 1844. —The Democrat'' nominated James K. Polk, a "dark horse," but an unconditional an- nexationist. The Whigs rallied around Henry Clay, a bril- liant orator, and a natural leader, who combined the three rare qualities of eloquence, personal influence, and creative 4a OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY power in legislation. His "Alabama Letters'* on slavery lost the support of the antislavery men, who joined the Liberty Party. This lost Clay New York State and the election. Clay never again took an active part in politics, — his life ambition was gone. Polk and Dallas were elected. The Tyler administration reaped the fruit of the Whig feud. Tyler was an amiable man of some capacity. His conscience was tender and sensitive in small matters, but callous to deeper actions. He lacked discretion, and was not a natural leader. He was not a Whig, but a dissatisfied Democrat nominated for Vice President to secure votes. His becoming President shows the danger of such a course, and the weakness of the office of Vice President. Tyler's term makes clear the importance of choosing properly qualified candidates for Vice President. JAMES K. POLK (Tenn.) 1845-1849 GEORGE M. DALLAS, V. P. The Sub-Treasury System, 1846. — By the election of 1844, the Democrats had obtained entire control of the govern- ment. The Sub-Treasury System, first framed in 1840 and repealed by the Whigs in 1841, was reestablished in 1846, and is still in its main features the financial method of handling government funds to-day. The Tariff of 1846. — A new tariff, for revenue only, swept away the " American System " — the union of protective tariff and internal improvements. This tariff system re- mained in force until 1861, when a tariff for protection was again passed. The Oregon Country was, by the agreement of 1818, to be held jointly by England and the United States. The north boundary between Oregon and Russian Alaska fixed at 54° 40', in 1825. The claims of the United States were based on (1) discovery by Captain Gray (1792), (2) explorar 44 THE MEXICAN WAR tion by Lewis and Clark (1805) [see p. 30], 'land (3) earl^ settlement by Astor (1811). The British cdaims were based upon Hudson Bay Company trading posts, but this company kept out government settlers. Through the labors of Dr. Whitman, Americans settled the Columbia River region and "saved" the Oregon territory. The political watchwords of 1844 were " The whole of Oregon or none," and " Fifty- four forty or fight." The treaty of 1846 with England, how- ever, fixed our northern boundary at the 49th parallel. Two years later (1848), Oregon territory was organized, exclud- ing slavery, as it was north of 36° 30' (Missouri Compromise), and Congress applied the Ordinance of 1787. The Mexican War, 1846, 1847 Cause.-— Disputes as to whether the Rio Grande or Neuces River was the boundary of Texas. The United States claimed the former. General Taylor, ordered to take possession of disputed territory, marched to Fort Brown (Brownsville) on the Rio Grande. A scouting party, under Captain Thornton, was captured (April 24, 1846). This first bloodshed the basis of Polk's fiery message to Congress, that war existed " by the act of Mexico." Lincoln's " spot resolu- tions." Taylor's Campaign Palo Alto, May 8, 1846 (A.), General Taylor — Arista (?). Resaca de la Palma, May 9 (A.), Taylor. Siege of Monterey, Sept. 22-24, 1846 (A.), Taylor — Santa Anna. In the far West. — Conquest of California (A.), Commo- dores Sloat and Stockton aided by Fremont, 1846. Conquest of New Mexico (A.), General Kearney. Buena Vista, Feb. 23, 1847 (A.), Taylor — Santa Anna. 45 V OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY A l^coWs Campaign, 1847 Series of battles between Scott and Santa Anna. — Capture of Vera Cruz, March 27; Cerro Gordo, April 18; Pueblo, May 15; Contreras, Aug. 19 ; San Antonio, Aug. 20 ; Churu- busco, Aug. 20; Molino del Rey, bloodiest battle of war, Sept. 8 ; Chapultepec, Sept. 13 ; triumphal entry into Mexi- can capital, Sept. 14, 1847. — All American successes. Summary. — Taylor and Scott wrested stronghold after stronghold from the hands of greatly superior forces. Amer- ican troops won every pitched battle. The superior morale of these volunteer troops was in marked contrast with the inefficiency of the War of 1812. The war also important for the training it furnished young officers — McClellan, Grant, " Stonewall" Jackson, Lee, etc., who were destined to play important parts in the Civil War. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Feb. 2, 1848) granted (1) to the United States all territory north of the Rio Grande and Gila rivers; (2) to Mexico $15,000,000 in re- turn, and the payment of her debt of $3,000,000 due to American citizens. This new territory included not only the present California and New Mexico, but also Nevada, Arizona, Utah, and parts of Colorado and W^yoraing. By the Gadsden Purchase (1853), the United States pur- chased, for $10,000,000, over 45,000 square miles of land south of the Gila River. This purchase established the present American boundary line with Mexico. The Wilmot Proviso. — An amendment by Representative Wilmot of Pennsylvania to a bill then pending (1846) that no money should be appropriated to purchase territory un- less slavery were prohibited therein. The amendment was lost in the Senate, but the principle involved in it became the chief issue in the next campaign. 46 ADMINISTRATION OF TAYLOR The Campaign of 1848. — "The Stars and Stripes Cam- paign," The Whigs nominated General Zachary Taylor, of L/Ouisiana, and Millard Fillmore, of New York, but made no statement of principles. The Democrats nominated Lewis Cass, of Michigan, and William O. Butler.^ Their platform silent about extension of slavery. This refusal of the two parties to meet the question of the hour, slavery in the terri- tories, gave rise to the Free Soil Party composed of some Whigs, the Wilmot Proviso Democrats, and the remnant of the old Liberty Party. The Free Soil Party nominated ex-President Van Buren and Charles F. Adams and declared for " Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men." The Whigs won their second and last great political vict,ory. Polk's administration, viewed from the standpoint of results, was one of the greatest in our national history. He succeeded because he insisted on being the center. A compromise candidate, pledged to one term, he was singularly fortunate in his cabinet of distin- guished Democrats, representing all sections. His solid abilities, extraordinary energy, and indomitable will produced brilliant results at every crisis, whatever his motives may have been. In private life he was frank and courteous. His habits were simple and his character blameless. ZACHARY TAYLOR (La.) 1849-1850 MILLARD FILLMORE (W.Y.), V. P., and Pres. 1850-1853 Sectional Feeling. — From 1849 the growing feeling be- tween tl)e North and South advanced steadily. From the very beginning of Taylor's term, most of the country's diffi- culties were connected with slavery ; Congress had recently excluded slavery from Oregon. None of the proposals rela* five to slavery in the new territory ceded by Mexico, i.e. (1) Wilmot proviso ; (2) extension of 36° 30' line to Pacific; (3) squatter sovereignty, proposed by Cass; (4) executive 47 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY regulation, had secured a majority in both houses. The dis- covery of gold, and the rush of " forty-niners " settled this question so far as California was concerned. A state gov- ernment was organized excluding slavery without waiting for any act of Congress. The admission of Califoi-nia meant the upsetting of the balance of power between the free and slave states, and permanent superiority of the North in the Senate. The North wished California admitted as a free soil state, and insisted that slavery be abolished in the Dis- trict of Columbia. The Free Soil Party demanded that there should be no more slave states or territories. The South opposed California's admission as a free state and com- plained that the existing fugitive slave law was not en- forced. " Underground Railroad." The Compromise of 1850. — Clay, the "Pacificator," pro- posed compromises to meet the grave situation. This was Clay's third great compromise. Nearly all concessions fa- vored the South. Clay appealed for union. His defense of his plan one of his finest speeches. In March, 1850, came three great speeches : (a) Calhoun's for secession ; last great effort ; speech read for him ; (i) Webster's " Seventh of March Speech " approved the compromises to avoid secession, an- gered New England, and practically killed him politically ; (c) Seward's speech denounced all compromise with slavery and appealed to a higher law than civil authority. President Tmjlor's death (July 9, 1850) completely changed the policy of the administration, which under Fillmore favored the adoption and rigid enforcement of the Compro- mise provisions which were : (1) California to he admitted as a free state ; (2) New Mexico and Utah to be organized as territories without any restrictions in regard to slavery; (3) Texas to receive gift of money for land ceded to New Mexico > 4^ ADMINISTRATION OF PIERCE Ci) slave trade (hut not slaver?/) to he aholished within District of Columbia; (5) A Fugitive Slave Law, stringent enough to satisfy the South, to be passed. The first three items were originally in one bill, nicknamed " The Omnibus Bill." The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was so severe that it defeated its own end by the opposition which it aroused. Continued activity of " Underground Railroad." Resistance to the "men hunters." Shadrack's rescue in Boston. The passage of Personal Liberty Laws. " Uncle Tom's Cabin." Visit of Louis Kossuth, great Hungarian orator, in exile. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850. — Panama Canal. The Campaign of 1852. — The Democratic Convention declared against further slavery agitation and indorsed Compromise of 1850. Nominated Franklin Pierce, a second '* dark horse." The Whig Convention passed Fillmore and Webster, and nominated General W infield Scott. The Free Soil Party nominated John P. Hale, of New Hampshire. Pierce and King carried all but four states. It was com- monly said that the Whig party was killed by attempting to swallow Fugitive Slave Law ; won only two elections. The rise of the American, or "Know Nothing" Party, 1852; so nicknamed because its members professed to know nothing of its principles ; America for Americans its main idea. President Taylor was untrained as a statesman, but he showed, in his short administration, great common sense and firmness. He was by nature a soldier, blunt and " downright." Fillmore, although a good man, was not a strong man. He relied upon Webster. FRANKLIN PIERCE (N.H.) 1853-1857 WILLIAM R. KING, V. P. Internal Affairs. — Country very prosperous. Exhibition of the arts and manufactures, Crystal Palace, New York 49 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY City (1853)— the first American "World's Fair." The New York clearing house opened to facilitate banking. Foreiyn Affairs. Austria. — The right of naturalization — the right of foreign-born immigrants to give up their alle- giance to their native country and become citizens of the country vs^here they reside — had always been upheld by the United States. This was one of the causes of the War of 1812. Martin Koszta, after heading a rebellion in Austria, became a naturalized American citizen. In 1853 Austria caught him in Asia Minor. An American war vessel com- pelled his immediate return. Austria greatly offended, but since then the validity of naturalization in the United States has never been questioned by any foreign power. Japan. — In 1854 Commodore M. C. Perry succeeded in entering Japanese ports, hitherto closed, and secured a favorable commercial treaty. The United States had secured "treaty ports " in China ten years before (Gushing). Spain. — The South was anxious to secure Cuba. Filli- bustering of Narciso Lopez, 1849-50-51. The Black War- rior. The South tried to secure Cuba by forcing war with Spain over the seizure of this steamer. This attempt merged into the " Ostend Manifesto" (Oct. 18, 1854). Soule, Bu- chanan, and Mason our ministers to Spain, England, and France met at Ostend, Belgium, and exchanged views rela- tive to the acquisition of Cuba. They issued a circular known as the " Ostend Manifesto" declaring (a) that Cuba was necessary to the United States ; (h) that we might well offer $120,000,000; (c) that if Spain would not accept our offer, conquest ought to be considered. The South con- curred, but the North characterized the letter as a " Mani- festo of Brigands." We accepted Spain's explanation of The Black Warrior seizure, and the cause for wiir was re- moved. 50 ADMINISTRATION OF PIERCE Kansas-Nebraska Act. — The South, unable to secure Cuba or other slave territory, and dissatisfied with the Fugitive Slave Law, was disappointed. In January, 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced a bill for the Organization of Nebraska Territory. Ambitious to please the SoutherE Democrats, he argued that slavery would be legal there. To support this, he advanced the untenable theory that the Missouri Compromise of 1820, applying to this region, had been rendered inoperative by the Compromise of 1850o It. was also proposed to revive the doctrine of " squatter sov- ereignty" so that all the lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36° 30', organized as territories and later as states, be admitted either free or slave, as the voters of each state might determine. After discussion, the new territory was divided into (a) Kansas, southern portion opposite Missouri, slave state; and (6) Nebraska, northern portion opposite Iowa, free state. This famous Kansas-Nebraska Act passed after heated debate in Congress for five months. The Kansas-Nebraska Act had three great results : (1) by repealing the Missouri Compromise Act and establishing " Popular Sovereignty " in the new territories, it opened a a neiu battle ground to the forces of slavery and freedom ; (2) it killed the expiring Whig Party and split the Democrats into a northern and southern section; (3) it united all the ^^Anti- Nebraska " men into a new political party f which soon took the name of the Republican Party. The Struggle for Kansas. — " SonS of the South " against " Free State Men," or the " Border Ruffians " against the " Black Republicans.'* Violent Kansas elections. Rival constitutions. Guerrilla warfare. John Brown. The assault upon Senator Sumner by Brooks, of South Carolina. " The crime against Kansas " speech by Sumner was the most ter- rible phillipic ever uttered in the Senate. 51 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY JAMES BUCHANAN (Pa.), 1857-1861 JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE, V. P. The Dred Scott Decision, March 6, 1857. — Scott had been taken by his master from Missouri, a slave state, to Illinois a free state, and to the free territory of Minnesota. When taken back to Missouri, he sued for freedom. The case involved (1) whether Scott, being of negro an- cestry, was a citizen, and so entitled to sue ; (2) whether his residence in a free state (Illinois) had made him free. On final appeal, the Supreme Court of the United States denied citizenship to Scott, and hence any standing in the court. This ended the case, but the court discussed the second point. It said that in Illinois, Scott's status as a slave was controlled by a Missouri domicile, and in Minnesota terri- tory, because it was unconstitutional to exclude slavery north of any parallel, i.e. the Missouri Compromise of 18W (36° 30') was null and void. This decision strengthened the South in its belief that slaves were " property," and subject only to state legislation. The effect in the North was to split the Democratic Party, and to strengthen the Republicans, w^ho believed that negro slaves were considered by the constitu- tion as " persons held to labor," and not as property. The Panic of 1857. — Exports had tripled in the last ten years. American shipping and "clipper ships" reached their highest point. Railroad mileage had increased with equal rapidity. Expansion everywhere. A great failure in Cincinnati for $7,000,000 precipitated financial panic. The Protectionists said that the panic was caused by the reduced revenue resulting from the lowered tariffs of 1846 and 1857. Probably brought on by overspeculation induced by the great gold production in California. No such suffering as 62 ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN in 1837, for abundant crops soon enabled the banks to resume specie payments. The Mormon Rebellion in Utah. — In 1846 the Mormons were forced to leave Nauvoo, Illinois. They settled at Salt Lake. In 1850, President Fillmore appointed Brigham Young territorial governor. In 1857, when President Buchanan tried to remove him, Young resisted the troops sent against him. Finally Buchanan pardoned the Mor- mons on condition that they obey the federal laws. The Lecompton Struggle in Kansas. — Robert J. Walker was appointed governor of Kansas, with instructions not to force the slavery question, but to make Kansas democratic. The pro-slavery convention held at Lecompton submitted a constitution to the people for ratification. By a trick, the ballots were so marked that, whatever the result of the elec- tion, the vote could be interpreted as pro- slavery. The ad- ministration connived at the trick, so Walker, who wanted fair play for the Free Soilers, resigned. Buchanan urged the admission of Kansas as a slave state under the obnoxious Lecompton constitution. A bribe of a large grant of public land was offered Kansas to accept this constitution, but the Free Soilers outvoted pro- slavery men. In 1861, Kansas finally admitted as a free state. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates were arranged to be held in seven towns. The questions discussed were popular sover- eignty, the Dred Scott Decision, and extension of slavery. At Freeport, Lincoln asked whether the people of any territory (i.e. Kansas), could prohibit slavery in any lawful way. Douglas's answer, " The Freeport Doctrine" was that they could, by "unfriendly legislation." That is, Douglas stood by his "squatter sovereignty,'* and so secured the senatorship, but he ignored the Dred Scott Decision, and so lost the Southern support necessary for the Presidential 63 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY Campaign of 1860. Lincoln pointed out with great power that reconciliation between " squatter sovereignty " and the Dred Scott Decision was absolutely impossible. These speeches won for Lincoln a national reputation. John Broivn's Raid. — On Oct. 16, 1859, Brown and eighteen followers seized the U. S. Armory at Harper's Ferry. The negroes whom he hoped to incite to insurrec- tion failed to rise, and after ten followers had been killed, Brown and four others were captured. Four escaped. After a fair trial, Brown was hanged, Dec. 2, 1859. The raid is only to be considered in the light of a single event, not to bo laid at the door of the North ; it was the deed of a man tem- porarily insane over the cause of slavery. The influence of Brown's Raid was due only to the mistaken view of the South in thinking it part of a great plot, and to the mis- guided Northern view which made Brown a hero. The Campaign of 1860. — After a stormy convention at Charleston, S.C., the Democrats were split into a Southern and Northern wing. The Southern wing declared that it was the duty of Congress to protect slavery in the territo- ries, and nominated John C. Breckinridge. The Northern wing declared that each territory ought to control slavery for itself, — squatter sovereignty, — and nominated Stephen A. Douglas. The Constitutional Union Party (remnants of old Whig and. Know Nothing parties) declared " for the Constitution, the Union, and the enforcement of the laws." They nominated John Bell. The Republican convention met at Chicago and advocated (1) no interference with slavery where it existed, (2) no extension of it into new territories, and (3) no reopening of the slave trade. Abraham Lincoln was nominated on the third ballot. In the election Lincoln gained steadily. He directed his campaign wisely and soberly. He made no 64 ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN speeches and wrote no letters for publication, but received all who cared to see him at Springfield, 111. Out of the popular vote Lincoln had about 1,900,000 against 1.400,000 for Douglas; 850,000 for Breckinridge; and 600,000 for Bell. The Seeessi&n Movement bettveen the ^Election and Inaugu ration of Lincoln. — On the day after Lincoln's election, the South Carolina legislature took steps toward calling a secession convention. Congress met early in December, but the Re- publicans were as yet undecided in their plan. Buchanan failed to meet the situation. Active steps under energetic men were taken in the South. South Carolina, Dec. 20, 1860, passed her secession ordinance claiming that the right to secede was an essential part of state sovereignty, and not a violation of the Constitution. B}^ Feb. 1, 1861, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had joined South Carolina in secession. Delegates met at Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 4, 1861, and established "The Con- federate States of America," with Jefferson Davis, Presi- dent, and Alexander H. Stephens, Vice President. The Federal Constitution, altered so as to include slavery, was adopted. Causes of the Civil War. — The underlying causes were (1) the doctrine of " State sovereignty," and (2) slavery. [For the long development of difficulties on these two subjects, see ordiuance of 1787, p. 26 ; Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, p. 29: Hartford Convention, p. 34; Missouri Compromise, p. 35; Nullification, p. 38; "Wilmot Proviso, p. 46: Compromise of 185(J, p. 48 ; Kansas-Nebraska Act, p. 51 ; Dred Scott Decision, p. 52 ; Lincoln-Douglas Debate, p. 53; John Brown's Raid, p. 54.] In more detail the immediate reasons for secession, as given by Southern leaders, were (1) that the North hated slavery, wanted to check it. continued to discuss it, slandered the slaveholders, and approved of John Brown's Raid ; (2) that 65 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY the North, by refusing to admit (a) the doctrine of states rights and secession, (b) the Dred Scott Decision, and (c) by passing the objectionable liberty laws, had misinterpreted the Constitution; (3) that the North was determined not to ad- 'mit any more slave states, and was trying to surround the South with free states, thus checking the further growth of slavery; (4) that the election of Lincoln upon the basis of sectional hostility meant an attack upon slavery in the states. The purpose of the Republican Party was to stop the spread of slavery into the territories, but not to abolish slavery in states where it already existed. Desperate efforts had been made to compromise, as in the crises of 1820, 1833, and 1850. The most important attempt now, outside of Congress, was the Peace Convention — delegates from twenty-one states met in Washington. The seceded states sent no delegates, and its plan was rejected by Congress. The most important attempt in Congress was called the Crittenden Compromise, which demanded squatter sover- eignty for the territories, slavery in the District of Columbia, prevention of interstate slave trade and withdrawal of personal liberty laws. A thirteenth amendment, forever prohibiting interference with slavery in the states, was also proposed; Lincoln approved it, and two states accepted it, but it was too late to compromise, BuchaDan was far past the prime of life when he became Presi- dent. He had performed the duties of his many public positions acceptably, but had never shown remarkable brilliancy. He was decorous in manner, cautious in all political conduct, and devoted to party interests. He yielded too readily to his extreme pro- slavery friends. His desire was to postpone until the next administration any- decided action in the slavery crisis. His temporizing policy and lack of determination have been severely criticised. 56 ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN ABRAHAM LINCOLN (IlL), 1 861-1865 HANNIBAL HAMLIN, V. P., and ANDREW JOHNSON (Tenn.), V. P., and Pres., 1865-1869 Lincoln's cabinet was carefully chosen from former Whigs and Democrats. His chief rivals were given leading posi- tions : Secretary of State, W. H. Seward, of New York; Secretary of Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio ; Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania; Secretary of Navy, Gideon P. Welles, of Connecticut. His inaugural speech was a masterpiece. He clearly set forth (1) that his supreme aim would be to preserve the Union, which he regarded as perpetual; (2) that he had no purpose to interfere with slavery in states where it existed; (3) that he would execute the laws in all states and defend the property of the Union ; (4) that there could be no con- flict unless the South was the aggressor. There was a terrible scramble for minor offices. It was nearest approach to a "clean sweep** of office holders that the country has ever seen. The Firing on Fort Sumter. — The military posts in the South had been seized one by one. At Charleston, Fort Sumter was still defended. Lincoln sent notice that he proposed to provision Fort Sumter. Governor Pickens, of South Carolina, ordered General Beauregard to open fire. The bombardment lasted thirty-four hours, and then Major Anderson surrendered. A strategic blunder on the part of the South. The North was united to defend the flag. The President called for 75,000 troops. The Sixth Massa- chusetts mobbed at Baltimore — first bloodshed, April 19, 1861. Secession of the " Border States," Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee, making total of 11 seceding states. Capital of Confederacy moved to Richmond, Va» 51 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY Resources of the North. — The North excelled in industry and wealth. It had the foundries, factories, and ship yards ■ — the mechanical skill, two thirds of the railways, and ports open to commerce. Federal Finances.. — The funds for the war came from (1) protective tariif duties of 1861, 1862, and 1864; (2) internal revenue taxes; (3) the sale of bonds; (4) the issue of "Greenbacks" [see p. 65, note]. The estab- lishment of !N"ational Banks with the right to issue notes secured by bonds, and the work of Jay Cooke, greatly stimulated the sale of bonds. The purpose of the North was to maintnin the supremacy of the federal government under the Constitution and to preserve the Union. The Civil War in the West 1861. Wilson Creek, Mo., Aug. 10 (C.*), Price — Lyon. 1862. Capture of Fort Henry, Tenn., Feb. 6 (U.*), Com. Foote. Capture of Fort Donelson, Tenn., Feb. 16 (U.), Grant. Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., Apr. 6, 7, (U.), Grant — A. S. Johnston (killed), Beauregard. Capture of Island No. 10, Tenn., April 7 (U.), Com. Foote and Gen. Pope. Capture of New Orleans, La., April 25 (U.), Farragut and Butler. Capture of Corinth, Miss., May 30 (U.), Halleck — Beauregard. Capture of Memphis, Tenn., June (U.), Com. Foote. Battle of Perry sville, Ky., Oct. 8 (U.), Buell-Bragg. Battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn., Dec. 31-Jan. 2 (U.), Rosecrans — Bragg. Bloody battle. *U.= Union victory. C. = Confederate victory. Ind.= Indecisive. 58 THE CIVIL WAR, 1861, 1862 Resources nf the South. — The defensive attiturle of the South gave great military advantage. The soldiers knew every local condition, and were nerved by the defense of their homes. The men were also much more familiar with firearms. The South sold bonds and issued notes. Its paper depreciated very fast after the blockade became effective and prevented intercourse with Europe. The purpose of the South teas to maintain states rights and to establish the independence of the Confederate States. The Civil War in the East 1861. 1st Battle of Bull Run, Va., July 21 (C), Beaure- gard — McDowell. Organization of the Army of the Potomac, McClellan. Trent Affair, Mason and Slidell. 1862. Battle of Monitor and Merrimac, IMarch 9 (U.), Wor- den — Buchanan ; revolutionized naval warfare. Peninsidar Campaign Siege of Yorktov>'n,ya., McClellan — J. E. Johnston. Battle of Fair Oaks, Va., May 31 (Ind.), JNIcClellan — J. E. Johnston. Stonewall Jackson's Raid in Shenandoah (C), Battle of Seven Days, Va., June 25-July 1 (Ind.), McClellan — Lee. 2d Battle of Bull Run, Aug. 30 (C), Jackson — Pope. Zee's First Invasion Capture of Harper's Ferry, W. Va., Sept. 15 (C). Jackson took 12,000 prisoners here. Battle of Antietam, Md., Sept. 17 (U.), McClellan — Lee. Bloodiest single day's battle. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13 (C), Lee — Burnside. 59 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY The Civil War in the West and South 1863. Capture of Vicksburg, Miss., July 4 (U.), Grant — Pemberton. Largest capture of men and material. Capture of Port Hudson, La., July 9 (U.), Banks, Confederacy cut in two. Mississippi opened. Battle of Chickamauga, Ga., Sept. 19 and 20 (C), Bragg — Rosecrans. Thomas covered retreat and saved Union army. Siege of Chattanooga, Tenn. (U.), Grant — Bragg. Battle of Lookout Mt., Nov. 21 and 25 (U.), Hooker— Bragg. Battle of Missionary Ridge, Nov. 24 and 25 (U.), Thomas, Sherman — Bragg. 1864. Battles of Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mt. (U.) ; Joseph E. Johnston's masterly retreat before Sherman. Battle before Atlanta, Ga., July 20-28 (U.), Sher- man — Hood. Battle of Mobile Bay, Ala., Aug. 5 (U.), Farragut — Buchanan. Battle of Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 15 and 16 (U.), Thomas — Hood. Most decisive battle. Hood lost his army. Sherman's March, to the Sea. Cut loose from his "base." "Sherman's Bummers." Lived on country. Capture of Savannah, Ga., Dec. 21 (U.), Sherman. 1865. Sherman next turned northward. Capture of Columbia, S.C, Feb. 17 (V), Sherman. Battle of Goldsboro, N.C., March 19, (U.) Sherman — J. E. Johnston. Selma, Ala., April 2 (U.), Wilson — Forrest. Salisbury, N.C., April 9 (U.), Wilson — Forrest. Destruction of supplies, Stoneman. 60 THE CIVIL WAR, 1863-1866 The Civil War in the East 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation, Jan. 1 ; war measure, freeing slaves of Southern combatants, did not abolish slavery. Battle of Chancellorsville, Ya., May 2 and 3 (C), Lee — Hooker. Death of Stonewall Jackson. Lee^s Second Invasion Burning of towns in Cumberland Valley, Pa. Battle of Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-3 (U.), Meade — Lee. Draft riots in New York. GranVs Campaign he/ore Richmond 1864. Battle of the Wilderness, Va., May 5-7 (Ind.) Grant — Lee. Terrific loss of life. Battle of Spottsylvauia,Va., May 8-18 (Ind.), Grant — Lee. Siege of Petersburg, Va., begun in June. Early's Raid on Washington, July. Battle of Winchester, Va., Sept. 19 (U.), Sheridan— Early. Battle of Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19 (U.), Sheridan — Early. " Sheridan's Ride." 1865. Sheridan's Raid on Lynchburg, Va. Battle of Five Forks, Va., April 1 (U.), Sheridan — Lee. Capture of Petersburg, V a., April 2 (U.), Grant — Lee. Capture of Richmond, Va., April 3 (U.), Grant — Lee. Surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House, Va., April 9. Assassination of Lincoln, April 14. Surrender of J. E. Johnston at Raleigh, N.C., April 26. Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia, May 11. 61 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY The Campaign of ISO//. — The radical Republicans nomi- nated John C. Fremont, but upon his Avitlidrawal, supported Lincoln. The Democrats nominated General McClellan. Many Union Republicans desired a change of policy, but news of Farragut's capture of Mobile and Sherman's capture of Atlanta roused the North to the support of the admin- istration. Lincoln Y/as unanimously renominated, with Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, for Vice President. They received 212 votes as against 21 for McClellan. The Thirteenth Amendment, forever prohibiting slavery in the United States, was passed in both houses, January 31, 1865. Eleven former slave states joined sixteen free states to make the twenty-seven states necessary for three fourths of whole number of states, by which adopted, Dec. IS, 1865. The assassination of Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, Ford's Theater, Washington, D.C., April 14, 1865, caused the peo- ple, both North and South, unprecedented grief. Lincoln was a self-educated man of very humble origin. Few men spoke with such simple clearness or showed such keen insight into the problems of the time. He was indispensable to the Civil War. The four awful years of trial developed both the wisdom and profundity of his mind, and the sweetness and lovableness of his character. Two characteristics made him the greatest man of his time ; his practical common sense instantly divined the essential point of every matter under consideration, and his wonderful sympathy brought him close to the needs and hopes of the people. ANDREW JOHNSON (Tenn.), 1865-1869 Vice President Johnson was sworn in as President within a few hours of Lincoln's death. Maximilian in Mexico. — Mexico owed large debts to Eng- land, Spain, and France. Her seaports were seized, 1860, to guarantee payment. England and Spain withdrew, and m ADMINISTRATION OF JOHNSON Napoleon TIT. of France overthrew the Republic of Mexico, and made Maximilian I^^niperor (1863). This was in de- fiance of the Monroe Doctrine. Our protest was neglected until 1865, when French support was withdrawn. The republic was then reestablished and Maximilian executed (1867). Reconstruction. — The great problem before the federal government was (1) how to reconstruct the state govern- ments of the seceding states, and (2) how to readmit them to a share in the national government. Lincoln held that states could not legally secede, and that "Fome voters" (i.e. in seceding states) were in insurrection. His Amnesty Proclamation (1863) promised (a) pardon to those who swore allegiance to Constitution and to Emanci- pation Proclamation, and {b') to recognize reorganized states again as soon as one tenth of the voters in seceded states had taken the above oath of allegiance and had organized a state government. Lincoln approved the Thirteenth Amendment, passed by Congress Jan. 31, 1865, but did not favor negro suffrage, and made no provision for it in his plan. Arkansas, Tennessee, and Louisiana reorganized early, but not recognized by Congress, with whom admission rested. After the war was over, the problem became pressing, and a conflict arose between Lincoln's successor and Congress, which resulted in a deplorable national blunder. Johnson's Plan. — To reestablish the South under the Con- stitution, Johnson raised the blockade, and established means for collection of taxes, delivery of mail, and courts of law. He also appointed a provisional governor in each state, who called conventions of delegates chosen by eligible white voters. These conventions (a) repealed the ordinances of secessionv (fc) repudiated debts of the Confederacy and OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY (c) ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. They also passed laws compelling negroes to work, or to be imprisoned as vagrants. This settlement of the problem now appears a good one. but Johnson's lack of tact and the fear of a return to practi- cal slavery caused Congress to distrust it, and so the con- gressmen chosen to represent states reorganized as above were refused seats by Congress. Congress's Plan. — Congress ignored the President's action and proceeded to a " reconstruction " of its own. It first passed the Fourteenth Amendment (June, 1866 ; adopted 1868) which (1) gave the negro citizenship (confirm- ing the Civil Rights Bill); (2) reduced representation of states which prevented negroes from voting ; (3) made Con- federate office holders ineligible to vote or to hold national office until pardoned by Congress; (4) repudiated the Con- federate debt ; and (5) declared that the Federal war debt should be paid in full. Congress next passed its famous Military Reconstruction Act (March, 1867), which provided that (1) the seceding states be divided into five military districts ; (2) under supervision of this military authority the states should hold conventions to frame state constitutions; (3) negroes should have right to vote for delegates, and to be delegates to these conventions; (4) the state should be readmitted to repre- sentation in Congress, provided that the Con8titution thus made was approved by the people of the state, and provided that the state legislature ratified the Fourteenth Amendment. Six states readmitted under this plan in 1868, the rest not until 1870. Impeachment of President Johnson. — The quarrel between Johnson and Congress, begun over reconstruction, grew con- stantly more acute. The Civil Rights Bill, Freedman'*" 64 ADMINISTRATION OF JOHNSON Bureau Bill (ordering sale of public lands to negroes), the Tenure of Office Act, 1867 (requiring approval of Senate in dismissing higher government officers), and the Military Re- construction Act were all passed over the President's veto. Finally matters came to a head in Johnson's disregard of the Tenure of Office Act by removing Stanton, Secretary ot War (Aug. 5, 1867). Stanton refused to give up his office. Impeachment trial before Senate (March 28-May 26, 1868) resulted in Johnson's acquittal \>\ margin of one vote (35 to 19, two thirds majority being necessary to secure conviction). Notable Events. — In 1866, Cyrus W. Field succeeded in lay- ing the Atlantic Cable. In 1867 the United States purchasea Alaska from Russia for ^7,200,000 in gold. In 1868 the Bur- lingame Treaty with China was ratified, making it a penal offense to take Chinamen to the United States without their full consent. The Campaign of 1868. — The issues were (1) whether the Presidential or the Congressional plan of reconstruction should be adopted ; (2) whether the bonded debt should be paid in "Greenbacks"* or in coin. The Democrats con- demned the Tenure of Office and Reconstruction acts, and demanded immediate restoration of all the states, complete amnesty, local regnilation of elective franchise and taxation of government bonds. They wished debts to be paid in greenbacks except where coin was stipulated in the bond. They nominated Ploratio Seymour, of New York, and General Blair, of Missouri. The Republicans heartily in- dorsed the reconstruction policy of Congress, and held that bonds should be paid in coin, unless paper had been agreed upon in the sale of the bond. They nominated General U. S. * A •' Greenback " was a government note, so called from green ink used in engraving one side, which was legal tender for every- thing but uitfirest on bonds and customs duties- 65 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY Grant, and Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana. Grant received 214 electoral votes against 80 for Seymour. Johnson was a "poor white" of very limited education, but of great ambition and force of character. He was strikingly unsuited by his bitter temper and hasty speecli to meet a crisis requiring tact and patience. He was a man of much native ability, but of too unbending fiber to win men over to his views. ULYSSES S. GRANT (111.), 1869-1877 SCHUYLER COLFAX AND HENRY WILSON, V. P*8. Grant's first term was marked by general prosperity. The first railroad to the Pacific (now the Union Pacific) was completed, May 10, 1869. This road was of great importance (1) commercially, bringing China and New York only a month apart; (2) politically, bringing the coast states into close touch with Washington, and making an Eastern army available in case of need ; (3) industrially, opening up the great central region to settlement. Recon- struction was completed by the Congress of 1869-1870, by removal of the political disabilities from the white leaders and by the admission of Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia. The Fifteenth Amendment was passed, 1869, and adopted 1870, giv^ing the negro a vote. The three famous amendments had (Thirteenth) made him free, (Fourteenth) made him a citizen, and (Fifteenth) made him a voter. The ^^ carpet baggers " were Northern men who went South to get political office and plunder by means of the new negro vote. The ^^ scalawags" were Southern white men who voted with the negroes for the same purpose. The Southern states were pillaged ruthlessly until the m ADMINISTRATION OF GRANT •' Ku Klux Klan " intimidated the negro vote. Two Force acts were passed against the Ku Klux Klan, which had deteriorated into a mere gang of marauders. These acts authorized : (1) federal courts to punish severely all inter- ference with voting or office holding ; (2) the President to l^rotect the polls by military force. The Act Removing Political Disabilities (1872) gradually enabled the whites to secure control of tne reconstructed states. The Treaty of Washington concluded with Great Britain, May 8, 1871, f)i'ovided for settlement by arbitration of (1) the boundary line between Washington Territory and British America; (2) the "Alabama" claims; (3) the Canadian fisheries disputes. The first point the German Emperor decided (1872) in favor of the United States claim ; the second was settled (1872) by five arbitrators at Geneva, Switzerland, by an award to the United States of ^15,500,000; the third was settled by a commission at Halifax (1877). The United States paid ^5,500,000 and remitted duties of $1,200,000 mere. (See page 72.) The Campaign of 1872. — The Republican convention met at Philadelphia, and nominated Grant and Henry Wilson. The Liberal Republicans, who were displeased with the President's attempt to annex San Domingo, the prevalence of political scandals, and the working of the Force Bill in the South, condemned the administration, and nominated Horace Greeley and Gratz Brown. The Democrats at one convention pledged support to Greeley and Brown. Another strictly Democratic conven- tion nominated Charles O'Connor and J. J. Adams. The National Labor Reform Party and the Prohibition Party each now made its first appearance in national politics. Grant and Wilson received 286 electoral votes against 63 for the other candidates, 67 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY The Coinage Act provided for the coinage of gold and fractional silver, but dropped the standard silver dollar. The omission of the silver dollar from the list of coins is called '* The Crime of 1873 " by the free-silver advocates. The " Salary Grab " Act, passed by the same Congress, raised the President's salary from ^25,000 to $50,000, and increased also the salary of federal judges and members of Congress. The Panic of 1873. — The war between France and Ger- many, 1870-1871, and the poor harvests of Europe, made a great market for American products. Speculation and railroad expansion followed. The rebuilding of Chicago, burned in 1871, and of Boston, burned 1872, also absorber! money. A quarrel betw"een the Western farmers, " Grangers,'' and the railroads stopped the sale of bonds, and bankers were crippled. The failure of Jay Cooke & Co., Philadel- phia, Sept. 19, 1873, threw Wall Street into such a panic that the day is known as "Black Friday." Thousands of failures resulted, and hard times lasted until 1879. To make money easier, Congress tried to inflate the currency by issuing more greenbacks. This was vetoed. Congress then passed an Act for the Resumption of Specie Payments. This act made provision, by accumulating a specie reserve, for the redemption of greenbacks, on demand, after Jan. 1, 1879. Political scandals marked Grant's second term : Boss Tweed's Ring in New York City ; the Credit Mobilier's stock distribution to congressmen and general officials; the Erie Railroad Ring; the Whisky Ring; and frauds in the Custom House and Ind'an Bureau. The Virginivs Affair.- — An American vessel was seized by a Spanish man-of-war. Several of the passengers, Cubans, were executed. Spain's immediate reparation prevented a serious outcome. 68 ADMINISTRATION OF HAYES The Centennial Exposition, at Fairmount Park. Phila- delphia, 1876. The Campaign of 1S76. — The Republican Convention nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and William A. Wheeler, of New York. The Democrats nominated Samuel J. Tilden, of New Y'ork, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The "Greenback" Party, dominated by the " Grangers," nominated Peter Cooper, of New Y'ork. The election was very close. The returns in Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina were disputed. Two sets of returns were presented to Congress, one certifying that Re- publican, and the other, that Democratic electors had been chosen. An Electoral Commission of eight Republicans and seven Democrats finally decided, March 2, in favor of Republican returns, and Hayes was declared elected by 185 electoral votes to IS-i. The popular vote was, Hayes, 4,033,950; Tilden, 4,284,885. Recent opinion favors the merits of Tilden's claim. Grant was a man of pure motives and unswerving honesty. Straightforward himself, he seemed to lack insight into the weak- ness and corruption of the men about him. A graduate of West Point, he had little training in civil duties, and no training in poli- tics. His military career made a profound impression abroad. The loss of his money, later, through misplaced confidence, and the for- titude shown in preparing his ^Memoirs, while suffering excruciating pain, deeply moved public sympathy. RUTHERFORD B. HAYES (0.), 1877-188X WILLIAM A. WHEELER, V. P. The withdrawal of troops from the South was one of Hayes's first acts. It was seen that the people of the recon- structed states must be trusted to manage their own affairs. 69 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY The great railroad strike, in the summer of 1877, was the first great labor revolt in our history. Trains were not al- lowed to run, and at Pittsburg, Chicago, St. Louis, and Balti- more there were serious riots. The Bland-A llison Bill was passed over the President's veto in 1878. It provided that the Secretary of Treasury was to buy not less than ^2,000,000, or more than ^,000,000, worth of silver bullion each month, and coin it into dollars at the ratio of 16 to 1. As large sums in silver would be objection- able, because of the weight, it was provided that the coin might be deposited in the Treasury, and " silver certificates " issued against them. The resulting accumulation of silver led to Panic of '93. (See Sherman Act, p. 74.) The Campaign of ISSO. — The Republican platform called for national aid to education in the states, tariff protection to labor, suppression of polygamy in Utah, radical civil ser- vice reform, and a halt in land grants to corporations. As a compromise between those supporting Grant for a third term and those supporting James G. Blaine, the convention nominated James A. Garfield, of Ohio, for President, and Chester A. Arthur, of New York, for Vice President. The Democrats declared for honest money, — gold, silver, and paper, — convertible on demand into coin ; a tariff for revenue only, and public land grants for actual settlers. General Hancock, of Pennsylvania, and William H. English, of Indiana, were candidates. The Greenback-Labor Party and the Prohibition Party also made nominations. All par- ties agreed in demanding anti-Chinese legislation. For the first time since 1844 there was no "Southern Question." Garfield and Arthur received 214 electoral votes against 155 for Hancock and English. For the first time in our history, every electoral vote was counted as cast and every elector chosen by popular vote. 70 ADMINISTRATION OF GARFIELD JAMES A. GARFIELD (0.), March 4-July 2, 1881 CHESTER A. ARTHUR (N.Y.), V. P., and Pres. 1881-1885 Factions in the Republican Party. — The "Stalwarts," who had been for a vigorous policy towards the South, now advocated the spoils system in appointments to office. The " Half Breeds," who had favored Hayes's withdrawal of troops from the South, were in favor of civil service appointments. The strife for office was very intense. Senators Conkling and Piatt, of New York, resigned from the Senate when their candidate was not appointed collector of the port of New York. Assassination of President Garfield. — A disappointed office seeker stole up behind the President in the Pennsylvania railroad station in Washington, July 2, 1881, and shot him. After great suffering, Garfield died, Sej^t. 19, in Elberon, N. J. Vice President Arthur was at once sworn in as President. The new President made excellent appointments, showing unexpected administrative ability. Three important laws were passed : (1) the Edmunds Law, 1882, to suppress polygamy; (2) an act to stop the immigration of Chitiese laborers for ten years; (3) the Pen- dleton Civil Service Act (1883), giving an equal opportunity to all citizens, duly qualified, to secure appointment to cer- tain public offices. Notable Events. — Serious floods of Lower Mississippi in spite of the levee system; the Atlanta Exposition (1881); and the New Orleans Exposition, showing the resources of the New South; the Yorktown celebration; the completion of the Brooklyn Bridge ; the Arctic Exploration of Lieu- tenant Greely (1881-1884). The Tariff of 1883. — In order to reduce the revenueSj 71 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY Congress passed a new tariff act, on the recommendation of a commission of business men. The failures of this act to reduce the surplus revenues again made prominent the question of free trade or protection. The Campaign of I884. — The Democrats nominated Gro- ver Cleveland, of New York, for President, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, for Vice President. They pledged themselves to revise the tariff in a spirit of fairness to all. The Republicans nominated James G. Blaine, of Maine, and John A. Logan, of Illinois. The platform declared for a protective tariff. The Greenback Party nominated Gen- eral Benjamin F. Butler, and the Prohibitionists, John P. St. John. The Independent Republicans (known as " Mug- wumps"*) supported Cleveland, to extend civil service re- form. The election turned upon New York State, where the result was very close. The electoral vote was 219 for Cleveland against 182 for Blaine. GROVER CLEVELAND (N.Y.), 1885-1889 THOMAS A. HENDRICKS, V. P., March 4-Nov. 25, 1885 Cleveland secured an able Cabinet, in which the South was represented. He extended civil service reform by in- creasing the number of offices to be filled by competitive examination, but also made some removals from office, apparently on partisan grounds. A Republican majority in the Senate confined legislation chiefly to non-partisan measures. In 1885 the articles of the Treaty of Washington which related to the fisheries (see p. 67) were abrogated, and the * This term is used, iu general, for a citizen who does not keep to party ties, but votes independently, with different parties. ADMINISTRATION OF CLEVELAND right of American vessels to take fish in Canadian waters again became a subject of controversy. Labor Troubles in Chicago. — In 1886, great strikes in Chicago. Riot in the Haymarket. Dynamite — attributed to anarchists. Four hanged. Important Laws. — The death of Vice President Hendricks !ed to the passage of the Presidential Succession Act (1886). It provided that, in case of death or disability of both Presi- dent and Vice President, the executive office should pass to the Secretary of State, and then to the other members of the Cabinet in the order in which the departments were created. The Electoral Count Act (1887) empowered each state to decide its own vote. In case of deadlock, the con- troversy was then to come before Congress. The Interstate Commerce Act (1887) provided for a commission of five members (afterwards changed to eleven members) to secure equitable conditions in railway service. Tlu-ough its decisions, many abuses were rectified. The Edmunds-Tucker Act (1887) dissolved the corporation of the Mormon church, put it under trustees, and confiscated its property in excess of $50,000 (later restored). The Chinese Immigration Act (1888) stopped further immigration from China. The Campaign of 1S88. — The tariff was the main issue of this campaign. The Republicans at Chicago declared for a protective tariff, and nominated Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana, for President, and Levi P. Morton, of New York, for Vice President. The Democrats adopted tariff reduc- tion as the principal plank in their platform, and renomi- nated Cleveland for President, and Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio, for Vice President. The electoral vote stood 233 for Harrison and 168 for Cleveland, although Cleveland received the larger popular vote. As in 1884, New York's 35 electoral votes decided the election. The corrupt use of money in 73 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY this election led to the introduction of the Australian, oi secret ballot, to prevent intimidation or bribery at the polls. Much of Cleveland's rapid elevation to prominence was due to his fearlessness and admitted integrity. During his administration he vetoed over three hundred bills, which seemed to him harmful to the public interests. This was more than double the number of vetoes used by all the preceding Presidents. BENJAMIN HARRISON (Ind.), 1889-1893 LEVI P. MORTON, V. P. Important Legislation. — The Dependent Pension Bill (1890) nearly doubled the number of pensions. Cleveland had vetoed this bill, because of its enormous additional ex- pense to the taxpayers. The Repeal of the Bland-Allison Act (1878) under which nearly 400,000,000 silver dollars had been coined and stored in the Treasury, was followed by the passage of the Sherman Act, which provided for the purchase each month of 4,500,000 ounces of silver to be paid for with Treasury notes redeemable in either gold or silver. After July 1, 1891, the silver so purchased need not be coined, but might be stored, and silver certificates issued against it. The government practically ceased to coin silver dollars, but became the possessor of increasing amount of a metal then decreasing in value. The McKinley Tariff Bill raised the protective duties, but allowed the President to establish with other nations "reciprocity agreements," i.e. agreements to reduce the tariff on each other's goods. Matters of Importance. — The opening of Oklahoma, The Pan American Congress for closer political and com- mercial unity. Amnesty to the Mormons and restoration of church property. The Homestead Strike. The rise of the Populists. 74 ADMINISTRATION OF CLEVELAND The Campaign of 1892. — The Democrats for the third time nominated Grover Cleveland for President, with Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illinois, for Vice President. The Repub- licans renominated Benjamin Harrison, and chose Whitelaw Reid, of New York, for Vice President. Both parties con- demned trusts, and called for the coinage of both gold and silver. The Populists, or People's Party, nominated Genera.^ J. B. Weaver, of Iowa, for President, and James S. Field, of Virginia, for Vice President, and declared in favor of the free coinage of silver, graduated income tax, state ownership of railroads and telegraphs, and government loans on farm products. Cleveland received 277 electoral votes against 145 for Harrison and 22 for Weaver. For first time since 1861, House, Senate, and President were Democratic. GROVER CLEVELAND (N.Y.), 1 893-1897 ADLAI E. STEVENSON, V. P. The Panic of 1893. — The increase of Treasury's gold obli- gations, and the decrease in the gold reserve, caused fear that the government might be obliged to pay its debts in silver dollars, the bullion value of which had fallen to 67 cents. This fear led foreigners to sell American stocks and bonds, and our own people to hoard gold. " Tight money ** followed, banks failed, and men were thrown out of work. The Repeal of the Sherman Act, Nov. 1, 1893, in a special session of Congress, to stop the drain on the gold reserve, caused a split in both parties. Democrats and Republicans in the silver mining states joined the PeojDle's Party in op- posing its repeal. An issue of bonds was made four times to enable the Treasury to redeem its notes in gold. The Wilson Bill was passed without the President's signa- 75 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY ture (Aug. 24, 1894). It reduced the duties about 11%, and admitted wool to the free list. The " income tax " appended to the bill was later declared unconstitutional. Foreign Relations. — Hawaiian Islands. The Native Queen (Liliuokalani) was overthrown, and a republic set up with an American as President (1893). After investigation, Cleveland refused to annex the islands, but recognized Ha- waii as an independent republic (1894). The Bering Sea Arlitration. — The United States claimed that the seal fisheries of Alaska included the whole of Be- ring Sea, and seized Canadian vessels which took seals in the open sea. England protested that this was unlawful on the high seas. The Court of Paris, 1893, decided against the United States, but issued regulations to protect the seals. The Venezuela Dispute over the boundary between that state and British Guiana. Cleveland extended the policy of the Monroe Doctrine to a protective attitude toward the weaker South American Republic, and suggested arbitra- tion. Upon Great Britain's refusal to arbitrate, the Presi- dent appointed a commission to determine the real boundary, and said that we should resist any attempt to encroach upon Venezuelan territory. At this unmistakable threat of war, Great Britain yielded. Arbitration finally decided (1899) that Great Britain was entitled to most of the territory claimed. Matters of Importance. — The World's Fair at Chicago. The march of " Coxey's Army." The great railroad strikes at Chicago. The Atlanta Exposition of the cotton states. The extension of the merit system of civil service to 40,000 more positions. The Campaign of 1896. — Rise of the " free silver " theory. The Republicans nominated William McKinley, of Ohio, 76 ADMINISTRATION OF McKlNLEY for President, and Garret A. Hobart, of New Jersey, for Vice President, and declared against free silver except by internar tional agreement. The delegates from the silver mining states then seceded from the party. The Democrats nomi- nated William J. Bryan, of Nebraska, for President, and Arthur Sewell, of Maine, for Vice President. They de- manded the free coinage of silver, at 16 to 1, without waiting for the aid of any other nation. The Gold Democrats, or N'ational Democrats, refused to support free silver, and nomi- nated John M. Palmer, of Illinois, for President, and Simon B. Buckner, of Kentucky, for Vice President The Populists nominated William J. Bryan for President, but selected Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, for Vice President. It was a campaign of discussion and argument. McKinley received 271 electoral votes, and Bryan 176. WILLIAM MCKINLEY (0.), 1897-1901 GARRET A. HOBART, V. P., 1897-1899 THEODORE ROOSEVELT (N.Y.), V. P., March 4-Sept. 14, 1901 ; Pres., 1901-1905 Tlie Dingiey Tariff Act was passed by special session of Congresfe, July 24, 1897, to provide revenue. The rates were increased on woolen and silk fabrics, wool and hides were put on the dutiable list, and specific duties were sub- stituted for " ad valorem " duties. The Spanish War, 1898 Causes of the War. — Insurrection broke out in Cuba in 1895, the sixth in fifty years. Much property was destroyed, and American residents arrested. 77 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY The " reconcentrados " — the people driven into the towns by Captain-General Weyler — died by thousands for lack of food and medical supplies. Americans desired to lend aid. Publications of Spaiiish Minister I)e Lome's letter, in which he spoke slightingly of President McKinley, added to the ill feeling. The destruction by a submarine mine of the battle- ship Maine, at Havana, Feb. 15, 1898, horrified the nation. Fifty million dollars for defense voted. On April 19 a joint resolution directed the President to compel Spain to leave Cuba. Spain severed diplomatic relations with us, April 21, and war was begun. The War, 1898 May 1 The Battle of Manila. Commodore George Dewey destroyed the entire Spanish fleet of ten ships, captured the arsenal at Cavite, and the forts at the harbor entrance. May 19 Cervera's fleet bottled up at Santiago. Hobson sank the Merrimac in the harbor entrance. June 24 Capture of La Quasima. July 1 Stormingof San Juan and Caney; Sh after, Roosevelt. July 3 Destruction of Cervera's fleet; Sampson, Schley. July 17 Surrender of Santiago by General Toral. July 25 General Miles landed on Porto Rico. Aug. 12 Protocol for the cessation of hostilities signed Aug. 13 Unconditional surrender of Manila after joint attack by General Merritt's army and Commodore Dewey's fleet. Dec. 10 Treaty of Peace signed at Paris, providing that Spain should relinquish her title to Cuba, cede Porto Rico and Guam, and also turn over the Philippines to the United States on payment of i 20,000,000. 78 ADMINISTRAilON UJ^ McKINLEY Results of the War. — United States came into possession of colonies, and permanently increased army and navy. The Republic of Hawaii was annexed by Joint resolution, July 7, 1898. Annexation was partly a war measure, to give us a coaling station. Hawaii was organized as a territory in 1900. Cuba. — American occupation did much for the sanitary improvement of the island. Under a republican constitu- tion, President Palma and other officers were chosen ; Ameri- can troops were withdrawn (May, 1902). By the ^^ Piatt Amendment," the Cuban government was required (1) not to enter into any treaty with a foreign power, which would impair its independence, and (2) to recognize the right of the United States to intervene, if necessary. Poi'to Rico, in 1901, secured freedom of trade with the United States. A governor and Upper House were appointed by the President, and a Lower House elected by the Porto Ricans. (After 1917 the Porto Ricans were citizens of the United States and elected both houses of their legislature.) The Philippines suffered from revolt under Aguinaldo. Since his capture, in 1901, gTeat progress made in opening schools and in establishing local self-government. The Campaign of 1900. — The Republicans renominated William McKinley for President, and nominated Theodore Roosevelt, of New York, for Vice President. The Demo- crats nominated William J. Bryan again, and former Vice President Adlai E. Stevenson. McKinley received 292 elec- toral votes against 145 for Bryan. Assassination of McKinley. — The Pan American Exposi- tion at Buffalo for the advancement of common commercial interest was the scene of McKinley's death. He was shot by an obscure anarchist, and died, Sept. 14, 1901. Vice President Roosevelt was immediately sworn in as President. 79 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY THEODORE ROOSEVELT (N.Y.), 1901-1909. CHARLES W. FAIRBANKS, V.P., 1905-1909. A great anthracite coal strike of five months (1902) caused a shortage of fuel. President Roosevelt, as mediator, ap- pointed a commission which settled the strike. The Alaskan Boundary disputes were settled in October, 1903, by a commission, granting to the United States the control of a continuous strip of the mainland shore from Portland Canal northward. The Pacific cable was completed, July 4, 1905. The Presi- dent's message sent round the world in twelve minutes. The Fanama Canal. — By the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Nov. 18, 1901, Great Britain gave up her claim to any control of any isthmian canal. This treaty replaced the Clayton- Bulioer Treaty of 1850, which had guaranteed neutral con- trol of the Nicaragua route, and had caused many disputes. The question of the canal route was settled in favor of the Panama route (1902), but the treaty proposed with Colombia, securing the necessary territory for the canal, was rejected by the Colombian Senate. The state of Panama thereupon declared its independence of Colombia, November, 1903. The United States paid a bonus of $10,000,000, and guaran- teed the independence of the new republic, and Panama granted control of a strip of land ten miles wide across the Isthmus to the United States. Work on the canal was begun in 1904. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis (1903). The Campaign of 1904* — The Republicans nominated Theodore Roosevelt, and Charles W. Fairbanks, of Indiana. The platform indorsed protection and the gold standard. The Democrats declared for a reduction of the tariff, and condemned trusts and imperialism ; they nominated Alton 80 ADMINISTRATION OF TAFT G. Parker, of New York, and Henry G. Davis, of West Vir- ginia. The election gave President Roosevelt 336 electoral votes and Judge Parker 140. Notable Features of Roosevelt's Second T'erm. — Successful efforts of the President to bring about termination of Russo- Japanese War (Treaty of Portsmouth, summer of 1905), for Tv^hich he was awarded Nobel Prize (1907). Pushing of work on the Panama Canal. Intervention in Cuba ; Gov. Magoon in control, 1906-1909. Strong stand against illegal activities or combinations of great corporations, as in the Northern Securities suit, the Standard Oil and other prosecutions. San Francisco earthquake and fire, April 18, 1906. The Election of 1908. — The Republican candidates, William H. Taft, of Ohio, and James S. Sherman, of New York, were elected by 321 electoral votes to 162 for the Democrats, William J. Bryan, and John W. Kern, of Indiana. WILLIAM H. TAFT (0.), 1909-1913. JAMES S. SHERMAN, V.P. Notable Events. — New tariff act of 1909. Extension of powers of Interstate Commerce Commission. Dissol;itiou of Standard Oil and other trusts under the Sherman Act. Establishment of postal sayings banks. Beginning of a parcels post. Continuation of work on the Panama Canal. Proposal of amendments to the Constitution giving Con- gress full power to levy income taxes (1909), and providing for the election of senators by the people instead of by the legislature of each state (1912). Proposed reciprocity with Canada in reducing tariff duties was rejected by Canada. Direct primaries (making nomination by vote), the initia- tive (by which a sufficient number of voters can propose a 81 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY law), the referendum (submission of new laws to popular vote), and the recall (removal of officers by vote), were adopted in many states during the period of 1898-1913. Several of the western states also adopted woman suffrage. Election of 1912. — Democrats nominated Woodrow Wil- son, of New Jersey, and Thomas R. Marshall, of Indiana ; Republicans renominated Taft and Sherman, after a close contest between the progressives and the conservatives in the party. The defeated faction then formed the Progressive Party and nominated Theodore Roosevelt with Hiram Johnson, of California. Wilson and Marshall elected. Early in 1913 the proposed income-tax amendment to the Constitution (Sixteenth) was declared adopted. WOODROW WILSON (N.J.), 1913-1921. THOMAS R. MARSHALL, V.P. World War, see summary on pages 90-91. Mexico in Revolution. — Seizure of Vera Cruz (1914) . International conference. Downfall of Huerta. Recogni- tion of Carranza (1915). Villa's raid on Columbus, New Mexico (1916). Pursuit by American troops. Mobilization of national guard. International conference. Important Legislation. — Underwood act of 1913, reducing the tariff. Income tax for revenue. Federal Reserve Act (1913), a great improvement in the banking and currency system. Clayton Act. Federal Trade Commission. Ship- ping law, appropriating $50,000,000 for a government-owned merchant marine. Rural Credits law. Workmen's Compen- sation laws, national and state. Other Notable Events. — Adoption of Seventeenth amend- ment providing for popular election of senators. Comple- 82 ADMINISTRATION OF HARDING tion of Panama Canal (1914). Purchase of Virgin Islands (1916). Presidential Campaign of 1916. — Democrats renominated Wilson and Marshall. Republicans, Charles E. Hughes, of New York, and Charles W. Fairbanks, of Indiana. Wilson and Marshall reelected. Adoption of Eighteenth amendment, prohibiting the liquor traffic (1919) ; and Nineteenth, granting nation-wide woman suffrage (1920) - Presidential Campaign of 1920. — Republicans nominated Warren G. Harding, of Ohio, and Calvin Coolidge, of Massa- chusetts; Democrats, James M. Cox, of Ohio, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, of New York. The result was a Republican landslide, 7,000,000 plurality, 404 electoral votes to 127. WARREN G. HARDING (0.), 1921-August 2, 1923. CALVIN COOLIDGE (Mass.), V.P. and Pres., 1923- Notahle Events. — Separate treaties signed with Germany and Austria (1921). Arms conference held at Washington in 1921. The Fordney-McCumber tariff act adopted in 1922. Immigration laws made more restrictive. President Harding died August 2, 1923, and Calvin Coolidge thereupon became President. Reduction of taxes. Payment of bonus to World War veterans. Election of 1924- — Republican candidates, Calvin Cool- idge, of Massachusetts, and Charles G. Dawes, of Illinois ; Democratic, John W. Davis, of West Virginia, and Charles W. Bryan, of Nebraska; Progressive and Socialist, Robert M. La Follette, of Wisconsin, and Burton K. Wheeler, of Montana. The Republicans won a decisive victory, with a large majority of both popular and electoral votes. 83 Summary of the History of Folitical Parties in the United States First parties: Federalists, supporting a strong national government, and "loose" or "broad construction" of the Constitution, i.e. interpreting the Constitution according to its spirit rather than according to its exact language ; chief leaders, — Washington, Hamilton, John Adams ; did im- portant work in bringing about the adoption of the Con- stitution and in establishing the government under it. Anti-Federalists, who came to be called Democratic- nepub- licans, and then Republicans (not to be confused with the later Republican Party), opposing a strong central govern- ment, and supporting " strict construction " of the Constitu- tion, i.e. interpreting the Constitution according to the letter of its language ; led by Jefferson and Madison. Decline of the Federalists, during Adams's administration, on account of unpopularity of the Alien and Sedition acts, and of Adams himself. TriwnpJi of Republicans, with elec- tion of Jefferson, 1801 ; but his most important act, the Louisiana Purchase, was contrary to " strict construction." In principles, the distance between the parties grew less, but Federalists continued to decline, as a party, on account of opposition to War of 1812. Party disappeared in Era of Good Feeling, Monroe's administrations — /Ae only period in history of the United States without party conflict, but not with- out personal political conflict. Rise of neic parties : National Republicans favoring a pro- tective tariff (begun, 1816, after War of 1812), public im- provements (roads, canals, etc.) by the national government, and " loose construction ' : led by Henry Clay. Democrats, favoring " strict construction," and in general opposing the National Republicans ; first called " Jackson men," from 84 SUMMAKY OF POLITICAL PARTIES their doughty leader, Andrew Jackson ; they were the suc- cessors of the Republicans of Jefferson's day, and have maintained a party organization ever since. The seeds of these parties were sown during Monroe's second administra- tion, but the parties took definite form in the Presidential election of 1828. Nominations for the Presidency had been made by party caucuses in Congress, up to this time. In 1832 the practice of nominating by jt>a?^i'?/ conventions wsls begun and has con- tinued ever since. Minor parties: Anti-Masons, in the late twenties, grew up to oppose Free Masonry, 011 account of alleged interference of Masons with politics and free institutions. Died out in a short time. Abolitionists, first anti-slavery society, I80I, William Lloyd Garrison ; organized as the Liberty Party, in the late thirties. The National Republicans gradually came to be called Whigs, in the early thirties. Disappeared after 1856. After the Mexican War, arose the Free Soilers (1848), composed of Democrats, Wliigs, and Abolitionists, who op- posed making slave states or slave territories out of newly acquired territory. After the Compromise of 1850, arose the American Party (1852), commonly dubbed the " Know Nothings,'' on account of their secrecy; they opposed easy naturalization of foreigners, and favored the election of native-born Americans to office ; adopted the name of Constitutional Union Party in the late fifties, but died out in a few years. The Republican Party, originated in the opposition to the Kansas -Nebraska Act, 1854, at first called '^ Anti Nebraska Men,'* but by 1856, Republicans. In addition to a general adherence to protection, internal improvements, and national bank currency, the new Republican Party stood for the 85 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY principle that the Federal Government had the power to control slavery in the territories. It contained Northern Democrats, Whigs, Free Soilers, and Liberty Party men, and grew rapidly in power. It was led by Seward, Greeley, Sumner, and later by Lincoln. Minor Parties since 1865. — The Liberal Republicans, who split from the Republican Party (1872), favored "universal amnesty and universal enfranchisement," but this division did not last long. The National or " Greenback " Party was formed to oppose resumption of specie payments (1876) ; later merged into the Greenback JLabor National (1880). The prevention of the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors is the chief principle of the Prohibition Party, first national convention, 1884. The People's Party numbered over a million in 1892, but soon merged with the Democrats. The Progressive Party, originating in a split from the Republican Party (1912), favored many reforms, but soon died out. The Socialists include several different parties. The Republican Party has, in general, since the Civil War, stood for protection, while the Democratic Party has favored a tariff for revenue only. The parties in power from the beginning of the United States : — Washington — Adams, J., 1789-1801 . . Federalist. ( (Anti-Federalist) Jefferson -Adams, J. Q., 1801-1829 . |^ Republican. Jackson — Van Buren . 1829-1841 . . Democratic. Harrison and Tyler . . 1841-1845 . . Whig. Polk 1845-1849 . . Democratic. Taylor 1849-1853 . . Whig. Pierce — Buchanan . . 1853-1861 . . Democratic. Lincoln — Garfield . . . 1861-1885 . . Republican. 86 SUMMARY OF CHIEF INVENTIONS Cleveland . . ... 1885-1889 . . Democratic. Harrison, Benjamin . . 1889-1893 . . Republican. Cleveland ...... 1893-1897 . . Democratic. McKinley — Taft . . . 1897-1913 . . Republican. Wilson ....... 1913-1921 . . Democratic. Harding 1921- . . Republican. Summary of Chief Inventions of the Nineteenth Century [Chronologically arranged] It is difficult to date many important inventions, because few of them have sprung full-fledged into use, while most have developed as the result of experiment, often the work of many hands and brains. The following summary attempts only to give approximate dates, and the names which de- serve, sometimes the sole credit, but always the chief credit, for bringing forth the invention : — Cotton gin (A .*), 1793, Eli Whitney. Steamboat (A,), 1807, Fulton. Friction matches, about 1829. Steam locomotive (E.), 1830, Stephenson. First line in the United States, Peter Cooper, 1830. Mower and reaper (A.), 1834, McCormick. Revolver (A.), 1835, Colt. Screw propeller (A.), 1836, Ericsson. Telegraph (A.), 1837, Henry, Morse, Vail. First long- distance line, Baltimore to Washington, 1844. Steam hammer (A.), 1838, Nasmyth. Vulcanization of rubber (A.), 1839, Goodyear. Photography, 1840, developed by Draper from the da- guerreotype invented by a Frenchman, Daguerre. Ether, resulting in painless surgery (A), 1846, Morton. * A. = American. E. = English. 87 OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY Sewing machine (A.), 1846, Howe. Steam cylinder printing presses (A.), 1847, Hoe. Mowing machine (A.), 1854, W. A. Wood. Monitor (A.), 1862, John Ericsson. Air brake (A.), 1868, Westinghoiise. Typewriter (A.), patented as early as 1714, but never became important until Sholes-Remington, 1874. Telephone (A.), Bell, 1876. Incandescent electric light (A.), perfected by Edison, 1879. Arc light (A.), Brush. Electric raihmy [trolley] (A.), 1884, Edison. First prac- tical trolley road, Richmond, Va., 1885, Sprague. Phonograph (A.), Edison. Type-setting machinery (A)., 1890. Safety bicycle, 1892, English development. Automobiles, French development, about 1900. TWENTIETH CENTURY. Airplane (A.), AVilbur and Orville Wright. Moving pictures (cinematograph). AVireless telegraphy, Marconi. Radiotelephony. 88 SUMMARY OF STATES Summary of States Date of Date of No. States Admission INTO THE Union No. States Admission into the Union 1 Delaware . . . 1 1787 25 Arkansas . . 1836 2 Pennsylvania . . 1 1787 26 Michigan . . 1837 3 New Jersey . . 11787 27 Florida . . . 1845 4 Georgia . . . 1 1788 28 Texas . . . 1845 6 Connecticut . . 1 1788 29 Iowa. . . . 1846 6 Massachusetts . 11788 30 Wisconsin . . 1848 7 Maryland . . . 1 1788 31 California . . 1850 8 South Carolina . 1 1788 32 Minnesota . . 1858 9 New Hampshire . 1 1788 33 Oregon . . . 1859 10 Virginia . . . 1 1788 34 Kansas , • . 1861 n New York . . . 11788 35 West Virginia 1863 12 North Carolina . 1 1789 30 Nevada . . . 1864 13 Rhode Island . . 1 1790 37 Nebraska . . 1867 14 Vermont . . . 1791 38 Colorado . . 1876 15 Kentucky . . . 1792 39 North Dakota . 1889 16 Tennessee . . . 1796 40 South Dakota . 1889 17 Ohio 1803 41 Montana . . 1889 18 Louisiana . . . 1812 42 Washington . 1889 19 Indiana . . . 1816 43 Idaho . . . 1890 20 Mississippi . . 1817 44 Wyoming . . 1890 21 Illinois .... 1818 45 Utah. . . . 1896 22 Alabama . . . 1819 46 Oklahoma . . 1907 28 Maine .... 1820 47 New Mexico . 1912 24 Missouri . . . 1821 48 Arizona . . . 1912 1 Date of ratification of the Constitution. 89 THE WORLD WAR Period of American Neutrality (^1914-1917) Conditions Previous to War. — Germany and Austria de- sirous of expansion. Ambitious plans and underhand methods of Germany. Increased standing army in Ger- many, and stores of war material. Triple Alliance of Ger- many, Austria, and Italy. Triple Entente : France, England, and Russia. Events of lOlJ^. — Balkan situation. Assassination of Crown Prince of Austria the pretext for war against Serbia. War by Germany against Russia and France. Great Britain drawn in when Belgium was invaded Aug. 4, German defeat at the Marne. Later Events. — Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915. Fruitless exchange of diplomatic notes. Attempted destruc- tion of munition factories and bridges and ships in America. Pre- War A cfivities. — Attempt to create a merchant ma- rine. United States Shipping Board (5 members). Na- tional Defense Act, 1916. Army and Navy increased. Council for National Defense (6 members). The Zimmer- man note ; German intrigues with Mexico. Declaration of ruthless submarine warfare by Germany. Severing of dip- lomatic relations between Germany and United States, Feb. 3, 1917. President's war message, Apr. 2. " The world must be made safe for democracy." United States in the War. Declaration of War, Apr. 6, 1917. Military Preparations. — Volunteers for the army. First Selective Service law. All between 21 and 30 registered June 5, 1917. Draft boards. Second Draft Act, Aug. 31, 1918. All between 18 and 45. Navy began unprecedented construction. Aviation service. Financial Preparations. — Increased income taxes. Taxes on corporations. Excess profit taxes. Luxury taxes. War 90 THE WORLD WAR Savings Stamps. Liberty Loans (^21,000,000,000). Stabil- ity of Federal Reserve banking system. Government Reorganization, — Food and fuel administra- tors. Dii-ector-General of railroads. Overman Bill. " Dol- lar-a-year men." Alien property custodian. Progress of the War. 1917-1918. Transportation of American troops to France in British and American ships. Gen. Per- shing commander of American forces. Amer- icans fighting with French and British. Mar. to German "drive." Allied victories at Marne and June 1918. Chateau-Thierry. American marines and sol- diers at Belleau Wood. Foch commander in chief of Allied forces. July to Foch began offensive. More than 2,000,000 Nov. American soldiers overseas before end of war. Organization into First and Second Armies under American generals. Capture of St. Mihiel salient. Meuse-Argonne victory. Nov. 11. Armistice signed Nov. 11. Pres. Wilson's " four- teen points," taken as basis of peace to be made later. Results of the War. Peace Conference at Versailles, 1919. The " Big Four **: Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau, Orlando. Delegates from 27 nations signed the treaty with Germany. Germany gave up all her colonies ; restored Alsace-Lorraine to France ; ceded territory to Belgium, Denmark, and Poland. Army reduced to 100,000. Navy practically wiped out. Fortifica- tions on Rhine and Helgoland demolished. Large cash reparations. Constitution of the League of Nations. United States Senate refused to ratify the Peace Treaty. Organization of the League without the United States. Its objects. Separate treaty with Germany, 1921. 91 TYPICAL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 1. In what elections was Henry Clay a candidate for the Presidency? State the issues, the names of the rival candidates, and the results in each, explaining fully the reasons for his defeat in the last election in which he was a candidate. 2. Explain the difference between making a treaty and resorting to arbitration. Give the provisions of two treaties and two arbitration settlements since the Civil War. 3. Give the provisions of two laws in the enactment of which John Sherman played an important part. 4. Explain the hostility of Charles II to the Massachu- setts Bay Colony which led to the loss of its charter in 1684. 5. Mention at least two cases of political opposition to the Supreme Court of the United States, and explain fully the nature of the opposition in each case. 6. Trace the relations of the United States with Cuba from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present day. 7. Discuss the accuracy of two of the following state- ments ; (a) America was discovered in 1492. (b) The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776. (c) With the acquisition of the Philippine Islands the United States became a colonizing power. 8. How does the United States govern the Philippines, Alaska, Porto Rico, Hawaii? 92 TYPICAL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 9 Sketch the public career of one of the following men; sho^ng how his life has influenced the history of our coun- try : John Quincy Adams, Daniel A\'ebster, John C. Cal- houn, William H. Seward. 10. What were four important steps in the development of the slavery controversy from the end of the Mexican War to the outbreak of the Civil War? Explain the sig- nificance of each of the four. 11. Compare the character of the immigration into the United States during the decade 1850-1860 with that during the decade 1900-1910. What restrictions are placed upon immigration into the United States at the present time ? 12. Could a President be elected by a minority of the total number of persons voting at a Presidential election? Give your reasons. 13. What was the embargo policy of Jefferson? What conditions was it intended to meet ? 11. Write notes on Jive of the following topics : May- nower Compact, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, Arti- cles of Confederation, Nullification in South Carolina, the Underground Railroad, Trent Affair, Greenback Party, Adamson Bill. 15. What mistakes were made by CongTCSs in its recon- struction policy ? State why you regard them as mistakes. 16. What have been the chief periods of western migra- tion in our history and what have been the chief incentives in each ? In what different ways has the western emigrant been able to get land ? 17. Describe the Presidential campaig-n of 1896. What new national issues appeared during the political campaign of 1900? 18. What attempts has Congress made to regulate "big business'' during the past half-centurr? 93 OUTLINE OP AMEKICAN HISTORY 19. How can an alien become a citizen of the United States? Is every one born outside the United States an alien? Is every one bom in the United States a citizen? What political offices in the United States, if any, are closed to the alien-born ? 20. "Why is a provision of the Constitution superior to a law of Congress? Show what control over Congressional legislation is possessed by (a) the President; (b) the Su- preme Court. 21. Write brief notes on five of the following topics: sol- diers' insurance, " A. B. C. " powers, spoils system, " open door," embargo, gag resolutions, Freedmen's Bureau, reci- procity. 22. For what political principles did Cleveland stand as President and as a leader of the Democratic party ? Give an account of what he did, or attempted to do, to incorpo- rate them into legislation. 23. In what three Presidential elections was the final choice of the President settled either by the House of Rep- resentatives or by both houses of Congress? Narrate the important facts of any one of these and explain the clause or clauses of the Constitution which were concerned in the controversy. 24. What specific limitations are laid upon the states by the Constitution ? 25. Mention three occasions on which difficulties have arisen between Great Britain and the United States and have been adjusted without war. Explain what each diffi- culty was and how it was adjusted. 26. By what authority and through what agency did the United States control interstate commerce before 1914 ? 27. Make a list, in logical order, of eight or ten titles for chapters shoTimig the development of American history 94 TYPICAL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS from the close of the Reyolutionary War to the present tim^ Give dates covered by each chapter heading. 28. Locate and name the site of four of the follovring places : The first capital of the Southern Confederacy. The place where the treaty was signed which ended the Russo-Japanese War. The Pullman Strike. The first permanent Spanish settlement in America. Grant's victory of July, 1S63. Copper-mining districts. 29. Compare the naval policy of Germany toward Amer- ican commerce during the World War with the naval policy of England and of France between 1793 and 1812. 30. Why did Kansas and Nevada support Bryan for Presi- dent in 1896, and why did Massachusetts support McKinley? 31. Compare the careers of Washington and Lincoln as to preparation for life, personal characteristics, and work done. 32. Write a brief biography of Henry Clay or of Stephen A. Douglas. 33. Compare the Hawaiian policies of Presidents Cleve- land and McKinley. AVhat precedent was there for the annexation of territory by joint resolution, instead of by treaty ? 34. What part did the United States take in the move- ment for international peace between the Spanish War and the World War ? 35. What is the Electoral College in theory and in prac- tice? Describe fully the present method of nominating Presidential candidates. 95 INDEX. Note. The pupil will find all laws and wars arranged both in chronological order under those special heading's, and in alphahttical order throughout th< Index. Abercrombie, Gen. James, 18. Abolition Petitions, 41. Aoolitionist Party, rise of, 38; history of, 85. Acadia, early settlements in, 17. Acadians, expulsion of, 18. Act Removing Political Disabili- ties, G7. Adams, John, Vice Pres., 28; Pres., 29, 30; death of, 37. Adams, J. J., nominated for Vice Pres., 67. Adams, John Quincy, Pres., 36; fight against "gag rule," 41. Aguinaldo, 79. Aix-la-Chapelle, 17. Alabama, in secession, 55. Alabama claims, 67. Alabama letters, 44. Alaska, purchase of, 65 ; seal fisheries of, 75. Alaskan boundary disputes, 80. Albany Plan of Union, 18. Albemarle, N.C.,13. Alien and Sedition Laws, 29. Allen, Ethan, 22. Amendment, the Thirteenth, 62 ; the Fourteenth, 64; the Fif- teenth, 66. Amendments, First Ten, 28. America, origin of name, 5. American Association, formation of, 22. American Party, rise of, 49; his- tory of, 85. American Revolution, 20-25. Amnesty Proclamation, 62. Amsterdam, Fort, 11. Anderson, Major, surrender of, 57. Andre, Major John, 24. Andros, Sir Edmund, 11. Annapolis (see Port Royal). Annapolis, trade meeting at, 26. Anthracite coal strike, 80. Antietam, battle of, 59. Anti-Federalists, adversaries of Constitution, 27; history of, 84. Anti-Masons, origin of, 39 ; join National Republicans, 40; his- tory of, 85. Anti-Nebraska men, 85. Appomattox Court House, 61. Arctic Exploration, 71. Arfftts, 33. Arista, Mexican general, 45. Arkansas, secession of, 57; re* organized, 63. 9G INDEX Armada, Spanish, 7. Army of the Potomac, organiza- tion of, 59. Araold, Benedict, 22-25. Arthur, Chester A., Vice Pres., 70, 71; Pres., 71, 72. Articles of Confederation, 25. Aiihburton Treaty, 43. Assumption Bill, 28. Astor, John Jacob (founder of Astoria), 45. Atlanta, battle before, GO. Atlanta Exposition, 71, 7(i. Atlantic Cable, 65. Atlantic coast, war along the, 33. Austria, see Koszta, Martin. Automobiles, invention of, 88. Avon, 33. Ayllon, Spanish explorer, 5. Azores Islands, 7. Bacon's Rebellion, 9. Bainbridge, Captain, 32. Balboa, 5, 6. Baltimore, attacked, 33; the Sixth Mass. mobbed at, 57. Baltimore, Lord, 12. Banks, Gen. Nathaniel P., 60. Barbary States, trouble with, 34. Battles, of American Revolution, 22-25 ; of Civil War, 58-61 ; of Spanish War, 78. Baum, Friedrich, 23. Beauregard, General, 57, 58, 59. Bell, Alexander Graham, in- ventor of telephone, 88. Bell, John, nominated for Presi- dency, 54. Bemis Heights, battle of, 23. Bennington, battle of, 23. Bering Sea arbitration, 76. Berkeley, Gov. Sir William, 9. Berkeley, Lord, 13. Berlin decree, 30. Bicycle, safety, invention of, 88. Bienville, Jean Baptiste le Moyne de, 18. Black Friday, 68. Black Hawk War, 38. Black Republicans, 51. Black Warrior, 50. Blaine, James G., 70, 72. Blair, Gen. Francis Preston, 65. Bland-Allison Bill, passed, 70; repealed, 74. Blennerhassett, Harman, 30. Booth, John Wilkes, 62. Border Ruffians, 51. Border States, secession of, 57. Boston, Puritans at, 10; mas- sacre, 21 ; Port Bill, 21 ; Tea Party, 21 ; siege of, 22 ; evacu- ation of, 22 ; rebuilding of, 68. Boundary disputes, under Mon- roe, 35, Boxer, 33, Braddock's defeat, 18. Bradford, William, 10. Bragg, Gen. Braxton, 58, 60. Brandywine, battle of, 23. Breckinridge, John C.,Vice Pres., 52-56; nominated for Pres., 54. British America, boundary of, 67. Brooklyn Bridge, 71. Brooks, Preston Smith, 51. Brown, Gen. Jacob, 33. Brown, Gratz, 67. Brown, John, 51, 54, 55, '66. Brown, Fort, 45. Brush, Charles Francis, inventor of the arc light, 88. 97 INDEX Bryan, William J., 77, 79. Buchauan, Frauklin, 59, 60. Buchanan, James, minister to England, 50; Pres., 52-56. Buekner, Simon B., 77. Buell, Gen. Don Carlos, 58. Biiena Vista, battle of, 45. Bull Run, first and second battles of, 59. Bunker Hill, battle of, 22. Burgesses, house of, 8, 9. Burgoyne, Gen. John, 23. Burlingame Treaty, 65. Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E.,59. Burr, Aaron, 30. Butler, Gen. Benjamin F., 58,72. Buzzard's Bay, 7. Cabinet, germ of the, 28. Cabots, John and Sebastian, 5, 7. Cabrillo (Spanish explorer), 6. Caciques, 13. Calhoun, JohnC, Vice Pres., 30, 37, 38; speech for secession, 48. California, conquest of, 45 ; un- der compromise of 1850, 48. Calvert, Leonard, 12. Camden, battle of, 24. Cameron, Simon, Secretary of War, 57. Canada, War of Revolution in, 22 ; war along border of, 32. Canadian fisheries, 67, 72. Canals, 40. Caney, storming of, 78. Cape Breton, 5. Carolina nullifiers, 40. Carolinas, colonial population of, 16 ; see also North Carolina and South Carolina. Carpet baggers, 66. Carteret, Sir George, 13. Cartier (French explorer), 6, 7. Cass, Lewis, 47. Cavite, capture of arsenal at, 78. Cedar Creek, battle of, 61. Centennial Exposition, 69. Cerro Gordo, battle of, 46. Cervera, Admiral, 78. Chancellorsville, battle of, 61. Chapultepec, battle of, 40. Charleston, S.C., settlement of, 14 ; capture of, 24 ; democratic convention at, 54. Chase, Salmon P., 57. Chattanooga, siege of, 60. Cherokee Indians, 37. Cherub, 33. Chesapeake, 30, 33. Chesapeake Bay, 33. Chicago, Republican convention at, 54; rebuilding of, 68; labor troubles in, 73; World's Fair at, 76. Chickamauga, battle of, 60. China, treaty ports in, 50; Bur- lingame Treaty with, 05. Chinese Immigration Act, 71, 73. Chippewa, battle of, 33. Christina, Fort, 12. Chrysler's Farm, 32. Church of England, 14. Churubusco, battle of, 40. Cibola, Seven Cities of, 6. Civil Service Act, 71. Civil War, causes of, 55 ; battles of, 57-61. Clarendon Colony, 14. Clark, George Rogers, 24. Clay, Henry, and the Missouri Compromise, 36 ; nominated for 98 INDEX Pres., 43; his compromise of 1850, 48. Clayborne, William, 12. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 80; see also Compromise of 1850. Cleveland, Grover, Pres., 72-77. Cliuton, De Witt, 36. Clinton, Gen. Sir Henry, 23, 24. Clinton, George, Vice Pres., 30, 31. Coinage Act, 68. Colfax, Schuyler, Vice Pres., 66-69. Colonial legislatures, dissolution of, 21. Colonial Rights, Declaration of, 22. Colonies, founding of, in Amer- ica, 8-14; New England, 14, 15; Middle, 15, 16; Southern, 16 ; growth of, 16-20 ; in gov- ernmental groups, 19; in geo- graphical groups, 20; adopt Constitution, 25. Colorado River, discovery of, 6. Colt, Samuel, 87. Columbia, capture of, 60. Columbus, 5. Committees of Correspondence, 21. Compromise of 1850, 48. Compromise tariff of 1833, 39. Concord, battle of, 22. Confederacy, established, 55; cap- ital of, moved to Richmond, 57 ; cut in two (1863), 60; debts repudiated, 63, 64. Confederation, Articles of, 25, 27. Congress of one house, 25; its plan of reconstruction, 64. Conkling, Senator, 71. Connecticut, settled, 12, 14. Constitution, the making of the, 26; contest to pass the, 27; a& affected by Virginia and Ken- tucky Resolutions, 29; Amend- ments, 62, 64, 66, 82, 83. Constitution, 32, 34. Constitutional Union Party, 54, 85. Continental Army, formed, 22. Continental Congress, 22, 27. Contreras, battle of, 46. Conway Cabal, 24. Cooke, Jay, 58, 68. Coolidge, Calvin, Pres., 83. Cooper, Peter, 69, 87. Corinth, capture of, 58. Cornwallis, General, 24, 25. Coronado (Spanish explorer) , 6. Cortereal (Portuguese explorer) , 5. Cortez (Spanish explorer), 6. Cotton, John, 15. County committee, 16. Cowpens, battle of, 24. Coxey's Army, 76. Credit Mobilier, 68. Crime of 1873, 68. Critical Period, 25. Crittenden Compromise, 55. Crystal Palace, 49. Cuba, American occupation of, 78, 79; see also Ostend Mani- festo. Cumberland Valley, burning of towns in, 61. Cyane, captured by Constitu- tion, 34. Daguerre (inventor), 87. Dallas, George M., Vice Pres., 44. 99 INDEX Dallas, battle of, 60. Dare, Virginia, 7. Darien, Isthmus of, 5, 6. Davenport, John, 12. Davis, Henry G., 81. Davis, Jefferson, Pres. of Con- federate Btates, 55 ; captured, 61. Dearborn, Gen. Henry, 32. Decatur, Capt. Stephen, 30, 32, 34. Declaration of Independence, 23. Declaration of Rights and Griev- ances, 21. Deerfield, massacre at, 17. De Kalb, Gen. Johann, 24. Delaware, colonization of, 13, 15 ; ratifies Constitution, 27. Democratic Party, rise of, 30, 36, 37, 39 ; split into sections, 51 ; history of, 84-86. Democratic-Republicans, 30, 84. Denys (French explorer), 5. Dependent Pension Bill, 74. Deposit Act, 39. Detroit, surrender of, 32. Dewey, Com. George, 78. Dingley Tariff Act, 77. Dinwiddle, Governor, 18. Dissenters, Virginian, 13. Divorce Bill, 41. Donelson, Fort, 58. Dorr's Rebellion, 43. Douglas, Stephen A., 51, 54. Draft riots in New York, 61. Drake, Francis, 7. Draper, John William, inventor of photography, 87. Dred Scott Decision, 52-56. Duane, William John, Secretary of Treasury, 39. Duke's Laws, 11. Duquesne, Fort, 18, 19. Dutch settlements in New Jersey, 13. Dutch West India Company, 11. Early, Gen. J. A., 61. East Jersey, 13. Eaton, Theophilus, 12. Edison, Thomas, 88. Edmund's Law, 71. Edmunds-Tucker Act, 73. Electoral Commission, 69. Electoral Count Act, 73. Elizabeth, N.J., 13. Emancipation Proclamation, 61. Embargo Act, 30. Endicott, John, 10. English, William H., 70. Enterprise, 33. Epervier, 33. Ericsson, John, 87, 88. Erie Canal, 36. Erie, Fort, 33. Erie Railroad Ring, 68. Essex, 32, 3a. Excise Law, 28. Fairbanks, Charles W., Vice Free., 80. Farragut, Admiral D. G., 58, 60, 62. Federalists, 27, 29, 35, 84. Ferguson, Col. Patrick, 24. Field, Cyrus W., 65. Field, James S., 75. Fifteenth Amendment, 66. Fillmore, Millard, Vice Pres., 47-49. Five Forks, battle of, 61. Florida, discovery of, 5 ; acquis! 100 INDEX tlon of, from Spain, 35: East and West, 20: in secession, 55. Foote, Com. Andrew H., 58. Force Act, H7. Force Bill, 39. Fort Brown, Fort Donelson, etc., see Brown, Donelson, etc. Frame of Government, 13. France, hold on Canada, 7; alli- ance with, 24; war with, averted, 29. Fray. Marcos, 6. Fredericksburg, battle of, 59. Freedman's Bureau Bill, 65. Freeport doctrine, the, 53. Free silver theory, 76. Free Soilers, history of, 85, 86. Free State Men. 51. Fre'mont, John C, 45, 62. French and Indian ^Ya^s, 16-19. French claims in America, 17, 18. French settlements in Mississippi Valley, 17. Frobisher, Martin, 7. Frolic, 32. Frontenac, Count, 17. Frontenac, Fort. 19. Fuca, Juan de, 5. Fugitive Slave Law, 49. Fulton, Robert. 31, 87. Fundamental Orders (of Conn.), 12. Funding Bill, 28. Gadsden Purchase, 46. Gage, Gen. Thomas, 22. Gag Rule, 41. Gallatin, Albert. .30. Garfield. James A., Pres. Garrison, William Lloyd, Gaspee, burning oi the, i , 70, 38. 1. Gates, Gen. Horatio, 23, 24. Genet's Mission, 29. Georgia, colonization of, 14 : con- quest of. 24 : in secession, 55 ; admission of, 66. Germantown. battle of, 23. Gerry. Elbridge, Vice Pres., 31. Gettysburg, battle of. 61. Ghent, peace signed at, 34. Gila River, discovery of, 6. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 7. Grold. discovery of. in California. 48. Gold (or National) Democrats, 77. Goldsboro, battle of. 60. Grood Hope. Dutch fort. 12. Goodyear, Charles, inventor, 87. Gorges, Sir Ferdiuando, 10, 11. Gosnold, Bartholomew, 7. Gourges, Dominique de, 7. Grand model, 13. Granger, Francis, 40. Grangers, the, 68, 69. GrauijGen. U.S.. in Civil War.SS. 60, 61: nominated lur Pres., 65; Pres., 66-69. Grasse, Fran9ois Joseph Paul de, 25. Gray. Captain Robert, 44. Great Awakening, the, 16. Greeley, Horace, 67. Greely. Lieut. A. W., 71. Greenback-Labor Party, 70, 86. Greenback Party, 69, 72, 86. Greenbacks, issue of, 58, 65, 68. Greene, Gen. Xathanael, 24, 25. Greenland, 5. Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of, 46 71. Guam ceded to L'.S., 78 Guerilla warfare. 51. Gh-ierrVere, the, 32. 101 INDEX Guilford Court House, battle of, 24. Gulf of St. Lawrence, discovery of, 5. Gulf States, the, discovery of, 6 ; war in, 33. Hale, John P., pres. cand 49. Half, Breeds, J^the, .^Repviblican faction, 71. Hamilton, Alexander. 2G, 27, 28, r 30,34. Hamlin, Hannibal, Vice Pres., 57. Halleck, Fitz-Greene, 58. Hancock, Gen. Winfield Scott, 70, Harding, Warren G., Pres., 83. Harmar, Josiah, 29. Harper's Ferry, 54, 59. Harrison, Benjamin, Pres., 73, 74, 75. Harrison, William Henry, 31; Pres., 40; death of , 42. Hartford, Conn., settlement of, 12. Hartford Convention, 34. Haverhill, Mass., sack of, 17. Hawaiian Islands, independent republic, 16 ; annexed, 79. Hawkins, Sir John, 7. Hayes, Rutherford B., Pres., 69, 70. Haymarket, riot in the, 73. Hayne, Robert Young, 38. Hay-Pauucefote Treaty, 80. Hendricks, Thomas A., Vice Pres., 69, 72; death of , 73. Henry, Joseph, inventor, 87. Henry, Fort, 58. Henry, Patrick, 21. Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas, 23. Hessians, defeat of, 23. Hobart, Garret A., Vice Pres., 77 ; death of, 79. Hobson, Lieut. Richmond P., 78. Hoe, Richard M. , inventor, 88. Holy Alliance, 35. Homestead strike, 74. Hood, Gen. John B., 60. Hooker, Gen. Joseph, 60, 61. Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 12, 15. Hornet, 32, 33, 34. House of Representatives, origin of, 26. Houston, Gen. Samuel, 43. Howe, Admiral, 22, 23. Howe, Elias, 88. Hudson Bay, 17. Hudson Bay Company, 45. Hudson River, discovery of, 11. Huguenots, 7, 16. Hull, Capt. Isaac, 32. Illinois, admitted, 35, ludian County, 20. Indians, Penn's treatment of, 13; troubles with, in South Caro- lina, 14; under Washington, 29; under Madison, 31. Industries, colonial, 15. Interstate Commerce Act, 73. Intolerable Acts, 21. Inventions (19th century), sum- mary of, 87, 88. Island No. 10, capture of, 58. Jacinto, battle of, 43. Jackson, Gen. Andrew, 33, 35, 36; Pres., 37. Jackson, Stonewall, 59, 61. Jamestown, colony at, 9. Japan, commercial treaty with, 50. 102 INDEX Java, 32. Jay, John, Chief Justice, 28, 29. Jefferson, Thomas, Secretary of State, 28; Vice Pres., 29; Pres., 30, 31; death of, 37. Johnson, Andrew, Vice Pres., 62 ; Pres., 62-66. Johnson, Richard M., Vice Pres., 40-42. Johnson, Sir John, 23. Johnston, A. S., killed, 58. Johnston, Joseph E., 59, 60, 61. Joliet, Louis, 17. Jones, Paul, 24. Kansas, territory of, 51, 53; ad- mitted, 53. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 51. Kearney, General, 45. Kenesaw Mountain, battle of, 60. Kennebec, Me., colony sent to, 9. Kent Island, 12. Kentucky (and Virginia) resolu- tions. 29. Kieft, William, 11. King, William R., Vice Pres., 49-51. King George's War, 17. King Philip's War, 10. King William's War, 17. King's Mountain, battle of, 24. Kitchen Cabinet, 38. Know Nothing Party, 49, 85. Knox, Henry, Secretary of AVar, 28. Kossuth, Louis, 49. Koszta, Martin, 50. Ku Klux Klan, 67. Labrador, 7. Lafayette, Marquis de, 24, 25. Lake Champlain, 32. Lake Ene, 32. Lake Erie, victory on, 33. Landgraves, 13. La Quasuna, capture of, 78. La Salle, Robert Cavalier de, 17, 18. Laudonniere, Rene de, 7. Lawrence, Captain James, 32, 33. Laws (chronologically arranged) : Writs of Assistance, 21. Stamp Act, 21. Townshend Acts, 21. Five Intolerable Acts, 21. Boston Port Bill, 21. Transportation Act, 21. Massachusetts Bill, 21. Quartering Act, 22. Quebec Act, 22. Ordinance of 1787, 26. Funding Bill, 28. Assumption Bill, 28. Excise Law, 28. Alien and Sedition Laws, 29. Embargo Act, 30. Non-Intercourse Act, 30. Macon Bill, 81. Tariff of 1816, 34. Tariff of 1824, 36. Tariff of 1828, 37. Tariff of 1832, 38. Nullification Act, 38. Force Bill, 39. Compromise tariff of 1833, 39. Deposit Act, 39. Divorce Bill, 41, 42. Ashburton Treaty, 43. Sub-Treasury System, 44. Tariff of 1846,44. Compromise of 1850, 48, 49. 103 INDEX j Omnibus Bill. \ Fugitive Slave Law. Personal Liberty Laws, 49. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 51. Thirteenth Amendment, 62, 63, 64, 65. Amnesty Proclamation, 63. Fourteenth Amendment, 64. Civil Rights Bill, confirmed, 64. Military Reconstruction Act, 64, 65. Freedman's Bureau Bill, 64. Tenure of OflBce Act, 65. Fifteenth Amendment, 66. Force Acts, 67. Act Removing Political Disa- bilities, 67. Coinage Act, 68. Salary Grab Act, 68. Act for the Resumption of Specie Payments, 68. Bland-Allison Bill, 70, 74. Edmunds Law, 71. Act against immigration of Chinese laborers, 71. Civil Service Act, 71. Tariff of 1S83, 71. Presidential Succession Act, 73. Electoral Count Act, 63. Interstate Commerce Act, 73. Edmunds-Tucker Act, 73. Chinese Immigration Act, 73. Dependent Pension Bill, 74. Sherman Act, 74, 75. McKinley Tariff Bill, 74. Wilson Bill, 75. Dingley Tariff Act, 77. Piatt Amendment, 79. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 80. Le Boeuf , Fort, 18. Lecompton struggle inKansas,53. Lee, Gen. Charles, 24, 25. Lee, Gen. Robert E., 59, 61. Leetmen, 13. Leisler's insurrection, 11. Leopard and Chesapeake affair, 30. Levant, 34. Lewis and Clark exposition, 30, 45. Lexington, battle of, 22. Liberal republicans, 86. " Liberator," the, 38. Liberty party, history of, 85, 86. Lincoln, Abraham, " spot resolu- tions " by, 45; in debate with Douglas, 53; Pres., 54, 55. 57- 62 ; assassination of, 61, 62. Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, 24. Literature, colonial, 15, Locke, John, 13. Logan, John A., 72. Lome, Dupuy de, 78. London Company, 9, 10. Long Island, battle of, 23. Lookout Mt., battle of, 60. Lopez, Narciso, 50. Lords of trade and plantations, 19. Louisburg, capture of, 17, 19. Louisiana Purchase, 30, 35, 80; in secession, 55; reorganized, 63. Lundy's Lane, battle of, 33. Lynchburg, Va., 61. Lyon, Gen. Nathaniel, 58. McClellan, Gen. George B., in Civil War, 59; nominated for Pres., 62. McCormick, Cyrus, 87. 104 INDEX Macdonough, Capt. Thomas, 32, 33. McDowell, Gen. Irvin,59. Macedonian, 32. McKinley, Willam, Pres., 76, 77- 81 ; assassination of, 79. McKinley tariff bill, 74. Macon bill, 31. Madison, James, in constitutional convention, 26; exposition of constitution, 27 ; in Jefferson's administration, 30; Pz-es., 31- 34. Magellan, Ferdinand, 6. Maine, colony of, 11, 14; eastern half of, seized, 33; admitted, 35. Maine, destruction of the, 78. Manhattan, purchase of, 7. Manila, battle of, 78. Marion, Francis, 25. Marquette, Pere, 17. Marshall, John, 30. Maryland, colonization of, 12, 16. Mason, James M., minister to England and France, 50 ; Trent Affair, 59. Mason, John, proprietor, 10. Mason and Dixon's line, 12. Massachusetts, colonization of, 9, 10, 14 ; charter of, abrogated, 21; Bill, 21. Massachusetts Bay Company, 10. Matches, friction, invention of, 87. Mather, Cotton, 15. Mather, Increase, 15. Maximilian, in Mexico, 62, 63. Mayflower compact, 10. Meade, Gen. George G., 61. Meigs, Fort, 32. Memphis, capture of, 58. Menendez (Spanish explorer), 7. Merrimac, the, battle of, 59; sinking of, 78. Merritt, Gen. Wesley, 78. Mexican War, 45, 46. Mexico, conquest of, 6; freed from Spain, 43; boundary line with, 46; Republic of, over- thrown, 63. Middle Colonies, 15, 16. Midnight appointments, 29. Milan decree, 30. Miles, Gen. Nelson A., 78. Military Reconstruction Act, 64, 65. Minis, Fort, 33. Minuit, Peter, 11. Missionary Ridge, battle of, 60. Mississippi, admitted, 35; in secession, 55; opened, 60; re- admitted, 66. Mississippi River, discovery of, 6. Mississippi Valley, opened to settlement, 30. Missouri Compromise, 35; re- peated, 51. Mobile Bay, battle of, 60. Molino dei Rey, battle of, 46. Monitor, the, battle of, 59; designer of, 88. Monmouth, battle of, 24. Monroe, James, Pres., 35, 36. Monroe Doctrine, 35, 36. Montcalm, Marquis de, 18. Monterey, siege of, 45. Montgomery, Gen. Richard, 22. Montreal, in French and Indian Wars, 17, 19; in War of the Revolution, 22; Campaign of 1813, 32. 105 INDEX Monts, Pierre de, 7. Morgan, Gen. Daniel, 23, 24, 25. Mormons, at Nauvoo, 42; re- bellion of, in Utah, 53; am- nesty to, 74, Morristown, Wasliiugton at, 23. Morse, Samuel F. B., 87. Morton, Dr. Wm. T. G., 87. Morton, Levi P., Vice Pres., 73, 74, 75. Moultrie, Gen. William, 23. Moultrie, Fort, 23. Mowing machine, invention of, 88. Mugwumps, 72. Murfreesboro, battle of, 58. Mutiny Act, 21. Napoleon, 30, 31, 34. Narvaez, Panfilo, 6. Nashville, battle of, 60. Nasmyth, James, 87. National banks, establishment of, 58. National Labor Reform Party, 67. National Republican party, 36, 39, 84. Naturalization in U.S., validity of, 50. Nauvoo, 111., Mormons leave, 53. Nebraska Territory, bill for or- ganization of, 51. Necessity, Fort, 18. Negroes, compelled to vote, 64 right to vote for delegates, 64 sale of public lands to, 65 given votes, 66. See also Sla- very. New Amsterdam , surrender of, 11, New England, discovery of, 5 ; "Charter and Government" of, 10 ; colonies, 14, 15 ; War of Revolution in, 22. Newfoundland, discovery of, 5 ; attempt to settle, 7. French give up claims to, 17. New France, 17. New Hampshire, colonization of, 10, 14 ; ratified constitution, 27, New Haven Colony, 12. New Jersey, colonization of, 13. New Mexico, discovery of, 6 ; conquest of, 45 ; under Com- promise of 1850, 48. New Netherland Company, 11. New Orleans, battle of, 33 ; cot- ton failure in, 41 ; capture of, 58 ; Exposition, 71. Newport, R.L, 12,24. New York, as New Netherland, 11 ; colonial population of, 15; evacuation of, 23 ; blockade below, 33 ; draft riots in, 61. Niagara, expedition against, 18, Nicaragua route, 80. Nobel Prize, 81. Non-Importation Agreements, 21. Non-Intercourse Act, 30. North Carolina, colonization of, 13 ; ratification of, 28 ; seces- sion of, 57. Northern Securities suit, 81. Northmen, 5. Northwest, subdued, 24 ; first exploration of far, 30. Northwest Territory (Ordinance of 1787), 26. Nova Scotia, discovery of, 6 ; in Queen Anne's War, 17 ; in King George's War, 17. Nullification Act, 38. 106 INDEX O'Connor, Charles, 67. Oglethorpe, James, 14. Ohio Company (Virginia), 18. Oklahoma, opening of, 74. Omnibus Bill, 49. Orange, Fort, 11. Orders in Council, 30, 31. Ordinance of 1787, 26. Oregon County, 44. Oi'egon Territory, organized, 45; slavery excluded from, 47. Oriskany. battle of, 23. Ostend Manifesto, 50. Oswego, capture of, 18. Otis, James, 21. Pacific cable completed, 80, Pacific Ocean, discovery of, 5. Pakenham, Sir Edward, 33. Palatine proprietaries, 13. Palma, President of Cuba, 79. Palmer, John M., 77. Palo Alto, battle of, 45 Panama, Congress, 36; canal, SO, 81 ; independence of, 80. Pan American Congress, 74. Pan American Exposition, 79. Panic, of 1837, 41; of 1857,52; of 1873, 68 ; of 1893, 75. Paris, treaty of, 19, 20, 25. Parish committee, 16. Parker, Alton G., 81. Parker, Capt. John, 22. Parsons' Case, 21, Patroon system, 11, Patroons in New York, 15. Peace convention in Virginia, 56. Peacock, 33. Pelican, 33. Pemberton, Gen, John C, 60. Penguin, 34, Penn, William, 13, Pennsylvania, colonization of, 13, 15, Pensacola, Fla., captured, 33; in Seminole war, 35. People's Party, 37, 86, Pepperell, William, 17. Perry, Capt, Oliver H., 32, ^3. Perry, Com. M, C,,50. Perrysville, battle of, 58. Personal Liberty Laws, 49. Peru, Conquest of, 6. Pet banks, 39, 41. Petersburg, siege and battle of, 61, Philadelphia, settlement of, 13; defense of, 23; Clinton re- treated from, 24 ; Constitu- tional Convention at, 26; capital removed from, 29; Republican convention at, 67, Philadelphia, burning of the, 30. Philippine Islands, discovery of, 6; become U.S. possession, 78, 79. Phips, Sir William, 17. Phijehe, 33. Pickens, Governor of South Car- olina, 57, Pierce, Franklin, Pres., 49-51, Pilgrims, at Plymouth, 9, 10. Pitcairn, Maj, John, 22, Pitt, William, 19. Pittsburg Landing, see Shiloh. Pizarro, Francisco, 6. Piatt, Senator Thomas C, 71. Piatt Amendment, 79. Plymouth, Pilgrims at, 9, Plymouth Company, 9, 10. Plymouth colony, 12, 107 INDEX Political parties, history of, 84- 86. Polk, James K., Pres., 43, 44-47. Ponce de Leon, 5. Pontiac, conspiracy of, 19. Pope, Gen. John, 58, 59. Popular Sovereignty, 51. Populists, 75, 86. Porter, Capt. David, 32. Port Hudson, capture of, 60. Porto Rico ceded to U.S., 78, 79. Port Royal, 7, 17. Portsmouth, N.H., 10. Portsmouth, R.I., 12. Portsmouth, Treaty of, 81. Prescott, Col. William, 22. President, 34. Presidential Succession Act, 73. Presque Isle, Fort, 18. Price, Gen. Sterling, 58. Princeton, battle of, 23. Proctor, Gen. Henry A., 32. Prohibition Party, 67, 86. Proprietors, Eight, 13. Providence, R.I., 12 ; Plantations, 12. Pueblo, battle of, 46. Pulaski, Count, 24. Puritan disturbances, 12. Puritans, at Salem and Boston, 10. Putnam, Israel, 23. Quakers, in West Jersey, 13; in New York, 15. Quartering Act, 22. Quebec, failure of (1540), 7; suc- cess of (1608), 7; in French and Indian Wars, 17, 19; Province of, 20; Act, 22; in War of the Revolution, 22. Queen Anne's War, 17. Queenstown Heights, battle of, 31 Rahl, Col. Johann G., 23. Railroad strike (1877), 70. Railroads, beginning of, 40, 66. Raisin River, massacre of, 32. Raleigh, Sir Walter, 7. Randolph, Edmund, 28, 30. Reconcentrados, the, 78. Reconstruction, problem of, 63, 64; Act, Military, 65; com^ pleted, 66. Reid, Whitelaw, 75. Religious intolerance, 15. Religious toleration, 12. Republican Party, origin of, 51 : history of, 84-86. Resaca, battle of, 60. Resaca de la Palma, battle of, 45. Resumption of Specie Payments, Act for the, 68. Revolution, War of the, 22-25. Rhode Island, colony of, 12, 14; ratification of, 28. Ribaut, Jean, 7. Richmond, Va., capture of, 61. Rio Grande, discovery of, 6. Roanoke Island, 7. Roberval, Jean Francois de, 7. Robinson, Pastor John, 10. Rochambeau, Count, 25. Roosevelt, Theodore, in Spanish War, 78; nominated for Vice Pres., 79; Pres., 80,81. Rosecrans, Gen. W. S., 58, 60. Royal Charter, for Massachu- setts Bay Company, 10. Royal colonies, 9. Royal Grant, companies char- tered by, 8. 108 INDEX Russo-Japanese War, 81. Ryswifck, Peace of, 17. Sagas, 5. St. Augustine, 7. St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, 29. St. John, John P., 72. St. John's River, 7. St. Lawrence River, discovery of, 6. St. Leger, Col. Barry, 23. St. Mary's, Md., 12. Salary Grab Act, 68. Salem, Puritans at, 10 ; witch- craft, 15. Salisbury, N.C., battle of, 60. Salmon Falls, N.H., raids on, 17. Salt Lake, Mormons settle at, 53. Sampson, Rear- Admiral William T., 78. San Antonio, battle of, 46. Sandys' Constitution, 8. San -Tuau, storming of, 78. Santa Anna, General, 43, 45, 4^i. Santa Fe, 7. Santiago, surrender of, 78. Saratoga, Burgoyne's surrender at, 23. Savannah, Ga., settlement, of, 14 ; captured (1778), 24; Lincoln's attack upon, 24; capture of (1864), 60. Saybrook, Conn., 12. Scalawags, 66. Schenectady, N.Y., raids on, in King William's War, 17. Schley, Com. Winfield S., 78. Scott, Gen. Winfield, in war of 1812,33; in Mexican War, 46; nominated for Pres., 49. Scrooby, congregation at, 9. Secession movement (1861), 65; ordinances of, 63. Second Continental Congress, 25, Sedition Law, 29. Selma, battle of, 60. Seminole War, 35, 42. Separatists, 9, 10. Seven Days, battle of, 59. Sevier, John, 24. Seward, William H., 48, 57. Sewell, Arthur, 77. Seymour, Horatio, 65. Shadrack (slave), rescue of, 49. Shafter, Gen. William R., 78. Shannon, 33. Shays's Rebellion, 26. Shenandoah, Jackson's raid iiv 59. Sheridan, Gen. Philip H.. 61. Sherman, Gen. William T., 60. Sherman Act, 74, 75. Sherman's Bummers, 60. Shiloh, battle of, 58. Silk culture, 14. Slavery, prohibition of, in Ga., 14 ; in early Southern colonies, 16; under the Constitution, 26; Question, under Monroe, 35; Anti-Slavery Societies, 38; spread of, 43; Clay's Alabama Letters on, 44; excluded from Oregon, 47 ; under Compromise of 1850, 49 ; Fugitive Slave Law, 49; under Kansas-Nebraska Act, 51 ; a cause of the Civil War, 55 ; emancipation proc- lamation, 61 ; abolished by Thirteenth Amendment, 62, 63. 64. Slidell, John, 59. Sloat, Com. John D., 4-5. 109 INDEX Smith, John, 9. Socialists, 86. Sons of Liberty, 21. Sons of the South, 51. Soto, Hernando de, 6. SouM, Pierre, 50. South America, discovery of, 6. South American Republics, 35. South Carolina, discovery of, 5, 6; colonization of, 14; and doc- trine of states rights, 38: passes secession ordinance, 55. Southern Colonies, 16. Southern Seceders, 40. Spain, possessions of, in New World, 6, 7; war with, 77-79. Spanish Succession, War of, 17. Spanish War, 77-79. Specie circular, 39, 41. Spoils system, 37, 38. Spottsylvania, battle of, 61. Squatter sovereignty, 47, 51. Stalwarts, the, 71. Stamp Act, 21. Standard Oil suit, 81. Standish, Miles, 10. Stanton, Edward M., 65. Stanwix, Fort, 23. Stark, Gen. John, 23. State, Department of, formed, 28. State Sovereignty, 37, 55. Steamboat, invention of, 31. Steamboats, river, 40. Steamers, coastwise, 40. Stephens, Alexander H., 55. Stephenson, George, 87. Steuben, Baron, 24. Stevenson, Adlai E., Vice Pres., 75-77, 79. Stevenson, Fort, 32. Stillwater, battle of, 23. Stockton, Com. Robert F., 45. Stoneman, Gen. George, 60. Stonington, Conn., plundered, 33. Stony Point, capture of, 24. Stuyvesant, Peter, 11, 13. Sub-Treasury Scheme, 41, 42, 44, Sullivan, Gen. John, 24. Sumner, Senator Charles, 51. Sumter, Fort, 57. Surplus revenue, 39, 40, 41. Taft, William H., 81, 82. Taney, Roger B.. 39. Tariff (isfo), 34; (1824), 36; of abominations (1828), 37 ; (1832), 38; (1833), 39; (1846), 44: (1883) , 71 ; (1888) , 73 ; McKinley Tariff Bill, 74; (1894), 75; (1897), 77 ; (1913), 83. Tarleton, Col. Banastre, 24. Taxes, during American Revolu- tion, 21 ; on foreign goods, 28. Taylor, Zachary, in Mexican War, 45, 46; Pres., 47; death of, 48. Tecumseh, Indian chief, 31. Tennessee, admitted, 29; seces- sion of, 57 ; reorganized, 63. Tenure of Office Act, 65. Texas, annexation of, 43 ; dispute as to boundary of, 45; under Compromise of 1850, 48; in secession, 55; admission of, 66. Thames, battle of the, 32. Thirteenth Amendment, 62. 63, 64. Thomas, Gen. George H., 60. Thornton, Captain, 45. Thurman, Allen G., 73. Ticonderoga, Fort, 19, 22. 110 INDEX Tilden, Samuel J., 69. Tippecanoe, battle of, 31. Tompkins, Daniel D., Vice Pres., 35. Toral, General, 78. Town meetings, in New England, 10, 15 ; in Middle Colonies, 16. Townshend Acts, 21. Transportation bill, 21. Treasury, Department of, formed, 28. Treaty of Washington, 67, 72. Trent Affair, 59. Trenton, defeat of Hessians at, 23. Tripoli, war with, 30. Tuscaroras, war with, M. Tweed's Ring, 68. Tyler, John, Vice Pres., and Pres., 42-44. Typewriter, invention of, 88. Underground railroad, 48, 49. United States, 32. United States, validity of nat- uralization in, 50. United States Bank, 28; First, and Second, 34; bills to re- charter, 38, 42 ; under Andrew Jackson, 38, 39. Utah, under Compromise of 1850, 48. Utrecht, Treaty of, 17. Vaca, Cabeza de, 6. Vail, Alfred, inventor, 87. Valley Forge, winter at, 24. Van Buren, Martin, 37, 40-42. Van Rensselaer, Gen. Stephen, 32. Van Twiller, Wouter, 11. Venango, Fort, 18. Venezuela dispute, 76. Vera Cruz, capture of, 46. Vermont, admitted to Union, 29 Verrazzani (Italian explorer) , 6. Vespucius, Americus, 5. Vicksburg, capture of, 60. Virginia, charter, 8, 9; becomes Royal Colony, 9 ; colonial pop- ulation of, 16; Resolutions, 21 ; and Kentucky Resolutions, 29 ; secession of, 57 ; admission of, 66. Virginius Affair, 68. Walker, Robert J., 53. War, Department of, formed, 28. War of 1812, causes of, 31 ; events of, 32-34. Wars (chronologically arranged) : King Philip's War, 10. with the Tuscaroras, 14. King William's War, 17. Queen Anne's War (War of the Spanish succession), 17. King George's War (War of Austrian succession), 17. French and Indian War, 18, 19. War of the revolution, 22-25. War with Tripoli, 30. War of 1812, 31-34. Seminole War (1817-1818), 35. Black Hawk War, 38. Seminole War (1835-1842), 42. Mexican War, 45, 46. Civil War, 55, 57-61. Spanish War, 77-79. World War, 90-91. Washington, George, in French and Indian War, 18 ; in Wa^^ of the Revolution, 22-25; in Ciin- 111 INDEX stitutional Convention, 26 ; Pres., 28, 29; death of, 29. "Washington (D.C.), capital re- moved to, 29; burned, 33; Early's raid on, 61. Washington Territory, boundary of, 67. Wasp, 32, 33. Watson, Thomas E., 77. Wayne, Anthony, 24, 29. Weaver, Gen. J. B., 75. Webster, Daniel, in debate with Hayne, 38; concludes Ashbur- ton Treaty, 43 ; his seventh of March speech, 48. Welles, Gideon P., 57. Western boundary, secured, 30. West Indies, 5, 6. Westinghouse, George, inventor, 86. West Jersey, 13. Wethersfield, Conn., 12. Weyler, Captain-General, 78. Wheeler, William A., Vice Pres., 69,70. Whig Party, rise of, 40; killed, 51 ; history of, 85, 86. Whisky Rebellion, 29. Whisky Ring, 68. Whitman, Dr. Marcus, 45 Whitney, Eli, 87. Wildcat banks, 39. Wilderness, battle of the, 61 William Heniy, Fort, 18. Williams, Roger, 12, 15. Wilmot proviso, 46, 47. Wilson, Henry, 67. Wilson, Woodrow, 82, 83. Wilson Bill, 75. Wilson Creek, battle of, 68. Winchester, Gen. James, 32. Winchester, battle of, 01. Winthrop, John, 10. Wolfe, Gen. James, 19. Woman suffrage, 82, 83. Worden, Admiral John L., 59. World War, 90-91. World's Fair at Chicago, 76. Writs of Assistance, 21. Wyoming massacre, 24. X Y Z letters, 29. York, Duke of (James II.), 11. York, Duke of, 13. York (Toronto), capture of, 32 Yorktown, capture of, 25 • battle of, 59; celebration, 71. Young, Brigham. 53. Zenger, Peter, 11. m LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 011448 942 6 ^